TIA/EIA (DRAFT)

Structural (Draft) for Steel Gin Poles Used for the Installation of Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures

TIA/EIA-PN-4860-Gin Poles

Telecommunications Industry Association Electronic Industries Association TR14.7 Sub-committee Safety Facilities Task Group

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STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR STEEL GIN POLES USED FOR THE INSTALLATION OF ANTENNA TOWERS AND ANTENNA SUPPORTING STRUCTURES TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION OBJECTIVE SCOPE 1.0 1.1 1.2 2.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 GENERAL Definitions Reference Standards GIN POLE OPERATION AND USE Scope Gin Pole LOADS Scope Classification of Gin Poles Combination of Loads PAGE NUMBER 4 4

5 7

8 8

9 9 9

4.0 ANALYSIS 4.1 Scope 4.2 Analysis Models 5.0 DESIGN 5.1 Scope 5.2 Design Method 5.3 Effective Slenderness Ratios for Compression Members 5.4 Connections 6.0 RIGGING EQUIPMENT 6.1 Scope 6.2 Rigging Equipment Strength Requirements 6.3 Daily Inspection 6.4 Wire Rope Requirements 6.5 Wire Rope End Connections 6.6 Chains 6.7 Hooks and Shackles 6.8 Rooster Head

12 12

13 13 13 14

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7.0 Load Chart 7.1 Scope 7.2 Standard Gin Pole Chart 7.3 Special Engineered Lift 8.0 MANUFACTURING 8.1 Scope 8.2 Steel 8.3 Test Reports 8.4 Fabrication 8.5 Straightness 8.6 Finish 8.7 Identification 9.0 Inspection and Repair 9.1 Field Tolerances 9.2 General Items for Gin Pole Inspection 9.3 Minimum Inspection Frequency 10.0 11.0 Repair and Modification Examples and Figures 22 23 24 25 26 27

18 18 19

20 20 20 20 20 20 20

21 21 21 21

Figures 2-1 and 2-2 Figures 2-3 and 2-4 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figures 7-1 and 7-2 ANNEX A Procurement and User Guidelines ANNEX B Guide for Engineering Design 1.0 Scope 2.0 Gin Pole Capacity 3.0 Gin Pole Overall Effective Length Factor K 4.0 Gin Pole Lift Considerations Chart B-1 ANNEX C Evaluation of Existing Poles 1.0 Scope 2.0 Data for Engineering Evaluation and File Documentation 3.0 Written Inspection Report for gin Pole 4.0 Independent Inspection by a Qualified Firm 3

28 28 31 33 34

35 35 38 38
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OBJECTIVE

The objective of this standard is to provide minimum criteria for design and use of steel gin poles for installation of antennas, antenna towers and antenna supporting structures. The information contained in this standard was obtained from sources as referenced and noted herein and represents the accepted industry practices for minimum standards for the design of steel gin poles used for the installation of antennas and antenna supporting structures. While this standard is believed to be accurate, a licensed professional engineer should not rely upon this information for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability. This standard is not intended to cover all conditions, which could exist in a particular situation. This standard covers the use of a cantilever gin pole in the vertical or near vertical position only.
SCOPE

This standard describes the requirements for design of steel gin poles that are used for the installation of antennas, towers and antenna supporting structures.

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1.0
1.1 GENERAL Definitions:

ASD: (Allowable Stress Design) is a method of analysis in which the design strength of the structure is equivalent to its ultimate strength divided by a specified factor of safety. Basket Slings: are slings attached to the bottom of the gin pole, providing vertical support. Bridle: the upper most support point of the gin pole that attaches to the structure. This can also be referenced as the collar. Bridle Support: the upper support that restricts the gin pole from moving in any horizontal direction. Cantilever: the projection of the gin pole above the bridle. Competent Person: one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards, which are hazardous, or dangerous to employees and who has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. Engineered Lift: a lift outside the limits specified by a specific load chart prepared by an engineer. Free Body Diagram: (FBD) a representation of an object in equilibrium, showing external forces, moments and support reactions. Gin Pole: a device unique to the telecommunications industry used to raise successive sections of tower steel, antennas or equipment into position. This temporary device allows headroom above the highest fixed point of the tower or structure. Gross Load: the total load to be lifted. This includes the weight of the lifted object, headache ball, the load line, tag line, and any other attachments. Headache Ball: a counterweight attached to the end of the load line to return the load line to the ground. Impact Load: a dynamic condition to account for a momentary vertical acceleration or braking of the load. Jump Line: a wire rope used to raise and lower the gin pole. Load Chart: a chart used to determine the lifting capacities of the gin pole under specified parameters. Load Line: a wire rope used to raise and lower the load. 5
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LRFD: (Load & Resistance Factor Design) is a method of analysis in which the limit state condition of the structure is evaluated with a load increased above the actual load used. This increased load is then compared to the strength of the structure. Mid-Level Support: the support between the bridle and the basket that restricts the pole from movement in all horizontal directions. Panel Connection Point: the point where the horizontal and diagonal bracing members intersect the vertical leg member of a gin pole or tower structure. Qualified: means the pole meets the parameters of this standard and/or is used within the guidelines and specifications put forth in this standard. Qualified Person: a person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve and resolve problems related to the subject matter and work. Reeving: is the act or method of passing a wire rope through the pole, rooster head and any other additional sheaves or pulleys. Rigging: are the items used to support or secure the gin pole and to lift or control the load. Rooster Head: is a sheave assembly located at the top of the gin pole, which allows the load line to pass through it and rotate 360 degrees. Shall: indicates a mandatory practice. Should: indicates an advisory practice. Slings: a looped wire rope, strap or chain for supporting, cradling or lifting an object. Tag Line: a method of applying a force to control a load. Track: a device or system used to guide and support some gin poles during the raising and lowering of the gin pole.

