Welding Fabrication Standards Cracked

Welding Fabrication Standards
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Foreword
During the year 2004, workshops regarding the Leonardo Continued Project where held in certain European Countries with the participation of experts from the welding industry in order to identify the competence profile, knowledge and experience requirements for welding engineers and inspectors. The main purpose of the project was to develop appropriate continuous education tools such as training courses (classroom instruction, distance learning) and education on the job. The initial education, qualification and certification of welding and inspection personnel itself has been harmonised by the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF). However, an accessible, convenient and reliant modular method to deliver the appropriate knowledge has to be developed in order to maintain and upgrade this knowledge and develop appropriate skills for which welding engineers and inspectors are called for by the industry. This leads to the set up of learning tools to integrate and update the knowledge already achieved by the qualified personnel, in order to follow the technology trends in the welding field, avoiding duplication of training items with the previous education achieved with the IIW/EWF courses. In this framework The Italian institute of welding (Istituto Italiano della Saldatura - IIS), has developed the following educational tools for the classroom instruction: slide presentation through computer projector, to be used by teachers during the training courses; books (electronic and/or paper format), to be used by participants; exercise questions, to be used during classroom instruction.
This book is therefore meant to provide direct and clear information on European standards relevant to welding fabrication, as these are subject to continuous updating; therefore knowledge of requirements of the standards is to be considered basic knowledge for welding co-ordinators and inspection personnel. Moreover this book has been recently integrated taking into consideration guidelines produced by EWF for the application of ISO 3834 requirements, produced after several years of experience of its members in technical assistance on the field of welding fabrication, education and training of welding and NDT personnel and in certification of welded products manufacturers.
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
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With review of GSI - SLV Duisburg and EWF.
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Summary
Quality management and welding fabrication.................................. 7

1.1 1.2 1.3 Introduction.......................................................................................................7 Use and field of application of EN ISO 3834 ....................................................8 EWF Certification scheme for EN ISO 3834...................................................10
The EWF ISO 3834 certificate and schedule ........................................................10 The integrated management system.....................................................................11
1.3.1 1.3.2
EN ISO 3834-2 requirements............................................................ 13

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction.....................................................................................................13 Requirements review and technical review.....................................................13 Subcontracting................................................................................................15 Welding personnel..........................................................................................15
Welders and welding operators.............................................................................15 Welding coordination personnel............................................................................17
2.4.1 2.4.2
2.5 2.6 2.7
Welding inspection personnel.........................................................................19 Equipment ......................................................................................................19 Welding and related activities .........................................................................20
Production planning ..............................................................................................20 Welding procedures and instructions ....................................................................21 Welding related document control.........................................................................24
2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3
2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15
Welding consumables ....................................................................................24 Parent material ...............................................................................................26 Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)..................................................................27 Inspection and testing.....................................................................................28 Non-conformance and corrective actions .......................................................32 Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing equipment ...32 Identification and traceability ..........................................................................35 Quality records ...............................................................................................36 Introduction.....................................................................................................38 Choice of the appropriate quality level............................................................38 Comparison chart ...........................................................................................39
ISO 3834-2 - Comprehensive quality level............................................................40 ISO 3834-3 - Standard quality level ......................................................................41
Comparison of ISO 3834 Requirements ......................................... 38

3.1 3.2 3.3
3.3.1 3.3.2
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3.3.3
ISO 3834-4 - Elementary quality level...................................................................41
European standard for manufacturing unfired pressure vessels 42

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Introduction.....................................................................................................42 EN 13445 1: General rules ..........................................................................43 EN 13445 2: Materials .................................................................................44 EN 13445 3: Design ....................................................................................44 EN 13445 4: Fabrication ..............................................................................45
Specific requirements for the Manufacturer ..........................................................45 Requirements for subcontracting ..........................................................................46 Specific requirements for welding activities ..........................................................46 Other requirements ...............................................................................................47
4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4
4.6 4.7 4.8
EN 13445 5: Inspection and testing.............................................................47 EN 13445 6: specific requirements for pressure vessels and parts made of spheroidal graphite cast iron ..........................................................................49 CR 13445 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures ......................50 Introduction.....................................................................................................52 EN 13480-2: Materials....................................................................................53 EN 13480-3: Design and calculations.............................................................55 EN 13480-4: Fabrication.................................................................................55
General requirements for the Manufacturer ..........................................................55 Requirements for the welding activities.................................................................56
European standard for manufacturing metallic industrial piping 52

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
5.4.1 5.4.2
5.5 5.6 5.7
EN 13480-5: Inspection ..................................................................................57 EN 13480-6: Additional requirements for buried piping ..................................58 CR 13445 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures ......................59
6 European standard for manufacturing simple unfired vessels to contain air or nitrogen. ........................................................................... 62
6.1 6.2 Introduction.....................................................................................................62 EN 286-1: requirements for welding manufacturing of simple unfired pressure vessels ...........................................................................................................63
7 European standard for steel pipelines and pipework for gas supply systems.................................................................................................... 66
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Introduction.....................................................................................................66 EN 12732: scope and structure of the standard. ............................................67 EN 12732: Quality requirement categories .....................................................68 EN 12732: requirements on quality systems ..................................................68 EN 12732: Inspection of welded joints and acceptance criteria......................69
8 European standards for the fabrication of steel and aluminium structures ................................................................................................ 72
8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................72
Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780 Istituto Italiano della Saldatura
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8.2
EN 1090 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General delivery conditions.......................................................................................................73

Requirements for the design of structures. ...........................................................73 Specific requirements for welding Manufacturers .................................................76 Requirements for inspection and testing and acceptance criteria.........................78
8.2.1
8.3
EN 1090 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures....75
8.3.1 8.3.2
8.4
EN 1090 -3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures79
9 Project European standards for the fabrication of railway vehicles and components ..................................................................................... 82
9.1 9.2 Introduction.....................................................................................................82 prEN 15085-2 Requirements for the Manufacturer.........................................83
10 Normative references ....................................................................... 86
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1 Quality management and welding fabrication
1.1 Introduction
Manufacturing processes such as fusion welding are widely used to produce many products, and for some companies, these are the key production features. Products may range from simple to complex; examples include pressure vessels, domestic and agricultural equipment, cranes, bridges, transport vehicles and other items. These processes exert a profound influence on the cost of manufacture and on the quality of the product. It is therefore important to ensure that these processes are carried out in the most effective way and that appropriate control is exercised over all aspects of the operation. In general, ISO 9001 standard has been developed in order to apply a consistent Quality Management System. However, surface coating, painting, composite manufacture, welding and brazing are considered as special processes because the quality of the manufactured product cannot be readily verified by final inspection. In the case of welded products, quality cannot be inspected directly in the product, but has to be built in during fabrication, as even the most extensive and sophisticated non-destructive testing does not improve the quality of the product. For this reason quality management systems alone may be insufficient to provide adequate assurance that these processes have been carried out correctly. Special controls and requirements are usually needed, which require adequate competence control before, during and after operation. For products to be free from serious problems during production and in service, it is necessary to provide controls from the design phase through material selection, into manufacture and subsequent inspection. For example, poor design may create serious and costly difficulties in the workshop, on site, or in service; incorrect material selection may result in problems, such as cracking in welded joints. To ensure sound and effective manufacturing, the management needs to understand and appreciate the sources of potential problems and to implement appropriate procedures for their control.
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All these considerations lead to the development of specific standards, which were the EN 729 standards for fusion welding. The first edition of this standard is dated 1997; in 2005 the new revision is meant to be ready, passed into ISO numbering system as EN ISO 3834. In this chapter an overview of the most significant clauses of EN ISO 3834 will be given considering also the normative references that could be helpful in the fulfilment of such requirements.
Figure 1 Welding workshop (manufacturing of wind mills)
1.2 Use and field of application of EN ISO 3834

EN ISO 3834 is a standard independent of the type of construction manufactured that provides a method to demonstrate the capability of a Manufacturer to make products of the specified quality, both in workshops and at field installation sites. Therefore applicable measures for different circumstances are identified, such as the following: in contractual situations for the specification of welding quality requirements; by Manufacturers to establish and maintain welding quality requirements; by committees, drafting manufacturing codes or application standards to specify appropriate welding quality requirements;
Istituto Italiano della Saldatura Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
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by organisations assessing welding quality Manufacturers.
performance, e.g. third parties, customers, or
As a consequence, these International Standards can be used by internal and external organisations, including certification bodies, which could offer certification services by assessing the Manufacturer's ability to meet customer, regulatory or the manufacturer's own requirements. This International Standard is structured in five parts: EN ISO 3834-1: Guidelines for selection and use; EN ISO 3834-2: Comprehensive quality requirements; EN ISO 3834-3: Standard quality requirements; EN ISO 3834-4: Elementary quality requirements; EN ISO 3834-5: Normative references to fulfil the requirements of EN ISO 3834-2, EN ISO 3834-3 and EN ISO 3834-4. It should be noted that the above standards define specific quality requirements at different levels, but do not assign those levels to any specific product group. The Manufacturers generally select one of the three levels (as specified in part 2, 3 and 4 of the standard) based on the following considerations regarding their products: the extent and significance of safety critical products; the complexity of manufacture; the range of products manufactured; the range of different materials used; the extent to which metallurgical problems may occur; the extent to which manufacturing imperfections, e.g. misalignment, distortion, weld imperfection, can affect product performance. When compliance to EN ISO 3834 part 2 or 3 is required, the requirements contained in this International Standard shall be adopted in full; however, in certain situations (e.g. where manufacturing is more suited to ISO 3834-3 or ISO 3834-4, or where particular operations are not technologically applicable and therefore cannot be undertaken), such requirements may be selectively amended or deleted. Whenever this situation occurs, the evaluation of the effective need for this minimising of requirement procedure shall be properly possibly evaluated and accepted by contractual parties and/or potential certification bodies. As to the relationship between EN ISO 3834, that applies to fusion welding manufacturing, and EN ISO 9001:2000, that applies to every kind of product or service, the first can be considered as a possible way to fulfil the latter requirements1.
However EN ISO 3834 are stand alone standard, as its application is viable, even if the company does not apply any quality management system to any of its activities.
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On the basis of the above stated considerations, EN ISO 3834 should be referred to both as a system and a process standard, as it also identifies quality management requirements to obtain adequate control of the manufacturing process (e.g. the welding fabrication activities). In the chapter 2 the ISO 3834 - 2 requirements will be explained in detail ,giving practical guidance on the application and use, while in chapter 3 the differences from part 2, 3 and 4 will be outlined, and guidance is given on their selection criteria.
1.3 EWF Certification scheme for EN ISO 3834

The European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF), by virtue of its unique international expertise has developed a high integrity and specialised certification system to assure companies compliance with EN ISO 3834. Great care has been taken to detail the interpretation of the standard in terms of third party assessment, to specify and register properly trained scheme assessors, and to devise an operational structure so that certification of companies will be consistent wherever the scheme rules are applied. This is done by appointing one organisation in each country to act for EWF, and these organisations are assessed and monitored against Rules provided by EWF itself. These organisations are known as the EWF Authorised National Bodies for Company Certification (ANBCCs), and are responsible for ensuring that the standards of assessment and certification are maintained. In this, the objective is that EWF certified companies will have demonstrated that they have achieved an identified, minimum level of capability over a specified scope of activity, irrespective of the country in which they had been qualified.
1.3.1 The EWF ISO 3834 Certificate and Schedule

The primary intention of EN ISO 3834 certification is to ensure that manufacturers are competent and exercise adequate control of the special process of welding so that customers or others may have confidence that the welded products they produce will comply with the regulatory and/or contractual requirements. Moreover, in the field of quality management in fabrication, the European trend is clearly moving toward a product/process approach. The European Directives and their supporting European harmonised standards (requiring the fulfilment of specific technical requirements, typical of any merchandise sector) are exhaustive examples of that. In order to help Companies in the fulfilment of such requirements, consistently to the product manufactured, EWF have produced specific supplementary guides for the processes/products considered (e.g. railway components, pressure vessels, construction products), taking into consideration the applicable standards (also considered in this book) and the best practice manufacturing procedures, already shared by the main European Manufacturers and Customers.
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In order to give evidence of such specific technical capabilities of Manufacturers, the EWF Certificate, where the references, against which the certification has been got, are reported together with the issue and expiry date of the Certificate itself and the Companys data, is supplemented with a Schedule, where technical information (reference standards, materials, welding processes, supplementary requirements, deviations, etc.) on the fabrication process adopted and the welded products manufactured is detailed and the name of the responsible welding co-ordinator reported. Therefore the advantages for the Manufacturers in getting a certification against the EWF ISO 3834 Certification Scheme, can be summarised as follows: welded products are differently treated according to the specificity of their welding fabrication process; manufacturers are guided to satisfy harmonised European Directives requirements through implementation of the Scheme; the specific areas of competence (for Personnel and Companies) are explicitly encompassed and registered in the Schedule; manufacturers can get visibility through the Register (www.ewf.be) of certified Companies.
1.3.2 The Integrated Management Certification System

EWF realised also a certification Scheme dealing with the environmental management in welding fabrication, having as a basis the EN ISO 14001 (Environmental management systemsSpecification with guidance for use) and its EWF interpretations toward welding and allied processes. The result of that has been the EWF Environment Management Scheme (EWF EMS). More recently, a third Scheme has been introduced, related to health and safety management in welding and allied processes. The starting reference document has been the BSI 8800 (Guide to occupational heath and safety management system), interpreted and fitted on the specific technological operations, resulting in the EWF Safety Management Scheme (EWF SMS). Its anyway unquestionable that a Manufacturer can control the Environment, Health and Safety aspects of his welding fabrication process only if the welding and allied activities are already properly controlled from the production point of view, that is through implementation of the EWF EN ISO 3834 Scheme. The result of such an approach is the possibility for Companies to adopt the comprehensive EWF Integrated Manufacturer Certification System (EWF IMCS), covering all the management aspects in welding fabrication, that is: quality, environment and heath & safety.
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2 EN ISO 3834-2 requirements
2.1 Introduction
EN ISO 3834-2 defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding in workshops and/or on site. Therefore compliance to the requirements of this part should provide the best quality level achievable for the welding fabrication activities.
2.2 Requirements review and technical review

The Manufacturer shall review the contractual and any other requirements together with any technical data relevant to the welding fabrication activities, in order to verify that the work content is within its capability to perform, that sufficient resources are available to achieve delivery schedules and that documentation is clear and unambiguous. All information necessary to carry out the manufacturing operations shall be therefore available prior to the commencement of the work, otherwise it should be asked the purchaser2 to provide all the necessary data. Moreover the Manufacturer shall identify any variation between the final contract and previous quotations and notify the purchaser of any programme, cost or engineering changes that may result. Within the contract review, particular attention should be given to the product standard to be used together with any supplementary requirements, and to statutory and regulatory requirements. As for the technical subjects to be considered, the following items should be considered in detail: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) parent material(s) specification and welded joint properties; quality and acceptance requirements for welds; location, accessibility and sequence of welds including accessibility for inspection and nondestructive testing; the specification of welding procedures, non-destructive testing procedures and heat treatment procedures; the approach to be used for the qualification of the welding procedures ; the qualification of the personnel; selection, identification and/or traceability (e.g. for materials, welds);
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h) i) j) k) l)
quality control arrangements including any involvement of an independent inspection body; inspection and testing; subcontracting; post weld heat treatment; other welding requirements, e.g. batch testing of consumables, ferrite content of weld metal, ageing, hydrogen content, permanent backing, use of peening, surface finish, weld profile; use of special methods (e.g. to achieve full penetration without backing when welded from one side only);
m) dimensions and details of joint preparation and completed weld; n) o) p) welds which are to be made in the workshop, or elsewhere; environmental conditions relevant to the process (e.g. very low temperature ambient conditions or any necessity to provide protection against adverse weather conditions); handling of non-conformance.
Figure 2 Drawing of a pressure vessel
or the design and/or other internal departments when the construction is designed by the Manufacturer.
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A possible way to demonstrate the Manufacturers compliance with these normative requirements is the registration of the subject review by filing either the minutes meeting or the relevant check list.
2.3 Subcontracting
Subcontracted services or activities (e.g. welding, inspection, non destructive testing, heat treatment), shall be managed by the Manufacturer as if they were carried out by the Manufacturer himself. Therefore Subcontractors should be considered as internal departments: all relevant specifications and requirements shall be supplied to the Subcontractor; a Subcontractor shall work under the order and responsibility of the Manufacturer; the information to be provided to the sub-contractor shall include all relevant data from the requirements review and the technical review. Additional requirements may be specified as necessary to assure the Subcontractors compliance with technical requirements. However the Manufacturer shall ensure that the Subcontractor complies with the quality requirements as specified, and therefore shall check that the Subcontractor: provides such records and documentation of his work as may be specified by the Manufacturer; fully complies with the relevant requirements of EN ISO 3824-2 Standard.
Compliance with these requirements may be demonstrated by acknowledgement of a document receipt or by checking that the relevant documentation is cited in the subcontracting contract. Moreover, the Manufacturer can assess the Subcontractor, or reserve the possibility to do it at a later date.
2.4 Welding personnel

