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'

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rt

>
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rt

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.c

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*-

S-l

is

k
rt

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<*go

ti

preface.
Bann gwit ban
>

Uscleir,

bannach ban

leveir

Tal.

T" "WUGH LUPUS,

THE FAT EARL OF CHESTER,

L
M
f%

mm

M
I

& Hugh
of 1098.

the Proud, earl of Shrewsbury, led a joint

expedition against Griffy5 ap

Kynan in the summer They overran the north-eastern part of

'

I
m

Anglesey, ravaging the land, and pressing

villeins
'

ninety
'

into their service.

They returned

for

^s^

to the Castle of Aber Lleinog, and " out of vainglory " Hugh the Proud gave a feast. The revelry
rest
'

went on through the night, but at peep of day a band of by the flowing tide was seen to emerge out of the morning mist, and to be bearing down on the Rhyn coast. Hugh the Proud & his retinue, armed and a-horse, rushed to the shore and advanced into the waters. A fierce battle ensued, first in the shallows and then on the great Strand of Aber Lleinog. Hugh the Proud and most of his men fell Hugh the Fat and the remnants fled across the Menei and Mon was saved for the Kymry by the hardihood of Magnus, King of Norway, who captained the sea-rovers. This was the Battle of the Strand, the Cat traeth commemorated in our text.* Great events sire great songs, and this event was great in its consequences. It restored to Gwyne5 its glorious line of warrior princes, and practically put an end to Saxon encroachments across the Clwyd. Nothing, then, could be more natural than that Magnus should loom large in our earliest poetry which refers to him as the
sea-rovers, borne
;

a.

Detailed references are given in the Introduction and Notes for

the above statements.

'

terrible smiter,'^

who crushed

the expedition of the earls,

protected Mon, and befriended GriffyS ap Cynan.

strange to say, his very

And

yet

Munc,

or

Mwng c
this

is

name has been corrupted, and as unknown in the land he delivered.

very ignorance of his disguise that gave birth to the talk about 'sixth century Welsh literature,' and still fosters the farrago which this colossal folly propagates. The very authority quoted in its support is its death-warrant, as we shall immediately see. The wide-eyed attention of the reader is invited to the Facsimiled from Harleian MS. 3859. There are four unrelated paragraphs, and the first letter in every paragraph is wanting. Scribes were wont to leave a space for a large coloured initial with every change of subject, and to indicate in the margin e by a minute letter the one omitted. These minute index letters served to guide the rubricator, whose work it was to fill the blanks. But the Fascimile exhibits neither a rubric nor a marginal index letter, as we can verify by examination.
it

And

was

Let us note further that every paragraph begins with a man's name, followed by words which enable us to identify the four persons named.
i.

(31)

da

filius

Eobba
tigirn
.

tenuit regiones
.
.

.... Umbri

dimicabat contra gentem Anglorum Hi. (JBl)ailcunus magnus rex apud Brittones regnabat iv. (a)dda filius Ida regnavit annis octo
ii.

(ifi)unc

du

Here the scribe and rubricator have

letter missing in
b.

left

us to guess the

every instance./
:

If

then

we

are dealing

Aneirin 4-6=42. See B.B.C., 93I-6, 108-5 c. For the varying orthography of this name see Index. Note that u in Munc has the sound of u in bull, & like Norman lone from longus the c has the sound of g. Munc was pronounced Mwng. d. We have to thank the Cymmrodorion Society and the intercession of Sir Vincent Evans for the loan of the plate of this Facsimile. e. See the margins of the Facsimile of the Book of Aneirin. /. The T in Tunc is a guess pure & simple. There is no T in the MS.
'
'
'

'

vi.

dcu4CU>MC e<MU'

d4

ftlCc&Ua. ccntuc f^oncrmftmftjiifc yaxxc

dtiodret'-

otuncxir dtnajuaj'-rdi afuut"e/>eiY><:

utic

ducx^m-itnUoxcmpoix: fvrac'dorijca

taca<fucn inj'ocmacc ciaruirctnetrtnce-cdUcffvh- cfctucM>ard ot cian ofut uocac^q^ue wick <<u4uc-fintui uno cxnporC'in|?o^m4" cc T>ncccmma> claruei^

ailcimuOnat^iY^ujAmcTOncrrcgna; (mc- id* interim* Qrumcdavp quia *xtr

cnuu\Ui\dr <uri*d a<r. tufiluffuif- cruopl iiut- occa crac- ucncrac yuyacydrxc. n r mftwli ]dr dcrccponc cfucivocdo tnamt(Tturc^dtn ccndT ofu<idm<rincd\ fi^c.dnrnf
!

*dncc+fii*i tiiattcun rcgriarcir. ofcfcoccar cti'ii^tiafTim^t cladc eyputcr afc \fhfrc r

<ri<mU>;cfcirufqiia

rcuYlfUnc \zcnvj.dhii

Hotric fUi"<Jd<Ja
4-itnrf

anmV Jcoric.fili'ida.

remiautr cfuatcujyv rc&iAuivfept&

friodol^ualij rnrTtautt? 1"<^

nix ff<l> rccpraiw *nrnr*epc^ <^or\*x-2Lx\* I oftxwavaiav rcapTurbyoGti' a) iicfcrck

hct* ctflTuaKane*

octnor^nc: SiJimt<4u<rr^
.

D co d rtc font^M-tUT ur6^m* eu'fiCtirdfmi^

<*iaando h<?fcf> ti c &itefiiinti&tm? <fc if > {fc.wnctaficceof*ct^6; d^c6; ^ criksridcafr;

i*A^tyxi\&\t^ipifetfa

Facsimile of

fol.

188

1
',

II.

To face p. vi. 1-39 of the Brit. Mus. Harl. MS. 3859.

with an unfamiliar word, especially with a proper name unknown to us, and do not understand the context we are

more

liable to go wrong than right. This has been the case with the second paragraph, which follows in full.

(J5l)unc*

du

tigirn in illo*

tempore

fortiter dimica-

bat* contra gentem Anglorum.

tat

Tunc Talhaern
Neirin.

aguen in poemate

claruit.

&

&

Ta-

liessin.

&

bluchbard, w

&
uno*

Cian
-

qui vocatur gue-

nith

guaut.

Simul

in

tempore

poemate

Brittannico claruerunt.

Mwng,

the

Black King, in his 1* time kept bravely struggling!

with the Anglian race.

Talhaeam, Father of the Muse, was

in those days renowned in poetry,

&

Neirin,

&

Taliesin,

&

Llwchvarln & Cinan who is called the Flower of song. They shone together at one r time in Britannic poetry.
Seemingly no editor of the printed texts has ever heard of
Nennian Additamenta) the Saxones ambronum for scribe who writes a for u is capable of writing u for a, and likely to do so. If Munc is not the same person as Magnus, there have been two leaders who played identical parts in the same places on the same occasions against the same adversaries, and both were drowned in 1103. See nn. c, u. k. According to Lewis & Short Ille, a, ud is used pleonastically referring back to the subject already in the same sentence,' as here. The fact that classical writers used illo in its pleonastic sense raises a presumption in favour of later writers doing so. See note u.
i.

Note that

in the

same MS.

(62 of the

scribe,

who wrote Mwnc, app. wrote also umbronum = the Northumbrians. The

(57)

'

'

'

I.

Note the use

;

of the imperfect.

The

struggle lasted five years.

m. Magnus fought against the earl of Chester & the earl of Shrewsbury he slew the latter, & kept a firm hand on the former, 19-4=66. n. Note that in the facsimile the b( of faluchbard have been elongated upward by another hand suggesting Li the h is also slightly touched as if by mistake, and the second b approximates b. See Introduction, p. xxxi., xliii. 0. Cian Clan=Cinan (see Index).
; :

r.

The bards were contemporaries, though

Taliesin

was younger.

Munc's death and Taliesin's birth were not far apart.

vii.

and no commentator has ever had an inkling of .1/unc what the correct reading should be. s (7)unc they know, and (T)unc they print. But who has seen fresh matter introduced by Tunc, or two consecutive sentences begin with
;
' '

? Tunc Magnus is in the Book of Aneirin, 10/12, where he appears as Mane i.e. Mang, and all the facts This is of history point to Mane being the correct reading. confirmed by the epithet du tigirn, which means Black King,* niger rex. Norsemen are called Black Heathens, Magnus of Norway gentiles nigrit in the Annales Cambrie. was the King of the Black Heathens who fought at the
. .

&unc The

earliest reference to

Battle of the Strand in 1098.

The second paragraph, written probably at Margam Abbey, u gives a precise summary of the deductions from the On internal evidence as presented in the Introduction. turning afresh to the Harley Facsimile with the blinds up & an open mind the meaning of du tigirn became transparent, & fJSunc followed in one of those flashes of insight,' which surprises and rewards the earnest worker.
'

'

'

Thus external evidence, confirmed by the internal evidence

s.

of

treuyt into
'

Owen Pughe, Silvan Evans, & Skene transliterate Mug maur Mwg mawr drevyS & translate, the great burner of towns
' ' ;

(Four or the smoke of great towns.' the great smoke of towns Ancient Books of Wales, Vol. I., 319 Vol. II., 349). I pointed out in the B.B.C. Index that Mwng was " a mighty smiter," & in the Taliesin Cp. Pen. Report, 724. Notes that he was King Magnus of Norway.
'
' ;

/.

called

Like Edward the Black Prince, the Norse King & his forces were black because of the colour of their armour. See Index s.v.
'

'

gwrym

Intro., xlii., n. 35.

Our oldest u. Important MSS. were written at Margam Abbey. MS. of Historia Brittonum was written about the end of the first quarter of the twelfth century, the A dditamenta between 1125& 1130, and Historia Regum Britannie was completed in 1134. Geoffrey of Monmouth certainly knew the Nennian MS. Had he a hand in its final form ? As regards the Additional matter I believe that he inviii.

the text,

makes the reading Munc

'

'

a certainty.
Taliesin,

And mark

LlwchvarS and (Griffy5 ap) Cinan were the contemporaries of Munc. " What then becomes of the " sixth century Welsh literature alleged to have been written by these bards, who flourished around noo and after ? The MS. has been misread & the false reading has thriven for so long a time that the minds of men have become fossilized on the subject. And however difficult it may be to discover facts in times remote from our own, it is far more difficult to convince such minds There seem to be no that the old is not always true.
well that Talhaearn,

&

Aneirin,

&

&

kind of spectacles that

'

will

help to adjust our vision to the

unaccustomed on the rutty highways of Tradition That wears out Truth's best stories into Tales.'

do with Tradition ? Nothing with the writing. All doubt and debate have arisen from misreading and misunderstanding the MS., which states that our Bards lived in the time of Magnus dudeyrn (the Black King) of Norway, d. 1103. The

But what has paragraph

.n. to

for its record synchronizes

search for Truth

is like

the search for gold

all

its

bedding

must be
Father,

sifted

&

the unprofitable matter

to his son,

washed away.

Rise, said the

'

Lark

Rise high with

me

to the blue.
'

the higher

we soar

the smaller shall

we become

Aye,

'

to those

who cannot fly.'

The future

lies

with the true.

spired, if he did not compile it. The sandwiching of the Munc paragraph, with its in illo tempore,' between Ida and Mailcunus is very characteristic of the Geoffrey method, which was to father the actions It seems clear that the Mane of one age upon the actors of another. of Aneirin was changed to Mwnc for the purpose of identifying him with Munghu, the pet name of Kentigern, who was invited by Maelgwn's father to his dominion (c. 560-573). The time fits exactly the place of paragraph **. Here is a straw for Tradition to clutch The facts however do not fit, Mane was a black king,' Munc at. was a bishop Mane fought the Angles, Munc ran away from them. The change of a to u is a classic example of suggestio falsi, and of the
'

'

ix.

Here I would like to pause in order to ask students to examine the Variant Versions (pp. ioi-6), & List of Scribal Errors (pp. 107-120) before they proceed to the fuller Aneirin in the discussion of the date and contents of In this way the reader will have a certain Introduction. knowledge in common with the writer, a thing necessary for mutual understanding of the subjects discussed.
' '

regret

my

inability to complete the

work

in

uniform

papers.
at

The
price,

best Japanese Vellum I could not procure

leave no margin to pay printer's

even the second grade would bill from such support as I receive. The toned paper had been specially manufactured for the Welsh Texts, but the Mills could not procure

any

and the cost

of

the right materials for

making a

fresh supply.

The Manuscript
Library
is

original of tins

work

at one time

formed
that

part of the Hengwrt(-Peniarth) collection.

How

it left

Theophilus Jones (d. 1812), the historian of Breconshire, received it from a " Mr. Thomas Bacon who bought it from a person at Aberdar." It passed

not known.

Mr

next to Carnhuanawc from whose Library

it

went

to Sir
Hill
it

Thomas

Philhpps, Bart., in 1861.

From Middle

passed by purchase to the Cardiff Free Library, where it forms No. 1 of its Collection of Welsh MSS. Finally

now
it is

my pleasant duty to thank the authorities of the Cardiff Free

Library, for their ready permission to Autotype and reproduce the text of the MS., and their then Librarian for facilitating my work.

way

was cultivated at Margam Abbey, the early home William of Malmesbury=Brit. Mus. Ro3'al MS. 13 D.

Geoffrey transformed the facts of history into fiction. History of the work of
ii.

J.

Gwenogvryn Evans.

^remvan,

June, 1922.

'

Introduction*
Kyvarvuant ar herw,
37-13.

V V

f W M B
1
script,

***^^*^ ^*V ISTAKES ARE HARDY EVER-

M #
I

^ B

greens.

It is a

mistake to say

that this
the sixth

work was written in century, and it is a

mistake to father the authorship on Aneirin, which is a

questionable

name.

Our

Jt^
together.

Vw

manuscript

is

not one manu-

but two distinct collections of verse sewn Pages 1 and 25 have the rubbed, soiled appearance of outermost leaves which have served as covers to unbound books,' whereas pages 24
' ' '

and 38 are

as

unsoiled as the other inside pages.

This fact bears witness that both parts have lost

their respective final gathering, or gatherings.
'

Book

Both appear to have should therefore be Books. been copied around 1265, apparently by the same
I can detect no greater difference than there is between a heavy and a light impression of the pages of a printed book, From internal especially where the spacing varies. evidence, and the bias of the scribe our two books must have been compiled at the Abbey of Basingwerk, 2 which was founded in 1131 by Ranulf II., earl of

hand.

Leastwise

in the writing

See pages xxxviii., and

I

xlii.

2 Elsewhere

have mistakenly named Strata Marcella,

being then ignorant of the internal evidence of the text of the dialect of Basingwerk district.

&

XI.

Chester,
I

atraeth,

patron,

In order to blur the memory ol 458). with it> crushing defeat ol the house of his the scribe persistently tampers with the text.

(Lloyd,

He
is

turns

the

vanquished

into

victors,

or

omits

thing that reflects

upon Lupus and the Lupusians.

anyThis

Book I., (pp. 1-24) which is the later comWhile at work on Book 11., the scribe evidently had second thoughts, and set to work to revise the text for the later transcript, in which he paraphrases, inserts,
the case with
pilation.
'

omits, or perverts at
alike.

will. 3

He

transcribes nothing twice

To

bring this

home

to the reader the

cantos in

been reprinted together in a way that shows their variance at a glance. He who examines these,
duplicate have

and observes
disregards

their differences* will gain

some

insight into

the difficulties of editing and interpreting a text which

its original.

Student and layman should realize

fell

once for

all

that scribes not only

into ordinary pitfalls,

also de'

and made involuntary mistakes, but that they

liberately

changed a text as the fancy took them. Fidelity In the long ago a book to the archetype is a new birth. was not a thing to be given to the public, nor to be read,
'

but the private stock in trade of the professional storyThe Greeks called writing grammata* teller, and reciter. 'scratches,' which no one could read except the gramIn this way, if the contents fell under the eyes matist.

The owner beof a professional rival they were safe. queathed his MS. to a son or favourite disciple, who had been taught to read it. With every generation newcircumstances would arise, which would necessitate editing the matter to suit the new patrons. Thus some passages
3 This queror
.

is
.

no new thing,

them

there has the other way.'

.

come

If the old poet went with the concp. after him who takes all his facts and turns Prof. Murray's Ancient Greek Literatrre, p. 42. * see pp. 101-6.
'

xii.

would be omitted others modified, and new matter added till, in the course of time, the result might have little or nothing in common with the original book.' Prof. Murray
'

instances Callisthenes' Life of Alexander as a case in point Meusel states that every MS. of the Nibelungenlied represents
;

shown the rise and marvellous growth of the Chanson de Roland. Indeed we need not go out of Wales for an illustration. Lewis Glyn Cothi 5 has left an autograph MS. where the ends of lines in many poems are mere blanks, so that he alone could recite In the case of Davy5 ap Gwilim there are those poems. so many versions of certain poems that we could form two independent texts with hardly a word in common. In short most scribes combined the offices of copyist and The 'Aneirin' scribe was a blue blood joint authorship. He was more, he was a grammatist.' How of this class.
a different recension, and Gaston Paris has
'

otherwise can
tions,

we account

for the stuttering repetitions, the

tangling of the words of two or three lines, the transposi-

and the backward spellings. 28 For example a therwyn, (terfyn torret tec teithiawl) Nac emmel di
:

(for)

(wy
(get)
:

Teithiawl ter dorres dervyn. 29-3. cp. 29-10, 14-16. gonwy 33-19 (rud) gon) dur i7 -I 7- 35 -lS
: ; :

pell raud 34-3 (eilth) leith 34-21 (awe aer) aerawt 5-13; (od gur) goror 30-15 lied, 34-13; (wog)-ant (govv)-=govyant 21-14 hoew(gir) hoew (ri) -g 7-9 bu(tu)ele= (ut) bu (lee) uo-(dog)-yon ua(r)(god)yon 26-22

teg 24-9

(dauc)

',

bu5u(cre) 36-14
It

[brei-] (thyell)

lleyth, 4-16, etc., etc.

must therefore be manifest that the editing of an old text is not so simple after all. In MS. work one has need of Eyesight is imcircumspection, and minute observation. portant, but insight is more so, and insight is the child of long experience and historical knowledge of the times and
4.

See Prof. Murray's The Rise of

the

Greek Epic, p. 119.

5 See Peniarth

MS. 70

in National Library of Wales.

xiil.

circumstances under which a poem was produced. 6 .Moreover, we must apply the test of metre, consonance 7 and

cynghaneS 7 will enlighten, guide and These laws must be deduced for each author from lines which conform to a recurring practice in his own works, 6 and not from rules drawn up centuries later from the later practices of later bards. It would appear that no one has observed the rules which regulate the original nine-syllable metre in our text. In the first section of a line there are five syllables, having the second and fifth tied by cynghane5. 7 In the second section of four syllables, any syllable (barring the end rhyme) may
rhyme.
of

The Laws

control us at every step.

be tied to a third preceding syllable in the

first section.

The

scheme appears to be as follows

Mabo

an
sig

Gyn-

an

ed-

ry-

van- nawc

Gwyr
a

ig cyn- devDeivr a Bryn- eich elwch chwe- dy

y
a
ta-

rhyd
5ywel-

mi
chi-

gav awr

wch

vu
dug dud
lleid

ar-

war
gyvdid
del

HanCyd

garch- ar ang- hov y gwel- id bel Wyn- e5

le

a o

gwarth
ang-

ym
har

Hawer Go- gle5

y
Cein-

yn
i

rann

yng- had traeth on mein lary vxon tharan a Twrv tan Rhac blm rann gor5- in
aeth

Gwyr
Cyn-

gan dy5 y nyon wled- ig

rhy- verth- i a gan y wawr- 5y6

Leastwise I have o Modern critics are constantly forgetting this. not found modern examples which conform with the practice of the bards of the Book of Aneirin.' 7 Cynghane8= consonance, whether of vowels or consonants, or both. Cynghanefi had suggested the burial place of HeS. before I See 5-16 = 48, 37-1 = 62. learnt it from Ordericus Vitalis.
'

XIV.

line

may

be in triplets tying the third to the sixth

fifth to

syllable,

and the

the eighth.

Blei5 cae-

awg

Go- do5- an

Da
GwrIf

Von
j

ol-

e&

cyn- hor- awg vyn- nan doeth adon 0- g\e6 ynggor11,

y"
|
j

mar-

an
id

by- blygaeth ad-

wen
rug

a
j

o-

any

of the digraphs ch, ff, ph,

or th occurs in one

section there
section,

must be an answering digraph in the other but the two need not necessarily be the same digraph.
Z/a5ei, erlidei ar ni dechyn.

hyd
Seith

llwc/z-5or

y Por^br

bererin.

mwy or L/oegrwys

a lygrassant.

Cant //ewes a borthes eu gor^wys. Wherever the nine-syllable lines do not conform with one or other of the above schemes the meaning halts, or is at variance with context and history. Restoration of cynghane5 7 as a rule restores the sense, and generally the Chronicles confirm the emendation. That is the reason why an amended text has been attempted, & is now offered as a contribution to the better understanding of this work.

When our text was transcribed the glamour of the Geoffrey

cult

sion of originals

Fortunately for us the test of cynghane5, as set forth above, enables us to purge our text of scribal corruptions, as well as to
'

had influenced and tainted all literature. had been raised into a fine art.

The perver-

For example Godo5in & Aneirin are metrically impossible, and have been confounded by the scribe himself8 We cannot, therefore, do better than examine the geographical
recapture the original sense to a surprising extent.
' ' '
!

names embedded in the text, in order to localize the chief event, and to identify the leading actors and their allies.
8

At 14-0 & >$

4.

See

p. xxiL, infra.

XV.

Now most
i.e.

of the places

mentioned
ib

lie

west and south of

the Dee, while the eluei action

the

confined to Blaen GwyneS,

Rhyn, or promontory

of

Penmon.

Gweryd 9

is

the

upper reach of the Dee Estuary, and on its left bank he Aeron & Tud Llwch, Eurgeint, Keint, Llwyn Llwyveny6, and Einglyawn, with Trwyn Esyd at the Dee mouth. A led, Conwy, Llugwy, Derweny5 and Rhyvoniog are in Mordrei, Carreg Cynhadvan, Caer Gyngrwn, Denbighshire. Arvon is the southern part of also Rhyn are in Penmon. Carnarvonshire, Artro is in Merioneth, Gwy5neu is in north and Bryn Hydwn in south Cardiganshire. Go5eu is the country of the earl of Shrewsbury 32-16, & Moryal has the same letters as Maylor. On the east bank of the Dee we have a part of Ei5yn between Aldford, & ? Farndon and to the north Elvet, Deivr & Bryneich Finally we have Catraeth & GodoSin. also GogleS.
;

Let us examine the meanings of these cruces criticorum.

is the GodoSin' is the rubric title at the head page 1. Again at 28"8i6 we read, pob awdyl or Godo5in, every ode of the Godo5in, & Odleu y GodoSin oil, all the odes of the GodoSin. From this usage it is clear that the The text confirms lubricator treated GodoSin as a poem.

'This

of

this

by references to rehearsing the GodoSin.*

as a person,
all

Then there

are 17 references to GodoSin as a place-name, three references to

it

and four others

left to

of uncertain meaning.

Had
them.

the passages been, like the rubrics, in prose,

in verse.

we

should have been

guess the meaning of GodoSin in

Not so

lines are metrically a syllable too long,

With few exceptions the GodoSin and in the exceptions 10

cynghaneS
is

as well as in

most

of the other instances the

'

y Gweryd = ? outflow,
diabetes,
*

see Tal. n. 18-6

Forth.' cp. gweryd-u i varwolaeth, dying of & correct Gwe-/yS, -ryd to Gweryd.

adrawS godoSin,

1-14, 7-4, 17-18, 35-19, 37-5-10

I See Index.

10 See 14-2, 33-15, 17-5, 38-8, 19-14.

xvi.

Therefore Godo6in is nowhere right. That worth remembering. For what then does it stand ? On pages 2-3 we have as recurrent first lines Gwyr a aeth odo5in & Gwyr a aeth gatraeth i.e. men went to Godo5m," & men went to Catraeth.' At 1*14 we read of Godo5in being 'on the sand of Mordrei' and at 4"i5 of Catraeth being at Mordrei.' Here the two words are synonymous, both being on the sand of Mordrei. 11
wrong.
fact
is
' ' ' '

'

'

'

What
answer.

then does Catraeth signify ? Let Sir John " Catraeth means the Battle Strand. But
-i,

Rhys
it

has

often been supposed to stand for Cataracton-e,

shire."

of the

Antonine Itinerary, and surmised to be Catterick in YorkSir John adds that it cannot be so derived, (Arthurian Legend, 240). That 'catraeth' stands for cat traeth
'

witness the following use of cynhen

'

as a

synonym

of

'

cat.'

phrit er

prynu

breithyell catraeth 9-15,*

corrects into

phrit erbynit lleith

which cynghaneS gynhen traeth, Cosily

Similarly
'

was fought
at

the deadly conflict of the Strand, 34.

'gynhen gatraeth' is for (o) gynhen traeth'; In other words cat traeth and cynhen traeth,' are exchangeable terms, therefore catraeth is no more a placename than cynhen traeth. (Ys Mwng) a ystwng a oreu gynhen 18-8=94. Magnus will bring him low who waged the
'
' '

81=6

'

'

conflict {of the

Strand)

We shall see the force of this later on.

us return to GodoSin, older guo^-ot

In the meanwhile
din.

let

In manuscripts r and
this

are often confounded,

and

for

reason

gor-5in

may

possibly

have

suggested

go/(o)5in because in seventeen instances metre,

cynghaneS
it

and context
stands for
'

restore gor5in to the text.

In two places

5o5yn,'
11

godoSyn,' 10 or godo5an,' and in two more for but nowhere for GodoSin, which has been
'
'

Mordei is a case of haplology for Morel (r)ei=/Ae Great strand of Aber Lleinog. Mordei is usually translated mansions or sea
' '

houses,' but without explaining their use or location.

xvii.

assumed
left

to represent the
'

Votadini who occupied the northFortunately the scribe

Griffy5 ap

east coast,

south of the Forth.' 1 *

blin,

a crucial passage unaltered.

Kynan

sings,

Neud wyv Vynawg

Xi 5ialav or5in 12-9=78, /

am

weary prince, I will not avenge the gorhin, i.e. the great push of 1098, which caused him to flee from the Rhyn into exile. 13
12 See Celtic Britain

by

Sir

John Rhys &

:

British Placenames

by

In response to my queries Dr. Henry Bradley of the " Votadini has no documentary Oxford English Dictionary writes authority. The largest number of MSS. read 'QraSivoi, others have 'ClraBrjvoi but Mtiller, the editor of the Didot edition of Ptolemy prints 'ClraXivot which is the reading of half a dozen MSS. The quan-

Edm.

Maclure.

tity of the
-Inas,

before v

is

uncertain as Old Celtic seems to have had both

a normal descendant of Votadini

&

-Tnos.

To make Gotodin

... If you are to be proved wrong about Godo5in your adversaries will have to find better weapons If it is known that Manau than a doubtful reading of Ptolemy Guotodin was a genuine geographical name, then it is a reasonable though not a certain inference that the correct reading is 'QraSivoC." I aver that Manaw Guotodin is not a genuine geographical name. It makes its first appearance in the Additional Matter in Harl. MS. (M)ailcunus Magnws rex (See Facsimile). 3859, fol. i88fc, 1. 12 etc. apwd Brittones regnabat, [id est in regione Guenedote quia attavus illius, id est Cunedag, cum fi His suis, quorum numerus octa erat, venerat prius
we should have
to suppose the a long
. . . ' '

departe sinistrali, id est de regione que vocalur Manu Guotodin, centum et Scottos quadraginta sex annis antequam Mailcun regnaret] cum ingentissima clade expulerunt ab istis regionibus etc" Three later MSS. repeat Manu,' corrected some time into Manu=Manau. That this should be Manaw is reasonably certain, because the Isle of Man appears in our text as Mannan, Manhon, Mannon, (see Index). The Welsh These forms in Welsh are older than Harl. MS. 3859. Manaw has no better pedigree than scribal bungles, Professorial knights notwithstanding. There is no Manaw in B.B.C., & rhyme condemns the only instance in Taliesin 67-14 " Tonn Iwerfiow, A thonn Vannow, A thonn OgleS." Manaw appears in the Bruts, translated The italics and [ ] are mine, for it is into Welsh after 1196.
'

clear that the statements they enclose are (like in illo tempore) the

Cunedag's eight (octa invention of the scribe with no basis in fact. corrected into octa") sons are not named here, but at the end of the
xviii.

'<

This passage gives the coup dc grace to GodoSin, which is a Both it and Catterick-Catscribal intrusion in our text.
raeth are the foundlings of fraud and
Catterick
is

false

etymology.

a Yorkshire inland town, while catraeth was

fought on the Great shore, the Mordrei of Gwyne5 \ 15 =72, where knights perished in its foaming shallows 29*15=46. If anyone is still haunted by doubts let him hearken to Elidyr Sais. Rhodri, the son of Owein GwyneS, and his brother David destroyed their half brother, Howel, at Pentraeth in 1170. In 1175 Rhodri wrested Anglesey etc. from David. His nephews drove Rhodri out of Anglesey
in 1190,

but he again seized

'

it

in 1193.

Twice,

if

not thrice,
'

was Rhodri thus

able to take by force the lands of Catraeth

Gallas dreis ar direS catraeth (M. 242-1).

There can therefore be no doubt that The lands of Catraeth lie within the girdle of the Anglesey shores.

A wado hyn
a gwaded
ir

aed a hi haul godi :

As

well this telling fact deny as say the sun mounts not the sky.

Note further that our text definitely states that " the thrusting was done at the Foreland of Gwyneh." i.e. Penmon
:

em
The name
of Yorkshire. of

blaen

Gwyne5 gwanet,

6- 12

= 32.

be those of bards were vague on the subject.

'

El ved still survives on the south-west border The boundaries of Deira and Bernicia seem to Northumbria. The ideas of the early Welsh
For example Dyvrdwy. P.
:

Lleudir y(w) Deivrdir amgylch

84-14

A n open land is the land of Deira about the river Dee.

Bryneich a dreisyr dros giaw5 Offa.
'

P. 44-18

Llewelyn ap Griffy5 and his forces ravaged Bernicia across Neither Deira Offa's dyke,' i.e. on the left bank of the Dee. nor Bernicia is known to the Annales Cambrie & Brut
Genealogies .ix. are named, & later still .xii. Of the eleven MSS. used by Mommsen & Zimmer Harl. 3859 alone has the passages about Cunedag & Manau Guotodin. 13 See 3-8 = 70.
I

xix.

Gwalchmei. Cynhgane5 but the Black Book of Carmarthen has one example where, as in Kyn5el and the poets who wrote after 1200, Bryneich occurs as a synonym

y Tyvvyssogion, nor

to Meilir
it

&

rejects the only instance of

in Taliesin,

of the

earldom of Chester, or of some portion of it. matter of primary importance for the Welsh student of our earliest literature to learn & lodge well in
first

Now

it is

his

memory

that

that he held
dom

land in

Hugh Lupus made incursions into GwyneS, twenty counties, 14 that the Earl-

of Chester in his time stretched so far north as to include

Northumberland, once known as Deira

&

Bernicia.

He

should also bear in mind that the early Sees were, as a rule, conterminous with the territories to which they pertained.

Nor must he
1 132,

forget that there

this

that

&

was no See of Carlisle before the See of Ripon were largely " carved

out of the See of Chester." 14

The Welsh bards were right Hugh's followers as men of Deira and Bernicia. It is not the bards but our dogmatic ignorance which is at fault. Without the guidance of History and Historical Geography the student of language and literature is no

when they spoke

of

better

than a tinkling cymbal.

to

With regard

Gogle5 the verdict

of our text
.

is
.

clear
-

& final.

Blei5 caeawg cynhorawg ymaran cyd del Wyne5 (bel), GogleS i rann.

22=4.

2'2=4.

Though Noble Lupus is now leading in the struggle he comes to Gwyneh's (war), GogleB is his part.
in the
earl of Chester, was at Castell Aber Lleinog GorSin of 1098, and his own bard, Talhaearn, tells us Again GriffyS ap that Gogle5 was the earl's province.

Hugh Lupus,

Kynan

after his deliverance

from the Chester prison,

sings,

" The early bishoprics 14 See Omerod's History of Cheshire. as a rule coincided with the territories to which they were attached. Xo kingdom of which we have any record disappeared without leaving a trace of itself in the form of a diocese or group of dioceses." see The origin of the English Nation by Prof. H. M. Chadwick, pp. 5, 10.

XX.

GwroleS yng'OglcS a orug, llary vronn, hael adon, i vab

'

alltud.

12-14=52.

In CogleS an act of bravery was rendered by a gentle-breasted generous lord lo an exile's son.' Nothing could be more explicit

than these passages which Llewelyn Var5 confirms. Ri ru5bar Ryn 5y-or5in, Bryneich rann ... P. H7' 11
. . .

Rhyn, a part 0/ Dernicia Hugh Lupus, lord of Bernicia, had been lord of the Rhyn, and had built the castle of Aber Lleinog so as to have a base for his operations in Anglesey.
.

The ruddy-speared King (Magnus)

.

pounds

the

When the Palatine quitted Mon, his one way home was through Keint into " EiSyn, the country at his front door," Blei5 el Ei5yn gor rac5or 9-12 =44. I5 According to the Domesday survey Roger, earl of Shrewsbury, held Yal,
Edernion, Cynlleith, Nanheudwy,* and portions at least

Eyton & Sutton. Yal and Moryal, wholly or in part, represent Ei5yn & the Cluton 16 country across the Dee above Aldford is known as Clytno EiSyn.
of Moryal.f such as
;

The gentle lord Cynon (15-3=84) is the mab Clytno of 15-8. Cynon figures also in Englynion y BeSeu as mab klytno i5in,' where cynghaneS corrects Clytno to Clytow. Note that Be5 Cynon yn Reon ryt,' teaches us to read also Be5 Cynon mab Clyton Ei5yn, B.B.C., 64' 1-5. Observe a simi'
'

15 See also 14-4,

'

ragran cynhorvan (y GogleS), 65.

See

Lloyd's reference to Historical Atlas, p. 389, n. 106.

f I use

Moryal

= Great

Yal) for the two Maylors, for M<ry/or seems

to be nothing but a mis-spelling of Moryal.

16 Clutone is a hamlet between Broxton and Farndon on the banks of the Clut brook which rises in the Malpas country, and empties into the Dee immediately below Ryt Reon (Vadum Region-is trans Devam, near Eaton) which leads to that part of Cheshire that lies on the left of the Dee. Note that rivers did not always mark boundaries in our early history and see Chadwick. Note also that ihcre was a ('Intone in the parish of Tarvin, and an IddinshnM near.
b

xxi.

lar metathesis in

our text at 13*4 = 54 where ragno is ragon that ragon is right, apart from cynghaneS, which endorses the emendation. Note further that Cynon is the bard's name for Owein, the gwledig of the men
at 23.15.

We know

'

'

from the hour he became generalissimo of the Saxon Aber Lleinog in 1098. Now the two Edwins, earl and freeman, had held great portions of the country on both sides of the lower Dee, and their common name seems to be preserved in Clyton EiSyn & TreiSyn. Adjoining these was Aeron bordering on the brook of that name (now called after Pulford) and stretching perhaps to the Alun. When Hugh succeeded his father he is styled w5 Eihyn, 17 lord of Ei6yn, of Aeron, and of the Dee Estuary (see Index). Cynon was a war dog and a leader, kynran, from Aeron, 6 121. His father had held the Hope lands. Thus we see that Hugh & Cynon vel Owein were neighbours, and our text speaks
of Ceint,

forces at

'

'

of them as bosom friends 17, allies and border knights gold bedight ones of Ei5yn 518-20. The Survey states

have no fixed boundaries, but our text & Domesday indicate generally the areas of the Aeron and Ei5yn districts.
that these lands were nearly
'

all

waste,'
'

and

'

wastes
'

'

17 Cp. or EiSyn 29-12 44; EiSyn barth 33-5 16; see Index. Bk. of Tal., p. xix. For other occurrences of Cynon & Klytno see a. Ll'n Vard, P. 147-30-11 Clut gamlan, Kynran o hil cynrein, mal Clytno EiSyn prif gyfrin prein Kywrennin. b. W.B. Mab. gwyngor 223-14, 224-3, & 469 34. c. Rhisserdyn even rhymes Beuno with rhy vig Clydno HawS i Glut del j^awdwyr gwlatoeS Wllffin (i.e. the soldiers of the countries of the descendants of (Hugh) Lupus cuS priSlawr gwawr gwerin, bendevic Clut, i aros die clo daeerin Clytno EiSyn atweS Etwin eil naf EiSyn glot arSwy drin Kynnwryf Bryneich, Kynon hoewvreich. R.B. . Poetry 94-13, 91-27-36-41, 94-12-28. Rhisserdyn is nominally singing to Sir Howel ap Gr., but the quotations above refer to Cynon the fosterling of the lord of EiSyn, eil nav EiSyn. d. Treiglawd cawd cyffro, trwyr vronn honn heno, o vot klot Clytno dan dodayar, Poetry, 53-4. Just as the Genealogist confuses Clinog with Cluton, so the late bards

&

'

'

'

'

have confused Cluton with Cevn Clynog.

xxii.

see n.

33 infra.

Redeg, which the Asaphian Deanery It was conterminous with the hundred of Mer-sete, which included the duos fines of Cynlleith and Ed.ernion. That these three together represent
Still

further south

is

of Marchia traces for us. 18

the original

Redeg

is

capable of demonstration.
is

Firstly,

now the centre of the hundred of Trev-red. Secondly, Kyn5el 'the great bard' sings of the Court of Eva, daughter of Madog ap Meredy5, as the hearth of Redeg which cherishes the minstrels who
Oswestry, the centre of Mer-sete,
'
'

visit

it,

P. i68'3i.

division of

Powys

In other words Eva's father ruled that which included Cynlleith and Edernion,
'

and which earlier formed part of Redeg. In iiiG Owein ap Cadwgan and Llywarch of Arwystli combined forces
on the border of Redeg (21-11=86), before setting out to Deheubarth at the behest of King Henry. Now Owein was at that time lord of Powysian territory bordering on Mersete, (LI. 422). Again on the north of Redeg is the extreme

Caer lleon (Myv. i53 a -57), while to the south lies Radnorshire within a ride of it, a ride performed between night and day by Howel ap Owein Gwyne5, (Myv. 198). Thus the geographical position of Redeg is revealed to us by Kyn5el, a native of a neighbouring
limit of Cheshire, tervyn
' '

Mer-sete means border Trev-red 19 means a March settlement, the two terms are practically synonymous. R6d, Redeg (of which Reged is a metathesis) means March,' Border-land.'
district.

settlers,'

As and

to the nomenclature,

'

if

'

'

18 See

Book

of Taliesin,

Introduction, pp.

xii-xiv.

cp. n. 14.

19 Oswestry, which was the centre of Mersete, is in Cantrev Trevred, which might possibly be for Cantrev Red, the March or Border

The meaning of trev-red ' is not established, but cp. parth-red, gwarth-red, gweith-red, gwahan-red, gwrth-red, brith-red. Treb in Irish, Welsh, Breton, means house, residence, territory. cp. Treb Guidauc Bk. of Ll. Dav, xlv., & Tref Ret=villa Ret, 272. (Hir main Guidauc is on the mountain boundary of Cellan in Cardiganshire. See Lewis Topographical Dictionary, s.v. Kellan).
hundred.
'

bz
xxiii.

As March
March.

after

March appeared Redcg lost its original meanbecame a general term

'

ing of Marchia, and

to denote

any

In 1098 the earls of Chester and Shrewsbury led a the men of Redeg (cenvein Redegein joint retinue of
'

where they had above Aber Lleinog. On the shore there Hugh the Proud fell, and the Rhyn settlement ceased to be a shelter to Redeg 30 o =68. The earl's body is sent to Redeg, 37*1 = 62, on the way for burial at Shrewsbury Abbey. We have now arrived at the following five conclusions
20'3,

237=28)

to the

Rhyn
'

of Anglesey,

built a castle

'

'

'

i.

GodoSin

is

a scribal fraud for GorSin, a push,

ii.

Catraeth was fought before Aber Lleinog.

In 1098 Deira and Bernicia formed part of the Earl-

in.

dom of Chester, for which GogleS was an alias. Roughly speaking Yale and Maylor with Chiton Edwin east of the Dee represent Ei5yn. v. Redeg meant originally the country round Oswestry with Cynlleith & Edernion later any Borderland between Kymry and her invaders. Having established the above conclusions by the joint testimony of bards and historians it will be quixotic to cross the Tweed in search of any fact in connection with our text. The coast country from the Lupusian Palatinate to Aber Gwyngregyn, thence across the Hele5 (Lavan Sands) and by Ferry to Penmon will better repay our exploration. Aeron is the country which was once held by Edwin the Freeman (n. 37), on the Pulford brook and the Alun. Tud Llwch (i.e. the country of the Laches, Eyes, and Saltneys) lies within the bend of the left bank of the Dee. The name
iv.
:

of the Ceint country survives in Eur-Geint (Northop), KilCein,

and Hal-Kin, 20 i.e. the Moor of

'

Ceint. North-west of the

ables

20 In the Valor we read Rectoria de Halkeyn.' In final dis-syllei, ey are reduced to e or i (vel y) as Oww'n to Owen, or Ovvin
1

iv.

hundred of Coleshill" lies Eingylyawn with RhuSlan at its head and Trwyn Esyd is the Point at the mouth of the
;

Dee, the Set-eia Aestuaria of the ancient Geographers.

The other
object, just
cliff

place

except Carreg

names are Cynhadvan,

too well

known

to particularize

that picturesque and arresting

mound &

above the high water line, near the base of the the edge of the pool at Aber Lleinog in Pen.

mon,

(see Frontispiece)

Caer Gyngrwn

is

the

Round Castle *

with the wall-rampart on the rising ground above the Ford.

Having exorcised the changeling godoSin, restored gorSin, equated Gogle5 with the earldom of Hugh Lupus, and located cat traeth on Mordrei GwyneS, we will now proceed to sift
the text for evidence that will identify the chief actors.
First comes the Bard who has suffered so much from the Gor5in that he is too weary to avenge it I2'g=y8. He was the son of an exile I2"i4, and had lived in exile 3i 2i=52. He is the scion of high-lineaged Cynan of the Round Hill Fort 31*22, 3'9=52, 70. Cynan ap Iago had an only son,
' '
-

Griffy5,

born of an Irish princess.

of

GriffyS's grandfather,

Iago,

was King

was assassinated Cynan sought safety

GwyneS in the true line of descent. Iago in 1039, when his son Cynan was a minor.

in Ireland, where he attained to manhood, married 1053 (Lloyd 379), had an only son Griffy5, and died. When the second usurper of the power of Gwyne5

was

to the

He
of

who was now of age, hastened Menei to claim his grandfather's throne. was welcomed by the men of Mon. Already Kynwric
slain in 1075, GriffyS,

mouth

of the

Powys was oppressing Lleyn, whereupon

GriffyS sailed

to

Rhu5lan to solicit help of Robert, the lieutenant of Hugh Lupus. Returning with 60 men GriffyS united his forces,
156 Owyn An. 8-22 = 88, Llundein to Llunden, cadet'r to cedeim to cedyrn, Cil Cein to Kilken, Halkem to Halkin. * See Map. 21 Coleshill hundred represents the old Keint area.
;

B.B.C.,
cader,

XXV.

which destroyed Kynwric, and proceeded to the Artro in Merioneth to meet his chief enemy, Trahaearn ol Arwystli whom he decisively repulsed. " When I hastened (to Mon against its arrogant seizure) my name in my country was well known. Sprung out of Gwyne5, the scion of Cynan of high I led a spare corps of the Pallineage I had lived in exile. In the crush of the Artro country, no atine's lieutenant. stroke was sharper than the dart of my shooting," 3120=52.
1
i

In the fall of 1075 the Welsh revolted against GriffyS because of their dislike of his Irish entourage, and his foreign
accent, 26"i2=8o. He became an exile once more. In 1081 he crossed with his supporters from Ireland to St. David's, joined forces with Rhys ap Tewdwr, and slew the usurper Trahaearn in the battle of Myny5 Cam 23 in Pembrokeshire. Gwan(eis), ymhyr5(eis ymHenvro)

Y
'

nerth ni Sifferth serth Artro, 13-2* = 52.

/ thr usted

and dispersed in Penvro

the

power

that failed

to

defend steep Artro.'

far

On

his

way northward

GriffyS

was trapped not

steps.

from Bala, and cast into prison by Hugh

22 Artro flows out of the Cwm Bychan lake at the foot of the Roman It runs through woody romantic glens, some of them very steep & narrow, till it emerges at Llanbedr, & thence its course to the After the defeat and death of Cynwrig sea is as prosaic as ditch water. at Clynog GriffyS ap Kynan marched with his men against Trahaearn who advanced, via Drws Ardudwy and the valley of the Col, to the river Artro where he was met & defeated in or near the great ravine, After traversing the country repeatedly it appears (glyn cyving). to me that GriffyS took the old Road over the uplands above Harlech, & emerged on the Artro a little above the Glyn Cyving.
'
'

23 According to a communciation* from Sir Evan D. Jones, Bart., M.P., the actual site of the battle of MynyS Cam was the plateau of Glyngath (? Clun Gath) between MynyS Llan Llawer and MynyS

Melyn. some 20 miles north east of

of Trahaearn.

St. David's.

The place names

;

of

the district are reminiscent of battle, and of Irish occupancy

also

An earlier form

of Llan Llaw-er

was Llan Llaw-harne,

*See his Presidential address since printed in the Arch. Camb., 1923.

xxvi.

Lupus

at Chester.

'

Bent was
years

my

knee in the abode underankles twain,' I2 10=78.

-

ground.

An iron chain encircled my

lapse
of

Brave the he was rescued. by a hero ... to the son of an exile. Gently he bore me from an underground prison, from the precincts of oblivion, from an odious country," I2 14- 16 =52. GriffyS had been a dozen years, or more, in prison before his
After the
act in GogleS rendered
-

"

re-emergence in 1094 as a leader of a victorious force against There is a grim Old the Castle of Aber Lleinog in Penmon.

Testament naturalness about

gaoler,

this

first

act

of

the

ex-

prisoner being directed against the

power

of his former

by

his

and a poetical justice in the capture of a castle built enemy. But the end was not yet. " Being mindful

earl of Chester, collected a fleet

and the killing of his knights Hugh, and a large host. Another Hugh, the earl of Shrewsbury joined him with his men so that they might come together as one to avenge the losses GriffyS ap Kynan had caused them. Thereupon they, with their men, sailed aboard their fleet to the dominion of GriffyS,
of the razing of his castles
of Trahaearn's

which

an abbreviated form of Llan Llawr Trz,-haearn, i.e. the church domain. Ham is dialect for haearn,' and Llaw-er an Anglicism for Llawr. Meilyr associates Trahaearn with Nanhyver. Am (nav) pryderav yn vawr, For my prince I am very anxious, arglwyS yn llawr Nanhyver. a lord in the land of Nanhyver. Casnar Saw dros vor etwaeth, Over the sea a chief will come again pobl anhywaeth (i) niver, with a number of wild men GwySyl a Dievyl duon Irish and Black Devils, Ysgogogion Synion lledffer. a wandering rather sturdy race. Cad a vy<5 y-MynyS Cam A battle there will be onMynydCarn a Thrahaearn a laSer and Trahaearn will be slain. " Llyw & llyw niver " = Casnar =Gr. ap Kynan, who had crossed the sea once before in 1075, when his Norse auxiliaries drove Trahaearn from the Artro (Intro, xxvi). The 'pobl anhywaeth' are not the people of Nanhyver, but the mercenaries from across the sea who settled in llawr Trahaearn.' Meilir wrote i?ySo5ynt dros vor etwaeth, Pobl anhywaeth, Nanhyver.'
is
'

'

'

xxvii.

led

by Owein ap Edwin and Uchtryd

off led
5*

his

brother," with

"

Hugh earl of Shrewsbury as their chief."

The expedition moves

(Bu. 142, B. 27^). "

by three border Knights,

gold bedight ones of Ei6yn

17= 16.
fleet

They encamped

over against the island of Anglesey whither the Britons

from the Irish sea to earl of Shrewsbury overwhelms the open lands, the country of the shallow waters, the Hele5 champaigne and turned the men of Ireland, with arms in their hands (34"6*=54), against GriffyS and his friends. When the nobles of EiSyn penetrate Mon, its notable people resorted to wild places 33'5=i6, because the invaders were slaying the inhabitants 517=16, entering Fearing churches and committing sacrilege 2' 16= 68.

had retired, having invited a defend them," Bruts, 272-3.

Hugh

'

Rhyn 37=70. For the conflict Hugh enHaving molested the adjoining hosts many races 337=16. country ri6=4, nine score villeins, who had fled from the
treachery
'

(B. 273)

(GriffyS) swiftly quitted the

before the struggle began

(337=16) into concealment were removed (to Rhyn) 276=96, where a feast was given at the court Hugh had brought with him pipes of sparkof the Burg. It was his ling wine for the use of his Saxons 23 i6=54. wont to be ever gay at the head of his host pouring out mead (rio=2) into hirlas horns (25*19=22) on his expeditions 33'2i=i2. His retinue would gather round the store of
clearings

the

liquor vivaciously drinking together (33*10= 10), even pro-

longing their revelry into the night by rush-light 4*21=12.

One morning
beyond the
fort

at peep of

day violent shouting breaks out

castle,

causing those awake to rush for their

shining armour 28 18=44.

division of the

men

of the

marshalled
for

its

stalwarts 13*5=54.

Hugh

quitted the

banquet

the tumult of the joust 16*5=20.

A-horse
the

(3-51=78, and clad in mail

(2.5=4)

he hurries to

xxviii.

water meets (cbyr 1-17=4) to stem the attack upon the country 25-17 = 22, because he would defend GwyneS as an owner cultivating his own 11-11=38. Mess-mates, captains

and men, leaping together rush to the shore (9/3= 34, 31.7=30, 367=60). As the haven is approached Hugh turns livid (32 i2=56), and his crowd is struck dumb by the sight of the ships 25* 18 =22. Athwart the wide seas Magnus had sailed, his design above detection (4-4=42), in as much as he had arrived unannounced 22-22=8. Ni bu cyvarch rhac ystre, there was no palaver before entering the list 36-13=60. Hugh was foolhardy in his haste at dawn, (7-12=6) he blundered in his strategy no shelter was taken 1*19, 6-15=4-18. Heavy drinking had bred a reckAdvancing headlong beyond the water less spirit 6*14.
,

he eagerly rushed his retainers against the He rode at their head (6.8=32), the flashing spears of Go5eu make light his path, 18-19=36. Standing on the deck of his foremost ship (19*12, 33-3), Magnus fastened on the bearing and proud look of the leader, when he appeared at the entry 13-21=68. As the war shout was being raised (38-17=18), Magnus aimed at (1-17=4) checking and punishing the pride of the loud-shouting war lord (13-21=68), and deliberately shot a gleaming dart
line (35'4'7=38)

Norse

34-9=54.

(1-17=4) which penetrated Hugh's temple just below the brow line of the helmet, 11*3=20. As Hugh turned a summersault into the abyss (18-6=94), a tragic wave leapt between us (25-15=24), and his riderless charger plunged among the noble torque-wearers, 11*4=20. The bolt from the King's hand was terrible, it consigned a loved one to ruin, and destroyed the manhood of a superior race 8*5=8. Hugh's retinue was daunted ... at sea the lances could not be held, 299=44. Moreover in the assaults the horses

stumbled in the sand holes 29-19=46.

xxix.

Pushing

his ships

to bravery
(38'

ard against the attacks (35-6=38), both the incitement and the loud shouting of King Magnus is heard
as he swiftly smites such as

19= 18),

advanced beyond

His Norsemen give no quarter (112=4), an d the Lloegrian leaders perish in the foaming shallows (29/ 15 =46), weighed down by their armour
the water line,

357=38.

19=84, 18" 11=94. Then there was tumult between the Ford and the shore bank (yii=6), which became a very babel, so great the hubbub and the carnage, 922=34. The pressure was ruthless, nor spear nor shield gave protection Those defending the Rhyn were cut down 119=4. (30'i6=io), and their war steeds, with harness all gory, stampeded from the crimsoned strand, 1911=66. The steel was plied on the border of the alder swamp (37*22=82), the stockade was broken down (37*20=82), and on the rising ground the battle raged 7-11=6. The Round Fort of the Rhyn was breached (1017=20, 4*6=42, 26 3=24, 3512=38), the garrison speared (37 i8=82), and the Swans of Dee (Owein & Uchtryd) were surrounded 7-15=6, 6"2=i6. Owein reversed his shield and threw down his arms, 3318=10. He was spared io'6=36. By the prerogative of his overlords (26*2=24), ne sa-t m the seat of the Lupusian (with plenary powers) over Mon, for nothing he did was subject When Hugh the Proud was shot to revision, io i2=36. down in the shallows " his dear friend Owein " (17=2) who had been second in command naturally rose to be head
(r
-

'

'

(i8'8=94), with the

nom

de guerre of

Cynon
,

i.e.