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1.2 Referenced Standards:

AISC-ASD 9th Edition American Institute of Steel Construction Allowable Stress Design Manual AISC Guide for the Analysis of Guy and Stiffleg Derricks 1974 AISC Hollow Structural Sections Connections Manual, and its Specification Appendix 1997 AISC-LRFD-94 American Institute of Steel Construction Load and Resistance Factor Design Manual API Specifications 2C Fifth Edition, April 3, 1995 Specifications for Offshore Cranes AWS D1.1:2000 American Welding Society Structural Welding Code-Steel TIA/EIA-222-F-1996 Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas NATE National Association of Tower Erectors Gin Pole Procedures SSTC 2001 Steel Structures Technology Center, Inc. Structural Bolting Handbook OSHA CFR 1926 Construction Industry Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the

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2.0 GIN POLE OPERATION AND USE

2.1 Scope This section describes the use and positioning for a gin pole to be used in tower and antenna work. Although other arrangements are possible, this standard is directly applicable to only the positions described and referenced herein. It is critical that the user and engineer have a common understanding in the exact positioning, loading conditions, attachment points, and pertinent lifting arrangements associated with use of a particular gin pole. 2.2 Gin Pole A gin pole is a lifting device used in the vertical or near vertical position. It is attached to a structure in an arrangement as shown in Fig. 2-1, with its upper portion cantilevering above the tower top. The main parts of the gin pole are the steel mast, rooster head, bridle sling attachment points, basket sling attachment points, track, jump line, load line, and tag line. 2.2.1 Steel Mast The gin pole mast shall be made from steel. Although small poles may be of single or built up solid shapes, most gin poles are constructed of triangular or square lattice shapes. The mast may have tapered sections at the bottom and top to help reduce the potential of objects catching on the pole and to allow room for rigging equipment while turning the section. When designing the gin pole, consideration shall be given to the possibility of personnel climbing the pole to perform rigging functions and for provision of tie off points to accommodate fall protection equipment. 2.2.2 Rooster Head The rooster head is located at the top of the gin pole. The side plates shall have bolts or pins with spacers around the sheave so the load line is held in place and side plate distance is controlled. Sheave diameter and groove shall be designed for the load line size intended. The distance between the sheave edge and the side plate shall not exceed 25 percent of load line diameter. Refer to Fig. 2-2 2.2.3 Track Tracks used to guide and support gin poles during the jumping process shall not be used as a bridle or mid-level support unless specifically designed for such use. 2.2.4 Load Line The load line is used to raise and lower the intended load. The load line leaves the hoist at ground level, goes through a block at the base of the tower, then up through the middle of the pole, through the rooster head and back down to the ground to pick up the intended load.

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2.2.5 Jump Line The jump line is used to reposition the gin pole by raising and lowering the gin pole to the desired location. The jump line leaves the hoist on the ground, goes through a block at the base of the tower, up through a block on the tower, then through a series of blocks or directly to a specific location on the gin pole. There shall be a mechanism in place to prevent the pole from tipping during the jumping process. 2.2.6 Tag Line Tag lines are used to help control the load during the lifting process. Two common methods of tagging are the straight tag and the trolley tag. These methods are shown on Fig. 2-3. A straight tag is attached directly to the load. A trolley tag may be attached to the gin pole. The trolley tag connection point shall be below the rooster head. 2.2.7 Tower Attachment Gin pole attachment to the tower is typically with bridle and basket slings as shown in (Fig. 2-4). They shall be positioned to minimize loading forces produced on the tower members to which they are attached. Bridle and basket slings shall be attached at tower panel points and gin pole panel points. 3.0 LOADS

3.1 Scope This section provides minimum load requirements for gin pole structures. 3.2 Classification of Gin Poles

The class of the gin pole is based on its gross load capacity determined by using the following parameters: 1. cantilever height of 25 feet, 2. a 3 degree load line angle, 3. a tag line angle of 60 degrees, 4. pole attached at bridle and basket only, 5. kL3 / EI = 100 (see annex B), 6. without internal horizontal load line restraint between the basket and bridle points (see annex B). Class A Class B Class C 0 < 2,000-pound gross load 2,000 to 5,000-pound gross load over 5,000-pound gross load

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3.3 3.3.1 Combination of Loads Symbols D= dead load (weight) of gin pole and fixed rigging attachments. L= live load is the gross load. W= wind force applied to the cantilever portion of the gin pole. Im = Impact loading. FS = factor of safety.

3.3.2 Design Loading Requirements It is the intent of this standard to specify an impact factor for both LRFD and ASD design. These impact factors are increased for smaller gin poles, typically used on smaller structures, to help account for unpredictable deflection, which may occur in the structure during a lift. 3.3.2.1 Impact Factors (Im) The following impact factors shall be used with either design method. 1. Class A 1.45 2. Class B 1.35 3. Class C 1.25 3.3.2.2 LRFD Design Gin pole structures shall be designed so that their design strength equals or exceeds the load effects of the factored loads in the following limit state combination. For LRFD the following load combinations shall be used: 1.3D + 1.6(L x Im) +1.6W Gin poles shall be analyzed with the following load case to determine anticipated deflections. (1.0D + 1.0L) The resistance factors (PHI) for the strength of the gin pole components shall be in accordance with the AISC LRFD manual. 3.3.2.3 ASD Design As an alternative to LRFD design, ASD design may be used with the following load combinations: 1.0D+1.0(L x Im)+1.0W 3.3.2.4. Service Load Conditions For the purposes of calculating deflections and factor of safety on rigging, the following load combinations shall be used. 1.0D+1.0L 10
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3.3.3 Loads, Forces and Reactions for Gin Pole Lifts The free body diagrams in Figures 3-1 and 3-2 describe the typical loading associated with a gin pole in the vertical and near vertical positions. Figure 3-1 describes a straight tag arrangement and Figure 3-2 a trolley tag arrangement. These figures show the pick load, forces and distances associated with load and tag lines, and reactions at tower and tag connection locations. Symbols and notations are noted in the nomenclature portions of the diagrams. 3.3.4 Wind Loading Gin poles shall be designed with a minimum 30-mph effective wind speed applied to the cantilever portion while in the loaded condition. The direction of the wind force shall be the direction which applies maximum forces and reactions. The wind force calculated shall be for a constant 30 mph effective wind speed from the following equation: W = .00256 x Kz x Gh x V2 x (Cf x Ae) (lbs) W = .613 x Kz x Gh x V2 x (Cf x Ae) (N/(m2)) where: Kz = 1.0 Gh = 1.0 V = 30 Cf = Ae =

(velocity pressure coefficient) (gust effect factor) (effective wind speed - mph ) force coefficient for the gin pole structure effective projected area of the gin pole structure sq. ft.