As welding is a special process, the human factor has a key role in the production of quality products. Therefore sufficient (in number) and competent personnel for the planning, performing and supervising of the welding and allied activities shall be available, according to standard and customer requirements.
2.4.1 Welders and welding operators

Welders and welding operators shall be qualified by an appropriate test. Whenever no other specific Customers requirement is applicable, the standards reported in the following table apply.
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Welding process
Material Steel Aluminium and aluminium alloys Copper and copper alloys Nickel and nickel alloys Titanium and titanium alloys, Zirconium and zirconium alloys All All
Applicable standard EN 287 1, ISO 9606-1 ISO 9606-2 (EN 287 2) ISO 9606-3 ISO 9606-4 ISO 9606-5 ISO 9606-5 EN 1418 (ISO 14732) ISO 15618-1 and 2
Arc welding, manual and partly mechanised
Arc welding, fully mechanised and automatic Underwater welding
Table 1 Standards for the qualification of welders and welding operators All qualification records shall be filed in the last upgraded revision and properly controlled; moreover, if the production welds are of the required quality and if the test records (e.g. half-yearly documentation about radiographic or ultrasonic inspections, or fracture tests, etc.) are filed, prolongation of the certificate time of validity may be obtained, as the compliance with EN ISO 3834 requirements may demonstrate sufficient reliability. It should be noted that the standards referenced in table 1 consider the figure of the examiner or examination body as a person or organisation appointed to verify compliance with the applicable standard, without giving any specific guidance on it. As a consequence, many different situations can be considered3: qualification is issued by a person without any recognised qualification; qualification is issued by a qualified person (IWE, IWT, IWS, IWI-P4), with reference to his/her qualification diploma (and relevant stamp); qualification is issued by the Manufacturers qualified welding coordinator (IWE, IWT, IWS) in the name of the Manufacturer itself; qualification is issued by an independent third party, possibly authorised by the customer or by a national accreditation body5. However, specification of the examiner or examining body for the approval of welders and/or welding procedures shall be a contractual requirement or, otherwise, a fabrication code requirement.
3 4
The same situations apply for the qualification of welding procedures International Welding Inspection Personnel (Comprehensive, Standard and Basic levels) 5 EWF has established a system for the qualification of welding personnel and of welding procedure specifications. Accreditation bodies running in such a system are sometime referred as ANBCC (authorised National body for Certification of Companies)
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Figure 3 Welding workshop for aerospace applications
2.4.2 Welding coordination personnel

Welding coordination is the key activity for achievement of the desired quality for the welded product as the welding coordination personnel has responsibility for quality activities, as reported in ISO 14731/EN 719. Therefore the Manufacture has to comply with the following requirements: the number of welding coordinators shall be sufficient to provide adequate control, and therefore based on the number/dimension of workshops, employees, welders, etc. only one responsible welding coordinator shall be appointed, who is responsible for all the welding fabrication activities in the company; tasks and responsibilities for each other person involved in the welding coordination activities shall be described in detail, usually in an appropriate list;
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welding coordination personnel shall have sufficient knowledge of welding and allied process in general, and detailed knowledge of the assigned tasks.
Depending on the range and complexity of the products, on the dimension and the number of the workshops, and on the relevance of the welding activities, the welding coordination personnel can be directly employed by the Manufacturer or a consultant, however assuring adequate presence in the company. Typical tasks for the welding coordinator are reported as follows6: contract and design review; evaluation of weldability and relevant choice of base material (if applicable) and welding consumables; assessment of possible Subcontractors; welding (and allied activities) production planning; equipment management; welding and testing (preliminary to final) activities; welding documents control and management of the ISO 3834 quality system. EN
This leads to the need of appropriate knowledge and experience, that shall comply with 719 / ISO 14731 requirements. In particular, three different levels of knowledge are considered: 1. 2. 3. comprehensive technical knowledge; specific technical knowledge; basic technical knowledge.
The level of knowledge shall be based on normative and contractual requirements or could be a Manufacturers choice based on the range and on the complexity of the products, on the dimension and the number of the workshops, on the relevance of the welding activities. IIW provides for guidelines for the qualification of International Welding Engineers, Technologists and Specialists, corresponding to the three above mentioned levels. IIW qualification guarantees appropriate knowledge, but is not compulsory; therefore the Manufacturer can refer to any other qualification, but shall, however, be prepared to demonstrate adequacy of such a qualification to customers or certification bodies. Concerning the experience, no specific requirement is given; two years of experience in the specific field of the Manufacturers welded products are generally considered as sufficient, even if experience should be at least proportional to the complexity of the welding production. EWF provides for a three years based Certification programme for welding Engineers, Technologists
The full list is reported in EN 719 / ISO 14731.

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and Specialists, namely C-EWE, C-EWT, C-EWS (Certified European Welding Engineer, Technologist and Specialist).
2.5 Welding inspection personnel

Welding inspection activities require qualified personnel. Therefore at least NDT personnel should be adequately qualified according to EN 473/ISO 9712. Moreover, inspection activities should be managed and supervised by someone having general knowledge of the welding activities and in depth knowledge of welding inspection. Such activities may be directly managed by the welding coordinator, or by welding inspectors depending on the range and complexity of the products, on the dimension and on the number of workshops and on the relevance of the welding activities. IIW provides for a guideline regarding training courses for the following three levels of welding inspectors: IWI C (International Welding Inspector Comprehensive) IWI S (International Welding Inspector Standard) IWI B (International Welding Inspector Basic)
However it shall be noted that for some test or checks (e.g. welding parameters, dimensional checks, visual testing, etc.) the welder or welding operator can be considered as an inspector himself.
2.6 Equipment
The Manufacturer shall have available equipment adequate to his products and production volume. All the equipment shall be included in a list, which may be considered both as a way to provide potential customers with information on the Manufacturers capabilities and productivity, and as a tool for the equipment management. Table 2 reports an example list of equipment reporting relevant characteristics, serial number and reference to the maintenance sheet. Maintenance intervals and operations shall be reported on the maintenance sheet. All the equipment shall be properly managed, thus assuring control and maintenance; in addition its instruments (e.g ammeters, voltmeters) shall be calibrated, whenever correlated to the product quality, or certified according to a possible contractual requirement. As an example, periodic examination of cables, tips, contact tubes and general cleaning of welding power sources should be carried out at appropriate periodic intervals.
Description Serial number Characteristics maintenance sheet number Notes
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MIG Welding Power source TIG Welding Power Sources Travelling bridgecrane CO2 Laser Beam cutting Equip.
Xxx 1223123 Xxx 12233124 CC 12345 00xx aio - 356
450 A - Inverter 200 A - Inverter Load capacity: 5000 Kg Working area: 10mx10m Power: 1 kW
MIG 0001 TIG 0001 Crane 01 LBC 01
Table 2 Example of equipment list
Figure 4 Cranes in a welding workshop Moreover, appropriate tests shall be performed after the installation of new (or refurbished) equipment in order to verify the correct function. Such tests shall be carried out and documented in accordance with appropriate standards, whenever relevant.
2.7 Welding and related activities

2.7.1 Production planning
Before starting the manufacture of a product or a series of products (generally after the technical review), the Manufacturer plans its production activities in order to properly define all the activities to be performed with relevant sequences, processes and procedures, and personnel allocation.
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The typical result of such an activity is the production and inspection plan, which will cover the production of each component (if relevant) throughout all the manufacturing stages; in some cases, this is to be registered as a production document. Moreover, it can be delivered to the final customer together with the product, whenever this is contractually required.
2.7.2 Welding procedures and instructions

The Manufacturer shall prepare the Welding Procedure Specification(s) (WPS) and shall ensure that these are used correctly in production. The welding procedures applied during production shall be as specific as possible, in order to clearly identify actions and parameters to be used for the required joint. However, if the relevant WPS contains data too detailed and not useful for the welder, dedicated work instructions may be used directly derived from such a WPS containing only the necessary data. These instructions have to refer directly to the welding procedure specification they derived from, e.g. by referring to the relevant WPS number. In the next page a typical WPS form is reported, produced according to EN ISO15609-1.
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COMPANY NAME OR LOGO

Welding process(es) Type(s) JOINTS Joint Type Backing Backing material Weld preparation Method of preparation & Cleaning PARENT METAL Group n Spec. Type & grade To Spec. Type & grade Thickness Outside Diameter Other WELDING CONSUMABLE a) Specification n Designation Size Trade name Manufacturer Flux design. EN Flux Trade name Weld deposit Other WELDING POSITION Position Welding Progression Other PREHEAT Preheat Temperature Interpass Temperature Preheat maintenance Other PWHT and/or AGEING Temperature Range Time Range (hour) Heating rate Cooling rate Other Run(s) or Layer(s) Welding process a) a)
WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION (WPS) b) b)
WPS n Supp. WPQR c) c)
Rev. Date
To group n
Joint drawiing GAS(ES) b) c) Plasma Shielding Shielding Trailing Backing Other ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC Current Polarity Mode of Metal Transfer Tungsten Electrode Type & size Electrode wire feed speed range Other TECHNIQUE String or weave beads Orifice or gas cup size Initial & interpass cleaning Method of back gouging Oscillation Amplitude Freq. Distance contact tube work piece Multiple, single pass (for side) Single or multiple electrodes Torch angle direction of welding Filler metal EN designation or trade name . Other Current Size (mm) Type & polarity Amperage A Travel Speed mm/min a) b) Gas(es) Mixture Flow Rate l/min l/min l/min l/min l/min
Voltage V
Heat input KJ/mm
Other
MANUFACTURER
APPROVED BY
Figure 5 Welding Procedure Specification

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Considering that welding is a special process and that the quality of the welded joint cannot be properly controlled only by final tests, the welding procedures significant for the final product quality shall be qualified precisely prior to production. As a consequence, those Welding Procedure Specifications should be prepared in accordance with a Welding Procedure Qualification Record (WPQR). Normative references to the specification and to the qualification of welding procedures are given in table 3.
Welding process Standard ISO 15607 ISO 15610 All fusion welding processes ISO 15611 ISO 15612 ISO 15613 ISO 15609-2 Gas Welding ISO 15614 - 1 ISO 15609-1 ISO 15614 - 1 ISO 15614 - 2 ISO 15614 - 3 Arc welding ISO 15614 - 4 ISO 15614 - 5 ISO 15614 - 6 ISO 15614 7 ISO 15614 8 Electron beam welding Laser Welding Underwater Arc Welding Wet Hyperbaric Underwater Arc Welding Dry Hyperbaric ISO 15609 3 ISO 15614 11 ISO 15609 4 ISO 15614 11 ISO 15614 9 ISO 15614 10 Steels All Steels and Nickel alloys Aluminium, Magnesium Steel castings Aluminium castings Titanium and zirconium Copper All applicable All applicable All All applicable All All applicable All applicable All applicable WPS WPQR WPS WPQR WPQR WPQR WPQR WPQR WPQR WPQR WPQR WPS WPQR WPS WPQR WPQR WPQR All WPQR Material Scope WPS, WPQR Field of application General Rules Qualification based on tested welding consumables Qualification based on previous welding experience Qualification by adoption of a standard welding procedure Qualification based on pre-production welding test Compiling Qualification based on welding procedure test Steels Compiling Qualification based on welding procedure test Qualification based on welding procedure test Qualification based on welding procedure test Qualification based on welding procedure test Qualification based on welding procedure test Qualification based on welding procedure test Qualification based on welding procedure test corrosion resistance overlay, cladding restore and hardfacing Qualification based on welding procedure test - Welding of tubes to tube-plate joints Compiling Qualification based on welding procedure test Compiling Qualification based on welding procedure test Qualification based on welding procedure test Qualification based on welding procedure test
Table 3 Standards for the qualification of welding procedures Different methods for the qualification of welding procedures are available: welding procedure test this method consists in welding a standardised test piece on which destructive and non-destructive tests are carried out in order to verify the achievement of required properties;
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use of approved welding consumables - this method of approval may be used if the welding consumables and the base material are not particularly affecting the welding quality, provided that heat inputs are kept within specified limits;
previous welding experience - a welding procedure may be qualified by referring to previous experiences in welding if the Manufacturer is able to prove, by appropriate authentic documentation of an independent nature, that he has previously satisfactorily welded the same joint with reliable results;
use of a standard welding procedure a procedure is qualified if it is issued as a specification in the format of a WPS or WPQR based on appropriate qualification (e.g based on the relevant part of EN ISO 15614), not related to the Manufacturer and qualified by an examiner or examining body;
Pre production Test - this method is the only reliable method of qualification for those welding procedures in which the resulting properties of the weld strongly depend on certain conditions such as: components, special restraint conditions, heat sinks etc., which cannot be reproduced by standardised test pieces; it is mostly used when the shape and dimensions of standardised pieces do not adequately represent the joint to be welded.
Even if different qualification methods are considered, the most commonly used are qualification by welding procedure test and pre-production test; however the applicable method of qualification is generally specified in either manufacturing codes, standards or contracts.
2.7.3 Welding related document control