General-

issimo, but he did not carry

That

in brief is

on the war, i8 i5=36. the story of Catraeth told, mosaic fashion,

in selected phrases of the bards,

who

celebrated

it

in song.

Judging by internal evidence, two of the four bards participated in the GorSin, namely, Talhaearn the bard of Hugh the Fat, and Llwchvar5, successively the bard of Hugh the Proud, and of Owein ap Edwin, alias Cynon.
xxx.

We
part

get a glimpse of the

,

'

Noble Lupus

'

taking a leading

22=4), to check the violence of those disembarking 2-2=4. But as such of his men as did not quit the Ford fell like rushes (1/13=2), he flies hither & thither, seeking for a way of retreat, because the King chased the Lord of Gogle5, 29' 20 =46. It is not clear how soon he got away. Apparently certain of his followers left early, 33" 15 =10. Friends melt away from the coast of the Rhyn, In ships like swans they sail away. At high tide they carried away the peasants, the charming women of the Fort, & their mead. Talhacarn adds that his friend though in real disgrace will not budge from GwyneS unless he shall bear away the dragon 7'i=6 whose dead body was not recovered till low ebb, nor buried till the 17th day after catraeth Then the Palatine boards (Ord. Vitalis, Bk. x., cap. vi.) his flotilla, and we go to Elved (34*2= 12), because Gogle5 was his country he had only come to GwyneS to fight, 2-3=4. Griffy5 ap Kynan states that there was complaint that he was perverse and of Hugh's hardness of heart odious when fighting, that he would thrust again the severely wounded (36'i9=62), so that he was well-named Lupus.' 24 Talhaearn frequently strikes a personal note. The Norse swooped down upon us. From the feast (our men) rushed In the shallows I lost to the Ford, hence my soul is sad. utterly my loved friends 33*11=10, i6'i=i4. Nothing sadder can come to us. Of the mixed races as fostered friends that we went, only the villeins escaped 23*1=8. From the thrusting of the strange force I was saved 1*20=4. Talhaearn calls Lupus, my friend 7*1=6, my fat friend 8*2=8, very fat lord 29*20=46, the thick-set one 11.5=20, 19*22=68 the stouter lord 26*22=23*5=8. He also
(i
' ;

'

24 Prof. Lloyd is mistaken when he writes, " There is no ancient authority for the epithet Lupus." See Index s.v. Blei6\

XXX v.

makes numerous references to Hugh the Proud, and though there had been enmity between them 1-5=2, he will praise him but he calls the sons of Edwin false common fellows, 4-18=12, because they deserted Lupus to join the Welsh.
;

Let us next hear Llwchvar5, perhaps our most reliable The poet was a member of the expedition, he drank mead and wine at Mordrei Gwyne5 (6-4=32) he fought on the Battle-strand, he was wounded, captured and ransomed, 28-4=30. Moreover he remained
historian of Catraeth.

with the garrison at Castell Aber Lleinog after the flight LlwchvarS, therefore, has first hand of Hugh Lupus.

knowledge of all that went on. When Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury, fell at the Ford Owein ap Edwin succeeded to

command, 188=94 & LlwchvarS became his loyal bard. After the GorSin Magnus left suddenly (20-6=28), 'but
the

within a short year

exile GriffyS

he returned to Mdn and befriended the ap Kynan. There had been a revolt against
'

the pro-Lupusian rule.

As

far as I

could see the trouble

Influarose from repressive acts of oppression 25*5=26. enced by Magnus 13- 19= 68, Owein & the garrison went

as

over to the Kymric side, all the more readily, perhaps, 25 Grify5 was already married to Owein's daughter. Magnus, formerly denounced as the enemy and hateful

lord

(520=16),

under

altered
I

circumstances,

the bard's hero of heroes.

love the victorious

becomes King who

In order to understand the GorSin, LlwchvarS should be read as a whole. With a view to bringing out clearly the parts played respectively by %., Hugh the Proud, it., Magnus, & Hi., Owein ap Edwin 26 Llwchvar5's references to the three. I shall group afresh
benefits minstrels 20"io=28.
25 BucheS GriffyS ap Kynan (edited by Arthur Jones), p. 138. 26 This involves certain unavoidable repetitions, but these will help
to familiarise the evidence.
11.

see Preface.

xxxii.

comes Hugh, carl of Shrewsbury. The expedimoves off the border knights of Ei6yn three allied friends (Hugh, Owcin & Uchtryd) came to Penmon 5' 17= 16. The country was over-run by the restless Lloegrians 7-6=30. The men of Redeg harassed the men of Mon (20*3=28), whose notable people resorted to wild places, 33'5=i6. Hugh the Knight Errant was very active 6.5=32. He enhosts many races 337 =16. He pressed forward the veterans of the Rhyn 20/ 18=46. Nine score captives were brought from open places (337=16) to the Rhyn. He commandeered the caparisoned steeds (of GriffyS ap Kynan) 33'8= 16. (The lord of Ei5yn gave a feast) 5*9=48. In
I.

First

tion

the time of the great festivity

his spear 25*9=22. He 9*18=34. He leads his supporters resolutely to battle 33*8=16. He fights beyond the water-line. His ashen spear defends GwyneS like an owner cultivating his own 35*4, 11*11=38. He breaks his spear in the element (29*1=44) at sea lances could not be held (29*10=44), & shields were embarrassing in the waters. In the shallows the darts gleam as they advance, and flashing spears make light the path of Go5eu 18*18=36. Ere the knights were slain in the foaming surf the unpleasant happened 29*15=46. Because of the mead (Hugh's) valour was tempted to headlong ruin 10*18=20. The shooting of the King's arrow wounds Cyvrenhin 10*17=20 his forehead was lacerated 38*16=18. In front of the motley host the King wounds the loud-shouting war-lord near the brow line of his helmet, 11*2=20. With the raising of the war-shotit Hugh fell in the fore-front 38*16=18. Of sunshine Morien robbed this wonderful man, the first in Gweryd, and joint head, 11*12=38. He, the bulwark of the expedition was slain (10*8=36) at the Ford when it was rushed
lifts

mead Hugh
wore

ere

we rushed
his targe,

at

we drank ensnaring golden dawn (18*20=28) to the shore.

and brandishes

bright

mail

via.

at green

dawn, 1015=18. Lord of the Ford he was bowed down by an ugly arrow beyond the marsh 119=38. Chief
Ei5yn,
Greatire,
falls

of

in

the conflict of the

strand

24-17=40.

Bradwen

perished, he did not escape

The shout

of the Frank,

impetuous leader,

He who embarrassed the Rhyn was cut at dawn he was felled 67=32. They abandon the steel-mailed Without deliverance he remained in the chief 97=34. He sea, bedfellow of worms of horrible habit 29*1=44. who wished for the expedition did not return home. He rolls at the Ferry bottom beneath deepish breakers, beyond the marsh. He called for burial ere he was
under cover of the sanctuary, 5*15=48. Neither flood nor shield gave shelter to him who was a casualty I7'6=28. A low ebb benefits Myny5awg, lord of Ei5yn (35'io=38), who went armed (2*5=4), was felled before the Rhyn His (3511=38), and in the marsh abides 29*1=44. Comretinue attended him in the day of stress 9*4=34. pletely were drowned the host of Bradwen 11*14=40. Such Desperate was the passage before the Rhyn. as went were precipitately drowned 5*8=48. Though Lloegria's host was fine, punishment all along was endured, 18*22=28. There was grief for the men of the Battle Strand whose cherishing is mine 26*4=26. At dawn the assembled men are cut to pieces, lost in the deep is Bernicia's ally pierced by the Norse 20*4=28. The hero that is still is sung 38*21

ir 19=40. ceases, 355=38. down in battle,

= 18.
love

Praise

is

the due of the faultless colleague, (cyvreint)

17*6=28.

friend

was the Lupusian

bulwark

captain,

him
!

to live, the

of hardihood, the

Bull
II.

I grieve for his fall, I'll cherish his

I would Champion grave, 2513=24.

Next comes Magnus, King

of

Norway.

One morning

there appears one

who

presses forward to the Ferry side

31-7=30.

Athwart the wide sea Magnus had come sudxxxiv.

Unpremeditated he had not concerned himself about a large flotilla 29*4=44. His descent was very fine 31*8=30. When he arrived at the Ford he made a rush, 31*7 = 30. Darts were showered at the edge of the shallows 77=32. (The Bull of Battle did not budge 37*16=82). In his ship he pushed his way against the attack 35*6=38. In front of the motley host the King bruised the shouting war lord nigh the browline of the helmet, 11*2=20. Stout the hand that tangled the lot of a terrible Knight 10*7=36. In the stress his round shield was notched 109=36. I prophesied that he would die through Morien 24*20=40. Magnus actively defended on all sides, 35*6=38. His unerring darts loudly wail, I heard their dirge 31*9=32. Heard too was the incitement to bravery and the loud shouting of the King (38*19=18), who swiftly smote such as rushed beyond the water line, and fell upon the division of our brave retinues, 357=38. He thrusts back the silk caparisoned steeds of the grandees. He hurls about his darts and spears (9*17=34) atween the two lines (i.e. he was in advance of his own force). Leading

denly, his design above detection 4*4=42.

was

his voyage,

through the Lupusians (9*19=34), with sharp axe he slew (6*9=32), he scattered the attacking force (108=36), and chases the Lord of Gogle5, 29*20=46. he penetrated

The avenger

of Arvon attacked the men of Eurgeint 34*4=36. (He broke down the stockade. Twixt the hill and the alder swamp he plied the steel, 37*20=82), the outworks of the fort were utterly broken, 29*11=44.

The villeins of Gwyne5 asked for protection of Gwenn Vanhon who limps they pray that he may check the
.
.
.

fighting of the lords, that he, the Bull of Battle,

may

ravage

the tyrants, so that before his death there shall be an end

of

aggression 19-1=28.

to the

Rhyn

in quest of

I had seen the Norse coming good fortune 20-2=28. (And now)

XXXV.

they display their streamers beyond where the enemies

sail

crowd cheer him who is in haste to go to his court (in Man) 20*8=28. The brave men of Mon, whose sufferings the brilliant archer avenged (296=44)

206=28.

The

helpless

deplore the withdrawal of the King, for in

Mon he

slew the

Saxons, 4.7=42. The King who loves the ways of his foster brothers hastens to a beautiful Isle, sailing away from the Rhyn. His war-waging effected much general good,

27-15=42. He gave the Ferry to the regent of the Rhyn country (i.e. Owein ap Edwin) and a meed of fair fortune to (me), Ceint's minstrel, 9-20=34. The friend of Mon and Man bears great glory 11-7=20. I love the victorious King 20-10=28. His story his Ceint admirer will sing 48=42.
Three in. Finally comes Owein ap Edwin, alias Cynon. Knights of Ei5yn came to Penmon, 5-17=16. (Hugh) the leader (fell at the ford, while) Uchtryd and Cynon, captains from Aeron fought angrily in the round castle 5-22=16. The avenger of Arvon attacked the men of
.

'

'

Eurgeint, the stout resistance of

of the Picts 34-4=36.

Cynon

tested the

power

Against the lord of Cy v-lwch Magnus made a breach in the rampart. For the sake of the natives Cynon, the the ultimate action was drawn 26'3 i=24. bulwark of Ceint became the leader of the Rhyn, 29-22=44, He was established ruler by the prerogative of the overlords, 26-2=24. As Generalissimo he does not carry
-

on the war 18-15=36. He collects the arms and marshals the broken ranks, a mere crowd, He thunders against drunkenness, he thunders against slackness, and against degeneracy. I am an eye-witness that wantonness sways Cynon put up a stockade the men of Gweryd 25-1=24.

and a cunning rampart 29-13=46. The damaged Hall was made fair again by the loved lord of Ceint. The country will praise Cynon I folk loved him io-n, 18-15=36.
xxxv i.

26-2=24.

(To sing his praise

is

due

Ere

his

death
to

(1105) he returned to Aeron.

... Of

those that

came

the Rhyn, scarcely was there bred in fair Aeron a better

than Cynon
I

38'

1-8=82).

know

of nothing in our text about the

war

of 1098 con-

tradictory of the Chronicles.

And

if

readers familiar with

expedition of the Lords Marcher to Anglesey remain unconvinced by the foregoing string ot
the history of the

and still hold that the Book of Aneirin could have been written before 1098, I fear that no argument and no fact can be of service to such. Still the champions of Tradition will remember that GriffyS ap Kynan is reputed to have promulgated a Statute for the regulation of Welsh metres. Peniarth MS. yy etc. present us with copies thereof.
extracts,
'
'

will

not discuss
is

to us

that

its authenticity. The interesting part a statute of some kind might have been

Kynan is one of the four authors of Book of Aneirin,' which contains the oldest poetry (barring some dozen lines) in the Welsh language. He has after the fashion of the twelfth century signed some
enacted, for Griffy5 ap

the

'

'

'

of his poems,

and

is

frequently autobiographic.

He

is

'

the

offspring of an exiled Knight, an only son to

lineage,' eisyllut alltut

Cynan

of high

marchauc, vn maban e Giwan e&vyvannauc, 31/22=52. Men went to Catraeth from an interrupted feast. Fruitful the conflict that I did not promote
.

had made secure (in 1094). While Gwyne5 was being over-run / quitted Mon. Brave Magnus does not want the Rhynn. He gives it to the father-in-law (The lords of the son of Cynan of Conical Hill 3-3=70. marcher) coveted the country that will lift me up 308=68. The Norse supported me with their arm against the army and attack of Bernicia, 12-21 = 52. Their dispossessed land (Magnus) delivered to me 16-19=74. When the Knight
force I lost

By

what

xxxvii.

of Ceint departed

(Magnus) assigned to high-famed Mordrei, 3220=76.

Let us hark back a few years.
that after the

me

the country of

It will be remembered Owein ap Edwin, lord of Ceint, became castellan of the Round Fort of Aber Lleinog. After Magnus pera short year Griffy5 returned from Ireland. ceived his strait and took his part, 13' 19 =68. Owein deserted the Saxon to espouse the Kymric side. He had already given

Gor5in

of 1098,

his

daughter
"

in

marriage to Griffy5,
in

who

sings,
hall

127=82,

Though a hundred men were

my

the lord of Ceint should have the chief seat. Cares (without number) are my familiars, (About the conflict of the Strand) will I sing. I am a weary prince, I will not avenge the Gor5in. Ridicule did not disgrace me when down-trodden by the [' earl. Bent was my knee in the abode underground, An iron chain encircled both my ankles.

********
Kynan. mi
' ' .

in the fort near the sea, slanderous things were sung of me, and I (in exile). Taliesin, who chatters about Cyvrenhin, knows it. I sang of the Gor5in ere next day's dawn," 12-9-12=78. i.e. when the facts were fresh.

Around the mead-horns,

Now,

the author of the above lines could be no other than

Griffy5 ap

The only stumbling block

. .

is

the imper-

double assumption that aneirin is one word, and a proper name. When cynghaneS and metre are set right our Book lends occurs only Aneirin no support to the personal idea. twice in the text, and at 14*6 it is demonstrably pure fiction, anysgarat vu y nat ac aneirin, 14-6.= nu neut ysgaraf nat a godoSin, 23-14. The original of these two mis-copied lines probably ran,
fect couplet,

na

vi aneirin,' because of the

'

'

'

'

(Galar), anysgar

Sorrow

is

a nat gor5in, inseparable from the uproar of war.

xxxviii.

We
text

are then reduced to the solitary instance where the con-

shows that
a natural
in -in.

it

should be bisected into

'

'

aneir

in.'

The
all

in is

slip for im,

because the adjoining rhymes

Aneir, which means evil speaking, slandering, ridiculing,' derives point here from the flight (37=70) of GriffyS from Anglesey before the advent of the earls, whose minstrels around the mead cups would be more than human did they not jeer and jibe at the runaway Griffy5. The '& Neirin of the Additional Matter is therefore based on a misreading of the MS., which was composed after 1098. Take another confirmatory illustration from the Old Welsh Genealogies in the same MS., which shews their factitiousncss, as well as their lateness. The ixth genealogy 27 begins uallauc map Laenauc map Masgiuc clop. Gwallawg son of Llaenawg, son of Masgiuc the Halt.
'

end

It will

help us

if

we

identify

Gwallawg and Masgiuc the Halt.

97 of the Black Book of Carmarthen we read that Gwallawg is the lord (arglwyS), the captain {pen llu), and

On page

Aber Lleinog. This Gwallawg, the was pierced in the eye by an arrow {gwyS ardynnwys i lygat). The Chronicles record that in 1098 Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury, was lost in the shallows at Aber Lleinog, being shot in the eye by Magnus Bareleg, King of Norway. Now the B.B.C. makes it certain that Gwallawg is no other than HeS., and Masginc clop no other than Magnus Bareleg. The Icelandic for bare is berr, which bard and genealogist confounded with berr glun, the Welsh for
the prince (unben) of
'

one missing,

'

'

'

'

short

leg,'

hence the byr {gam), the short

{step) of

19-1=28.

A man with
step,

a short leg takes alternately a short and a long

halts, hence the doff of the Genealogist. the Aneirin scribe practised mystification,

and therefore

We have seen that

27 See Genealogies from Harleian MS. 3859 edited by Egerton Phillimore in Y Cymmrodor, Vol., ix., p. 173.
c

%%% ix

rind

wrote certain syllables and words

backwards
. .
.

28
!

We

which read have another instance here in cuipaw^=cwympaw5, he felled. backwards gives cuipaw Note the changes, and double scribal error over m. uallauc map Laenauc 29 map Masg-iuc clop= Wallawg in ap Laenawg 2ap-iuc Mags cloph= Yn aber Lleinog cuimpau5 Magn(u)s Gloff Wallawg
iuc
:

map

Note further that for 'map L.' the B.B.C. has "ab' L." " Aher Lleinog in the first instance, but afterwards " ab (without a contraction mark), which leaves the lines a syllable short. It also has 'mab Lleynnac' for Aber Lleynn/u at 100*4, where the following lines clinch our argument Ny buum lie Uas gwallauc Ni buum He lias Gwallawg,
i.e.
:

mab3 goholheth teithiauc A/twod3* lloegir mab lleynnac

Blaen Lloegr wehelyth deithawg, ar dwod3i Aber Lleinawg

fate of HeS. was identical with Gwallawg, the leader of the expeditionary Lloegr ians who ivas slain on the sands of Aber Lleinog,' where the Gordin,
t

Here again we see that the

hat of
'

alias catraeth
is

was fought

as

we have shown.
on

The B.B.C.
It

positively indecent in being so explicit

this point.

leaves the champions of Catterick-Catraeth stranded, aye

engulphed (dyvn-wall), 32 in the quicksands of tradition and

28 On the last page of the Berne Gospels a scribe of the end of the ninth century has " two acrostichs in honour of King Alfred the final words of the second poem have been written backwards (atel for leta, sirelaf for faleris murer for rerum) or their syllables transposed (taltane for lalenta)." See Prof. Lindsay's Early Welsh Script, & a further illustrative note on p. 174. pp. io-n
.
.

29 cp. Laen-awc with Din-llaen, 30

Mab if read
:

backwards = bam

& Llain with Lleyn & bam b(l)ain = blaen.

:

Lleyn-awc.
cp. 5-1-6.

31 a/-twod

z.r

twod, tywod, on the sands,

cp. Strat

tui= Tywi

Aphenn dyvynwal a breych brein ae cnoyn 20.5 (metriaclly long). a pheh dyuynwal vrych brein ae knoyn 23.9 {no cynghaneS). Here we have an instructive example of the scribe's method of corrupting the text, & his inability to copy anything twice alike. Breych
32
:

xl.

bad

philology.

Moreover,

it

should

now

be plain to

all

that

the ixth genealogy 27 has no value as such, being

demon-

strably a perversion of a historic incident in the Gor5in of

That the ninth genealogy should be so clearly manu1098. factured throws suspicion on the trustworthiness of others. 33
In the Introduction to the
to return to the

Book

of Taliesin I promised

Additamenta

in Harleian

MS. 385g. 34
'

In

that Introduction I slavishly followed the reading of

predecessors,
tigirn
'

my

Tunc Du.11. with paragraph .1., which I knew from the internal evidence of the Taliesin text to be

who began paragraph

it

so that

became a corollary

to

mistaken, to be hopelessly out of date.

'

(T)unc

'

therefore

puzzled me,
text.

&

Dutigirn

Having now

could not trace in any Welsh further tested and weighed the interI

nal evidence of our text I find not a scrap of evidence in favour of " sixth century " authorship. On the contrary

every item

& particular confirm my Taliesin thesis, in short prove that I was wiser than I knew. On turning afresh 34 to paragraph .11., it became clear to me that du-tigim is not a
Bre-

brock, freckled, ? Pict.' (cp. 2*8), but vrych means dyvyn-waJ is at i8'ii* dyvyn-wa//, lost in the deep, where the Therefore the crows', dead HeS. remained till the tide had ebbed. brein ae cnoyn a phenn had no chance to peck at his head is a paraphrase of an original something like this Dyvn-wall (drych car) Brennych, rhein wenyn (see notes) Lost in the deep is the form of Bernicia's ally, pierced by darts. So ends the career of Dyvnwal.' After surviving seven centuries we Goodbye Dyvnwal see that he is of such stuff as dreams are made of. Sleep thee well, and if for ever, then for ever a long farewell.
'

=Breych

Now

'

'

'

'

'

'

33 For example the

cluton-e idin

vmth

EiSin, a scribal error for

genealogy has Clinog eitin = Clinoc ClwJoe=Clutone EiSin. Cp. Clytno idin
' ' :

EiSin B.B.C., 64*2. The Clinog is a repetition It would appear that Kevyn of Clinoch in the previous genealogy. Clutno Cluno< (W.B. Mab., 98*14) is an error for Cevn Clunoc " Kevyn Clutno " must be near Clynog as the context proves. Clynog.
:

= Chiton

34 See Facsimile page, and the Preface, pp. vii-viii.

c 2

xli.

proper name, but means simply niger

'

and like magnus rex in paragraph .in., it must qualify a man's name. And who was the Black King of the nigri gentiles 35 the Norsemen but (M)unc du deyrn who died in 1103 ? No one had recognized this Munc before it fell to my lot to identify him with King Magnus of Norway in a note on du gyweithyS in Magnus and his men wore black mail GwisgasTaliesin. sant eu gwrm duZed, they donned their dun covering^ gory the dusky youths iyi4'22=38, 94. Note that our text is all about the struggles of Magnus with the Anglian race struggles which the Chronicles confirm in detail, thus
rex,
'
,
.

establishing the reading of il/unc

cation, or reasonable doubt.
i

&

his identity past equivo-

departs, abandoning

its

Like a bad dream 'Tunc' dupes to an unpleasant awakening.

Now the poets

var5

&

Cinan

'

Talhaearn, [& Neirin], & Taliesin & Llwchdid live in the time of Munc for they tell us
'

in Mon. Three of them are named in our MSS. been complete, it is practically certain that the names of all the authors would be found in This was the general custom of the their respective verse. twelfth century. 36 But the sixth century fiction could not

the story of

Magnus

our text.

Had

Irish distinguish between the Norwegians Finn geinti (White and the Danes Dubh geinti (black gentiles) geinti being a loan word from the Latin. (Quiggin). In Welsh Gint is used without an adjective as in our text (see Index), in B.B.C., 48-1 & 55-11, but lludu, and in the plural form Gynon I'll, 72-20 in Book of Taliesin which has du gyweithyd at 17-18. An. Camb. has gentiles mostly but gentiles nigri A. 853, the Kenedloed duon of Brut y Tywyssogion.

35

The

gentiles)

N.B.

&

his

Hugh the Proud wore llurygeu claer bright mail, 9-18 = 34 men calch claer, shining armour 28-18 = 44. See also 5-1, 17-1.
-

36 cp. Mi Veilir BrydyS, Myvyrian, 1426- 7. Gwalchmei im gelwir gelyn Saeson, lb. 1430-22, I47a i7. Ath gyfarwyre barS brebreufior, So Chr6tien Cynfielw cynhelw yno cynnor lb. 1506-54, 1520-33. de Troyes in his prologue to Perceval, and Wolfram von Eschenbach
in his epilogue to Parzival.
xlii.
h,
i,

n.

See Preface notes.

survive without the suppression of the authors' names.

is

Jt

not surprising therefore that no existing canto names Tal-

haearn,

whom
is

Taliesin mentions (2i i6=2o).

-

Talhaearn
was.

sings the praises of

Hugh Lupus, whose bard he

a shadow without a twelfth century witness to his existence. The scribe of the Additional Matter clips his

Neirin

name,

&

the scribe of our text confounds

2.

him with godoSin.

but we find only the cantos of four. It is clear to me that aneirin is simply a misreading of aneir im, (see p. xxxviii). But if assumed to be a genuine
fifth bard,
'

He makes

'

pseudonym of Griffy5 ap Cynan. Cian is for C a n i.e. C i n a n whose only son was GriffyS, King of Gwyne5, the sometime prisoner of Hugh Lupus. The scribe of the Harleian MS., however, blundeis into making Cinan a bard, instead of his son Griffy5, whose father-in-law (chwegrwn 3'9=7o) was Owein ap Edwin. 23 Again Llwchvar5 36 was the minstrel of Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury. Cynghane5 suggests that his name survives
name, then
it is
1

the

Minheu (var5 Llycheu) geint waedtfreu wawd (6-22=30). Whether this emendation be right or wrong, it is certain that our text is corrupt. The line has no verb in the MS., while both cynghane5 & metre are at fault. Elsewhere he styles himself Ceint gerlawy (0/21, 48), because after the fall of HeS. he became the bard of his successor in the command, to wit Owein, lord of Ceint, the Tut Cyv-Lwch (26*3 =20), that is to say the district bordering on Tut Llwch which lies The name of Owein's within the Chester bend of the Dee. father we know was Edwin, and Prof. Lloyd has pointed out that a freeman of that name was settled in Coleshill in 1089. The ruins of the old castle of Bryn Edwin, near Northop, seem to have been this ancient freeman's home. 37
37 In the

Domesday Survey we read that

held the townships of

this Edwin holds or had Cholmondley, both Edges, Hamton, Larkton.

xliii.

last comes Taliesin, the junior of Talhaearn, Llwchand GriffyS ap Cynan. Our text preserves his name and some of his poems. Griffy5 ap Cynan had an old bard's contempt for the youthful Taliesin whom he accuses of

And

var5,

" chattering about the Cyvrenhin," Griffy5's early

(i 2

enemy

13 =78). It was natural for Taliesin to praise the quondam prince of his native district, namely, Hugh the Proud, lord
of

Ei5yn and Aeron

it

was

also natural for GriffyS to resent

Taliesin 's coloured hearsay narrative of catraeth.

There

was besides racial feeling as implied by Taliesin's use of Brython bards.' When he had the temerity to enter a " bardic contest he protests, " I do not deserve being cursed (B.B.C., 1021113). In the Book of Taliesin he sings, I was sifted in every faculty by the Brython bards' 713 = 7,
'
'

'

'

but a slender twig, inexperienced in craft 7-16=7. the bard of the Hall I am the winner of the chair The bards are greatly incensed, loud their anethemas 817 = 8.

&
I

though

'

am

******
by the orthography

Having surveyed the historical and geographical evidence, we will end with a note on palaeography. A generation ago 38 that the Demetian scribes proved susit was pointed out
ceptible to the influence of French models.

This

may

be

further exemplified

of the B.B.C., origin-

Bicker ton, & Duckington in Malpas parish, of Golborne David in Handley, of Pulton & Eccleston on the left bank of the Dee, of Hope in Exestan, of Aston in Hawarden, & of 'Castretone' (?near Flint). Also Robertus de Roelant tenet Coleselt et Eduinus de eo. qui et tenuit ul liber homo ? We are not told the extent of ColeshilJ but
'

contains the three parishes of Ceint, viz., Eur-geint, Hal-Ceint as well as of Flint, Holywell, and Whitford. Owein figures in our text as the Gwledig of the men of Ceint the Mabon of the Clut country the Clut rises in Malpas parish and from Aeron there came no braver son. Thus we see that the Welsh text and the Domesday Survey are in agreement.
its

hundred

Cil-ceint,

&

38 See Pal. Note in the B.B.C. (1888)

xliv.

&

Bradshaw's C. Papers (1889).

most part, in Hiberno-Saxon script, as proved by certain recurring mistakes. In Welsh c has always had the sound of k, but in French c had the sound of s before the vowels e & i, hence the reason why k, before e, i and (its biform) y, was introduced into our orthography by FrancoWelsh scribes in a Deheubarth district abounding with Norman settlers. According to Prof. Morgan Watkin 3J he kc & ki (for qtie & qui) are first found in a MS. of 1160 therefore argues quite properly that the B.B.C. must be Again in French c before the Latin a later than that year. was written ch with " the sound of the fricative prepalatal
ally written, for the
;

39 See French Literary Influence on Mediaeval Wales in Y Cymmrodor and pp. 1-94, (1921). In these two articles Prof. Morgan Watkin has contributed stimulating suggestions with some original application. But inaccuracy, discursiveness, and chanticleering go far to mar the meritorious kernel of the contributions. We are told on p. 73 that " Dr. Evans ascribes the writing of the first part (of the B.B.C.) roughly speaking to the last 20 years of the first half of the twelfth century." 'Dr. Evans' does no such thing, but (See "limits the age of the B.B.C. by 1148 and the reign of John." Pal. Note, p. xiii., 1888). He limits the date still further to the " reigns of Henry II & his sons." (Intro. Remarks p. viii., 1906). The " 20 years of the first half of the 12th century " are, therefore, sheer fiction. An indeterminate reference to a reign is more applicable to its close than its beginning, because some time must elapse before a reign can have any characteristic. Henry II. died in 1189. In the opening pages of the B.B.C. we have an echo of the Vita Merlini, dedicated to Robert, Bp. of Lincoln, supposed to be R. Chesney, 1148-1167. I have suggested elsewhere that Taliesin died circa 1 1 75, and the dialogue between MyrSin & Taliesin must have been composed after the latter's death. That brings us to circa 1 180. This limits the writing to 1 180pp. 146-222 (1920),

which cover the years suggested by the paleographers whom jeers at. He himself suggests " about 11 70 " (p. 162). Later " submits that the very end of the third or very beginning (p. 75) he of the fourth quarter of the twelfth century is the approximate date." How then conies it that events of the reign of John are related in the B.B.C. ? There is something wrong with Prof. Watkin's patent. Let me invite him to give us an accurate, concise statement of verified facts
121
7,

Prof.

W.

xlv.

surd

s,

"

as chat, chose, chanter 40

it

spirant in Welsh,
the B.B.C. uses
c (with If

As ch is a voio could not represent the sound k, hem

.

sometimes
to the
'

and sometimes k 43 before

a,

but

nine exceptions) before o

&

u.
'

we now turn

other influences at work.

Griffy5 ap

and educated

in Ireland.

we find quite Kynan was born, bred, When he crossed to GwyneS to

of Aneirin

Book

claim his ancestral throne there were Irishmen in his train.

They did not amalgamate with the Anglo-Norman invaders, but rather helped to drive them away. Irish, like Welsh, has no k, and the older orthography, surviving more or less
on pages 34-38 of our text, has not a single instance of k, which is sparingly used in the rest of the MS. Sparing too is the use of t=5 which Prof. Morgan Watkin has shown to be borrowed from the French. 42 Then forms like krym 29/
up
of
to the

year 1230.

P.S.

am accused of

withholding the opinions

Hardy, Madden & Macray. Now those opinions are written on loose sheets which were not forwarded with the MS. when I had it. I had no knowledge of them at the time. Insinuations of this kind should not be made without good reason.
40 See Pricis Historique de PhonMique Franfaise par Prof. E. Bourciez, pp. 145, 153. 41 Prof. Watkin writes " In the B.B.C. the sign k alternates with

vowel symbols a, 0, u, (p. 74). Random statements of kind are unpardonable where the facts are easily accessible they are as stated above, the exceptions being celi 36-12, ceisso 66-5, cev 90-13, cic 1003, cynull 53'i7, cystlun 64-13, cynial 966, Kuynan 33, kuynhiw 100-15. Again " k is sporadically encountered in the An. Cambriae," p. 172. This pure fiction is apparently contradicted on p. 191, & leaves one bewildered & suspicious of other statements.
c before the

this

42 The earliest instance Prof. Watkin has found of t =S is in the word " Eglusnewi* in Carmarthen Cartulary No. 33, redacted between 1 129 and 1131," p. 190. The instances in the Genealogies from Harleian MS. 3859 are, perhaps, two or three years earlier. See Y Cymmrodor, Vol. ix., HimeyJ & Margetiu* (p. 171), Clinog Ei/in (p. 173),
Elize/
(p. 181),

Guodoftn

(p. 182).

Eglusnewi?

&

these examples

xlvi.

(Tr.

crum, cruim) iov pryv (worm), and

ri-g

yg, for

ri

(King)

are confirmatory of the

dominant
:

Irish influence.

This

is

also seen in the occasional interchangeableness of the

ch and g
c/nverw,

as

c/iwar5a/
:

gwartha/", chuech
:

chweg, guero

guanauc

cAwanawc, Clinoch Clinog. 33 We see it again in the Irish tendency 43 to reduce c to g as in being 12 8, yeueing 2.16, kyvrang 31*2, dang 31-3, with which contrast
kyvranc, tanc, tranc, ieuangc, trange, dieigc in the B.B.C.,

which however has diag

in

for change.

The digraph gc

is

old

Welsh.

Tanc

is

written lagc in a ninth century marginal

of St. Chad, which has also '&rac=cyvranc. no explanation of c for radical g in Cint for Gint= gentiles, nor in Munc 16*14, Mane 19-2, Welsh forms of Magn-us, which appears as Mwng at 11*17, an d as Mug & Mungc in B.B.C. Old French shows similar dual spellings (but with the same pronunciation) in bore and bourg, lone and long for the Latin burg-us & long-us. 4
in the
I offer

Book

The length

of the first limb of

n varies

in

MSS.

When

it

is short it is liable to

be misread n, and vice versa, hence the recurrent confusion between )\ & n, as well as between
)'

&

r,

and

for the
its
]\

same

reason.

proves that
characters.

originals
r,

= &

)'= s

This confusion in our text were written in Hiberno-Saxon See Facsimiles in B.Ll.Dav.

who omit to dot were scribes who dropped n after a vowel, but omitted a horizontal stroke over it, as
are ah familiar with correspondents
their is

We

& cross

their ts.

Of that

ilk

provide an unexpected confirmation of the date

assigned to Harley
historical
;

limit the writing of fol. 188b.

grounds I between 11 25 & 11 30 the officials of the MSS. department at the Brit. Mus. do not dissent from this date.
viz.
'

MS. 3859,

after 1125,' (Tal., p.

viii.).

On

certain points in old Irish orthography.

have to thank the Rev. Charles Plummer for explaining to me Final c has been reduced to However, under the accent ac, rhac, dysc, ewse, dyscu, g in Welsh. but disgyblion, etc. is the better way.
43
I

xlvii.

tac tac tanc, Cian Cian Cinan, Breych=Brenych. In the List of Scribal Errors it will be seen what letters are generally mistaken for one another. But it is essential never to forget that things which are equal to the same thing may be equal to one another in paleography. For instance c, r, t, are frequently confounded and we have seen that k took the place of C, so k may appear

Mflc

Muc Munc,
:

lireych

occasionally as a misread r or
visualize the original script,

t.

Unless the student can

and the varying possible misr, s,

takes in repeated transcriptions, the paleographic restorations look very like jugglery to all but the initiated. 44 n,

cannot very well be mistaken, any one for the other, but if the original script was in Hiberno-Saxon characters n is often confounded with Jl, and as n & U are a sort of indistinguishable twins in most writing we find ]\ may be misread

u which

in turn

may

be misread

rr,

ii, ir, it, ri, ti,

characters

utterly unlike p.

friendly critic looking over

my shoulder

has warned me that these references to the transformations of c, m, n, p & u introduce an air of unreality into the subject. Let me then refer the reader to the Scribal Errors under the above letters, where he will find illustrations with chapter and verse for every statement. Truth is always stranger than fiction to the ignorant, but we can have no
progress without shocking the " forty millions " and most
of their leaders,

who fancy

that good sight

for

is

everything.
Insight
is

Good

sight
for

is

certainly

wanted

bad MSS.

wanted

MSS., it is knowledge, the faculty behind the eyes that count.

all

experience,

and

44 Unfortunately there is but one connected with the University Wales who is experienced in Welsh paleography in the sense of having ordered knowledge of MSS. extending over a long period of time knowledge based on scientific observation of the gradual but continuous change which has taken place in the handwriting of Ability to read an old MS. & to extend every age and school. contractions is only an elementary first step in the science of writing
of
;

xlviii.

Errors is not exhaustive. I had and fuller list when completed. Few can have any idea of the amount of labour involved in replacing it. But a new compilation had to be done to reveal the personal equation of the scribe, and without attentive study of the Scribal Errors no student will ever get at the

The

table of Scribal

the misfortune to lose the

first

historical core of the Aneirin text.

The cost Notes within

first

of printing has compelled

me
if

to condense the

the narrowest limits.

But

the student will

scrutinize the list of Scribal Errors my brevity should not embarrass him. There is no escape from the labour of I despair only of those who have a learning the alphabet.

nodding acquaintance with MSS. They think they know all there is to know, and are more eager to dogmatize than
to

learn

the arrogance
leading.
is

of ignorance blinds

them

to

all

light

and

The Index

not on ordinary

lines.

It is

much

fuller.

It includes beside

proper names, Adjectives and Epithets that denote persons, both in alphabetical order, and ranged

under the names to which they refer. For instance Bradwen (i.e. bradw wen, broken hero,) & Bar-vawr, Great-ire, have a double entry, alphabetical, and under Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury. By collecting the many aliases of a man under his proper name, it helps us to understand the references and
the history involved.
entries

Before reading the text I would urge every student to refer to the Index, and read through the

under Hu, Hu Vras, Magnus, Owein ap Edwin vel Cynon, and (GriffyS ap) Cynan. These have so many epithets that any one not thoroughly versed in the history of the English expedition against Anglesey in 1098, cannot get a firm grip of the subject matter. Many common nouns have also been placed in the Index, for various reasons.
J.

G. E.

xlix.

INDEX TO

1-1

RST LINES.

Aches guolouy glasvleid 3212=58 Aer dywys rydywys ryvel 0=36 Am drynni drylaw drylenn 11.9.15, 24-11=38, 40 24-16=40 Am ginyav dry lav drylen Anawr gynhoruan 57 =48 322-11=56 Angor deor daen 166 =56 Angor dewr daen Ardwynef adef eidun gwalat 33'4 =26 Ardyledawc canu. see Erdyled if) 1216=58, Ardyledawc canu kyman cafiat & ovri 74 17-1-10=82 Ardyledawc canu claer orchyrdon

Arwr y dwy ysgwyd

Aryf angkynnull Bedin ordyvnat en agerw Blaen echeching gaer
.

7-10=6
25
i,

7-6=24, 30

194 =66
5-1

=72

Bu

gwir mal y

meud

e gatlew

8-2
2'5

Kaeawc kynhorawc aruawc eg gawr Kaeawc kynhorawc bleid e maran Kaeawc kynnivyat kywlat Kay awe kynhorawc men ydelhei Cam e adaw heb gof camb ehelaeth Carasswn disgynnu yg catraeth Kein guodeo e celyo Keint amnat amdina dy gell Keredic caradwy e glot Keredic caradwy gynran Ket bei cann wr en vn ty
/.

=8 =4

122=4 116=4 110=2 718=6

2011=82
31-12=76 18-20=26 8-12=84 8-15=88 127 =82

. . . .

IX DFX TO FIRST LINES

Kyuaruu ac ac ero Kywyrein ketwyr kywrennin Da y doeth adonwy atwen delwat dieirydaf y erry
Diannot e glot e glutvan Dienhyt y bob llawr llanwet

37-13=82

147-22=64
[3-19,

30*12=68
30-6

=68

21-19=88
22T, 23-21 = 90
34-16
.

Dim

guoiu edui o adam Disgynsit en trwm yg kesseuin

Disgynsit en

10-16-20

= 76 = 20
80

trwm

rac alauoed

III, 35-2I

= 20,

Disgynnwys en affwys dra phenn Doleu deu ebyr am gaer

Dyfforthes cat veirch a chat seirch Dyfforthes meiwyr molut nyuet
.

18-6

=94

28*18
19*11

I7-I3,

= 44 = 66 35*12 = 38
=96

Dywal yg

cat

kyniwng yg keni

31*2

Erdyledam canu i cinon 38*1, 17-1 =82 Erdiledaf canu ciman cafam 16*12, 38*9 =74 Erdiledaf canu ciman ciguereint 38-21, 17-6 =28 Er kryn e alon 13*10=58 Ef guant tra trigant echassaf 37-18=82 Eur ar mur caer crisguitat. see Gwr &c. Ev gwrthodes tres tra gwyar 21-1=58 6-4 Eveis y win a med e mord(r)ei 32, 6-13=18 Geu ath diwedus tut leo 32*22=76 Gnaut i ar fisiolin amdirnn 35-6 =38 Gododin gomynaf dy blegyt 14*2, 23*10=64 Gorchan kynvelyn 27*13=42 Goroled gogled gwr ae goruc 12-14=52 Gosgord gododin e ar ravn rin 33'i5=io Gosgord mynydauc pan gryssyassant 33*10=10 Gredyf gwr oed gwas i*i =2 Gweleis y dull o benn tir adoyn 20*2, 23*6=28 Guelet e lauanaur en liwet 36*16=62
.
.
.

li.

. .

. .

BOOK OF ANEIRIX
Gwyr a aetli gatraeth buant envvawc 617=30 Gwr a aeth gatraeth gan dyd 4-2 = 72 Gwr a aeth gatraeth gan wawr 410=72 Gur ar mur caer crisguitat 34-11, 1120=62 Gwyr a aeth gatraeth gan dyd 3-19, 42=70, 72 Gwyr a aeth gatraeth gan wawr 31 014, 4-10=70, 72 Gwyr a aeth gatraeth veduaeth 33 =70 2-21=70 Gwyr a aeth gatraeth oed fraeth eu llu, Gwyr a aeth gatraeth yg cat yg gawr 916=34 213-18=68 Gwyr a aeth ododin chwerthin Gwyr a gryssyassant buant gytneit 93 =34 Gwyr a gryssyassant buant gytvaeth 9-10=34
.

Guir gormant aethant cennin Hv bydei yg kywyrein pressent

36-3

=80

Hui

treuit clair cinteiluuat

163 =20 372 =62

Issac

anuonawc o barth deheu

let

88 =84
377 =100
. .

Llafnaur
lletvegin

rud
.

Llech leut/r
is

13- 4, 23-15.

tawel kyn dyuot e

dyd

Llithyessit adar

34'6=54 8-12=88 38-15=18

Mat vudic ysgavynwyn Moch aruireit i more Moch aruireith i meitit Moch dwyreawc y more Moch dwyreawc y meitin
.

206 =28
36*12=60
36-7
18-1
.

=60

17-20=94

=94

Mynawc gododin traeth e annor Neum dodyw angkyvwng

Neut eryueis y ued ar yg kerdet Ni forthint ueiri molut muet Ny mat wanpwyt ysgwyt

19-14=66
22-22 33-21

=8 = 12
=80 =36

35-12 (i7'3)=28

13-15=20
26-8
10-5

Ny phell gwyd aval o avail Ny wnaethpwyt neuad mor anvonawc

in.

. .

INDEX TO FIRST LINES

Ny wnaethpwyt neuad mor Ny wnaethpwyt neuad mor Ny wnaethpwyt neuad mor

orchynan
dianaf
diessic

9-21
15-2

=34 =84

Nyt ef borthi gwarth gorsed senyllt Nyt wyf vynawc blin O gollet moryet ny bu aessawr
.

10-11=36 12-19=52
12-9

=78

vreith-yell gatraeth

pan adrodir
15

19-19=68 4-16=12
9-15-19=12, 14

winveith a medweith
dei

y cyuarchant pan doethon deon o dineiSin parth Pan gryssyei garadawc y gat Pan gyrchei yg kywlat Pan vuost di kynnivyn Pan ym dyvyd lliaws pryder Pei mi brytwn
Peis dinogat

Pan

34'4=36
33*5
T(
>

820=88
31-18=52
12-3

=72

vreith vreith

21-10=86 26-18=96 22-12=90

21-6

Porthloed vedin

=60

Pwys

blaen rydre

317 =30
10-13=18 32-16=74 5-17=16
7'6=30, 32
35'4

raclym y waewawr Scwyt dan wodef

Teithi etmygant

trachywed vawr Tra merin iodeo trileo yg caat Truan yw gennyf vy gwedy Uudet Try cant eurdorch(auc) a gryssyassant trywyr a thrivgeint a thrychant Uyg car yng wirwar nyn gogyffrawt
.

=38

20-16=76
30-16-20=10

27*22=30
7*1

=6

liii.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page

Preface
Introduction
Scribal transpositions

V.

xi.

and spelling backwards xiii., xl., metre xiv., Geography of the text xvi., xxiv-v., Catraeth & Gododin xvii-xviii., Gogle8=first earldom of Chester from Clwyd to Cheviot II ills xx., Eidyn, Clyton Eidyn xxi., Aeron xxii., Redeg xxiii., Ceint xxi v., Mordrei xvi-xix.

Griffyd ap Cynan claims his ancestral throne xxv., Border expedition of 1098 against Gr. ap C, xxvii.,

HeS., xxxiii.,
alias

Magnus

xxxiv.,

Cynon

xxxvi., Statute of Gr.

Owein ap Edwin ap Cynan xxxvii.,

Gwallauc

map Laenauc = HeS.,

xxxix.

Additamenta in Harl.
Paleography
to first lines

3859, vi., xli., Talhaearn, Neirin, Taliesin, Llwchvard, Cian, xlii.,

xliv

MS.

iv.

Index

PART
Foreword

II.
.

lix.
.

Amended Text and

i.

Translation
Lhvchvard, 15
iv.
;

I-IOO

Talhaearn

ii.

Hi.

Gr ap Cynan,

51

Taliesin, 93.
. .

Variant Versions
List of Scribal Errors

101-106
107
121

Paleographical and other Notes

Corrections

174
175

General Index
List of subscribers

193

Iv.

Frontispiece,

Map

of Mordrei,

&

Facsimile.

?f>HE gap
wide.

in
its

the

Cliffs at
is

Abcr Lleinawc

At
:

northern end
the

is some 180 yards Carreg Cynhadvan which stands

34 yards

landward
it

of the high-water line

on the very edge

cliff

of the
is

Pool

above

is

Mound where

the

ends.

The Pool

now

divided into two.

The rubbish shot

into the southern half

has obscured the original outline.

Apparently there was a channel,

behind the shingle bank, stretching towards the brook.

where

The small map shows Aber Lleinog Castle and Mordrei GwyneS catraetli was fought. The xxxxxxx-chain marks the line of

palisading which ran from the Cliff

Mound

to

beyond the

Castle.

There are traces of a footway cut into the sloping ground behind the palisading, in front of which there was a perpendicular drop
(of

varying height) with a ditch at the base, which seemingly served

the

the Pool with water from the morass higher up.

north of the palisading

rises all

The ground way from the Pool to the Castle,

which is a round, high Mound of earth, surmounted by a stone rampart (one of the earliest) of great thickness. A deep ditch
surrounds the Castle base.

MS. 3859 gives the first page of which follows the Saxon Genealogies, but is wholly unconnected with them as well as with the Welsh Genealogies. Note carefully that Nennius has nothing to do with any one of the three.
Harl.

The Facsimile from

the

Additamentum,

or Additional Matter,

have to thank Mr. David Owen of the L.J.C. & M. Bank at me to Aber Lleinog and assisting me to photograph the Frontispiece in a strong wind. Dr. Richard Owen, now of Bangor, also took me to " Rhyd y MerSyn." MurSyn = a ruin,' and MurSin = a walled fort. The passage across the Menei is repeatedly called Rhyd in Aneirin. It would be interesting to find evidence that this Rhyd was known as Rhyd y Murfiin.
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15

gatraeth pan

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18

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19

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22

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18
B. A.

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18

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22

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19

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bann.

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21

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Hew llywywc. pan

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17

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ollnyuei ozadein.

mss^)
21

leum dodyw angkyvwng o angkyuarch nym daw

22
B.

A.

'

nym dyvyd

a uo trymach.

ny magwyt yn neuad a vei

lewach noc ef / nac yng cat a vei waftadach. ac ar ryt

benclwyt pennawt oed e veirch/ pellynnic e glot pe'

llwf e galch. a

chyn golo gweir

hir

a dan

dy warch /
.%*0

dyrllydei vedgyrn vn

mab

feruarch.

s&ss

V)veleyf y dull o bentir a doyn aberthach coel kerth a

emdygyn. Gueleyfy deu oc eu

tre re ry

gwydyn. o
gan

eir

nwython ry godeffyn. Gueleyf y wyr

tylluavr

wavr a doyn a phen dyuynwal vrych b2ein ae knoyn

(f)ododin gomynnaf oth blegyt yg
.

gwyd

cant en

aryal en

emwyt

a guarchan
treiffyt

mab dwywei da wrhyt

.

poet

gno en vn tyno
trin
.

er

pan want mawf

mvr

er

pan aeth daear

agododin.

ar aneirin.

nu neut

13

yfgaraf nat

Iflech

llefdir

aryf gardith tith ragon tec ware rac go'

lief
17

dodin yftre anhon. ry due diwyll o win bebyll ar

tymyr
llu. llu

tyrnoz tymeftyl. tra merin Ueftyr. tra merin

meithlyon. kein gadzawt rwyd rac riallu o

dindywyt
rac

en dyuuwyt yn dyouu.yfgwyt

rugyn

doleu trin^tal vriw vu.

21

lihenyd y bop llaur llanwet y haual amhal afneuet

twll tal

y rodavc caf

ohir

gwychauc rywynyauc

dif
2

B.

A.

fret

eil

with gwclydeint amalet

y gat veirch ae

feirch

greulet bit en anyfgoget bit get uo2on gwychyrolyon

pan ry godet.trwm en

trin allain

yt ladei gwaro rybud

o gat dydygei gant/ can yg calan darmerthei. ef gve

nit

a dan vab uruei. ef gwenit a dan dwrch traha '

riein

wc. vn
bzenhin

amo2\vyn a menavc a chan oed mab

ud gwyndyt gwaet kilyd gwa /
ar grud hael etvynt

teithiauc.

redauc

kyn golo gweryt

do /
/ 10

eth dygyrchet y get ae glot ae echiauc uot bed go2

thyn

hir o ozthir

rywynauc.
diffwyf dy-'

fl^m d2ynni drylav d2ylen am lwyf am

vvarchen trihue baruaut dreif
dili

plec

hen atguuc

emo2em aeguiau hem hancai

at

ureuer urag denn

gvvyr

agvvydyl

aphrydein at gu kelein rein

rud guen

deheuec

gwenauwy mab gwen

d2ylen

15

flfm ginyav drylav

warchen

trym dwyf tradiffwyf dy^

afgell vreith

kemp

e lumen,
bieithell

arwr baruaut

edrych eidyn a

go2uchyd y lav loflen argynt

a gwydyl aphryden. a chynyho

mwng

bleid

heb
20

preh eny lav gnavt gwychlaut ene

lenri*.

prytwyf
gwe~h.
B. A.

ny

bei

marw mo2 em deheuec guenabwy. mab

24

I^k

ryt

angkynnull ang'

(man eBecbreu

flowchart

tuttjtnlcl? ^^^^ kyman dull/ twryf en agwed. erac A .^^.meuwed e rac mawrwed e rac matyed pan 3
.
. .

yftyern

gwern earn gamgyrn.eam gamgled. euoli

ri/ alluawr peithliw racwed.

tardei galled
.

yd

gwelef/ ar hual tref

6

Dygochwiawr

achlot aphor/apheith

apher.

A ruduorua
edryffed.

ac ymc>2va. ac eivyonyd a gwynhei

dyd kein

Trybedawt rawt

rac

y devawt/eil
bann
eny
bv

dal roffed.

Taryaneu bann

am

dal hen
ryt

dryffed.Bleid e

vywyt oed bleidyat

dewred.

Pubell peleidyr pevyr pryt neidyr / o lwch nadred.

welyd yd wyt gwelydon rwyt

riein gared.
.

Carut vre'

12

idvyw carwn dy

vyw/ am

vur hey wred

Camhwrawc
mc-2

darw kwynaf dy varw/ carut dyhed. Baran

kynhoryf gwyr/ y
gatpwll.

yg
15

ymwan

bran yg ky'

nwyt. Tardei donn gyvryngon gowydawc byt. Ef

gwrthodef ar llwrw peuef / ar
.

lief
.

pedyt petwar Hi
nellt
18

wet Petwar milet miledawr byt aeffawr yn

allavyn eg wallt
glaf
eif obedro2.