Cf and Ae shall be calculated in accordance with the TIA/EIA-222-F-1996 standard, if appurtenances are attached to the gin pole their shape factor times their associated wind area shall be added to the Cf x Ae portion of the above equations.

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4.0 ANALYSIS

4.1 Scope This section defines minimum acceptable analysis methods to be used for gin pole design and load chart development. 4.2 Analysis Models Minimum acceptable models of analysis for prediction of a gin pole configurations structural response to loading are: 1. An elastic beam-column model produces moments, shears and axial forces in the pole with 2nd order (P-delta) effects considered by one of the following methods: a. A second order (P-delta) computer analysis with enough cycles to assure a stable response of the deflected pole under load. A first order analysis with AISC prediction for 2nd order effects (moment magnification). In using this method a prediction of the overall gin pole critical load capacity is required. The overall gin pole effective length factor, K, for this calculation shall be taken from Section 5.3.2 in this Standard or from Charts B-1 located in ANNEX B.

2.

An elastic 3-dimensional truss model made up of straight members, pin connected at joints, producing only axial forces in the members. This analysis shall be a second order (P-delta) analysis with enough cycles to assure a stable response of the deflected pole under load. An elastic 3-dimensional frame-truss model where continuous chord (leg) members of the gin pole are modeled as 3-dimensional beam elements producing both moments and axial forces, while bracing members may be modeled as 3-dimensional truss elements. This shall be a second order (P-delta) analysis with enough cycles to assure a stable response of the deflected pole under load. For all analysis models joint eccentricities at connections shall be considered.

3.

4.

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5.0 DESIGN 5.1 Scope This section relates to the strength of gin pole structural members and their connections. 5.2 Design Method The provisions of AISC-LRFD-94 or AISC-ASD-9th Edition shall be used for the basis of design. The design wall thickness to be used in calculations involving tubing and pipe, when the actual wall thickness is unknown, shall be taken as 0.93 times the nominal wall thickness. This requirement is referenced in section 1.2 of the AISC Specification for Design of Steel Hollow Structural Sections. 5.3 Effective Slenderness Ratios for Compression Members

5.3.1 Lattice Gin Poles The effective slenderness ratio, KL/r, for lattice gin pole members shall be provided as follows: Leg members Bracing Members K = 1.0 (between bracing members) K = 1.0 (between support points)

To qualify for the use of these effective length factors K, bracing detail shall be such that the lines of action of bracing members meet at a point within the diameter or width of the leg member. Otherwise, a combined axial and bending stress analysis shall be required. Reduction in K values below 1.0 shall not be allowed due to potential vulnerability issues during normal use affecting the initial straightness of individual components. 5.3.2 Overall Stability of Gin Pole The overall stability of the gin pole shall be investigated using the axial compression and moment loading of the gin pole The effective length factor (K) for the entire gin pole depends upon these conditions: 1. overall gin pole length, 2. cantilever length above the bridle, 3. mounting arrangement to the tower, 4. flexibility of the tower, 5. geometry of the gin pole, 6. position and tension of the load line passing through the gin pole.

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Chart No. 5-1 can be used for gin pole overall effective length factors (K) or values from Chart B-1 in ANNEX B shall be used. Chart No. 5-1 Overall Gin Pole Effective Length Factors (K)
K Factor over Cantilever Height - % Cantilever

# Supports 2 2 3 3

Load Line Restraint No Yes No Yes

20% 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.8

30% 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.6

40% 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.0

50% 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.7

For cantilever lengths between the above values, linear interpolation may be used to determine the appropriate K factor. Details concerning acceptable overall stability checks for a particular gin pole arrangement are provided in Section 1.3 of ANNEX B entitled Gin Pole Overall Stability Check. 5.4 Connections

5.4.1 Bolts Bolts and/or threaded rods shall comply with ASTM Reference Table 1-C in the AISC Allowable Stress Design manual 9th edition, and also as referenced in the AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design manual 2nd edition. ASTM A36 threaded rods and ASTM A307 bolts shall not be used unless specifically accepted for such use by the engineer. Bolts or threaded rods with tensile strengths of 150 KSI or greater (such as A490 bolts) shall not be hot-dip (or mechanically) galvanized. 5.4.2 Nut Locking Bolts, unless fully tensioned in accordance with AISC requirements, shall be provided with a nut-locking device. 5.4.3 Bearing Type Connections Bolts tightened to a snug-tight condition are permissible for use in bearing-type connections. Bearing-type connections shall not be used with oversize or slotted holes. 5.4.4 Minimum Connection Tension Capacity The connections at ends of tension or compression members shall have sufficient tensile capacity to develop the force due to the design load, but not be less than 50% of the members compression capacity.

