CHAPTER 12 TRANSFORMATIONS III

12.1 Revision of the 4 types of transformations which you have learnt. TRANSLATION All the points on a given plane move along a straight line by the same distance at the same direction. The shape, size and orientation remain the same. It is written as A A with a translation of k . REFLECTION All the points of an object are reflected in a line called the axis of reflection or line of reflection. It is written as AA with a reflection in the line .. ROTATION All points on the object are rotated through a fixed angle at the same direction about a fixed point. The direction of rotation is either clockwise or anticlockwise. The fixed point about which the rotation takes place is called the centre of rotation. A Rotation is determined by (a) the centre of rotation (b) the angle of rotation (c) the direction of rotation ENLARGEMENT All points on the object move from a fixed point (the centre of enlargement) according to a fixed ratio. (the scale factor) Example
h

Transformations III

ABCDE FGHIJ with a translation 4 . ABCDE KLMNO with a reflection at the line x = 4. ABCDE PQRST with a rotation of 90o clockwise about the point (-1, 5). ABCDE AUVWX with an enlargement at point A(1, 2) with a scale factor of 2. 12.2 Combination of two types of transformations Symbol of combination of 2 transformations P(A) represents the image of point A under transformation P. PQ represents transformation Q followed by transformation P. QP represents transformation P followed by transformation Q. P2 represents two consecutive transformations of P. Skills assessed To determine the image of a given point or shape under the combination of 2 transformations. To find a single transformation which is equivalent to a combination of 2 given transformations. Describe fully two consecutive transformations which map an object to its image. Calculate the area of the image (or object) under an enlargement. 12.2a To Find the Image of a Point under the Combination of Translation and Reflection 1. T = Translation
3 1

2. T = Translation

6 1

P = Reflection at y = 1. Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

P = Reflection at y = 1. Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

(a) A(2,4)A(5,3) A(5,-1) (b) A(2,4)A(2,-2) A(5,-3) 3. T = Translation

Transformations III

(a) A(1,3)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(1,3)A( , ) A( , ) 4. T = Translation 2

1 2

4 3

P = Reflection at y = 3. Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

P = Reflection at x = 2. Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

(a) A(2, 2)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(2, 2)A( , ) A( , ) 5. T = Translation

3 2

(a) A(4,-1)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(4,-1)A( , ) A( , )

5 2

6. T = Translation

P = Reflection at x = -1. Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP.

P = Reflection at y = x. Find the image of A under (a) PT (b) TP. (a) A(-2,3)A( , ) A( , ) (a) (b) A(-2,3)A() , ) A( ), ) A(-2,4)A( , A( , (b) A(-2,4)A( , ) A( , )

Transformations III

12.2b To Find the Image of a Point under the Combination of Translation and Rotation 1. T = Translation
3 1

2. T = Translation 2

R = Rotation 90o clockwise about point P Find the image of A under (a) RT (b) TR.

R = Rotation 90o clockwise about point P. Find the image of A under (a) RT (b) TR.

(a) A(2,1)A( , ) A( , ) (a) A(2,3)A(5,2) A(2,-3) (b) A(2,3)A(3,0) A(6,-1) (b) 3. T = Translation
2 3

(b) A(2,1)A( , ) A( , )
1 2

4. T = Translation

R = Rotation 90o anticlockwise about point P Find the image of A under (a) RT (b) TR.

R = Rotation 90o anticlockwise about point P Find the image of A under (a) RT (b) TR. (a) A(6,-1)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(6,-1)A( , ) A( , )

(a) A(3,-1)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(3,-1)A( , ) A( , )

Transformations III

12.2c To Find the Image of a Point under the Combination of Reflection and Rotation 1. V = Reflection at y = 1. R = Rotation 90o clockwise about P. Find the image of A under (a) RV (b) VR. 2. U = Reflection at y = 2. R = Rotation 90o clockwise about P. Find the image of A under (a) RU (b) UR.

(a) A(2,3)A(2,-1) A(1,4) (b) A(2,3)A( , ) A( , ) 3. P = Reflection at x = -1. R = Rotation 90o clockwise about H. Find the image of A under (a) RP (b) PR.