Gwr

gwyllyaf o gyrn

med

meitin.

Gwr

teithiawr o blith porfc>2/ poith

21

loed bedin. Breeych tutvwlch baranref doft/ benn

gwaed gwin. yr med a chwryf yd aethan twryf

25

drof eu havvfin. Gvvyalvan weith er cadw kyvreith bu ky/

vyewin. kynan kenon teithvyw o von ar vreint go2llin.

tutvwlch kyvwlch a 02eu vwlch arvann caereu. gan vy'

nydawc bu atveillyawc eu gwirodeu. Blwydyn

er

hiraeth

gwyr gatraeth am maeth yfmeu. eu lavneu dur eu

en bur eu haualeu.

med
]^L

"HVyf angkynnvll angkyman

e

dull tvvryf T

neuf kigleu. 3c ebellp

gvvyd
aval o a'

terbrna.

S3eitbpon
auebon.

y phell

etiecljrcu etoarcban

^j

vall/ny chynnyd dyual a dyvall. ny byd ehovyn

ball.

Tnoeth enyfgall/pawb pan ry dyngir yt

A ga'

12

^ rwn y

ef carei anreithgar.ny

byd marw dwyvveith /

nyt amfud y vud eareith. ny cheri gyfofni gyvyeith. e

mif emwythwaf
en adef tangdef

amwyn.am
collit.

fwrn

am

gorn kuhelyn.

13

adef led

buoft lew en

dyd

mit.

Rudvyt

keiffyeffyt keiffyadon

/ mein uchel medel e

alon.
16

dyven
clban

ar

warchan adebon.
ffima

Cbelfp eterbpna eoj*

c

aUebon.

toeitbpon

Becbreu eo^cban 6?n*

tardei

mi brytwn

pei

mi ganwn/

belpn.

I^\ei ^warchan
noe geinnyon

g02chegin. Gweilging

to2ch

trychdrw

19

yt "trychethin "trychinfwrch. kyrcheffit en avon

.

kynn

tyllei

garn gaffon / rac carneu riwrhon.

22

ryveluodogyon. efgyrn vyrr vyrrvach varchogyon.

26

B.

A.

tyllei

ylvach gwryt govurthyach. ryt

gwynn

rac eing/
2

yl

yawn Had. yawn vriwyn

vriwyal/rac canhwynawl

cann.lluc yr due dyvel difgynnyal

alel/ybob dewr
gibellawr agemin.
5

dy

fel.

trwy hoel trwy hemin/ trwy

ac eur ar dhrein a galar

dwvyn dyvyd/y wynnaffed

velyn. e greu oe gylchyn/keledic

ewyn.med mygyr melyn.

Gilcreu oe gylchyn/rac cadeu kynvelyn. Kynvelyn gaf/

nar yfgwn bryfTwn bar. Gobo2thyat adar ar denin
yar. Dyrreith grad

dw '
9

vo2yon / adan vo2dwyt haelon. ky^

diryon. teyrn tut

vret kerd

wyllyon/ar welling

anaw

yfmeu

gwynaw/ eny vwyfy dyd

taw.

Gomynyat

gelyn / ehangfeit ervyn. Gochawn kyrd

keinmyn/yw
13

gwarchan kynvelyn. Go2chan kynvelyn kylchwy wy'

lat/etvyn gwr gwned gwyned e wlat dychiannawr
.

dewr dychianat.eidyn gaer gleiffyon glaer kyverthryn^

neit.kein

dy en rud enyf gwerth ruduolawt ved meirch

Gwarchan kynvelyn
.

eithinyn neut ynt blennyd.

ar

17

ododin neuf go2uc o dyn dogyn gymhwylleit e

wayw
Etmy-'
cat'
21

drwn
gir

o^eureit

am

rodef poet yr
rif

lief

yw

eneit.

evab tecvann/ wrth

greit.

ac wrth rann

wyr

van colovyn

pan vyrywyt arveu

try

trof

benn cat

vleidyeu buan deu en dyd reit.

B.

wyr athrivgeint
27

A.

a thrychant y vreithyell gatraeth

yd aethant or fawl
.

yt gryffyaffant uch
co2fant
.

med

meneftri /

namen

tri

nyt at'
.

Kynon

a chadreith. a chatlew o gatnant a min'

heu

om

creu dychicwant.

Mab

coel kerth

vyg werth y
5

a wnaethant

/ o eur pur a dur ac

aryant.

evnyvet nyt

nodet e cawffant/ gvvarchan kyrd kynvelyn kyvnovant.

Hman
int

terbpna ctoarcban 6pnt>elpn.

C.anu bn
bte*
9

canuatoc

atal pob atoErl

fcrrt>

0}

gotoDin bertopD
than u
a

pnc

amrptfon.
Dal

Zn
0?

tbriueemt

atbrpcbant
cbatnf ptu
a

pob

ton

ajtoarcbatuu. >ef a
e

am
e

ajoffau

ene
.flSoe

gojcbaneu riueti
a

etopj
p

aetbant

(jatraetb.

tele

etor
e

mpnet

tm =
13
s

Tan
feeb

beb artoeu/ n? tele bart mpnet

e

amrpffon
e

cert

bonru

lman

toeitbpon
ae

tecb
ac

reu
a

ctoarcban

maelterto.

Calpeffin
ac
e

cant
e

rotef bieint itato. bemeint

otleu

goto;
'7

tin oil ae tri ctoarcban png

Sett
.

amiEiTon*

oleu

deu
glaer.
.

ebyr

am

gaer

ym

duhun am galch

am
iffidyd

gwibde adoer adwyaer. clodryd ke'

arwe
arwrut. ruthyr

kyfgut brithwe
.

anew

20

thwe a uebir
dof y wryt.

adwy

a dodet

ny

debit

odef ynyaf
tei

dygwgei en aryf en efgut.hu

en'

28

B.

wlyd

el wit.

gwr a
.

ret

pan

dychelwit
eiliw

kywely krym

dy krymdwyn kyueiliw nac

etvrwyn nac em'

to2ret tec teithy' 3

mel dy dywal a therwyn. Tervyn

awl nyt aruedauc e uolawt
wt.
tra
.

diffryderaf
.

y vrafca'

Molawt

rin

rymidhin rymenon dyffy llei trech

tal

manon. Difgleiryawr ac archawr

achon ar

rud dhreic fud pharaon. kyueillyaur

.

en awel ada'
ar ozthur
9

wavn Trengfyd a gwydei neb ae eneu y

teith teth a thedyt.

Menit e ofgo2d mavr mur on'

.

wyd

ar V02

ny

dheli

na chyngwyd

gil

na chyngo2

go2dibleu eneit talach.02 nyt

mwy

ry uudyt y

eP
12

go2. efgo2 eidin rac do2.kenan kein

mur

e rago2.

goffodef ef gledyf ar glawd meiwyr. budic e ren

eny annavd wledic. y gynnwithic kynlaf kynwe'

if

dwuyn dyvynveif kychuech ny chwyd kychwe^

.

15

rw kychvenychef kychwenychwy
.

enlli

welef alen^
.

wif miran mir edlef ar yftre gan vo2e godemlef

hu

tei

id ware

yngo2vynt gwyr go2uynnaf ry

gollet.

18

annet.en llwrw rwydheu ry

collwyd.med''
.

wyd menwyt

gogled run ren ry dynnit

.

g02thew
21

am

dychuel dychuelit

go2wyd

mwy

galwant no

melwit.am rwyd am ry
B. A.

yftoflit. Yftofrlit

1Kb Haiti.

29

blin blaen blen

blenwyd

trybedavt y wledic e

rwng drem

dremrud

dremryt ny welet y odeu

dhogyn ryd.ny welet y odeu dhogyn fyd mo2 ere'

die dar

digeryd. kentaf
lleithic

digonir can welw kyn'

nwythic
taf

llwyrdelw kyn y olo gouudelw

dieiry'
7

gwr mavr y wael maelderw. delwat

daf y erry par ar delw rwyfc rwyf bre rymun

gwlat

rymun

rymdyre. yfgavl
yfgavvt
.

dhifgynnyawd
gre. godiwe-'

wlawd gymre nac

y redec ry

ud godiwef gwlat vre ny odiweud o vevyl ve^

int

gwre.

la dyuot adonwy adonwy

am

adauffut. awnelei

vratwen gwnelut Uadut llofgut ny chetweift nac

eithaf na chynno2 02

yfgwn

tref

dy beuwel ny
.

weleif
gur.
16

mo2 bwyr mo2 marchauc avei waeth no od

can eurdo2ch a gryffyaffant en

f^Vy
ithell

bu ed2ywant

ket ry lade

amwyn b2e^ hwy wy ladaf^

fant

ahyt o2fen byt

etmyc
.

vydant. ac 02 fawl a
19

aytham ogyt garant

tru

namen vn gur nyt

(englyffant.

^rycant eurdoichauc gwnedgar

trychan meirch
;o

guacnauc trychan trahaavc kyuun kyuarvavc

godrud

a gryffywf ganthud

try 22
B.

A.

chwn

a thrychant tru nyt atccwfant.

keni.

4_)ywal yg cat kyniwng yg

yg kyvrang nyt
3

oed dang af gwnehei yn dyd gwyth nyt cf weith

gocheli. baran

baed ocd bleidic

llavn/ac

mab

eli. erveffit

gvvin

gvvydyr

leftri

endyd camavn campawncei.

.

ar aruul cann kyii oe dreghi

calaned cochvvcd
(J^ae deui.

TJwyf

blaen rydre ferei y gadeu dryll

.

kedyr cat kein cryfgwydyat bryt

am

gozlew

diechwith lam y o2\vylam nat rygigleu.ef gwneei

gwyr llydw a gwraged gwydw

int

kyii oe agh.eu.b2e/
11

mab

bleidgi rac yfberi

beri greu.

p^ein guodeo e celyo ery vyhyr ohanav arafyf^

gut
af eiryangut.pan efgynnei

baub

ti

difgynnvt
.

ceuei gwin gwaet

meirw meint a wanut

teir

14

blyned a phedeir tutet en vavr yt uaer afgym

myrr hut ath uodi gwaf nym gwerth na the'

chut pzeffent kyuadraud oed b2eichyaul glut.
17

Tjan

gyrchei

yg kywlat

e glot oed anvonavc ef rodei

ef
dull
20

dilydei win

gwr eur do2chauc

gloyw

glan y gwychiauc. ardwyei

can wr
alltut

arvvr

my/
vn
fathravt

nauc

anvonavc
e gian

eiffyllut

marchauc

maban

o dra bannauc ny

B. A.

31

gododin ar glavr
ijigo2 deo2 dain

foffaut.

pan

vei

no

llif

llymach

farff fafifwy

graen
arall

(Tnebaut.

anyfgoget vaen. blaen bedin

arlwy
lain
.

treif tra
4

chynnivyn
elwir

rwy
gywir

gob2wy g02dwy
.

enwir yt

oth

weithret rect02 rwyfyadur/

treiffic

mvr pob

kyuyeith. tutvwlch

aer

^3,ngo2 deo2 dain farph faffwy

grain blaen bedin enwir yt
.

(caer o

dileith.
8

elwir

oth gywir
weithret.
.

gverit.

kewir. yt

elwir

oth

gywir

recto2

rwyvyadur

mur pob kiwet meryn mab

madyeith mat yth anet.

"
duuyr diaf dilin.ango2 deo2
a

SLchef guolouy

glafvleid

dain anyfgocvaen

em

blaen bedin letrud leuir

meirch a gwyr rac gododin re cw gy uarch kywuy'

rein bard

kemre

tot tarth rac garth merin.

.

15

Rcwyt dan wodef ny

yftyngei rac neb

wyneb

ca^

red erythuaccei diryeit oeirch meirch yg kyndo2 aur

gwryavr hein gwaewaur

net yg kyueillt
ef

kelin. creudei.pan
ereill

wa'

18

gwanei

nyt oed amevyl yt

a dyccei. dyuit en cadw ryt kein afmyccei pan dy

due kyKuran clotuan mo2dei.

21

@eu
32

ath

diweduf tut

leo

na

deliif

meirch

neb march lew keny vaccet

am

byrth ampcath oed

cadarn e gledyual ynyo2th ur rvvy yfgcinnyei y onn

o bed2y holl
llavj

ar vein erch mygedozth.

.

JJ/dwynef adef eidun gwalat gwae

.

ni

rac galar

ac avar gwaftat pan doethan deon o dineidin parth

deetholwyl
alloegyr lluyd

pob doeth wlat. yg kywryffed

amhat nav ugeint am bob vn am

.

beithynat. ardemyl meirch afeirch aferic dillat

af
9

dwyei waet nerth e gerth 02

I
I ofgo2d

gat.

mynydauc pan

gryffyaffant
.

gloewdull

earn

drull

yt gynuaethant o

ancwyn mynydauc
e ry

handit triftlavn

vymryt/rwy

golleify

om
13

gwir garant o drychan eurdo2chauc agryffywf

gatraeth tru

namen vn gur nyt anghaffant

rin.

l(J)ofgo2d gododin e ar ravn

a feirch

meirch
llu

eiliv eleirch

gvvehin

ac

yg kynno2
eidin.

lliwet

difgin

16

en amvvyn called amed

uc
troflaffei
.

o guffyl

mynyda^

yfgwydaur kwydaffei lafnavr ar

.

grannaur gwin

wy

ceri

gon gwylaef

difgin.

19

ny pho2thaffan warth wyr ny thechyn.

J^ eut
E

eryueif

y ued

ar

yg kerdet gwinuaeth
ladhei

rac
22

catraeth

yn vn gwaret pan

ae lavnawr

33

ynyfgoget yn dayr
nyt oed
hyll

nyt

oed

wael
.

men

yt

welet

ydellyll
eluet.

en emvvaret

atwythic fcyiv
3

dauc madauc

an dei y cyuarchant nyt oed hoedyl dianc dialgur

Iy
lu

aruon cyrchei eur ceinyo arurchyat urython b2owyf

.

meirch cynon
ure gododin

XJeech leud
ftre

ud
ancat

tut

leu'
7

(lire

ancat

cyngo2
lu

cyngoz

temeftyl

trameryn
let

leftyr
lin

trameryn

heidilyaun

ineidlyaun

lu

o dindywyt en
tal

dyowu
na hair
adar

fcu^
10

yt
fr-H

grugyn
ar

iractaryf trun

briv bu.
caret

ur

mur

caer

crifguitat
f

dair

air

mlodyat

un

faxa

fecifiar

argouuduit

D20 uual
gueinieit

pelloid
lui

mirein nyf adraud

lun luch

a uo byv

odam
14

odam

liuanat nyf adraud

a uo biu in dit pleimieit na bei cinaual cinelueit.

lim guoiu edui o adam neinim un hue

an

guoloet
iguert
i

guoreu
adraut

fdlinet

em
map

ladaut

lu

maur
eur

17

ladaut

nuithon
hit

do2chogyon
iller

cant
prit

deyrnet

pan

grimbu^

bu guell

pan aeth

canwyr y gatraeth
21

oid eilth gur guinuaeth callon ehelaeth oed gur

luit

einim oed

luric

teinim oid girth oed cuall

34

B A
-

ar geuin

gauall

ny wifguif
nae

imil

imil

luit

he

inim

guaiu

ae yfcuit

gledyf nae gyllell

well.
3

no neim ab nuithon gur auei

f^V'a merin iodeo
fraiduf leo
trileo

yg caat

triguaid frant

bubon
fifiolin

guo2eu bar deo.

f(JViaut
trin

ar

amdiffin
illuru

gododin im blain
alan

terhid

rei

gnaut
deo2
nei

buan

bithei

gnaut rac

teulu

em
bei

difcinhei

gnaut
indeuit
trei
11

mab

goliftan

cen

guledic

itat

a lauarei

gnaut

ar

lef

minidauc fcuitaur

guaurud rac ut eidin

uruei.
trin
riallu

J^i
trin

fo2thint

ueiri

molut muet rac

o2tho2et

tebihic

tan teryd drui cinneuet.

diu

maurth

guifgaffant

eu
cit

cein

duhet diu

14

merchyr

bu guero eu

unet diuyeu cenna'

deu amodet diu guener calanet a ciuriuet diu

fadurn bu

didurnn eu

cit
.

gueithret
llun

diu

ful

17

laueneu
clun

rud

a at ranhet diu
guelet

hyt

ben

guaet lun

nyf adraud gododin

pebyll

guedy

lludet hir rac

madauc pan

atco2het
cinte''
21

lifgynfit in

trum
erit

in

alauoed

dwyrem

bic

e celeo

migam guannannon

guirth

B
'

35

med

guryt

muihiam ac guich
uoleit

fodiauc
at

guichauc

inham
f(J)uir

eithinin

map bodu
cennin

am.
3

go2mant

aethant

gwinweith

amedweith oedyn o ancwyn mynydauc anthuim

cim mruinauc o
goll

gur gunet
rac

rin

mal taran
eithinin.
6

nem
I
I

tarhei

fcuytaur

rynnaud
pan

loch

aruireith lmeitit
in

erf cinerein imidin

odouif
feuin

towyf

inilin

rac cant
idinin

oed

mo2 guanauc

em gwant ce' mal iuet med 9

"
ftre

neu win oed mo2 diachar yt wanei efgar uid

alt

guanar gurthyn.
aruireit

loch

imo2e icinim apherym rac

bu ciuarch gueir guiat igcin 02 02 cat

ar
lee

ciueillt
14

g arat

init

gene buguo

lut

minut bu
de.

bu guanar gueilging gurym

e lauanaur

<5)uelet

en liwet

in

ciuamuin gal
17

galet

rac
eidin

goduryf y aeffaur godechet techin

vre
uiruiet

rac

meint agaffeilau nyt

atco2yei ohanau cuir oed arna v ac canet cindy'

nnyauc
wanei
ri

calc

drei

pan griniec
ri

gnniei

nit

at

21

guanei
i

guanet oed menych guedy oed guenuin hie caraitet

B.

cwyn
36

efcar

cimluin

A.

a chin

iolo

atari

titguet

daiar
clair

dirlifhei

etar
claer

lued

met.

jQuitrcuit

cinteiluuat

claer cleu
fie

na

clair air

uener fehic

am
edili

fut

feic 3

fac

adleo gogyuurd gogymrat

edili

ui jui]puillyat

nyf adraud gododin

citeluat.

in

dit

pleigheit
6

na bei cinhaual
lafnaur
rut

letrudlaun cmachlud guron guo'

leidyat

y maran laun gur

vleidiat

laguen

udat
la'
ith
9

ftadal

bleid

ciman luar th teulu

ni

ur

in

ladu

cinoidalu

bu guan enuir
liui

elwir

od guur guereit recto2

dur mur
caer
12

pob kyuyeith tutuwlch

treifilc

hair

rCyuaruu

ac

ac ac

erodu
cihoit

leidiat lu
i

( godileit bu hero
ar
ciliuf
15

hero ny bu

ac

hero ni
gueuilon

cmed
e

guec guero
nit

gniffint

helo

oed

ar lef

020

bot ero ni

taro

trin

let

un ero trauf y achauf

liuirdelo.
18

guant
ac

tratrigant

echaffaf ef ladhei

auet

eithaf

oid

guiu e mlaen

llu

llara'

haf
b2ein

godolei

o heit

meirch e gayaf gocho2e

ceni bei
ig

du

ar uur
ig

caer
difur

ef arthur

rug

21

cmin uerthi
B. A.

kynno2 guerno2 (guaurdur

"

37

r] rdyledam canu
ac cin bu
ar
i

icinon
dileit

cigueren

in
i

guanth
loflen

diuant
luit

aeron
anuit

riuefit

pen erirhon fghuon ar

itu

en

guo2eu buit
4

lef

minidauc marchauc maon

galon
ar

em dodef
fraeth

ar guaiu

gatraeth oed
lledint
7

eur do2chogyon

wy

guenint
treif

feiuogion

oed ech eu temyr

canaon

oed odit lmit o barth urython gododin obeli

H-j rdiledaf

canu ciman cafa ( guell no chenon.

cetwir

am

gatraeth

ri

guanaid

brit
fegit

ret

10

britgue

ad guiar fathar fanget

guid
cuiei

gunet dial
nif

am

dal

med

o galanet

rig

adraud cipno guedi kyffro cat ceuei

idau
ciui

Iet cimun
niat

daeret.

14

^lithyeffit

adar a da
aruhicat

am

edifmicaf edeuu
ig

eithunat

ef guifguf aur

cinno2
tal

gaur ig cin uaran edeiuinieit ballauc

cat
tridid

gellauc

engiriaul

erlinaut

18

gaur arth arwynaul ar guigiat guo2 vlodi

at riallu eriglunat hir lu ceni
fr-j

bu gipno mab
21

rdiledaf canu

ciman

ci

( guen gat
budit
did

guereint

llavven llogell

bit

dr
B.

38

A.

Foreword.
I read

much

with ease in Latin, and was bold enough to

because I missed nothing of Indeed I was very indignant when I heard that Grolius had insolently declared " he did not read Terence as boys do." Happy narrow-mindedness of youth ! nay of
believe I understood the authors

the literal sense.

men
to

in general that they can

after

know, and inquire

fancy they know all there neither the true nor the false
.
. . .

is
. .

on the whole only fixed views, and, in details much that time and research have already condemned as useless and false. Goethe's Autobiography, Bk. vi.
elderly professors deliver

,ELSH POETRY is governed by stricter rules of assonance &JD and rhyme than English poetry. When we find the laws of cynghaneS violated, we know that the text is corrupt. The various irregularities of our source have been examined, exposed, and detailed in the Notes. The rules of the prevailing ninesyllable metre have been deduced from recurring examples in our MS. Those rules have guided the restoration of the text, and every emendation has been subjected to paleographical analysis, while
the subject matter has been tested throughout
records of contemporary Chroniclers.
therefore, offered with

by the historical The amended text is,

to
it

some confidence as an approximation

the original.

Verbally correct in every instance

cannot be.

Only a monster could produce a perfect work. There are more ways than one of saying the same thing, and the emendation may
carry the right sense without always reproducing the ipsissima
verba of the authors.

The majority of the alterations have been worked out almost mechanically by the science of paleography just as one works out mathematical equations. Except in paraphrases, paleography can test the changes, and where it approves we are on ground reasonably safe. This could be demonstrated
lix.

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
orally with the help of a blackboard, but lack of type

showing

the gradations of change

make

it

impractical in the printed page

beyond what has been done in the Notes, where the reader must look for the why and wherefore of every emendation. The printed page shows few changes because many italics and brackets would distract attention from the sense, and offend the eye.
that

As regards the Translation let me call the attention of all it represents my amended version of the text. To quote the MS. reading where it is corrupt, and contrast it with the

lating are

is misleading & dishonest. The ways of transmany, and vary from the schoolboy's soul-less Dictionary and Grammar method to that of Fitzgerald's Omar

English version

Khayyam.
word
for

My

version of the

Gor5in
First
I

has gone through six phases.

should win

Mordrei Gwyne5 made a strictly literal

of

word rendering of the MS. text, a rendering such as full marks from the most pedantic philologist. This made strange, not to say bewildering reading. It was full of mystery, and might have originated in the primal chaos when 'intemperate men turned into leeks,' (Gwir gormant aethant cennin, 36-3= 80). The effort, however, served to open my eyes to
the personal equation of the scribe as manifested in the duplicate
versions, variations, inconsistencies,

and contradictions

in

the

repeated accounts of the same historical event. It also helped to

Noble Lupus,' Hugh the Proud, & Munc with Mordrei Gwyne5, the site of catraeth. I read up the Chronicles, visited Aber Lleinog time and again, mounted its " large squat stone at
connect
'

'

'

high water line "

(10-3),

and followed the trench from the

fore-

shore pool to the round castle on the rising ground some 350

yards inland.
clear sense,

I observed the cynghane5 and were consistent with the

of the lines that yielded

records.

set to

work

afresh, reducing the

limp of

metre,

&

sense were faulty.

many And
Ix.

a line where cynghane5,

so
I

went on clearing up

FOREWORD
the story of the subject matter, regrouping the cantos according
to the internal evidence of authorship, and the sequence of

amending and retranslating the whole, a third, fourth and fifth time. At last I felt that I had grasped the meaning of most of the poetry in all its details of statement and allusion. Then I set about the present translation which aims at producing in the English reader the same effect as had been produced in me by a prolonged study of the original. Having realized
events,

that there were at least four bards

their respective bias explained the

who sang to contending chiefs, many inconsistences. I did

most idiomatic

my

best to enter sympathetically into the feeling of each bard

in turn,

and to render

his exact sense in the

I

English at
var5,

my command.

imagined Talhaearn, and Llwch-

and (Griffy5 ap) Cynan, and Taliesin living to-day, and Every man who uses two languages habitually year in year out, knows perfectly well that he must phrase the same material differently in the two languages, if he wishes to be understood. And if the speaker is a master of the two idioms, neither can be said to be a translation of the other. The structure of Welsh is so different from English
singing in English for Englishmen.

that a
other.

literal translation of

the one

is

often unintelligible in the

I

Where a
it

literal

rendering

made sound English

it

practised
I

literalism faithfully, but

wherever

darkened the sense

scholar
I

delib-

erately set

aside,
I

even to the extent of occasionally interpreting

the text, and

make no apology. For the

have provided

a collotype Facsimile and a reproduction in type so ruthlessly

literal

that even pedant and pedagogue can find no fault.

serious student need then be led astray

translation.

by

No my editorial work and

If

Let him go to the source.

however he sink

in

a morass he

may

occasionally be grateful for an extended hand,

and

for the ballast

thrown
if it

in to provide a foothold.

Mine has
some-

been pioneer work, and

bears traces of
Ixi.

its origin, it is

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
thing to have
actors,

waded through the morass, and sketched

in outline

time and place.

No
He

sane

man

will

again pursue sixth

century ghosts, for there can be no doubt about Griffith ap Cynan

being one of the poets.
the
'

sings definitely in the first person as

scion of high lineaged

Cynan

' ;

he sings of his

exile, of his

coming to Mon, of his reception, of his seeking and obtaining men from Robert of Rhu51an, of the slaying of Cynwric at Clynog, of the repulse of Trahaearn on the Artro, & of his death later on Myny5 Carn in Penvro, of his own imprisonment underground by Hugh Lupus, of his rescue and the wiesting of Castell Aber Lleinog from his ex-gaoler in 1094, of his flight to Ireland before the advent of the earls into Mon in 1098, of the friendship of Mang enabling him to return to the Rhyn in 1099, of his " father-in-law," Owein ap Edwin, commandant of the Rhyn Castle, and of the death of Mang in 1103. Now Griff y5 ap Cynan's Mang vel Mung is Magnus, The Black King,' (the Du tigirn of Harl. MS. 3859), in whose time flourished Talhaearn and Llwchvar5, and Griff y5 ap Cynan. By n 30 when The Additional paragraph was written the youthful Taliesin had shot into prominence, and as he sang to Catraeth his name is included in the list of bards. In n 30 the facts were known GriffyS and Taliesin were alive. It is therefore idle to talk grandiloquently about our sixth century Literature. It was Robert Vaughan who first labelled Aneirin & Taliesin CynveirS.' Dr. Owen Pughe extended the list in the Myvyrian,' and popularised the use of Cynveir5 and Go-gynveir5. This terminology should be left to his echoes, " whose fixed
foreign accent, of his
'
'

'

'

'

views .... research has already condemned as

false.

The

time
of
'

is

coming when enlightened Welshmen

will

be as

ashamed
those

of the sixth, or ninth century tradition, as

much we are

who, a century ago, babbled of Welsh being the

of Paradise.'
Ixii.

Language

$
l

<&ortit)tn

MENDED TEXT
is

&-

TRANSLATION
who
they are

Now

the time

come

to ask the strangers

ye over the wet ways ? on some trading enterprise, or at adventure do ye rove, even as sea-robbers, over the brine, for they wander at hazard of
Strangers,
are ye?
sail

who

Whence

their

own

lives

bringing bale to alien

men ODYSSEY

III,

THE GREAT STRAND PUSH

of

1098

at

A HER LLE1NOG IN
attributed to

PENMON

TALHAEARN
Father of the Muse.

THE FIRST PART OF

'

TA LH. FA RX
I

'

LA .WESTS
ir

@
1

jREDV

gwr oe5

gwas,
;

gorhydr

am

5ias

Oe5 march mwth myngvras dan vorSwyd mygrwas,

Aes yscavn ledan
ar gledr Mein-vuan,

Cle5yv
5

mawr

glas-lan,

Ethy eur
Ni

affan.

bi, ev a vu gas y-rov a Hu Ys gwell y gwneiv, ar wawd y moliv Gynt y5 aed lawr
;

12

9
10

nogyd i neithawr Gynt yn vwyd i rein nog yn argyvrein. Cu gyveill Owein cwl i vod dan vein. Marthwyd ym-Henmon vu vad 3m Aeron.
; !

15

18

11 12

13 14

(Jaeawg Vyny5awg men y5 eihei, 21 rhac bun oe5 Sillyn me5 5ywallei. Seithid, tal-dyllid 3m awr glywei. Y Gynt ni no5ynt meint Silynei, 24 (ar ystre sawl ware wy) verei. Mai brwyn yd g^vy5yn Rhyd ni giliei. Or 5in, ar gor5in ar lawr Mordrei, 27 neb byth rhac pebyll Rhedeg 5elhei.

THE BOOK OF ANEIRIN

THE FALL OF HUGH,
He was
c.

S.

'HE knight had the spirit of a

hero,

over-eager for the tumult Long-maned was the swift steed, which the majestic knight rode Light was the broad shield on the shoulder of Slender-swift Large his purple-glancing sword, and wondrous his spurs of gold. There was, there shall not be
;

enmity between Hugh and me 1 shall make amends, I will celebrate him in song He was sooner gone to the ground than to a wedding-feast. Lances fed upon him
; ;

15

before his funeral rites. Loved friend of Owein 't

I

is

a sin he should be entombed. He, who was smitten in Penmon, had been a blessing in Aeron.

20

21 ?>he noble Myny5awg wherever he went was gay, At the head of his host, he poured out mead. As he heard the war-shout he was shot, & temple- 2; pierced. The Norse gave no quarter to his followers, but thrusted all who jousted in the arena. Those who did not quit the Ford fell like rushes. From the fort, and the push on Mordrei strand, none ever came before the tent of Rhedeg. 2!

TALHAEARN SINGS
Qaeawg cynnivawd
1

cywlad orwyd,

17
18

(pan llynghes yn aches edrychwyd). Rhuthr Eryr yn ebyr ban lethwyd, i arvod a vu nod a gavwyd. Neu-r wnaeth wall arvaeth, ni argelwyd, rhac midin gwyr Llychlyn llu drychwyd,

19

Hydr gymhell

20

ar draethell ryvvnaethpwyd, Ni 5ifferth nac ysceth nac yscwyd. Adver ni aller neb a gollwyd, Rhac erwan cor ad van ym cadwyd.

*/3lEID caeawg cynhorawg

y-maran,

AJ
2
3

Gwevrawr gorwychvawr torchawg am rami Ev ystwyis wrys gwyr 5iscynnan Cyd del Wyne5 bel, Gogle5 rann.
;

O
4

Hyd

gussyl mad Eryr yscyrran, lawr yscwydawr ys anghyvan.

73jvawg MynySawg 5yvy5

6 7

yng-awr,

17

Cyn no diw, yng-wyr51iw, ev gwy5awr. Cyv-lan, yn rhacwan rhac 5ywanawr, cwy5wyd ym-hlymnwyd lu ymla5vawr.

->o

Gwyr Deivr
8
g

a Brynneich a 5ychiawr, Ubein cant yn-ivant yn un awr,

Cynt yn

lleid

y5

eithid

no neithawr,
24

a chynt beynt yn vwyd rhein no llywawr. 10 Cyn prein argyvrein wy Sygrein lawr, n Gweith me5 yng-hynte5 trang lliwedawr. 12 Hyder edmyger tra vo cerSawr, (Caeawg Vyny5awg) hir (vy5 glodvawr).

28

OF BATTLE STRAND
^)he noble one, having molested the near country, was resting (when a fleet in the offing was espied). Crushed the Eagle, as he rushes into the water meets, His overthrow was an object that was gained. He blundered in his strategy, no shelter was taken, Before the Norse ships his host was cut down. Ruthless pressure on the sand-bank was applied, Nor spear nor shield gave protection. Not one of the lost can be restored, From the thrusting of the strange force I was saved.
i

Lupus is now leading in the struggle, JL* Very magnificent amber beads encircle his brow, He checked the violence of those disembarking,

Y^\OBLE

12

to GwyneS's war, Gogle5 is his part. the counsel of their good prince they fiercely fight, Along the ground their shields lie shivered.

Though he comes

By

(J lad in mail Myny5awg comes into the battle, Ere day, in the green-hued dawn, he is felled. Along the bank, thrusting against chance comers,

17

The men

the fiercely fighting host, struggling, fell. of Deira & Bernicia are downcast,

20

Within an hour one hundred lie moaning in their ruin. Sooner into the mud they went than to a wedding feast, And they were sooner food for lances than rulers. 24 They crawl on the ground ere the feast of the funeral rites, Because of mead at the court the host perisheth. Courage will be admired while a minstrel lives, and noble MynySawg will long be famous. 28

TALHA EA US DESCRIBES

VYNGHAR,
7
i

yngorwarth, niw gogyllrawd, onid o Wyndyd dragon 5ygawd. Pei didolid ni o wyd gwirawd gwnaem ar Voryen boen arvodawg. Hu grein o vael rein yn ael drawd, Pan iach nid llymach cle5yv nebawd.
()arw rhyd
!

rhy-vrivvid
leith

Hu dan

daleith,

11

Gynt oe

orwy5an,

1.:

Bu trydar (rhwng Rhyd a glann), Yn aer-vre bu go-varan. Bu ehud wavvr, bu vuan, Bu vwyd rhein, bu ru5 rann
i
;

12

A
14

chyn edir yn rhychdon yngolithr Eryr ruthrei dirion, Ac o dywasc gwaneg dwnn vronn
BeirS a varnant wyr o gallon. Di'en yrth yn gerth i gynghyr, Divawyd i gynrein gan vyr. chyn goloyn 5eu alarch Gweryd, oe5 wrhyd yn i arch, Gorolches i greu i varch, Cu5 man Blei5ian di- ha varch.
16

15

A
16

20

Qam
20

am

vu adaw Hu yn ehelaeth na bei adwraeth

;

drei,
2+

Ceris

lys les cerSoriaeth,

21

Prydan 5iw Calan i arvaeth. tir nid er5ir yd vy5 di-vaeth

dra chas anialwch, tranc ehelaeth.
28

22

(Gwaeth Mon heb) 5ragon wedy gAvinvaeth, Madw gwenn, celein wen, o gynhen traeth.

1 1

THE BATTLE OF THE STRAND

QY
Hugh,
ling,

unless from

Friend, in great disgrace, will not budge, Gwyne5 he shall bear the dragon.

Were we weaned from the lure of the drink we could inflict on Morien a timely punishment.
after the iron dart enters his brow, lies grovel-

When

alive

no man's sword was sharper.

his coronet,

Batal

the Ford,

Hugh was wounded below

Because of his death (the Norse) are conquering, 8 There was tumult twixt ford and bank, and on the hill the battle raged. Hugh was foolhardy in his haste at dawn, He was food for lances, his cheek was crimsoned And though the Eagle, that attacked the district, is left gently swaying in a furrow of the sea, and the wave pounds upon his breast, the bards will decide who are men of spirit. Violent death certainly ends his counsels, 17 His leaders were devoured by the seas. And ere they surrounded the two Swans of Gweryd 20 Bravery was in its coffin, His blood drenched his steed, Hidden the (resting) place of the Lupusian bold.
1

Xg>was wrong to leave Hugh on the spacious strand for there had been no cowardice His court loved to promote minstrelsy, On New Year's day they will praise his prepar;

24

Land untilled becomes unproductive, 28 a disagreeable wilderness, a growing waste. Worse, Mon is without a dragon after the banqueting, Inert the hero, a white corse, after the strife of the strand.
ations.

MAGNUS ARRIVES
(c^wir,

mal y me5 vynghar Tew, neb marchawg glew. Tevlid gwaewawr gan y glyvv yar lemenig lwybr 5oSy\v. Cyn ni vacced am vyrn borth, dywal gle5yval yniorth. Heyessid onn bedryollt, o law Mein bu erch y bollt. Yd rannei gu i rewin, Yd la5ei wraeth gorllin. Val pan 5el lliv ar vreithin y gwnaei Marthlew waedlin.
ni Seliis

12

Compare with
22

the

33
2
\

(^eu, ath Sywedws u5 Tew, na Seli'is neb marchawg glew. Cyn ni vacced am byrth porth, Cadarn cle6yval yniorth. Rhwyv y ar veinc a vliv erch vollt, ac yscein onn bedryollt.

15

18

X/eu-r 5oeth cyvwng o ang-hyvarch 5iscyn, Ni Saw i-n vy5 trymach, Ni vagawS neua5 vei lewach, 23

21

Yn
3 4

nac yng-had a vei wastadach. Rhyd y byryid oe5 y-ar varch (gweSig),

Cyn

Pellynnig pwys i galch, golohid a dan dywarch, Derlly5er cyrn teyrn ffyrvach.
8

2+

UNANNOUNCED
^>is true, as

my Fat friend saith, one caught the brave knight. Spears were hurled by the prince Who on a wandering course had come. Ere support was organised about the burn fierce was the sword-play opposing. Showered were the ashen quarrels, From Magnus's hand terrible was the bolt. It consigned the loved to ruin, and destroyed the manhood of a superior race. As when a flood comes with showery weather, so the brave Smiter caused blood to flow.
No
preceding canto.

12

Balsely the Fat lord told thee that no one caught the brave knight. Ere support was organised about the haven mighty was the sword-play opposing. The King from the rowers' bench shoots the fell bolt, and scatters ashen quarrels.

16

^>he trouble arose from arriving unannounced, Nothing sadder can come to us, 20 No hall fostered a braver one, nor was there a steadier in battle. At the Ford was thrown the rider of a fine horse, His armour weighs down this wanderer, 24 Ere he was covered beneath the sod, emptied are the horns of the Tyrant of great girth.

SOME

A HE

CUT DOW
gyrchassant,
i

RYCHAWG eurdorchawg a Wy amwyn y Rhyn yn vu

30
1

drywant.
4

Cyd nad ryla5ad, wy la5assant, a hyd 5iwe5 byd myge5 vy5ant. Or amhad aetham o vaeth garant

19

namyn y dengyn

nid enghyssant.

X>rycha\vg trahaawg, dragon arvawg, 7 20 Trychavvg eurdorchawg gwle5gar gwancawg, 22 Trychawg meirch tru5awg ganthu5 gryssiant, 10 Ar sawl athrychawr ni 5ychwelant.
33 (f)wyr
10

yam

12

14
15

arvawg Myny5awg ban vy5ant gloew y dull yd gydvaethant. Or ancwyn yn asswyn crysassant, Handid trist vy-mryd, (rhac) y rhyd (ant), Y-meis rhwy golleis om hoff garant, Namyn y dengyn nid enghyssant.
drull,

16

(Jarant odo5ant yar Sylann Rhyn, Yngwy5verrch eil eleirch y5 elhyn. Yng-orlliv dymhor lliwed 5ugyn, a mwyn wrage5 twyn a me5 eiSyn.

18

18

gussyl

pennawr

21

drosassei aesawr,
19

gwy5assei lavnawr, ar gronn gaer Rhyn, Cein (wys esgynnwys)

i

25

Gonwy hwylwys

20

Gwarth neb ni phorthwys, gweith na thechyn.

28

WHILE OTHERS DEPART

the aUT down the nobles that rushed was a there They defend the Rhyn
to
till

attack,

breach.
3

As long as they remained unslain they slew, and to the world's end they will be honoured. Of the mixed races, as fostered friends, that

we went, only the

villeins escaped.

(Jut down was the haughty armed dragon, 7 Cut down were the nobles, greedy lovers of feasts, Cut down the spurred horses that gallopped with them, And such as are cut down will not return.

men when they gather around the store of liquor, vivaciously drink together. From the feast they rushed elated (advancing to the Ford), hence my soul is sad. In the shallows I lost too many of my friends the villeins alone escaped.
{I)yny5og's armed

12

16

Xjnends melt away from the Rhyn

coast,

In ships like swans they sail away. At the time of high tide they carried away the peasants, the charming women of the fort, and their mead. By the counsel of the Commandant, who had reversed his shield,

21

and thrown down his arms at the round fort of the Rhyn, The fine folk embarked and sailed to Conwy They were without reproach, for they had never flinched.

24

28

FEASTING BEFORE BATTLE

/^SjWRAETH

\J
4
18

Maon (5cuyn Von)

(rhac pleid

weis catraeth, bann adrofiir, eu hoed vy5 lnr,

dir,

OeSyn 5ie5yrn amy; yn

Edwin)

veib, gwerin enwir,

20

12

Syphorthyn vvys (Llych)lyn olochir, Ys tru dynghed vu angheu gerir. Me5 yvem yn llawen wrth babir, Cyd vei da vlas crei, gas vy5 hir.
i

T7ng-\vle5 yvem ve5 ar yn cer5ed, Gwin22 vaeth rhac catraeth in vu warthred. Ban la5awr vu yscawl niw yscoged, 34 Yn aer nid oe5 wael men y daered. 1 Neud oe5 hyll i gyllyll ban golled, 2 Mynawg escyn rawd, (awn yn) Elved.
15

"

O wm
Mawr

a meSweith
16

di-doled Cynlleith,
10

hyr5ieith Roger

yn

Ial.

Ermyged ware
11

rhac bronn Bu5ugre, Rhein vyriei yr wybr escar.

20

12

Cynrein yn cwy5aw val glas heid arnaw,

Heb

giliaw

yn gyhaval.
24

Ffynn ffwyr yng-hyvyl

n
14

y-ar weillion gweryl,

Ae ar5elwy gle5yval. Blaen ancwyn am

HeSiw am
di'hun,

hun,
28

15

Mawr eiSunwn rwyv

12

trydar.

WAS OUR UNDOING

trumpeted vavasours who came to Mon will last They, who were without a prince, defended their land [long, against the party of the sons of Edwin, the false fellows, who supported the Norsemen that were welcomed 5 A sad fate had befallen, the death of one that is loved
of Catraeth knights will be

'HE hardihood
The

grief of the

We

drank mead merrily together by rush-light, Though good the taste when fresh, long the revulsion.
(oft)

feasting ere the battle of the Strand was our undoing. When he who had been active was slain he was not removed,

Wine

K* a feast we drank mead on our expedition,

,t

In battle he

was not futile when thrown to the ground. Ugly were his blades when he was lost,
his flotilla,

The Palatine boards

Cynlleith

we go

to Elved.

14

J}y feasting on mead and wine

was sequestered,
18

Great the thrusting of Roger in Yale.

His jousting was admired in front of Bu5ugre, The darts he hurled shut out the sky. His captains
fall

upon

it

like a virgin

swarm

of bees,

22

Bee-like they do not retire.

His attack prospers within reach

of the darts of the cross-bow,
25

Whoso challenges him he smites with the At first the feast soothes us to sleep,

sword.

We

but to-day it rouses us awake, long greatly tor control of the clamour.
13

28

END OF TALHAEARN
15
if>

gwin a me5 y5 aethom yn llu, genhym llurygogion, Nis gwyr Gynlleith wynnieith Mon, Y Gynt (5isgynnynt arnom).

w le5

17

Gan

18

y dy5 lias a 5yvu gatraeth, ban oe5 ffraeth y maethlu, Gosgor5 Myny6awg, ys mawr dru O gant naniyn un ni 5yvu.
las

'

2i

Yam

winweith a me5weith yd veSwant, f)y5 rheid ev ni cheid neb di-chwant, drull, gloew y dull, yd gynnullant,
ia

Rhac be5 gwin a me5 niw amucsant.

22

Goscor5 VynySawg

gwy5 yn adveilawg,
Rh\vy5 weis a
golleis

om

hoff garant.

in a crowd, wearing our coats of mail, 17 Cynlleith wots not of the havoc of Mon, The Norse swooped down upon us. At grey dawn were slain those who came to Catraeth when the well-fed host was merry,

j^rom wine and meadfeast we went

Of the retinue of MynySawg, great is the but one returned out of a hundred.

pity,

22

43y feasting on mead and wine they got drunk, On the day of stress none was found abstemious,
Around the liquor they beamingly assemble, Wine and mead did not save them from the The retinue of MynySawg
Fine fellows
I

26

grave.
29

crumbles away, lost from among

14

my

loved friends.

0ortititn

AMENDED TEXTS TRANSLATION.

who they are ye over the wet ways ? on some trading enterprise, or at adventure do ye rove, even as sea-robbers, over the brine, for they wander at hazard of

Now

the time

is

come

to ask the strangers

Strangers,

who

are ye?

Whence

sail

their

own

lives

bringing bale to alien

men ODYSSEY

III,

THE GREAT STRAND PUSH

0/1098
at

ABER LLEINOG IX PENMON

attributed to

LLWCHVARDD
the
i.

bard of

HugJiy carl of Shrewsbury

Cynott, alias

it.

Owein ap Edwin

THE SECOND PART OF

THE EXPEDITION
JJ^EITHIEID
5

\L/ Trylwyr yd

a vudant. voriant,

Penmon ban 5oethant, Trychyn athrigant,

Tri ffin gadvarchawg,

Ei5yn eurwychawg,
19

Tri llu llurygawg, Tri theyrn torchawg,

marchawg dywal, gyvneid rhac casnar. Tri char cyhaval

Tri
-1

chwerw ffyscynt escar. Tri yn-hrin yn drwn (un a las gan Vwng)

2;

Deu deyrn vaon 5yvu Benmon

i

16

6
1

5
21

Uchtryd ac Owein, cynrein y Ceinnyon, Wy le5yn yn vlwng yn y Gaer Gyngrvvn,

Deivr 5ifferogion
gyv-nerthid yn hon,

20

6
1

Ni 5aeth o Aeron wr well no Chynon

24

53an Mon
33 Odiaethol
6

wys aeth

drei5 deon Ei5yn ystrad, 5iffwys y wlad.

Yng-hywryse5

Naw
8

27 Hu lue5 amhad, ugein ceith 5ug o beithynad. ArSel veirch serig-seirch devig gwlad, Ard\vy ae nerthwy yn gerth ir gad. 30

16

THE BOOK OF ANEIRIN.

SAILS TO PEN MO N
They \jj Tin
expedition moves off, sail to the last man, When they came to Penmon they slew the inhabitants. Three border knights of battle the gold bedight ones of Ei5yn, Three mailed hosts, Three torque-wearing princes. Three fierce knights rise together, against a hateful lord,
allied friends
i

io

Three

rushed

desperately on the foe, Steadfast the three in action

Two

(One was slain by Magnus), princes of the vavasours

15

came

to

Penmon

Uchtryd and Owein,

They slew

captains of the men of Ceint. angrily in the circular castle Deira's defenders

20

were fortified in this. There came not from Aeron a better man than Cynon.

24

QjThen the nobles of Ei5yndale penetrate Mon, The notable people resorted to wild places.
In the incursion

Hugh

enhosts

many

races,

27

Nine score captives he brought from the

clearings.

He seizes the native prince's silk caparisoned steeds, And leads his own supporters resolutely to battle. 30
c
17

LLWCHVARDD DRINKS
10
1

^Rhaclym

waewawr,
i

calchdrei

aesawr,

13

Rhyssei liwedawr rhac buan varchawr. Advvythig 5y5 gwyth oe5 i lavnawr, Yn Rhyd ban gryssid gan wyio y wawr.

6
13
14

Vveis win a me5

y-Mordrei G\vyne5. weis yd yveis rann lywian dud, A thra chyveS wnaeth gole5 wyn drud Cryssem ban (Vorien) 5iscyn yn Rhyd, Caffad gwae anvad gweith na thechid.

Gan

13

38 ^Jjlithiessid dar,
13

a da onn bar
o5is

mignad

if.

5yvyriad,
tal a

16

yn ethrinad,

Hu
17

rwygad. gwy5\vs lavvr, yng-hynnor gawr,

20

yng-hyn varan.
18

Dewin balawg, Tad Had cellawg,

(a 5arogan) Dri dy5 ingawl,
24

19 18
10

Gawr arwynawl
y5 erlynan.

Annog gwychrad,

A
20

gorvlo5iad

Rhi erglywad.
Hir o gibno

cyn bu dan
21

do,

madw wenn
18

ganad.

33

AT MORDREI GWYNEDD
ft harp pointed his spears,
i

Enamelled

his shields,

He

flustered the people,

4

at the head of his swift knights.

Destructive on the day of wrath were his blades at the Ford, when it was rushed at the green dawn.
y^ drank wine and mead at GwyneS's great strand.

drank of the store of the country's drinking bred a reckless spirit We rushed when Morien was arriving at the Ford, There was terrible woe, because no shelter was taken.
I

With knights

ruler,

& heavy

."X3

^s of oak and of good ash were shot, below the swamp

By

the hurling, in the fighting, a forehead

Hugh

was lacerated. fell down, at the raising of the war shout,

in the forefront.

20

bald-headed divine, blessed hermit father, vaticinates that For three awful days the terrible fighting will be pursued. The incitement to bravery and the loud shouting

A
A

34

as

of the

King was heard.

'Twas long after the feast ere the hero was under cover,

He
c 2

that

is still

was

praised.

$3

19

THE BOLT OF KING MAGNUS

10
17

20
18
21 17

*VJ*S tryn y discyn yng-hysevin, Ergyr Rhi yscyr vriw Gyvrenhin. Gweith me5 ynghynte5 a chyve5 gwin, hudid i wrhyd i hvnv rewin.

Tavlawr Mvvng lavnawr rhwng dwy vy5in, Gormes Siosces, ev dorres 5in.
Discynnyn trwn gyrchyn Alarchawr,

11
1

Wy
Cyn

Rhac biw y

5ylein lu cynrein escynawl. rhi vriw Veli vloe5va\vr

y-min gwyal-ffin penffestinawl. llvvyd dillyngwyd y-ar gynghorawr, I amws a ruthrws eurdorchawr. Gorug Trwch ovud, cyrch ystre gawr,

1-'

Cam
7

teiling ys deil
i

yn ystrywiawl.
16

10
22

vvynvyd i vri ledawr, Yn Rhyd y crymid y gan waewawr. Car Mon a Mannan a glud glod vawr, Cynhennid na by5id liiyS lawr. Y rhawg argyrchawd yn ercb or5in c5yw, moleid yw mygreid Darvv Trin.

Elwid

19

16
3

T)u

yng-hywyrein vySei,

Mai bela y5 ymla5ei yn y deuei adre.

Hu
Ev
5

rhac gallu Mwng or5in, 5y-adei ve5 a gwin er ystrin ar ystre. Dan Gar Vannan oe5 coch-re
veirch marchawg druSed vore, (ban gyrchawS vid 5wyre).

24

13
15

]Oi mad wanpwyd yscwyd, ar gynwan y cornwyd.

Ni mad 5odes vorSwyd ar gevn Meinvuan llwyd.
33

16

STRIKES DOWN HUGH THE PROUD

BIERCE the descent from the

first,

The

shooting of the King's arrow wounds Cyvrenhin. Because of mead at the court and wine-bibbing his valour was tempted to headlong ruin. Magnus hurled his darts atween the two armies, He threw off the invasion & breached the fort.

They that landed fell heavily upon the (Dee) Swans. 8 They slay a host of the retreating chiefs. In front of the motley herd the King wounds the loud-shouting war-lord near the brow-line made by his helmet. ix Before dusk he was released from the councils, His charger plunged among the noble torque- wearers.

Hugh

the Fat made trouble he goes to the arena and cunningly checks an enveloping movement.
;

Spread

is

the praise of one called to Paradise,

16

At the Ford he was bowed down by the spears. The friend of Mon and Man bears great glory, It was destined that none should muster the land.
Shortly the one assailed in the terrible gorSin Praiseworthy is the majestic Bull of Battle.
left,

20

Jn whatever expedition Hugh might be, he would fight like a brock until he should turn home. Hugh pushes against the force of Magnus, He had quitted mead and wine for the tumult of the joust. Under the Friend of Man were the steeds of the knight thrust in the morning, (when he rushed upon the ship just come).
T)is shield was not pierced for his good, At the first onset he was gored. Nor was it for his good that he
bestrode his grey Slender-swift.

24

28

33

THE DOWNFALL OB
13
17

Tyrr

i baladr yn 6ellt, ae avlacb gyll obeli.

Y mae

dewr yn i gell, yn cnoi graeanell. Boed in vu5, boed o law, ac i5aw boed yn well.
(^wr 5ywallas, yng-hyrn hirlas, ve5 y-mei-5in

2'j

o
;

Gwr

teitkiol,

21

o barth Porffor, borth l\ie5 din. Bryneich dud bost, o varan tost,
berei waedlin.