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5.4.5 Re-Use of Gin Pole Bolts If bolts are to be reused for gin pole connections in the field, the following criteria shall be met: a. Bolts, or threaded rods, to be used more than once shall be of black iron steel (non-galvanized). Acceptable materials are ASTM A325 and A449. Other materials may be reused for fasteners upon the approval of the engineer, who shall describe an acceptable method for bolt reuse based upon materials specified. b. Bearing stress on the projected area of the bolt and its connection material shall be limited to the criteria for the design of bearing for pin-connected members in accordance with AISC Specifications. c. Bolts shall be provided with suitable locking devices that do not damage the threads when in use or when nuts are removed. d. Bolts shall be checked each time they are to be reused by a hand-threading test. This shall be accomplished by running the nut up and down the entire length of bolt threads by hand. If nuts cannot be easily run throughout the threaded length, the bolt shall not be reused. This test is required as a specific field test to determine if bolts or nuts have yielded from previous tightening or loading. e. Bolts shall be limited to torque values which would not produce tensile strength stress values in excess 40% of the bolts ultimate strength (48,000 psi for A325 bolts up to 1 inch in diameter). The following chart provides estimated torque conditions for well-lubricated assemblies. However; it is the responsibility of the user to verify, by an appropriate AISC defined method, bolt torques for the actual application. Size 7/8 1 1 1/8 Above 1 1/8 A325 Bolt Torque (Ft.-Lbs.) 100 175 250 325 350 (or, a reasonable physical limit for field tightening)

Note: It is the intent of this standard not to allow reuse of bolts less than inch in diameter. If a bolt smaller than inch is to be reuesd the engineer must specify an appropriate procedure and test for reuse. 5.4.6 Welding Welded connections shall conform to the design requirements of the American Welding Society Structural Welding Code Steel AWS D1.1-2000.

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6.0 RIGGING EQUIPMENT

6.1 Scope This section outlines the requirements for equipment associated with a lifting operation and common equipment used to attach the gin pole to the tower. 6.2 Rigging Equipment Strength Requirements The following safe working load limits shall be applied for gin pole lifts: a. Moving Equipment: Wire rope, sheaves, rotating rooster heads, blocks, etc., used in the gin pole lifting process shall meet the manufacturers safe working load limits. In addition, and for clarification, each component shall have a nominal breaking strength of no less than five (5) times the static load applied. Adequate consideration for inefficiencies such as end fitting losses, frictional losses, etc., shall be considered. b. Attachments: Wire rope slings, chains, shackles, turnbuckles, links, hooks, etc. used to attach the gin pole to the tower and/or to attach loads to lifting or tagging lines shall not exceed the manufacturers safe working load limits. In addition, each individual component, as well as an attachment assembly, shall have a nominal breaking strength of no less than five (5) times the static load applied. End fitting losses and actual positioning of connecting parts shall be taken into consideration. c. Gin Pole Attachment Points: Lugs or other devices for lifting or attaching the gin pole in position shall be designed with load and resistance factors, or factors of safety, as specified in clauses 3.3.2.1 and 3.3.2.2. d. Lifting Personnel: The load factors and factors of safety referenced in this standard are for lifting of loads only. If personnel are to be lifted by a gin pole and its associated equipment, the complete unit capacity shall be reduced by one half.

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6.3 Daily Inspection All rigging equipment (cables, slings, shackles, hooks, sockets, etc.), shall be inspected daily before use. Defective equipment shall be removed from service. 6.4 Wire Rope Requirements Wire rope used for rigging shall be as follows: a. b. Have a steel wire rope core, The sheave groves in the rooster head and hoisting blocks shall be compatible with the size of wire rope being used, The sheave and block diameter shall be of the proper size as referenced by the wire rope manufacturer with a minimum of 18:1 ratio.

c.

6.5 Wire Rope End Connections End connections shall be terminated per industry and manufacturer specification such that: a. Wedge sockets shall have a minimum tail length of one rope lay with a properly torqued clip attached to prevent accidental disengagement. Flemish eyes (Molly Hogan) shall contain appropriate heavy-duty thimbles and have a minimum tail length of one rope lay secured with a properly torqued clip at its end.

b.

c. Basket slings shall have heavy-duty thimbles in the eyes. An appropriate percentage of strength reduction for wire ropes shall be taken into consideration based upon the end connection type. 6.6 Chains Only alloy chains marked with an 8, T or A, rated for lifting shall be used. 6.7 Hooks and Shackles Only quenched and tempered hooks, shackles, etc. shall be used. The manufacturers load rating shall be stamped on the product. 6.8 Rooster Head The design for the rooster head assembly shall be for the load combinations specified in 3.3.2.1 and 3.3.2.2, along with the following system component considerations: a. The strength capacity of the sheave assembly shall equal or exceed the strength capacity of the wire rope to be used with the sheave. The sheave manufacturer shall be consulted for the type of bearing to be used depending on the intended load lift weight and line speed. 17
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b. The pin holding the sheave shall be designed with strength capacity to equal or exceed the maximum strength capacity of the wire rope to be used with the sheave. If hardening of the pin is desired for improved wear, only the surface shall be hardened. The main body of the pin shall remain in a ductile condition. The bearing for turning the rooster head at the top of the pole shall meet or exceed the requirements of the Specification for Offshore Cranes, API 2C, Section 8 for Swing Mechanisms.

c.

7.0

Load Chart

7.1 Scope This section outlines information to be included in gin pole load capacity charts, and covers special engineering lift considerations. 7.2 Standard Gin Pole Chart A gin pole chart shall be provided for each pole. Sample charts are provided in Figures 7-1 and 7-2. Gin Pole charts shall contain the following information at a minimum: 1. Identification number or other reference. 2. Gin Pole Description. 3. Overall gin pole length (L). 4. Lifting capacities based on gross load. 5. Cantilever projection (La) of 20%, 30%, and 40% of the gin pole length. 6. Supported in two locations. 7. Load line through the pole not held from horizontal movement (consider as not tied). 8. Load line angle theta () considered at a minimum of 3 degrees from the vertical. 9. Type of tag being used. 10. Straight tag or trolley line angle at grade alpha () at 60 degrees from the horizontal. 11. Trolley tag line angle gamma () attached at pole, usually taken at 2 degrees greater than load line angle. 12. A 30 mph effective wind speed at the elevation of the gin pole. 13. Reaction forces at gin pole attachment points. 14. A table to convert degrees to a field measurement. 15. A warning that the load chart is for lifting loads, and instructions to reduce the safe lifting capacity by one half when lifting personnel. Note: L, La, , , and are described in Figures 3.1, 3.2, 7.1 and 7.2. Capacities shall include the weight of the gross load, which shall be clearly defined on the chart.