(a) A(3,3)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(3,3)A( , ) A( , )

4. P = Reflection at x = 4. R = Rotation 90o anticlockwise about O. Find the image of A under (a) RP (b) PR.

(a) A(3,1)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(3,1)A( , ) A( , ) (a) A(1,2)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(1,2)A( , ) A( , )

Transformations III

12.4 Description of the combined transformations involved when the object and image are given In the following diagrams, II is the image of I under a transformation V followed by another transformation W. Describe in full, transformations V and W. Note that there are many possible combinations. Example 1.
3

Exercise 2 I
3 2 1 x 1 2 3 4 5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

I 2
1 -4 -3 -2 -1 O II -1 -2 -3

II
1 2 3 4 5

V = Translation

2 1

V= W= 4

W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (-3, 1). 3

y 3

y 3

2 1

II
x 1 2 3 4 5

II

1 1 2 3

-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

x 4 5

V = Reflection at the line x = 2. W = Enlargement with scale factor at (3, 0).

V= W=

Transformations III

5
3

6
y 3 2 x 1 2 3 4 5 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

2II 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

II
x 1 2 3 4 5

I V= W= 8

V= W= 7
3 2

y 3 2

O1 B II -4 -3 -2 -1 O -1
-2 1 2 3 4 5

II

1 1 2 3 4 5

I B

-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

I I

A -3

V = Rotation of 90o clockwise at (2,0) W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (1,-3) 9

y

V= W= 10
3 y

II

3 2 1 x 5

II II
1 2 3I 4

2 1 x 1 2 3 4 5

-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

V= W=

V= W=

Transformations III

12.5 To calculate the area of the image (or object) under an enlargement with scale factor k Use the formula Or Area of Image = k2 Area of Object
Area of Image k2

Area of Object =

12.5A
No. Area of Object 2 1 5 cm 2 12 cm2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 315
2

Scale Factor, k 2 3
1 2

Area of Image 2 5 = 20 cm2

2

36 cm2 17 unit2 2.5 unit2

64 = 16 cm 2 2 2

1.5 4 2 4
1 2

64 cm2 560 cm2 24 cm2 72 cm2 157.5 unit2 108

2 3 1.5 42 cm2 2.5 5 2

135 k = =9 15 k =3

2800 cm2

15 cm2 24 cm2 108 cm2

135 cm2 384 cm2 27 cm2

Transformations III

12.5B In the diagrams below, A is the image of A under an enlargement with scale factor k. 1 2 3

Area of A = 18.5, k = 2 Area of A= 18.522 = 74 4

Area of A = 14, k = 1.5 Area of A= 5

Area of A = 48, k = Area of A= 6

Area of A = 108, k = 2 Area of A = 10822 = 27 7

Area of A = 153, k = 1.5 Area of A = 8

Area of A = 48, k = Area of A = 9

A A A A

Area of A = 927, k = 3 Area of A =

Area of A = 4.2, k = 3 Area of shaded region = 4.232 4.2 = 33.6 11

Area of A = 21.6, k = 1.5 Area of shaded region = 12

10

A A A A A

Area of A = 47 cm2, k = Area of shaded region =

Area of A = 21 cm2, k = Area of shaded region =

Area of A = 33.6 cm2, k = Area of image A =

Transformations III

12.6 Description of a single transformation which is equivalent to two combined transformations Using the object and image given in the following diagrams, describe in full, a single transformation which is equivalent to the combination of the two given transformations. Note that you are required to know the cases for combination of two isometric transformations of the same type only. Example 1.
3

Exercise 2 I
x 1 2 3 4 5 -4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3 3 2 1

I II

2 1I

II
x 1 2 3 4 5

-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

III

III

2 V = Translation 1 ,W = Translation 4 3 2 WV = Translation . 4

V = Translation

, W = Translation

3
y 3

WV = 4
y 3

III

2II 1

I
x 1 2 3 4 5

1 1 2

II
3 4

III
5

-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

V = Reflection at the line x = 2. W = Reflection at the line x = -1. WV = Translation