Er rae5

ar

cwrw

16

y5 aethan lwrw
9

dros yr hal-ffin. Tarian ev bann, ae bar herian, bu gywrysse5.

10

BlawS i vywyd, Oe5 leiSiad Rhyd yn i 5ewre5.

RhuSell beleidr bevran bryd neidr o luch nadre5. Ev wrthodes
ar-llwrw peues, arves be5yd.

24

17

.?

;8

Parwar lliwed ban y gweled midawr yn rhyd.

53

HUGH THE PROUD

He
shivers his lance,
loses his seat. is in his cell
i

and

The brave one

biting the fine sand. May we have blessings out of hand, And may he fare better.

^e>he hero poured mead into hirlas horns

at the perfect hero

field fort

from the Pulford part

supports the garrison.
>

The

pillar of Bernicia,

from furious

rage,

caused blood to flow. Because of mead and ale they went headlong beyond the marsh.

"

He

uplifts his targe

and
2

brandishes his spear violence ensued.

Tempestuous his life. He was cut off at the Ford

full of

He

bravery. crimsons javelins,

which gleam snake-like,

He was stemming

with the radiance of snakes. the rush upon the country He armed the infantry.

28

The crowd was struck dumb when the ships were seen
at the Ford.
23

CYNON SUCCEEDS
25
iy

Aesawr yn a bliv yd

nellt,

bellt

Hu
ij

eis gobedryd. varan yng-hyn-fflani gwyd yam racbull, Ymwan dwl] gynbryd, 9
1

TarSei gyvryngom donn (5ybryd), GorwySawg (wr gwySwyd ym)hyd.

13

Car, gvvreiS lyw,

Carwn vyw mur heywruS.

i

14

Camhwrawg Darw, Cwynav varw,

i

12

Carav

ve5.

Dygollitor a chlod a plior, a pharth GwyneS. Ar (Blei5) vordwya,

16

26
4

hyd ymorva (y-ar Erch Hele5). Dug VynySawg, vu adveilawg,

o'r

20

gwin ar me5.
-4

Gwyalvan weith, er cadw cyvieith, vu gyviewin. Canav Gynon,

Rheith-lyw ar Von, o vreint gor-llin.

28

25
1

Arv ang-hynnull,

Anghyman

5ull,

torv yn agvve5. Twrv rhac me5we5, Twrv rhac marwe5, Twrv rhac madreS.
24

32

TO THE

COMMAND
i

The shields are shivered, The cross-bow projects

Hugh

squarish arrows. appears in a blaze of passion beyond the fore-ground pool, jousting pierces his front,

A tragic wave leapt between us, The mounted hero fell into the pit.
My
I

Friend, the manful Captain, would love him to live, the bulwark of hardihood A champion bull,
:

grieve for his fall, I'll cherish his grave.

ia

Utterly lost are

both tame and

lord,

&
16

the GwyneS country. And (Lupus) sails away, as far as the marsh (above Erch HeleS.) He bore away Myny5-

20

awg who had

The ultimate
was drawn.
I

fallen

because of wine and mead.

action, for
24

the sake of the natives,

shall praise

Cynon, the true

28

by the prerogative of the over-lords. He arms the stragglers, He marshals the broken ranks, a mere crowd in appearance. He thunders against drunkenness, He thunders against slackness, and against degeneracy.
25

prince over Mon,

32

ll'JA 25
j

WNNESS

SIVA YS

Gweledy5 wyv, Gwerydon rhwyv

Rhiein gare5.

Pan ystern gwerin am eu cam drin ae cam gole8.

liyd y gweleis, o'r hual-dreis
tar5ei gare5.

Ar Henevy5
a gwynei 5y5
cein edrysse5.

TrybeSant rawg rhac y 5evawd

eil

dal rosse5.
io

teithawl Ri,
(marini),

Llyw
26
3

volyn rhacweS.

Rhac u5 Cyv-lwch,

Ev
ar

oreu vwlch

20

vann caereu.

Er

i lavn dur er-veSyn byr yn hualeu.

24

VlwySyn, bu aeth

am wyr
33 "Qj:
4

catraeth,

ae maeth ys meu.

dwm

ei5unwn a5ev a gwlad,

28

Rhac

galar
;

am

escar

yn wastad.
31

18
20

Ceint nad am5ivad vynghell vy5ei i5aw ystavell. 26

THE MEN OF GWERYD

I

am an eye witness that wantonness sways the men of Gweryd.

restless

Wherefore the people are under unjust treatment, and an unjust regime.
As

far as I could see, trouble arose from repressive acts of oppression.

And

the Elders kept lamenting the day of sweet plenty.

for a

ta

They stand firm

time

against the (new) customs-

(Cynon) avenges excesses.

Before his face they praised the roving King, Captain of the sea host.
10

Against the lord of Cyvlwch Magnus had made a breach on the ramparts.

20

Hut despite his steel blade, they carried lords

away
for the

in fetters.

24

For a year there was sorrow

men
I

of Battle-strand,
is

whose cherishing

mine.

27

)n
I

the hillock

longed for

home and

country,

Because of
that served

grief at partings constantly.

;

have sung a lament

empty

my

cell
31

him

as a chamber. 27

WARING MEAD
18
ai

Yvyn ve5 melyn maglawl yngwrys

cyn aer gryssyn gan wawr, Cyd glwys oe5 vrwysc Loegr liwedawr,
Edit

m
19
1

Rybenyd ar hyd Sy-attawr. GwyneS erchyn no5e5 Gwenn Vannon,

(mab Hakon), byr (gam)
ve5,

Savwy gadavwy wyneS, Tarw Trin, treis dryn deyrne5. Cyn cywest daer cyn gorweS,
bid dervyn ar or5ine5.
"ZJ\lvydig ys cevnyn,

20
6

Ar hyn, advanon eu llassawr debedyn,

tra

mordwy

a Ion.
i

Gwrawl Syvrys awr

8

ly(s i5aw),
16

Gwyr
I

tru gorvvan lu

wenan arnaw.

10

gynneSv discyn rhac (5iscyn)naw5 yng-wy5 a orSwy a gorSrynaw. Carav vu5ig nav a vu5 anaw,
Lleithig Cyndevig, cenlliv arnaw.
20

17
6
7

[r5yled canu cyman Cyvreint, Llanw n(ac aes niw) Uoches, bu 5ichweint. Hu vynnei y .Mordrei ve5 ormeint, 24 Ae anant (gy)veS(ant) yn veSweint. Namyn ban Selyn o wle5 gereint, Aeron gyn-5ragon, ys cwynoveint.

20 *Y7s du hil
2

Benmon dir a 56yn, wy yn gerth Sisgynnyn. Cenvein Rhedegein Rhyd a dreisyn, Gwyr Mon, eil Nwython, rygoethessyn. Drylliawr y-gan wawr wyr gynhullyn,

Am

goelverth

28

31

Dyvnwall drych car Brennych, Gynt wenyn.

28

LURES TO DISASTER
Eagerly had they drunk ensnaring, golden mead ere they rushed into the fight at dawn, Though Lloegria's drunken host was fine, Punishment all along was endured.
Gwynefi's villeins asked protection of Gwenn Vanhon, (Hakon's son,) who limps, Let the eager lust of war be stayed, Let the Bull of Battle ravage the tyrants. Ere communion with earth, ere their lying down, Let there be an end of aggression.
;
i

^g>he distressed turned away 12 Thereupon the new comers displayed their streamers beyond where enemies sail. The brave one now hastens to his Court, The wretched, a helpless crowd smile upon him. 16 His plan was to fall upon marauders, & to drive them away in the presence of those they molest. I love the victorious king who benefits minstrels, 20 Dead my former prince, the flood covers him.

praise

is the due of the faultless Colleague, neither flood nor shield gave shelter, he was a casualty.

Hugh would have

at Mordrei overmuch mead, and the minstrels caroused till they were drunk. But when they leave the banquet they love, they bewail the former dragon of Aeron.

24

27 to Penmon, In quest of good fortune they eagerly landed. The host of the Borderers had stormed the Ford, & harassed Mona's men, fosterlings of Nwython. 30 At dawn the assembled men are cut to pieces, lost in the deep (is) Bernicia's ally, pierced by the Norse.

blackmailed were they that came

29

THE DISASTER
aeth ynghatraeth hynt vu envvawg, a me5 bint eu gwirawd. 6 A-n erbyn nid ur5yn y 5evawd, rg Rhyvyrian atbxychan wyr torchawg. 10 O-r sawl gryssyn awr o lyn ormawd or Ffreinc ni 5ieinc o vri ffossawd, m namyn tri, deu gar Rhi, deu gadr vrawd, A (Mynawg gwych ffodawg aeth ffbawd). Cyn-5ragon gwyr Aeron a 5aerawd, 23 Minheu (var5 Llycheu geint) waedffreu wawd.

/J&WYR

V_/ YngwleS, gwin

2--Z2-28-6
above.

This canto is a derivative version 0/6-17, Metre and cynghaned present difficulties.

27 ^c>ryn

28
1

wyr athrychir yn rhych drigant, y draethell y daethant. Or sawl gryssyn awr o orlawn lestri,
i

vreichell

namyn tri atcorsant. Cwynan reith a lleith gad

y-nant,
16

a minheu (var5 Llycheu) gymrant. Vyng-werth, mal ceith, certh yd wnaethant o bur eur, a dur, ac aryant Niwed, nid no5ed, Ffreinc gawsant,
;

Gwarchawt Gynvelyn gwynovant.

7
6

20

^ra

chyve5 mawr,
gleu.
24

treiglessid llawr

gan Loegrwys
31
7

(Vore dwyre) bwys vlaen rhyd-re, ffer yng-hadeu.

Dryll gedyrn cad, Cein grysgwy5ad,

Prydav
jo

oren.

OF C AT R ART II

^^TIIOSE who went to Catraeth's famous expedi\jy tion, usually drank wine and mead at feasts.
They who oppose us did not honour the custom, They fall upon & cut down our nobility. Such of
the Franks as rushed to battle from excessive drinking there escape by the fame of their smiting, but three, two friends of the king two brave brothers, & (the noble thick-set Palatine who fled). Buried the former dragon of the Aeronians, & I, Bard of the Lagoons, have sung of the shedding ot blood.

-t

the following

Having regard to the known amended version

history of the circumstances,

is offered

pending a

better.

^gjhe brave men, who came to the armlet of the Strand, were cut down and rest in the grave. Of such as rushed from overflowing cups at the warshout only three returned. They lament the decisiveness & slaughter of the ravine, & me, (Bard of the Lagoons), the Norse take. 16 Of my ransom as a captive they make sure
in gold,

and

mail,
of

and

silver

Injury, not protection the Franks received,

Of the wardship

Cynvelyn they complain.

20

)uring the great festival The country had been over-run

by

active Lloegrians.
24

Of a morning there appears one, stout in exploits he presses on to the ferryside.

;

He
1

destroys mighty warriors,

28

Fine his sudden descent,

will sing of his doings.
J]

MAGNUS SLEW
31

Echwith

lain

fiyor-wylain, nad rhygigleu.

7

Heyessit

eis

yng-hynnor veis, yng-had vereu.

Gorug wyr
9

lleSw,

a gwrage5 gwe5w cyn oed angheu.

Greid vu hoew Ri gar ysperi,

to

yd

beris greu.

"

6
4

"YTveis win a

me5

y-Mordrei Gwyne5, Mawr meint wehyner f yn arvod gwy5er. 5 Cyn brwydr Eryr Crvvydr ersymudei, Ban grys traeth i gydvaeth gydgodei. Yngawr gan \vyr5 wawr cymhwy 6oded, 20 Am bellt aesawr dellt ys adawed. Bares Rynn rwygiad 7 gymined yng-had, 8 Blaen bragad briwed, 24 Liw dy5 y cwySed. Werthws i eneid 9 er-wyn grybwylleid. Mein a llavn lliveid
i

10

la5ei

Blei5ieid

28

Yn
11

affwys abred amod arvaethed, Calane5 la5ed o wyr gwychr Rhedeg.

33

Ymlaen GwyneS gwaned.

32

THE LUPUSIANS
His unerring lances very loudly wail 1 heard their dirge.
i

Darts were showered at the edge of the shallows

in the battle of the pikes.

He made men prostrate, and women widowed,

before their time.

Ardent was the

alert king
12

who

loves spears,

he caused blood to flow.

J^

drank wine & mead on Gwyne5's great strand, Lavish was the distribution 16 on the first opportunity. Before battle the Knight Errant was very active, When he rushes to the shore his comrades rose too. During the war-shout at green dawn there was grief, 20 About the ground splintered shields were left.

He who

embroiled the

Rhyn

was cut down in battle, Foremost of the line he was wounded, At dawn he was felled. To him who has sold his life
very glorious are the references. his sharp axe slew the Lupusians In the abyss of time their allotted span was fixed. There was slaughter of the noble men of Rhedeg.

24

Magnus with

28

At Gwyne5's foreland the thrusting was done.

D
33

33

THE RUSH TO BATTLE,

wyr ffraeth gryssynt draeth,

9
4

buant gydneid,

Byryan hoedl, me5won, am ve5 hidleid. Goscor5awg MynySawg yny5 rheid, (ar gwyr syrth yn llyr gyll) eu heneid.

Madawg a Chradawg, Pyll a Ieuan, Gwgawn a Gwiavvn a gwynvanan.

Arveu dur benadur a-r-adan. Hyd lawr yscwydawr, ys ang-hyman. Ac hyd y lle5id y llaSassan, Gwych wyr iw tymhyr nid ymchwelan.

[cp. 38- 7).

v)wyr ffraeth gryssan draeth, buant gydvaeth, Vhvy5yn y llewyn yn Uawn alaeth. 11 Mor dru yw traethu eu tra hiraeth, Chwervv nam eu hadlam, nid mad ae maeth, Hir edlid ae herlid ar herw aeth,
1

ia

14

oe tymhyr syrth pybyr wyr gvvinvaeth. (Gwrthrin rac) gorSin a erbyn ffraeth, Golyged (lleith Redeg) yn edgyllaeth (13).

16

Cwy5awd Myny5a\vg yn arvawg

aeth,

phrid erbynid lleith gynhen traeth.

()wr 5aeth yng-hatraeth, ing gad yng-awr, Gwrth veirch serig seirch wyr gorwychr18 Peleidr a ymdeivl ae lym waewawr, [awl, A 5ug glaer luryg dorvynyglawr. 19 Rhagorei, ev dreiSei drwy VleiSawr, Cwy5ei sawl 5elei draws i lavnawr. ->o Rhyd vawr hi roSawr i lyw Rhyn lawr, A ched 5ichwein deg i Geint gerSawr.
ai

10
1

X^eu-r wnaethpwyd or traeth mor Mor vawr y gyvawr ar gyvlavan. Dy-lydid moryd tra Morien wan,
Ynhraeth gwnel
i

orchy[nan,

saeth gelein gynran.

34

3^

the Hunnrm and carnage

<)he

men

chattering, leapt up
their

&

The drunk throw away

mead.
of stress,

life

rushed to the shore, because of sparkling

in his

His retinue attends

MynySawg

day
life,
a

Those that fell, in the flood lose their Madog and Cradog, Pyll and John, Gwgon and Gwion they all lament. They abandon the steel-mailed chief, and broken shields lie on the ground. Until they were slain they kept on slaying,

The

gallant ones did not return to their possessions.

UL)essmates were the merry men who rushed to the shore. For a year they went on drinking full of lamentation,
i

sad is the story of their great grief, Bitter the stigma of their return, unfostered of good, Long vexation pursues them, who a-roving went. Out of their country fall the stout wine-bibbing men. He who confronts the merry ones counters the attack, and the dead of Rhedeg were viewed in sorrow. Fallen MynySawg who went clad in mail, and costly was fought the deadly conflict of the Strand.

How

16

20

_pL hero came to Catraeth, & with the warshout trouble, He thrusts back the grandees' silk caparisoned steeds. He hurls about his darts and sharp spears, He who wore bright mail was thrown headlong. 24 Magnus led, and penetrated through the Lupusians, & such as came across his blades he felled. The great Ferry was given to the ruler of the Rhyn country, 28 and a meed of fair fortune to Keint's minstrel.
(>he shorebank became a very babel, So great the hubbub and the carnage. While Morien is thrusting the channel widens, Shorewards his arrow makes a corpse of the captain.

33

35

MORI EN DESTROYS THE

10
2

Un

seirchawg saffwyawg oe5 rhwyvan, i glod ir ymhob midlan. Nid aresgyn Garreg Gynhadvan vyth mwy, cyscodwy wys vad porthan,
Seinir

34
4

43an

5el dir

crymant,

Nid oe5 oed dianc. Dialwr Arvon gyrchei Eur Geinnion. Arwrthiad Cynon brovwys vreich Brithion.

10
5

7
')

10

(IJQorien wnaeth Si'en ffraeth) anvonawg, (Cynon ae vaon vu w)aredawg. Diengis yn drymysc y Mynawg rhac Arth dywalach noe gar ffwyrawg. Ffer y Haw vaglwys ffawd ffrowys varchYnghymwy i gylchwy a vylchawd. [awg, Llyw las vu dinas llu di-ovnawg, Rhanc by5in y gor5in wascarawd. Dy5 gwyth bu adwyth ner adveilawg,

12

16

Dywallyn
11

eillt

veSgyrn MynySawg.

20

12

v)wnelid din dorrid yn 5i-yssig, Cynon, mein lary vronn, Ceinnion wledig, nid aeth, eisteS wnaeth ar dal lleithig, Ar neb a varned, ni waredid.

24

18
15

jierlyw

ni

dywys
;

ryvel,

16

Gwlad-gor5 ae car gwr5 vedrer, Gorwe5id gwaed am irve5, Lluryg am-ru5 yd arweS.

28

17

Am veirch

ae seirch y sonied,

18

Ar 5elw lleith escawr llu5ed. Y-meis peleidr eis yn eit yng-had, Goleu hynt Go5eu ymheleidrad.
36

32

EXPEDITIONARY FORCE
This leader was in harness, and bore a lance, On every field his ever green fame will be trumpeted. Nevermore will he mount the Cynhadvan Stone, May it shelter the good folk of the inlet.
i

(ULhen (Magnus) lands they bowed There was no time to escape. The avenger of Arvon
attacked the

their heads,

men

of Eurgeint.

The stout

resistance of

Cynon
force,
is

tested the

power

of the Picts.

IQorien destroyed the chattering expeditionary

Cynon and his vavasours were spared. The Palatine escaped in confusion from a Bear more fierce than his attacking friend. Stout the hand that tangled the lot of the turbulent knight, In the stress his round shield was notched. The slain leader was the bulwark of the fearless host, The line of the attacking army was scattered. The day of wrath was the ruin of the perishing lord, The villeins emptied the meadhorns of MynySawg.
'

16

'

20

v>he

damaged

fort

was repaired
;

faultlessly,

Cynon, the gentle breasted lord, Gwledig of the men of Ceint did not leave he sat at the head of the Bench and such as were condemned had no escape.
<>he (young) commander discontinues the war, The country-folk love him hit is the ardent one. Blood lies around his green grave, Gory all over the mail he bears. There was talk about his steeds and their harness, In the form of death is his weariness thrown off. In the shallows darts gleamed as they went to battle, Flashing spears made light the path of Go5eu.
;

24

28

32

37

THE CREEK BECOM,

35
t

yn-hrin tra merin trylew ing gaant, Trig gwae5 Ffranc, ffrawdus lyw, (Ev saethvvyd ac aseth loew), gan bor a oreu varn Duw.

wawr
Yn

yn

ffysciolin amSiffynnci,

Rhac gor5in y-midin

;

terhydrci.

io

llwrw 5aeth am lanw buan brathei, Rhac vu 5ewr deulu ev Siscynhei. Mablan golystan cyn escynnei, Ma wledig, endewid 5ywedei. Myny5awg arleshawd isel drei, Rhac Rhyn u5 Ei5yn rhu5waew vriwei.

'-

Dengyn

ni

phorthyn, din orthorred,

15

i.j

Rhac rhuthr Rhi allu ni lu5 moreb. Baran tebig tan deryS ar led, Diw Mawrth wy yn ravvth wiscyn du5ed, Diw Merchyr vu chwerw, ev try vered,
Divieu cennadeu a amoded, Diw Gwener carneSer ryve5wed,

16

19

18

Diw Sadwrn bu didrwm cyndriged, Diw Sul arveu dur a adranned, Diw Llun hyd lawr clun, gwarthal weled.
AdroSyn am
orSin,

19

am

lu5ed,

11

am
1 1

ffawd

MynySawg ban Symch weled.

amdrymid drwy asen anlwys,
26

lyw Rhyd
am

9
10

Syvrwys dywarchen,

Dy-gwy5aw5 dellt ar i benn, ac am wyr Eryr GwySien.

Gwyndyd
11

neu-s
i

amug i onnen
berchen,

arSulliad
30

di-wy Iliad

12

dug Morien wyndawd mir vvenn, Priv yng-Weryd a chyvran benn.

38

A PLACE OF THE

DEAD
;

alighting beyond the tide-line the bold meet with distress,

The shout of the Frank, an impetuous leader, ceases (He was shot by a gleaming dart), by a lord who executed the judgment of God.
K>he hero (Magnus) actively defended on all sides, In his ships he pushed his way against attack, He swiftly smote such as rushed beyond high water He fell upon the division of the brave retinue, The creek was a place of the dead before he left, Gwledig of the battle-field his word was law, A low ebb will benefit MynySawg, lord of Ei5yn, whom a gory spear bruised before the Rhyn.

linr,
s

ta

<>hey did not support the villeins, the fort was broken, Against the rush of the Kings's force the ebb was no check. Anger, like fire, spreads rapidly abroad Tuesday they eagerly donned their armour, 16 Wednesday was bitter, they were speared, Thursday ambassadors made terms of peace, Friday the drunken dead were heaped together, Saturday the old inhabitants rejoiced, 20 Sunday steel weapons were redistributed, Monday, along the meadow, men were seen bartering. After their return they spake of the great push, of the exhaustion, and of the doom of MynySawg. 2+
<>he lord of the Ford was bowed down arrow, beyond the marshland,

by an ugly

Darts fell upon his head, and about the men of GwySien's Eagle. His ashen spear defended Gwyne5 like an owner cultivating his own, Of sunshine Morien robbed this wonderful hero, who was first in Gweryd, and joint head.
59

28

32

COMPLETELY WERE THE HOST

11
rs

Ni nerth,

(ni 5ifferth

dan lenn
hen,

yr yssig

ar

unig)

ar cam

Trylwyr y bo5id bun Brad wen, Dy-hewyd abwyd am vadw wenn.

Yn dryn yn
16

llawr

Rhyn

dryllien

gweinySawi

yscwydawr yng-weithen, Arial cleSyval am benn hen, Trychan Loegr Srychion rhac unben.
(Yn vlwng) cnivwys

Mwng

VleiSig

benn o law,

18

O
ig

Gwnaeth wychrawd y-ni-lenn, gyvranc gwyth bu ascen,

Another version.

Trengis ni Sienghis Bradwen.

24
11

yn Rhyd am-drymid drwy asen an-lwys am 5yvrwys dywarchen, Hoedl Barvawr, dreisawS dri-phlyg hen,
ar-5wg Morien ae
w'ialen.
16

13

14

15

Rhanc me5 a rheuveS rhawg Sen Ynt arwyr a GwySyl i Bryden, arguS celein y rhein ru5en, Dy-hewyd abwyd am vadw wenn.
lawr amgreinawr dan lenn ton tran 6wys
tra

20

Rhyd
16

dyvrwys dywarchen, arwr Bar-vawr, EiSyn benn, Ni welych i 5rych nae lwyven

Cwymp

23

18

aseth vreith goruch i lovlen, Gwant Ynt a GwySyl ymHryden.

(Yn vlwng) cnivei

20

Mwng

Vlei5ig

benn o law,
28

Gwnaeth wychrawd y-ni-lenn, Prydwn y bei varw drwy Vorien, Dyhewyd abwyd am vadw wenn.
40

30

OF

BRADWEN DROWNED
i

Under cover he can neither support nor defend the

bruised, the orphan,

&

the bent old,

Completely were the host of Bradwen drowned, Eager the worms for the hero that is still.
Stoutly, in the

Rhyn

country, the liegemen shivered

6

the shields in action, Vigorous the sword-play upon the veterans, Lloegria's representatives they cut down before the prince.

Out

of

hand Magnus sadly

afflicted the

Lupusian

chief,

who had acted bravely in the open, From the encounter of- passion there was
Bradwen
perished, he did not escape.
/

scathe,
12

in

>t

hey version.

_pLt the Ford he was bowed beyond the marsh-land,

Greatire's
life,

down by an

ugly arrow

who oppressed

the thrice-bent old,

ic

Morien takes with his arrow.

passion for

mead and booty

for

some time tempt

the Norse heroes and GwySyl to Pryden, Hidden the corse which the darts crimsoned, Eager the worms for the warrior that is still.

20

He

rolled about the Ferry bottom beneath deepish breakers beyond the marshland, The hero Greatire, chief of Ei5yn, falls, i\ You can see neither his form nor his elm -lance Striped the shaft above the grasping point, He had speared Norse & Gwy5yl in Pryden.
is

Out

hand Magnus sadly afflicted the Lupusian who had acted boldly in the open, I prophesied that he would die through Morien, Eager the worms for the warrior that is still.
of
chief,

28

41

THWAR1 THE WIDE SEA

*YOhI gryssyws gatraeth, X-\ traws mor ehelaeth,
i arvaeth uch arwyS. Ni bu nioe gyvor yn EiSyn yscor,
i

4
5

Hscarei oswyS.
vylcbis, caer dorris erch

Tud
/

DrewyS,
s

Y-Mon

lla5 Saeson, lla5ei seith ny5.

Perheid i wrhyd, ev orvy5, ae govein gan i Gein edmygy5.

Ban vu
9

drei Blei5 welei, y-nieryS,

wyar

ar wyal

vad GilyS.

27
ia

13

14

16

\f)orchan o gyr5 ceinmyn yw gwarchawd Cynvelyn. Gorchenyn Gynvelyn gylch gwle5iad, Edvyn gwyr wne5yn Gwyne5 cu gwlad. Dewr Mon lawr 5ychiiawr 5ychiliad y Rhi gar deithi gy-veithriniad. Dy-vrys gein ynys, gwrth Rhyn voriad, Midin yn eithyn neud leith breiniad.

16

20

is

19

Gorchenyn Gynvelyn ryveliad, Neus gwnaeth oSynaeth 5ogn gymhrwyad. Aes dron ae waewffon lliveid a-n no5es, Boed er lies iw eneid,
jo

21

Edmygid i wrthriv teleid a wrthrymyn wyrth colovn Ban vriwynt arveu,

ar

25

greid.

22

benn cad Vlei5eu, buont 5ewr 5y5 rheid.

42

29

MAGNUS CAME & WENT AGAIN

KING rushed to Battle strand athwart the wide sea, his design above detection. There was not his match in the Ei5yn camp
He
dispersed the cavalry.
the

The dread Smiter breached the land & broke

foit,

In Mon he slays the Saxons, he slew for seven days. His hardihood endures, he will prevail, 9 and his life-story his Ceint admirer will sing. When there was ebb Lupus saw, in the marsh, is blood on the temple of his loved Colleague.

paean of fine songs is the wardship of Cynvelyn. They celebrated Cynvelyn the round of the feast, 16 Men who made GwyneS their country departed. The brave men of Mon deplore the withdrawal of the King who loves the ways of his foster brothers. He hastens to a fair Isle, sailing away from Rhyn, The moment the ships left the festival languished, zo They celebrated Cynvelyn's war-waging, which effected thenceforward much general good. His strong targe and sharp spear protected us, may it be for the good of his soul, J4 Admired were his glorious opposing force that overpowered the worth of the attacking column. When they broke their weapons, on the heads of warring Lupusians, they were valourous in the hour of stress. 29
43

THE CRY OF ALA KM

der rydyrr am gaer, dy-hun gyrch am galch claei. 28 Gwib5e a5oed aer adwy,

'-(\

)LEV

(K^V
so

Gwely

clodry5 ceisidyS cys(twy. as edy yn es)cud vrithwy arwe ae wrhyd. Rhuthr anorthwy a vegid,

Adwy
22

5oded
ias

ni debid.

dov i vryd, Dyg\vy5 i arv yn escud, 29 Yr elvy5 hu5 i onwyS, Di- wared trig yng-wery5. 2 Cywely pryv, dygn ym5wyn,
i

05evwys

ia

Cyveilin nar edryv vrwyn.

3

Nac ymhel di a therwyn, Teithiawl ter dorres dervyn.

Nid arve5awg
Di-phryderas

vorawd, vras rawd. VordwyawS Ryn vuShwy Von, Dy-lys dreisyn, car Mannon. Discleir archawr dal aethon ar ru5 5reic, mud pharaon.
i

am

jo

Cyveill
8 9

gawr yna

welid,

Ad wan ynhranc
Ner ae eneu

a gwySid.

24

y-ar leithig

orthor reith tud a thevig.

Menid goscor5, mawr murnid,

10

OnwyS

11

8 ar vor ni Selhid, [na chynghor, na chil gynghyd]. GorSibleu caer dalchattor,

Nid
12

mwy
^1

rhy-lu5it

y hescor.
33

Ei5yn, gor rhacSor, Cynon, Ceint vur, Rhyn ragor.

Blei5
44

AT THE CASTLE

VIOLENT shouting breaks out beyond

Those awake rush
for their shining

the

fort,

armour.

Expedition will stay the fight at the breach, Freely praised will he be who attempts chastise[ment. He who quits his bed with alacrity will have his web shot with bravery. Irresistible was the attack prepared, A breach once made will remain. Crushed the spirit of one who has experienced a shock, and his weapon speedily drops. The element closes over his shaft, Without deliverance he remains in the sea, a bedfellow of worms of horrible habit, For him, associate of the chief, the folk grieve. Never strive with the strong, the ardent voyager has broken bounds. Unpremeditated was his voyage, He did not concern himself about a large float. May he who sailed to the Rhyn benefit Mon,

17

The The

friend of

Man

chases

away the

oppressors.
22

brilliant archer

avenges the inflictions

on the red dragon, the dumb lord. His war Colleague then was seen, He thrusts afresh the fallen in their death agony. This lord, by word from the judgment seat, violates the right of country & prince. The retinue was daunted, mostly destroyed, At sea the lances could not be held, [nor council, nor a corner unitedly.] The outworks of the fort were utterly demolished, No longer could its deliverance be frustrated. Lupus goes to EiSyn, the country at his front door, Cynon, the bulwark of Ceint, leads the Rhyn.
45

25

28

33

HUGH LUPUS
29 Gosodes gledr,
13
i

arglawS hyvedr,
4

rhac morwyr dig. Rheen buSig, m Ni naw5 VleiSig, yn adwythig. Cyn lias cyn-weis
1

y-nywyn

veis,

16

chwg ni gwy5es. Herw chwenyches

ni

Symchweles,

Hi ev lewes.
17

"

Arwyr ymwan
lenwis vidian,

29

moreb yd les. bu vore odorun, 18 Hu 5wyre i ware yng-orvyn. 21 Y-ar onvy5 yn elvy5 y tevlid, 30 Ym-laen (gweis) a blin eis y blivid. Ev le5id drybe5 rhwng mery5 Kliyd, 2 Cigleu u5 Go5eu ban Sygyvyd Gweli y go5iv a 5wg yn fud,

Ar

ystre

16

Mor var a dig 5ar ae di-gar byd. Cyn yd Sigonid oe5 welw gynwythig, Cyn lleithig oe5 lhvyr welw, Cyn i olo oe5 goru5 5elw
dal,

-'

orvawr, o waell vael 5erw.

2S

29i8
19

Yn Rhyn gwyr gorwyn ry-annoged, Yn rhuthreu, yn rhwylleu rhy-golled,

A ve5wyd
20
20
22

cyminwyd yn enwyd, Cun GogleS gan riheS a dyrvid. Gorthew bor ymchwil fforS i chwelyd, Am rwy5 mwy ev alwy or erlid.
46

33

RUNS AWAY
He
put up a stockade, a cunning rampart against the angry sea-farers. The victorious King will not protect the Lupusian
in sore distress.
i

Ere the young leaders were in the foaming shallows,

slain

He who wanted

the unpleasant befell. the expedition did not return home, He gulped sea-water.
fighting

12

The

champions
field,

filled

the battle

The ebb

will aid

them.
16

On the battle field there was uproar one morning, Hugh appears, and jousts in rivalry. He falls from his horse in the water, At the head
of his knights with grievous arrows he

18

was

shot.

20 slain stays amid the Ford's wrack, heard the lord of Shrewsbury when he led off (But) in silence he bears the wound of the missile Unloved are the seething sea and the angry oak dart. Ere he was foredone he was singularly pale, 24 In death he was very pale, Ere his burial his tall big form was reddened by the iron-tipped dart of oak. 28 The veterans at Rhyn were urged forward, In the assaults they were lost in the holes. The drunken were cut down in the great fury, The lord of Gogle5 was chased by the King. The Fat lord seeks on all sides a way to return, 32 & prays for greater ease from pursuit.
I

He who was

47

THE ELEGY OF
jir
a\vr

gynhorwan

arwyrein huan. Glyw gwy5 o gyff gein, Ner evnys Prydein. Garw Rhyd rhac y Rhyn, aeth yn lhvrvv, bo5yn. Bual oe5 arvvyn, yng-hynte5 eiSyn.

rhiy5 (ro5es

wle5
,

o) ry-odres.

Yng hyve5 meSwawd,

yvei win wirawd.

Oe

5erlly5

Gwy5el

yvei yng-over.

Aer vei5 ar-ve5wer, aer gevnyn \Vy5el. Or aber dan gaer, cevnyn gyvid aer. Or gwySveirch aerawd cad llysc edenawg. Oe5 dyrys yscwyd, yn-yvrawr plymnwyd.

16

20

Cwy5yn gyvoedion,
yng-had blym Benmon.
Yssig yn-i'as divevl as talas.
2

Hu5

ewyllyssias,
s8

cyn bu dan glawr clas. GorweS brwysc wellig (yng-hor Amwythig).

48

HUGH THE PROUD

_pLs the thrusting begins the sun is rising. A prince of fine lineage falls, the lord of the foes of Prydein.
i

Desperate the passage before the Rhyn, Such as went precipitately were drowned. The drinking horns were 8 foaming at their court. Its lord gave a feast from vain-glory. At the banquet he gets drunk, 12 He drank wassail wine, which as it flows the GwySel drank in a stream. The drunken venture into battle, 16 but the Gwy5el turn their backs. From the Aber below the Fort they, who began the fighting, fled. From the battle-ships were
received flying darts.
Shields were embarrassing
in the struggle in the waters.
20

Companions

fell in

the

terrible battle of

Penmon.
tumult
it.

24

The one bruised

in the

utterly paid for

He

called for burial ere he

28

was under the cover of an abbey. The one precipitately lost lies
in

Shrewsbury chancel.

30

49

<ortit>tn

AMENDED TEXT & TRANSLATION.

Now
the time
is

come
are ye

to ask the strangers

?

who

they are

ye over the wet ways 5 on some trading enterprise, or at adventure do ye rove, even as sea-robbers, over the brine, for they wander at hazard of
Strangers,
sail

who

Whence

their

own

lives

bringing bale to alien

men

Odyssey

in.

THE GREAT STRAND PUSH

AND OTHER POEMS
BY

GRIFFYDD AP KYNAN
King of Gwynedd

1074-1 132.

GRIFFYDD AP CYNAN
*^3AN
grysseis Von rhac treis trahiiawg, J^J vynghlod yn vyngwlad oe5 hanvodawg. 31 Gwyndyd eisyllyd, bum alltudawg, 22 Maban i Gynan edryvanawg.
kj
i

(Ceveis,) derlly5eis o drull torchawg,

20

20
za

win a me5 achlan di-wychiawg. (Er ymlid gelyn bro Gelynawg) Ardwyeis gor rhwy arwr Mynavvg. Yn sathrawr Artro lawr neb ffossawd vei lymach no-m gavlach ban vlivawd.
()\vrole5 yng-Ogle5 a orug
llary vronn, hael adon, i vab alltud. Daear nid ym5a, nid ym5ug mam
12

12m
15

1^

17

mor gadarn, haearn ga5ug. vaeth claer arvaeth taer ym achub, dug, Arwar o garchar a gvvarth O gyv-le anghov, o anghar dud, Kenwrig, vad devig, oe5 edmyg drud.
eirian

ym

16

19

X^id o warth y
llestri

20

portheis orsc5, 'menestri oe5 llawn me5. Go-ve5eis vyng-hle5 o gare5,

20

vy
21

llin

a-m

llain

o reue5.
oe breich
24

A-m porthwys Llychlynwys

22

rac by5in a gor5in Bryneich. Oe Ua5 yn neua5 bu-m vythveirch,

a gwawr wyarawl i-w

13

(claer) seirch.

Cein gyllell ys hiriell i-m llaw, ac yn el yd ry-wnel brysiaw. Gwaneis, ymhyr5eis ym-Henvro y nerth ni 5ifferth serth Artro. Gwyr (Llychlyn) nid ei5yn draed
Ennillyn achubyn y vro.
52

ffo,
32

CLAIMS GWYNEDD'S THRONE

Vy i'HEN
I hastened to M6n against its arrogant \JL\, seizure, my fame was'thriving in my counSprung out of GwyneS, the Scion of Cynan [try.
i

of high lineage,
I

had

lived in exile.

received and dispensed, from a noble's store, wine and sparkling mead, free from wax. For driving away the enemy of Celynog dale, I led a spare corps of the Palatine's lieutenant. In the crush of the Artro country no stroke could

be sharper than that of

my

dart

when

shot.

10

GogleS an act of bravery was rendered by a genan exile's son. There treads not the earth, no fair mother bore one so strong, clad in steel. By dint of clear forethought he eagerly rescued me, 15 Gently he bore me from prison and disgrace, from the precincts of oblivion, from an odious country, Kenrick, the noble prince, was admirably bold.
tle-breasted, generous lord, to

in

lot unworthily

did

support the throne,

jo

My
I

cupbearers' vessels were full of mead. quietly restrained my sword from crime, my race, and my lances from activity.

The Norse supported me with their arm against the army and attack of Bryneich. By killing them at the castle I secured swift whose bright harness had a gory hue.
Fine the glaive that gleams in my hand, and where it goes it causes swift flight. I thrusted and overthrew in Pembroke the power that did not save steep Artro. Norse feet never turn back in flight They won and occupied the dale.
53

horses,

28

32

HUGH THE PROUD

a.
b. c.

JLileth leu-dire5, Tud Heu-5yvre5,

Hele5 ystrad.

d.
e.
1

0.

H.
1.

Ys try rhagom wyr IwerSon, arv yn anghad. Anvad escor vu oe cynghor, yn lleuver cad.

k.
l.

Hu

5ug bibyll
12

m.
n.
o.
p.

o win diwyll, ar les Saeson.

Ter yd ware,

Q.
k.
s.

yn rhac ystre, a gwen Vanhon. Cangen gaer wys

cewri Sulliwys, tymhestl 5arvu.

16

t.

u. v.

Tra mor dymhestl, Tra merin lestr

dy-lann 5yvu.

20

w.
x.
y.
z.

Hu

Ei5ynion
24

ffwyr vaetholion rhac Llychlyn lu.

On

u.
ft.

dirdynwyd, ev dy-vyriwyd
a-n dy-orvu.
28

y.
8.
t.

Cwy5 yn grugyn, Rac arvawd tryn,

i

dal briw vu.

{.
t).

Llym Sywenyn,

Dwys yd
54

vo5yn,
33

6.

Llwyr gevnyn Uu.

RAVAGES MON
^Qe overwhelms
The country
the open lands,
i

of the shallow waters,

He

Arllechwe5's champaigne. turns against us the men of Ireland

all

Not

for their

ready armed. good was the

issue of their deliberation, in the light of battle.

Hugh brought

pipes of sparkling wine, for the benefit of his Saxons.

jousts,
in the fore-front, with the hero of

Ardently he

Man.
16

division of the fort men marshalled its stalwarts,

&
An

the tempest burst.

-

over-sea tempest, vessel in the offing drew towards the shore.

Hugh,

of the Ei5yn country, eagerly rushes his retainers *4 against the Norse host. handled, If we had been violently

overthrown was he who had been crushing us. He falls all of a heap before the stroke of the strong, wounded in the forehead.

Those who fiercely thrusted densely sank in the sea, one & all turned and fled.
55

33

MAGNUS
32

_pLngur dewr daen,

Anyscog vaen,
a

Saiv saffvvy raen y-mlaen midin. Arall arlwy,

Treis tra

chymwy,

Yn rhwy6 gobrwy
7

orSwy lain. Angor dewr daen, Anyscog vaen,

Saiv saffwy raen ymlaen midin.
12

12

Hu, as gwelwy, Aches 5elwy, Glas vlei6 5yccwy,

Dias
Silin.
16

13

Angor dewr daen, Anyscog vaen,

Saiv saffwy raen y-mlaen midin.
20

(Hu
14

ry-seithir,)

Lledruo lliwir, yar varch cwy6ir

y rac gor6in.
16
6

24

Angeu dewr daen,

Saiv seri graen, Sengid claer gaen, ymlaen midin.

28

Arth arwynawl
drussia dreisawr,

Sengid waewawr yng-hlawr gwernin.

56

32

CASTS ANCHOR
brave one casts anchor, a ponderous stone, He confronts the cruel lance at the head of his ships. The other spreads a feast, He oppresses distressingly, Liberally he rewards those who thrust with their lances

he

The brave one

casts anchor,

a ponderous stone,
lie confronts the cruel lance

at the head of his ships.

sees him, approaches the haven His visage turns livid, The tumult follows.

Hugh, when he

16

The brave one

casts anchor,

a ponderous stone, confronts the cruel lance at the head of his ships. Hugh is shot dead, He is stained rather red. From his horse he is felled as the onset begins.

He

20

21

The brave one spreads death,

He He

confronts the raging furies, tramples on their bright

28

ahead of his ships. savage bear he wards off the oppressors, He tramples on their spears
mail,

in the alder

swamp.

57

THE Ml
32
14 15

SLOPE

l.\

D
i

Khyn ev gyvarch
cynwyrein barlh,

Cymmer

dorr arth rhag-arth merin.

i

13
10

(r [rgryn alon

arv,

12

ry-vrwydr tra chwarS, Cor o Vann gewri 11 am-dwrr vangori Bysse5 y Brithion vriwant Vargodion. Amrygur am5ystyr y discar, Vn bwyllig am-or5id am-rychwal.
;

Ev

vro vrys, ys treul rys yn rhyw dres, Ni hunwy ni gahwy i neges Neb anghwy, a wanvvy odawes. 15

37i2 Bylchid caer treisig aer o gylched, 32-6 10 Yn wir y gelwir 5ug Ryn wared 32 -8 32io 'Rector, rhwyv pob or, mur pob ciwed',

16-n Morien am-Hadien,

16
9

mad y5 aned

32-10

Ysiges nar, Neu-s dug, drwy var, Wle5 i adar o drydar drin.
tres

20

21
1

t[u

gwrthodes tra aches llynn,

24

Lla5ei, erlidei ar ni thechyn,

O
3

Tavl hoew aseth loew ysceth vrwydrin, ve5 rhac tyrve5 tavled by5in. Mynner cynghor ner men leverid, 28 Y traws vei anwaws nid endewid. Rhac ffawd bwyellawd a llavn lliveid,
lleid.
31

Handid y gwelid llawer yn

58

FORT ARE TAKEN

(Magnus) salutes the

Rhyn

the part rising up in the front, He takes the slope of the hill the hill above the shore.

4 33.s weapon

terrifies

the enemy,

He fights with zest laughingly, A corps of the Vann champions

throng the palisading
fingers of the Picts crush the Borderers. He lays about for the destruction of the enemy, Deliberately he scatters the buffeted in all ways, The dale bustles, spending energy in some labour, None can rest who may not gain his object None escapes, those he thrusts become silent.

The

10

15

The tyrant
'

breached by a surrounding assault, He who delivered the Rhyn will be called Rector, lord of every land, bulwark of every race,' Morien son of Beneficence, noble was he born.
fort
is

He

destroyed the lord who,

his fury,

20

through

brought

a feast for birds (of prey) by the tumult of battle.

X^e opposed their labour beyond the haven He slew, he pursued those who did not hide.
flinging of gleaming darts

pool,

Brisk

-5

pushed back the battle, Of mead before the tumult the army perished. The counsel of the King is taken as soon as spoken, The arrogant, who had been harsh, was unheeded. 30 Because of the doom of the axe-stroke with its sharp blade, mayhap, many will be seen in the mud.
59

HUGH
21
<

LIES PRONE
i

J?orth lwy5 vy6in, Porth lwy5 lain,

a llu rhacweS. (Hu) vu wythawg,
vvedy

meSdawd,
gyvc5).

(o hir

O
6

ve5 yved ni bu wared, (na gorod be5). Ev ragorwe5, yn-y5 gwyne5, yng-hywrysse5. Ae gorwylant

u
;

enyd ffrwysiant

Ban adro5ed
g

Torred ergyr o veirch a gvvyr,

Tyngid tynged.
36
7

il^och anvyleint y-mei-5in ban grys Morien ymidin. Dovid ni dowys 5yvin, Rhac cant ev gwant cysevin.

20

10

Oe5 mor hwanawg i 5iwin, mal yn yved me5 neu win. Di-achar gwaned yn-hrin, Yscarwyd gwanar gorSin.
ULJoch arwyleint y-more ban grys cynrein ir gware. Yng-hyniv a pheriv rhe ni bu cyvarch rhac ystre. Gweis gwy5ad yng-hynwyre cad,

24

12

28

12 13

31

M
15

adad yn rhyd-re. Bu golug Vryn BuSugre i wanar gweilgi wrm5e.

ar

34

60

ON THE DAY OF WRATH

prospers an army, its lances (when) confronting a host. Hugh was furious after intoxication from long feasting After drinking mead there was no deliverance, nor a mound grave. He lies prone, on the day of wrath, in the thick of the fight. They, who greatly lament him, fight violently for a while

(upport 3-

Support prospers

12

When

the news was told, broken was the onrush of horses and men
;

16

their fate

was doomed.

^)hey will speedily mourn within the field fort 20 when Morien hies in shallow ships. The vanquished one will not rule the coast even, At first he fought at the head of a hundred.
given to act impulsively, mead or wine. Unsparing had the spearing been in battle, Cut off was the leader of the push.
just as one drinks

He was

24

X>hey will speedily mourn in the morning when the captains rush to the jousting. In conflict with the active sovereign, there

29

was no greeting before entering the list. The knights, who were felled at the onset of battle, were left (at the bottom of) the ford. The glory of Victory Hill belonged
to the lord of the dark sea.
61
34

COMPLAINT OF THE
36

/JEWELED

llavnawr yn lliwed yn cyvamwyn gal galed. Rhac twrv aesawr godeched,

\J

c9

Rhac (g)or6in vre gwyr vriwed, Rhac meint y me5\veint gaffed

o halawg nid atcored. (yna weled), Cwyn oe5 arnaw oe galed.

19

jo
19

Y Mynawg

20

22

37
1

0e5 gyndyn cas ban drilled, neu-r adwanei rywaned. Gwedy cwymp car cymrwyned, Oe5 gwenwynig, carei ged. Cyn golo gar dan dudwed
dyrlyssei ev
i

12

Redeg.
eilwad,
16

jQynt drewid gan Ynt

Claer oe5 i daer arweinad. Seithid, suSid Seis dig sad,

4

go-gyvur5 gymrad. E5yl ry-Syl^y bwyllad, (Gwyr Ei5yn a 5inystrad). Neu-s adro5yn 5y5 plygad na vei haval Gynt eilwad.
Another version.

Addyw

20

34 (f>wr vrys o gaer crysgw}'5ad,

11
12

Da

carei aerva vloSiad.

24

13

Ar neb un Seis, sisialad, a vo5wyd, rhwng gwyg adad. Bro Vual lied oe5 virein,
Nis adrawS

14

Rhyd ev aeth werydrein). byw 5amweinad vu i Lwch vun lyvanad.

(or
32

15

Neu-s adroSyn 5y5 plygad na vei haval Gynt eilwad.

62

PA LA TINE'S HA RDXESS
*/3 LADES were seen to be stained <KJ in defending a difficult goal. From clashing shields refuge was taken, In front of Fort-hill slope men were crushed.
Because of the quantity of the drink taken there was no returning from the marsh.
i

Then the Palatine was observed,

There was complaint of his hardness of heart. He was perverse and odious when fighting, He would thrust again the severely wounded.

He was distressed at & worried because

the

fall of his friend,

12

he hankered after booty. Before covering one he loves beneath the sod he sent him away to Redeg.

i>he expedition was smitten by the Norse captain, if> was his steadfast leadership. Shot and sunken was the irate doughty Saxon, His deputy of much the same rank was taken. An expedition demands circumspection, 20 Destroyed were the men of EiSyn, who were saying, on the day of their humiliation, there could not be the like of the Norse captain.
Brilliant

Another version.

JQe who rushed from

felled,

the fort was precipitately

he did intensely love the tumult of war. 24 And this very Saxon, it was whispered, who had been drowned, was left amid the wrack. The country of the Grosser Lord was pleasant 28 (From the Ford he went to his champaigne). Those surviving will not tell of the misfortune that befell the Lache host, utterly worn. They were saying on the day of humiliation that there could not be the like of the Norse Captain. 32
63

THE LLOEGRIASS DEPART

/^SjODODAN, gorvynnan Syblygid V_y dynoeu tra drumeu Trwyn Esyd.
14
j
i

Gwasceryn, diervyn heb ermyg o gussyl mad Eryr Dvvyv Weryd. I ragran, cynhorvan y GogleS, Wy eithyn, (rhylithryn gan live5,) o lychwr i lychwr ar lwch bin, hyd l\vch5or y Porffor bererin. Lla5 oe5 gwaws, rhuthr oe5 maws ymloeS trin, Galar, an-yscar a nad gor5in.
i

a 9

(Jynrein gywyrein gan Gyvrennin, ynghatraeth gwerin ffraeth ffysgiolin Gweith me5 yng-hynte5 a chyve5 gwin

12

(yngawr Hu

g\v^'5a\vr)

rhwng dwy vy5in.

20

Uedwyr mor arwyr

Lla5a\v5, cymina\v5

gyvarvuant,

ygyd yn unvryd y5 ymhyr5ant.

18

Gynt a

llain

garne5awr tra gygawl o vvyr trin. 21 Byrr hoedl, hir y\v hoed ir ae carant, 22 Seith mwy or Lloegrwys a lygrassant. O \vryse5 eu gwrthe5 ys gwyrth wnant 15i Ami vam, i deigr lam, ar i hamrant.
14
13

20
:

v)wlad adver, go-glywer y-Nulyn, Clud tonn Iwer5on bevr bererin.

14

Ban

aei eilassei

lain,

13

mal beyn wrych ni welych wyelin. Nis cydvy5 vy haer u5 a-m gor5in, Attal vevl Morial yn or-5i-vlin.

27

r6

Parawd

5uravvd

grei gwaedlin

10

E5v\v, moleid y\v mygreid

64

Darw

Trin.

& GWYNEDD
HOSE

IS

RESTORED
i

bowed down melt away, & eagerly seek the plains beyond the ridges of Esyd Point. Without honour they dispersed and disarmed by the counsel of the Eagle of Dee Estuary. To the frontier, the threshold of Gogle5, they went gliding with the flowing waters, from

7 lagoon to lagoon, borne by the tidal bore as far as the watergate of the Pulford pilgrim. Killing was sad, but charging & shouting was a joy,

Sorrow

is

inseparable from the uproar of war.

n X)he captains set forth with the Cyvrennin, At catraeth the merry men are impetuous Because of mead at the court & wine bibbing, as the war shout rises Hugh falls atween the two armies.
*>he warriors

met the

sea heroes,

Unitedly,

15

with one mind they thrust on every side. The Norse slew, they cut down with lances heaps of the warriors, scowling greatly. Their brief life was long a grief to their friends, Seven times more Lloegrians rolled in the mud. By the violence of their resistance they do wonders The tear of many a mother leaps to her eyelid.

18

22

X>he restoration of the land is whispered in Dublin The Irish sea bears away the splendid Pilgrim. When going he disposed alternately the lances, They were like bristles, you could not see the shafts. My resolute King will not tolerate attacks on me, He will unweariedly check the mischief of Morial. His steel blade that was ever ready to shed blood has gone, Praised is the majestic Bull of battle.
F

20

30

MAGS'US CONTROLS
19
t

((Bang) or5yvnad yn agerw, Mynawg, llywyS a Haw chwerw.

Bu

5oeth a choeth a syberw,

i

Nid oe5 wrth gyve5 goverw.

Muner Geinnion
7

er

Mon

elw,

Nid oe5 ar

les
'

bro bod herw.