In order to demonstrate the achieved quality of the welded product, all the welding related documents (e.g. WPS, WPQR, Welders Qualification record, etc) shall be properly controlled. This involves the preparation and maintenance of a procedure for the management of such documents, in order to identify issuance responsibilities, distribution methods, availability, and method for withdrawing obsolete documents. Even if it is not a normative requirement, a commonly adopted method to control documentation is the production of a written procedure, produced or approved by the welding coordinator, to be kept by the Manufacturer quality assurance department or directly by the welding coordinator himself.
2.8
Welding consumables
Welding consumables are a basic element in the quality of a welded joint. As an example, covered electrodes, which have absorbed humidity due to incorrect storage or management procedures, can seriously affect the quality of a welded joint causing cold cracks, porosity, etc. Therefore welding consumables such as filler metals, shielding gases, welding fluxes, etc. shall be managed according to the suppliers recommendations.
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Figure 6 Oven for welding electrodes As a reference, table 4 reports the standards for the classification of welding consumables sorted by material and welding process.
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Welding process Submerged arc welding (fluxes) TIG (tungsten electrodes) Shielding gases for arc welding All applicable to the processes and cutting Flux (or metal) cored (gas) metal arc welding TIG Non alloyed and fine grain steels Covered electrodes MIG/MAG Submerged arc welding (wire flux combination) Covered electrodes Creep resistant steels TIG, MIG/MAG Flux (or metal) cored arc welding Flux (or metal) cored (gas) metal arc welding High strength steels Submerged arc welding (wire flux combination) TIG, MIG/MAG Covered electrodes Stainless and heat resistant Flux (or metal) cored (gas) metal steels arc welding TIG - Rods and wires Aluminium and Aluminium alloys TIG, MIG Nickel and Nickel alloys Covered electrodes
Material All applicable to the process All applicable to the process
Standard EN 760 EN 26848 EN 439 EN 758 EN 1668 EN 499 EN 440 EN 756 EN 1599 EN 12070 EN 12071 EN 12535 EN 14295 EN 12534 EN 1600 EN 12073 EN 12072 EN 18273 EN 14172
Table 4 Standards for the welding consumables
2.9
Parent material
The material shall be stored in a way, which prevents from adverse effects (this applies also to client supplied material). Moreover, some materials seem to be quite similar but possess very different properties; thus, identification shall be maintained at least during the storage. Even if it is not specifically required, a written procedure, which has to be prepared or is to be approved by the welding coordinator and has to be made available to the parent material warehouse, is suggested to cover this point of the standard. In order to be sure that the product delivered by the supplier complies with the Manufacturers needs and orders, references to the certificates for the conformance of the furnished product to the order can be made according to EN 10204 Metallic products - Types of inspection documents. In accordance with such a standard, inspection documents are divided in two groups, based on the following conditions:
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class 2 documents (namely 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) are certificates or test reports issued by personnel employed in the production departments class 3 documents (namely 3.1.A, 3.1.B, 3.1.C, 3.2) are inspection reports or certificates issued by personnel independent from the production departments.
As a consequence, class 3 documents can be considered more objective, although they will add cost (and value) to the product to be delivered. It shall be noted that both above-mentioned types of documents refer to the Manufacturer order and to the relevant standards, which are to be attached to the documents. The type of document needed for the welding fabrication is not reported in the ISO 3834 Standard; possibly, this can be reported on product standards, on fabrication codes or can be a customer requirement.
2.10
Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)
Post-weld heat treatments as heat treatments in general can be considered as special processes.
Figure 7 Hot air heat treatment of a pressure vessel Hence, the Manufacturer is anyhow responsible for the quality of the final product and has to manage properly all the activities relevant to the heat treatment, which concerns: subcontracting; personnel;
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inspection and destructive and non destructive testing; equipment for heat treatment (suitability, maintenance, etc.); heat treatment parameters; heat treatment specification; measuring of parameters; heat treatment records.
In particular a PWHT procedure shall be produced by the Manufacturer or by the potential supplier, though approved by the Manufacturers Welding Coordinator according to the Customer or Standard/code requirements. It has to be compatible with the parent material, the welded joint, the construction etc. Moreover, the heat treatment shall be recorded during the process to evidence that the specification has been followed as well as to ensure the traceability for the particular product.
Figure 8 Equipment for the heat treatment control The technical report CR/ISO TR 17663 is a reference for the management of the heat treatment activities.
2.11
Inspection and testing
In order to guarantee the application of all the fabrication procedures and the required properties for the product, appropriate inspections and tests shall be implemented during the manufacturing process
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Location and frequency of such inspections and/or tests will depend on the contract and/or product standard, on the welding process and on the type of construction. As a general rule the state of inspection and testing of the welded product have to be indicated in some way. Such a means shall be adequate to the type of product; as an example, a Fabrication and Control Plan may be required for big products (on which the testing activities are marked); while routing cards or confined space inside the manufacturing plant shall be sufficient for small series product to indicate the inspection and testing status. Table 5 reports a typical chart for tests to be carried out before, during and after welding operations. In some situations, the signature of the inspector7 shall be required in order to enhance the traceability of the welding and related process activities. Moreover, the reference number of the relevant test report shall be included, if required. All the procedures or instructions relevant to inspection and testing shall be made available to the inspection personnel, and properly controlled. As to NDT, testing activities (method, technique and extension) shall be carried out in consideration of and in accordance with the quality level of the product. Some of those parameters are reported in the manufacturing codes, where the designer chooses the class of the weld taking into consideration all of the above mentioned factors. All these aspects should be considered during the design review phase by the welding coordinator.
Figure 9 Welding gauge for Visual Inspection of joints
For some tests or checks (e.g. welding parameters, dimensional checks, visual testing, etc.) the welder or welding operator itself shall be considered as inspector.
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TEST Tests before welding operations Suitability and validity of welders qualification certificates Suitability of welding procedure specification Identity of parent material Identity of welding consumables Joint preparation (e.g. Shape and dimensions) Fit-up, jigging and tacking Special requirements in the welding procedure specification (e.g. Prevention of distortion) Arrangement for any production test Suitability of working conditions for welding, including environment Tests during welding operations Preheating / interpass temperature Welding parameters Cleaning and shape of runs and layers of weld metal; Back gouging; Welding sequence; Correct use and handling of welding consumables; Control of distortion; Dimensional check Tests after welding operations Compliance with acceptance criteria for Visual Testing Compliance with acceptance criteria for other NDT examinations (e.g. Radiographic or Ultrasonic Testing) Compliance for destructive testing (when applicable) Results and records of post-welding operations (e.g. PWHT) Dimensional checking. Reference procedure
Checked (date)
Signature of the inspector
Reference report
Table 5 Template for testing and inspection chart. EN 12062 standard may be used as a reference for the application of NDT on welded structures, reporting cross references between testing standards, acceptance levels and quality levels (see table 6).
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Quality level Applicable standard for the testing Standard for the acceptance according to method and relevant level and relevant level EN ISO 5817 B Refer directly to the imperfections VT EN 970 no levels are specified dimension as reported in EN ISO C 5817 D B EN 1289 2X PT EN 527-1 no levels are specified C EN 1289 2X D EN 1289 3X B EN 1291 2X MT EN 1290 no levels are specified C EN 1291 2X D EN 1291 3X B EN 13445 level B EN 15817 - 1 RT C EN 13445 level B* EN 15817 2 D EN 13445 level C EN 15817 3 B EN 1714 At least level B EN 1712 2 UT** C EN 1714 At least level A EN 1712 2 D Level not applicable*** * However, the maximum area for single exposition shall be in accordance with level A ** Only for ferritic steels ***However, level D can be applied, with the same requirements of level C, if agreed by the contracting parties Test method
Table 6 Applicable standards for NDT examination according to EN 12062.
Figure 10 Ultrasonic Testing on a claw
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2.12
Non-conformance and corrective actions
As previously stated, ISO 3834 is a process standard, which refers to welding fabrication, however containing some elements relevant to the management system. Therefore, non conformances refer to either product defects or aberrations from the contract (however concerning the product itself). As a consequence, the Manufacturer has to consider proper procedures to resolve non-conformances and avoid further accidents in the future (avoidance of recurrence of non-conformances). In particular, if repair welding is needed, repair specifications shall be produced or approved by the welding coordinator, and shall be made available to the repairing site (note that qualification, according to any standard, is not required). After repair has been accomplished, the items shall be re-inspected, tested and examined in accordance with the original requirements.
2.13
Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing equipment
In general, calibration of welding equipment instruments (e.g. ammeters, voltmeters) is only required where the quality/repeatability of the weld depends on accurate and repeatable setting of parameters such as current, voltage, speed, gas flow, pulse characteristics, etc. In some cases, calibration is not needed, as appropriate repeatability of the weld quality can be simply achieved by indirect control of parameters. As an example in manual metal arc welding, heat input can be controlled via the measurement of the run out length. Oxygen cutting machines are similarly controlled by observing the quality (visual appearance) of the cut faces. Therefore it can be stated that in this case, the instrument to be calibrated shall be, the intuition and experience of qualified and skilled welders. Elaborate procedures for calibration of instruments will be in some cases impossible to be applied or however, if applicable, will simply add costs without increasing the quality. In general, calibration of instruments is required for automatic welding machines, temperature recorders for heat treatment, NDT equipment, etc. Moreover, calibration is necessary in other situations. Instruments for inspection and testing and for control of e.g. PWHT should be calibrated at regular intervals. New welding processes and new power sources, e.g. pulsed arc welding, are difficult or impossible to control just on the base of "intuition and experience", therefore objective instruments are required. Control of mechanised welding operations necessitate strict control of heat input, which also presupposes reliable instruments. A good reference for the management of calibration of welding and related processes for Manufacturers applying ISO 3834 is the EN 17662 standard Welding - Calibration, verification and
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validation of equipment used for welding, including ancillary activities. A key issue of the standard is the discussion of the influence of various process variables on the resulting output and, in particular, of the possibilities of verification of the output by subsequent monitoring, inspection and testing. Especially the following concepts are applicable to welding manufacturing: calibration: set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure or a reference material, and the corresponding values realised by standards; verification: confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled; validation: confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled.
Figure 11 Automatic Twin Arc Submerged arc welding system The specific requirements to calibration, verification and validation of a particular instrument should be derived from the required performance, which should be compatible with the permissible range as specified in the welding procedure specification (WPS) for the variable(s) in question. Moreover it should be noted that any types of instruments used for control of welding such as ammeters, voltmeters, thermocouples, stop-watches etc. are also used for non-welding purposes: the requirements on accuracy, when used for welding purposes, might be less stringent than for
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other applications of the instruments. Normal ( standardised) procedures for calibration, verification and validation of the instruments may be too stringent and costly, if applied for welding purposes. Table 7 gives examples of the content of the standard, as relates to welding consumables.
Designation Requirements Procedure Requirements to measuring instruments such as weighing instruments, vernier callipers, rulers and straightedges, etc. are found in several EN, ISO and national standards. Stopwatches may be validated by comparison with any reasonably accurate clock. Requirements - 5 % for the instruments concerning humidity and + 5 C for thermometer. Requirement max. +/- 5 C.
Application of flux and filler metal, method, position, deposition rate, etc.
Instruments should be calibrated, verified or validated, as appropriate.
Handling
Instruments used e.g. for control of storage conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) should be calibrated, verified or validated. Instruments for temperature control, e.g. thermometers and other temperature indicators should be validated
Temperature in storage cabinet/room
Instruments used for process control should be calibrated, verified or validated, Treatment prior to welding as appropriate, depending on the nature of the treatment: drying, cleaning, etc.
Appropriate standards for the procedure should be consulted.
Table 7 EN ISO 17662 requirements applicable to welding consumables Concerning welding processes parameters, EN ISO 17662 states that the requirement for calibration, verification and validation of instruments to measure arc welding parameters should be related to the ratio between deposited weld metal and total cross sections (a high ratio corresponding to a cold process and a low ratio to a hot process): welding processes/power sources, which permit significant variations of such a ratio, necessitate calibration, verification or validation, whenever the heat input control is required (see table 8).
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Designation
Requirements Electrical variables
Procedure See ENV 50184. Mean value of (rectified) current. See ENV 50184. Mean value of (rectified) tension. Requirements to measuring instruments such as vernier callipers, micrometer callipers, etc. are found in several EN, ISO and national standards.
Current (mean)* Arc voltage (mean)3
Ammeters should be validated. Voltmeters should be validated.
Maximum width of the run Instruments used for measuring should be calibrated, verified or validated, as or weaving amplitude when weaving is applied appropriate. For Mechanised welding Measurements by means of stopwatches and rulers. Appropriate steel rulers need not to be calibrated, verified or validated provided the rulers are not visibly damaged. Measurements by means of stopwatches and rulers. Appropriate steel rulers need not to be calibrated, verified or validated provided the rulers are not visibly damaged. Calibration, verification or validation not required, provided size (penetration) and position of weld can be determined by non-destructive examination. Calibration, verification or validation not required, provided size (penetration) and position of weld can be determined by non-destructive examination. Instruments used for measuring should be calibrated, verified or validated, as appropriate.
Travel speed
Stopwatches may be validated by comparison with any reasonably accurate clock or watch. See also ENV 50184. Stopwatches may be validated by comparison with any reasonably accurate clock or watch. See also ENV 50184.
Wire feed speed
Weawing Frequency
Dwell time of oscillation
Requirements to measuring instruments such as vernier callipers, micrometer callipers, etc. are found in several EN, ISO and national standards.
Torch, electrode and/or wire angle
* The signal should be monitored continuously. The sampling time should be sufficient to give a reasonably stable reading. If tong-tests are used for measurement of current, the difference between mean value and RMS value measuring instruments has to be taken into consideration.
Table 8 EN ISO 17662 requirements applicable to welding parameters
2.14
Identification and traceability
Identification of pieces and parts, and the possibility to retrace their position during the manufacturing stages and when delivered to the customer is one of the most effective way to achieve quality of the product and to have feedback about its functionality.
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However, it shall be noted that identification and traceability can imply expensive procedures and are therefore not required by the ISO 3834 standard. However, they can be required by standards, fabrication codes or by the customer himself. Whenever required, it shall be maintained during the manufacturing process, which means that for every piece or component it shall be possible to retrieve its history by marking the parts and controlling the relevant documentation. Documented systems to ensure identification and traceability of the welding operations shall include: identification of production plans; identification of routing cards; identification of weld locations in construction; identification of non-destructive testing procedures and personnel; identification of welding consumable (e.g. designation, trade name, Manufacturer of consumables and batch or cast numbers); identification and/or traceability of parent material (e.g. type, cast number); identification of location of repairs; identification of location of temporary attachments; traceability for fully mechanised and automatic weld-equipment for specific welds; traceability of welder and welding operators of specific welds; traceability of welding procedure specification of specific welds.
2.15
Quality records
Quality records shall be retained for a minimum period of five years in the absence of any other specified requirements. Quality records shall include, when applicable: record of requirement/technical review; material certificates; welding consumable certificates; welding procedure specifications; equipment maintenance records; welding procedure approval records (WPQR); welder or welding operator qualification certificates; production plan; non-destructive testing personnel certificates; heat treatment procedure specification and records; non-destructive testing and destructive testing procedures and reports; dimensional reports;
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records of repairs and non-conformance reports.
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3 Comparison of ISO 3834 Requirements
3.1 Introduction
ISO 3834 incorporates three quality levels that may be included in product standards, regulations and contracts or selected by a Manufacturer. The particular level selected will depend on the nature of the product to be manufactured, the conditions in which it will be used and the range of products manufactured. In this chapter some criteria for the choice of the appropriate level will be given, outlining the differences of every part (and level) of the standard.
3.2 Choice of the appropriate quality level

Product standards that require compliance with ISO 3834 have emphasised two critical areas in the choice of quality level. On one hand has been the safety critical nature of the products whilst, on the other, there has been the inclusion of the type of loading (static, dynamic) in the product service environment. At first it should be noted that a Manufacturer compliant at a particular quality level is also compliant at a lower level. Thus, a Manufacturer demonstrating compliance to ISO 3834-2 is also compliant with ISO 3834-3 and ISO 3834-4. This may be relevant for a Manufacturer producing a range of products, some of which may require a comprehensive quality level while others only require a standard or elementary quality level. Such a Manufacture can apply the comprehensive quality level to all its products, or only apply the comprehensive quality level to those products where it is required, and apply the requirements at a lower level for the products for which this is more appropriate. Moreover, a Manufacturer applying ISO 3834 part 2 or part 3 can have some suppliers working on small assemblies or, in some cases, can need some extra welders properly qualified and controlled. In such situations the Manufacturer can require to his suppliers the application of a lower quality level. For example, this is the case of ISO 3834 part 4, that seems the easiest way to comply with the quality requirements for welders on loan. In general, the standard quality level should be suitable for the broad range of products that have a normal safety relevance and may experience dynamic loading. Such products would be
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manufactured from conventional materials where the weldability is known and the precautions to be taken to ensure mechanical performance and defect avoidance are well documented. Products, which have a very limited safety component and are subjected to only moderate static loads with minor dynamic components, would normally only require the elementary quality level. Where the safety factors are significant and there are high static and dynamic loading and the materials are designed for high performance applications, the comprehensive quality level would be appropriate. Moreover, in some situations materials and loading seem to be pertinent to standard quality level, but the innovative nature of the design or the use of novel production processes can imply the choice of the comprehensive quality level in place of the standard level. It is not possible to allocate specific quality parts of ISO 3834, i.e., parts 2, 3 or 4, to particular types of products, because there can be different levels of complexity in the design, materials and fabrication processes in any product group. For example, in the case of bridges manufacturing, some bridges are highly complex in the design and are subject to significant dynamic loads. High strength steels may be employed and the product may be subjected to high levels of non destructive testing to meet tight fabrication defect acceptance levels. In contrast, foot bridges use conventional materials with little or no complexity in manufacture and are not subjected to high levels of dynamic loading.
3.3 Comparison chart