6 0

V = Reflection at ______________ W = Reflection at ______________ WV =

Transformations III

10

5
3 2 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

6
y

III

3 2 x 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3 1 2

I
x 3 4 5

I II

V = Reflection at the line y = -2. W = Reflection at the line y = 0. WV = Translation 4

y 3 2

V = Reflection at the line y = 2. W = Reflection at the line y = 0. WV = 8

3 2 x y

O1 III
-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 1 2 3 4 5

O1
-4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3 1 2 3 4 5

II -2
-3

V = Reflection at the line x = 2. W = Reflection at the line y = -1. WV = Rotation 180o at the point (2, -1) 9 III
3 2 1 y

V = Reflection at the line x = 3. W = Reflection at the line y = 1. WV =

4

10
3 2 x 2 3 4 5 1 -4 -3 -2 -1 O -1 -2 -3

II -4 -3 -2 -1 O 1 -1
-2 -3

I 2 3

x 4 5

V = Rotation 90o clockwise at (2,0) W = Rotation 180o clockwise at (-1,1) WV = Rotation 90o anticlockwise at (-2,-2)
Transformations III

V = Rotation 90o clockwise at (2,0) W = Rotation 90o clockwise at (0,2) WV = 11

12.7 Questions Based On Examination Format Question 1 (a) Transformation P represents a reflection at the line y = 2. Transformation T represents a translation
3 . Transformation R represents a rotation of 90o in the 2

anticlockwise direction about the point (5, 4). State the coordinates of the image of point (3, 1) under the following transformation: (i) P, (ii) TP, (iii) RT. N
6 y

M
4 2

K
x -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

F E

L
-2 -4

DIAGRAM 1

H
-6

(b) In Diagram 1, quadrilateral KLMN is the image of quadrilateral EFGH under a transformation V followed by another transformation W. Describe in full (i) transformation V , and (ii) transformation W. (c) Given that quadrilateral KLMN represents an area of 88 unit2, find the area represented by quadrilateral EFGH.

Transformations III

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Model Answer For Question 1 (a) (i) (3, 3) 1 mark (ii) (0, 5) 2 marks (iii) (6, -1) 2 marks

y 4 2

y =2
2 4 6 x

-4

-2

0 -2 -4

(b)

6 y 4 2

K
-6 -4 -2

x 0 -2 -4

F E H

G
-6

(i)

V = Reflection at the line y = -1. [2 marks] - (get 1 mark if no axis of reflection or the reflection axis is wrong)

(ii) W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at centre K. [3 marks] - (get 1 mark if enlargement only, get 2 marks if enlargement with scale factor 2 or enlargement at centre K.)
Area of image = k 2 Area of object

(c)

88 =2 2 l 88 l= =22 unit 4
2

(a) A(2, 2)A( , ) A( , ) (b) A(2, 2)A( ,

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Question 2 Object Point Image Point E F D A B L

Table 1 (a) Table 1 shows three pairs of corresponding object and image points under the same translation. State the coordinates of (i) point A, (ii) point B. D
y 4 3 2

E
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 2 3 4

DIAGRAM 2

(b) Point D is the image for point J under a reflection. State the image of point K under the same reflection. (c) In Diagram 2, triangle JKL is the image of triangle DEF under a transformation V followed by another transformation W Describe in full (i) transformation V , and (ii) transformation W. (d) Given that triangle JKL represents an area of 169 unit2, find the area represented by triangle DEF.

Transformations III

14

Question 3 (1998) (a) Transformation G represents a reflection at the line x = 1. Transformation H represents a translation
2 . Transformation K represents a rotation of 90o in the 6

anticlockwise direction about the point (3, 0). State the coordinates of the image of point (5, 2) under the following transformation: (i) G, (ii) HG, (iii) KH. [5 marks] N

N
DIAGRAM 3

L M S R Q

(b) In Diagram 3, triangle LMN is the image of triangle RMS under a transformation V and triangle LMN is also the object which maps to the image triangle LQP under a transformation W. Describe in full (i) transformation V , and (ii) transformation W. (c) Given that triangle LMN has an area of 21 unit2, find the area of quadrilateral MQPN. [7 marks]

