L1-5 Energy Balances

Material and Energy Balances
Energy and Energy Balances
01/11/2011
CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering
Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to understand the following : List and define the three components of total energy of a process system Define closed process system, open process system, isothermal process and adiabatic process Define flow work, shaft work, sp. internal energy, sp. volume, and sp. enthalpy
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Introduction
Material and Energy Balances Energy is expensive
Every chemical process uses energy in some form or other

Wasting energy leads to reduced profits in process plants After the sharp increase in energy prices in 1970s, the need for process intensification to eliminate unnecessary energy consumption raised Account of energy that flows into and out of a process unit is necessary to determine the overall energy requirement of the process Achieved through performing ENERGY BALANCES
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Introduction
Material and Energy Balances Typical problems that might be solved include: How much power (energy/time) is required to pump 1250 m3/h of water from a storage tank to a process vessel? How much energy is required to convert 2000 kg water at 30oC to steam at 180oC? How much energy is required to separate the components by distillation? How much energy is required to be removed in an exothermic process? And so on
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Forms of Energy
The total energy of a system has three components: Kinetic energy : Energy due to the translational motion of the system as a whole relative to some frame of reference (usually the earths surface)
Potential energy : Energy due to the position of the system in a potential field (such as gravitational or electromagnetic field).
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Forms of Energy
Internal energy : All energy possessed by a system due to the motion of molecules relative to the center of mass of the system, to the rotational and vibrational motion and the electromagnetic interactions of the molecules, to the motion and interactions of the atomic and subatomic constituents of the molecules.
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Classification of Systems
Closed system
No mass is transferred across its boundaries while the process is taking place
Energy may be transferred between such a system and its surroundings

Example: Batch processes
Open system
Both mass and energy are transferred across its boundaries while the process is taking place Example: Continuous processes
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Transfer of energy
Material and Energy Balances Suppose a process system is closed Energy may be transferred between such a system and its surroundings in two ways: As heat and work As Heat, or energy that flows as a result of temperature difference between a system and its surroundings The direction of flow is always from a higher temperature to a lower temperature one. Heat is defined as positive when it is transferred to the system from surroundings
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Transfer of energy
Material and Energy Balances As work, or energy that flows in response to any driving force other than a temperature difference, such as a force, a torque, or a voltage. For example, if a gas in a cylinder expands and moves a piston against a restraining force, the gas does work on the piston (energy is transferred as work from the gas to its surroundings, which include the piston). In this text, work is defined as positive when it is done by the system on the surroundings.
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Units of Energy
Material and Energy Balances The terms work and heat refer only to energy that is being transferred Energy, like work, has units of force times distance: for example, joules (N.m), ergs (dyne.cm), and ft.lbf It is also common to use energy units defined in terms of the amount of heat that must be transferred to a specified mass of water to raise the temperature of the water by a specified temperature interval at a constant pressure of 1 atm
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Units of Energy
Unit Kilogram calorie or kilocalorie Gram calorie or calorie British thermal unit
Symbol kcal cal Btu
Mass of Water 1 kg 1g 1 lbm
Temperature Interval 15C to 16C 15C to 16C 60F to 61F
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First law of thermodynamics

Material and Energy Balances The principle that underlies all energy balances is the law of conversion of energy, which states that energy can either be created nor destroyed The rate at which energy (kinetic+ potential + internal) is carried into a system by the input streams, plus the rate at which it enters as heat, minus the rate at which it is transported out of the system by the output streams, minus the rate at which it leaves as work, equals the rate of accumulation of energy in the system
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First law of thermodynamics

Rate of accumulation of energy wit hin a system Rate of energy (kinetic potential internal) into the system through input streams Rate of energy that leaves the system as work Rate of energy into the system as heat
Rate of energy out of the system through output streams
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Kinetic and Potential Energy

The kinetic energy, Ek (J), of an object of mass m (kg) moving with velocity u (m/s) relative to the surface of the earth is
Ek
1 mu 2 2
If a fluid enters a system with a mass flow rate m (kg/s) and
uniform velocity u (m/s), then
Ek
1 mu 2 2
Ek (J/s) may be thought of as the rate at which kinetic energy is

transported into the system by the fluid.
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Kinetic and Potential Energy

Material and Energy Balances The gravitational potential energy of an object of mass m is
Ep
mgz
g is the acceleration due to gravity z is the height of the object above a reference plane
If a fluid enters a system with mass flow rate m
Ep
mgz
Change in potential energy:
E p2
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E p1
mg z2
z1
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Energy Balances on a Closed System