Ae gelwyn
9

Morgun Plymnwyd.' Yn-hryvrwyd peleidr yrrwyd.

glasur heyrn lliveid

cwy5ad
to

ir

llawr henavieid
escar.

Syrthyn yng-orun trydar, Ffrwythlawn fflamSur rhac

ix

12

13

X)y-ffoes cadveirch, yn greulyd eu seirch, o gatraeth goch-re. Mang vlaen wy5-vidin, Dinistr a or5in, gvvyth aerlyw gwarthvre. Gelwir yn ffaw o glaer ffwyre, ech-adas hei5yn haearn5e.

16

20

lliynySawg a or5awd yn

arvor,

16

Gan Vynawg ae gatrawd cwynhattor. Rhac Ei5yn y catgun nid atcor, Ev godis yn Silis yng-hynnor.

24

Yn
17

arSywal dy-gwy5wys, Cant llewes a borthes eu gorffwys.

arial

O
18

drawd Vyny5awg
arv,

ni 5'iangwys

namyn amSiffyn

am5iffwys.

28

19

21

(Jollad y vorgad, neu-r vu aeth mawr, Ni phorthed, ni chadwed traeth na llawr. Gwys dreiglyn beriglyn odrigawr,

At

orvy5 as edryS werydawr.

66

32

THE PALATINE POWER

He controls the Palatine with a severe He was wise, refined, and dignified, He
(il}agnus) was inured to seething seas, hand.
i

At a banquet he did not lean to babbling.

upholds the men of Ceint for Mon's benefit, Being marauded was not for the country's good. They called him the Great lord of Battle,' (When) at the ferry the javelins were hurled. With sharp purple-glinting axes the veterans were felled to the ground. They fell in the tumultuous surf Full of fruition is a flaming sword against an enemy.
'

10

i)heir
all

war

steeds, with harness

14

gory, fled from the

crimsoned Battle-strand. Magnus, who was a-head of his ships, destroys whom he pursues, and chafes the captain of the near hill. His fame will be known for his brilliant onslaught, He did not spare such as deserved the sword.

is

20

CDynySawg was cut down on the seashore By the Palatine and his men he was lamented.
;

The war-lord

will

not return before Ei5yn,

24
fell,

He

rose with assurance at the start,

In fierce activity he

and one hundred

From MynySawg's

swallowed what brought about their rest. expedition no arm escaped, except the one defending the steep round (fort),

28

Xlost was the sea-battle, loud the lamentation, The strand was not supported, nor the land held. The wandering race had menaced the inhabitants, He who had conquered restores the lands.
F -

32

67

THE RHYN SETTLEMENT

19

Xjug Morien oe lovlen las lavnawr m Tryn 5ygwy5, Tnvch dery5 tra chylchawr.
i

Ban
20 30

orffid car gollid

bu ffoawr,
.

5ilin

me5 melyn y maglawr.

X^elwad diarvad vore y rhelyw, ar5elvvy rwysc rhwyv Bre, Rhymynnyn y wlad rymdwyre, Yscawl 5iscyn vlawS gynwyre. Nid no5ed Redeg Rhyn gre,
i

io

GoSiwesid gormes gwiad Vre, Ni 5evveint o vevl veint ware.

13
t>
2i

Xja Von doeth adon aeth adwen, Edy yn heli vradw gelein wenn.
i

i->

20

22

14

30
15

5elyei, ban gynnei yng-hynnor, ystum brwysc dremyn y pennor. Llu5ei a llostei ymffrost Bradwen, Ni waeth Morien wnaeth porthas 5i'en. Neu-r gwy5ei orchwyS y marchogion, RhylaSei, ni laesei y Saeson. Gwnn gel bob gorwel or mor bwy'r mor, ni weleis wr o Seis yng-oror.

Neu-r
ar

21

2
13
1 i

16

v>wyr aeth or5in traeth chwerSyn o gnaw, chwerw ynhrin a llain yn drylliaw. Yn he5 byrr vlyne5 y5 ynt yn5aw, 24 Ban bor cad Siffeith wlad wrth deithaw Cyrch eu gwynn lanneu i'w anreithaw, Dyen weis a hen dreisid o law. 27

18

19

(>wyr aeth or5in traeth chwar5 yn wamal, Discynnieit midin gyrch 5i-achar, ledawr ae llavnawr yn llanw trydar, Colovn rheith glyw gobeith rotho war. 31
68

IS

NO SHELTER TO RUEDEG
i

Uioricn bore in his grasp sharp blades, the J Sold one falls, & the Fat one hies beyond bounds. When his lost friend was overcome he fled,

The

lure of the yellow

mead entangled them.

<

JLn the morning were disarmed those that were Left, who followed the proud Bre ruler. They coveted the country that will lift me up, Their violent descent is stirring up a rising, The Rhyn settlement is no shelter to Rhedeg. The oppression of the Bre land has been checked, They will not escape the evil of so great a joust.

Mon that a King came who sees my u leaves a still white corse in the sea. He fastened on the bearing and proud look of the leader, when he appeared at the entry.
<>was good for
straits.

He

He No He He
I

checked and punished Bradwen's pride matter what Morien did he wrought execution. brought low the haughtiness of the knights, did not set the Saxons free but destroyed them. know the refuge of every horizon from sea to sea, I saw never a Saxon in the land.
;

16

20

11} en went to the strand push laughing nervously, bitter in battle rending with their lances. In peace they continue but a short year, When the wandering war lord ravages the country He enters their holy churches, committing sacrilege, The agile & the old were plundered out of hand.

They were

-1

28 (lien went to the strand push laughing fitfully, Those that disembark attack the hateful ones, who lie with their weapons in the tumultuous surf. May

the pillar of justice, the rudder of hope, give us rest.

69

MERRY WERE THE

2

mi-.s
i

.1

aeth ynghatraeth oeSyn ffractli lu, ae gwemvyn vu. Cryssiant liveiriant yn trywanu, a chwedy elwch tawelwch vu. 3 Cyrch cleu wynn lanneu oe hanallu,

/ri^YR

\_J Me5 gwyn eu hancwyn

Dieu 5a51 angheu yn anghenu.

s

v)wyr aeth ynghatraeth o veSvaeth dwn, Ffrwythlawn y camhawn nas cymhwyllwn. Am u5 lavnawr rhu5 garm vawr a gwnn, Dwys 5engyn ymdaeryn vel aergwn. Teulu gwasarn Hu bei barnasswn diliw dyn advyw nis adawswn. O dreis y colleis a Siffleiswn, Rhugl yn ymerbyn Mon ry-adwn. Ni mynn Gwrawl Rynn, gwa5awl hwegrwn Maban i Gynan, o Vryn Cyngrwn.
()wyr aeth ynghad traeth y gan \vyr5 wawr, Yn he5 gynt travodynt eu hovnawr. Milawr athrigawl a ymdavlawr, Creulyd y Gwyndyd ae hynn waewawr.

is

i&

io

12

20

Yngwriav wy orsav yngoravvl, Rhac trawd Myny5awg dyvy5 Mwynvawr.

14

V*)wyr aeth yng-had traeth y gan \vyr5 wawr,

Eu moes gymodes eu cyvnesawr. Yvyn ve5 melyn me5al maglawl,

10

24

Vlwy5yn bu lewin lawer cer5awr. Ni chochawr paladrawr na pharawr, nac aestalch oe5 wengalch, na phennawr.

28

ig

Wy oreu
21

(9\vyr aeth yng-had traeth y gan y dy5,

yng-hilieu gewilyS.
32

Gorugant yn geugant geleury5, Llawenawr lliwedawr y-medy5.

70

WHO WENT TO CATRAETH

'HE men who went to catraeth were a merry band, Fresh mead at their feast was their undoing.
-

They rush
The

into the flooding tide,

a-thrusting
5

with loud acclamation, then all was still. swift retire to the holy churches in their impotence, driven by the fixed idea of death.

lJL}en

went to catraeth from an interrupted

I

feast,

did not promote. Around the lord's ruddy blades a great shouting rises, The stolid villeins disputed like dogs of war. Of Hugh's prostrate retinue, had I been deciding, not the shadow of a man reviving would I have spared.
Fruitful the conflict that

By

force

lost

what

had made

secure,
settles it

13

Swiftly, at the

moment

of the struggle, I quitted

Mon.

Brave

(M.)

wants not the Rhyn, but

on the

father-in-law of the Scion of Cynan, of Conical Hill.

(12 en went to the strand battle with the green dawn, 18 In peace formerly they discussed their fears. The garrisoning warriors are scattered, Gory the men of GwyneS and their ashen spears. 21 Most bravely they make a successful stand, Against the advance of Myny5awg comes Mwynvawr.

llien went to the strand battle with the green dawn, Their customs had won their associates. 24 They drank golden mead, soft and ensnaring, For a year many a minstrel was radiant. Nor spears nor bolts were crimsoned, 28 nor white-enamelled targe, nor helmet.
(lien went to the battle strand with the day, who had done in corners deeds of shame. They had certainly caused blood to flow, The soldiers are comforted by baptism.
7i

32

WITH THE GREEN DAWN

3
--

Cymhorth hvvnn cyn cythlung a chythru5,

Eneint cleu rhac angheu oe hennyS. 4 Rhac blin ran gor6in gan y wawr5y5, i bwyat vu neirthiad Duw ir gwychyS.
i

V^wr aeth yng-had traeth y gan y dy5, Llewei ve5 gwyn vei (5engyn) vwythy5.
Truan gyvatcan
i

gyvliiySes,

ae neges o dra gwres a drang 5y5.

io

i-

(9wr Saeth gad traeth y gan vvyr5 wawr, W'yneba yscorva oscorSvawr. Trei gyrchyn gynnullyn yn ffullvavvr, Yng-hynwan mal taran twrv parawr. Gwr gorvynt yn edvynt orledawr, Ev rwyged a chethred a chethrawr. 05 uch llei Mang la5ei a llavnawr, Yng-hystu5 due eny5 arbennawr,
YMordrei gwaredei an51edawr, Rhanc erchei, ethrychei a gyrch
X3laen
claer eching gaer

i-

15

lawr.

5
i

llynwyn engei,
jo

Gwyr hydrem Gweryd

Ar blu5ve5 glyw

ae dilydei. Sywallei yng-hibawr tramorawr y-Mordrei, Or gwirawd a vragawd rhagorei. Kur drysor blaen Porffor Mein barthei, ae bascawl eSystrawr Sinystrei, O vryd ev weryd ae derbynei. Blaenawr Swyre awr ae bu5 mawr drei, ar aeth llwrw yn-hraeth hwerw y techei.
lliie5

2+

28

12

(ifchi lu

Rhyn

or)vu yng-hynniv clod,

'

yn amwyn gysyriyn gor divrod. O haeSad y galwad Rhi gorvod,' Oe5 dor di-achor a char Mordrei.
72

32

MAGNUS CAME TO CATRAETH

Tis a support ere the great fast and the anguish,
i

a swift salve before death for their souls. Against the sad fate of the push at dawn, the bwyat was divine support to the nobility.
'

'

hero went to the Battle strand with the day, He drank fresh mead that was the villeins' dainty. Full of pity was the talk of the assembled host. His purpose through impetuosity perished that day.

JX

_pk hero

came

to Battle strand with the green dawn,

He

fronts the castle of the great retinue, which, assembling in great haste, rushed to the shore.
ia

At the onset like thunder the clatter of the shafts, The predatory hero while fighting is stretched out, He had been cut down and pierced by darts. Above the mud Magnus slew with blades, and imprisoned the souls of the chiefs. At Mordrei he delivered the villeins, He demanded satisfaction and destroyed the invaders.

16

he
And

brilliant leader of the liberated fort a pool held,

20

The keen-eyed men

of Gweryd searched for him. the soft mead, (Owein), the war leader poured into the cups of the over-sea men at Mordrei.

Among

fermented liquors mead excelled.

Magnus
24

divided the gold treasure of the Pulford chief, whose well-conditioned chargers he destroyed. With a will he delivers such as welcomed him, The leader who raised the shout a low ebb will aid, Such as rushed to the shore slunk bitterly away.

28

he

King's force won the Rhyn in the famous conflict, defending those who dreaded the devastating band. 31 Deservedly was he styled King of Victory,' He was an impregnable bulwark ik friend of Mordrei.
'

73

MAGNUS WAS COURTEOUS TO THE

12
5

Oe5 mynud wrth alltud ae cyrchei, Oe6 wir Sin y werin ae credei. (Tymhor ban escor yr atcorei) Gwynvydig neb ehvid ban elei.

38 \^r5yled canu,

cahed, 9 Rhi wnaeth am gatraeth anvad vrithred u (ar) gedwyr (Rhedeg a Mon 5engyn), Brathwys, gvvyarwys sathar sengyn. (Ymlid) wys gune5, Dial am darve5, 12 Gorug galaneS cyn bei ynhrige5. Nid adwnawd cibno 13

cyman

12

u
16
16

wedy cad gyffro. Cynrein gymuned

awr cyni daered.
[r5yled canu cyman ovri, Twrv tan a tharan a rhyverthi. Gwychrawg ar5erchawg Ri erch vysci ry-vedei, a rhu5ei Ei5yn riv. Di-ve5 or gune5 i-m gynygei, Ynghad gormeil gwlad a Syglywei. Yscwyd ar-yscwyd, hydr arossei waew,

is

iq

21

mal gwr hoew

llesteirei,

24

22

ar-yvyn, ev nid yvei, Nid archwaeth win, ni vaeth lywiei.

Me5

32
16
17

19

o5eu wys a gwySwys nwy gwystlei, 28 Rhac neb dyn caled gwyn ry-vaccei, Pan diried, seirch eirchieid, Syrreith drei, Gynt heyn eis celyn gweis greuSei. Ban waned, yng-hyvred (Mang) hyr5ei,
Ir eillt

ev

cyveillt,

mevl niw dyccei.

32

74

WEAK,
He was

&

TERROR TO THE RAVAGER

i

courteous to the exile who approached him, a strong refuge to the peasants who trusted him. (When the time came for his return home), No one was called happy when he went.

&

^A. song is due, let it be perfect. Around Battle-strand the King threw into terrible confusion warriors of Rhedeg and villeins of Mon. He gored 8 & bled those who trampled on the down-trodden. He pursues the gens of the earls, He avenges the alarms, He worked execution
ere he took rest.
12

The

feast

after

was not renewed the commotion of war.

in
16

The captains were shriven

the hour of mortal distress.

needs must sing of faultless renown, Of the roar of fire, of thunder and tempest Of the hardy glorious King of dread tumult, who 20 mowed down and crimsoned the Ei5yn number. The dispossessed land of the earls he delivered to me, In battle he learnt of the oppression of the country. He brandishes his shield, confident he awaits the spear, and like an alert hero checks it, 24 They drank much mead but the (king) would not, nor taste wine, which fosters not a leader.

One

J^e felled the men of GoSeu, he would take no hostages, Against the hard-hearted he nursed his wrath. 28 When wastrels returned at ebb seeking equipment the Norse showered holly darts which crimsoned them. When there was thrusting, on the run (Magnus) hurtled, To the villeins a friend, he would not harm them. 32
75

THE ELEGY OF MAGNUS

32
-o

Diwyd cad was Ryd

Ceint was niyciei pan 5yd im rhan dud glodvan Mordiei.

31
ia 13

(Jim Go5eu yngeleu ryvyrut,

ar tud a ffyscut as ryangut.
4

Ban escyn y gelyn rac wnelhut, clywei wynt gwaed meirw meint a wanut.
(Pym) mlyncS an tiieS vawrygut, astut cyminut (cyn ti) vo5ut. (Kein) was ni-m gwerthas am na thechut, Traethad dy reithad vy mreithawdl glud.
lluSiaw rhed gwys Go5eu, angheu amgyffred, As trwm gennyv a thru gweled gwySaw gwyr i5aw benn o draed.
*

15

16

20 *\7s tru,
16

gwedy

gloes

i->

17

19

Dygn alaeth ac hiraeth vaged, Gwyr pybyr oe tymhyr du5ed. Tra bu, Mang ae lu olyged wriav,
orsav yng-haled, 5o5yw im oe trined, Gwlad nev vo a5ev eu neued.

20

Wy

Y Rhyn

20

The
34
16

elegy of

Magnus,

killed in a skirmish

Yn-ygn waew y5 wyv

am 5iva vei-m Hu5 am goloed,

Goreu ystyried.

rhwyv.

17

Liu mawr ev Ia5aw5 yng-werth i adrawS

Lla5aw5
19

eil

Nwython,
28

o eur dorchogion, gant o dir Reged

hyd ban gymhwylled.

76

WHO FELL
When

IN A SKIRMISH

the Ceint captain, who sedulously kept the Ford, migrated, M. gave me the country of famous Mordrei.

<>he Lord of Go5eu you overthrew at the creek, and the land to which you hied you delivered. When the enemy retires because of your work, he 5 smelled the blood of the dead, so greatly you speared. During (five) years you saved our coast, assiduously you cut down ere you perished. The Ceint captain did not betray me because you did not withdraw. The story of your righting things my ode conveys. 10
<>is sad, after

checking the progress of the Go5eu, to realize the pains of death, I am heavy and sad at seeing

men

of

his heroes falling headlong. Grievous the sorrow and the longing that grew, after ardent men buried out of their country.

14

While they lived (Magnus and his host) were deemed most heroic they were steadfast in hardship, The Rhyn has come to me from their fighting, Heaven, for which the}' yearn, be their home.

t8

at Doivnpatriili

in

1103.

JL

am

in

deep pain

at the wrecking of

my

King.
for

22

Gloom has enveloped me,

He

the best he was deemed. slew a great host it is worth the telling slew one hundred wearers of the gold torque from the land of Rheged, up to the time of the truce.
fosterling of

26

The

Nwython

30

77

GRIFFYDD AP CYS'AN
34
io

21

gor-5rud ban aeth cann wyr i Gatraeth. Oe5 leith gwr gwinvaeth, dragon y dalaeth. Oe5 lyvvyS cynvin, Oe5 lung teilin,

Bu

Oe5
35
i

gerth, oe5 giiall,

i

ar gevn

gavall.

Ymyl Rhi gyrchwys,

Llurig ni wiscwys.

Lla5 lwyd a heiniv,

2

Gwaew ac aseth vliv. No Mein, eil Nwython

(ni

12

weled y-Mon),
ifc

heb gle5 na chyllell neb gwr a vei well.

12
9

10

l^eu-d wyv wledig blin, Ni 5'ialav orSin. Ni-m gwarthes hwerthin a dan droed cunin.

20

Ystumiawg vyng-lin
yn-hy deyerin.
1

Cadwyn heyernin

am

ffer vyn-eulin.
* * * *

24

Am
\2

ve5-vuelin

ynghaer traeth-verin,

mi (ger5enhin) anyn aneir im. Ys gwyr Taliesin

(tra)
13

23

o5eg gyvrennin.

Neu

ceint

or5in
dilin.
32

cyn gwawr dy5

78

AND T A LIES IN
There was rashness when the hundred men went to the Battle-strand. Sodden was the wine-fed hero,

He was He was He was

the dragon of the March. ruler of the coast,

enveloped in armour, eager, he was foolhardy

his horse.

on the back of

The King, who wore no armour, drew to the shore.

He

slew the old and the active,

Spear and dart he hurls.

Than

12

Magnus, Nwython's fosterling, there was not seen in M6n, without sword or glaive, a hero who was better.

16

X am a weary gwledig,
I will not avenge the Gor5in. Ridicule did not disgrace me when down trodden by the earl.

20

Bent was my knee in the abode underground.

An

iron chain encircled

my

*******
sang spiteful things of me.

ankles twain.

24

Around the mead -horns in the fort by the sea, while I was in exile the minstrels

Taliesin,

who chatters of the Cyvrennin, knows it. Now I sang to the Gor5in ere next day's dawn.
79

29

32

THE CONFESSIONS OF
GorcJian ahevon.
26
a

/^Jw'ALL

yscar aval ac avail,

4

10

12

13

Ni chynnyS rhiy5 o 5y\vall. Y doeth ni by5 noeth yn yscall, Ban angel rydynger yd ball, Ni cherir ovnir anghyvieith, Neud amluS i vu5 areith. Evnys yn vwythus amwylltyn am swrn (lyn), am gym buelyn.
i

\J

Yr aches darves a
ar

gollid,

Tew

led-vu lew, ergyr vid.

12

15

Rhu5id,

ceisiessid treisiadon,

ii

Mein uchel, medei i alon. As carwn, nid adei anreith, ae gar ni by5 marw y-niffeith. Dyben ar orchan ahevon.

^5

(il}wy, o-r treis) encilie(is, ni gel)av, O sig cyndevig y Ryt mi gav. 36 Gwen Vannon gwy5 ve5(won o \vle5 ni\ 1 a deil) Weryd eil, wrhyd mwyhav. 20 2 A-r hawg gwych ffodawg aeth ffo yn hav, E5yw y-mordwy madw bor arav.
21
3

v)ormant wyr aethant wernyn, (yn 61 gwle5) win me5w oe5yn. Rhac ffawd Myny5awg rhuthryn,

24

cymrwynawg

5wyn gwar Rhyn.

28

Mai taran Gynt ae tarvyn, Rhac rhynnawd pawb ryedyn.

80

GRIFFYDD AP CYNAN
The Paean of Confessions.
IS a mistake to separate an apple from a tree, A prince will not prosper by neglect,

not go naked amid thistles, when denounced will flounder, Unloved and distrusted is the alien of tongue,

The wise

will

An

angel

his speech

impedes his

interests.

The enemy, voluptuous around

buffalo

horns, were wild for a share of the drink. He who threw the offing into confusion was lost,

The Fat

one, rather bravely, attacks the ship.

lord

11

Crimsoned were the oppressors that were pursued,

The sovereign

mowed down

his enemies.

Him

loved

he would not allow pillaging,

15

nor any friend to perish in the wild. An end of the paean of Confessions.

(x^rom the oppression) I fled (I will hide no more.) By the crushing of the prince-leader I shall have the Ford. The hero of Man fells the drunk from their lord's feast, Predominantly brave, he captures Gweryd's deputy, 20 And shortly the noble thickset one fled in summer By sea departed this inert, slow prince.
!

<>he intemperate men sought the alder swamp. After the wine-feast they were drunk. From the fate of Myny5awg they rushed, grieving for the taking of the Rhyn country.

24

Like thunder the Norse scared them, Within a brief hour all were gone. G

THE SAXONS AND NORSE MEET

37
13 14

/^YWARVUANT ar vu5 herw,

VJ. Dyleidiad
(Hu) ae hi me5w. Ni bu ae cyhoeS ar enw, Ni bu elw ciwed gwyth hwerw, Cnivynt gwehilion avlerw, Nid oe5 ar les bro bod berw, Nis ciliwys Tarw Trin gwys ledw,
Blivis

16
17

y traws, anwaws

5el\v.

20
21

Go-thor (gledr) bangor, a-r gaer vur (gyrchei)

Cyn y

bei (r)ev orthur.

Rhwng twyn
as
18

merthig vei 5i-vur

19

ae gyv-or gwernol, gwant 5ur. a drigant ech adav, LlaSei a welei oe eithav, Oe5 gwiw y-mlaen llu, oe5 llariaf, Go5olei olieid yngaeav.

Ev gwant

16

20
11

(jarwn (vod

ar

dwm

o) gysevin,

ia

13 14

15

gweith me5 ynghynte5 a chyve5 gwin. Neu-r wanwn a chhvyvwn a llain, cyn bu y lias llu o glas y ffin. Carwn arglod Mwng orug waedlin, ev saethes aseth yn yscethin. Carwn wrhyd trwn dewr vab Edwin, a vei rhac Mordrei wr clodvawr trin.

20

24

12
8 7

(Jyd Penn Ceint

bei

cannwr yn vyn-hy
tal beinc a 5yly,
(diriv,

Adwen

ovalon

Am
38 T^[r5yled
1

gynhen traeth
canu clod
i

y) ceniv.

28

Gynon,

4 2

Gynt vereu ni dereu lyw caer gronn. Marthawd Myny5awg, llywy5 maon,

Bu

leith

cyn dyrreith
82

dir Aeron.

32

ON A PLUNDERING EXPEDITION

5^?HEY
vl/ &

had met on a plundering expedition, Hugh drunken host were rolled in the mud, None would refer to it by name, Bitter strife did not benefit the community,
his

The disorderly wastrels gave trouble, Commotion was not for the country's good, The Bull of Battle budged not a furrow strip,

He shot the oppressor, an unpitied relic. He broke down the stockade & made for
wall ere there

the castle

was stout

resistance,

Twixt the wasted, defenceless hillock and its alder edge, he plied the steel.

ia

Out

of

hand he speared those who

tarried,

He slew his best all he saw. Active at the head of his host, he was most gentle, He enriched his followers in winter.

16

X should have loved to be on the mound

I

from the first, because of mead at the court and wassail wine. should have thrusted, wounded with lances, 20 ere the host of the Borderers had been slain. should have loved Magnus's high fame for shedding blood, 'Twas he who shot the dart with force. should have loved the fine hardihood of Edwin's brave son who, before Mordrei, was a renowned warrior.
a hundred heroes were in my hall the chief of Ceint deserves the chief seat. Cares (without number) are my familiars, (About the conflict of the strand) I shall sing.
<> hough
25

v>o sing his praise is Cynon's due, the Norse darts did not hit this chief of the round Castle. MynySawg, leader of the vavasours, was smitten,

29

He was dead
G
2

ere he returned to the land of Aeron.

32

83

IX PRAISE OF

CYNOM

38 Gatraeth aeth or ffraeth curdorchogion

6
5

gwy5id, athrigid llurygogion

Divodes eu harles gwaew galon, ae habwy a vu vwyd ysclyvion. 3 7 Herwyr oe tymhyr oe5 treiswyr Mon, 1712 a Phorffor oe5 wych 5or amdrychion. 3 Odid y megid, ynheg Aeron, ir Rhyn a 5o5yn well no Chynon. 9
15
2

v^dryd neua5 glyd yn 5i-anav, (Y gaer gron ae gwron a garav). Rhan vael, ev glyw hael o lwyn vwynhav, Cynon lary adon y wlad deccav. Dinas y-n'ias ar Hid eithav, Angor, by5in 5or, bu5 eilassav. Ac ymyt or welid ni welav
5\vg arv-gryd yngwrhyd i wriav. Oswy5 a drewy5 a llavn llymhav, mal brwyn yd gwy5yn rhac i adav. Mabon gwlad Clyton, clod, hir canav

clod hed
8
8

bob parthed heb or

eithav.

ys

tanc anvonant o vro-r Deheu,

o wyl a llarieS, a cher5 a chyve5.

Gwanar yd gynnal y devodeu,

Cyn
10

11
1

drothwy naw5 i bwyth ma5eu, bu hyll na geu diheu. Heintid, cwily5id gwyry5 mameu, Mygreid oe5 voleid i vab GwySneu. Car eiSig nis carei i glod,
cla\v5

Di-hjdl ni

achubei, gwarchatwei
84

nod.

&>

THE FESTIVAL OF

1109

Such

of the merry nobles as went to Battle-strand were struck down, and the mailed ones perished.

The thrusting of the enemy shattered and their dead bodies fed the birds

their welfare,
of prey.
a

Adventurers from home were the oppressors of Mon,

and, Pulford was the fine citadel of the slain. Of those who came to the Rhyn scarcely was there bred in fair Aeron a better than Cynon.

K>he cosy hall was restored faultlessly (The round fort and its champion I'll cherish). He gives boons, a generous prince of noblest lineage is Cynon, the gentle lord of the fairest country. A stronghold in the tumult at its fury, he is our stay, the army's bulwark, & patron of minstrels. Of those seen in life bearing a quiver I shall not see in hardihood his hardier. The ravagers he drives away with a very sharp blade, Like rushes they fall before his hand. The praise of the scion of the land of Clutton long will I sing, It will fly afar, to every quarter, without limit.
^>is
'

i<

good

will

'

they send from the Southern part,

The

chief upholds the customs,

and largess, and banqueting. Though he undermined thy sheltering threshold do not retaliate. The fair was never foul, nor the false true. Corrupted, shamed are the chastity of mothers, The majestic of aspect was worshipful to GwySneu's son. The fatuous lover cared not for his good name, he seized and clung to his object.
of festival
of minstrelsy 35

2.

OWEIN AP C A DOG AN
21
io

*f3AN ym-6yvy5
4L) lliaws prydyS,

prydant wenn Ffun yn or deg,

ar dal Rhedeg,

ffaw.

ar hynt hwylaw.

Cun
ia

gystuoiei,
garassei,
9

Cam

Colledig flaw

Ac Argoedwys
gwae ordynnwys
i

ym5ulliaw.

13

Ev Sarbodwys
liiy5

Powys
13

ar les Rhieu. Ar-6ilyn goed,

14

Ar-5ylu5 hoed a chyveSeu. Cyve5, coviant, ae dy-5ugant

is

15

dan adloeu. Ar gwyn Owein

oscorS erein rhac y Deheu. Gawr a 5oded, Llwch Gwynn dorred
i

21

24

16

trydoll yscwyd,
17

27

Yspar llary ior, Molud mynor

wneiff eisyllyd. Cereint gwynei Hael a gwy5ei,
(gwledig) oe dud.
30

18

33

86

FALLS AT LLWCH

GWYN
come
3

VyiHEN
\x\, from

scores of poets shall

all parts,

they will

sing of the renown of war. combined force in a fair counis

on the border of Rhedeg, on the point of setting out. A lord was grieving for the wrong he had loved lost his good name. And the men of Argoed were attracted by his woe
try,

to marshal for battle.

12

provided the host of Powys for the King's benefit. He clings to the woods, He avoids delay

He

15

and carousals. 'Twas festivity, they that brought them under animosities.

18

recall,

21

At the

plaint of

Owein
out
24

his retinue cry

against the South.

The war shout was raised, Llwch Gwynn was taken

Speared
perforated is the shield, is the generous lord,
praise of marble
30 27

The

his kin will carve.

Friends lamented the prince that fell, a regent out of his country.
87

33

GRIFFYDD
21
ig
i

A J'

RHYS
lur
.

daun lud e K Y^ I-ANN D angor yng-hyman. A-' Diachor

Di-echyr eryr gwyr varan, Tryn o5ev or5eu, oe5 eirian.

20

:i

--

Rhagorei veirch mei rhacvuan, As meigryn lleSyn yng-Wynn bant. Cyn glas ve5 glas (gle5) vu i rann, Bu gorwleS uch me5 mygr o bann.
Lledvegin cyn dyvod
5y5, go-wychy5 i wybod, Ys deupo car cyr5 gyvnod,
i

HD WYN
8
14 15

vvlad

a5ev

adnabod.

ta

id

Hyrwy5 caradwy gynran, Ceimad ynghad govaran. A gwaewawr ev grvvydr gadlan,

ae yscwyd yn uswy5 man. Cle5yval dywal di-wann, Mai gwr cadwei wyalvan. Cyn cystu5 daer, cyn affan, o 5affar differth i rann.
16

17

18

19

Ys delwy gynnwys nev Ian drindawd yn undawd gyvan.

jo

21

22

9
1

43 an gryssei vab Rhys cadr ynghad, Mai bae5 coed y trychei drychiad. n Tarw by5in ynhrin gyminad, Ev lithryn gwaewffyn oe anghad. Ys vyn-hyst Owyn glyw y vvlad, 28 a Gwrien, a Gwynn a Gwriad Aethant Borth Ho6nant gyminad, a Brynn Hydwn, cynn y caffad. Gwedy eu me5wi y tranghad, ac ni vveles yr un i dad. 32

88

RETURNS FROM IRELAND

his conspicuous fame spreads, a steadfast anchor in council. An unflinching Eagle, he learns what fury is, Doughtily he endures buffettings, he was brilliant,

OCTRAIGH IWAV
He was

/O

surprised and slew in the Gwynn hollow. Ere the green grave, the purplish sword was his lot, A high feast was held over the glorious mead-cup. 8

He would Him they

outstrip the fleetest

war

steeds,

/^ENTLE

is

K_J his day, Rather The time of the lover

and the country
Spirited
is

the Fosterling
of

till

the coming of

fine his

manners,
12

minstrelsy will come,

will

acknowledge him.

the lovable captain, and a comrade in the rage of battle. With lances he moves to and fro in the field, and a shield that is shivered in pieces. Fierce and mighty his sword strokes,

16

Like a man he kept his post. Before the grave and its muteness, he defended, from a sense of duty, his division. May be be received into the holy heaven of the Trinity in perfect union.

20

iBChen Rhys's heroic son rushed into action, Like a wild boar he would rend the render. He was the army's bull in the conflict of battle, The javelins glided from his hand. My witness is Owein, prince of the land, And Gwrien, and Gwynn, and Gwriad They went to the conflict of Porth HoSnant, and to Brynn Hydwn, ere they were taken. After making them drunk they perished not a single man saw his father again.

24

28

32

THE FOUNDERING OF THE WHITE SHIP

(Nov.
22
1

This canto refers to the loss of the " White Ship " 25, 1 1 19, Yorke Powell), and to the conflicts (of 1 1 1 8, Lloyd) between Howel ap Ithel and the

(KS Hoewal amhaval

Rhi'ein

y 51anwed Y^ 1HENVD1 y ibobdavneued,

'

23 21
'

8
4

6
5

10

24-0 mor 5ilein, a mynawg, ac a oe5 deyrneS teithawg. -Bid in amSiffyn rhac tynged Mawrion wychrolion rygolled. Tyllvawr i rodawr, gwas vrathed, 23 22 gwychawg Ruvoniawg a 5iffred. 24-1 Eil Ceint welySeint am Aled, a seirch eu cadveirch yn greuled. Howel vab Ithel a orffei, 5 Anant, galan, gant orugei. Trwm trin, a llain y lla5ei, 3 Garw rybuS o gad 5y5ygei. Gwenid gan Wchtrid trahaawg, 5 7 Cily5 Gwyndyd u5 waredavvd. Howel, cyn gro 5el ar i ru5, edvyn, ae cyrchyn ymachluS. 9 I ged, gwych glodred echiiawg,

16

11 12

thwm yngArthmyn Rhyvoniawg.

20

13

14

Jr eis Sivodad oe5 vreith-deg, o grwyn (cathod) ban greithed. Hwibanei hwit hwidogeith, Hwibenid hwit, hwit wyth gweith. Ban elei Howel i heiliaw, Llath ar i yscwyS llorv yn Haw,
'
'

'

'

24

15

Geilw

gwn,

Daly

Giff,

i hely ae dwg, daly Gaff, daly Diwg.

28

90

6*

THE DEATH OF HOW EL AP ITHEL

sons of Owe in ap Edwin on the Banks of the A led. The two events, apparently, See Bruls, 303 304. followed each other closely in time.

w
The
The

HE

tide of tragic death

is

daily at the flood,

It whirls in eddies just as it listeth.

3

sea destroys the princess, & the etheling, & the lords that were voyaging (with them). May there be for us a shelter against the fate
of the great nobles that were lost. Riddled with holes is the slueld of the speared knight, who is defending glorious Rhuvoniog.
fosterlings of Ceint settle

down beyond

Aled,

with their harness and war steeds all gory. Howel the son of Ithel prevailed, on New Year's day the minstrels will praise his deeds. Heavy the fighting, with lances he slew, (but) bore a bitter warning from battle. He was speared by the haughty Uchtryd,

12

15

The colleague

of

Gwyne5's delivered

lord.

Howel, ere gravel covers his cheek, returns home, and his attackers disappear. His guerdon, a glorious, echoing fame, and a grave at Garthmyn in Rhuvoniog.
fair was the coat of the dead (Ho.) was made of (cat) -skins that were sutured. He would toot " hoo-it " in tooting language, " hooit, hooit " he would repeat eight times. When Howel went to provide for a feast, lance on shoulder and spear in hand, He calls his dogs and takes them to hunt,

18

jotriped and
It

21

23

26

Catch

it

Giff,

catch

it

Gaff, catch
91

it

Diiwg.

28

HOW EL AP JTHEL
22
16 17

Ys gwanei bysc yngHonwy ban lam ffithell yn Llugwy. Ban elei Howel vyny5
dy-5ygei ev, yr un-dy5, benn-iwrch, benn-avr, benn-hy5, benn-grugiar vreith y gweunyS, benn-pysc rhaeadr Derweny5,

18

20
19
21

a gwythwch Llwyn Llwyveny5. Or sawl gyrhae5 ar gigwein

nid eing ni vo or-adein.

He speared fish in Conwy when the young salmon leap in Llugwy. When Howel went to the mountain,
he would bring, in the course of a day, the finest buck, finest goat, finest hind, the finest mottled grouse of the moors, the finest fish of Derweny5 falls, and a wild sow from LlwyvenyS Forest. Of such as he reaches with barbed spear, none escapes that is not very swift.

92

<&ort>titn

yQportirei dr5topne&&

AMENDED TEXT
Now
the time
is

&

TRANSLATION.

who they are ye over the wet ways ? on some trading enterprise, or at adventure do ye rove, even as sea-robbers, over the brine, for they wander at hazard of
come
to ask the strangers
?
.

Strangers,

who

are ye

Whence

sail

their

own

lives

bringing bale to alien

men ODYSSEY

III.

THE GREAT STRAND PUSH

of i o g S at

ABER LLEINOG IN PENMON

attributed to

T A LIES IN

TALIESIN SINGS OF THE

/TVOCH
17
22

5wyre awr y-more, Cynniv Aber rhac ystre. Bu vwlch rhac twlch, bu dan5e, Mai Twrch y tywys weis bre. Bu govud myn yd vu lie, Bu gwyar ar weilch gwrm5e.

18
i

(Doch 5\vyre awr y-mei5in, Cynniv Aber rhac midin. Dy-vrys, tywys i Silin, Rhac cant ev gwant cysevin. Oe5 garw y gwnaei waedlin, Mai yd vei lliv ar vreithin. Oe5 Hew, lla5ei yn Siwin
o gleSyval ffysciolin.

Oe5 mor fu-achar ys trychei gwr haval yn y bei.

ft

escar,
*6

lOiscynnwys yn affwys benn dra phenn, neu-r 5eliid yng-hymvyd y cynben. Dysgiawr breint drangawl ar gangen, 20 Ys cynne5v escyn Ewein yn benn. Nu, Mwng a ystwng oreu gynhen,
a rhein y dy-lein cyd bei di-lenn, LiieS lwyrofiev rywyi;h ascen,

10

yng-hamlas avlwySas

lwyven.

24

Dy-fforthes aelaw, Lluryg wehyn (nawv).

12

Dyvnwall rawg Ueid Sal o ebrwyd brennial.

Ei5ol oe5 oergrei,

Grannawr gwynnion
12

vei.

Ban

(Blei5 ae gwel drei),

bei.
32

dy-chiawr (na)
94

BATTLE OF THE STRAND

"p-^ASTILY he JLc He fights
raises the
for the

war shout in the morning, Aber in front of the arena.

There was a breach before the knoll, & conflagration. Like a boar he leads the warriors of the Hill. There was trouble whenever there was a chance, The black-mailed knaves were covered with blood.

Ouickly he

He He
At

raises the war shout in the field-fort, contests the Aber against the ships. rushes, he leads his following, the head of a hundred foremost he thrusted.

brusque, he caused blood to flow, were a flood in showery weather. He was a lion, he slew fiercely by rapid sword strokes. He was so irrepressible, he would cut down the foe like a man, wherever he might be.
as
if it

He was

ia

16

JQe plunged
Caught

into the deep head over heels,

was the former ruler. His perishing rights were stripped by the arrow, By the rule of succession Owein rises to be head. Now Magnus brings him low who made the strife, killing him with darts though himself unmailed. The wager of war paid the extreme penalty of disaster. In the shallows his lance failed. He suffered dolour, mail prevents him swimming. Dyvnwall, awhile the mud holds from speedy burial, His corse was frigid, and pallid were his cheeks.
in destruction

20

24

28

When Lupus

sees

him

at the
is

he laments that he
95

ebb no more.

32

TALI ESI N'S PAEAN

18
13 14

Rhi brawv berchenawr meirch ac yscwydawr.

Gwae

o oed discyn cyvergyr escyn.

!

ys blwng yng-hyvwng Hu gynnivei, 31 2 yng-hyvranc nid oe5 danc gyhoefiei. t)y5 lleith y cochweith nis gochelei, leid elei. 4 Bae5 dig oe5 Blei5ig, Yngwle5 gwin a me5 yv lestri llawn, 5y5 camhawn, wnant gam vri, Yar amws, cawr, cynn oe drenghi, 12 calane5 cochweS ae dybi.
i
i>

26

a dar5 vvrthrin. Gweilging yn fforch,

21

brydav, J ERYVganav, Gorchan

10

Twrch drwyd am
Gyr
rei
i

dorch, trych tra chethin.

gilvach,
20

27
1

Go-vurth

wyr hydrach. Rhac canhwynawl (ner),

cann llwgr 5vvg dyvel. Disgyn n ial ansel, i bob cwrr y5 el

24

Drwy

heol,

drwy

gernin,

drwy
5

gib llawr gerwin.

28

oror dreinwy5 galar dwvn 5yvy5. Gwynne5 as gwelyn a chreu oe gylchyn.

Celedig 5engyn a vygr(ed ir Rhyn.

32

96

TO THE RAVAGING BOAR

The King
!

tests the

owners

of chargers

and

shields.

Alas from the moment of descent the conllict waxes more & more.
x[icrccly, in a strait,

Hugh would fight, In an encounter he would never cry peace. On the day An angry of slaughter he did not shun ruin Boar was the Lupusian into the mud he sank. 8 At feasts he drinks mead & wine from full beakers, which on the day of battle bring ill fame " On his charger before death, Red carnage overtakes the champion.
; ;

The jousting rod is in place, The Boar advances for the prize, and fights very fiercely. He drives some into hiding, He repels the more daring.
Against the native lord, the ravager brings a hundred ills. Unseen he descends into the open, & visits every nook and corner

WILL celebrate a lord, A paean I will sing

that will start reaction.
15

19

23

By

road,

by mountain

sides,

the edge of rough ground. From the border of prickly bush a sound of deep wailing comes. He was seen foaming white with blood flowing around him.

&

27

The
H

villeins in concealment were removed (to the Rhyn.

32

97

THE BOAR
YnghynteS meiSin gwle5 win vu a) me6, (Bu dwrv gan y dy5, galon ban 5yvy5). Twrch gyrch yn Avon, rhac tarv Rhi wr(th) honn. Cyn na\v5 oe Geinnyon
i

26
ai

rhyll garn

waewffon.

27 Eis grein oe gylchyn

rac badeu gelyn. Cynvelyn, gas nar, 12 8 ys gwna briffwn bar. Rhyd chwyrn rhac Einglyon 2 vriwyn ardal V6n. Rhyvel Vargodion, 26 16 23 a bliv ysgyrion, rhac ffyrvach adon, a gwych varchogion.
7
1

27
y

Dyrreith Tramorion,

10

ad-vordwy haelon, Cyvred coed gwyllion,

a'r weilgi dirion.

20

11

Teyrn tud anaw, ys meu i gwynaw. Gorvyniad gelyn,

ehangseid ervyn, Goborthei adar, ae denyn dyar.

24

12

28

37-7

Llavnawr lledru5
llawr gyvachluS.

Gwron
8

go-ru5
32

gu5 y marian.
98

ENCOUNTERS CYNVELYN
of the burg there was a feast of wine and) mead. (There was tumult at dawn when the enemies were coming.) The Roar repairs to the Avon, against the scare on its bank. Ere the men of Ceint can aid he rives the shaft of his spear. Darts hem him round

At the court

in front of

enemy

boats.

Cynvelyn, hateful lord, causes the burden of his fury.

rushes the Ford against the Engravaging the borders of Mon. He makes war on the Borderers, and shoots his darts against the stouter lord, and the noble knights.

He

les

The oversea force returned, Our princes sail home. The gloomy woods run paralThe prince
The envy
with the sea coasts. of the land of Song, 'Tis mine to lament him.
lel

of the

enemy was

weapon, which fed the birds (of prey) lured on by the tumult. Blood-stained weapons
his long hafted

cover the ground,

The champion incarnadined

the gravel covers.
99
:

LUPUSIANS FLEE
37

>

Llanw

orlediad,

Rhawg

enhu5ad,

As dal VleiSiad

nid BleiS ciman. Liu arth-dculu,

io

Llanw yn lladu, Cyn oe daly

wy

Siangan.

The high spreading

tide,

a temporary covering, holds the Lupusian not the real Lupus.

The men

of the garrison,

blessing the flowing tide,

make

their escape
8

before they are caught.

ioo

VARIANT VERSIONS
38-1
17-1

Erdyledawj canu icinon

Ardyledatt'c
cig ucren in

a.

38-1

******
guanth
i

canu

claer

orchyrdon.

b.
c.

d,
e.

38-2

iyi
38-2
17-2

ac cm bu diuant dileit aeron a gwedy dyrreith dylleinw anon.

riuesit

f.

loflen

ar pen eirirhon luit

.

g.
h.
i.

dimcones lovlen benn eryron

llwyt.

38-3
17-2

en anuit guoreu buit i sgliuon ef gorev vwyt y ysgylvyon.

ar
les

k.
/.

38-4
17-4 38-5
jj.,

ar neges

em

38-5 17-3 38-6

ar gatraeth oed jraeth

ox a aeth

wy

38-7
17-11
38-8

oed ech eu temyr treis canaon

a merch eudaf hir
dreis

17*12
38-8 17-4

oed oed porfor gwisgyadur dir amdrychion.

odid imit

******* ******* ******

dodes itu ar guaiu galon
guenint lledint feiuogion

minidauc marchauc maon mynydawc mynawc maon.

m.
n.

eur dorchogyon gatraeth o eur dorchogyon.

p.
q.
r.

t,

gwananhon.

u.

w.
x.

o barth urython ny doeth en diwarth o barth vrython.

y.
z.

38-8

its
38-9
16-12

gododin obeli guell no chenon ododin wr bell well no chynon.

Erdileda/ canu ciman cafa>n. Ardyledawc canu kyman caffat.
cetwir

a.
a.

38-10
16-13
38-11

am gatraeth ri guanald ketwyr am gatraeth a wnaeth

brit ret.

b.
6.

brithret.

britgue ad guiar sathar sanget.

d.
d.

16-13

brithwy a wyar
guid gunet
|

sathar sanget
dial

38-11 segit

16-14
38-12
16-15

Sengi wit
galanet

gwned
|

bual

am am

dal

med

e.
f.

dal med.

ciueu
|

rig\et

g.

a chalaned

kyuirynged.
|

h.
1.

38-13 nis
16-15

adraud cipno guedi kyffro cat ny/ adrawd kibno wede kyffro cat.
|

k.
l.

38-13 ceuei
16-16 ket bei

cimun

id
|

au

ciui

daeret

kymun

keui dayret
101

m.

VARIANT VERSIONS
34*6

L^cch lemli<d
tut leuure

A
1'.

L/cch lettw
tut lcurfvre

I3H
ystre.

gododin
stre

stre

gododin
ystre

D
E
.uncat

ragwo
5

ar y uwghat.

ancat cyngor cyngor

G
II

angat
. .
.

gynghor

leuuer cat.

K L

M N O
P

Q
R
S
.... temestyl trameryn /estyr

cangen gaerwys
keui dully wys.
6

tymor dymheslyl.

tymestyl dymor.
e beri rcstyr
7

trameryn
heidilyaun
9

lu

U V

W
X Y
Z
k
rac nallu.

lu

meidlyaun
let

lin

lu

o dindy

wy

o dindywyt

en dy own
io

yn dyvu wyt yn dyztwu.

ysgwyt rugyn
rac larw trin
9

scuyt grugyn
i

y
s

rac

taryf trun

tal briv

bu

y dal vriw

vu.
8

Dwys yd wodyn
V
llym yt wenyn.
llwyr genyn

llu.

VARIANT VERSIONS
23-13

Lfech Uefiir

A B
.

Llefli leudir(e)<5

Tud

lleu(8y)vre(S)

16
15

gododm
dith tith

(Hele<5) ystra(d).

ragoH

D
E
F

aryf gar

Ystry rhagom (wyr IwerSon) arv yn anghad.

Arwad

(es)cor

H
I

(vu oe) cynghor

yn lleuver cad.

16

Ry due

diwyll

K
L

Hu

5ug bibyll

win bebyll ar lies tymyr

tj

o win diwyll
ar les (Saeson).

M
N O
P

Tec wave
..

Ter (yd) ware

(yn) rhac ystre
(a

16

rac ystre
....

anhon

gwenn V)anhon.

Q R
S
17

Cangen gaer wys

ce(w)ri Sullywys

tymhestl (Sarvu).

tymor tymestyl. tra merin llestyr.

tra merin
llu.

T U

Tra mor dymhestl Tra nierin lestr

(dy-lann 6yvu).

18 llu

meithlyon.

W
X Y
Z
k
ft

H(u) EiSywion
(ffwyr) vaetholion

kein gadrawl rwyd rac riallu

19

rhac Llychlyn

lu.

o dindywyt en dyuuwyt yn dyowu.

On dirdynwyd
ev

dy-vyrywyd
an dy-orvu.

ysgwyt rugyn
20

y
S

Cwy5

(yn)

grugyn

rac doleu trin

tal

vriw vu.

rhac (arvawd) tryn i dal briw vu.

r)

Llym Sy-wenyn dwys yd voSyn

Llwyr ge(v)nyn
llu.

6
103

V ARIA \l
i

VERSh
wuet
a.
6.
c.

Ni ioiWiint
rac trin
*
ri

ueiri inolut

3 2

Ztyfforthes meiu/jr

molut wyuet.
*

3
3

allu trin orthoret * * *

^
.
/.

tebihlc

tan teryd Jrw* cinneuet. baran tan teryd 6a gynneuet.

diu

4 4
5

maurth guisgassant eu
gwisg'

cein

duhet
dudet.

g.
h.
i.

duw mawrth

eu

gwrym
cit

diu merchyr bu guero eu

unet
doet.

5 5
5

diw merchyr perideint eu

diuyeu cennadeu amodet divyeu bu diheu eu diuoet.

calch

k.
I.

m.
n.
o.
/>.

6 6
7

diu guener calanet a ciuriuet diw gwener calaned amdyget.

diu sadurn bu didurnn eu cit gueithrct

6
7 7 8

diw sadwrn bu diinvrn eu kyt weithret.

diu sul laueneu rud
a at ranhet.

q.
r. s.

diw

sul

eu llavneu rud amdyget.

diu llun hyt ben clun guaet lun guelct /. diw llun hyt benn clun gwaetlun gwelet. u.

9
8

nys adraud gododin guedy lludet neus adrawd gododin gwedy lludet.
rac pebyll
rac pebyll
* *

v.

w.
x.

20 hir
19
20 *

madauc pan

atcor/jet.

madawc pan
*
*

atcoryet
* *

y.

20
z

narnen vn gwr o gant ene delhet

Gweleis y dull o benn tir adoyn. Gveleys y dull o bentir a doyn

z.

a.
b.
c.

6
2

aberth

goelkerth a disgynnyn. aberthac/j coel kerth a emdygyn.

gweleis
oed kenevin ar dref redegein. Gueleys y deu oc eu tre re ry gwydyn.

am

d.
e.

-3

f.

23

-3

nwythyon ry go//essyn. g. o eir nwython ry goiessyn. h. gweleis gwyr dullyawr gan awr adevyn i. Gueleys y wyr tylluawr gan wavr a doyn k. a phenn dyvynwal a breych brein ae c'. /. a phen dyuynwal vrych brein ae knoyn. m.
104

a gwyr

VARIANT VERSIONS
22-i

zyzi
22-i

Dienhyt y bob llawr llanwet Dihenyd y bop llaur llanwet

hual amhaual afncuet. y haual amhal afncuet
e
tvvll tal e

a. b.
c.

23-21
22'2

d.
e.
f.

rodawr cas ohir

23-22
22-2 23
-

--;

y rodavc cas ohir g\vy//awc rywonyawc diftrcu/yc it. gwyc/jauc rywynyauc diilrcl.
twll tal
eil eil

g.

h.
1.

22-3
24-1

gweith gelwide'mt amalct. with gwelydeint amalct

j.

22-3
24-1

22-4
24-2

yg cat veirch a seirch greulct. y gat veirch ae seirch greulct bedin agkysgoget yt ifyd cat bit en any sgoget bit get
voryon. cochro llann ban ry godhet. uorow gwychyrolyon pan ry godet.

K.
l.

m.
n.
o.
p.

22-4 24-2
22-5

24-3
22-5 24-3

trwm en trwm en
garw.

a llavyn yt //a<5ei trin a llain yt /adei

trin

q.
r.
s.

rybud o gat dydygei. gwaro rybud o gat dydygei gant.

cann calan a darmerthei can yg calan darmerthei.
ef

t.

22-6
24-4

u.
v.

22-6
24-5

gwenit a dan vab

ervei.

x. y.
z.

ef gvenit a
ef
ef

22-7
24-5

dan vab wrvei. gwenit a dan dwrch trahawc. gwenit a dan dwrch trahawc
riein a

a. b.
c.