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7.3 Special Engineered Lift It is the intent of this standard for lifts to be within the ratings allowed in the Load Chart as defined by this standard. Any lift or lifting to be allowed on a special basis, which is not specified in standard gin pole load charts shall only be allowed at the direction of a qualified engineer. The following is a list of conditions in which the engineer may allow lifts within the parameters of a Special Engineered Lift condition: a. Lifts which allow an increased gin pole capacity by calculating load line angles (theta ?) that are less than 3 degrees shall be considered special. In general this 3-degree load line angle considers a rooster head sheave which allows the load line, when vertical, to clear the gin pole sides by only a few inches. In the case of extended rooster heads, which extend the load line several inches out from the gin pole edge, the engineer shall specify the minimum allowable load line angle to be used in standard gin pole charts. If capacities are increased above these charted values by use of lower load line angles, Special Engineered Lift procedures shall apply. b. Lifts, which can qualify for higher gin pole capacities than charted values due to, increased stiffness of structures in which the gin pole is mounted to, and/or additional gin pole supports to the structure, such as proper mid-level supports provided between the bridle and basket attachments locations. c. Lifts, which can qualify for higher gin pole capacities than charted values due to horizontally restraining of the load line as it passes from the rooster down through the pole. d. Other arrangements of additional support for the gin pole that will allow improved lifting capacities above charted values can constitute a Special Engineered Lift condition. All applicable strength factors, impact factors and factors of safety as detailed in this standard must be met in order to allow improved lifting capacities. The complete procedure shall be approved by a qualified engineer with specific instructions provided to the user. 7.3.1 Field Monitoring and Measuring Requirements Special monitoring and measuring conditions, as specified by the engineer, shall be provided and used in the field during all Special Engineered Lifts. Examples of items to consider for field monitoring during special engineering lifts are; monitoring of gin pole support conditions, lifted weights, load line and tag line forces, load line and tag line angles (usually converted to allowable and controllable distances of movement from the no load condition), wind conditions, gin pole deflections and mounting structure deflections

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8.0 MANUFACTURING

8.1 Scope This section outlines the structural steel material requirements, specifications, and corrosion control applicable for gin pole structures.

fabrication

8.2 Steel Structural steels applicable for gin poles shall conform to one of the steel materials listed in Table 1-1 of AISC-LRFD-95, or in Table 1-1 of AISC Hollow Structural Sections Connections Manual- 1997 unless otherwise specified by the engineer. 8.3 Test Reports Certified mill test reports conforming to ASTM A6 or A568, as applicable, shall be provided to the purchaser to verify steel used in construction of new gin poles. 8.4 Fabrication Fabrication shall be in accordance with AISC-LRFD-95 Chapter M and welding shall conform to fabrication procedures of the American Welding Society Structural Welding Code Steel AWS D1.1-2000. 8.5 Straightness The gin pole shall be manufactured within straightness requirements specified. Straightness requirements shall be met for the individual members of the pole as well as for the overall assembled length. The overall assembled length, and/or individual member lengths, shall not deviate from straightness by more than one part in five hundred (1/500), but not more stringent than 1/16(1.5mm) over the members length. 8.6 Finish Gin poles that are not galvanized should be painted with a matte finish to prevent corrosion. Galvanized gin poles shall be hot dipped galvanized in accordance with ASTM 123 unless otherwise specified by an engineer. 8.7 Identification Markings for Gin Poles shall be as follows: 1. Each gin pole shall be permanently marked with an identification number that references a specific load chart, 2. For proper assembly, each section of the gin pole shall be marked in a specified sequence.

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9.0 INSPECTION

9.1 Field Tolerances The designer/engineer specified straightness tolerances shall be used for inspection. 9.2 General Items for Gin Pole Inspection A detailed visual inspection by a competent person shall be completed covering at a minimum the following items: a) Kinked, deformed or bent structural members. b) Welds shall be visually inspected for quality, deformation, cracks and rust. c) Check members for rust or pitting or loss of cross sectional area. d) Check sling attachment points for distortion, wear, cracks and rust. e) Ensure that proper splice bolts are utilized and associated hardware is in good condition. When re-using bolts, confirm that the bolts are in good condition as specified by this standard. f) Check rooster head side plates for distortion or damage, and bearings for proper lubrication and movement. g) Ensure proper section order and placement. h) Inspect all attachment hardware, including rigging. 9.3 Minimum Inspection Frequency Minimum inspection criteria for gin poles shall include the following: a) A detailed written inspection annually, or within one year prior to being placed in service, shall be preformed and kept on file. b) A general visual inspection during assembly prior to use on a specific project shall be made. c) After any abnormal occurrences a complete and thorough inspection shall be made. 10.0 Repair and Modification The modification or repairs of a gin pole shall be made with like or similar materials to meet or exceed the original specifications.

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Section 11.0 Reference Examples and Figures

Fig 2-1

Fig 2-2 22
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Straight Tag Trolley Tag

Fig 2-3

Basket Slings 45 deg.

Bridle Slings 45 deg.