Material and Energy Balances An integral energy balance may be derived for a closed system between two instants of time accumulation = input output (1) For a closed system, input and output terms can be eliminated, since no mass crosses the boundaries of a closed system Eqn (1) may be written as Final system energy Initial system = energy Net energy transferred to the system (in out) (2)
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initial system energy = Ui + Eki + Epi final system energy = Uf + Ekf + Epf energy transferred = Q W
Eqn. (2) becomes

(Uf Ui ) + (Ekf Eki ) + (Epf Epi ) = Q W or, if the symbol is used to signify (final initial),
U Ek Ep Q W
(3)
The basic form of the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system
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Material and Energy Balances When applying this equation to a given process, you should be aware of the following points: The internal energy of a system depends almost entirely on the chemical composition, state of aggregation (solid, liquid, or gas) and temperature of the system materials. It is independent of pressure for ideal gases and nearly independent of pressure for liquids and solids. If no temperature changes, phase changes, or chemical reactions occur in a closed system and if pressure changes are less than a few atmospheres, then U 0.
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Material and Energy Balances When applying this equation to a given process, you should be aware of the following points: If a system is not accelerating, then Ek = 0. If a system is not rising or falling, then Ep= 0. If a system and its surroundings are at the same temperature or the system is perfectly insulated, then Q = 0. The process is then termed adiabatic.
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Material and Energy Balances When applying this equation to a given process, you should be aware of the following points: Work done on or by a closed system is accomplished by movement of the system boundary against a resisting force or the passage of an electrical current or radiation across the system boundary. Examples of the first type of work are motion of a piston or rotation of a shaft that projects through the system boundary. If there are no moving parts or electrical currents or radiation at the system boundary, then W = 0.
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Energy Balances on a Open System at Steady state

An open process system by definition has mass crossing its boundaries as the process occurs. Work must be done on such a system to push mass in, and work is done on the surroundings by mass that emerges. Both work terms must be included in the energy balance
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Flow Work and Shaft Work

The net rate of work done by an open system on its surroundings may be written as
W
where Ws
Ws
W fl
shaft work, or rate of work done by the process
fluid on a moving part within the system (e.g., a pump rotor) flow work, or rate of work done by the fluid at the system outlet minus the rate of work done on the fluid at the system inlet.
W fl
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To derive an expression for W fl , consider the single inlet single
outlet system shown here.
Vin (m3 / s)
Pin ( N / m 2 )
PROCESS UNIT
Vout (m3 / s) Pout ( N / m 2 )
The fluid that enters the system has work done on it by the fluid just behind it at a rate
Win ( N m / s) Pin ( N / m 2 )Vin (m3 / s) PoutVout
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while the fluid leaving the system performs work on the

surroundings at a rate Wout
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The net rate at which work is done by the system at the inlet and outlet is therefore
W fl
PoutVout
PinVin
If several input and output streams enter and leave the

system, the PV products for each stream must be summed to
determine W fl .
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Specific Properties and Enthalpy

Material and Energy Balances Properties of a process material are either extensive (proportional to the quantity of the material) or intensive (independent of the quantity) Kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal energy are extensive properties A specific property is an intensive quantity obtained by dividing an extensive property by the total amount of the process material Specific volume Specific kinetic energy Symbol denote a specific property
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Specific Enthalpy
Material and Energy Balances A property that occurs in the energy balance equation for open systems is the specific enthalpy, defined as
PV
(4)
where P is total pressure and U and V are specific internal energy and specific volume.
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Steady State Open System Energy Balance

If E j denotes the total rate of energy transport by the jth input
or output stream of a process, and Q and W are defined as the
rates of flow of heat into and work out of the process, then
Ej
output stream s
Ej
input stream s
Q W
(5)
If m j , E kj , E pj , and U j are the flow rates of mass, kinetic

energy, potential energy, and internal energy for the jth process stream, then the total rate at which energy is transported into or out of the system by this stream is
Ej
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Uj
E kj
E pj
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Uj E m jU j j m ju 2 / 2 m j gz j
kj
E pj
Ej
mj U j
u2 j 2
gz j
The total work W done by the system on its surroundings
Ws
output stream s
m j PjV j
m j PjV j
input stream s
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Substituting in Eqn (5),
mj U j
output stream s
PjV j
u2 j 2
gz j
input stream s
mj U j
PjV j
u2 j 2
gz j
Q Ws
H
where
H mjH j
output stream s
Ek
mjH j
input stream s
Ep
Q Ws
Ek
(6)
j m ju 2 / 2
output stream s
j m ju 2 / 2
input stream s
Ep
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m j gz j
output stream s
m j gz j
input stream s
Hj
Uj
PjV j
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If a process has a single input stream and a single output stream and there is no accumulation of mass in the system (so that
min mout m ), the expression for
H simplifies to
m H
m H out
H in
If H j is the same for all streams, then