22-7

24-6
22-8

vn vn
a

morwyn a mvnawc riein a morwyn a menavc phan oed mab teyrn teithiawc

d.
e.

24-6

a chan oed

mab

brenhin teithiauc.

22-9
24-7

ynggvryndyt gwaedglyt gwaredawc. ud gwyndyt gwaet kilyd gwaredauc.

/. g. h,
i.

22-9
24-8

kyn golo gweryt ar rud kyn golo gweryt ar grud

etvynt digythrud. etvynt doeth dygyrchet
a chet echiawc. y get ae glot ae echiauc
glot

llary.

hael

hael

22-10
24-8

j.

k.
/.

22-10

24-9

m.

22-n neut bed garthwys hir o city rywonyawc. n. 24-10 not bed govthyn hir o orthir rywynawc. 0.

105

VARIANT VERSIONS
341
1

n-20

Eur ar mur caer crisguitat Eur ar vur caer krysgnvydyat

na hair air mlodyat na thaer aer vlodyat.

a.
b.
c.

h-ii dair caret

n-20 aer cret ty

34-12
1

d.
e.
f.

1-2
-

un f jaxa secisiar vn axa ae leissyar

argouuduit adar ar gatwyt adar
brivydryar. syll

34 i2
1 1

a.

-2i

h.
1.

34-13 bro
1 1

-2i

*****
virein

anal pelloid mirein

k.

nys adraud a uo byv o damgueinieit m. n-22 neus adrawdavo mwy o damweinnyeit n.

34-13
34-14
12-1

lui

odam

lun luch liuanat

o.
p.

llwy od awluch lliuanat.

34-14
1 2- 1

nys adraud a uo biu in dit pleimieil neus adrawd a uo mwy en awr blygeint

q.
r.
s.

34-15
12-2

na na

bei cinaual cinelueit.

bei

kynhawal kynheilweing.

t.

37-12

tut uwlch treissic hair caer godileit.

a. b.

32-6

tutvwlcb

treissic aer caer

treisig aer

dileith.

Bylchid caer
37-10
32-8
4

gylched,
c.

enuir ith elwir od guur guereit

enwir yt elwir oth gywir gverit. enwir yt elwir oth gywir weithret.
yth elwir oth gywir weithret.

d.
e.
f.

9 kewir.
i6-io

37-ii
32-5 10

i6-h

Kywir yth elwir oth enwir weithret. Cywir yd elwir dug in wared rector liuidur mur pob kyuyeith rector rwyfyadur.mvr pob kyuyeith. rector rwyvyadur mur pob kiwet. ractaf rwyuyadur mur catuilet
'

G.

h.
1.

k.
l.

Rector,

rhwyv pob

or,

mur pob

ciwed,'

i6-ii

32-10

merin a madyen mat yth anet. meryn mab madyeith mat yth anet. Moryen am-Hadyen, mad yd aned.
106

m.
N.

LIST OF SCRIBAL ERRORS.

a
:

o, c
?
:

fa

5t

I,

39
13-11

maban

(:

-on) 31-22

vanncarw vancori 13-15 carnwyt cornwyt 20-i5*mab keicl mordrei

: :

21-2-8 2i-ii 23-21 27-8 27-22 29-6 29-12

a ax

0,
:

23-11, 27-5* or 25-5

:

25-11 4-9 28-4 7-12 15-13

Puoell Rufiell vao ya/ mat- ma/

:

5
f

bud pufi gwe&yl gwc|yl 20-i5*ma6- mofdrei

:
:

haual adar

ho(e)wal 5ar
:

e, 8, r,

buant buont tramawon tramc-Won kenan Kynon

:

13-7

bwch
: :

boct

gronn 3^ig*gwylaes hwyl-oes = wys

33-i9*grann
:
:
:

32-14 cvf 36-19 ac 37-14 ac

37-3 19-2 31-12 34-15

ev
oe, 37-19.

ae cyhoeS sehic seithci

:
:

37-19 ac oe 38-15 am onn

:

Mac, Muc
celyo
:

16-4,

=Mang
* L ZI Z 7

geleu

1 6- 1 2

caffat

caffet

20-8 21-5
.1-22

gwanan
Uavar
o dra
:
:

gwenan Rawer
:

edre:

edry-

cin, 38-1 cig, cint 37-2, cit 37-6, &ynh 12-2, kynt 15-16 [Gynt glyw cleu 37-3

35-22 guannannon 36-22 carai carei

:

Gwen Vannan

fa

u,

I),

&, D,

23

T) mat- marf, 4-9, 9-12, 10-4, 11-14, 14-3, 20-15, 27-20

:

16-14 24-15 28-18 29-22 31-4 32-16 34-5* 36-15

1 1

6ual=djal 38-12.

^.36-15

mab
ebyi
llio
:

marf(w), 24-21, 38-20 ev dyrr

4-13 chethrei rhethrei 10-3 ac ar, 36-1, 37-13-14 17-20 -awe -awr 18-1, 20-6 2o-i5*mab Aeid mordrei 23-15 tec ter 26-15 ^ e i s ^eis29-2 nac nar 29-4 cawt rawd dauc (r.b.) rawd 34-3
: :
:

35-16

ci

ry
:

35-17 cit:tri

= try
t

-lid

fc-aranj
eft
:

daran
:

de=dyn
:

trei 4-11 crei noej nyt 10*3 1 lll Gwyduc

Gwyndy*
dyhewyf, 24-15-21

orowys dorwys bu di-, 37-10 di(a)ngan

:

-12 oeli

Aeli
:

f)

13-18 21-17 34-19 7-17 28-21 26-16 31-22 35-22 17-16

ym&ell

ym^ell
:

bu

Hu
gym/jwyllet
b
:

grimfc-uiller

bud

kud
:

ue&ir

veAit
:

adeoon aSevon b o dra tan- edry^annawc

:

teoic

teuic, 35-12

byt

OyS

11-14 13-12 17-2 19-3 20-10 32-21 35-22 36-3 36-20 37-3 37-22 38-15

deheuec
rodic
:

or Sit
forres
:

cones

= (b)riues

38-2

kywesc
lleithic

kywes<
llefiii

due
ec el

du*
:

yt el
(r.b.)
:

eew-nin
griniec
c[l]air
:

uernin
:

-ant cinin werthi ig tuyn werthig

:

drinie/ -13 ac Jaer

mic

rait

107

BOOK OF ANEIKI
c
:

?,

=5
s

27-8 34-2

rfwyar
dellyll

gwyax
gyllyll
:

2-22 txych-

710
1

3-

crys/iant beris creu bcri creu dree dres

:
: :

37- 1 3 go<iile[i]t 37- 2 1 brein du

ogilget = gylcAet

bandur bangor

14- 15

nycAemyo"
: :

nyj

ketuyd

7-8
io-i
1

llurfw

llufw
:

llwrw =t:r

19-13 ec -fiadas 37 3 seic Seis

e9 lladas

medut
5
:

mo/ = moryt

4-

3416 hue
36-

hu/ = hu6
gui*

guic

= gwy5
tt)

16-9 23-8

haed hae/ = haer clawd claw/=clawr

: :

Cb

0, II,
:

12-9

29-15 37-18 25-6 27-13 12-5*

chwardaf gwartha/ g chuecA chweg ec/tassaf y gua(e)sav dygochwi[aw]r -gollvryl [[ goe/jawn gor/Zawn achor ? a Mwr, a char tf;
:
:

go>-(m)essyn god- got30-10 godiues gol- = gormes go<2[o]Sin go<go> 5in 34-7 36-2 bod bot = bor 38-11 guid gui< gwyc = gwys
: :

13-2 differch sere A differ Ih ser th LlecA Lle/A, 23-15, 34-6 13-4 13-11 bryc/ bri*A 18-^0 nvych : rvryth 19-9 sycAyn syWhyn gwycA- gwy<A-awg 21-7 26-19 gorc/jegin gwrtA[e-ein :] fin 29-6 achon aeJ/'on 31*17 breicAyaul brei//'au(dy)l arurc/tyat arwrthiad 34-5
: : : : : : : : :

10-15 15-11 1 8- 10 29-9 35-17 2-20 12-9 19-9 32-15 23-8

[o]e5
-o<5e5
tefiyt

= e6
: : :

ev

= 5:b

6wyre

awryei
oSet; teuic
:

diSurnn
rofii
:

dirnvrn

rothui
:

= 5:tb
:

chwarSaf

gwarMaf

assed = asseS = asseth bard bar 6 baith god- go6- go(e)/Aessyn

= =

e
:

c, i,

te

0, cb, tb
:

20-13 oe l as c l as 27-3* [d]ewr cwrr 34-22 einim cynfin 4-2 ne nt

:

10-16
27-1

muc

greit
:

mygreid

8-6 12-4

vel (r.b.)=lev
re
:

ltv

ri
:

32- 15 racgarth
:

rhagarth
:

ryegwynn rycAwyjin 37-15 guec gwy<A

B
:

b, 0,
:

t=r,

5=b

21-13 dadodes da(r)6odes 29-17 mired morefc

:

32* 1 6

dan
:

ban
:

37-13 du bu gadeu gam/>eu 31-7

12-4 redyrch rygyrch 15-22 dvryi gwyS
:
:

12-16 12-17 15-4 22-4 24-2 27-16 29-21 32-19 32-13 38-5

em
Uet

im,
:

385*
keniv
bit im bit im

keneu
:

Hit
:
:

bed in
bit en

ved m- vidin ychuel ymchwil

: :

er tr leuir liwir
: : :

e 2-16, 10-15 e

dem- div-odes prep.=i everywhere.

l

aw
:

aw

6 19-15 22-7 25-9

1

8-

ueiel
rfodis

pygel godis

4-19 ge\or***hvr golochir 5-10 e ved w(l)ed

:

dan
ed:

gan
de=gy-(\v)rysse

7-11 ei-1 rith oi leith 8-6 eithin orllin

: :

108

LIST OF SCRIBAL ERRORS

e:o, u, p
10-3* g\ed-yt= -iu glod ip 12-17 anghcu anghov 14-8 o gatraeth e gatracth
:
:

ei
:

gorSini 17-13 mmvyr morwyr 2i-i2 kelleic kolle/ic 21-20 eiS-[ei=eu ]or8en 22-7 ervei orvei 25-6 peith porth 25-7 e\8y8 orvyS orox ac eur a ecur 27-5 27-10 kerd Void. 28-22 enw[l]y onwyS godofu(n) 2 g.iy*godew[el] 36-18 cz'Sin orSin 38-15 eSis 081s 38-15 e5yv oSyv U 29-9 teth twt deo Duw 35-5 ?> 4-13 ei :yf, 17-2 5-11-12 o ae8e\ o Wyfiel, 7-2 o ved o wyd eu yw 9-5 12-3 tywyssen -yn 12-15 ernda ymfia 13-2 gessevin gysystre : ys try 13-4 15-13 temel cyvyl 16-15 wede wedy, 21-7 17-6 keman kywt-an pygel 1 8- 1 6 uedel 20-19 temyr tymhyr 21-3 wdin vySin 21-3 menit mynnit prydyS 2i- 10 pryder 2 1 1 1 en yn 24-15 deheuec dyhewit 24-15 gwen gwyn 26-14 a(ief adev adwy 27-16 enys ynys 28-20 brith-we anorth-we :-wy 32-14 re re ryn leo lyw, 37-4 adlyw 35-5 35-22 e rit y ryt 36-10 esgar ysgar cleu glyw 37-3 \ureglurygogyon 38-7
:

6- 1 1 merin 1 6- 1 8 eifiuni
1

Mori (e) 11
:

7-16 elezrch alarch a 7-17 feiich /arch 7-20 pryd-ein -aw prydav tranc 7-21 dveic drac 8-2 meirch march 10-14, 23-3 12-2 eilweing alweint 20-13 e ^ ax 20-17 *'l a * 20-18 eilywet arwylet gweir gwar-, 3 6-I 3 23-4 25-10 h\ei8 bla(w)<5 26-4* atv'll? arwallawc -nat, -eit -at 2 7 1 6- 1 8 -neit 29-11 eneit caeji 30-6 dieirydaf diaryfad 31-13 eiry- a ry-angut
:
:

'

3i-i2*kein ? ? ka\\ 32-14 a meirch ar March 34-14 damguein-ieit -iat 34-15 cin elueit Gint eilwat plyghat ple[i]ghi?it 37-5
:

cp.

57 arwyran

arwym'n

N.B.

-ei,$sing. Impf. Indicative of verbs, often stands for the Passive

-er, or -et

forms,

-f

5,

I,

2-7

y la/nawr
: :

m, f, u, b ymlaSuawr

15-22
1

6- 1

dwy/ gwyS rwy/ rwyS

:

6-14 /in 30-6 ta/

14-2

/iu=llyw
ta/
: :

gomyn-a/
pryder-a/
:
:

2i-io 25-14 21-20 4-13 5-13

12-9

-am= -am=
:

kwyn-a/ -am
ei8ef orSeu ef: yf, 17-2 diry/: dyry/
:

-ant -ant -ant

m
it

= orSen

chwarSa/ gwartha/
:
:

8-14 ne/: new; e/ (n)eu 9-20 u 20-16 Go5e/; 32-16 woSe/ Gofieu 23-15 lle/dir=lleutw 13-4 llewdir
:

5-8

ne/:neM=nep
Final -f=v except in

ii

29-13 gled-y/: -yw = gledyti

t*

gyf gyff 21-17 gwnei/ gwnei#

:

5-8

109

BOOK OF AN E 1 1(1 N
f-

=ff except
:

in
t)

fa,

D, 6,
:

fi,

ft, [1,

II,

U
fa

107
191

/aglei
:

vaglei

10-17 fin
3 -t 2 ef 2 9'3

fiin
:

/u $
:

or/un ten>yn vu $
:

we

= wy
a/e/=ar tew

26-14 ade/

ff=ff except in
gyffor gyi>or 6-6 sar/j^ sail 10-18 effyt e/jTyt 6- 10 a//rei a.bret 8-9 -d rq//be drofAwy
4-5
:

C, t), t,

^
c

516 128

glas

das
:

7-12 Auan iuan 13-19 Aeli fceli Air 26-4 bu 26-6 Aualeu fcualeu 3- 19 he\ led ryd 1 Awr dyr 15-9 34-21 eAelaeth y rfalaeth 3514 duAet dufiet, 17-14 14-15 Aetuyfi AytvyS 24- 1 3 /-an Aan 27-4 Aemin kernin 24-19 cynyAo cnifio 2-22 tryeAant crys/iant 37-20 oAeit o/ieit 24-13 guia[u] hem gwia/cn 19-13 ec-Aa5a/ ys //a6a/
: : : : : : : :

&

fi
ft

h
l

|[
11

being

beinc
: :

37-18 ac-Aaus

angnaws
:

11-18 kyurang kyvranc 31*12 26-19 gorch[e]-gin gorchein [gwrthrin dang tanc 31-3 2-8 ? uftein ugein urfein D

contrast gueuil- gweAilion Ayll well=well 34-2 31-12 vyAyr vyu- veput
: : :

3715

5-i7*mygant 6-5 mygei

:

mudant

e, I, r,

?
:

mudei

10-4 gysgog- cysgod-, 22-4 dellt 1 1- 10 gwallt 13-11 amgwr amdwrr dygogl- dygh<d-aw<5 x 4"3 22-12 diwogat diuorfat 24-9 get dec
: : :
:

d?7ic de/ic 17-9 34-22 girth gerth 35-9 in- endewit

:

24-12 25-4 25-19 25-19 28-22

a/guuc

gym

arSwg dryn drin eg wallt yd bel\t

:

35-22 guirth gwerth In older orthography we have blarn, clair, da/ar, dair guaid, guaiu, hair, oi, oid
:

17-7 29-1
i

mynnei
: :

myn

el

gwyllYas dy-gwgei
:

dYwallas

dy-gweg
i

= dy-gwyS
:

34-4 37-17 liuir 1/wyr 38-12 cin ei cyn

:
:

kyveil/ kyueili dei del

el
r

34-20 griniec driniet, 36-20 38-16 gwi[s]gws gwySws

13-21

8-6
t

eith'm

gorll'm
:

ysgwn
:

ystum
:

14-4 20-9

eidy

eryt
: :

eryr, 23- 11

gorSi-

gorSrynaw
:

30-13 llosg- Uostei Cb 9-12 gwenw- chwej'w HocAeff 17-6 llogell 18-12-18 dygiawr dycAiawr 20-6 asgwrn ys eAwyrn ry-ch\\y\m ry[t] gwynn 27-1 31-20 glan (a)cAlan SS'^ guero cAwerw, 37-15 36-9 guanauc c/iwanawc 38-19 guigiat gwycArat
:
: :
:

21-20 eifief orSen 25-6 peithan porthan 26-18 Pei mi Perim=Peryv nei ner 35-3
:
:

35-7 36-4

bithei br(a)thei [a]ttthuim puthnw 36-18 eiSin orSin feiuog- lurego(g)ion 38-7 12-12 iv yt 29-2 ei/iw etryv
: : : : :
:

LIST OF SCRIBAL ERRORS

1
:

P
i.'u

f= D
:

f, r

7-13 tith
1 1

rnth(rei)
:

nithur 18-11 oe briS o ebrwifi 19-22 tn'n trwn = trwn 20 -2 tir tu

-4

rithtr
:

f=to 10-13 /leithic /leifiic bleifiic di/ic de/ic, 20-10, 35-8 17-9 17-22 go/ut go/ut
7-5
/liv- :/liv-

=blivyeu

8-9

27-37 eithin euthyn 24-20 pn't drut ? gloss ffrai'dus ffraudus 35-5 tit 37-1 twt 2-19 HeSi lledyn J? 2-20 ro8i rothwy 3-8 ri xy, 36-21 3-20 kewik<5 kywilyS 5-11 gennin geunyn 5-13 diryf dyryf 5-17 tri try 8-8-13 Is :ys 10-4 wit wyc wys, 38-11 guid 16-14 12-6 gwinwj't gwyn vyt 13-12 dtftyr dystyr 13-13 riw xyw 19-16 trin tryn, 2120 hw \yw ... yd i==hydy 25-5
:

29-16 33-3 34-14 36-8

1 1

di/uS vo/es=vofies /lavj /ljv a =a vliv /ui /un :/ui. /un, ini/in yn-y/in L35 -I 9
di/u<5
:

we/es
.

-9

/en
ei/
:

(gor)/en, 24-11
eli:

16-9 21-9 25-8

27-3 33-6 wy/ wyf 34-20 ca/ caf, 36-20 ca/c

: : :

frwy[th]/az ei/ eif, 27-7 anfel a/el

:

ixwyiiant

cafs,
1

=
:

5-11 gove/ gove*7-13 w/ith vrith 8- 10 g/e<5yv grefiyv

:

26-13 emis evnys 27-8 denfn dynyn 27-17 eithin in yn eithyn 29-1 el wit elvy gwin dylufl 31-14 diliw
:

gwynt

cell=tyrr atve? dalmeS darveS, 38-12 1 8-2 1 g/ys grys 20-13 ei/ &r 24-20 gwych-/aut -rawt 25-12 gwe/ydon Gwerydon 27-16 uo/awt vonat. cp. 29-4 27-17 blenn- bm'm(a)d 29-1* dych-e/wit trie (yng)weryS 29-2 ei/iw etryv
gell
:

9-14 13-16 14-12 16-14

gwl-

gomget, 20-4
:

atve/

32-22 diw- dywedws 34-11 crisguit- : crysgwySat 34-15 cin, 37-6 cit, 37-2 cint,
:

cig 38-1

=Gynt
:

35-6 36-5
37-4

fis-

ffys(c)iolin

rin

ryn
:

tn'leo

try lew
too

Pages 34-38 have

many

instances to quote.

29-4 uolawd vocawd 29-22 me/[w]it : xneryd 35-16 ca/[a]net cameS(er) 36-i4*u/ bu/ee buSucre 36-22 cimluin cymnvyn 26-15 mede/ medei 34-17 sdlinet sdin/et (y)stytuet 8-2 gar tew gar tew 23-11 arya/ arvan/, see 14-3
:

b
29-1

11

ff, ff,
:

ii

=n=r
=vawr

Arym

pxyv
:

26-13 ^uhelyn iuelyn 29-15 ky- =cy- ry-chwenychwys 6-i kywri kyttxi yktiit
:
:
:

1 //awr 25-17 ar//es

io-

ffawx
:

ar/jfes

= arfes

27-1

tyllei

dyffe\
: :

= uchtryd

16-20 ar[u]o//i arq//ei 17-6 lloge// Uocheff

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
jo|

24I

rygollas[g]c//
a//:

rygo(e)*/iesiyn aseth

tfc

36-6

nem

nev
:

385
n
p

emdodes

dm-

= dri>odes
n

in

to

9-20
3
I

aw: :

gynwa/

anawr gynwaw
:

9-12
24241 1

mam
:

warn
:

250

gallgau- gapeS 27-18 gym-hwy//- phwyat 34-20 gue// guop

:
: :

m
m-arro in anon i -9 12-20 lent- lein [-ein] trwyn 14-20 drum drutw
:

am- anlwys ganghem ganghew 1 3 2416 (rym cryn 11-7 em-yt, 143 -wyt v>niyt 38-15 am onn midhin mtdhui 29-5 19-8 gym- gyprwyd
: : :

it

final

-m v, 35-21-36*2
:

24-

= morem -eiw = Morien

:
:

ir,

it,

ri,

rt,

p
j

29-20 m-enwit in epvid 29-22 m-eltait in ebyS orwylaw 31-9 lam

: : . .
:

34-19 deyrwet
31-1

di> re^et
: :

orwylam diciw dim 34-15-16 ci 36-4 im riw=ryn, ? 368

lattt
.

trychw7 29-6 tra ttiflBon tramorion 17-2 cowes torres 1-13 wyt ryt, 36-14 P]aw ap 4-9
:
: :

trychwn

it ri

rr

godruSui wore 24-17 lumen lujwen = l\vyven 34-16 dam diwa=diva

1

6-6

godrufi ernore
et
:

9-12 9-20
io- 1

gwenw cAwepw
:

rw-vaww xit vawp kenon kywpan

:
:

io-i

tan

tpa
:

15-20 mo/eit ni cheit 35-12 molut muet ni lu mopeb 11-7 emyt en ryt nx 35-6 keman kywran 21-8 gorwylam -ant tit 21-9 ffrwy[th]/am ftrwyfant ardemyl aidelynt 33-8 rit hemin kerwin 27-4 ru gemin genrin 27-4 27-11 gom- gorwyned 29-17 godem- godon(n) 32amarch ar uarch 34-16 mun rwim=rhwyv in gymre gynm're 30-9 33-8 ardemyl ar<5el[y]i mam mawr, 15-14 15-9 ur 15-13 kernel cyuyl 26-13 emwyth en ywythus 26-13 ernys emwys eimys
:

11-3 aw: ap, n-6; wa: ap 13-21. 11-18 gwychwawd -pawd I2-H ben ve\\ : fep 1 2- 1 6 awwar apwar diwdywyt dipdywwyt 13-7 16-18 i pi(v), py 38-1 19-14 annor apz<or 25-9 hew ftann hep-[r=]yan 25-21 beww bepi/ 27-1 gwywn cAwypn. cp. 20-6
:
:

26-i8*Perim
27-6 31-8

Peryv
.

med

melyn
:

(ag)wefi

brytam
:

brytau

[welyn

34-16 34-17 35-22

adam adaw=adaG em ev migam mi gav

: :

27-14 27-22 29-19 29-20 29-20 29-21 34-9 34-16 34-17 35-5 35-15 36-14 36-14 37'7

dychiaww[awr] dychiawp deu [e]w dewp aw wed apweS

;

m-ewwyt
dywwit wo op
: :

in

epwyt
:

dypwit

& caww
:
:

caup, 31-6

/uiw

/uip

= ffwyr

nimu[n]
sdlinet

pwim=rwyv

(y)sdipiet
:

bop=po>' uwet fryu(e)pet I wit yn pyt gewe gyw(ui)pe lauw lawp ewanuit ep(w)anwyt 38-3 38-15 deuuniat dyvwpiad
:

bow

cit

LIST OF SCRIBAL ERRORS

n
30-20
:

11=1, b,
:

to,

in

u, to, 2

gwn gwp:

gw/e<5gar p
:

3619 hanau
:

hap- lia/auc c36-19 can- cap- cated 22-17 ven-y8 ve5- = tt'ewwyS u 24-13 denn den
:
: :

12-10 ronin ? cwnin 31-12 guodeo GuoSeu 35-4 31-12 eelyo gtleu
:
: :

37*n odg=dog
:
:

dug

ew ev, 137, 21-6, 23-19 t) 5-" cewnin cezmyn 169 Medic veSic 189 leyn leii/
:

4-3 4-7

woethyS
:

voythyd

u=b

voethyd vwythyd 4-3 7-15 diuaoed divawyd 8-9 drothoc drothwy 12-14 gor- gwroleS
: :

18-20 amdinat amSit/at 20-10 kenhaw kenhiv 22-22 diwogat dicodat kywt-wng kyuwng 31-2 34'"' 16 na. va & wei i^ei, 37-22 kytmor kyz;or [35-3 4-12 gynwan gynwan
: : : :

to

7-1

nyn
-n

nit = niw
:

20-14 21-15 26-19 30-3 32-2 35-4 35-5 35-15 37-4 37'!3

21-6 loed goeth gwe8 g[r]oen gwyn [: Iwyd gorch[c]gin gwrthrin

: : :

dhog
deor
:
;

dwg
dear
:

tryleo
:

tryleu;

deo duw guero chwertw

adleo a.dlyw -17 ero, hero, guero, helo & delo w
:

u-4
15-2 18-4

ych
:

ny

wy
:
:

wyc\\ 37-10 wi

wy

dywin

dywin 349, 36-9

2-18 wawar 12-12 aneiriw

wawal
aneir im ragora
:
:

134 n-7
II-9

ragwo

krewwit krywit am-dryrcwid -drymit

: :

3-12 gwynwod Gwynd^yd 8-21 gomynad g^minad IO '3 noc nyt 10-5 arwon- anaiynawc 17-8 vyt y vyt 19-22 ort/yd yrwyd
:

1210 ystyww-

ystwmiawc
:]

25-19 obedror 27-18 o Swyn

36-2
uoleit
:

obedryt

ymSwyn
b,
t>,

27-20 wrth-raww [: rami chynniv chymwy 32-4

:

rymyn

wyleiS
:

P
:

R
:

a, c

91
IO-I

0..0..0: a..o..a
kewon
:
:

kynpan
:

12-4

125
22-2

34-!6 38-12
i-8

193
29-22 30- 10 30-15 31.22 32-12 36-13
37-i
1

haeSot haeSat achor achar ohir ahet guoiu gwaiu o gal- a chalaneS, 16-15 po pe = pen t -t orfwn tervyn ystoflit tevlit ys od=do- deweint no=on en eu dra edry-vannawc guol*vy gwelwy orov orro oere = wyre
: :

pela fcela 16-3 36-1 map bodu mapubot 19-21 preiglyn dreiglyn 19-21 perig(g)odrigawr 34-13 pell lied 25-11 Puoell PuSell
: : : : :

madw
[bor

r
:

c, e

16-17 gwrhyi gw(y)chyr 4-14 dur due 21-20 gwyr gwyc(h) [29-21 23-18 rwyd cvryd & run cun 1-9 m-a.no in aeron 36-16 oror o>to oere w}'re
:
: : :

4-5

moc

moe=mwy
:
: :

iolo

idol

yd

7-10 dal[v]nth daleith 1 6-2 2 llywn llywei 27-10 kerd koed ar ae 28-20
:

e\

113

BOOK or AXMRIX
r
:

i,

I,

B,
J",

f:f=b t
i

ff,

1,9

2-II

gwerth gwetth, 6-22,10

:

5-12,

1817/eirch :/eirch
:

166
26

sarff

saif
:

= seiv
:

32-2 [-20

kyvreith kyvieith I 27-15 kyverth- kyveithryiuit im[blain] trin imrtiii

:
:

cytmeit 5-20 cy/neit cy/7-17 feircn /arch = rarch vu 2122 glaf-/u glas 2g-i7*-le/: le/=lev
:

=
.

f=rj

y-midin

322 creu c/eu 417 e6yr[n] eSy/ "3 gwyar gwya/

:

5- 1 8 15-I3

f'\

:f\=ffin
:

tt"

/yn[wyr y/]<wyr

6-8
cp. 20-4

#ynn #\vyr fyw -[ye-] /iw dy6

: :

13-13 ry-chwar[S]

rychwa/

7-21 ania/

ania/
:

237

eir

eil

Nwython.
:

26-12

am/ud
ff:

am/u5
tf}

23-17 restyr /estyr 34-8 25-20 teithiawr teithiaw/ 32-16 cared ca/ed 36-7-1 2 aruirelt arwy/eint
:
:

59

ae/: ae/A
ft",

t>,

tb

37-M hero
37-22 di/ur
6-4 9-7 ig-i

he/w
:

13-2

di//erch

differlh

di(u) /ul

vehyr=
peredur
:

-yp
:

wehyn

19-19 aeffawr 3-22 ky/dwn

p
*

ae/Aawr ky/Alwng
:

pewadur clyvver clywyw 27-19 rodes nodes 29-2 dykr dycw 29-7-1 2 yaur iawn & mur Mom 31-16 gymyrrhut gymiwut
: :

8-8 ys /anc Iffac 17-22 tywyf/eift tywys

:

/eis[t]

= t/eis = tfeis
gniff5,
i,

37-15 gnifft
:

=gniv-ynt
r,
rfc

c,

33-19 ceri 37-10 laur

ceiw
:

&
:

cuir

cwyw
[36-19
)'

laun
:
:

laww

37-M herw heww waur tfawp = traws 4*4 171 orcrt- opgorSion
:

22-14 Uory llor-i llos< 34-II armuc ar uryf =vrys 36-13 gweir gwap, 23-4 7-22 gwy[a]r gwyi 215 Heir ileit & gwel-ir it 21-9 adroSer adroSe/ 21-14 dySuc ar dy5ucaw< 23-4 golo-hir golohi* 25-15 gwyr gwy* 26-21 careu cafy)t=cadr 28-19 aSoer afioe* 34-12 adar adat 36-14 [g]arat atat 8-9 offer hoS-et= -eS t 18-16 gorwer- gorwefyt 21-10 pryder prydy/ 24-13 ver ve/ = ve5 37-14 Aero wjero mefiw
:
: :

=5

laSawfi dygwoll-i/ -e 21-2 tavlei tavlei 21-21 tiin veg veigrin caret care? 37-19 awe* a w(e\)ei
:

2-22 4-8 4-15 13-12 I5-I3 22-22 24-16 25-8 29-9 35*4 36-14 36-22 4*5 17-6-8 18-1* 22-1 25-12 25-12 29'I 34-17
5-2

toys-

crysant

du*

due
:
:

er/h erch disbar discar

temel
:

cyvyl
:

gwy/h- gwychawc /rym cryn raw/ rawc

:

tedyt tevic fran* Franc guoluf goluc(h)

: : :

tet

cet, 37-1 tar

:

car

arvvy* arwyS wy8 byt, vyt

meiJin meiSin dihenyi dihenyS wyt wy8 vryv

: :

rwyt
elwit

rwyd rvryv
elvyS
:

la8aw<

34"

114

LIST OF SCRIBAL ERRORS

t
:

r,

tf)

11

ir,

it,

ri,

ti

ff,

II,

n,

5-20 cat 7*n /an 7-13 /ith io- 1 /an

1 1

car, 11-7

13-4

(gova) an
-

T-uth(yr)

]eitdti=\lefdir 23-15 cp. tir gu ttt 20-2, grf gym- 34-19 & Air bu 26-4
:
:

r(acw)an
bri

-6

bit

13-7 9-15

dyvw- dyvt>- dy yynvyt prynw pryni/

: :

I2 "3 rywyssyn ty13-22 gat gar Vannan 165 144 rac tan racran 19-2 byt byr 21-19 eglu/ egluf pennaw/ pennawr 23-3 24-12-17 baruau/ barvawr 24-12 atguuc ardwc 24-14 at- ar-gwyr. cp. 26-4 25-17 pet- par- war 26-21 ryllei ryllei 32-15 tot /arth torr arth 31-22 sathr-av/ -awr 32-19 yt yr & a/am arav 36-2 2- 10 act th aeth 2o-ii guer/ gwer/A, 34-18 Le/lin 34-9 Le/A- LycAlyn 38-2 dilei/ dyrei/A 38-10-11 bri/ bri/A
' :

9-20 tu rit vaw|< 5-17 nowant uon'ant

: :

20-4 dulldnll-yawr 32-21 dydwc 6yd fit

:

30-10 goSiw-ewd 2- 20 wyw llyw

:

-e/id

ermt oe derllyd 29-11 wuSit //u5it gueu- gweAilion [26-6 37-15 2-8 eu yn, 6-i8, 14-13-18, 27-2 hwit hiwt hynt, 37-6 37-23 guaur gwa< ac ewr a ecur oror 27-5 29-8 orthwr orthor 30-15 odgitr gOToi goror gwr . rin guor Ryn 36-5 36-11 gwrthyn gorfiin gwr gor37-8
5-11 oe
: : :

9-5
1 1

veu
:

vpiw

io-io new
t&
:

nep
:
:

5,

ft",

B,

IT,

2-13 14-10 20-14 32-17 35-22 36-11 6- 10 8-6

22- 5 29-19 21-9 33-3

chwer/Ain
ei/Ain
: :

chwerSyn

e<5iu

= e<5yw

goe/A gwe5 ery/A eryS gwir/A gwy<5

: :

13-6 1 8-6 20-21 27-7 28-18 30-5 32-19 35- 1 2 35 18 37-2 38-5 38-7 38-16 5-12 25-9 28-18 30-3 35-1

alaw alap kern kewpi uedel yygel

:

eu hen e tmen=y Rhyn cadew cadyp = cadr

:
:

gwr/Ayn a/Arwys
ei/Ain
:

gorfiin

dew deft gowud gojiuS

: :

affwys
:

ff
f[

kyuei-

or//in

mower
:

kyvpet mojteb
:

rygodAet

rygo//et
:

rwySAeu
-dorth essyth
teih
: :

rwy//eu fifrwy/A/awn ffrwyssiant

:

fl"

[Ijawneu ajmeu uedet ttedec tu tp(es)

:

bol/t

sewi-

seiti(ch)ogion
:

14-3 29-9

Esy/
if

tut

eithwnat ethpinat kewit kyait

:

u
io-i

eu

ev
:

i,

dolen

doleu, 23-20

dyrllydwt

dylydt't

odeu
geuin

oSiv
i

16-14 bual=dial 38-12 28-i8*dwhun :di-hun 37-10 bu guan di(a)ngan

:

get^yn
: :

gawall i gawall
:
:

33-16

Um
1

llt/=Uu>.
:

cp. dif2

dz<gyn

if

24-15 awwy av- abwy mew= mev- mefiweS 25-3 29-11 mi- vu- /u- ludit
:
:
: :

115

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
u
5II
:

to to

uedel WySel 5-19 euruych euru/ych keii, 13-6 7-14 to twn; kei 13-10 chwarfi chwarS
:

t;ab:yal, 615 nut t^yt 7-17 blei6i/an bleifiyan 12-7-12 vn yn, vi yt 1 8-8 escyn-ni> escyn-^n

49

32-

cynniv
to
:

cymuy
p

24-i5*deheMec 2D-II dyual dywal

: : : :

dyhewyt, 2421
0, u, r, b,
:

llzt'gyr dwc llwcyr due 27-2 30-12 adaw adawsei 31-12 batib bazfb 31-14 ceaei c(\)ywe'\ 3415 biw byv(l.i3) byu>
: :

orvyS penmon 5-17 pemam[t]

4 7

ttrvyS

=
:

713 whth 914 gtt-113-11 18

:

olith(r)

golyget, 20-20
:

34-17 34-18 36-10 24-12 37-2

gwoiw
id

gwaew
:

Nuithon
atgwuc
eilwwat b
:
:

No/ython

kwr kor, ba>cA boet 1 1618 gwr gor 18-16, 19-10, 306 175 wt or, cp. 388
:
:

wyd
arfiwg
:

21-16 da/11 doll 26-20 iwrch florch

: :

eilwad
ft',

13.21 ysgwn 1419 gwned

to,

yscun ystitm cuned, 19-2

:

b, 5,
:

I,

11,

26-16 dyt/en dy&en. cp. awwy b 12-13 ovcc ^ ec L a ^w y 5 ft' 19-22 on>yd or/- =or#id 26-22 vyrrvach /- =J7'yrivach 1 25-12 i/yw /yw /yw, 26-2 Mon vro uro tno i-8 u 16-13 Hv H
'

21-14 21-15 25-11 26-13 3i-8

di-lia>

\iu
:

lu/=lw5

adloyre;

adloet*
:

\wch

lwch m\vytha>[a]s
:

mwythws
:

gorlew
ea>:

gorew
:

51
17-4 25-8 29-2 26-1

wed 22-19 venyd weunyd 23-9 waur waar

ved
:
:

20-5 31-13 2 1 '13 2I-I2 33-15 8- 1 8 20-3 8-6 10-17 14-14 15-19 17-8 18-9 21-5 2i-2i 21-22

dei/yn dewyn nt u8 di/ya dilyw=dilyn

: :

u en- egei ditfarth diu- diwarth trybeS-aa/t -awt ant -in -iu kyueil-io;
:
: :

= u :n
=n
:

34-9

haw hap ha/flin dyowu=dy-a>o-vu 13-7

haw:

gor-dyz/-

dy?mwys
:

ravn

rawn
:

ran
:

137
r<

vann

Mann
:

pann

keneznn
: :

wreith ? ryv riw a>rych z/rych

:

kynjtein a/raeth

-ow- =ow oftvu u p dy-vw-MJyt vir-uuy\ -vyr-^Oyt cp. 34-6 infra, & atgwuc 24-12
:
:

to

7-16
12-4

wyr

i/yr
:

fc

a>ann
a>erin
:

nann
t>erin

1212

wiu-^eith

-a>eith

uyt WyvT
:

wyd
:

llwyr
:

lla?;ar

llaa/er

12-13 cyw- cytrenhin. cp. 17-6 13-8 woSyn roSyn 139 jy t/y, 30-11 17-6 cywreint cytreint. see 12-13
:
:

i/egin

a/ehyn

18-1

wys

uuys
:

t^pys
:

21-14 dilitw 28-22 a/ryt

29-1 29-2
291

diliv
i;ryt

dyluS

elwi/

e\vyd
elryv
: :

24-11 26-11 27-2 28-5 27-0

law

laai(r)

eiliw

dyuall
irial
:

dya>all wrial
:
:

enyi>et

eniwet

uelyn

welyn

fle(i)6ic. see 10-12 29-16 weles t;o/es t/oSes 34-6 browys browwys broi;0ys 6-5 bwyt e bwuyte brOyde(r)

u/ledic

116

LIST OF SCRIB IL FRRORS

3-3-5 -wn -yn to p trychyn 1 8 trychwn 10-16 tram tryn Gynlloith, 15-16 giemlleith 15-9 hwr dyr 15-9 26-11 dwy dyuwcith dyvv:

5-

3-3 4-5 5-5

Syiyi

ffwryf

'

ny

nw
:

derllyfiei
:

darllwSei

9-14 gwlygct
:
:

gorwget
:

dif/eith

19-3-7 by bw & -cyn -cn 22-17 Uywywc Wuucwy lAh^v/y fyd vud 30-3
:

2
13-2 34-1 5-6
7*9 8-6

a,
:

c,

1,

u, b, Id a

dryeh
:

drach
gwall
hwer(vv)
:

25-19 gwyll

yn-

anysgoget
:

hwyr

gwyfiw gwefiw 31-10 rywin rewin

: :

30-21 31-12 31-15 14-3 23-11 20-15 26-19 i- 16 10-18

21

kynin cwnin exy\yhyr ^ryvepwt oet yt oe6f<t aryant arrant, 16-21 aryal an/ant
: :

t)

yaw

12-20 ryue/ reueS 13-7 yn en=eu ew, 23-19

:
:

1 1

clotoaw(r) clot tzi>rch trych tn>ch -yat -ayt -aut= -au/t lwry Iwtw aryal argal = ard al
: :

to

3-

dy wr

dewr
: :

29-7
301

21-15 25-12 30-19 31-10 31-12 31-15 33-7

4-2

adloyw adlocw gwelyd- gweledyS ayth aeth llydw Yledw, cp. 78

:

yawr gawr y wavt gwawr

: :

cp. dig

ay 29-8

celyo

geleu

8
2-7
i

gym
lluy<5

gem
:

[/>]ym

llueS
:

gwyn

gwin
:

5-18 athryc-hant
6-19, 28-1

athrigant

9-16 yg tng 10-17 r.y v r ' w

:

deyeryn dcicxin 15-20 -gwyr -gwir 18-4 dywin dium, 29-15 18-9 dyleyn dilei'n
1

2-1

oeSyn dideyrn 5-12 Aerada.ngtaer:al=or A(b)er dan gaer blei8cwSvan 7-17 bud van 8- 10 heu diheu geu d'feu
:

3-5* 4-17 cdyrn diedyrn

:

Anticipations. pymwnt ym p(l)ym[nuit gwrmwn garmwn

:

10-3
1

noc ac es-gyc carreer nyt ares- gyn garrec

-8

Uu

20-14 godofiyn gorSm 21-9 tyngyr tyngfr 2 5'4 Sy Tn dirn trm 26-11 dwyw- diww- dis/i'
: :
'

13-4 14-2

ystre, ystre

i8[aw] llawi lluy<5 llawr ystrat, ys try

:

trumein drum

trumeu
:

drwyn
14-15 haed ud haet haer u<5 vro[ww] adon 15-4 15-8 [or] heb or heb hed heb or eithaf 15-9 o vfin[veith] a medweith 15-10 [racjvre rac w(a)re rac
:
.

28-5 tedyt tevic 29-9 29-15 dyvyn diwyn 18-4

:

=di#eith enyved em'wed

:
:

32-20 dyuit diwyd 34-19 deyrnet dyr neet=

:

ttr t^e(g)et

i5-i2*/ynn[wyr y] ftwyr y-/temel 181 dyz/ys[yn] tywys dy^rys, t.

:

N.B. ny

nyt m'd, & verbs ending in -yt are too numerous to be enumerated.
:

ni,

18-17 [seingyat]
:

-it

19-8

scingyat soniet [gog]ymvryt goglyssnr

. . : .

19-14

Mynawc

.mynawg:
. .

Myn(y5)awc
117

M.

BOOK OF ANEIRJN
Anticipations.
21-17 [yor]
1 2.-
.

Repetition';.
18-7-9 cangen cangen 19-8 peleidyr [peleidyr]
.

yor
. .

cynhen

[ang]kyvwng angkyuarch
. . . .

gwen 24-15 [gwen] awgkyman 25-1 [Ang-] 25-7* uor[w]a raon/a 25.8 Trybe5-awt rawt
.
.

Trybe6-ant rawc
26-3
tut[vwlch] ky vwlch tut kyvlwch awi nzaeth a.e maeth
: :
:

26-5 26-20 trychethin trych 26-22 vyrr vyrrvach

tra-

21-10 prydcr pryd[er]af 211 7 molut inyn[H( m]or 2120 o6ef eiSef ordeu 22-15 llory en[y] 25- 10 Bleifi [? 6]lei5yat, cp. 17-9 26-3 kyvwlch vwlch 27-2 yawn llad [yawn] 27-14 dychi-au)t[=aa>r] .
:

dychianad
29-1

27-13 27-16 29-6 29-14

kylch[wy] wylat
[eirch] eithin

elwit

dychelwit
.
.

archawr y gynn withic kynlas yn adwythic k29-21 [djychuel dychwelid ymchuil 30-2* [drem dremrud] dreraryt 30-8 [nyaud] wlawd vlawS
disgleir[yaa'>']
:
:

29-5

-weryS rin [ry]midhin [ryme]non Ryn MShui won

elvy<5
.

29-6 29-9

trech tra

car

fcith tet[A]

a thefiyt
:

reith,

tut a thevic. cp. 2-20, 26-2 29-12 efgor e/gor EiSin el E., or [Ay]chuec[/i] 29-15 kynweis
.

30-17 30-22 31-14 33-4 34-11 36-15 37-3* 37-6

[hwy] wy [trychwn] athrych-a2 -awr fcaran fcaeS /aran vaeS ar dwyn [ef] ade/
:

ny c[h]wy8 [kyc]h[w]erw
[Ayjchvenyches [kychwen29-22 am rwyS [am ry] [ychwy] 29-22 yftoflit. ysioffl-it 30-1 blin blaen [blen blen]vry8 [rymuri] 30-8 rymun yscawt ? yscor wlawd 30-9 [o8iweud] 30-10 goSiweud 30-12 adonwy [adonwy] see 13-9 32-3-8 blaen ftedin midin im 3 2- 2i due [k~\y*iu ywi
. . . . .
.

da[z>j ha.tr gueilgi[wg]

c[7]air
.
. .

da air gwrymde
:

[claer] claer

[ciw]haual clt eluat

Repetitions.
2-20 glyw reith[Mva/j

33
5-1

62

veSuaeth [ue]dwn ech[ech]ing eching a dyvu ... [a dyvu]

: .

33' l 34' 2

am

byrth [am] porth

:

secifiar

sisi(a)/at
. .

7-3* beithing [peith]yn% (v)eis 7-8 eis eis 7-12 bu bwyt [frjrein bu [6](r)u<5e [>]ran bleio>an bleiSyan 7-17 -van 12-20 lem lein[-ein] 13-1* gwen ac ymhyrdwen 13-5* anghat angat an vat
. . :
.

[o dam] 34 -I 3 o damguein34 -I 4 [nys adraud a uo biu] see /.13

.

35'

imil [itnil]
. .

trin mur 35 %I 3 trin 351.3 tebi[AJ]c=tevic 3' 2 iued [iu]et i pedec

. : :

36'i4" 15

bu

i3-i2*am. .am

am

am

am

-eu drain 14-2 trum-ein drum [yl 14-1 naw [nawd] 15-12 /(wyr y/temel #wyr yn cy v: :

36'i7 godechet rac weifiin 36-21 wanei ri [guanei 36-20 griniec [griniei] 37-4 gogyuurd [go] [ig] 37-22 uerth ig
.

[bu] [tech]in rac

ri]

118

LIST OF SCRIBAL ERRORS

Metathesis.
i-i6 2-7

kymuv-yat

ayt

= avt

pymwnt
ne
:
:

v>(l)ymn{vv)t

42

en = ev

4-9 gwaet gwtat gwyar 7-16 vre-yx vfyt=Weryd 7-io y dwy=yd y d\\i
:

=
:

34-17 sdliuct (y)sdipiet 34-21 eilth kith 35-22 giurth gu(e)rAtl=Gweryd 36-20 ny-awc y;- mynavtc 37-8 lawn la.nw 37-9 fta af[t] 379 laup la.un lanw
: :
:

=yn
io-g

]\id

adew:

adtttf:

adwyawc

Transpositions.

io-i8 elfin

latin
:

n-4 "5 134

13-7 15-4 15-8 16-9

rithri

revin ruthi>

= rewin

twrch ragwo

Trwch
:

ragow, 25-15 dywovu dyoit dy-o|tvu

:

13-13 rodic
:

ordit

L 2 3' I

dor dro=dron klytwo Klytow

: :

K.K. bleifi Blei8 k.k. 4-i vudyd dyvu.8 5-13 awe acr aerawt 8-9 yth glawS clawS yth 9-21 kein y y Kein(t) n-4 -us rith ri ritln'nis "5 twrch goruc goruc twrch
:

eil efiuedic i8-io ll^ir- llvyrodev 21-3 gelwid- gzeWySeint, 22-3 22-15 gelwi geilw
:
:

law ryd 11-13 yr bo<5 boSir I3-I3 ys brys brys ys 14-4 dwywez dy eiyl eryr Dwyw 14-4 gynghor wann y rac tan :
laz;
:

n-9

dry

=
.

2 4 -I3

25-3 25-4 gym gfyn=drin 26-3 cyvwlch Cyvlwch 26-11 dwy dywweith=dyvv:

wreuer urag reuwet rang maw- mane/ed

:

15-8

y racran gynhorvan or heb heb or eithav

: : :

vrorc[n] adon adon [=]y 15-4 15-20 gwyr en en gwir reit [vro 16-19 gwr gwned divud dim. . .

diffeith

2618 Pei mi
:

Per

zw = Peryv

27-4 hoel heol 27-10 welling weil#i[n] 28-21 oSef ynyas o6efwv(s) yas
:
:

295
29-11 30-2 3-7 30-10 30-2I 30-2I 31-17 31-22 32-14

dyffyllei
:

dyllyffei
:

tdlachox talc/ia(tt)or [dr]emru<5 meryd erxy rery vely{w)

:
:

yngei diveS or guneS im dyngei 18-8 Ewein esgyn esgyn Ewein 189 llywy y llyw 18-14 gyuoet o gyuergyr esgyn disgyn o g. disgyn, cyver18-21 acrgyn cyn aer [gyr esgyn
: :

20-! 5

yaw
en

odiweud doweiud Seweint gwacw- gwaweawg

: :
:

kyuun
:

kwwyn=cunin
:

22-3

breichyawl

breith au(d)yl

clotfaw(r) llet-w-in gwin ev vegtrin vei'grin, lletin (yn) gwyn bant y(g) catveirch a feirch y seirch ae catveirch
clot
:

irin

ny yn kywwyrein kywwyrein 3215 kemre cymer

:

22-4 get yt {r.b.) tyget 24-II dry law (g)law ryd 26-11 gar nybyS mawr
: :

= tynget
(mwy)

33-6 33-17 33*19 34-5

deceri

od(ia)ethol
:

ni by<5

marw

(yn)gar(w)
:

aurg
:

gaur
:

gayr=gaer

cezV=ceitt=Cein(t) arurchyat a ruth>yat,

or
:

arwrthyat 34-12 argouuSuit a gorvudwyt 34-16 a.dam a diua=a.rn Siva

:

26-20 trychethin trych trych trachethin 27-16* kein dy [e]n ru<5 enys dyurus kein ynys 28-19 adwy aer aer adwy 29-11 eneit enat taen caep
:
:

119

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
Transpositions.
291

16-4

[o]

win a meS en <5ieding ue oycdynf ve5 a gwin

:

eidol lo5i e ro5i roi i 17-17 rud dur, 35-18 18-16 gwrSu^Jjjyt : goiweSit ystoflil: (yar) orwyS in 19-6 mudyn munyd elvyS ystevlit am rwyS 2o-i(* dull llu[d] (ev) alwy o\\ (er)lid 21-14 vuogamt govv- govyant 304 can wclw welw gan 22-2 twll tal /a/ fa(w)r -0/= -or 30-15 otlgwr gox-od 24-9 get teg 30-18 etmyc mycet mygeS 25- 1 5 ga/ rag pwll ervessid gwin er gwifc 31 4 26-22 uo-dog- va(r)-god-yon (y)vessid 26-22 esgyrn vyrr //yv 31-19-21, 3216, & 33-2-3. see nn. bliv ysgyr(io)n 32-1 ffossawtpanvei no /lif llym28-1 cafraeth ractraeth ach neb&wt neb ffusawd 28-21 uebir ucrib vecid vei lymach nom pan 29-2 [ei] liwet etriv edr\ v 33- 19 \vy gon Gonvvy [/lifawt 293 Tervyn torret tec teithyaw 33-19 -aur g- gaur=gayr=gacr teithyawl ter torres tervyn 34-11 a hair aerua 2910 na chyngyd gil na chyngor:

3 e buSic ren

reen bufiic

2q-2i

(am

ry) gorwy8 want no melwit.

mwy

177

gal-

am rwyS

mwy

= =

34-17
35-11 36-1

em lafiaut lu maur mawr ev laSawS

guauruS
:

llu

nachyngorna
29-18 30-6 30-20 32-12 32-16
lei

chil

gyngyd

idwaxe
:
:

map madw

ru5wa(e)w bod-u mapu bot

:

dieirydaf
:

dwire i uare diary/ad

:

bor

godruS druSog duuyr durwy ducwy

:

Read backwards.
4-1

vu8y8

SyvyS
: :

gwo//=guallit 5-10 ryodres e ved w(l)e8 ryod5-2

dy-g[o]//ow-

7-9

hoew gir
:

hoew

ri g-,

[res

cp. bleigi>-ac 31-11

8-6 vel lev=liv 8-9* -d e offer: droffoe=drothwy

1

1-3

deliit

dileit

13-11 keirw

kewri
:

14-16
1

11a vyn

durawt barawt e parawt e Surawt la vyn

:

5-

10 eidol
1

iodel=roger.
:

xvyn-eb cared be dyn caied (g)wyn 32-16 yslyng- guysty(l)-ei zxdemyl ardelynt 33-8 33-17 call- frac- vrag- wragefi daue raud 34-3 34-13 pell lied 34-16 ut bu lee butue/e bu5ucye 34-20 call- rrac true dragon neim mein Magnus 35-3 35-12 mo-lut m-uet ni luS mopeb 35-13 teryd- etlid 35-16 cn<-riuet ryveS-uit 36-18 uiru uriu-et 36-20 nyauc wy>n mynawc 37-11 od guiir:5ogi\m 8wgRyn
: : : :
:

io- 1

nil-et

liu-et

38-1

cig

g^ = Gint

120

PA IDEOGRAPHICAL

&>

OTHER NOTES.
in the

The following contractions are used

(

Notes.
-ly

(^insertion

Gr.

f
:

l=omit

= Griffyfi HeC.=Hugh,
Chester

or.