Fig 2.4

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Fig 3-1

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Fig. 3-2

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Fig 7-1

Fig 7-2 26
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ANNEX A Procurement and User Guidelines The individual or entity desiring to purchase a gin pole for use in constructing antennas, antenna towers, or antenna support structures must have the proper knowledge, experience and ability to understand the proper use and procedures of the gin pole. Designers of gin poles or persons charged with evaluating gin poles for specific uses must rely on the end user to develop the different configurations and ultimately the intended use and capacity of the gin pole. The following list was created to aid in this consideration. It is not an exhaustive list of conditions, but is intended to provide guidance in the type of considerations to be included when specifying a gin pole. 1. Determine the maximum lifting capacity under which the gin pole will be used, based upon Section 3.2. 2. Specify the maximum cantilever height above the bridle with its associated gross load capacity. 3. Specify the increments of cantilever height needed on the load chart. 4. Indicate the normal operating condition under which the gin pole will be used. 5. If a higher wind speed than 30 mph is required, it shall be specified. 6. Specify the type of finished coating you want on the pole, a shop-applied coat of primer paint or a greater protection in galvanizing. 7. Under certain conditions section splice bolts can be reused: Specify if you intend to replace the section splice bolts after each use or if you want to reuse the bolts. 8. Specify method of tag to be used with the gin pole. If a trolley tag is selected its attachment location on the gin pole shall be specified. 9. Specify the size and strength of load line and jump line to be used. 10. Specify the number of parts in the load line to be used. 11. Indicate the maximum lowest temperature condition the pole may be used in. Purchasers should specify the toughness of steel and special welding procedures, including heat-treatment if required, to be used for structural members in new poles. This shall be based on the lowest anticipated service temperature in which the pole will be used.

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ANNEX B: Guide for Engineering Design 1.0 Scope

1.1 History The design and development of steel gin poles for tower erection has evolved from a combination of sound engineering principles, judgment, and erection experience, but has been without the benefit of uniform design standards. The current available design specifications, developed primarily for buildings, bridges and towers do not address themselves to the unique problems of tower gin pole design. The following two standards, AISC Guide for the Analysis of Guy and Stiffleg Derricks 1974, and the Specification for Offshore Cranes, API Specification 2C Fifth Edition, April 1995, are specialized standards offering guidelines for design and use of derrick and offshore cranes. While many aspects of these standards and guides are relevant for tower erection gin poles, they do not fully address all concerns unique to tower gin pole support and loading conditions. 1.2 Research The Gin Pole Committee has completed specific research and testing work directly related to vertical positioned gin poles. This annex is a review of relevant findings and is intended to be an engineering guide for designing and analyzing gin poles. This guide is limited to the design of tower erection gin poles used in the vertical, or near vertical, position. It contains what the committee believes to be acceptable engineering methods for gin pole design for the development of load chart capacities, and for Special Engineered Lifts. 2.0 Gin Pole Capacity In evaluating safe and reliable gin pole capacity, the gin pole analytical response to loading, its member analytical capacity and its overall stability need to be considered. Acceptable criteria for evaluation of each of these items are provided below.

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2.1 Gin Pole Analytical Response

The minimum acceptable models of analysis for prediction of a gin pole configurations structural response to loading are: 2.1.1 An elastic beam-column model producing moments, shears and axial forces in the pole considering 2nd order (P-delta) effects by one of the following methods: a. A second order (P-delta) computer analysis with enough cycles to assure a stable response of the deflected pole under load. b. A first order analysis with AISC prediction for 2nd order effects (moment magnification). In using this method a prediction of the overall gin pole critical load capacity is required. The overall gin pole effective length factor K, this calculation shall be taken from Section 5.3.2 in this Standard or from Chart B-1. 2.1.2 An elastic 3-dimensional truss model made up of straight members, pinned connected at joints, producing only axial forces in the members. This shall be a second order (P-delta) analysis with enough cycles to assure a stable response of the deflected pole under load. 2.1.3 An elastic 3-dimensional frame-truss model where continuous chord (leg) members of the gin pole are modeled as 3-D beam elements, producing both moments and axial forces, while bracing members may be modeled as 3-D truss elements. This shall be a second order (P-delta) analysis with enough cycles to assure a stable response of the deflected pole under load. 2.2 Gin Pole Analytical Capacity of Individual Members 2.2.1 Individual member capacity of the gin pole shall be determined by an evaluation in accordance with Section 5.0 of this Standard. In addition the following shall apply: a. For a first order beam-column model analysis, Annex B Section 1.1.1, individual member forces will be computed by statics from knowledge of the moments, axial forces and shear forces at any point in the gin pole mast. For the analysis model described in Annex B Section 1.1.1.b the forces in the gin pole chords (legs) shall be computed using the magnified moment as determined in the moment magnification computation.