H H
output stream s
mj
mj
input stream s
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Tables of Thermodynamic Data

Reference States It is not possible to know the absolute values of U or H for a process material Only the change in U (U) or in H ( H ) corresponding to a specific change of state can be determined A convenient way to tabulate measured changes is to choose a temperature, pressure and state of aggregation as a reference state
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Tables of Thermodynamic Data

0 oC and 1 atm is one of the reference states U or H is a state property that depends only on the state of the system and not on how the system reached that state
Steam Tables: Properties of saturated liquid water, saturated steam, and superheated steam are tabulated in steam tables.
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Steam Tables
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Steam Tables
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Superheated Steam Tables

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Energy Balance Procedures

Material and Energy Balances A properly drawn and labeled flowchart is essential for the efficient solution of energy balance problems. When labeling the flowchart, be sure to include all of the information you will need to determine the specific enthalpy of each stream component, including known temperatures and pressures. In addition, show states of aggregation of process materials when they are not obvious: do not simply write H2O, for example, but rather H2O(s), H2O(l), or H2O(v), according to whether water is present as a solid, a liquid, or a vapor.
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Example 1 -Energy Balance on a One Component Process

Two streams of water are mixed to form the feed to a boiler. Process data are as follows: Feed stream 1 120 kg/min @ 30C Feed stream 2 175 kg/min @ 65C Boiler pressure 17 bar (absolute) The exiting steam emerges from the boiler through a 6-cm ID pipe. Calculate the required heat input to the boiler in kJ/min. if the emerging steam is saturated at the boiler pressure. Neglect the kinetic energies of the liquid inlet streams
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Example 2:Energy Balance on a Two Component Process

A liquid stream containing 60.0 wt% ethane and 40.0% n-butane is to be heated from 150K to 200K at a pressure of 5 bar. Calculate the required heat input per kilogram of the mixture, neglecting potential and kinetic energy changes, using tabulated enthalpy data for C2H6 and C4H10 and assuming that mixture component enthalpies are those of the pure species at the same temperature. Data:
H C2 H 6 , 200K H C2 H 6 , 150K H C4 H10 , 200K H C4 H10 , 150K
434.5 kJ/kg 314.3 kJ/kg 130.2 kJ/kg 30.0 kJ/kg

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Example 3: Energy Balance on Steam System

A 10.0-m3 tank contains steam at 275 oC and 15.0 bar. The tank and its contents are cooled until the pressure drops to 1.2 bar. Some of the steam condenses in the process. (a). How much heat was transferred from the tank? (b). What is the final temperature of the tanks contents? (c). How much steam condensed (kg)? Home work!!!
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Conclusions
You have learnt Forms of energy Specific properties Energy balance on a closed system Energy balance on an open system
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L1-5 Energy Balances

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Material and Energy Balances

Energy and Energy Balances

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Every chemical process uses energy in some form or other

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Energy may be transferred between such a system and its surroundings

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Symbol kcal cal Btu

Mass of Water 1 kg 1g 1 lbm

Temperature Interval 15C to 16C 15C to 16C 60F to 61F

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

First law of thermodynamics

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

First law of thermodynamics

Rate of energy out of the system through output streams

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Kinetic and Potential Energy

If a fluid enters a system with a mass flow rate m (kg/s) and

uniform velocity u (m/s), then

Ek (J/s) may be thought of as the rate at which kinetic energy is

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Kinetic and Potential Energy

Change in potential energy:

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Energy Balances on a Closed System

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Energy Balances on a Closed System

Eqn. (2) becomes

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Energy Balances on a Closed System

Energy Balances on a Closed System

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Energy Balances on a Closed System

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Material and Energy Balances

Energy Balances on a Open System at Steady state

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Flow Work and Shaft Work

shaft work, or rate of work done by the process

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Flow Work and Shaft Work

Vout (m3 / s) Pout ( N / m 2 )

while the fluid leaving the system performs work on the

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Flow Work and Shaft Work

If several input and output streams enter and leave the

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Specific Properties and Enthalpy

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Material and Energy Balances

Steady State Open System Energy Balance

If m j , E kj , E pj , and U j are the flow rates of mass, kinetic

CCB1064 Principles of Chemical Engineering

Material and Energy Balances

Steady State Open System Energy Balance

The total work W done by the system on its surroundings