=original,

earl of

for
t.

am.

=amended

text

An. = Book of Aneirin antcpn. ^anticipation

app. ^apparently

HeS. =Hugh, earl of Shrewsbury

hist.
1.

= history, -ical,

from R.R r.b. =read backwards pal. = paleography prob. = probably

P.

= Poetry

-ly

reptn.
s.

Hist, of B. = Brats fCarm. B.B.C. = Black Book of = met-re, -rical, -ly m. Buch. = BucheS Gr. ap Kynan \ance MS. = manuscript metath. = metathesis c. = cynghane6\ consonM. Myv. =Myvyrian cp. = compare
,

=long LL=Lloyd's Wales

= repetition = short

scr.=scribe, -al sug. = suggest, -s

er.

=error
n.

Archaiology

= Bk. of Taliesin = translat-ed, -ion trs. = transpose, -d wr. = written 6 = sound of th in th\s
Tal.
trans.

f.=faulty

=note

f=s

r=r

l-i

Hwn yw y gododin, this is the gododin. See Intro., xvi. Read, y GorSin, the push, the onset. Cp. ni dialav ordin, 12-9. b. greSv, innate endowment, spirit, mettle, instinct. 2 gwas, one of fighting age. I have deliberately Cp. juventus. trans, gwas ( = HeS.) by knight,' a word used to denote " one of the class of equites, originally the cavalry of the Rom. army."
'

b.

gwrhyt

gor-hydyr, over-bold, over -confident.

a gloss for aes.

Ysgwyt

(m.l.)

See 5-9.

4 pedrein (m.l.) scr. corruption for cledr, shoulder. llwyt 13-16. b. mein-vuan. Cp. Mein Cledyv
.
.

(m)awr.

of the second person is manifestly a scr. change. The reptn. of athi in the rhyme, and the change of vu to vi prove the corruption. Read, ni bi, ev a vu gas y-rov a |7hi hit=] Hm, (Ys) gwell (y) gwneiv [a thi], ar wawd [d]y moli(v).
'

The use

'

6
7

a proverbial refrain.

Cp. 2-9-10.

Kynt
L

[y ze>-aet

vu = ] Y s aet lawr 8 Ewein, son of Edwin, of Coleshill was chosen by HeS. to lead the expedition of 1098 to Gwyne<5. B. 272., Intro., n. 37. b. a dan v[r]ein. The scribe's fondness for brein is remarkable. pe=]pen [wo = i(ro :] mon. c. [po Cp. gemin gendn, 27-4.

[v]rein, antcpn. of a.rgyurein.

yw=
-

BOOK OF ANEJRIN
VU m.ul in Aerow, or Had vu [inal> in 19 [Had] vu m:ib )>i-;\rro Aeron. The scribe is ever trying to disguise tiie fall of ileb. by fabrications like mab marro." See next note.
:

'

10-15 N.B. Wherever the text reflects the defeat, or fall of Hugh of Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury, the scribe is ever apt to paraphrase his original, and to make Hugh victorious. We have in this canto a typical example of this perversion of History. The cynghanefi is faulty throughout, a sure evidence of corruption. As my attempted restoration is far more extensive in this canto than usual a literal translation of the scribe's version follows " The coroneted one, leading where he went, breathless at the head of the host dealt out mead. He pierces the front of his He would shield at the very time that he heard the war-shout. He would not withdraw give no shelter to those he pursued. from the conflict until he drew blood. Like rushes he cut down men who did not retire. He speaks not of Gododin on the floor of Mordrei before the tent of Madog when he returned,only one out of a hundred came." And yet notwithstanding all this praise HeS. was dead at the time.
:

b.
c.
1

kynhorawg, leading
diffun
:

(f.c.)

MyivySawg menyfielhei. See

:

2-5.

di//yn

me<5 adalhei

dywallei.

wh. refers here

12

A round shield, rodawr, can have no tal, temple of HeS. See 22-2, 23-22. ? read, (Seithid) tal-dyllid en[e] awr k/ywei.
twll tal

y rodawr.
to the

b.

no c, ? no c,

read, (y
?

Gvnt)

ni iioSynt

read, (Ar ystre sawl

:

13

gomynei
b.

yd gwySynt

(cp.

meint SilYNei. ware wy) verei [waet]. 15-7) (wyt ryt=) Rhyd
:

ni

[nyt echei

= ny

techei] a repln. of ni giliei.

Lg me i

-I2 )-

14 nys

adrawS godoSin. how could

Sin, ar) gorfiin ar Selhei. c. rejects

he, being dead ? ? read, (or lawr MorSrei, (neb byth) rac pebyll (Reged)

madawc.
'

15

returned.' This is everywhere a o gant having nowhere a companion line to form the regular couplet. Note also that the number of the expeditionary force was one hundred, un o gant. All the other number ings of the men See 2-22, 6-19, 27-22, 28-9-12, of Eidyn are interpolations. \.ZO-i6 -31-1) e orwyt. 16 kynniv-[yat aj/t=]awt * *There is clearly a line missing here as pointed out by sense i The rushing (rhuther) See am t. and an unmaled ninth line.
'
'

namyn un gwr

scr. addition,

that follows is unintelligible without

some cause.

17

pan lithiwyd (f.c), lured lethwyd, was pressed down. b. amot has the sense o/tymp, allotted time, but ? aruot, overthrow. a gatnvyt, was a mark that was hit. c. a vu not a gaiwyt (no c.)
:

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
I18
gwell
:

gwaU a wnaeth

[e]

melath. for (ncu-r)

wnaeth wall

argelwyd. The mistake =not s, shelter, rather than not withdrawing inland. b. (f.c.) rac bedin ododin paraphrase for rac midin gwyr Llychlyn (llu) d(r)ychwyd. godechu (is intrans.)=to lurk, a Hat contradiction to ni gilywyd of I. 18. see Let lin lu, n. 34-8.

arvaeth

[gdiwyd

?]

'

'

19 ar vreithel/ (unposs. construction) ar draethell rywnaethpwyd, -20, [vanawyt] ni no<5i (no c.) a gloss for ni <5ifterth.
:
.

20 ni
21

ellir a.net

(no c, no sense)

a(d)*er

neb a gollwyd).

(>n.s.,

no

eiwan
21

ergyt, gloss on erwan, c(or) atvan[nan], i.e. rac cadwyt, Talhaearn, the bard. cor advan
c.)

ym

22 f.c. Transpose as in am.

:

text.

The amber-beaded one tvas serviceable in the resistance of the hillock. gw[e]rth [gjwin gwrth-pyn]. scr. expansion, and an odd line. 2 ef gwrthodes (no c, gloss ) ef ystwyis wrys [gwy[a]r 8isg[r]e-m ] gwyr Sisgynan. Since 3 (f.c.) read, kyd del Wyne<5 (bel), Gogle<5 i rann. Bleidd Caeawg is the subject of dyffei,' and came to Givyued in 1098, it follows that Gogle8 = the earldom of Chester, wh. was the " rann " of Hugh Lupus, they fight fiercely b. o gussyl mai (eryr = HeC.) yscyrran, (hyd lawr) yscwydawr (ys) anghyvan.
b.
:

godiwawr (f.c.) gotwychvawr torchawc. [read, gwevrawl vu gwerthvavvr yngwrthryn Vann.

'

'

'

[kaeawc kynhorawg, vain reptn.] ? read, Arvawg (MynySawg 6yvy5) yng-awr, cyn no diw, eg[wr]=yng-w(y)r<5(liw) ev
gwy(<5)awr.
chief:
?

kywlan, along the bank, or edge. MynySnowhere styled Kynran.' Sywwnawr, chance comers. b. 6y>5mawr antcpn., ym pymz^wt e/ = ]wyt [p. pymwzft :] 1 kwy5-[ei ym p(l)ymnw(y)t (lu) [rac] y la/awr ymlaSwawr. wyr ^wyr Deivr a Brynneich a Sychiawr = HeC. Hugh b. Lupus held land in twenty counties extending northwards as far as Northumberland goes. Ormerod's Hist, of Ches. 8 ugein cant = 2ooo (see n. 1-15) lutein, or ubein cant en d. = cynt reptn] MS. prob. had or. cit 9 kynt [y gic. e-^-leid en l(l)eid, mud. see map, and cp. e lawr, 1-6. ? read, kynt yn Ueid (yd eithi^) no [gyt e] neithawr. kynt g vud e vran nogyt e allawr m.L, no c, no sense. b. ? read, a chynt (beynt) yn vw(y)d rhein no ll(yw)awr, cp. 1*6-7. 10 cyn [noe] (prein) argyvrein [e-zw-aet e a gloss for] wy dyThe men who fell in the swirling shallows were grein) lawr. crawling on the ground.
6 kyM^an,

awg
:

is

'

'

'

123

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
2
ii
b.

gwcHh

gwetth. an ununited line,

:

gan

(tr)ang, perish.

m.l., c.f. Hyveifi, gloss

it

on

HydhK etmygER
-vawr).

tra
13
1

vo kERfiawr (Caeawg VynySawg)

scribe omitted last line because
c.)

hir (vyS glod awl

The
-|

(no

Gwyr
:
:

[a]

aeth [oiodin

:]

en [em] du-

drilliaw, rending.
?J

shows that HeS. was dead. orSin (traeth) chwerSyn L gnaw.

15 .Mab

[botgat

wnaeth wynnycith,
:

[gwreith e law ?] 26-22 & cp. Mab Syvno 6-8, mab GwySneu 8-n, & Bargat VarS,' Tal. 19- 14. Note that Tal. was a Border bard. See enlarged note on p. 174. wy EUthyn lannEU i anreithaw. See 16 ket elwynt (no c.) See p. 174. Gir. Camb. Itinerary, caput, vii., LI. 409. b. a hen a yeueing a paraphrase of ? Dyen weis a hen dreisyn L law [a hydyr, no c] 17 dadyl etc., an odd line, see 3-2. 18 See n. 2-13 chwerthin wanar chwarS yn wawa/.
' ;
:
:

of the March, or as in am. t. a paraphrase for] Siffeith wlad wrth deithiaw. see Bargodion nn. 13-12,
no. c,
?

Bargod son

[e]m [b]edin = midiw [trin :] (gyrch) 5i-achar. Ued(awr) a(e) llavnawr [heb vawr, n. 1 -15], b. wy lledi (no c.) (yn llanw) trydar [roSi awar :] ro^o war. 20 transpose into colovn rheith [wyw=?//yw] glyw (gO'beith) 21 f.c, read, ? Gwyr [a] aeth (yng-)hatraeth [oeS ffraeth eu
19 disgywnieit
:

oefiew

ff.

oeSyn

flraeth lu.

meS gwyn (4-2) while (ferb. glas-veS, green (fresh) mead. menting) mead. cp. maifi glas and maiS gwyn boiled whey, & gwneyd yn goreu glas, doing our very best i.e. when we are fresh.

22 frycAant

(f.c.)

crysfiANt
(?

[trwy]

gloss on]

trywANU.
:

trwy

(li)veiriANt lyriant).

yn
110. c.

[cattau
:] ?

3-1 ket el-vrynt e 1. cyrch c/eu wynn 1. [e hanallu. First they sought sanctuary.
2
c.

benydu

oe

angheu yn (anghenu) dwn, broken, [fyryf oeS] (y) cam[(hawn). 4 c.f. e am (och) lavnAwr coch gorvawr garmwn. 5 [e5 emleSyn gloss on] ymdAERyn (vel) AERgwn. Teulu (gwasarn 6 ar deulu brenneych beych (woe, a paraphrase Hu) bei[ch] barnasswn, diliw dyn advyw nys adawswn. \\eis-vrn. oeS-. see n. 1-15]. C. sug., (o dreis y) colleis a 6iff7 [kyueillt
sug., Di'eu 5aSl

^pervading them]. [yn eu treiSu (f.c),

. .

3 see n. 2-21. [ue- reptn.]

rhugl, of free motion O.P., i.e. neither forced nor restricted voluntarily. Gr. ap Kynan, on the Irish mercenaries going over fearing betrayal.' to the two earls, left the island of Mon B. 273-3-8. Read, Rhugl (c)yn ymwrthryn Mon ryadwn. note c. In the secondary part, the letters of the cynghaned are
b.
'

'

'

often reversed,

cp. lewin lawer

1.

16.

Rynn

is

wanted

in

1.

8.

124

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
3-8

ny myM[ws] Gwrawl Rynn, gwaSawl [c]hwegrwn, Brave (Magnus) will not have the Rhyn, but settles it on the father-in-law

Cynan of Conical Hill. mabAN i [Gian=^] GynAN N.B. The fathero vryn cyngrwn = Castell Aber Lleinog. in-law, hwegrwn, of Gr. ap Kynan was Ewein ap Edwin (n. i-8). This passage proves the authorship of this part of the text it proves also that catraeth was fought at Aber Lleinog in 1098. 9 o vaen g[w]yn#wn (f.c.) o vryn gyn^wn = cyngt'wn, (5-22) 10 (y) gan (wyr) wawr. En he<5 (gynt) travodynt. 11 mi)[c]a.nt milawr athrig-[ha< har = ]awl. 12 gwyarllyt (f.c.) gloss on creulyd (y) Gwyn-[nod :]dyd [ynt :] (ae h)ynn waewawr. ef=ev wy orsaf, trs. 13 eg-^wryawr, reptn. yng-orawl, effectively. trawd, progress, Mynyddawg b. rac [gosgorS m.L, no c. ] (dyvydd) Mwynvawr, the Much-kind (Magnus). 14 no c. [dy] gymyrrws gymottes eu [hoet :] moeseu hanyanawr Context and c. sug. eu moes gymodes eu cyvneszwr i.e. the amhad om HeS. forced to fight on his side, see n. 33-716 llewin, radiant, light. LEwin lawER is good c. see n. 3-7, b. b. eleSywawr aladypawr = paladrawr, spears, na requires a neg. before it. ? (ni) choch(awr) paladrawr na pharawr. 17 eu llain (no c.) nac aestalch (oe5) wengalch na ph[edryollt bjennawr. 18 [rac &c. reptn.] of I.13. gadeu (/. c.) e gilieu = yng-hilieu gewilyS. 19 20 wy wnaethant (/. c.) gorugant yn geugant [gelorwyd gelof the scion of
; ' '
:

o;ry8
21
:

geleuryS.

[a]

llav(e)nawr.

"

llawn annaw/ llavv(e)n annawf, a gloss on lliwedawr. cp. Teulu Madawc, mad anhawr "= ? good warriors. B.B.C., 103-4. chythruS. b. Goreu yw ? cymhorth hwnn cyn kytAlwng a This introduction of baptism and the mass is a foreign note in our
:

dating prob. a century later than the or. MS., but earlier than our scribe, for he blurs the meaning of the passage. 22 enneint c/eu (r)ac angheu oc hennyS. b. rac be5in odoSin pan vu <5y<5 (c.f.) ? read, rac midin yng-orSin ar doriad dyS, against the ships in the attach at dawn but see am. t. 4-i neus goreu Dww bwyllyat m.L, c.f. ? read Bwyat vu neirthiad Duw ir GwychyS. Note that we have B apt ism for the soldier, and the P ericulo sa or alio for the nobles. deliberation. Perversion could no further go b. pwyllyat " Headlong rashness " characterised HeS. at Battle-strand.
text,
; .
.

3 gyvluy<5(es, a)e neges [ef] trenghid from trengi.

o[r]
c.

sug.,

dra gwres (a) drang dyd. trang from trangu.

BOOK OF ANFIRIN
4-4 Lives 4-9 should app. follow 6-22.
b.

5 ni

ny pi = Rhi, King (Magnus) bu moe [gy#- = ]gyfor.

: :

mav.r

fpawe = traw<;,
[athwart.

6 tut

vwlch-hir tud vylch-ip (caer dorris) e(r)ch drewyS [ech e dir ae dievyd = out of his land and settlements !] Magnus like Teukros was a dread smiter. See B.B.C. 93-I-6, & vii., n.g.
b.

(Y-Mon lladd) Saesox [ef] lladdei en wrvyd ew = ev orvyS.

:

seith[uet]

ny8

(17- 14-18).

ae govein gan
b.

Gein [gyweithyS no c, for] edmygyS.

nerthyfi, when T. came he brought succour. The goal of the son of Kilyd was a place of blood. in., c, sense, Hist., are all at fault. ? read, Pan [dy] vu [t^t :] tp(e)i (BlciS) [vwlch :] wd(e)i [due] y-ier[th]yS [oe5 waet :]

pan

fiyvu

Dutvwlch due

10

Gwr
b.

(i.e.

wyar [l]at< wyal[uan] (i) v&d gilyS. Magnus <5)aeth ynghad traelh ygan
:

(wyrfi)

wawr

wyneb(a) [uSyn] ysgorva [yscwyd- no c, :] osgorS/rci gyrchynt gynnullynt [reiawr no c] (yn ffull)vawr. 1 eog(h)ynan mal tarnn twrv [aes no c. :] parawr. b. gwr. gwr gwr (scr stutter) g.g.ywedvyntor-l(ed)a\vr lie;, mud, (Mwng) loSei. 14 Wed Wet b. eng(h)ystu6 [h]eryn dur metath. for, due ewy[r t = ]6\ (see Tal. i6-i2). arbennawr, the grand seigneurs. Magnus delivered, 15 ystyngei aSledawr. no c, scr. perversion. gwaredei anfiledawr, or amhad.
(f.c.)
1
1

b. rac crthgi. scr. trem of contempt for Magnus arth elsewhere. Read, Rarcc, erchei erth(r)ychei [vySinawr no c.]. A paraphrase for ? a gyrch lawr.
'

'

4*

16-22. This canto offers many difficulties. But the meaning becomes clear when we remember that Owein and Uchtryd, with their men, deserted the Franco-Saxons to befriend the Venedotians. It was, therefore, natural for the bard of Hugh Lupus to denounce the 'Keintians' as false common fellows' 'gwerin enwir.' 16 (no c.) O is a mistake for G as at 3310, cp. 3315. vreith-yell here i<=Gvreith veii Gwraeth weis is a questionable word
;
:

17 dychi'orant, no c, ? (Seuyn Von) eu hoet v. h. b. [efiyrn antcpn. :] oeSyn <5ie5yrn a. d.

:

\catcaeui.

18 a
trict

meibyon Godebawg,
of Coelion
(22.3,

The sons of Edwin occupied

'

the dis-

? read,

(Rac

Coel Godebawg.' 24.1) named after rAeid Edwin) veib, gwerin enwir. See nn. 4 16-22.
:
:

19 lyn-wys-[awr] wys (Llych)lyn ge\or[a.wr] hir golochir. cywir b. (ys) tru dynghet[ven] vu anghet< cywir=HeS. gen gepir. antithetic to enwir,' but ? gyw'
'

'

is

126

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
4-2o tynghetven ... [a dyngwt y dutvwlch a chyvwlch bir intt >polated] a line without a mate, or c, wh. sug., a dyngwyd i drcchwyd o Gyvlwch div, the Laches. That would be true history. 21 ket yvem ve<5 gloyw, a paraphrase for meS yvem (yn llawen) wrth [leu] babir. cp. mod. gweitho wrth ganwll [wrth oleu c. 22 ket vei da [e] vlas (crei) i gas vu hir. 5.1 [ech] ech-ing, oat of distress, delivered, trs. into Blaen eching gaer llynwyn [ew :ew ] ewgei. cp. P. 171*2. cia.er describes the shining mail of the Saxons in contradistinction to the Norse h. Gwyr (hydrem) G\ve[i]ryd [gwanar] ae dilyrfei. [gwrm. 2 trs. ar [e] blu<5ve<5 [blaen gloss for] glyw (UiieS) dy g[o]//<;'/it dyguoll// dywaYlei. 3 vual en e vwynvawr emualawr (m.l.) y Mwynvawr a paraphrase yng'hibawr tramorawr y-Mordrei. 3 [blaen reptn.] (Or) gwirawt a vragawt ev [dybySei blaen a gloss :] ragorei. 4 eur a phorpnor kein as mygei (no c), gold and fine purple he admired, for Eur (drysor) kn Porffor as (parthei). b. blaen e<5ystrawr pasc ae gwaredei (no c.) the fastest of his 'HeS., already dead I ? read, ae base (awl) fat steeds delivered him efiystrawr (Sinystrei). f(weryd) ae der&ywei. 5 [Gwrthlef ac] eu o bryt ae der//ydei context sug., o vryd ev 6 Blaen-[er or=]awr (fi)wyre awr [bufivawr, no c, a gloss :] a weler drei arth ar (ae)th llwrw yn(hraeth) [byth a gloss on

'

'

hwyr
7

:]

hwer(w) y techei.
;

An awr
:

gynhor-zt'an
:

h. a. trs. into

arwyrein huan.

8 gwledic ? glyw b. ne[f v=u :] p

:

= HeS.)
:

gw(y)fi o gyf/gein.

ner e(v)nys Brydein Gwyne<5 here. pyMcwnos, ws- w/Anos]. bu- boSyn. 9 aes &eth. [cp. pys10 y rhi'yS (roSes wleS o) ry-odres e(nghy)ve. HeS. 11 oe-eri<it oe SerllyS. (G)uySel [w]in yn. b. a eraer uei<5 [en :] aji-ueS (wer), aer gewnyn gevnyn. 12 Aer (or) A(b)er [a] dan g[l]aer, kc(v)nyn gyvid aer. b. aer feixch.-[y]awc, trs. into (or gwy<5-)/eirch aer-awt. 13 (c)a.et (llysc) edenawc. note -c ends word before &et. b. [nyt neut] oe<5 dyry/yscwyd (yn-yvr)awr p. ' gan waywawr turns spears into spearmen. A long light shield could not be 14 yng-hat blym[nwyt reptn. :] (Benmon). [handled in the waters.
:

'

5 [dijyssig yn-i'as
clas,

hu5[it] ewylly(ss)ias

cyn bu (dan) glawr

under the roof of the Abbey.

16 [bed

gor6e<5 [uelli[n]g vreisc :] breisc wellig (yng-hor gwellig is a Inform of gwallawc, cp. Tal. 18-25 and Pughe s.v. gwallygiaw. HeS. was buried at Shrewsbury Ord. Vitalis, bk. x., cap. vii.
:]

gwr

Anuvythig).

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
5-

Note the wrong 17 Teithi et- for Teitheit expeditionary force. divisions of syllables here and I. 1 1 above oed er- oe der-, a er-ueid aer vei5, and -awe aer -aw/ caer (1. 13).

b.
c.

my^ant
'

myg(r)ant, or xnudant try lw(y)r y(t) uQpant.

'
'

pymwnt a phym cant. The teithieit numbered 100 so that pymwnt & 500 cannot be original. Context and Hist.
'

sug.
j

Penmonft

a]

pan (Soethant).

cp. nn. i-8, 5-14.

Tri [fi :] ffin ^atvarchawc EiSyn euru(y)chawc. These three border knights of Eidyn, three allied friends (20) were HeS., the generalissimo with Owein & Uchtryd B., 272-273. [as guides. 19 tri [eur] theyrn torchawc.
8 trychyn
athrtc[h]ant.
tri

20

[cha/

:]

char cyhaval

[tri

chy/-

This line should follow 27-7. var<5 originally was the bard of HeS. He Franco-Saxon, and anti Norse-Welsh at the
the death of

= Magnus,

:]

gy/neit rac [kyf dywal.'

'

:]

casnar

Llwchwas therefore pro

outset.

But

after

bard of Ewein alias Cynon, and became pro Norse-Welsh. 21 tri yn-hrin yn drww. [llew :] (un a las yn-wvn) should be followed by ftri :] deu deyrn vaon (-22), Kynri a Chynon. n. 6 i. 22 (wy) lefiynt [blwm :] yn vlwng ew[r] en e ga(e)*' gyngrwn = Castell Aber Lleinawc. b. a 5yvu o vrython. This line is repeated at 6-2, wh. points to scribal corruption. See am. t. 6-i kywri. ? metathesis for ykttri yctrit = Uchtrit who is certainly meant. Cynon is the nom de guerre of Owein. These two were Kynrcin y Ceinnyon rather than of Aeron, but see Intro., xliii., n. 37, & 1012. c. sug. as in am.t. see 38-8 b. [go] gywerchi cynwer/h(id) yn honn, Deivr Sij^erogion, or niuerogion. cp.TaX. 3-4 & dievylduonM. 142-7. See Intro., n. 23.

HeS. he was

the

2 a

vrython. (m.l.) sense sug.. ni Soeth o Aeron wr well Sarff//er yn galon, the stout serpent of our enemies is a spiteful scribal addition, because Cynon alias Owein went over to the Welsh. We are distinctly told infra (I. 12) 4 Y-Mord(r)ei (GwyneS). that cat traeth took place " em blaen GwyneS " i.e. on the shore

dyvu o
'

no Chynon.

'

b.

e
II.

of the foreland of Gwyned = promontory of Mon. vehyr=? twehyner y[g kyu] arvot gwy(Se)r, or meint y gwehyn yngwleS gwyr (EiSyn).

ii.

mawr

In
5
b.

5-12 or alio obliqua has been changed by

:

scr. into oratio recta.

(Cyn) b(r)wyde(r) Eryr (Crwydr) er-[ys

]symudei.

paraphrase for pan grys[syei] (traeth e) gydQywal :] vae(th) [kyfSwyreei gloss on] kydgodei. cp. cyvneit 5-20. trs. into kyui = ]kymwy dodet. 6 (yng) awr g. w. w. [kyui am bellt aesawr dellt (es) adawet.
:

128

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
67
Barfcu

=ev = ef] = ef Rynn rwygiat [dy]gyminet

yng-had.

8 briwe*

[mab Syvno, sow of Coombe Syvno]. " On the confines of Montgomery and Denbigh there is a place called Bwlch Cwm Syvno and in the same locality, rising out of this pass, and standing between Moel Ferna and Cadeir Ferwyn is a hill called The words oel Sywedyd ." T. Stephens, Y Gododin, p. 187. Mab Syvno (as proved by c. & m.) are interpolated. Roger of Montgomery was lord of Cwm Syvno, and father of HeS., the liw dyS [a] e cwy6[y]e<. L" bruised one." cp. 8-u. b. /yw[ye]
;

M
'

'

[a]

erwyn[eb]

g.

(Mang) a llavn

lliveit

lafiei

(y)

[lleS-

essit

or 61ei<5ieit the Lupusians, synonymous here. The bard would hardly call his own people lleidieid, but might distinguish the Ceinnyon from the BleiSieit.
:]

lleifo'eit the slayers,

10 ac aZ/invys ac aj^rez
b.

= (yn)

affwys

a.bret.

See Tal. 4.23.

:

[aruot] arvaethet. [er] 5'4'i7, 6-5) ? read, calaneS (lafiet) o Gw(y)ne<5 is a scr. perversion (n., 1-15)
[er]

amot

mygei ? mage*, (cp. wyr gwychr (Redec).

it

occurs in next line.

13 can liuvan

di[sgyn]eis weis =]weis id yveis rann [finfaw-t ut :] lywyan dut, [nyt di tut affirmative, hence read} a thra cbyve<5 (wnaeth) gol[w]e<5 (wyn) drut.
.

14 [pan fiisgynnei bawb ti, scr. nonsense :] (cryssemban Morien. 5isgyn[Miit (en) nyt, or ii. c. ban welem vid 5el yn rhyd. ]

15 [ys

deupo gloss on] caffad gwae

[pressent
.
.

[riu-

:]

awuad gweith na thechit

or. text,

drut].

See 31-17.
for the
c. is

7-22 This canto must be a paraphrase of the cp. 27-22-28-6. faulty throughout,

17 buant, 18

no
[o

c.

eur vu

(hynt) vu enwawc. (yng-wleS), gvvin a :] bint eu gwirawd.

end, ? for

me
in

blwydyn yn erbyn, for a year on

erbyn, a paraphrase for

bnvyd(r)yn

an

crbyn

(nid) wr<5yn fievawd.

19 try

wyr = tryw wyr, brave men, (no c.) Read backwards^ cp. n. 28-9 [a thri rywyr/ =ry-vyri(an) they cast down utterly. ugeint] athrychant, e[u]r or (gwych) t.
:

20 Or sawl [yt] gryssy-[ass-]aw/ = gryssyn awr=awr o (lyn) ormaut. [uch gormant wirawt is app. a paraphrase without c.].
b.

? read,

(Or Ffreinc) ni
tri

6"ieinc[is]

o wr[hydr]i = z;ri ffossawd.

:

21 namyn [w[i]rawt
i.e.

[deu gatci used twice ] deu gar ri, deu gatir vrawt a (Mynawg gwych ffodawg aeth ffoawd) ] Owein, Uchtryd, and HeC. were the three leaders who survived

b.

Cen(<5rag)on (7-2) (gwyr) Aeronafiaerawd

= HeS.

[Cadtraeth.

129

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
5-22

a minheu

om

gwaetffreu [gweith

song, no. c] aethv/Awd,

And

I,

:] (geint) [wenwawd, warbleeding, sing his dirge, [cp. 28-4

where the bard appears to be a captive]. Context sug. as in am. t. Note that the bards of the xiith cy. embedded their names in their
songs, as the 'scion of
r*I

Kynan

'

does at 3-9.

see Intro, xlii., n. 30.

(HeC.) yngorwar(th) [nyw=] niw gogyffrawd. (The ff requires an answering digraph). ? vynghar yngwiruar

Vynghar

niw ysgarawd, or yngwirwarth niw dirgyttra.wd. neb ony bei, paraphrase for Onido Wyn(dyd) dragon (HeS.) b. 2 ny di. metath. for (Pei) didolid ni [yngkynteS] o wyd g. Peithing a gloss for Moryen. 3 ?a paraphrase, see am. t.
b.

ef

= Peithing,
adrawS
vei

wh.
;

[eg cat, perversion 4 [neus

5

[5is]grein is perverted hist. Read, disg- reptn.] (o vael) rein yn ael (d)rawd.
scr.

Hu

etc.]

expansion.
n.
(

How
?

could the dead

'

tell

'

Pan

m
.

(?)

Miviei

bidog) nebawd, or

pan (iach) nid Uymach nid llymach cleddyv nebawd.

11.
f.

c.)

6 [Aryf
7-7-9
8

goget].

See 25-1.

&

31-6-11.

Tra chyueo"
.
.

mawr
:

[giwet, tautological with

ynghynnor 9 kynn oe(t)

Lgwys :] gleu. llwdw lleSw, prostrate. a. Greit [uab :] vu hoew [gir ac = rig ac :] ri gar ysberi y(d) beri(s) greu. rig might be Irish gen. o/ri = King. 10 [Arw r y d :] (G)arw ryd (5-8) wy My = py [yfcvryt :] fry wyt [or fyrwyd] (Hu) [a] dan e dal[?^]eith (Gynt) [ac ei-l-tith :] oe kith orwySan. // Arwr = Hu, it reverses Hist. & what follows
(v)eis
. :

'

'

11

12

makes nonsense. bu trydar (rhwng Rhyd a glann) bu (gova)ran. Bu ehut [e wae] wawr, bu 6uan, bu bwyt [b]rein bu b(r)u5
.

(:

ru<5) e[v]

rann.

[rt<th(rei) dirion.

13 a

14 diua oed=diva.wyd. 15 d'ie=d'ien [b]yrth 16 wyx=vyx, seas, [e olo :] goloyn [a dan eleirch ]: deu alarch [vre ver=]Wer-yt=The two swans of the (Dee) estuary Owein & Uchtryt. Note that " golo a dan (dyw)arch " is an
. .

chyn ed[ew]ir yn ry(ch)don [gan w-lith :] yng-olith(r) eryr ac o dy-wasc [arlgwanec [t0=] ta;n vronn beirS [byt].
.

old phrase for burial, but golo means also to surround.' brothers were in the Castle of A. LI. 17 feirch :/arch (note c). bud Au5 man [vab] Bleifi^an.
' :

The

18

cam

(vu) [e] adaw (Hu) [heb gof= expansion] [camb, reptn.] (yn) ehelaeth (drei) =Mordrei.
:

adwy yr paraphrase (am na bei) adwraeth. nyt edewis paraphrase for Ceris i lys les cei8oriaeth. 20 prydein prydati Siw calan [yonawr en^ e arvaeth.
19 nyt adawei
b.
:

130

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
7-2i trs. into y tir nid erSir [ke ee=et ve<=] gloss on difaeth (note c.) dra chas ania/(wch).
:

yd vy5
'

diffeith

22 drefc
b.

drfic=tranc death, waste, dreic sug., = (W.) dris, brambles but there dragon [yn gwyar (no c.,)] see am. t.
:

dreis

'

(Corn.

&

Bret.)

'

'

is

no

c.

8-i

Gwen, /., [abvvy m. gloss :] celein, [vab :] mad(w) gwenn (o) gynhen [gajtraeth. Irs. into Madw gwenn, celein wen, o gynhen traeth. This cynhen traeth proves catraeth = cat traeth, for cynhen and cat are synonyms.
82-7,

&

32-22-33*3. Cp. the two versions.

[Bu] Gwir mal y [mewd e gat-lew =med-u e gar tew = ] meS [ue = ] ayng-har tew. (cp. yi Uj'g car). $2-22=Geu ath <5ywedws tut lew. // cat lew = car tew then tut /ew=[t]uS tew; but if tut is or., then cat = g(wl)at. Gatway = gor-tew = Gorthew

= Hugh the Fat, who is meant here. N.B. His true, gwir, say that HeS. was not caught, because he fell, and was lo t under water it is also false, geu, because he did not escape.
(29-20)
to
;

b.

Ni

Seliis

[meirch] neb

march (awg g)lew=HeS.

:

3 [heessit recurs at

end of

y glyw.
4
5

(8o)dyw.
g.

Kyn
:

line 4] gloss ni vaccet

tevlid

waewawr

(gan)

am

vyrn [am] borth.

bu.
[ell

law [y ar] Mein [ny [y :] [vygedorth, gloss on] y bollt (33.3). It

bolt that killed

dywal [y] onn [o] b.

em[b]orth

yniorth, opposing, see 33-2.

= wy=]

:]

e(r)ch

was Magnus (Mein)'s

HeS. according
lafi(ei)

to the chronicles.

[ r y]

gu

i
:]

[0 'thin

llauyn interpolation] wraeth gorllin, val pan [vel [me]del metath. for] <5el lev = \iw var/hlew (cp. trewyS). ar vreithin
rewin,

yt

[a

8 If-/ac

is

/ac=ys tanc anvon[aMC :]ant o vto Deheu ( = Penvro).

[barth, no c, gloss on]

b. tebic mor liant, like the flowing tide, a paraphrase, tebic Tevic, /o>-i, Gwanar (yd gynnal) y devodeu. cp. cyntebic, n.
:

9 o \vyl[ed] a llaryeS a che[in

:]rd (a ch)y\*e5.

L35 -21

[yth] clawS [e offer b. :] roffoe=] (d)rothwy (naw<5) i bwyth maSeu.

[men

reptn.

cyn

read

backwards

aSoeth nosweith ir castell a niver **Owein ap Cadwgan yS gwedy gwneuthur claw8 dan y trotheu y gyt ac ef euthant ir castell yd oe<5 Geralt a Nest yn cysgu ynSaw B. 281. Ow. ap C. came one night to the castle, and a small number with him they mined under the threshold and got into the castle in which G. and Nest were sleeping, 10 trs. into, Dihyll ni bu hyll na [^eu, antcpn. :] geu diheu.
. . .
.

b,

/ein[yess]it

heintit (the -nn- are against sein-iaw).

131

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
8 ii

[ym penn] mamcu. vab Gwy5neu, the son of the land n. 215. cp. Tal. n. 38- 16, and mab Syvno, w.6-8 of Gwydneu. (i) not. 12 Kcredic car e(i)6ig (nis) car[adwy ]ei i glot
e glefiy/:

ge(wi)lyddy2 (gwyrydd)
oe<5

b.

mu[c]greit

moleit

e[f]

b.

** This line belongs to the previous canto. \Act\Qg\n, fosterling = (jr. ap Rhys, who returned from Ireland B. 281. in 1 1 13 to his paternity in Ystrad Towi.
tawel, no
c.

13

is

gloss on
.
.

aSwyn.

Gr.

'

.4 y

wlad =

wlad
c.

[nef].

aSwynder y Deheuw yr '' R 3 IOI 5I

15

Keredig,

m.l.,

sag., (Hyrwyfi), spirited.

:] ev r(y)-grwydr gadlan am. t.
i

16 ? read, ae ysgwyt [eu(yn)

(ae)

waewawr

anghyvan, or as
c.

in

18 diffynnei e vann, m.l., gloss on diffcrth

sug.,

rann.

Ys deupo.

ys delwy

yg

Kvman

ncv

lu.11

19 m.l. ? read as in am. text. 20 garadawc, loved one, gloss on gadr vab Rhys.
b.

B. 297-15-28.

trychww trychei
:

gomyn- = gyminad

(91).

ef llith vei

wySgwn
: .

ef llithy[ei]yn

waewffyn. [mawr. B. 296-7.

22 O. vab eulat
9-i

ys ^yhyst glyw
scr.

Ow^m, vab
.
.

e tflat
.

= Cantrev

Vrynn hydwn. Gatraeth to the battles at Blaen porth Hodnant above Traeth Seith, and to Crug mawr in LI. Goedmor. see am. t. I gwedy me5 gloew ax anghat gwedy (eu) meSwi y franghat. Prisoners were made drunk, and then put to death, cp. Chwiirc
o o This refers
. . .

stuttering.

am t. [pelre a phen Saeson. B. B.C. 48-11. uch (c.f.) am. byryan hoedl, me5won 4 c.f., GoscorS(awg) MynySawg [enwawc] en (dy8) reit. 5 gwerth eu gwle5 o ve vu eu heneit, the cost of their mead feast was their life = repin. of 36. ? read as in am. t. %* For the list of the fallen heroes (c.f.) see BucheS Gr.
3

no
b.

c.

read as in
:

vyrryon

6 // pyll
7

[gwawrdur] ay a[e]dan = ar-adan. ? Hyd lawr ysg. (ys) anghb. acAubya^ eng gawr (m.l., no c.) 8 ac het (y) lle5[ess]y[n]t [vv] y llaSassant. 9 no c, paraphrase for, (Gwych wyr) iw tymhyr nyt ymchwelan. 10 oS-uch mod, no c, gloss on ? y llewyn yn llawn [arv- :] [a^~ ae thsee am .t. II hadrawS wy. angawr a paraphrase,
:

right, read, Madawg a Chradawg, Pyll a Jeuan. gwynwa[chy]nwan = gwynvannan. [pe^edur=pep pewedur a. d. :] arveu dur benadur [=HeS]
is
:

132

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
9-12
b.

gweww[yn] gwejtw = e/jwerw. cp. guero, 3515, eu hadlam nyt ma& mam Irs. into [warn :] nam eu hadlam nyt ma<2 ae maeth.
:

37-1

5.

13 [mor] no c, a paraphrase for hir[cu hjetlid ae herlid [ae hetf-[gyll- :] ar her(w) aeth. see 1. 14. b. c.f. [en ol] P read (Oe) tymhyr (syrth) pybyr wyr gwinvacth. cp. 20-19, and 'oe dut,' 21 -18.
.

gododin may = golygct (20-20) or goruget gorSin. In Kulhwch we read Corn gwlgawt gogodin', but context is against construing gwlyget as a person. We want a couplet. b. aw-cwyw, no c, metath. for cwyddaw(d) Mynyddawg en (ar)vawc [e g\vn]aeth a phrit er-bynit lleith cynhen tracth. The r in er prynu [ erbynif] is reptn. [brcijthyell (read backwards cp. n. 4i4) = lleyth, & cat = a gloss on cynhen (81). 16 Gwyr a aeth gwr (<5)aeth (cp. 4-1-10, 11-20, 34-n) = Magnus (yng)-hatraeth ing gat yng-awr, trouble was got with the war cry,
14 gwlygct
' '

'

or ing (wnaeth) yngawr. ac 17 north, scr. perversion for Gwrth veirch (serig) seirch ysgwydawr (n. c.) for ? gwyr gorwychrawl //ie host of EiSyn gwrym seirch is a perversion. The earls wore bright mail (claer 1. 18), while the Norse mail was gwrym, dun or black.
. .
.

18

argychwyn
b.

gloss on a ymdeivl.
sense.
'

wae[a]wawr= misprint.
'

no c, no

Mail' is not
:]

thrown.'

? read,

(dug)

glaer luryg[eu a chlefiyvawr

19 tyllei
b.

drwy

vySinawr,

dorvynyglawr. see n. 186. paraphrase for, m.f., c.f.,

note
c.
:]

cv

drwy vleiddawr. cwySei [bym pymwnt, no c, scr.

dreiddei

corruption

(sawl

fielei

draws)
20 ru-u&wn

lavnawr.

cp. 2-7, 5-17.

uawp hi[r ef ] ro6a(wr) e ur (r)e [al]lawr = i wr a gloss on lyw] Ren lawr. see am. t. b. a chet [a] (<5i)ch[oel]zwein (de^ y Kein(t) gerSawr. 21 Ni neur wnaethpwyt [neuaS no c] or traeth. 22 mor vawr [mor reptn.] or- e c(y)vawr=y gyvawr.
[ ?
:
:

= rit

10-

Lit. trans. = you merited, you possessed Morien's fire, He 1 would not say that Cynon would not make a corpse.' c.f., m.f., ? read, dy[rl]lydit [mo/ :] moryt [taw :] tpa Moryen (wan) [ny :]yn-hraeth[ei na] gwnel [e]i (saeth) kelein [Kewon = ]Kyn'

pan, (or ar traeth gel arvaeth gelein gynran). son edlydan, a gloss on what follows. ? read, (oeS rhwy)van.
b.

hi ]\\i ?>Qimr i glod ir [em garthan, paraphrase for] ym pob midlan. ny* ar-esgyn garrec gynhadvan [vyr vawr yng3 110c ac esgyc hynadvan = scr. paraphrase] see Intro, xxiv., & Map.
sein[nyess]ii e g\ed\_-yf=iv
c.)
:

= =

penn (no

133

BOOK OF ANEIR
10-4 y(th) mwy, cysgodwy wys vad porthan. C. here rescues the sense of the or., and should save us from the apochryphal Wit, son of the Pict.' gysgogiT wit is a scr. stutter, vuh. c. doubly " had " The stone immediately above the high water line rejects. been a shelter to HeS., may it henceforth " shelter the good folk of the portlet " is a natural friendly wish, see n. 38-1 1.
'

5-6 These two

'

seeing

lines have no c, nor pertinent sense as far as History is the basis of the am. t. goes.
'

my

ny wnaethpwyd neuaS mor repln. 0/9-21, io-ii, 15-2. eil caradawg, M., the fosterling of Caradawg. Moryen = Magnus, the son of King Hakon, was never fostered by any Caradawg. ? read, gwaredawg. b. [Ny] ... en trwm e Iwrw [no c.) en trymysc y mynawc. 7 [dywal anlcpn.] (rhac arth) dywalach no(e) [mab fcrawc :] gar ffwyrawc = //eS. Arth = Magnus, b. ffer y Haw vagl-[ei]wys (ffawd) fi(r)owys varchawc. f- initially =& but ffaglu = <o feed the fire with brushwood, maglu to ensnare. Sowys=he fled we want an adj. see am. t. g\yw=prince llyw = leader. llu wants llyw. 8 g\ew = brave /as (vu) dinas [e] Llu diovnawg. b. [d]ias (anlcpn.) ? if c. rac = ranc bySin [0 do8in ] e go (r) Sin [bu] wasgarawd rac=ranc, borrowed from O. F. ia.nc=rank, line. 9 trs. into, ygymwy y gylohwy [dan bu afievawc no c. for] a
b.
.
. .

6 Moryen

This line follows varchawg, -7. nep adveilawc, ] (15) [new ad-ii/eillyawc does not appear to fit the sense. 10 bu ys-twyth vu atwyth. see 1. 15 infra. b. dyxllydyn eillt v., the villeins deserved the meadhorns dyb.

vylchawd.

[en]

Syd gwyth bu adwyth

11

[Ny] gwnaethpwyd neuaS

6.

no

c.

? as

in am.

t.

Lwallyn.

12 [no] Cynon, mein) lary vronn, Ceinnion wledig.

neud e/eiste5ei (no. c.) ? nid (aeth) eisteS (wnacth) Cynon, i.e Owein ap Edwin remained as Castellan at Aber Lleinawg after Lupus had fled, see 26-2. 13 e neb a wanei nyt atwemt (f.c), whosoever he thrusled, was not thrust again,' wh. is entirely out of harmony with tal Ueithig.' read, ar neb a vapnet ni wapedit. Owein's authority was supreme, and his judgments were without appeal, i.e. final. 6. raclym e waewawr etc. These lines are misplaced they do not refer to Cynon but to HeS. and should come after 33-9, q.v. 14 calch drei (i aesawr), [tyllei vy5inawr ] ryssei liwedawr rhac 6uan va.rch.awr [rac ry-giawr].
[nid
:

en tal

lleithic.

'

'

134

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
10-15 en d.
b.

g. (bu)

atwyth,
:

[o]c(5 [c]

lau[n]awr = ei/ laSawr.

pan grysscj [gynon] (yn rhyd) ban gryssid gan wyr5 (y) wawr, or y wyr<5 wawr. 1 D. en trwm (no c.) ys tryn y discyn ynghysevin. dodes 17 [cf] Irs. into, gormes Si'osces, cv dories Sin. diodes
: . . .

both corrupt, influencing each other.

b.

gwaew

ri-eu ryv-[el]

ri

yscir

[e]
:

uryw=vriw.

18 chwerthin (hopelessly inept, no c.) cywrenhin HcS b. hut[e//]yt = hudid lc/in /evin rewin. c/fin
.

20 reptn. of
21 a
b.

I.

16 supra.
c.)
:

Omit,

gwerth

gweith.

gwirawt (no

a chyvcS gvvin.

heyessit no c, gloss on

Tavlawr

Mwng

lavnawr rliwng

d.

22 ar<5. varchawc (m.f.) refers to Magnus who was a King (ri), not a marchawc' = ? (y)rhawc arfiyrchawt gan erch) orSin, shortly the one exalted by the terrible gordin left, or as in am. t. ediu moleit uoleit yw cdyw, m. yw b. eilhin-yn mur ? mu[c]greit = ]mygreit Darw Trin. mur muc may Muc i.e. Munc = Mwng. We should then read, e5yw moleit yw Mwng, greit darw trin, has gone Praiseworthy is Magnus
' :

the fierce bull of battle.

But

see 8

n=84.

ll-i i?e/)/.o/io-i6-2oDisgyn[sit]en trwm (gyrchyn) alatt(chawr) swans, water lords, cp. eryron, eagles, land lords

oe 8yrein wy 6y/ein wyr e llu llaes ys of the host with loose shields (floating on the water), a gloss on lu escynawl, going up (out of the water, fleeing)
b.

oe-d [w]yrein
the

gwyd&wr,

men

2 [ysgwyt reptn.] rac biw in front of the cattle, herd, motley crowd cp. rayah,' cattle, by which the cp. amhad & Tal. n. 39-14. Turks call their non-Mahomedan subjects. b. nar a biform o/ner, a gloss y rhi ( Magnus) vriw B. b.
'

oS uch, no c, gloss for y-min gwya/, temple, brow. ? [ap] Sileit gloss for dille(gw)it = dillyngwyd. b. a deliit 4 gorwyfi gwareus, no c, m.l., gloss for amws, charger. b. nthn -n ych metath. for ruthir -w-ych = ruthn;(s) wych e.
3
:

d.

5-6 no c, m.f., order of words wrong ? Goruc twrch amot e mlaen Twrch ystre gawr, gwrthyat teiling deith ystrywyawr. Trwch = HeC, the Fat. amot, scr. corruption for ovut (note c.) e mlaen gloss for cyrch (note c). Gwrthyat gloss for cam step, movement deith, c. sug., (ys) deiJ. see am. t.
6.[an] gelwit e nef gloss for i wynvyd \b\t hir metath. for] bri. vynn glod bid farw. Proverb. cp.
:

135

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
11*7 e Hiyt
:

en ryt
:

[e[f]

krynnit

waewawT. cat car (Mon a) Mannan [er] = Magnus, the Owein ap Edwin, Gr. ap Kynan, and of Man
'

:]

y krywiid

c gat antcpn.for [y ga]

friend of

'

b. clot, or. fern, as here, but

it

appears early as masc.

8 [na]

na

bei (no

c.)

byfiit

Uu

ifi[aw]
:

= lluy6\

Amdrywwi dry law dry lnn am lwys Amdrymil rya* \yvt dr(w)y (a)fen an-lwys. see am. t. amSif/wys amSyfrwys d., beyond the marshland. b. 10 [am reptn. for] dy-gwy8aw8 dellt, " split " arrows, quarrels,
g
:

b.

around the men of Gwyfiien =

1

eryr Gwyfiien, the eagle of G.

/-

The dellt Wepre Brook,

'
:

fall upon HeS., cp. Tal. n. 61*14.

'

Gwydue
amuc

Gwyndu/
:

ae

waew

(24*i7)

= lwyven.
').

HeC. was

(no c.) ? i onnen, or luitien lord of Llwyvenyd.

:

gwyndawt. (cp. gwynThe first half of this and of the next line should come second, mir <5yn (no c.) vvenn = (HeS.) who is with HeC. cp. Kyvrennin. chief in Gweryd and a joint head 13 try(l)wyr yv bo6 melath. for (y) bofiir bun B., the host of Bradwen i.e. bradzf wenn, broken hero = HeS. cp. A chen bu (h)ir, but bet B., and though it was long (delayed) a grave benefits Bradwen. B.B.C., 69*3. ac am ar cam hen. 14 deudec = deheuec (24*15*21) = dyhewyt [gwenn] abwy(d) am Vadwenn, i.e. ma.dw wen, the inert hero = the dead HeS. mab the scr. turns verb, noun, and adj. into persons ! 15 Repetition am dryn-wi [d]ry \divr=yn dryn yn llaw(r) Ryn dryl(li)enn gweinySawr, liegemen, servers. en (h)en
12
(reptn.)

a 5uc. gwenwawt

dawt Gwyndyd werin

'

'

'

'

17 [en]
b.

rac trychant metath. for t. rac. see n. 24*19. BleiSj'c benn, gxvnaeth gwychpawt, 24*20. bleiS heb p[r]enn 11*20-12*2. see Variant Versions, & nn. 34*11-15.
. . .
. . .

12*3 (woe.)

Pan
:

(or)vu[ost di] (Rhi lu) [kynniv-yn metath .for]

ynghynniv clod. c. and context sug. as in am. t. fgor di(v)rod. b. tywyssen ? cyssyMen=cyssyn'yn. cp. argyssyrio, to dread. xi gworwot. c. and m. disallow 4 re[dyrch] gwyr not (m. .)
:

rygyrch gwzr not, he goes straight for the mark. ? dipdrei or Mordrei. 5 [di reptn.] a char din drei mutated arei.
:

Note the [wenn.

ve/in
:

b.

olut

e vedin.

c.

and sense

sug., alltud

[e

6 m.s.,
b.

c.f.

a paraphrase for (Gwyndyd) nid (pan) vei, or as in am. t.

metath. for
line is missing

gwynvyd namwyn

men na
12*7-8

namen = namyn, nam(w)yn.

and
136
the

second line misplaced.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
12-7 cann-wr
cp.
b.
?

camhwr-awg

a hundred men, or for camhwr (campwr), chati 25-13. en v(y)n ty, in my hall,
;
;

keny thou shalt sing keniv / shall sing kennyf with me. Perm gvvyr. Owein was generalissimo he was also penn Ceint wh. c. supports. He was friend & father-in-law of the bard. 9 nyt wyf mynawc, a neg.for an affirm. ? read neut wyf gwledic.
8
; :

Mynawg is the epithet of the Gr. was an exiled king, gwledic. see Index. Palatine, but also of -a prince,' 21-18. vi. The pronoun of the first person never counts as a b. vy
'

syllable after verbs.

This is the word perverted by the scribe gorSin, push, attack. into go/(o)5in, wh. has a syll. too many in 20 or more instances. d. [ny chwarfia/ antcpn. for] ny gwa.rthd.f hwerthin, or nym gwarth y wherthin. An allusion to his imprisonment at Chester or to his retreat to Ireland in 1098. cp. 11. 12-13 infra.
c.
;

> cunia kywrennin. 11 ty deyeryn an underground prison, cp. carchar daear, but see n 12-16. am ffe\\, about the ankle. l b. am ben

10 ronin. end-rhyme, app.

or (b)rt'nin.

is

against ron^n, a short while.

cp.