In the following tables, a comparison chart of the quality requirement of the different parts of ISO 3834 is reported.
Requirement Requirements review Technical review Sub-contracting ISO 3834 - 2 Necessary documentation is required Necessary - documentation is required ISO 3834 - 3 Necessary -documentation may be required ISO 3834 - 4 Necessary documentation is not required
Necessary - documentation may be required
Treat like a Manufacturer for the specific subcontracted product, services and/or activities, however final responsibility for quality remains with the Manufacturer
Table 9 Comparison chart on ISO 3834 requirement (to be continued )
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Welders and welding operators Welding coordination personnel Equipment maintenance Production and testing equipment Production planning Welding procedure specifications Qualification of the welding procedures Batch testing Storage and handling of welding consumables Storage of parent material
Qualification is required Required Necessary as applicable to provide, maintain and achieve product conformity, documented plans, and records are required Necessary as applicable to provide, maintain and achieve product conformity, records are recommended No specific requirement As necessary to assure equipment suitable and available, no specific requirements for records
Suitable and available as required for preparation, process execution, testing, transport, lifting in combination with safety equipment and protective clothes Required documented plans and records are required Required documented plans records are recommended No specific requirement Appropriate welding technique required No specific requirement No specific requirement In accordance with supplier recommendations
Required Required If required
A procedure is required in accordance with supplier recommendations Confirmation that the requirements according to product standard or specifications are fulfilled Procedure, record and traceability of the record to the product are required Procedure and record are required
Post-weld heat treatment
No specific requirement
Inspection and testing before, during and after welding Non-conformance and corrective actions Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing equipment Identification during process Traceability Quality records
Necessary Measures of control are implemented procedures for repair and/or rectification are required
If required Measures of control are implemented
Necessary
If required
No specific requirement
If required If required If required
No specific requirement No specific requirement
Table 10 comparison chart on ISO 3834 requirement (continued)
3.3.1 ISO 3834-2 - Comprehensive quality level

This part can be applied to constructions in which the failure of welds may lead to total product failure with successive significant financial consequences and a major risk of human injury. The product may be subject to pronounced dynamic loading in addition to high static loading.
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Manufacture can be complex and the range of materials could include high performance metals as well as more standard materials such as structural boiler steels and aluminium alloys that require enhanced controls to avoid the occurrence of deleterious fabrication imperfections.
3.3.2 ISO 3834-3 - Standard quality level

This part can be applied to constructions in which failure of welds could impair the intended use of the construction and the operational unit in which it forms a part. The product would have a normal safety risk and the financial consequences would not be extreme. The manufacturing technique would be conventional without reliance on high performance materials and the production processes would be well established.
3.3.3 ISO 3834-4 - Elementary quality level

This part can be applied to constructions in which failure of welds would not fundamentally impair the intended use of the constructions. Additionally, failure would not be expected to have any adverse effects on the safety of people and would only have minor financial consequences. The materials used would be simple as well as the manufacturing technique.
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4 European standard for manufacturing unfired pressure vessels
4.1 Introduction
A possible definition of pressure vessel is housing and its direct attachments up to the coupling point connecting it to other equipment, designed and built to contain fluids under pressure. Many standards have been developed trough the years to consider the criteria for design, manufacturing and testing of these standards, mainly taking into consideration the hazard arising from possible failure of the vessels. As a consequence, all the European countries produced their own technical standards, having as a reference both the technical conditions (generally the same in every country) and the national industrial customs. After the development of the European Market, and in order to guarantee harmonisation of national legislation to abolish commercial and technical barriers, the European directive 97/23/CE on pressure equipment (PED) has been developed, applicable to all pressure equipment working with internal or external pressure higher than 0,5 bar. The application of the directive indirectly implied a standardisation work for the production of sets of standards, within the field of application of the directive and supporting its essential requirements, as a mean to demonstrate conformity. In this framework the technical committee CEN TC 54 Unfired pressure vessels prepared the standard EN 13445, harmonised to the 97/23/CE directive, relating to unfired pressure vessels subject to a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0,5 bar gauge and with maximum allowable temperatures for which creep effects need not to be considered, i.e. for maximum allowable temperatures for which the corresponding maximum calculation temperature renders a relevant proof strength smaller than the 100 000 h creep rupture strength8.
In the case of ferritic steels, for ferritic steels the temperature limit corresponds to calculation temperatures below approximately 380 C.
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Figure 12 A polyethylene reactor made of Carbon steel This European Standard is not applicable to the following types of pressure equipment: transportable pressure equipment; items specifically designed for nuclear use, the failure of which may cause a release of radioactivity; pressure equipment intended for the generation of steam or superheated water at temperatures higher than 110 C; vessels of riveted construction; vessels of lamellar cast iron or any other materials not included in EN 13445-2 or EN 134456; multilayered, autorefragged or pre-stressed vessels; pipelines and industrial piping.
The standard is composed by 6 parts and a technical report; a brief description of which will be given in the next paragraphs.
4.2 EN 13445 1: General rules

This Part outlines the basic principles underpinning the standard. The Manufacturer is required to declare that the technical design specification and the supporting documentation are in compliance with the requirements of this standard.
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Unforeseen factors may arise that require design modifications and/or manufacturing concessions. These need to be handled with the same rigour as the original design.
4.3 EN 13445 2: Materials

This Part deals with the general philosophy on materials, material grouping and low temperature behaviour in relation to Room Temperature performance range providing the general requirements for establishing technical delivery. It is limited to steel with sufficient ductility and excludes at present materials operating in the creep conditions. Furthermore it includes four annexes, which give further details as relate to: material grouping system, (according to CR ISO 15608:2000) with a list of all acceptable material grades based upon European base material standards; information on the requirements for the prevention of brittle fracture in the base material and the welds (two methods based upon a code of practice developed from fracture mechanics are included); information on technical delivery conditions for clad products; survey on European base material and component standards and their systematic nomenclature.
4.4 EN 13445 3: Design

This Part of the standard gives the rules to be used for design and calculation under internal and/or external pressure (as applicable) of pressure bearing components of Pressure Vessels, such as shells of various shapes, flat walls, flanges, heat exchanger tubesheets, including the calculation of reinforcement of openings. Rules are also given for components subject to local loads and to actions other than pressure. For all these components three different design approaches are considered: Design by Formulae (DBF), as appropriate formulae are given in order to find stresses, which have to be limited to safe values; these formulae are generally intended for predominantly non-cyclic loads, i.e. for a number of full pressure cycles not exceeding 500; Design by Analysis (DBA), which can be used either to evaluate component designs or loading situations for which a DBF method is not provided, or, more generally, as an alternative to DBF. Design by Formulae (DBF), based on limit analysis for certain components (such as flanges and tubesheets). Methods are also given where a fatigue evaluation is required, due to a number of load cycles being greater than 500. There are two alternative methods:
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a simplified method based on DBF (valid only in case of pressure variations); a sophisticated method based on a detailed determination of total stresses using, for example, FEM or experimental methods, to be used also in the case of variable loads other than pressure.
Figure 13 Chart in EN 13445 3 (Correction factor fm to take account of mean stress in unwelded material for N > 2x106 cycles) As already stated, for the time being, the scope of Part 3 is limited to steel components working at temperatures lower than the creep range of the specific material concerned.
4.5 EN 13445 4: Fabrication

The philosophy in Part 4 is based on existing good practice in current European Standards, as relates requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations. Part 4 is not applicable for pressure vessels and parts made of spheroidal graphite cast iron for which separate and different requirements regarding manufacturing are given in EN 134445-6.
4.5.1 Specific requirements for the Manufacturer

According to the standard the following requirements shall be fulfilled by the Manufacturer: the organisation (and relevant responsibilities) for the control of manufacturing operations, which includes special processes such as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be clearly defined by the Manufacturer;
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the manufacturing procedures such as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be adequate for the purpose and the pressure vessel meets the requirements of the manufacturing equipment shall be adequate for fabrication; the staff shall be adequate for the assigned tasks, in particular as far as welding co-ordination is concerned, the qualifications, tasks and responsibilities can be defined by the Manufacturer in accordance with ISO 14731/EN 719 in the job assignment; EN 13445-4;
the quality requirements for welding defined in ISO 3834-3:1994 shall be met as a minimum; material traceability to the original identification markings is required through appropriate methods; the batch numbers of welding consumables shall be recorded.
4.5.2 Requirements for subcontracting

When welding, forming, heat treatment and non destructive testing work is performed by a Subcontractor, the following requirements shall be met: the Subcontractor shall give information on its manufacturing capabilities by an appropriate subcontracting form; the Manufacturer shall properly asses the Subcontractor, that he applies the requirements according to this part of the standard and according to the ISO 3834 3; the Manufacturer shall also either obtain copies of the welding procedure and welding operator qualification records or take other action to ensure that they comply with this part of the standard.
4.5.3 Specific requirements for welding activities

In addition to what reported in ISO 3834-3, welding of the component parts of a pressure vessel shall only be undertaken if the following conditions are satisfied: a welding procedure specification for every type of joint is held by the Manufacturer; the welding procedures selected by the Manufacturer are qualified for the field of application; the welders and welding operators are qualified for the work allocated to them and their approval is in the validity period; a record shall be maintained for each weld reporting the welder or welding operator that performed the joint. The type and design of the weld detail shall be considered taking into consideration: the method of manufacture; the service conditions (e.g. corrosion); the ability to carry out the necessary non-destructive testing required in accordance with EN 13445-5.
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As for the approval of welding procedures, qualification by welding procedure test and pre production test are the only applicable methods, and specific requirements for the acceptance criteria for the tests are given to integrate the ISO 15614. This is required also in the case of repair by welding. In the case of welds other than pressure retaining welds directly attached to the pressure vessels (e.g. tray rings, support feet, etc.), welding procedure specifications may be acceptable by holding welding procedure approval records by to previous experience and /or standard welding procedure for arc welding. Whenever welders not in the employ of the Manufacturer are used, they shall be under the full technical control of the Manufacturer and work to the Manufacturer's requirements. Other requirements are given for filler metals, joint preparation methods, attachment supports and stiffeners and preheat.
4.5.4 Other requirements

This part of the standards reports other requirements as concerns: materials manufacturing tolerances; production tests; forming of pressure parts; post weld heat treatment (PWHT); repair; finishing operations.
4.6 EN 13445 5: Inspection and testing

This Part covers all those inspection and testing activities associated with the verification of the pressure vessel for compliance with the standard, including design review by the Manufacturer and supporting technical documentation. Numerous inspection activities, in addition to the Non Destructive Testing (NDT) are described including document control, material traceability, joint preparation and welding. The requirements for testing are predominantly related to individually designed single vessels. However, procedures are provided for serially produced pressure vessels. The level of testing is driven by the selection of the vessel testing group. Basically, the testing group determines the level of NDT and the joint coefficient used in the design. There are four testing groups, which are designed to give the same safety by a combination of several factors.
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Testing groups take into consideration manufacturing difficulties associated with different groups of steels, maximum permitted thickness, welding processes, service temperature range and the thickness by means of the joint coefficient of the governing joint (i.e. the full penetration butt joint that, as a result of the weld joint coefficient, governs the thickness of the component). Table 1 reports the testing groups for steel pressure vessels. The testing groups are numbered from 1 to 4 in decreasing levels of NDT. However, testing groups 1, 2 and 3 are subdivided into subgroups 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b in order to reflect the better behaviour to crack sensitivity of easy to weld low carbon alloyed steels and Austenitic stainless steels. As for testing group 4, it shall be applicable only for: Group 2 fluids9; Ps 20 bar; and Ps 20 000 bar x L above 100 C; or Ps 50 000 bar x L if temperature is equal or less than 100 C; higher pressure test; maximum number of full pressure cycle less than 500; lower level of nominal design stress (according to EN 13445-3).
A single testing group is normally applied to the entire vessel. However, provided specific requirements are met, a combination of testing groups is permitted. Table 11 reports the main requirements for the testing groups. In terms of quality levels for the welding imperfections, the overall philosophy has been the general adoption of the following acceptance criteria: predominantly non-cyclic loaded vessels: ISO/DIS 5817:2000 quality level 'C' vessels subject to cyclic loading: ISO/DIS 5817:2000 quality level 'B'
According to the 97/23/Ce Directive, Group 2 fluids are non dangerous fluids (i.e. fluids other then explosive, extremely or highly flammable or flammable, toxic and very toxic, oxidizing)
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Requirements 1a Permitted materials (CR ISO 15608) Extent of Visual inspection Extent of NDT for governing welded joints NDT of other welds Joint coefficient (to be used for design) Maximum thickness for each material 1 to 10 1b 1.1, 1.2, 8.1
Testing group and subgroup 2a 2b 3a 3b 4
8.2, 9.1, 8.2, 9.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1 1.1, 8.1 9.2, 9.3, 10 9.2, 10 8.1 100% to the maximum possible extent 100% on first item, 10% 100% after satisfactory 25% 10% 0% experience A specific reference table is given in the standard (Table 6.6.2-1) 1 1 gr. 9.1, 9.2: gr. 1.1, 8.1: 30 mm 50 mm gr, 9.3, 8.2* gr, 1.2: 10: 16 mm 16 mm Fully mechanised or automatic welding processes 0,85 0,7
No additional requirements due to testing No additional requirements due to testing
No additional requirements due to testing No additional requirements due to testing
Welding process
gr. 1.1: -10200C Service temperature range No additional requirements due to testing gr. 8.1: -50500C * 30 mm for group 8.2 material is allowed if delta ferrite containing welding consumables are used for depositing filling passes up to but not including the capping
Table 11 Testing groups and relevant requirements
4.7 EN 13445 6: specific requirements for pressure vessels and parts made of spheroidal graphite cast iron
This Part specifies that the Manufacturer shall select a testing factor of 0,8 (visual inspection only) or 0,9 (NDT inspection) when a cast pressure vessel or cast part is designed for pressure up to 50 bar and a maximum temperature of 300 C. As concerns welding, no production or repair welding shall be carried out on spheroidal graphite cast iron parts. Concerning component design, the DBF method is generally followed considering appropriate formulae to limit stresses up to safe values. These formulae are generally intended for predominantly static loads, which means for a number of load cycles not exceeding 200 000 in the case of spheroidal graphite cast iron. However, a method for design by experiment up to 6000 bar x l without calculation is given. Inspection and testing requirements are as in Part 5 except requirements for castings and test pressure. Interaction between good design and good workmanship is so important for cast vessels that special requirements are laid down in this Part.
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Annex A is informative for the determination of burst pressure and wall thickness minimum requirements.
4.8 CR 13445 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures

This Technical Report gives guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures for unfired pressure vessels as covered by Article 1, 2.1.1 of the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED). The PED requires all pressure equipment falling within its scope to have its design and manufacture assessed for conformity in accordance with a series of conformity assessment procedures given in Article 10 of the Directive, and in particular according to its Annex III. Therefore the following information are given: classification of pressure vessels in hazard categories; conformity assessment procedures, as relates of the choice of the most appropriate procedure and the involvement of responsible authorities; management of subctontracted activities.
Moreover, an useful summary of Inspection and testing activities and participation of the Responsible Authority in respect of P.E. D. conformity assessment modules is given in annex C, for informative scope only.
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5 European standard for manufacturing metallic industrial piping
5.1 Introduction
In the framework of European Directive 97/23/CEE for pressure vessels (PED), also metallic industrial piping has to fulfil certain safety requirements, as relates to materials, design and calculation, fabrication and installation, inspection and testing.
Figure 14 Metallic industrial piping in a plant. Such safety requirements depend on the hazard category, based on the type of fluid (defined as dangerous or non-dangerous) in combination with the internal volume (in this case the pipe diameter) and/or the maximum allowable pressure (PS) of the pipeline. This lead to the development of the EN 13480:2002 standard Metallic industrial piping, prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 267 "Industrial piping and pipelines", as specific standard harmonised do the European directive.
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The standard applies to metallic piping above ground, ducted or buried, irrespective of pressure, and does not relate to: pipelines and their accessories; stream waterways such as penstocks, pressure tunnels, pressure shaft for hydro-electricinstallations and their related specific accessories; permanently fixed piping for ships, rockets, aircraft and mobile offshore units; items specifically designed for nuclear use, failure of which may cause an emission of radioactivity; well-control equipment used in the petroleum, gas or geothermal exploration and extraction industry and in underground storage, which is intended to contain and/or control well pressure, including the piping; piping of blast furnaces including the furnace cooling, hot blast recuperators, dust extractors and blast furnace exhaust gas scrubbers and direct reducing cupolas including the furnace cooling, gas converters and vacuum; furnaces and pans for melting, re-melting de-gassing and casting of steel and non ferrous metals; enclosures for high voltage electrical equipment such as switchgear, control gear and transformers; pressurised pipes for the containment of transmission systems such as for electrical power and telephone cables; internal piping of boilers and piping integral to pressure vessels.
The standard is divided in six parts; part 1 is a general introduction of the standard, the other part define specific requirements, a detail of which will be given in the next paragraphs.
5.2 EN 13480-2: Materials