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2.3 Gin Pole Overall Stability Check Based upon research and testing it has been found that it is difficult to model all of the variables that influence the overall stability of the gin pole system. For this reason an overall stability check is required. 2.3.1 For all analysis methods, an acceptable check to satisfy the overall stability requirement will be to verify that the gin pole as a unit can satisfy the combined stress provisions in Chapter H in the AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Manual - LRFD 2nd Edition; Or, provisions in Chapter H in the AISC Allowable Stress Design Manual - ASD 9th Edition. For this stability check the maximum overall pole moment, usually at the bridle, and its associated axially loading shall be used. For these computations the following provisions shall apply: a. The overall gin pole effective length factor K, for use in the appropriate equations of these provisions shall be taken from Section 5.3.2 in this Standard or from Chart B-1. b. The coefficient applied to the bending term in the interaction equation Cm, shall be unity. (Cm = 1.0) c. For the LRFD method, the nominal flexure strength F Mn shall be taken as the moment in the section which will develop the nominal compressive strength F Pn of the chord (leg) member between bracing points, with a F of 0.85. d. For the ASD method the allowable bending stress Fb shall be equal to the allowable compressive stress Fa in one chord (leg) member between bracing points. e. The moment of inertia I of the gin pole cross section shall be taken from the centroid of the gin pole chords (legs), and section modulus S = I/c shall be computed with c being the distance from the center the gin pole to the centroid of the chord (leg) members. f. Consideration for loading across the pole shall be given in the direction which will put one chord (leg) member in its highest potential compressive and/or tension loading. Both Mn and S shall consider the worse case direction of loading for the gin pole section. g. A gin pole may not be symmetrical in its cross sectional geometry or have equal strength chord (leg) members. Members may change in size through the gin pole and the pole may be tapered in one or more sections. If these, or similar, conditions exist appropriate consideration shall be given in calculations for determining I (moment of inertia), S (section modulus), A (cross sectional leg area) and r (radius of gyration) for use in AISC strength equations. 30
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3.0 Gin Pole Overall Effective Length Factor K A slender column, including a slender lattice column, can become unstable under axial compressive loading prior to any single member in the column reaching its yield strength limit. Once this instability occurs the gin pole system can be subjected to large lateral deflections. This condition can result in overstressed members and ultimately collapse. The problem is in correctly predicting this potential unstable condition, which in turn will be used to establish allowable lift loads with appropriate margins of safety. The Gin Pole Committees research included a combination of theoretical evaluations with computer models, with both small scale and full scale gin pole load testing. The research work included calculating and verifying the critical load capacity, Ncr, and the buckling mode shapes of a straight vertical gin pole with a pinned support at its base and either one lateral support above the base or with two lateral supports above the base support. From knowledge of the critical load capacity the effective length factor K, can be calculated. Due to past gin pole engineering practices it was decided to base this K value over the cantilever projected length of the gin pole configuration. The following information in this sub-section results from this research work and details the required method of selecting the overall gin pole effective length factor K, for a particular gin pole arrangement. 3.1 The critical load capacity of a gin pole configuration must be determined by considering the following conditions: a. The structural relevant properties of the gin pole: I, A, and E b. The critical lengths of a gin pole: L, La, and Lb (see Figs. 3-1 and 3-2) c. The number and position of gin pole supports. d. The spring stiffness of the gin pole supports. e. The load line, if restrained from lateral movement at a location at or below the bridle down to the basket region, or if considered as unrestrained In order to determine the appropriate effective length factor K, for the overall gin pole structure, the following dimensionless ratio must be estimated: a) kL^3/EI

3.2

k = spring stiffness of the tower or structure the pole is mounted to (kip/inch) L = overall length of the gin pole from basket attachment to its top (feet) E = modulus of elasticity of the gin pole chord steel (kip/square inch) I = overall moment of inertia of the gin pole cross section (inches^4)

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3.3 In determining the spring constant k one of the following two methods is recommended: a. Calculate the relative horizontal deflection of the tower, or other supporting structure, between the bridle and basket location by applying a horizontal load at its bridle location. Calculate a spring constant by dividing this bridle applied horizontal load in kips, by the calculated relative deflection between the bridle and basket, in inches (kips/inch). b. Calculate k from field measured data under the direction of an engineer by using a tag line with a tension determining device connected at the bridle location on the tower. Measurements may be taken from the ground with a transit and recording the deflections at the intended bridle and basket locations with the engineers specified applied loadings. The spring constant can be calculated by dividing the horizontal load applied at the bridle in kips, by the calculated relative deflection between the bridle and basket, in inches, (kips/inch). 3.4 The gin pole overall effective length factor, K, shall be determined from Chart B1. If more than three parts are used in the load line the portion of Chart B-1 which does not consider the load line as being a support shall be used. In selecting a gin pole overall effective length factor K, from the charts, the following nomenclature is used: a) 2 Supports A gin pole only supported at the basket and the bridle. b) 3 Supports A gin pole supported at the basket, at the bridle, and at/or near the mid-point between the bridle and the basket. c) Load Line Tied Considers that the load line running down through the middle of the gin pole is restrained from moving in the lateral (horizontal to the ground) direction during the lift, and in particular when the top of the gin pole begins to deflect laterally during a lift.

3.5

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4.0 4.1 Gin Pole Lift Considerations It is critical that the engineer and user of the gin pole system have a clear understanding of the method in which the gin pole will be used, including its attachment method and exact loading conditions for a particular lifting arrangement. The following, while not all-inclusive, are items for consideration in regards to the preparation of a free body diagram for a particular lift arrangement. a) The free body diagrams in Fig 3-1 & 3-2 display typical forces and reactions for gin pole lifts with two specific mounting arrangements. They do not relieve the engineer and/or the user from the responsibility of accounting for all loads, forces, and reactions associated with a particular gin pole lifting arrangement. b) The load line angle, theta - T , is considered as the angle the load line makes from the vertical in the no load position. This angle shall be converted into a horizontal distance at the bridle and at grade. The load line shall not exceed this horizontal distance as the load is lifted. When the gin pole deflects under load, the load line angle will decrease as long as the load line is maintained within the above described distance from the no load position. It is the intent of this standard to limit the load line within the horizontal distances calculated from the no load condition. c) The angle from true vertical the load line makes from the back side of the rooster head sheave shall be taken as the angle between the vertical and a straight line from the rooster head sheave down to the sheave block where it returns to the load line winch unless there is a positive means to support the load line as it runs through the bridle and basket area of the pole. Then, this load line angle can be considered a straight line between the back side of the rooster head sheave down to this fixed horizontal support. d) The position of the basket support is typically off-centered, located on one side of the gin pole. In relation to a centered basket support condition this offset support can produce loading on the pole which can reduce the deflection of the pole top in the direction away from the basket connected side, and increase the deflection of the pole top on the basket connected side. The additional second order effects of increased pole deflection shall be considered in the strength evaluations of a particular lifting arrangement. It is recommended that the engineer provide the user the calculated tip deflection at the top of the gin pole under a specific lift condition. This can be helpful in verification that loads are as the chart ratings intend, and shall be considered essential for field monitoring of a Special Engineering Lift.