Transformations III

15

Question 4 (1999) N y
10

R
6

E H

F
DIAGRAM 8

P K
-8 -6 -4

N M J
-2

The graph in Diagram 8 shows the quadrilaterals EFGH, JKLM and NPQR. (a) Transformation T represents a translation
3 . Transformation V represents a 2

reflection at the line y = 4. Transformation W represents a reflection at the y-axis. (i) translation T. (ii) reflection V. (iii) (iv) Find the coordinates of the image of point J under the By recognizing the image of EFGH under the transformation WT. transformation WV, describe in full a single transformation which is equivalent to transformation WV. [7 marks] (b) NPQR is the image of JKLM under a transformation S. (i) (ii)
Transformations III

State the coordinates of the image of point E under the State the coordinates of the image of point H under the

Describe in full transformation S . If the area of JKLM is 17 unit2, calculate the area of NPQR. 16

[5 marks]

ANSWERS
Chapter 12 Transformations III 12.2a 2 (a) A(7, 2), A(7, 0) (b) A(1, -1), A(7, -2) 3 (a) A(-2, 5), A(-2, 1) (b) A(2, 4), A(-2, 7) 4 (a) A(3, 1), A(1, 1) (b) A(0, -1), A(-1, 1) 5 (a) A(1, 2), A(-3, 2) (b) A(2, 4), A(5, 2) 6 (a) A(3, 1), A(1, 3) (b) A(3, -2), A(8, -4) 12.2b 2 (a) A(6, 3), A(4, -1) (b) A(3, 0), A(7, 2) 3 (a) A(1, 2), A(3, 0) (b) A(6, 2), A(4, 5) 4 (a) A(5, 1), A(3, 1) (b) A(5, 2), A(4, 4) 12.2c 1 (b) A(5, 4), A(5, -2) 2 (a) A(3, 1), A(-2, 0) (b) A(0, 0), A(0, 4) 3 (a) A(-3, 2), A(1, 4) (b) A(1, 0), A(-3, 0) 4 (a) A(5, 1), A(-1, 5) (b) A(-1, 3), A(9, 3)

12.4
3 2 V = Translation 0 W = Enlargement with scale factor 3 at (0, 3) 4 V = Reflection at the line x = 1 W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (-1, 0) 5 V = Reflection at the line y = - 2 W= Enlargement with scale factor 2.5 at (3, -2) 6 V = Reflection at the line y = - 1 W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (4, -1) 8 V = Rotation of 90o anti-clockwise about (0, -2). W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (4, 0) 9 V = Rotation of 90o clockwise about (3, 1). W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at (2, -1) 10 V = Rotation of 180o clockwise about (2, -2). W = Enlargement with scale factor 2.5 at (3, -2) 12.5A 2. 108 3. 9 4. 38.25 5. 40 7. 35 8. 96 9. 18 10. 17.5 11. 48 12. 262.5 13. 112 14. 1260 16. 4 17. 0.5 12.5B 2. 31.5 3. 12 5. 68 6. 192 7. 103 9. 27 10. k=2, 141 11. k=3, 168 12. k=2, 134.4

12.6
6 V = Translation 0 3 W = Translation 4 3 WV = Translation 4 4. V = Reflection at x = 0 W = Reflection at x = 4 8 WV = Translation 0 0 6. WV = Translation 4

2.

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17

8. WV = Rotation 180o clockwise about (3,1) 10. WV = Rotation 180o clockwise about (0,0) 12.7 Questions According to Examination Format 2(a) (i) A(1, 3) (ii) B(2, 0) (b) (3, -4) (c) V = Rotation 90o anti-clockwise about point F. W = Enlargement with scale factor 2 at point J. (d) 42.25 3(a) (i) (-3, 2) (ii) (-1, -4) (iii) (7, 4) (b) (i) V = Rotation 180o clockwise about point M. (ii) W = Enlargement with scale factor 3 at point L. (a) 168 (b) 4(a) (i) (-1, 8) (ii) (2, 3) (iii) (5, 4) (iv) WV = Rotation 180o clockwise about point (0, 4). (b) (i) Enlargement with scale factor 3 at point (-2, 1). (ii) 153

Transformations III

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Transformations III

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