This Part specifies the requirements for materials (including metallic clad materials) for industrial piping and supports, not serviced in the creep range temperatures. It specifies the requirements for the selection, inspection, testing and marking of metallic materials for the fabrication of industrial piping. All the materials shall have sufficient ductility, as specific values for elongation are provided (e.g. 14% in the transverse direction and 16% in the longitudinal direction). Three different methods for the evaluation of the impact tests properties are provided, based on the following different approaches: technical requirements are developed from operating experience and applicable to all metallic materials, but limited to certain thicknesses for which experience exist;
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technical requirements are developed from the principle of fracture mechanics and from operating experiences (only applicable to C, C-Mn and low alloy ferritic steels with a specified minimum yield strength of 460 N/mm);
technical requirements are derived by the application of a fracture mechanics analysis (to be used only in agreement with the parties concerned).
Maximum values for the Carbon, Sulphur and Silicon content are provided depending on the considered material (see Table 12).
Material Steel Ferritic stainless steels Martensitic stainless steels Austenitic stainless steels Austenitic stainless steels Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels Maximum content of cast analisys %C 0,23 0,08 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,030 %S 0,025 0,015 0,015 0,015 0,015 0,015 %P 0,035 0,040 0,040 0,045 0,035 0,035
Table 12 Maximum content of alloying element for steels Special provisions are also given as relates to lamellar tearing, design temperature above 20C, prevention of brittle fracture, fasteners and lined piping.
Figure 15 Stocking of pipes and fittings The marking of the products or delivery units shall ensure traceability between the product or delivery unit and the inspection documents. For European standardised materials, the marking
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shall fulfil the requirements of the relevant standard; for materials not contained in an European standard the marking shall at least contain: the material specification (reference, material designation); the Manufacturer's name or mark; the stamp of the inspection representative, if applicable.
For material supplied with specific inspection the marking shall include an identification, which permits the correlation between the product or delivery unit and the relevant inspection document.
5.3 EN 13480-3: Design and calculations

The calculation rules in this part apply for operating and testing conditions as well as preset, cold spring conditions, flushing and cleaning conditions. This part considers only elastic calculation methods, although some components might exhibit plastic behaviour. The design load shall be one or a combination of the following, at least: internal and/or external pressure; temperature; weight of piping and contents; climatic loads; dynamic effects of the fluid; movements of the ground and buildings; vibrations; earthquakes.
In the specific case of welds other than circumferential, depending on the pressure, size, type of fluid and inspection extent, different values for the joint efficiency factor (Z) are identified.
5.4 EN 13480-4: Fabrication

ISO 3834 is not directly recalled by this standard, even if some requirements are similar to those of the standard.
5.4.1 General requirements for the Manufacturer

The standard requires the presence of welding supervisors, having sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of welding and capable to give the welders clear and unambiguous working instructions.
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As relates to welding materials, in addition to what is required in part 2 of the standard, the Manufacturer is requested to have filler metals and auxiliary materials with documentation according to EN 10204, test report 2.2. For identification and traceability reasons, all the welds shall be directly correlated to the welder that performed the joint, by the welders symbol close to the weld itself or by corresponding details in the fabrication documents.
5.4.2 Requirements for the welding activities

Welders and welding operator shall be qualified according to the relevant standard (EN 287-1 and EN 1418) for the intended processes, material groups and range of sizes, and shall be in possession of a valid test certificate. Welding procedures specification shall be prepared in accordance to the relevant European standard - e.g. EN 15609 (EN 288-2) -, also reporting information on the Non Destructive Testing to be applied to the joint. Specifications shall be properly qualified by an appropriate method, depending on the piping class (defined on the base of diameter, pressure and type of fluid). In the case of the higher classes (class II and III) only qualification by welding procedure test or welding pre-production test are accepted, having as examining body a third party. Less stringent requirements are given for less critical classes. During electric arc welding, piping shall be earthed so that no welding currents flow through spring hangers, constant load hangers, snubbers, machines, valves, mechanical connections etc. This has to be accomplished in order to avoid both welding defects (e.g. due to arc blow) and to avoid damage or degradation in the mechanics of these components (e.g. ball bearings) due to high welding currents. Welding defects, which require repair shall be removed by grinding, chipping, gouging, flame, plasma or machining part or all of the weld. When using thermal processes, the pipe and weld material shall not be adversely affected. Prior to repair welding, the surface of all joints shall be examined by NDT to ensure they are free from cracks and other defects. Weld repairs shall be made using approved procedures and approved welding personal; A weld defect shall not be repaired more than twice with the same procedure. Any further repair shall be done in accordance with an approved, modified and documented procedure. All weld repairs shall be documented, by reporting the test reports that lead to the repair, (e.g. by attaching the films showing the defects, if available), and the repair procedures and the report for the newly carried on tests.
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Figure 16 Welding of a 10 inches industrial piping
5.5 EN 13480-5: Inspection

This Part of the Standard specifies the requirements for inspection and testing of industrial piping to be performed on individual spools or piping systems, including supports, designed in accordance with part 3 and 6 (if applicable), and fabricated and installed in accordance with EN 13480-4. Type, extension and acceptance criteria for the testing are reported, depending on the piping class. The following inspection phases are identified: design validation; in-process inspection and testing (including welding process indirect control, as relates to welders, to welding procedures and to inspection during welding); non destructive testing of welds; final assessment; documentation to be maintained and delivered with the product.
Table 13 reports the general requirements for the non destructive testing of welds, and the relevant acceptance criteria.
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NDT Technique Visual Examination (VT) Radiographic Testing (RT) Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Penetrant Testing (PT)
Method EN 970 EN 1435:1997, class B a b EN 1714:1998, class B b EN 571-1
Acceptance criteria Refer to EN 5817 level B EN 12517:1998: Acceptance level 2 and additional requirements EN 1712 :1997 c: Acceptance level 2 d EN 1289 :1998, Acceptance level 1 EN 1291 :1998, Acceptance level 1
Magnetic Particle Testing EN 1290 (MT) NOTES: a However, the maximum area for single exposure shall correspond to the requirements of EN 1435:1997, class A. b Class A for material group 1.1, 1.2, 8.1 when piping class is I or II. c For the characterisation of indications EN 1713 may be used. d Acceptance level 3 for material group 1.1, 1.2, 8.1 when piping class is I or II.
Table 13 Requirements for the non destructive testing of welds
Figure 17 Ultrasonic testing of a pipe to pressure vessel connection
5.6 EN 13480-6: Additional requirements for buried piping

This Part of EN 13480 identifies specific requirements for industrial piping either totally buried or partly buried and partly run in sleeves or similar protection, running at an operating temperature up to 75C. This part must be used in conjunction with the other six parts of EN 13480.
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Figure 18 Lining of a buried pipeline in the nearby of a chemical plant Where buried piping subject to this standard connects to piping installed under other jurisdiction such as pipelines, the transition should be made at a closing element e.g. an isolating or regulating valve separating the two sections, that should be close to the boundary of the industrial site, but may be inside or outside the boundary. The standard reports therefore some additional requirements, as relates to: safety depth of installation; pipes marking and recording; design and calculation; installation (trenches, pipe laying and back filling); sleeves or casings; corrosion protection; examination and testing.
As concerns welding activities, no specific requirements are given.
5.7 CR 13445 7: Guidance on the use of conformity procedures

This Technical Report gives guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures for industrial piping and pipelines as covered by Article 1, 2.1.1 of the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED). The PED requires all pressure equipment falling within its scope to have its design and manufacture assessed for conformity in accordance with a series of conformity assessment procedures given in Article 10 of the Directive, and in particular according to its Annex III. Therefore the following information are given:
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classification of industrial piping vessels in hazard categories; conformity assessment procedures, as relates to the choice of the most appropriate procedure and the involvement of responsible authorities; management of subcontracted activities. Summary of Inspection and testing activities and participation of the
Moreover, an useful informative scope only.
Responsible Authority in respect of PED conformity assessment modules is given in annex C, for
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6 European standard for manufacturing simple unfired vessels to contain air or nitrogen.
6.1 Introduction
Meeting a variety of safety objectives, Directive 87/404/EEC (amended by Directive 93/68/EEC) relating to simple pressure vessels came into force in the European Community on 1 July 1990. To ensure the disposal of existing stocks before the application date of this directive, a transition period was authorised until 1 July 1992, the date upon which the national regulations were abrogated in all Member States. This directive establishes the methods of inspection of these vessels, permitting them to be sold and commissioned in all Member States and benefit from free circulation. The Directive is applicable to series-produced simple pressure vessels introduced on the European market, regardless of origin, if subjected to an internal pressure greater than 0.5 bar, intended to contain air or nitrogen and not exposed to fire or flame. Other limitations also apply in relation to the materials used, the shape of the vessels, the maximum pressure, the product PS x V (working pressure PS, volume -V), and the minimum and maximum operating temperatures. The Directive also includes a list of exceptions. The Directive introduces the following concepts: a classification of simple pressure vessels according to the risk created by the combination of working pressure and volume, as expressed by PS x V; Essential safety requirements, compliance with which may be assumed further to the use of a harmonised European standard, or by submitting a prototype representative of the production under consideration, or a combination of both; Conformity assessment procedures by risk class, which give Manufacturers the option of selecting the most stringent class. 4. increased Manufacturer responsibility. The Manufacturer is now required to issue a declaration of conformity with the Directive for his equipment; The obligation on the part of the Manufacturer to supply the user with a user manual specifying the intended areas of use and the maintenance and installation conditions required for safety purposes.
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Figure 19 Simple unfired pressure vessel containing Air (Left side) and Nitrogen (Right) In this framework, CEN TC 54 Simple pressure vessels produced a series of standard, namely the EN 286 Simple unfired pressure vessels made to contain air or nitrogen, made of 4 parts: Part 1: design, manufacture and testing; Part 2: Pressure vessels for air braking and auxiliary systems for motor-vehicles and their trailers; Part 3: Steel pressure vessels designed to contain compressed air for rail rolling stock Part 4: Aluminium pressure vessels designed to contain compressed air for railway rolling stock. In the following paragraph the requirements to be met during welding fabrication as relates to EN 286 - part 1 will be briefly described.
6.2 EN 286-1: requirements for welding manufacturing of simple unfired pressure vessels
This Standard applies to the design and manufacture of simple unfired serially made pressure vessels with a single compartment manufactured by welding (even if some design can entail the use of bolts) having a simple geometry and have branches not lager in diameter than 0,5 of the diameter of the cylinder to which they are welded. The two following production procedures are considered:
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a cylindrical part of circular cross section is closed by outwardly dished and/or flat ends which revolve around the same axis as the cylindrical part; two outwardly dished ends revolving around the same axis;
Moreover, the field of application of the standard considers the following technical conditions are met: the vessel is subjected to an internal gauge pressure greater than 0,5 bar; the parts and assemblies contributing to the strength of the vessel under pressure are made either of non-alloy quality steel or of non-alloy aluminium or non-age hardening aluminium alloys; the maximum working pressure is 30 bar and the product of that pressure and the capacity of the vessel (PS x V) is greater than 50 bar litres and not exceeding 10 000 bar litres; the minimum working temperature -50 C and maximum working temperature not higher than 300C for steel and 100C for aluminium or aluminium alloy vessels. It does not apply to vessels specifically designed for nuclear use, to vessels specifically intended for installation for the propulsion of ships and aircraft, or to fire extinguishers. Aspects of Quality Assurance are dealt with in various clauses and annexes of this Standard, even if there is no specific requirements as relates to the application of quality management standards. Therefore the fulfilment of EN ISO 383410 can only be suggested, and is not compulsory. As concerns specific requirements for welding activities, the following apply: there shall be no welding carried out on the pressurised parts of a vessel once the hydraulic test has been successfully completed; however reinforcing plates for supports and brackets are not considered to be pressurised parts; if a manual root on the reverse side is made prior to a second run made by an automatic process then the root weld shall be taken back to the sound metal to remove any inclusion i.e. slag, etc.; welding procedures shall be qualified by welding procedure test or previous satisfactory experience; the testing and qualification of welding procedures, welders and welding operators shall be carried out by an approved inspection body. The standards also reports specific testing criteria and relevant acceptance depending on the type of joint, stresses and materials considered in the design phase.
The EN ISO 3834 part 3 or part 4 seem to be enough significant to guarantee proper management of welding operations.
10
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As relates to the equipment, it is required to the Manufacturer to calibrate the testing equipment and to maintain the relevant record.
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7 European standard for steel pipelines and pipework for gas supply systems.
7.1 Introduction
Gas supply systems are complex and the importance on safety of their construction and on their use has led to the development of very detailed codes of practice and operating manuals in the European countries. These detailed statements embrace recognised standards of gas engineering and the specific requirements imposed by the legal structures of each country. Some basic elements are common to the production and testing of weld joints for the installation and modification of onshore steel pipelines and pipework used in gas supply systems, including inservice pipelines, for all pressure ranges for the carriage of processed, non-toxic and noncorrosive natural gas as relates to materials, manufacturing techniques, location and design temperature.
Figure 20 Pipeline welded in the northern areas. In this framework the CEN TC 234 supply systems produced the EN 12732:2000 gas supply systems welding steel pipework functional requirements with the purpose of identifying
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commonly adopted requirements and to be intended as state of the art in the field of pipelines constructions for gas supply system.
7.2 EN 12732: scope and structure of the standard.

