DITERMINATION OF SIZE OF FINE PARTICLE USING LASER DIFRACTION AIM: To find particle size from laser diffraction pattern .

PRINCIPLE: This method is based on the diffraction pattern phenomenon and is based on
fraunhofer theory. When a particle is lighted by amonochromatic source(laser source), a diffraction pattern called airys pattern is obtained at infinity. This diffraction pattern gives the light scattering intensity(I),in the function of diffraction angle. It is composed of concentric rings. The distance between the different rings depends on the particle size. The size(D) of the particles is D=1.22nd/r Where is the wavelength of source, n is order of bright ring, d is the distance between particles and the screen, r is the radius of the bright ring, the factor 1.22 is derived from a calculation.(Bassel function) of the position of the first dark ring surrounding the central airy disc of pattern.

ASSUMPTIONS:1) Particles are spherical in nature and they do not absorb light. 2) Particle diameter must be a least 3.5 times bigger than the -value(normally m size). 3) The distance between 2 particles must be 3-5 times bigger than their diameter.
Sl.no Order of diffraction(n d (cm) Diameter of bright ring(mm) 1.2 2.4 10 1.7 3.2 15 2.2 4.4 Radius of bright ring(r) (mm) 0.6 1.2 0.85 1.7 1.1 2.2 mean Size of particle D(m)

1 2

0.671 0.684 0.675 0.675 0.679 0.679 0.677

1 2

1 2

CALCULATIONS: D= 1.22nd/r =1.2266010-9(m)15/510-2 =0.67110-6 m =0.671m D=1.22nd/r =1.2266010-925*10-2 /10*10-2 =0.67110-6m=0.671m MEAN=(0.671+0.684+0.675+0.679+0.675+0.679 )/6=0.677 m RESULT: The size of particle is 0.677 m

ULTRASONIC INTERFEROMETER-VELOCITY OF ULTRASONIC WAVES IN LIQUID AIM: To determine

1) The velocity of ultrasonic waves in the given liquid and 2) The compressibility of the given liquid.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Ultrasonic interferometer, measuring cell, liquid. FORMULA: The wavelength of the ultrasonic waves =2d m. The velocity of the ultrasonic waves v=f m/s. The compressibility of the liquid k=1/v2 m2//N Where d- distance moved by the micrometer for one oscillations(m). f- frequency of the generator(Hz) D-density of the liquid(kg/m3) PROCEDURE: 1) Connect the measuring cell to the output of the high frequency generator through a shielded cable. 2) Fill the measuring cell with experimental liquid. 3) Now switch on the high frequency generator. The ultrasonic waves move normal from the movable plate and the standing waves are formed in the liquid in between the reflector plate and the quartz crystal. 4) Turn the screw head of the micrometer in the anti-cloclwise direction till the anode current on the microammeter in the high frequency generator shows a

miximum. Now assign this as nth maximum and note the reading in the micrometer. 5) Gently turn the screw head of the micrometer in the same direction until the pointer in the microammeter completes 5 oscillations and assign the order of mixima as nth maximum and note the reading in the micrometer. 6) Again turn the screw of the micrometer in the same direction until the pointer in the microammeter completes 5 oscillations and assign the order of maximum mixima as (n+5). Note the reading in the micrometer. 7) Repeat the experiment for every 5 oscillations and then calculate the wavelength and the velocity of the ultrasonic waves and the compressibility of the given liquid using the formulae. Order Interferometer reading 25=D[(n+25)]-N] d =2d V=f(m/s) Of mm MSR HSC TR maxima n n+5 n +10 n +15 n +20 n +25 n +30 n +35 n +40 n +45 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 46 23 24 04 14 26 26 34 29 29 23.46 21.23 19.24 17.04 15.14 13.26 11.26 9.34 7.29 5.29
MEAN=1588.8Hz

10.2 9.97 9.9 9.975 9.85

0.408 0.398 0.396 0.39 0.394

0.816 0.796 0.792 0.78 0.788

1632 1592 1584 1156 1576

CALCULATIONS: Compressibility of the liquid K=1/2 =1/(1588)21000 =3.95410-10 m2/N RESULT: The velocity of the ultrasonic waves in the given liquid v=1588.8 m/s The compressibility of the liquid k=3.96410-10 m2/N

AIR WEDGE-THICKNESS OF A THIN WIRE

AIM: To determine the thickness of a thin wire by forming interference fringes using air-wedge
apparatus. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Two optically plane glass plates, sodium vapour lamp, sample wire, microscope, reading lend etc. FORMULA: The thickness of the thin wire is given by t=l/2(m) Where - wavelength of the sodium light(m) l-distance between the wire and the edge of the tied end(m). - mean band width (m) PRINCIPLE: A parallel beam of monochromatic light is made to fall normally on two plane glass plates. Interference takes place between light reflected from the lower surface of the top glass plate and upper surface of the lower glass plate. Depends upon the phase difference bright and dark fringes are observed.

Procedure:1. Arrange the apparatus . 2. Keep a thin wire straight (parallel to breadth of the glass plate) in between two optically plane glass plates. 3. Direct the light from the sodium lamp on the glass plate (p) by adjusting the condensing lens(c0 so that the fringes are formed. 4. Move and place the microscope vertically above the glass plates in such a way that the objective of the microscope lies in between the thin wire and the tied end, where the fringes are formed. Fix the microscope here. 5. On looking through the microscope adjust the distance between the objective of the microscope and the glass plates using the screw until the fringes are seen clearly.

6. On looking the through the microscope move it to the left side of the fringe pattern and catch any clear fringe at the extreme left and assign this as nth fringe. Fix the microscope and adjust the horizontal tangential screw till the vertical cross-wire coincides with the centre of the nth fringe .note down the reading in the horizontal(both in the main scale and the vernier scales). 7. On looking through the microscope move it to the right side of the fringe pattern using the horizontal tangential screw until (n+10)thfringe coincides with thw vertical cross wires

Order of fringe

Microscope reading msr vsc tr

Order of fringe

Microscope reading

Width of 40 fringes

Band width

msr

vsc

tr

5.75 35

6.10

n+40

6.15 21

6.36 0.39

9.7510-6m

5.85 13 n+10 5.98

n+50

6.25 36 6.61 0.43 9.9510-6m

5.95 30 n+20 n+30 6.05 19 6.25 6.24

n+60

6.35 5 6.40 6.56 11

0.37 9.2510-6m 0.40 9.8510-6m

n+70

6.45

Mean=9.710-6m

Observations: T=l\2 =589310-10610-3/2.9710-6 =3535810-13/19.410-6 =1.8210-4

Observations: Mean band width= =9.710-6m Distance between the wire and the edge of tied end l=6cm=610-3m Wave length of the sodium light==589310-10m Result: The thickness of the given wire is=1.82 10-4m