4.2

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Chart B-1
Cantilever 20% of Total Gin Pole Length kL/EI 2 3 Supports Supports 2 Supports Load Line Tied 3 Supports Load Line Tied

50 100 200 400 800

5.37 5.31 5.29 5.28 5.27

5.00 4.53 4.07 3.72 3.50

1 Part 5.16 5.15 5.14 5.14 5.13

2 Part 5.22 5.20 5.19 5.19 5.18

3 Part 5.26 5.23 5.22 5.21 5.20

1 Part 4.65 4.24 3.83 3.51 3.33

2 Part 4.76 4.34 3.91 3.58 3.39

3 Part 4.82 4.38 3.95 3.61 3.42

Cantilever 30% of Total Gin Pole Length kL/EI 2 3 Supports Supports 2 Supports Load Line Tied 3 Supports Load Line Tied

50 100 200 400 800

3.93 3.84 3.80 3.78 3.77

3.85 3.58 3.31 3.08 2.92

1 Part 3.60 3.58 3.57 3.56 3.56

2 Part 3.70 3.66 3.64 3.63 3.63

3 Part 3.76 3.70 3.68 3.67 3.66

1 Part 3.45 3.24 3.02 2.83 2.69

2 Part 3.58 3.35 3.12 2.91 2.77

3 Part 3.66 3.41 3.17 2.96 2.80

Cantilever 40% of Total Gin Pole Length kL/EI 2 3 Supports Supports 2 Supports Load Line Tied 3 Supports Load Line Tied

50 100 200 400 800

3.31 3.18 3.13 3.10 3.09

3.30 3.11 2.94 2.78 2.65

1 Part 2.88 2.84 2.82 2.81 2.80

2 Part 3.02 2.95 2.92 2.91 2.90

3 Part 3.09 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.95

1 Part 2.85 2.73 2.60 2.48 2.37

2 Part 3.00 2.85 2.72 2.58 2.47

3 Part 3.07 2.92 2.77 2.63 2.51

Cantilever 50% of Total Gin Pole Length kL/EI 2 3 Supports Supports 2 Supports Load Line Tied 3 Supports Load Line Tied

50 100 200 400 800

3.00 2.84 2.76 2.73 2.71

3.00 2.83 2.70 2.59 2.49

1 Part 2.49 2.43 2.40 2.39 2.38

2 Part 2.66 2.57 2.52 2.50 2.49

3 Part 2.75 2.64 2.58 2.56 2.55

1 Part 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.25 2.18

2 Part 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.37 2.28

3 Part 2.75 2.62 2.52 2.43 2.34

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Evaluation of Existing Poles 1.0 Scope The purpose of this section is to provide guidelines to develop the basic information necessary from an owner to an engineer to complete an analysis on an existing gin pole to develop a gin pole load chart. If possible this information should come from the original design or fabrication plans when available. If some or all of this information is not provided, then a procedure acceptable to the engineer shall be used to collect this data. The following criteria are suggested for qualifying a gin pole. 2.0 Data for Engineering Evaluation and File Documentation: The following is a list of items to cover when evaluating a pole and providing specific data for a gin pole chart. 2.0.1 Provide sketches of each gin pole section, showing length, cross section shape, face widths, type of structural shapes, and bracing patterns. An overall sketch of all sections bolted together, with section markings, should also be provided. 2.0.2 The dimensions of individual leg and bracing members, including thickness, grade and yield strength of steel, with verification of its authenticity, if available, should be specified. 2.0.3 Specific details of all welded connections should be provided. Sketches with AWS weld symbols are helpful. As an alternative to exact weld symbols, dimensions of weld leg sizes along with their lengths can be given.

Typical Welds

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2.0.4 A description of the attachment plates, with their location in reference to the overall pole length, along with their width, length and thickness should be provided. This information is necessary to describe how the gin pole will be attached to a supporting structure. 2.0.5 If the gin pole has a track, similar sketches and details for the track and its proposed rigging arrangement should be provided as described above for the gin pole. 2.0.6 Section connections should be shown in detail with size and grade of bolts, bolt hole diameters, end and edge distances, bolt spacing, steel thickness and grade of material being bolted together. 2.0.7 Full details of the rooster head should be provided giving the grade of steel and weld descriptions for the side plates, base flange and reinforcing gussets. A sketch showing pertinent details should be provided. Bolted connection details including the grade of bolts should be provided. 2.0.8 Design details for sheaves and bearings should be provided, including the manufacturers model and serial numbers, along with safe working load capacities if available. 2.0.9 Sketches C-1 and C-2 are example forms that could be used to accumulate data for a gin pole analysis.

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Evaluation of a Triangular Pole

Evaluation of a Square Pole

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3.0 Written Inspection Report for Gin Pole: A gin pole inspection report covering the items described in Section 9.0 of this standard should be included with the design data. The records of the inspected items should be provided to the engineer, including details of any discrepancies found. Pictures of gin pole sections along with specific items in question should be submitted with this report. 4.0 Independent Inspection By a Qualified Firm: It is recommended to have an existing gin pole inspected by an independent nondestructive inspection firm. Below is a list of items to consider for this type of inspection: 4.0.1 A visual inspection should be completed by a competent welding inspector. If improper welds or cracks are found magnetic particle testing, dye penetrant testing or ultrasonic testing of welds may be necessary for further verification. 4.0.2 If steel chemistry is in question, a spectrometer can be used to determine basic compounds in the steel. Spark testing can be used to get an estimate of carbon percentages in the steel. If directed by the testing professionals and approved by the engineer, removal of specific coupons for more exact material verification can be arranged. 4.0.3 Hardness testing of the welds, their heat affected zones, and the base metal is recommended to verify that unusual and/or undesirable conditions are not present. The inspection and testing needs will be different for each individual gin pole. The above documentation is not intended to be an exhaustive list of items to be covered and is only a guideline. The type of testing necessary should be determined and directed by the professional engineer completing the analysis.

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