This standard contains requirements for the production and testing of weld joints for the installation and modification of onshore steel pipelines and pipework used in gas supply systems, including inservice pipelines, for all pressure ranges for the carriage of processed, non-toxic and noncorrosive natural gas accordingly, where: the pipeline elements are made of unalloyed or low-alloyed carbon steel; the pipeline is not located within commercial or industrial premises as an integral part of the industrial process on those premises except for any pipelines and facilities supplying such premises ; the pipework is not located within household installations according to EN 1775:1998; the design temperature of the system is between -40 C and 120 C inclusive.
Figure 21 - Welding of a Buried Pipeline The standard can be considered as divided in different parts, the first reporting general requirements applicable to all supply systems, the others giving specific indications for distribution systems, for transmission systems and for metering, regulating and compressor stations.
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7.3 EN 12732: Quality requirement categories

The standard considers different categories of pipelines, depending on which the requirements to comply with are identified. Table 14 reports this assignment based on the materials used and on the operating pressure.
Category A B C D Operating pressure Lower than 100 mbar 100 mbar up to 5 bar 5 bar up to 16 bar Higher than 16 bar Base material C and C-Mn steels, with Rs360Mpa* C and C-Mn steels, with Rs360Mpa* C and C-Mn steels, with Rs360Mpa* Low alloyed C, C-Mn, microalloyed and quenched and tempered steels** Example of use Mains and service pipes in gas supply systems Mains and service pipes in gas supply systems, pipework in stations Pipeline including pipework in stations and gas distribution systems Pipeline including pipework in stations and gas distribution systems
NOTES * Steels classified as Group 1 according to CR ISO 15608 and reported in EN 10208 ** Steels classified as Group 1 to 3 according CR ISO 15608 and reported in EN 10208
Table 14 Allocation to quality requirements categories However, depending on particular conditions, such as materials used, line routing, design or welding techniques, higher or lower quality categories can be assigned in order to identify the more coherent quality requirements.
7.4 EN 12732: requirements on quality systems

Depending on the quality requirement category, some specific requirements on the application of quality systems are identified by the standards. This involves the application of an appropriate quality level of EN ISO 3834, the qualification grade of the welding coordinator, the NDT personnel and the approval of welding procedures; giving the exact interpretation and integrating the clauses of EN ISO 3834. Table 15 reports a summary on the recommended quality requirements to be fulfilled.
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Quality requirement
Quality category B C
Quality system according to EN ISO 3834 - EN ISO 3834 2 (Comprehensive) OPT. OPT. REC. REC. - EN ISO 3834 3 (Standard) OPT. OPT. REC. REC. - EN ISO 3834 (elementary) REC. REC. Welding co-ordination personnel - Welding engineer OPT. OPT. OPT. REC. - Welding technologist OPT. OPT. REC. - Welding Specialist OPT. REC. REC. - Foreman with several years of experience REC. REC. Qualification of welders According to EN 287-1 in on-site conditions REC. REC. REC. REC. Welding procedures qualification According to EN 288-2* REC. REC. REC. REC. Applicable method of qualification of welding procedure: - Welding procedure test OPT. OPT. REC. REC. - Use of approved welding consumables REC. REC. - Previous experience REC. - Standard welding procedures OPT. OPT. REC. REC. - pre-production welding tests OPT. REC. REC. - welding procedure test for site welding OPT. OPT. OPT. REC. Key: REC. Recommended OPT. Optional not required Notes: * This standard refers to the old Qualification standards; EN 288-2 has been replaced by EN 15609
Table 15 Recommended quality requirements according to EN 12732 Particular attention should be devoted to the qualification of welders for the installation of buried pipelines, that should carry on approval test in onsite conditions, by examination conducted in an area, which simulates a pipe trench of the following dimensions: maximum length: 1,5 m; maximum spacing between pipe wall and trench bottom: 0,4 m; maximum spacing between pipe wall and trench wall: 0,5 m.
Welders certificate shall clearly indicate, by reference to this standard, that the welders qualification test has been performed under the conditions mentioned above.
7.5 EN 12732: Inspection of welded joints and acceptance criteria

Weld quality shall be ensured by inspection of the welds using destructive tests and/or nondestructive examination. The results of these tests shall be documented.
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Non-destructive examination shall be carried out in accordance with approved procedures and destructive testing acceptance criteria shall be the same as for the original welding procedure. The minimum extent of non-destructive examination depends on the quality requirement category and the type/position of the weld joint, as reported in table 16.
Cate gory VT (by welding supervisor ** 100% ** ** 100% 100% 20% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Volumetric inspection NDT (RT/UT)* ** / *** **** ** 10% **** 10% 100% 100% 100% 20% ******* 100% 100%***** 100% 100% Superficial NDT inspection ** 10% 20% ***** -
Type/position of the weld Circumferential welds, branches, nozzles and fillet welds; longitudinal seams Unconcealed pipe spans; pipelines on bridges, pipeline sections crossing railways, navigable waterways or landing strips/runways Circumferential welds Branches, nozzles and fillet welds Longitudinal seams Unconcealed pipe spans; pipelines on bridges, pipeline sections crossing railways, major roads and motorways, navigable waterways or landing strips/runways Circumferential welds Branches, nozzles, fillet welds Longitudinal seams Weld joints not included in the pressure test Unconcealed pipe spans; pipelines on bridges, pipeline sections crossing railways, major roads and motorways, waterways or landing strips/runways Circumferential welds Branches, nozzles, fillet welds Longitudinal seams Weld joints not included in the pressure test If pipelines/units are laid or installed in built-up areas Unconcealed pipe spans; pipelines on bridges, pipeline sections crossing railways, major roads and motorways, waterways or landing strips/runways
NOTES * The proportion of both techniques shall be agreed. ** Representative random sample on the basis of the total number of weld joints made by a welder during the course of one year. *** One destructive test of field weld per year by means of tensile and/or bending test for welders qualified only for gas welding (process 311) or only for fillet welds. **** The pipeline operator shall specify the extent of non-destructive examination taking into account the design conditions, for example: - external loads in addition to internal pressure; - supports; - expansion due to temperature. ***** Where welds with incomplete penetration are used, the pipeline operator can require 100 %. ***** Seams shall be tested 100 % by two different inspection techniques. ******* For branches and nozzles, consideration should be given by the pipeline operator to these methods.
Table 16 Minimum extent of NDT according to EN 12732 Where less than 100 % non-destructive examination has to be performed, the pipeline operator shall select which welds are to be tested. Whenever the quality of the weld joint does not meet the requirements, further welds shall be examined to determine the extent of the problem (except
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when otherwise agreed, two further welds shall be inspected for each rejected weld) and the cause of the fault shall be eliminated. The definition of acceptance criteria is under the responsibility of the Manufacturer, depending on the design, the quality requirement category and the inspection level. Useful information on the applicable NDT techniques for the inspection of the pipelines are given in Appendixes C to F. As example, figure 22 reports the calibration block suggested for the application of Ultrasonic Testing.
Figure 22 Calibration block with rectangular grooves and edge (dimensions in mm)
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8 European standards for the fabrication of steel and aluminium structures
8.1 Introduction
Many standards have been developed trough the years to consider the criteria for design, manufacturing and testing of steel structures; as a consequence all the European countries produced their own technical standards, having as a reference both the technical conditions (generally the same in every country) and the national industrial customs. In the same framework as pressure vessel one, after the development of the European Market, and in order to guarantee harmonization of national legislation to abolish commercial and technical barriers, the European directive 89/106/CE on construction products (CPD) has been developed.
Figure 23 Steel structure manufacturing (covering of a swimming pool)

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For the purposes of this Directive, construction product means any product which is produced for incorporation in a permanent manner in construction works, including both buildings and civil engineering works. Construction products are hereinafter referred to as 'products'; construction works including both buildings and civil engineering works are hereinafter referred to as Works. Therefore the directive does not directly refer to the whole product, but to all those single elements (e.g. beams, connections, etc), that assembled realize the final work. Member States shall presume that products are fit for use if they enable works in which they are employed, provided the latter are properly designed and built, to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3 of the directive. The application of the directive indirectly implied a standardisation work for the production of sets of standards, within the field of application of the directive and supporting its essential requirements, as a mean to demonstrate conformity. In this framework the technical committee CEN TC 135 standard is made of 3 parts: Part 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General delivery conditions Part 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures Part 3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures Steel structure fabrication is now
preparing the standard (the name will be EN 1090) harmonized to the 89/106/CE directive. This
8.2 EN 1090 1: Steel and aluminium structural components - General delivery conditions
This European Standard specifies general technical delivery conditions in terms of performance characteristics for structural steel and aluminium components placed on the market as construction products. The components may be used directly or for inclusion in construction works or as structural components in the form of kits. The Standard also specifies requirements for the evaluation of conformity to the specified performance characteristics and for the test methods to be used.
8.2.1 Requirements for the design of structures.

Structural characteristics of a component covered in this Standard refer to its load bearing capacity, fatigue strength and resistance to fire11.
Those structural characteristic shall refer to National Determined Parameters (referred as NPD in the standard), that are parameters specified in the National Annex to the relevant Eurocode, defined by the member states
11
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The load bearing capacity for a component shall refer to the specified actions and combination of actions, referring to situations for which the loads are predominantly static such that the influence of repetitive loads need not be considered. The fatigue strength for steel components shall be determined in accordance with EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) for steel structures and with EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) for aluminium components and are usually expressed by reference to S-N diagrams. The resistance to fire shall be determined according to the relevant part of Eurocodes. In conclusion, the standards does not give specific guidance for the design, as the structural characteristics shall be determined in accordance the relevant Eurocodes, as follows: EN 1990 (Eurocode 0) - Basis of structural design; EN 1991 (Eurocode 1)- Actions on structures; EN 1993 (Eurocode 3)- Design of steel structures, for steel components; EN 1994 (Eurocode 4)- Design of composite structures of steel and concrete, for the steel parts; EN 1999 (Eurocode 9)- Design of aluminium structures, for aluminium components.
Figure 24 Workshop for bridge manufacturing.
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8.3 EN 1090 2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures

This European Standard specifies general requirements for execution of structural steelwork. The pursued objective during the realization of a project of structure is to control risks connected to it by controlling possible execution defects. Nature and extend of risks being specific in every structure according to its purpose and complexity, execution classes are specified in this European Standard, to which correspond execution requirements with different severity levels. In accordance with EN 1990:2001, which defines consequence classes in its annex B for the purpose of reliability differentiation, three different consequence classes for structural elements are distributed in three levels noted as CC1, CC2 and CC3. The consequence classes of the elements of a structure may be indicated on the basis of indications given in table 17.
Consequences Class CC3 Description High consequence for loss of human life, or economic, social or environmental consequences very great Medium consequence for loss of human life, economic, social or environmental consequences considerable Low consequence for loss of human life, and economic, social or environmental consequences small or negligible Examples of buildings and civil engineering works Grandstands, public buildings where consequences of failure are high (e.g. a concert hall) Residential and office buildings, public buildings where consequences of failure are medium (e.g. an office building) Agricultural buildings where people do not normally enter (e.g. storage buildings), greenhouses
CC2
CC1
Table 17 Definition of consequences classes It should be noted that a same work, or part of it, can contain elements with different consequence classes. Moreover, in the definition of requirements for the product (and for the Manufacturer) also the use condition of the component shall be considered (execution and use); as a consequence the standard defines the execution categories, based on the table 18.
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Execution and use categories E1 Elements for which fatigue assessment is necessary
Consequences Class CC1 CC2 CC3
E2
E3
Elements not concerned by E1 but by some particular conditions, as following: Temperature of service of elements < -20 C, Welded elements made of S355 steel grade with thickness > 25 mm Welded elements made of S355 M and ML steel grade with thickness > 50 mm Main elements assembled by welding on construction site, Elements with hot forming manufacturing or receiving thermic treatment, Elements of CHS lattice girder requiring end profile cuts, Elements of crane way and corresponding skeleton, Elements of structure with more than five floors, - Elements with full contact bearing surfaces. Elements neither C1 nor C2.
Table 18 Definition of execution classes
8.3.1 Specific requirements for welding Manufacturers

Welding shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of EN 729 "Quality requirements for welding Fusion welding of metallic materials" or EN ISO 14554 "Quality requirements for welding - Resistance welding of metallic materials" as applicable. When using EN ISO 15613 or EN ISO 15614-1 qualification procedures, the following conditions are required: a) where impact tests are required, they shall be carried out at the lowest temperature for which the standard of the steel grade requires impact properties; b) for steels according to EN 10025-6 (Quenched and tempered steels), one specimen for microexamination is required. Photographs of weld metal, fusion line zone and HAZ shall be recorded; c) for fillet welds on steel grades higher than S355 subject to tensile load, tests shall be completed by an additional cruciform tensile test performed in accordance with prEN ISO 9018; d) when welding on shop primers, tests shall be carried out on the maximum (nominal + tolerance) accepted layer thickness. e) if any welding process qualified in accordance with EN ISO 15614-1 has not been used by the constructor for a certain period, following requirements apply: for steel grades up to S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period of more than three years, a macro specimen taken from a production trial shall be inspected for acceptability;
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for steel grades above S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period between one and three years, a production welding test, where shape and dimensions are according to the requirements of EN ISO 15614-1, shall be carried out (examination and testing shall include visual inspection, radiographic or ultrasonic inspection, surface crack detection, macro-examination and hardness test);
for steel grades above S355, and if the procedure has not been used for a period of more than three years, new welding procedure tests shall be carried out.
Depending on the execution classes, different requirements apply, according to table 19.
Requirements Quality requirements for fusion welding Welding procedures specification Qualification of welding procedures by: welding procedures test* (EN ISO 15614-1) pre production test* (EN ISO 15613) use of tested welding consumables (EN ISO 15610) previous welding experience (EN ISO 15611) standard welding procedure (EN ISO 15612) Execution Class 1 2 3 EN ISO 3834 - 3 EN ISO15609 -1 Required Recommended Recommended NOT recommended NOT recommended NOT recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended Recommended Not required -----4 EN ISO 3834 -4
EN ISO 3834 - 2
Welders and welding operators qualification Base materials inspection documents (ref. EN 10204) Welding Coordinator * **
Required according to prEN ISO 9606-1 (EN 287-1) - welders and with EN 1418** - welding operators. type 3.1 Required, with comprehensive technical knowledge type 2.2 Required: all levels are accepted type 2.1 Not required
Time validity of the certificates and qualification tests are subject to special rules, specified in the following. For welding hollow section lattice structures, welders shall be qualified by a single-side welding test carried out on a branch connection
Table 19 Requirements for welding according to the execution classes For execution classes 1 and 2, if welding with deep penetration processes or two pass welding from both sides without back grinding is used, an appropriate macro or fracture specimen in accordance with EN 1321 or EN 1320 respectively, shall be tested at intervals not exceeding six months, in addition to the welding procedure test. Welding procedure specifications for joints in hollow section lattice structures shall define the start and stop zones, and method to be used in order to cope with situation where the welds change from fillet to butt aroundjoint.
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8.3.2 Requirements for inspection and testing and acceptance criteria

Inspection and testing follow the general rules reported in EN ISO 3834; moreover different criteria are considered for extension and timing, depending on the following parameters: place of execution (Worksop pre-fabrication on site production); type of weld (transverse welds, longitudinal welds, strength welds, attachment welds); joint utilisation factor - k (defined as k = / e, relationship ULS stress / yield stress in the weld); execution class (E.C., already previously defined). Visual inspection has to be performed for the overall length of the welds, independently from the above cited factors; moreover for execution classes 1 to 3 additional testing is required, according to the following table. It has to be noted that there is not any specific guidance on the testing method, as general criteria reported in EN 12062 for the field of application of NDT testing apply.
Requirements, depending on the joint type
Execution Class Workshop 1 and 2 3
Execution Class On site 1 and 2 3
Independently from the joint type, general extension for NDT activities
The first 5 joints of each same type* shall be tested All joints shall The first 5 joints of each according to following be tested same type* shall be values. The extent of tested according to the according to the following values additional NDT is reduced to following values. 50 % (minimum of 10%)
Transverse butt welds subjected to tensile stress
0.8 k 0.3 < k< 0.8 k 0.3
100 % 50% 10% 10 % 20 % 10 %,
50 % 20% 5% 5% 10 % 5%
100 % 100% 20% 20 % 20 % 20 %

5%
100 % 50% 10% 10 % 10 % 10 %
Transverse butt welds subjected to compression stress Transverse fillet welds at end of lap joints and at connection gussets. Longitudinal welds and welds to stiffeners. Attachment welds (e.g. for fixing purlins, side rails, etc.)
*
Same basic dimensions, material grades, weld geometry and welded to the same procedures.
Table 20 Additional Requirements for NDT extension for Execution Classes 1 to 3. Unless otherwise specified, the acceptance criteria for welds shall be as follows, with reference to EN ISO 5817: Any special requirements on weld geometry and profile shall be taken into account.
Execution class 4 3 2 Istituto Italiano della Saldatura Acceptance criteria EN ISO 5817 Quality level D EN ISO 5817 Quality level C EN ISO 5817 Quality level B Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
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EN ISO 5817 Quality level B, with the following additional requirements
Type of defect undercut (5011) excess weld metal (502) incorrect toe (505) internal pores (201) solid inclusions (300) linear misalignment (507)
Acceptance not permitted 2 mm 165 1 mm not permitted < 0,05t
Table 21 Acceptance criteria depending on execution classes.
8.4 EN 1090 -3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium structures12
This European Standard specifies general requirements for execution of aluminium structures produced from rolled, welded, casted, forged, drawn and extruded products, and covers components made with material thickness not less than 0.6 mm, and for welded components, not less than 1.5 mm. Moreover it is applicable to fixed and temporary aluminium structures.
Figure 25 - Part of a lattice aluminium structure As for the steel structures, different execution classes are defined, taking into consideration consequence classes (already defined in table 1, according to EN 1990) and structural classes (dependent on the orientation and intensity of the static and cyclic stressing at a cross section of a member or in a joint, according to EN 1999 Eurocode 9). Next table reports criteria for the definition of execution classes.
Consequence classes CC1 CC2 CC3 *
12
Structural class Significant fatigue Standard Reduced static
IV III III
III III II
III II I (II)*
Execution class I may be selected for structures or part of a structure
Up to the date of publishing, this part of EN 1090-3 seems to be at a very early stage; consequently, many concepts reported in this paragraph may be subject to significant changes, even if the general concept for this standard should be definitively stated.
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where the risk of loss of human life is nil and the consequences of personal injury, economic loss or pollution is negligible.
Table 22 Execution classes for aluminium structures. Welding shall be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the relevant part of EN ISO 3834 (EN 729) "Quality requirements for welding Fusion welding of metallic materials" or EN ISO 14554 "Quality requirements for welding - Resistance welding of metallic materials" as applicable; in particular different requirements apply depending on the execution classes, following same rules as for steel (see table 22). As for the extent of non destructive testing and for the acceptance criteria, very detailed tables are reported in the standard, where requirements are given on the basis of execution class, testing method, joint type and geometry, joint orientation in respect of the main member of the structure.
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9 Project European standards for the fabrication of railway vehicles and components
9.1 Introduction
As already stated in other Chapters of this book, over the last few years, standardisation at international level has become more and more product-oriented, considering not only the technical requirements of the product itself, but also specific requirements to be fulfilled by the Manufacturer, in its fabrication process.
Figure 26 Manufacturing of a boogie for railway application
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Therefore CEN TC 256 WG 31 has started working on the development of a new European standard for design, fabrication and maintenance of railway vehicles and components, which has been developed as prEN 15085 in 200513. This document has been produced considering the commonly agreed best practice fabrication criteria, as the main Customers (the national railway Companies) and Manufacturers were strongly represented in this standardisation phase. The standard will be composed by several parts, as follows: prEN15085 1: general guidelines and definitions; prEN15085 2: requirements for the Manufacturer; prEN15085 3: design requirements; prEN15085 4: production requirements; prEN15085 5: the guidelines of inspection, testing and documentation.
In the next paragraph only the requirements for the welding Manufacturer (as relates to part 2) will be described.
9.2 prEN 15085-2 Requirements for the Manufacturer

Differently from other standards, this standard requires that the Manufacturer complies with specific technical requirements, in order to demonstrate its capability to fabricate railway vehicles and components. Such a capability must be evaluated and assessed by an authorised body (recognition of a welding Manufacturer). The standards defines different Manufacturer certification levels, taking into consideration the type of product manufactured and the safety relevance, intended as complexity of the design and the consequence of failure. Precise criteria for the definition of the safety relevance are still under discussion. Next table shortly summarizes the criteria for the identification of those levels.
Level 1 2 3 4 Definition New build, conversion and repair of rail vehicles and relevant components with high safety relevance New production of parts of railway vehicles with medium safety relevance New production of parts of railway vehicles with low safety relevance Design and/or assembly of railway vehicles and relevant components with High, medium or low safety relevance, when welding activities are sub-contracted and not performed.
Table 23 Identification of the level of the Manufacturer of railway vehicles and components
Because of the early stage of development of this standard, some of the information contained can be subject to changes in the future. However the general approach to the standard should not be changed in the future.
13
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Depending on such levels, different requirements are considered for the Manufacturer to comply with. As relates to the welding coordinator, depending on the level of the Manufacturer and on the number and dimension of the workshops, one or more welding coordinators are required, having different level of qualification, according to three grades, defined as follows. Welding Coordinator - Grade 1: a Welding coordinator with comprehensive technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 (EWE, EWT with proof of comprehensive technical knowledge or suitable qualification with comprehensive technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 and evidence of experience over many years). Welding Coordinator - Grade 2: a Welding Coordinator with specific technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 (EWT, EWS with proof of specific technical knowledge or suitable qualification with specific technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 and evidence of experience over many years). Welding Coordinator - Grade 3: Welding Coordinator with basic technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 (EWS, EWP with proof of basic technical knowledge or suitable qualification with basic technical knowledge as specified in EN 719 and evidence of experience over many years). As relates to the welding inspection, the assessment of the weld seam tests is done basically under the responsibility of the welding coordinator of the Manufacturer. Alternatively the assessments can be done by an International Welding Inspector at the Comprehensive level, properly qualified according to IIW guidelines. However, It is possible that the welders or welding operators are responsible for checking the weld seams themselves; in this case the welders or welding operators shall be instructed by the responsible welding coordinator for the Manufacturer and a corresponding test instruction shall be available. Table 24 shortly summarises the requirements for the Manufacturer, as decided up to time.
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Requirements for the welding Manufacturer Recognition of the Manufacturer Quality requirements Welding Coordinator
Certification Levels Level 1 Necessary EN ISO 3834-3 Grade 1 Level 2 Necessary EN ISO 3834-3 Grade 2 or 3 Level 3 Not necessary EN ISO 3834-4 no requirement Level 4 Necessary EN ISO 3834-3 Grade 1, 2 or 3 depending on the relevant welding work no requirement not necessary not necessary not necessary not necessary not necessary ISO 15614 ISO 15613 not necessary
Deputy: Grade 1* Deputy of the Welding Further Deputies: Deputy: Grade 3 Coordinator Grade 2 or 3** Welders Welding operators Welding quality tests NDT personnel WPS Qualification of welding procedures
* *
no requirement
Qualified according to EN 287 Qualified according to EN 1418 Responsible welding coordinator or IWI-C Qualification according to EN 473 According to EN ISO 15609; ISO 15614-1 to -13 ISO 15611 ISO 15613
Equally empowered deputy (Grade 1). Not necessary for small welding Manufacturers (Welding Manufacturers with small welding production and one welding shop). For welding Manufacturers with several welding shops a further deputy, Grade 3, is necessary for each welding shop.
Table 24 Requirements for the Manufacturer
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10 Normative references
In the following table the list of the European (EN) standards, sorted by number is reported.
Standard
EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN 288-4 288-4/A1 288-7 288-8 288-9 439 440 499
Title
SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: WELDING PROCEDURE TESTS FOR THE ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: WELDING PROCEDURE TESTS FOR THE ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 7: APPROVAL BY A STANDARD WELDING PROCEDURE FOR ARC WELDING SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 8: APPROVAL BY A PRE-PRODUCTION WELDING TEST SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 9: WELDING PROCEDURE TESTS FOR PIPELINE WELDING ON LAND AND OFFSHORE SITE BUTT WELDING ON TRANSMISSION PIPELINES WELDING CONSUMABLES - SHIELDING GASES FOR ARC WELDING AND CUTTING WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES AND DEPOSITS FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES - TECHNICAL DELIVERY CONDITIONS FOR WELDING FILLER MATERIALS - TYPE OF PRODUCT, DIMENSIONS, TOLERANCES AND MARKINGS GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - RUBBER HOSES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - HOSE CONNECTIONS FOR EQUIPMENT FOR WELDING,AND ALLIED PROCESSES GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - QUICK-ACTION COUPLING WITH SHUT-OFFVALVES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - PRESSURE GAUGES USED IN WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES WELDING COORDINATION - TASKS AND RESPONSABILITIES QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION AND USE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 3: STANDARD QUALITY REQUIREMENTS QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: ELEMENTARY QUALITY REQUIREMENTS GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SAFETY DEVICES-PART 1: INCORPORATING A FLAME (FLASHBACK) ARRESTOR GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SAFETY DEVICES-PART 2: NOT INCORPORATING A FLAME (FLASHBACK) ARRESTOR GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - AIR ASPIRATED HAND BLOWPIPES - SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS WELDING CONSUMABLES - SOLID WIRES, SOLID WIRE-FLUX AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODE-FLUX COMBINATIONS FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGHT STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC WELDING WITH AND WITHOUT GAS SHIELD OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES - FLUXES FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING - CLASSIFICATION GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT-OXYGEN/FUEL GAS BLOWIPES (CUTTING MACHINE TYPE) OF CYLINDRICAL BARREL-TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, GENERAL SPECIFICATION, TEST METHODS DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-IMPACT TEST-TEST SPECIMEN LOCATION,NOTCH ORIENTATION AND EXAMINATION DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-LONGITUDINAL TENSILE TEST ON WELD METAL IN Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
EN ISO 544 EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN 559 560 561 562 719 729-1 729-2 729-3 729-4 730-1 730-2 731 756 757 758 760 874 875 876
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EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN
895 910 970 1011-1 1011-1/A1 1011-1/A2 1011-2 1011-2/A1 1011-3 1011-3/A1 1011-4 1011-4/A1 1011-5 1011-7 1043-1 1043-2
EN 1044 EN 1045 EN ISO 1071 EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN 1256 1289 1289/A1 1289/A2 1290 1290/A1 1290/A2 1291 1291/A1 1291/A2 1320 1321 1326 1327 1418 1435 1435/A1 1435/A2 1597-1 1597-2 1597-3 1598 1598/A1
FUSION WELDED JOINTS DESTRUCTIVE TEST ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-TRANSVERSE TENSILE TEST DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - BEND TESTS NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF FUSION WELDS - VISUAL EXAMINATION WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR ARC WELDING WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR ARC WELDING WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR ARC WELDING WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: ARC WELDING OF FERRITIC STEELS. WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: ARC WELDING OF FERRITIC STEELS WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 3: ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS STEELS WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS- PART 3: ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS STEELS WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 4: ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS- PART 4: ARC WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS WELDING-RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 5: WELDING OF CLAD STEEL WELDING - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 7: ELECTRON BEAM WELDING DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - HARDNESS TESTING - PART 1: HARDNESS TEST ON ARC WELDED JOINTS DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - HARDNESS TEST -PART 2: MICRO HARDNESS TESTING ON WELDED JOINTS BRAZING - FILLER METALS BRAZING - FLUXES FOR BRAZING - CLASSIFICATIONS AND TECHNICAL DELIVERY CONDITIONS WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES, WIRES, RODS AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR FUSION WELDING OF CAST IRON -CLASSIFICATION GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - SPECIFICATION FOR HOSE ASSEMBLIES FOR EQUIPMENT FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - PENETRANT TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION OF WELDS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING OF WELDS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - FRACTURE TESTS DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- SMALL KITS FOR GAS BRAZING AND WELDING GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- THERMOPLASTICS HOSES FOR WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES WELDING PERSONNEL- APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDING OPERATORS FOR FUSION WELDING AND RESISTANCE WELD SETTER FOR FULLY MECHANIZED AND AUTOMATIC WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - RADIOGRAFIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAFIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 1- TEST PIECE FOR ALL- WELD METAL TEST SPECIMENS IN STEEL, NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 2- PREPARATION OF TEST PIECE FOR SINGLE AND TWO RUN TECHNIQUE TEST SPECIMEN IN STEEL WELDING CONSUMABLES- TEST METHODS- PART 3: TESTING OF POSITIONAL CAPABILITY OF WELDING CONSUMABLES IN A FILLET WELD HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - TRANSPARENT WELDING CURTAINS, STRIPS AND SCREENS FOR ARC WELDING PROCESSES HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - TRANSPARENT WELDING CURTAINS, STRIPS Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
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EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN ISO
1599 1600 1668 1708-1 1708-1/A1 1708-2 1711 1711/A1 1712 1712/A1 1712/A2 1713 1713/A1 1713/A2 1714 1714/A1 1714/A2 1792 2503
EN ISO 3677 EN ISO 3690 EN ISO 4063 EN ISO 5172 EN ISO 5183-1 EN ISO 5183-2 EN ISO 5817 EN ISO 5826 EN ISO 5828 EN ISO 6520-1 EN ISO 6520-2 EN ISO 6847 EN ISO 6947 EN ISO 7284 EN ISO 7287 EN ISO 7291 EN ISO 8166 EN ISO 8205-1 EN ISO 8205-2 EN ISO 8205-3
AND SCREENS FOR ARC WELDING PROCESSES WELDING CONSUMABLES- COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF CREEP RESISTING STEELS- CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES- COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS- CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES- RODS, WIRES AND DEPOSITS FOR TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND FINE GRAIN STEELS- CLASSIFICATION WELDING- BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL- PART 1: PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS WELDING - BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL - PART 1: PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS WELDING - BASIC WELD JOINT DETAILS IN STEEL - PART 2: NON INTERNAL PRESSURIZED COMPONENTS NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION BY COMPLEX PLANE ANALYSIS NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - EDDY CURRENT EXAMINATION OF WELDS BY COMPLEX PLANE ANALYSIS. NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION- CHARACTERIZATION OF INDICATIONS IN WELDS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING - CHARACTERIZATION OF INDICATIONS IN WELDS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING - CHARACTERIZATION OF INDICATIONS IN WELDS NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS WELDING- MULTILINGUAL LIST OF TERMS FOR WELDING AND RELATED PROCESSES GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - PRESSURE REGULATORS FOR GAS CYLINDERS USED IN WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES UP TO 300 BAR (SOSITUISCE EN 585?) FILLER METAL FOR SOFT SOLDERING, BRAZING AND BRAZE WELDING -DESIGNATION WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN CONTENT IN FERRITIC ARC WELD METAL WELDING, BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND BRAZE WELDING OF METALS -NOMENCLATURE OF PROCESSES AND REFERENCE NUMBERS FOR SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION ON DRAWINGS GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - MANUAL BLOWPIPES FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND HEATING - SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT- ELECTRODE ADAPTORS, MALE TAPER 1:10 - CONICAL FIXING, TAPER 1:10 RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - ELECTRODE ADAPTORS, MALE TAPPER 1:10 - PART 2: PARALLEL SHANK FIXING FOR END-THRUST ELECTRODES WELDING - FUSION-WELDED JOINTS IN STEEL, NICKEL, TITANIUM AND THEIR ALLOYS (BEAM WELDING EXCLUDED) - QUALITY LEVELS FOR IMPERFECTIONS RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - TRANSFORMERS - GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL TRANSFORMERS (ISO 5826:1999) RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - SECONDARY CONNECTING CABLES WITH TERMINALS CONNECTED TO WATERCOOLED LUGS - DIMENSIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - CLASSIFICATION OF GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 1: FUSION WELDING WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - CLASSIFICATION OF GEOMETRIC IMPERFECTIONS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - PART 2: WELDING WITH PRESSURE WELDING CONSUMABLES - DEPOSITION OF A WELD METAL PAD FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS WELDS - WORKING POSITIONS - DEFINITIONS OF ANGLES OF SLOPE AND ROTATION RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT-PARTICULAR SPECIFICATION APPLICABLE TO TRANSFORMERS WITH TWO SEPARATE SECONDARY WINDINGS FOR MULTI SPOT WELDING AS USED IN THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR THERMAL CUTTING EQUIPMENT GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- PRESSURE REGULATORS FOR MANIFOLD SYSTEMS USED IN WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES UP TO 300 BAR RESISTANCE WELDING - PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE LIFE OF SPOT WELDING ELECTRODES USING CONSTANT MACHINE SETTINGS WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 1: DIMENSIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR DOUBLE-CONDUCTOR CONNECTION CABLES WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 2: DIMENSIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE-CONDUCTOR CONNECTION CABLES WATER COOLED SECONDARY CONNECTION CABLES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING PART 3: TEST Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
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EN ISO 8249 EN ISO 9013 EN ISO 9013/A1 EN ISO 9018 EN ISO 9312 EN ISO 9454-2 EN ISO 9455-2 EN ISO 9455-3 EN ISO 9455-6 EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO EN ISO 9455-9 9455-10 9455-12 9455-13 9455-15 9455-16 9606-3 9606-4 9606-5
ENISO 9692-1 EN ISO 9692-2 EN ISO 9692-3 EN ISO 9692-3/A1 EN ISO 9692-4 EN ISO 9956-10* EN ISO 9956-11* EN ISO 10564 EN ISO 10882-1 EN ISO 10882-2 EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN 12062 12062/A1 12062/A2 12070 12071 12072 12073 12074
EN ISO 12224-1 EN ISO 12224-2 EN ISO 12224-3
REQUIREMENTS WELDING- DETERMINATION OF FERRITE NUMBER (FN) IN AUSTENITIC AND DUPLEX FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC CRNI STAINLESS STEEL WELD METAL THERMAL CUTTING - CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL CUTS - GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND QUALITY TOLERANCES THERMAL CUTTING - CLASSIFICATION OF THERMAL CUTS - GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND QUALITY TOLERANCES DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS TENSILE TEST ON CRUCIFORM AND LAPPED JOINTS RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT - INSULATED PINS FOR USE IN ELECTRODE BACK-UPS SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - CLASSIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS - PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 2: DETERMINATION OF NON VOLATILE MATTER, EBULLIOMETRIC METHOD SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 3: DETERMINATION OF ACID VALUE, POTENTIOMETRIC AND VISUAL TITRATION METHODS SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS - PART 6 : DETERMINATION AND DETECTION OF HALIDE (EXCLUDING FLUORIDE) CONTENT SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 9: DETERMINATION OF AMONIA CONTENT SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS -PART 10: FLUX EFFICACY TEST, SOLDER SPREAD METHOD SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 12: STEEL TUBE CORROSION TEST SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TESTS METHODS - PART 13: DETERMINATION OF FLUX SPATTERING SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TESTS METHODS - PART 15: COPPER CORROSION TEST SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES-TEST METHODS-PART 16: FLUX EFFICACY TESTS,WETTING BALANCE METHOD APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS- FUSION WELDING - PART 3 - COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS - FUSION WELDING - PART 4 - NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS - FUSION WELDING - TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS, ZIRCONIUM AND ZIRCONIUM ALLOYS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION PART 1: MANUAL METAL-ARC WELDING, GAS-SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING, GAS WELDING, TIG WELDING AND BEAM WELDING OF STEELS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - JOINT PREPARATION - PART 2: SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF STEELS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATION FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 3: METAL INERT GAS WELDING AND TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 3: METAL INERT GAS WELDING AND TUNGSTEN INERT GAS WELDING OF ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOINT PREPARATION - PART 4: CLAD STEELS SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 10: WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION FOR ELECTRON BEAM WELDING SPECIFICATION AND APPROVAL OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS-PART 11: WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION FOR LASER BEAM WELDING SOLDERING AND BRAZING MATERIALS - METHODS FOR THE SAMPLING OF SOFT SOLDERS FOR ANALYSIS HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - SAMPLING OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND GASES IN THE OPERATOR'S BREATING ZONE - PART 1: SAMPLING OF AIRBONE PARTICLES HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - SAMPLING OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES AND GASES IN THE OPERATOR'S BREATING ZONE - PART 2: SAMPLING OF GASES NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - GENERAL RULES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES AND RODS FOR ARC WELDING OF CREEP RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF CREEP RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES AND RODS FOR ARC WELDING OF STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES - TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR METAL ARC WELDING WITH OR WITHOUT A GAS SHIELD OF STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEELS - CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES-QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR MANUFACTURE, SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CONSUMABLES FOR WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES SOLDER WIRE, SOLID AND FLUX CORED - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHOD - PART 1: CLASSIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FLUX CORED SOLDER WIRE - SPECIFICATION AND TEST METHODS - PART 2: DETERMINATION OF FLUX CONTENT SOLDER WIRE, SOLID AND FLUX CORED SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST METHODS PART 3: WETTING BALANCE TEST METHOD FOR FLUX CORED SOLDER WIRE EFFICACY Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
Welding Fabrication Standards EN CR EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN CR EN EN ISO 12345 12361 12517 12517/A1 12517/A2 12534 12535 12536 12584 12797 12797/A1 12799 12799/A1 13133 13134 13576 13622 13916
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EN ISO 13918 EN 13918 EN ISO 13919-1 EN ISO 13919-2 EN ISO 13919-2/A1 EN ISO 13920 EN ISO 14113 EN ISO 14114 EN ISO 14172 EN ISO 14270 EN ISO 14271 EN ISO 14272 EN ISO 14273 EN 14295
EN ISO 14324 EN ISO 14329 EN ISO 14372 EN ISO 14554-1 EN ISO 14554-2 EN ISO 14555
WELDING - MULTILINGUAL TERMS FOR WELDED JOINTS WITH ILLUSTRATIONS DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS -ETCHANTS FOR MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION NON DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WELDS - RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDED JOINTS - ACCEPTANCE LEVELS WELDING CONSUMABLES- WIRE ELECTRODES, WIRES, RODS AND DEPOSITS FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS- CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES- TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES FOR GAS SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS- CLASSIFICATION WELDING CONSUMABLES- RODS FOR GAS WELDING OF NON ALLOY AND CREEP-RESISTING STEELSCLASSIFICATION IMPERFECTIONS IN OXYFUEL FLAME CUTS, LASER BEAM CUTS AND PLASMA CUTS: TERMINOLOGY BRAZING- DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF BRAZED JOINTS BRAZING- DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF BRAZED JOINTS BRAZING- NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF BRAZED JOINTS BRAZING - NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF BRAZED JOINTS BRAZING - BRAZER APPROVAL BRAZING - PROCEDURE APPROVAL IMPLEMENTATION OF EN 729 ON QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR FUSION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - TERMINOLOGY - TERMS USED FOR GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT WELDING - GUIDANCE ON THE MEASUREMENT OF PRE-HEATING TEMPERATURE, INTERPASS TEMPERATURE AND PRE-HEAT MAINTENANCE TEMPERATURE WELDING - STUDS AND CERAMIC FERRULES FOR ARC STUD WELDING GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT - INTEGRATED FLOWMETER REGULATORS USED ON CYLINDERS FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES -CLASSIFICATION, SPECIFICATION AND TESTS WELDING - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS- GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR IMPERFECTIONS-PART 1: STEEL WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVEL FOR IMPERFECTIONS - PART 2: ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS WELDING - ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDED JOINTS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR IMPERFECTIONS - PART 2: ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS WELDING - GENERAL TOLLERANCES FOR WELDED CONSTRUCTIONS -DIMENSIONS FOR LENGTHS AND ANGLES - SHAPE AND POSITION GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- RUBBER AND PLASTIC HOSES ASSEMBLED FOR COMPRESSED OR LIQUEFIED GASES UP TO A MAXIMUM DESIGN PRESSURE OF 450 BAR GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT- ACETYLENE MANIFOLD SYSTEMS FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES- GENERAL REQUIREMENTS WELDING CONSUMABLES - COVERED ELECTRODES FOR MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING OF NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS -CLASSIFICATION SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR MECHANIZED PEEL TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND EMBOSSED PROJECTION WELDS VICKERS HARDNESS TESTING OF RESISTANCE, SPOT PROJECTION AND SEAM WELDS (LOW LOAD AND MICROHARDNESS) SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR CROSS TENSION TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT AND EMBOSSED PROJECTION WELDS SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS AND PROCEDURE FOR SHEAR TESTING RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND EMBOSSED PROJECTION WELDS WELDING CONSUMABLES - WIRE AND TUBULAR CORED ELECTRODES AND ELECTRODE-FLUX COMBINATIONS FOR SUBMERGED ARC WELDING OF HIGH STRENGTH STEELS - CLASSIFICATION RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS - METHOD FOR THE FATIGUE TESTING OF SPOT WELDED JOINTS RESISTANCE WELDING - DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF WELDS - FAILURE TYPES AND GEOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS FOR RESISTANCE SPOT, SEAM AND PROJECTION WELDS WELDING CONSUMABLES - DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE RESISTANCE OF MANUAL METAL ARC WELDING ELECTRODES BY MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSIBLE HYDROGEN QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - RESISTANCE WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING - RESISTANCE WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS - ELEMENTARY QUALITY REQUIREMENTS WELDING - ARC STUD WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
Welding Fabrication Standards CR 14599 EN ISO 14744-1 EN ISO 14744-2 EN ISO 14744-3 EN ISO 14744-4 EN ISO 14744-5 EN ISO 14744-6 EN ISO 15011-1 EN ISO 15011-2 EN ISO 15607 CR ISO 15608 EN ISO 15609-2 EN ISO 15609-2/A1 EN ISO 15610 EN ISO 15611 EN ISO 15614-1 EN ISO 15614-5 EN ISO 15614-8 EN ISO 15614-11 EN ISO 15615 EN ISO 15616-1 EN ISO 15616-2 EN ISO 15616-3 EN ISO 15618-1 EN ISO 15618-2 EN ISO 15620 EN ISO 17652-1 EN ISO 17652-2 EN ISO 17652-3 EN ISO 17652-4 EN ISO 17653 EN ISO 17654
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TERMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR WELDING PURPOSES IN RELATION WITH EN 1792 WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 1: PRINCIPLES AND ACCEPTANCE CONDITION WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF ACCELERATING VOLTAGE WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF BEAM CURRENT CHARACTERISTIC WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF WELDING SPEED WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- MEASUREMENT OF RUN-OUT ACCURACY WELDING - ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION OF ELECTRON BEAM WELDING MACHINE- PART 6: MEASUREMENT OF STABILITY OF SPOT POSITION HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES-LABORATORY METHOD FOR SAMPLING FUMES AND GASES GENERATED BY ARC WELDING- PART 1: DETERMINATION OF EMISSION RATE AND SAMPLING FOR ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE FUME HEALTH AND SAFETY IN WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - LABORATORY METHOD FOR SAMPLING FUME AND GASES GENERATED BY ARC WELDING -PART 2: DETERMINATION OF EMISSION RATES OF GASES, EXCEPT OZONE (ISO 15011-2:2003) SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - GENERAL RULES WELDING - GUIDELINES FOR A METALLIC MATERIAL GROUPING SYSTEM SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION - PART 2: GAS WELDING SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURE FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING PROCEDURE SPECIFICATION - PART 2: GAS WELDING SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - QUALIFICATION BASED ON TESTED WELDING CONSUMABLES SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - QUALIFICATION BASED ON PREVIOUS WELDING EXPERIENCE SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING PROCEDURE TEST - PART 1: ARC AND GAS WELDING OF STEELS AND ARC WELDING OF NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING PROCEDURE TEST - PART 5: ARC WELDING OF TITANIUM, ZIRCONIUM AND THEIR ALLOYS (ISO 15614-5:2004) SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING PROCEDURE TEST- PART 8: WELDING OF TUBES TO TUBE-PLATE JOINTS SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION OF WELDING PROCEDURES FOR METALLIC MATERIALS - WELDING PROCEDURE TEST- PART 11: ELECTRON AND LASER BEAM WELDING GAS WELDING EQUIPMENT-ACETYLENE MANIFOLD SYSTEMS FOR WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES-SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN HIGH-PRESSURE DEVICES ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR CO2-LASER BEAM MACHINES FOR HIGH QUALITY WELDING AND CUTTING - PART 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES, ACCEPTANCE CONDITIONS (ISO 15616-1:2003) ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR CO2-LASER BEAM MACHINES FOR HIGH QUALITY WELDING AND CUTTING - PART 2: MEASUREMENT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC ACCURACY (ISO 15616-2:2003) ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR CO2-LASER BEAM MACHINES FOR HIGH QUALITY WELDING AND CUTTING - PART 3: CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF GAS FLOW AND PRESSURE (ISO 15616- 3:2003) APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS FOR UNDERWATER WELDING - PART 1: DIVER-WELDERS FOR HYPERBARIC WET WELDING APPROVAL TESTING OF WELDERS FOR UNDERWATER WELDING - PART 2: DIVER-WELDERS AND WELDING OPERATORS FOR HYPERBARIC DRY WELDING WELDING - FRICTION WELDING OF METALLIC MATERIALS WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 1: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (ISO 17652-1:2003) WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 2: WELDING PROPERTIES OF SHOP PRIMERS (ISO 17652-2:2003) WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 3: THERMAL CUTTING (ISO 17652-3:2003) WELDING - TEST FOR SHOP PRIMERS IN RELATION TO WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES - PART 4: EMISSION OF FUMES AND GASES (ISO 17652- 4:2003) DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS-TORSION TEST OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDS (ISO 17653:2003) DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - RESISTANCE WELDING - PRESSURE TEST ON RESISTANCE SEAM WELDS (ISO 17654:2003) Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780
Welding Fabrication Standards EN ISO 17655 CR ISO 17663 EN ISO EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN 18279 20544 20693 20865 21089 22401 22553 25184 25821 25822 25827 26848 27286 27931 27963 28167 28206 28430-1 28430-2 28430-3 29090 29313 29453 29454-1 29455-1 29455-5 29455-8 29455-11 29455-14 29539 29692 30042
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DESTRUCTIVE TESTS ON WELDS IN METALLIC MATERIALS - METHOD FOR TAKING SAMPLES FOR DELTA FERRITE MEASUREMANT (ISO 17655:2003) GUIDELINES FOR QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT TREATMENT IN CONNECTION WITH WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES BRAZING - IMPERFECTIONS IN BRAZED JOINTS FILLER MATERIALS FOR MANUAL WELDING - SIZE REQUIREMENTS DIMENSIONS OF SEAM WELDING WHEEL BLANKS SLOTS IN PLATENS FOR PROJECTION WELDING MACHINES ELECTRODES TAPER FIT FOR SPOT WELDING EQUIPMENT - DIMENSIONS COVERED ELECTRODES - DETERMINATION OF THE EFFICIENCY, METAL RECOVERY AND DEPOSITION COEFFICIENT WELDED, BRAZED AND SOLDERED JOINTS - SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION ON DRAWINGS STRAIGHT RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ELECTRODES RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING ELECTRODE CAPS SPOT WELDING EQUIPMENT - TAPER PLUG GAUGES AND TAPER RING GAUGES SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE BACK-UP AND CLAMPS TUNGSTEN ELECTRODES FOR INERT GAS SHIELDED ARC WELDING AND FOR PLASMA CUTTING AND WELDING - CODIFICATION GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS FOR RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT INSULATION CAPS AND BUSHES FOR RESISTANCE WELDING EQUIPMENT WELDS IN STEEL - CALIBRATION BLOCK N 2 FOR ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION OF WELDS PROJECTIONS FOR RESISTANCE WELDING ACCEPTANCE TESTS FOR OXYGEN CUTTING MACHINES - REPRODUCIBLE ACCURACY OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS - PART 1: TAPER FIXING 1:10 RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS- PART 2: MORSE TAPER FIXING RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - ELECTRODE HOLDERS - PART 3: PARALLEL SHANK FIXING FOR END THRUST GAS TIGHTNESS OF EQUIPMENT FOR GAS WELDING AND ALLIED PROCESSES RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING - COOLING TUBES SOFT SOLDER ALLOYS - CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND FORMS SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - CLASSIFICATION AND REQUIREMENTS -PART 1: CLASSIFICATION, LABELLING AND PACKAGING SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS PART 1: DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER, GRAVIMETRIC METHOD SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 5: COPPER MIRROR TEST SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 8: DETERMINATION OF ZINC CONTENT SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS -PART 11: DETERMINATION OF NON-VOLATILE MATTER, GRAVIMETRIC METHOD SOFT SOLDERING FLUXES - TEST METHODS-PART 14: ASSESSMENT OF TACKINESS OF FLUX RESIDUES MATERIALS FOR EQUIPMENT USED IN GAS WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES METAL-ARC WELDING WITH COVERED ELECTRODES, GAS-SHIELDED METAL-ARC WELDING - JOINT PREPARATION FOR STEEL ARC-WELDED JOINTS IN ALUMINIUM AND ITS WELDABLE ALLOYS - GUIDANCE ON QUALITY LEVELS FOR IMPERFECTIONS

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Welding Fabrication Standards

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Lungobisagno Istria, 15 - 16141 Genova (I) - Tel. 01083411 - Fax 0108367780