%*
12
.
.

After deulin there

. .

is
:

seemingly a lacuna.

("verin.

[o]

0,

scr. stuttering

am

vefi-vuelin

yn
:

ca(e)r traeth-

m.l., companion line missing, see am. t. and b mi na vi aneirin. na metath. for an, v y, i < = anjt=anynt, Intro., p. xxxvii. 3 pi. of anu, minstrel singing, cp. anant, minstrels, goSec, 3 sing. pres. Ind. of goSecu, chattering, see b. qovqc
:

Introd.,
13 neu

p. xxxviii.

&

xlii.

= now,

helps here to

sung immediately after the what was being sung years

b.

draw a distinction between what was gordin when the facts were fresh, and
later

by Taliesin.

dilin is the prevailing spelling in poetry, but see 14-13-18.

14-18 Autobiographic account of the bard's rescue from the underground prison of Hugh Lupus, lord of Gogled. wy ess-yllut, no 14 Gor. Gog. metath. for Goglefi wroleS st use, no c, scr. perversion for, y (ab) alitud = Gr. ap Kynan. There was no fight16 o nerth klefiyf no. c, & historically false. ing but a stealthy carrying away of the prisoner. anghew anghoi>. 17 f.c. a- apwar [daear f.c. ] a gwarth kenu(ric) vab Llyw-axch. no c, ? a paraphrase b. keneu, cub According IoBuchuddGr. at K., for, vad devig, a noble prince. the rescuer was Kynwric of Edernyon. If vab is right c. sug., Meurig (d. 1106), who had a brother Llywarch, wh. c. rejects,
.
. . : :
.

'

'

and with

it

goes 'dihavarch.'

137

BOOK OF AM- IRIS

1219-13-2 The faulty c, context, The poet point to scr. changes.
hist.,

is

and fragmentary lines all again autobiographic, and evi-

dently wrote in the first person. 19 senyllt, seneschal, a gloss on menestr. 20 goSolei, no c, he enriched. Context implies the contrary. ? read as in am. t. ? in particular (am llin). reuet. leiw [ein repln.] e ryue/ b. lew(Llych)lyn-wys o[e]. c. (no c.) lynwys[sawr]
: : :

22 gnaw/
13-1

no c. Myny<5 Cam
269-33.

? guawr (wh. belongs to next line), c. sug. here, llaS) yn neuaS (bu-m) = bu im. ymhyrSw-en sug., ym-hyrSwn en (p)en(vro) i.e.

(oe
at

iw 1081.

see

Introd.

xxvi., n. 23.

2 [hyr5,

cp. B., ? p(l)eit, allies, supports for y nerth. " Gr. ar Yscotteit gyt ac ef yn ganhorthwy ifiaw." Lloyd, 380, n. 20. ? read, y nerth (ni) differth serlh Artro, 1075. *_* The bard, Gr. ap K., is here referring to his victory over TraNews of the haearn whose ally was slain at Clynog in 1075. death of Kynwrig app. brought Trahaearn from Arwystli via Drws Ardudwy and the Col valley. Meanwhile Gr. marched to meet him via Harlech, and over the hill along the old road, (seaward of Tydyn y velin and Dinas Porchellyn), emerging on the Artro above Conical Hill,' and past the steepest and narrowest ravine, a real Glyn Cyvyng, at or near wh. Trahaearn & his men were driven So it appears to me, after exploring the possible routes reback. There are ruins of an old mill higher up the Artro. peatedly. cp. Record of Cam., 275, LI., 381, and Meilyr's references to Cadeu Gr. ap Cynan. Cad rac (Celynog), mawr enwo(g) 8y8,

repln.]

'

leSit) Kynwric orig lywyS. gad gynghyweir y-Meirionny5 arglwyfi (Tra) cadarn Haiarn SyvyS Ni nodes mawreS (rhac cle) MerwyS yng-weith Derw, gwae chwerw (ir) chwelidyS. The battle before (Clynog), glorious day, when Kynwrig, a momentary sovereign, was slain.

(pan

To
In

the expeditionary encounter in

the strong lord

Merioneth Trahaearn " comes."

Rank

did not protect (against the sword) of Merwyd,

of

among the Oak trees*, bitter was the woe him who retreated. * The MS. reads y Oaed erw.' Cp. Bronn yr erw' on the erw in both cases. I question the slope of Bryn Derwin. The ? Bron yr herxv, (cp. ar ero, 37-13) and Gweith Derw. oak abounds on the slopes of the Artro, especially on & beyond Conical Hill = ? y Vann Derw. see n. 31-18.
the action
'
' '

'

'

'

138

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
13-3
the

Gwyr (Llychlyn) nyt [oe-=] ei-8yn [drach] draet ffo, Buch. has Nurse, not theirs the [backward] fleeing feel. " Daenysseit " p. 126 B.T. has " yscotteit," but at 12-21 we
;

have [Lychjlynwys. cp. n. 34*9. b. heilyn achubyat, no c. ? C-ilAyn enil/yn achubyn [bob y vro, as the place names testify to this day. see Intro., n.
13-4-9

?]

23.

= 34-6-io = 23'i5-2o. These three versions deserve careful study as they illustrate the way our scribe deals with his original. He adds, omits, changes not only without scruple, but with maniSee Reprints in parallel columns, p. 102-3. fest intent to mislead.
dHd = leuttt = llcfdi>'
Leech, Lleeh
: :

a.

The reference is to the Lavan Sands = Hele5. Note that Magnus = dialgur Arvon 34-4, the avenger of Arvon. c. The gododin fraud required wholesale corruption of the text here as well as the omission of HeleS & IwerSon. Nis duc-hwy Duw (rwy) iw dangnev. cp. M. 152-5, & 206-4. a Sue treis tros (veis) hegr HeleS God may (not) bring to his peace (a ruler) who has brought opc. accounts pression over the expansive Heled (shallows), erch, f.c, ? metath. for hecr, but for the emendations, Ar erch HeleS is prob. the or. of Arllechwedd. see Pem. ystrad. Note cynghaned. b. Stre=ystre ys try dit[h] tith dicneh = dicirch = dygyrch. d. stre=ystre ragno metath. for ragon ragom. cp. Clytwo EiSin = Chiton
ebbing waters.
'
' : : ;

Lle/h, 3 5. pres. Ind. of llethu, to squash, lcir lleudir(e)S, open, or cleared lands. cp. go-leu; also lleze>dir, P. 155-39, 166-3, I 7 I "5cp. b. leuure leudvre lleu<5(y)vre(5), clear (shallow) waters, Lieu might be reptn. for trei Syvrefi, pylleu goleu, Tal. 77-2.

r.

f.

g.

& n. 17. Edwin, (wyr IwerSon). Gr. ap Kynan's mercenaries went over to his enemies in 1098. B. 273, Buch. 144, LI. 409. ancat=ar y anghat = aryf gar arv yn anghad, ready armed. ancat (reptn.) = a.nga.t ? an/at [cyn ?] es-gor (vu oe) c.
n. 15-8.

see Intro., xxi.,

k.-p. not in the other two versions.

k.
L.

Prob.

scr. addition.

Ry.

Its use is doubtful here. ? read,

Hu.

bebyll, scr.

er.

for

bibyll, pi. of pibell, pipe (of wine), diwyll unclouded, clear. m. tymyr no rhyme nor sense. Context and Hist, sug., Saeson.

n.
o.

Tec

Ter (yd) ware, or

ystre, the jousting ground,

(y g)ware. list, field of battle.

q-s. not in the other two versions, cangen, a branch i.e. a division of the gens occupying the fort, caer wys. kew(r)i, pi. of cawr, champion. r. keui
:

139

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
s.

tymor
e 6eri

(antcpn.) dymhestyl. no

rhyme nor

sense. ? as in
:

am.
d.

t.

niestyl
v. v.

tymestyl dymor tymor dymestyl tra mor restyr = tra iwerin /estyr in the other version.
/u, the host
:

beyond the margin. ? (dy lann 6y)fu. H(u) EiSiwyaun (/ r = p n not in the other versions, cp. Edernyawn, Kercdig-yawn, etc. x-w. [In in- fuip = ] ffwyr (m)ei^lyaun, 34 c)=meithlyon, 23-18. ? read ffwyr vaetholion i.e. Hugh 0/ the EiSin country violently
tra

meryn

w. h-eidi/yaun

rushes his retainers.

x, b.

kein gadrawt
of

rwyd

peculiar
:

to

23.18. scr. addition.

:]

Omit.

Y. let lin lu

men
was
z,

told definitely that the men of ' lee lin

we are of Eidyn rushed his retainers against Llychlyn, we therefore know that cat traeth fought between them on the shore of Aber Lleinog in 1098. cp. Buch, 146.

= rac ri allu rac [Lee LlycMyn lu i.e. the Magnus = rhi allu, the King's force. N.B. Here
Hugh
'

Norse-

o dipdywyt = o dirdynwyd, i) we were racked. en dynwvvyt = eu dy-vi>wyt = ev dyvyryOyd (pret. pass, of dyvwrw), he was utterly overthrown. For u ir cp. Lleutw & llefdz>, n. a above.

o dindywyt yn dyvw wyt

vel

(3

us.
y.

en dyotem = yn dywovu = dyouu an dyowu, who had crushed dy-wo-vu dy[ow ou=] of-vu = dy-orvu.
:

scuyt grugyn = ysgwyt rugyn ys cwy5 (yn) grugyn, he falls ii. yscwyd grugyn, he gives those who assembled of a heap a shaking Hi, ysgwyd rug(l)yn, he gives those who wander a shaking, ii. and Hi. pervert history. 8. i rac taryf trun = rac tarw trin = rac dolcv trin. /aryv ? aryv(aw)/ tryn. trin, faulty rhyme. " in the eye," B.B.C., 97, " in the temple," . HeS. was shot An., 34 3o, "on the line made by the helmet," 11-3. see York Powell's Hist., 75 LI., 409. Buchedd GriffyS ap K., 146.
:

all

Introduction, xxxix.
.

dwys, Lat., dens-us, wodyn = vo5yn.

0.

gewyn

gevnyn, they turned their backs,

cp. 20.6, 36-3.

trin]

13-io araf
1 1

aryf=arv, weapon.
chwar(8).

e(v)

ry-vrwydr[in

tra

cp. n. 18.3.

kwr
s.

cor,

keirw

kewri,

champions,

am gwr

amaVrr
:

pres. Ind. of tyrru), to throng, vann carw (due to keirw) vancori, palisading, held fast at the top by plaited strong rods,
(3
b.

bysseS

(y)

brych

brych(ion)=
col. 54.

Bri/h(ion) the Picts.

cp.

W.

B. Mab.

140

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
13-12 barr
b.
c.

Barc(odion), Borderers, Men of the March, cp. Tal. am bwyll.m.s., noc. ,anicpn. am ry-gur. [70-23, P. 2-10-14.
:

dis/ar disteir dystyr d. am, reptn. yn bwyll(ic)

:
.

am

discar, enemy. rodic metath. for orSit.

13 y[s]
14 ni
b.
c.

bro ys brys metath. for vrys ys treul[lyawt] rys yn

rhyw dree

dres, tres, labour.

huwwy
[nyt
:]

gahwy, 3 s. pres. Subj. o/cael. neb anghwy, [he may not :] none may escape.
ni [gaffo
:]
:

odiwes

odawes, became rather

:

silent,

'

shut up.'

15 ar

cp. amws 16 n. breichhir = /oMg in the fore-leg ? a gloss on Meincann, 31-6.* vuan.' cp. B.B.C. 27-11, Poetry 12-19, 112-3. cerr = ] tyrr i baladr (yn) [gcll :] de\\t. b. [gell
'

gynwa/ carnwyt ar gynwarc (y) cornwyd m. <5. vorSwyd ar (gevn) Mein(vuan 1-4) llwyd.

fork,' formed by the thighs. ? read (a)e af17 g?/lach ga/lach, Historically lach gyll obeli, & his thighs lose grip of the saddle. " Tyrr baladr i (lwyvcn yngorfiinrhac Morien). true, so would be, anghell. gell gell gellach Note the stutter, gell
'
: . . .

b.

Ay wr

dewr

yn

cno'f g(rae)anhell.

18 bwch

= hoed = Boet

in buS,

(boet) o[e] law,

(ac)

iSaw boet
[yn well.

19

Da

13-19 14i, 30-12-15. (Von) doeth adon [wy = vy]

(aeth) atwen.

***The
to the b.

scribe has changed the remaining verbs from the third second person sing, thus confusing the sense. He has also

ym

adawssut
llaS:

edy.
\lu8-, llosg
:

[disturbed the order of the lines,

Host- [no].
. . .

20 [gwnelut]
21

(note c.) ny nac na for neu-r has more suo reversed the sense of the or. to discredit Morien, and save HeS. nac eithaf with c. condemns what goes before and after, see am. t.

wnelut
.

wnaeth,

ac

a.

The

scr.

'

'

b.

ysgwn

ys/wm (brwysc) drem(yn)

[d]i p.

= Hugh
: :

the

Proud.

22
14-1

ny

welei[st
leSin

wy

em]orchwy8 [mawr]. no c, ? ne(u-r g)wySei. (pi.) ev lafiei ny roSei naw6\ gloss ni laesei.
:

30-14-15 beuwel cp. beuwef, Tal. 47-12 but ? a gloss on ynys, or gorwel. see am. t. wh. is the best I can suggest. ? Gwn wys (gron ynys) or mor bwy'r mor / know the peoples of the round
;

island
b.

from
c.)

sea to

its

fellow sea.
vei

[xod= a oror.
?

ni weleis

marchawc a

14-2 (no
b.

Godo5[in :]an
:
:

waeth no odgur [gomyna/ m =

metath. for gu(o)-

ru,

-f=v = u

=n

trumem

hence] go^wynaw ^yblygid. -eu, & drutn druiw (trwyn), ness.

141

BOOK OF AS'EIRIX
14 3 essyth (pi. o/aseth), dart, headland as in Llan Swyn esyth. (The esmwyth of Welsh Saints, ii., 390 is mistaken). Rhyme requires Esyd [ treissyt 23-12]. The headland of the Dee Estuary which was anciently named " Set-eia. aestuar'." b. gwas c[h]ant = gwasc(a)ttant (d)i-art'ant heb [cmwyt emttyc metath. for] eiimyc, honour.
'
' '

c.

No

c, ? read,

gussyl

mad Eryr Dwyv WVryd = Cynon

[-ei

alias

Owein ap Edwin.

Dwyw

dy = er

[wrhyt :] W(e)r[h]yt. Dec=* dubr duiu,' = Dyvrd\vyv. For the bungle Dwywei see Welsh Saints, ii., 387, 392, 341.

ty metath. for] eryy

Dwyv
4

c.f. with insertions, omissions and metath. ? read [nyt oed wael] y rac-ran, gyn[g]hor-u;an cynhorvan (y GogleS) w(y) eithyn (rhy-lithryn gan livefi) rac /an rac-ran.
:

5 luch bin, tidal bore. see Ormerod's Hist,

Dee estuary Pin is the Lleyn word for of Cheshire. March pin=great (mill) race in spout or shoot. Bk. of LI. Dav. Pynvarch is the word used for Mill-race in South Cards. Can the i of pin become affected by the following a, as the i of dy-huno by the following u. Cp. March-ros= Rhos vawr, march-liv the great pit-saw.
bore in the
pistyll = water
'
' '

For an account of the

'

b.

borfor beryerin, the Pulford pilgrim.

. . .

6 llaS
b.

gwan ? rhulhr. The 11 requires an answering spirant anysgarat vu y nat ac Aneirin, m.l., c.f. ? (galar), anyscar cp. Introd. xxxviii. a nad (gorS)in, wh. makes good sense,
:
:

14-7-15-1 The scribe has, app., made a mess here. C, m., and I have tried, by omitting reptns., to re-arrange sense are all faulty. the remaining lines according to sense and context. //. 7-i2-i7-2o, no c, see am. t. Ky-vrennin, co-king, co-ruler, co-regent =HeS., the colleague of HeC. If kywymw is correct, c. requires cy-vmwin = cy'vreint-in, the older form.
8

HeS. ravaged then fysgyolin is impossible c. beyond, seizing the natives (gwerin), and forcing them to fight on his side, see n. 33-7. //. 8-11 10 20 22 q.v.
If gwerin
is or.,

Penmon and

9 gwirawt, no c, gloss on cyveS. b. heyessit e lavnawr, paraphrase to hide the fall of HeS. who is felled (cwydawr) between his own force and that of the enemy.
14- 10 arS. varch.
b.

See
.

n.

10

22.

eithinyn

%*

See n. 10-22. Lines 10-11 should follow I. id infra.

. .

murgreit.

The

scribe trans-

posed and altered the

text in order to disguise the fall of

HeS.

142

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
14-12 [k. k. k.] The context shows that the reference is not to Kyvrenhin( HeS .) but to Magnus and his sudden departure. Ac yna yS edewis Magnus vrenhin drwy Seissyvyt kynghor tervyneu y wlat. B., 273-19.

(Deisyvyd y<5 engid o b. Gwlat atve*' go-glywer en Dulyn. Benrhyn). App. dilin is for Dublin = Dulyn here. Gr. ap Kynan had escaped thither on the advent of the enemy into Anglesey in 1098. The end rhyme is -in, wh. is against DuIyn,
but note the break indicated in the

MS.

after dilin,

&

cp. n. 12-13.
s

dygh<daw< 5, 3 13 dy go glawd metath. for dyglogawd Clud tonn (IwerSon) bevr bererin. [note for the pres.
14

s.

pret.

c.)

Men yd ynt
b.

Pererin (Magnus,)
brei
:

eilyassa/, 3 pi. and 1 sing, for two is the subject of both verbs, see
.

yd

singulars.
t.

am.

w[e]yelin. mal beit = mal beynt wrych 15 ny chemyd ny haed u5 ny? ketuyd My haer uS a gorSin. ch upsets c. haed = hae/=haer. b. ny phyrth. no c, gloss on, Attal mevl Moryal yn (or)5i(v)lin.
.
. :

Maylor looks

like

Moryal
?

disguised.

See Lloyd, 389,

&

n. 15-9.

16 f.c, and metath. for

Magnus had
.
. .

shot

Parawt (i) fiurawt (i grei) gwaedlin. HeS. with an arrow a little while before.

dilin] reptn. of I. 12, q.v. 17 [k. k. k. 18 [ef] HaSawS [a] cyminawS (Gynt) a llain [a] garneSawr tra gygawl (or) gwyr trin. gogy/twe (no c.) gyg[o]awr gygawl o w. t., scowling. ? gy&awl, moaning.
: :

20 [kywyrein] ket-wyT (mor arwyr) gyvarvuant. (ch. upsets c.) ? ymhyrfiassant. 21 gyrchassant gloss b. byrr [eu] hoedl hir vu hoed l'r ae carant. 22 m.l., no c, gymeint, gloss for mwy a [la6- gloss for] lygrassant. b. o [gy]wrysse5 (eu) [gwraged :] gwrthed (ys) gwyrth wnant.
:

15-1 [llawer gloss on]

2

ami vam

[a]e deigr (lam) ar

y hamrant.

ny

neu-r

3 [l]ew

no
or

rhwyv. llwybyr (masc.)=\\vrybr may = \lwyth (masc), tribe. But the adj. vwyhaf (like deccai, 1. 4,) is fern. ? read, (o) lwy[byr] vwyhaf = Iwyn vwynhaf, from the gentlest lineage. 1. see am. t. 2. ? read, Rhan (vael), ev llyw hael (or) Mviyth

wnaethpwyd (reptn. of a stock phrase for) ? Edryd neuaS (glyd) yn 5i-anav. mor hacl [ba]ran Hew (vael o) llwy[byr] vwyhaf no c. [l]ew = ev. Hew may = llyw wh. may be a gloss on glyw

mwyhaf, he
3.

he is a ruler from the biggest tribe mwyhaf, of the greatest success. vro[nn] adon adon (y) [vro = ]y wlad deccaf. Possibly a play b. y dias [on Eurgeint. y = yn dias = ynias ar \\\et ] Hit.
gives (boons)
; ;

(or) llwy<5

H3

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
15-5 or [sawla] welm ac [a] welaf ymyt ac ymyt or we\id (ni) welav [en emSwyn :] 5wg arv-gryd. (yn)gwrhyt (i) wriav.
:

6 ef llaSei
~i

oswyS

oswyS

a drewyS.

dygodolyn an
b.

impossible cpd., dy intensifies while go modifies the meaning, c. and sense sug., dygollyn. mam hwrreith sug., mamhwraeth but ? sense. ? read, mawr
ky/reith, or hyro'ieith.
cp.

mevyl Moryal,
of

n. 14- 15.
e. S.

10 eido/ (read backward

b.
1

loder

= Roger

Montgomery,

ermygtft

-et

[rac] v(a)re

= ware.
~
.

[b]rein Swyre wybyr ysg[yny]a/, (the crows rise, ascending to rhein vwrye(i yr) wybr yscar. the shy)
:

12

/ynn[wyr

antcpn] ftvryr y[ft reptn.] /emel ffynn ffwyr yn cyvyl, the attack prospers
y.

cevel

i.e.

13 gwefcyl,
b.

? = gwei/yl = gwewyl = gwepyl, quarrels, ardewyl metath. for arSelMi[y]=arSelwy.

14

maw
b.

r-eiSun(un)

mawr

eifiun(wn).

Blaen ancwyn. The first feast, after seizing Cynlleith (before 1086), was followed by a peaceful sleepy time, but to-day is a
15 zethant 3 pi. for
1

pi.

aethow.
lletkynt,

[rousing contrast.

16 Out of two lines only four words survive.

the history correctly,
'

The am.

t.

embodies

report,' is prob. a gloss.

17 // lleas is the key-word, read as in am. t., but ? if llwydefi ? read, kyn llwydefi llaSwyd dy is not a gloss on Glas y dy6. Syvu gatraeth. Before dusk were slain such as come in the battle

of the Strand,
b.
c.

cp.

dechreu

Wwy do = dawn,

or dusk.

dy-5aruu

is tautological after lleas. [rac]

upsets sense.

[dry]chant.

m.l., historically false.

:

Read, cant.

19 yt gryssyassant. no c, m.l.,

yt vedwant.

20

c.f.,

men

in stress will praise (moleint) the abstemious soul,

t.

for "

In the day of stress not one is found abstemious." see am. (Dy5) reit [en >no/eit=] ez; ni ckeit [eneit gloss for] neb di-.
b.

21

gytvaethant. no c, gloss on gynnullant. amall upsets c. Mal(eS) gwin a meS a amucsant but ? read as in am. t.

satisfies c,

22 Text corrupted to hide the fate of Mynydawg. an dwyf cannot be for Aandwyf, first person, because the subject is in the third person). adveillyawc ? metath. for gwyd yn adveil[ly]awc falls to pieces, may be read a<weillyawc ar-(or)weilliawc, pierced through and through, cp. gweillyon, 15-13.

144

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
16-i
b.

no

gracious youths, gwir upsets c, ? rwy<5 (weis) gloss on hoff, or holl. o drychan ri-allu King's force Norse. The couplet is missee 6-19-20. placed here and quite wrong in its facts,
c.
:
.

rwy/

3 Metath. for
b.

Hu ynghywyrein vySei [present]. mal pel -a [ry :] yl [e = ]ym- [hu by- reptn. :] laSei. see am. t. hut amuc ododin illusion defended G. (m. s., no c, no sense)
Read, Hu fa muc Metath. for [en
:

or<5in

Hu

ra(c gallu)

Muc

orSin.

b.

eu=] ev

6y-ad(e)i[wg
r( e d)

antcpn.]

y
:

yp

[ystryw^
5

:]

ystrin (ar) ystre.

[emore
. .
.

vore.

[ac a]
b.

line is

[go] druS(? gawr, champion) Vannan (oe5) missing at the end. ? as in am. t. 16 6-n. See 32-2-15, and Notes on 37-io-i2.

dan gar

6 // the text here came after 32-14 in the or. MS., as context sug., the scr. misread angow as angoji, wh. is inadmissible as Magnus had already reached the water line, merin.

ygclawd yn clawr, or l\a.\\r. 8 [en dyS cadyawr] scr. addition, 9 ei\ wedic metath. for ? eficed (effwedic is m. I., and sense does not 10-11. [fit context. See Variant Versions p. 106, & 37 m. 16-i2-i6 See 38-9-14. see Variant Versions, p. 101.
:

16 ArSyledawc = ErSyled canu, one must sing.

17 gwrhyt no c, gloss on gwychrawc. 18 ru5-ued-e/ ry-u-el a eiSu-i for ry-ued-ei a ru-8-ei EiSyn t, i(v).

19 gwr

dyngyei
b.

[g]or gunefi diveS im See am. t. & cp. gur gunefi 36-5. gzflneS= cun-ed the earls of Chester and Shrewsbury. or meint ? gormei/ gwlat y dy-glywei

gwmeS divS[yawc] rfimyngyei

:

gynygei.

20 [ae] ysgwyt [ysgwyt reptn.] a ry-ysgwyd = a-r-ysgwyd.

b.

21

hut arolli hyt(r) aroff(e)i waew. mal gwiw gloevf [o wydyr] lestri gv/r hoew llest(ei)r(e)i. b. aryant [am y] ued, metath. for med ary(v)ant eu[r dev [jt d = n(i)d (y/yi = ] yfei. cp. n. 19-6.
: :

:]

22 gwinraeth [oe8] wae[t ner]th [vab] llywri (nid arch)waeth win, ni z/aeth lywj(e)i. Uyw-ri, the king-leader, i.e. Magnus. The scr. misreads in order to mislead. The bard says that the men of Eidyn drink but Magnus does not that love of wine will not nurture one who aspires to lead. The text says the contrary. 17-i -5-10-12. A Variant Version, (p. 101) of 38-1-8 q.v.
:

6 llawen

the truth.

[Wogell byt ] lloc&effyt, bu di-Sichweint perverts ? read, Llanw n(ac aes niw) lloches, bu Sichwein.
:

145

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
17-7

Turned to prose = Hu mynnei ynghylch byd Soli e anant or eur a meirch mawr, a me5 (ae). Hugh ished on his expedition to give the minstrels some gold and palfreys and mead, see am. t.
,.

? dolt e, to give dole to, or eid ted ol=/e5 or(meint). anant (gy)ve6(ant yn) vefiweint [yr eur a meirch mawr a rne5 sug. dolei for eidol,' 6m/ c. and sense are wanting. 8 namen en [e] delei namyn ban Selyn o [vyt vt = ] w(l)e6

e-idol
b.

'

[hoffeint, f.e., gloss on] gercint. [kyn-dt/ic defic gloss on] kynSragon Aeron.
:

6.

wyr

e(s) rv/y

= y(s)

cwynoveint.

17io-i2.

The first couplet is a reptn. of 17-1-2. 17-13-19 This canto is a later and more corrupt transcript of the original text than that at 35-12-20, q.v. The changes all tend to obscure, or gloze over the fall of HeS. 22 tywys /eis[t] /eis reis=ifeis. golut go/ut. b. gweilch gwrmde. cp. nigri genles = the Norse.
See 38-1-8.
:

18-

1 meitin ? mei-<5in field-fort. cp. Maiden Castle, & Moyfiin in parish of IJanarth, Cards., where ei oi (oy,) in many words, ei and eu being not always distinguished in sound.
:

o gynnu Aber rac fin ? by raising the Aber at his front door. [o] cynn(i)u = cynniv (17-21) Aber rac f(id)in, rad. nndin. dyv(r)ys, tywys y[n] Silin. c. [o] dywys [yn] antcpn. 2 ocS garw y gwnae(i)[wch chwi] It was roughly he shed blood. 3 mal yved me drwy chwerthin like drinking mead laughinglyThe pouring (dywall) of mead might be compared to flowing blood but not the drinking (yved) thereof, see am. t., and n. 8-7-8. 4 dynin dz'win=diwin, fierce. 5 yt laSei reptn. of 1. 4 ? for ys trychei, he cut down. 6 ? (yn) dra phenn over his head, or benn dra phenn, head over
b.

read

'

'

heels.'

cp.
?

pen tra mwnwgyl.

destruction.
:

kywyt
b.

(no

c.)

ky=cynwyd,
:

kywrennin i.e. ky-wennin, no c, gloss ? y cynben. escyn yn benn [ar ystre] 1. 8. c. benn should follow escyniw When a last word was crowded out of a line it was thrust at the end of some previous line where there was space for it, see B.B.C. 97-4 golu- with dauc at end of I. 2 98-4 pel-eidrad (as above 1. 1). d. vu e laS (no c, paraphrase for) trangawl. When an 8 kynneSyf law of priority, natural course, usage. officer falls the next in command succeeds by kynnedv, as Owein ap Edwin did on the battlefield (ar ystre) at A ber Lleinawc when Hugh, carl of Shrewsbury, the generalissimo fell in the shallows. b. (Nu, Mwng a) ystwng [kyn gorot] oreu [gang reptn. :] gynhen.
;

146

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
18-Q dilufi (no c), without
b.
c.
let,

a comment on (a rhein y) dilein.

-e6\
:

cathleu, canticles
cp.

cet bei dilenn.

Ilyw-y8 with rhi-y6\

: '

UyvrodeS (no

[oSev r(y)wy/h [ac]. c.) WueS Wvyx:

:

10 awglas
;

lovlen gawlas. aj^wycl [eu] a/?wy8(as). \oyfen Iwyven. See am. t. Camlas is a grassy wet place, or even a ditch also a shore that is wet and weedy, dyfhgwall-rtw #-[w]ledi-e dal Dyvnwall rawg (l)leid fial. The one lost in the deep awhile the mud holds. This is mistakenly wr. Dyvynwa/ at 20-5, 23-9. see Intro., xl., n. 32.
' i :

b.

oebrifi (m.s.)
:

o ebr(u)i<5 brennyal.

12

ad
b.

o(e)3 oergrei g.
:

gwynn(ion

vei).

dy[s]giawr dyc/riawr (na) bei sense incomplete, I. missing. ? read pan (Blei<5 ae gwel, drei,) d. n. b. 13 bun barn benn penn bun, captain of the host (a paraphrased perversion for) Rhi = Magnus who had no mcirch. The untnutatedbamsug. brau =braw(v) puts to the test perchen(awr) meirch [a gwrym seirch] ac ysgwydawr. 14 y&en ? gwae o [gyu] oed disgyn c. esgyn.
:
:

b.

[a

gwrym

seirch]

15 aer [dy-wys antcpn.=]

b.

lyw=Cynon i.e. Ewein.

:

garei
hit.

ae car.

gwrS

the violent one

seirchyawr, horse trapam-ru6\ 17 rseingyat antcpn.] am /eirch (ae) /eirch [semgyat :] soniet. 18 dyg- = dye/uawr, m.l., gloss on escawr HuSct. b. prose for, en (beis) peleidr eis en [dechreu, gloss on\ eit en cat. 19 hynt [am] oleu (trs. = ) goleu hynt [bu] G. (ym)hcleidrad. 20 [am antcpn.] nat amdirca dy amSiwad y gell. b. [ac] ystavell [yt :] z't(aw) vySei. (trs.) vyeii<5aw ystavell.
: :

16 [gwr reptn. :] pings, gloss on lluryg. am[y]ruS

= HeS. uede/ gor-we/ = gorweSyt.

ved(r)er, is

21 dyrllySei, m.l.
b.

yvYN
(trs.)
:

aer-gyn-g/ys

ve<5 melYN maglawr YNgwrys. cyn aer grys(syn) gan wawr.

:]

19

klyw-[er

e\\=]yn
:

b.

gwananhon
.

[e ar am Gwenn Vannon,
:

SercheS (adon).
hero of

Man Magnus

Bare-

bytve8(m.s.,noc.) byr (gam) ve<5. See Intro, xxxix. 2 Tarw [bedin .] trin = the constant epithet of Magnus Bareleg and of no other. Cp. B.B.C. 97*13. Tarw trin ap vidin blaut, Arbennic llu Hid ajichaut. The Bull of Bat'le aboard his ships stirs up tumult, The captain of the host (=HeS.) provoked his anger. byt orfwn bit /erfyn. 3 kyn kywesi dae[a]r b. [gododin bed :] (ar) orSineS. l 2 J 47
.
. . :

leg.

BOOK OF ANEIRJN
19-4 Bedin
5

= midin

elsewhere, m.L, read,

:

Mang.
;

UuyS a [wc] Haw lly(w)y6 a Haw. 6 gochwerw, rather bitter, quarrelsome go[ch]-verw, talkative, noisy we cannot read govetw, rather drunk,
.
.

rather
I

to excess,
b.

mudya

because ev aid yfei,' 16-21, b. muaer G. [ar y :] yr (Moa) [h]elw.

'
. . .

dehv, context sug., Aerw

mor

[a

chyn- a wr

:]

gya=morgwa

[ym] plymawyd, Great lord of Battle. 8 yn tryvrwyt, a movement to and fro, ? a ferry, cp. traetheu tryvrwyt the shores of the Ferry betweea Aber Gwyagregya aad
b.

[peleidyr go]

gymvyt
ir)

[g]o-glyssur

a glasur.
:

[Peumoa.
gw(o)r].

io ? read,
1

(cwy6ad

llawr (h)eaafie(i)d. [gwr

Dyff6[rth]es cat veirch [a chat] (ya) greulet (eu) seirch.

12

Mac=Mac = Maag.
bedia
b.
:

[diawf

:]

blaeawyfi cp. Fr. Magae, Lat. Magaus. wyr vidia, leads his marines, ]lyw. diaift(ir) [aergi ]a ordl .... aer-[ri
vlaea

13 [aa] gehvir [ay :] ya flaw (o) g. ff. b. ech-ada/, he did not spare, ech, *eks, e, ex. 14 no c, no sense.
?

Mya(yS)awg a orS(awd)
:]

[(ar)
lot]

e=ea [arcnor apuor b. (gaa) Vyaawg (ae gatrawd) [am 15 Rac EiSya [aryal mam, the high
b.

traeth] [hattor.

raaa, for his

spirited

kwyac. :]

one,

no

(y

ef [dodes

:]

godis

ya

dilis.

[catgua) aid atcor.

:

16

godes rac (armes) trya [tewfior no. c] tramor]. disgyaawys. no c, gloss on dygwySwys. 17 porthes [raawr bwys :] morbwys, or ? gorfiEwys. drawd, journey, expedition. b. o [osgorS m.L, no c]
[ef
b.
:

18 am5iff-[ry-

py=ay

:]ya araSiffwys.
etc.

19-I9-20-I Note

the manipulation of the negatives, proves the changes, wh. hide the fall of HeS.

The

c.

19 [O golkt :] Collat (y) vorgat [ay bu ae//awr :] aeu'r vu [raoryet :] morgat & Moryea, 1. 20. neth (m)awr b. [dyfforth-yw :] n\ florthei ai (chadwet) traeth [y eaaya :]

20 [ry] due (Moryea) = Magaus, as context shows. b. [peleidyr] seems to be a scribal expansion.

L(

na hawr.
)

21 />wys preiglya benn ^eriglawr, a jangle for gwys rfreiglya beri(glya) go(d)rigawr. cp. " Freach/irras order /oods /rora Ferraaay " =goods from Gerraaay. D. paper.
b.

[y]

as etr(y5) [peaa] (li)wedawr, peasar orvyS erc[hl]as antry ? we(ry)dawr, lands.

:
:

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
19-22 trin
b.

tryn <5ygwy<5, Trwch [=Hugh The Fat] (deryfi) [trach y l[avn]awr :] tra chyl(ch)awr. pan [or-z;yd or-/yd^] orflid [oe] gar (gollid) [ny] bu ffoawr
:

Car
201

gollid
:

= Gwallawg.
'

see n.

19-2.
'
'

an

Melyn o Silin [molet] meS melyn. melys being tautological. epithet of good honey, See Variant Versions, p. 104. 20*2-5, & 23-6-9.
dyrlly/"
'

is

the

a.

ers.
it.

This canto, apparently, refers to both the Norse & Saxon invadMisled by the interpolated 'Gweleis' / have misplaced
cp. 38-7

= 84.
:

Gr. ap.
is

b.

[Gwelejis y du-11
[a-]6erth

du

l(/)l

Cynan is = ys du

the
hil

[o

more likely author. benw benwo = ]

:

Benwow
c.

dir a Soyn.
goel-t>erth (vvy yn) gcrth [a].

am

goel

am

d. variants not easily explicable.

E.

J saw who was foremost over the tribe of Redegein. c. and m.f. [Gweleis reptn.] kenewin metath. for kenwin Redegein. ocd . ar dre/=r[o]ed a dre(i)/(yn)=ryd a dreisyn.
. .

F.

deu [oc eu] tre re red[-eu

[a]

G.

gwyr (Mon
:

eil)

ue=]wy tre(isyn). Nwython [ry-goW- vel go5:

:]

rygo(e)th-

essyn.
h.
1.

The Irish king Nectan, in

gwyr.

his time, protected

o
?

eir

[gweleis, reptn.]

gwyrdullyawr gaii awr ve/ /yllyawr

men Mon. gan wawr

the

\pf

dryllyawr (y) gan awr wyr [a Seuyn vel Soyn gloss on] K. gynhullyn. y gan wawr, with the dawn the time the war-shout So either reading suits the text. (awr) was raised.
l

&

M.

See Introduction,

xl., n.
:

32.
:

20-6 [M]at

vudic perversion Advydic ys gav[y]n[w]yn ys cevnyn [asgwrn = ? ys chw(y)rn, gloss for ar hyn, thereupon aduaon=advaon [ae :] eu llassar tebedfawc :]yn

MagVery great the host of the Brave one from over the water Suddenly King Magnus quitted the cp. nus, or as in am. t. country.' Bruts, 273-19. no c. ? read, Gwrawl [am] dyvr[w]ys
* '
'

dyvrys [gorvjawr
trw[ein],

ly(s i<5aw).

8 [gwryt vronn sense repetn. of

gwrawl

:]

gwry tvronn = gwyr

gorwan

(lu),

wenan arnaw.

9 [nu] rac (Siscyn)naw(S) against those who had made a descent i.e. the ravagers. [ri-allu = King's force, is a perversion, b. yngwyS gwaed a gwlad in the presence of kin and country, no c ? a (orSwy) a gorSrynaw. 10 carav [vy] vuSic (nav) a vu(5) anaw. lleithic [kyndi/ic aeron kenhlew aa=] ken/liu ap(uaw). gloss :] kynde/ic [kenA-aw lew
:

149

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
20

Paraphrased couplet. In early Welsh the Subjunctive has 1 1 no pluperfect tense, see B.B.C., p. 157, footnote. The poet being disgyn there he had only to at Caslell Aber LI. had no need to remain, but he fled to Ireland, see am. t. 12 carwn neu ch[ab]lwy/ partly reptn. and bungling :] (gwan)wn a chlwy/(wn) ar llain kyn bu y 1/as (llu) [oe las = ] o clas [mIIiii :] y fun, from the border country. Eng. Ujfin=Ubban, gen. of Ubba, king of Northumberland. 13 car[ass]wn [eil :] ar-glot (Mwng) [d yfforthes gloss on] gorug.
'

'

paraphrase without c. see am. t. 14 ef Context, b. absence of c. proves the corruption of final couplet. But ? read, history, p the bard's love of Ow. sug. as in am. t.
.

Nim

Nid (hawS im) adrawS wrhyd gorfiin, bei rac Mordrei wyr clodvawr trin.

'Tis not easy for me to tell of the bravery of the push, I had not before Mordrei far-famed warriors. nia& kei madcei mo(r)drei, -dya.w tva.w=va.v?r.
: : :

16 (ys) tru[an yw gennyf vy] gwedy lluSiaw GoSew, gloes angheu [trvvy a.ngk :] amgyfired.
17 [ac]
eil
:

(rh)ed

(gwys)
thru.

af

trwm

[tru-a[n]

gennyf trspn.

:]

gennyv a

&

[dy]

gwyfiaw

[an]

gwyr

(iSaw) [ny] p. o d.

18 ucheneit ac eilywet (f.c). A paraphrase for ? Dygn alaeth ac hiraeth vaged, [en ol] gwyr pybyr (oe) tymhyr dufied (cp. Magnus fell near Downpatrick in August, 1103, 9-13, 21 8). 19

Lloyd, 413-414. Magnus a gwgawn gwiawn are Welsh names. and his men were Norse. Text must therefore be corrupt. ? read as in am. I. gw\- golyget, was deemed.

Rhuvawn

20 [g]wy[r gjorsav
21

[gwr] yg caled
:

= wy

orsav ynghaled.
:]

ysdeupo
trs.

doSyw

(im) e-when[eit]
:

ephen, [wy

oe

[gwedy]

t.

22 paraphrase for a nev vo a5ev [aw

21-i
b.

Ef

ev=eu
c.

[ef] llaSei [val]

-

= di lydei.
2
b.
c.

&y = ] ae neuet. tres g. tra [gwyar no c. :] aches llynn. de[wr] [dul-l spelled backwards=~\ delud(e)i

sug., erlidei ar

ny t-echyn.

tavl (h)oyw [ac=] as(eth loyw) ysgeth [tavlet] (vr)wydrin.

3 t[e]yre5 (m.i.,for) tyrueS, commotion.

mynn[i*

:]er [y]
:

cynghor
?

(ner)

men

[na] leverit.

/yaws vei anwaws nid [e=]ewdewit i.e. HeS., who had been harsh was unattended, being lost. 4 no c. rac [ruthyr :] ffawd bwy(e)llaz^d [eu] a[chle<5yvawr :]
l-liavfs, reptn.

5 handit (y) gwelid [Uavar=]llawer

yn

Weit.

[llavn lliveid.

15

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
21'6 Porth loc8 = Porth hvyo' vyfiin, Porth twyfi Lun. oe written wy. The word is not PorthloeS.' b. rac-yrweS, a bifomi of racorweS, lies prone.
'

is

often

gwyn-e<5, wrath, from (Hu) vu wyihawc. 8 an sug., an gorvelau/ enyd xixwyffaut. They who had oppi us attacked us violently for a short while when the news was told. But the bard was not there, hence aw is suspect, see am. t. 21-io-i8 Henry I. invited Owein ap Cadwgan to combine Llywarch ap Trahaeam, and with the King's own son to attack Gr. ap Rhys, lord of Y sir ad Towi. B., 300-301.
7 gwn-e<5

= (so

GwyneS.

wr. app. bu-ant (has

to

distinguish)
:

-no

subject)

pryd-[er=y/=] yd pryd[er]-[a/, older -am =] ant. [fun antcpn.] ? read as in am. t. n ? ffun yn ox dec, ar[yal :]da\ Redec, ar hynt (h)wylaw. b. Read 3 s., for 1 pi. as in am. text., but the plpf. is suspect. ? read, [ku ka=] cam y carei, colle(d)ic ffaw. This refers to
10
b.
:

the rape of

Nest

at 8' 10.

see Bruts, 281.

Argoedwys, men of Argoed. Owein held Kaercinon, traean B., 292-10. Deufiwr, and Aber rhiw. 13 dad da(r)6od[es=]wys, [ar] luyfi P(o)wys ar //es=ar /es, or
12
:

ex lies rieu
b.

= Henry

I.

ar 8il[yv]yn = ar Silyn goet.

see B.

301-5-11.

14 dy-[liw
b.

he hinders, stops, yr, for the sake of, (or a, and) banquets. kyveS- wogant metath. for gowant covyant [ef an :] ae
:

= liu
:

lut

= lut = ]lu,

dy-8ug-[ac

a/=]ant dan adlo-rj/w=]ew.

Tal., n. 39-26.

see

6.285-10-15.

15 [ac]ar [gr]oen gwyn[n].

b.

Hist.

& rhyme
on

sug. ar

gwyn 0(we)in.
Brunus
mouth.

gosgroyw

gos[go-yz;

= gon; = ]gor5.
This
is the battle

16

Llwch gwynn

(dorret).

of Estrat

(An. Camb. Ao. 11 16).

b.

Llwch G.
:

is

the Cothi,

near

its

see Tal. n. 56-24, B., 302.

[gwynn
?

repln.] dwll

17 yspar,
b-

adj., speared,

? (try)doll [ar] ysgwyt [yor, repln.] molut myn[ut m]or, sug., molut [mut]

mynor, the [mute] praise of marble, gwneiv = 7 shall do gwneiff, he will do. The latter is a monosyllable, and still in constant use on the Teivi. 18 gw[g]ynei g. 2fs., = cereint gwynei hael (a gwySei). b. mynawg oe dut. cp. (oe) temyr 9.13, 20-19. Ow. ap Cad. is styled tywyssawc llu,' gwledig and ri,' king, in Bruts.
[g] gwneif.
;

'

'

'

'

19 e [gluto- glutw20 eidef ordeu oed

:
:

glutp. .

glutt-/an=] eglur rfan(n).

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
21-21 m. irregular, words deranged, en trin \\et-veg-\n eu vegev veigryn. llefiyn (yn)g'wyn [o]ban< They 'tart -frin lletin out suddenly 'i.e. they surprised and slew him in the Gwynn
:

'

hollow,

cp.

Llwch Gwyn,
(? gle<5)

1.

16.
i

22

kyn

glas ve<5 [a] glas

fu [eu

:]

rann

[od]

22i-i i =23-21 -24-IO,

these two versions, written almost consecutively, exemplify the careless way in which MSS. were copied, and recklessly altered, see p. 105.

The variants in

22i Dienhyt = DihenyS,

llanw- sug.
b.

llyr,

23-21. y bob llawr, paraphrase no c, and c, bob dyS. see am. t.

:

hual=> haual 23-21

hoewal,

'

whirls in eddies.'
.

Pughe.

hir (no rhyme) cas 2 twll[talreod backwards =]tyl\-fa(w)r gwedy brathu Howel,' ? casahet. ? read, g(w)as (vr)athet. cp. gwyMawc gwyc/iauc 23-22. di&reidyeit diffret, 23-22. B., 304.
. ' :
:

eil

g[w]elt[h]
'

:]

Geint, fosterlings
'

of Keint = Gioww,
'

Ririt,

and
'

Llywarch sows of Owein ap Edwin. B., 303-28. with of 24-1, cp. dialectal lw-eth = eilweith.
b.

With

eil-

gelwideint
(pi.)
:

a[e] seirch

gwelySeint, 24-1. trs. to a seirch (eu) cat veirch y (sing.) gatveirch, 24-1, (yu)g.

4 bedin ag kysgo(d)cat (r.b.

b.
c.

= bit

= )rac

en an (k)ysgo(d)- 24.2
cp. [b]it get 24-2

-get yt

[vyd]

^get = tynged.
:

= tiget.

voryon, (uoron 24-2) not a cpd. = mawrion, magnates. cochro llann gwychyrolyon, 24-2.
[3

ban ry goShet
6.
c.

+ h=th
.

//]
:]

ry gollet. yt
lafiei.

trwm

[en] trin a [llavyn

. .

llain 24-3

garw rybuS o gat

Howel was wounded and borne home

B. 304-14.

where he died on the fortieth day after his return.

6 cann calan a Sarmerthei gant can yg calan S., 24-4 ? a paraphrase for, (an) ant galan gant orugei.
b.

ab

antcpn. or paraphrase for Howel ef gwenit a dan vab ervei Ithel a or/ei i.e. orffei. Historically true, see Bruts, & Lloyd.
;

7 ef gwenit [a]

gan dwrch, a juggle for Wchdr(yt). The sons

'

of

assembled their men, B. 304-5. b. [vn] riein [a] mor[wyn] (Silein) a mynawg, i.e. The sea destroys the Countess of Perche, and William the Etheling a phan oeS, who was the son of a king, on his travels, = a chan oe5 mab brenhin t., 24-6. Hist, and c. sug., ac a oe o deyrn(eS) teithawg and all that there were of lords voyaging, cp. " And a great company of gentlemen and ladies perished," Y. P.
their

Owein with

Uncle Uchdryt

'

'

'

152

'

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
22-9 yng
|

kilyfi g.,

Gwyndyt [gwaed]glyt gwaredawc = ufi Gwyndyt [gwaet] 247 for KilyS Gwyndyd u waredawd = Owein whose
Uchtryt was a
'

brother
b.

blood colleague,'
llary hael ? a

'

gwacd

gilyS.'

paraphrase for Howcl vacuo cyn gro 8cl ar i ru, etvyn, ae cyrchyn ymachluS. Both parlies redeunte An. Cam. cp. Soeth dygyrchct 24-8. " etvyn ae cyrch yn SigythruS " would not meet retired so that the case, see B. pp. 303-304. ? read, 10 o glot a chet echiawc = y get ae glot echiawg 249. i ged, (gwych) glod (red) echiawg. 1 [neut] bed garthwys [hir o dir] Rywonyawc. orthir] Rywynauc 24-10. gorthyn [ [uot] P read, (a) thwrn (yn-)Garth(m)yn Rhyvoniawc, or a bed yn-hueS Gorthir = //(e upper part, R., or Hi., a gor/fwys (yng-hwys) R. or highland of R. = district around Garth Garmon, between wh. and Bettws y coed is Garthmyn, ? the home and burial place of [Ho. ap Ithel. 12 diwogat diwoa'at, that was destroyed = Howel. but a b. ban wreith = banvreith, highly striped, or spotted crwyn balaod.' sing. fern. adj. cannot qualify the masc. plurals, Balaod = wolves (wh. are not striped) belaod = brocks, badgers cathod = ca*s (then abounding wild). ? read, i. Peis Sivodad oeS vreith-vreith O grwyn bela pan (y)w (g)reith, ii. P. 8. o. vreith(deg) o grwyn bela ban greithed, Hi. see am. t. 13 [c]hwit [c]hwit. onomatopoeic (without the ch.), representing a sort of whistle-call to dogs. gochenyw go-ganei hwit hwit hwitogeith b. gochanaw gochenid h. h. wyth g(w)eith. dy dat ty =Howel, not his father, Ithel. The scr. is wrong 14 unless Howel's son (if he had one) was addressed, llory(f)=llorv. llory b. helya ? heilyaw. Giff, ?] i hely ae dwc. 15 ef [gelwi :] geilw i gwn [gogyhwc Gaff, Diwc=dog names. ? dhaly dhwc, dhaly dhwc b. dhaly dhaly dhwc dhwc The force of dh is uncertain in our MS. If dh = d in daly dwc, the dwc ma.y dut aut as xf borrowed from the Fr. tay aut our tally-ho.' But if d in dhwc is reptn. we get hwc hoo = ho, i.e. daly ho, daly ho. Daly is a monosyllable it is still used by itself to urge on dogs. 16 read, ef (gwanei) bysg yng [conve copwe=] Cowwy. b. ban ma/ [Had :] UeSi ll-ew Wywywc if spelled backwards = lliSell en Wyxicwy = Llugwy, a trib. of the ban lam Conwy. lliSell ffithell, young salmon. 17 Ban elei [dy dat ty :] Howel [e] vyny<5.

kyu golo gweryt ar ruS

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

153

BOOK OF ANEIRJN
22i8 penn
b.

iwrch, the head of a Luck, but penniwrch -the buck. 1 have treated penn throughout as an ad), [gwythwch antcpn. :] gavr, goat.
:

19 o venyd,
b.

from the mountain y gzreuwyS, the moors, rayadyr Dcrucnnyfi. Leland mentions " Llin Thervenid My inquiries hall a mile in length not far from Gerionith." it this lake have been fruitless. The Derwenyd of Celtic Folklore,' p. 34, is quite another, as pointed out by Mr. /:.
'

Phillimore.
b.

[o

:]

a gwythwch
:]

[a]

L/wyn LlwyvenyS.
21
ni [anghei

eing
:

[oil]

ll[e]wyn [a] llwyue-[m :]i(t) should follow Derwennyd. ni vo oradein.

It

i.e.

22

Ncum doSyw

23
2

neu-r fioeth [ang antcpn.] kyvwng o anghyvarch (Siscyn) ny[m] Saw [njyw [dy] vyS [a uo]. Ny mag-[wyt :]aw6 [yn] neuaS [a] vei 1. [noc efj.
?

[ac ar :] yn ryt [bewclwyt looks like bertclwyd, byryit, cast down, or briwit bruised, struck down.

bcpnwyt

[pennawr, chief = HeS.] oeS y(ar) varch (gweSig). pellynnic( = Hu) [e glot] pe[ll reptn]v/s=pews pwes=pwys, weighs down. gweryt which tywarch renders 4 golohi* [gweir Ai>' = gweirhit tautological here. cp. gweiryd 5-1. 5 derlly6[ei :]e" [veS] cyrn (teyrn) ffyrva[r]ch=HeC. 23-6-9. See notes 2O2-5. 23-10-14 An abbreviated and garbled second version of 14-2-7 q.v.
3
b.
: ' : '

literal translation of the printed text as it stands, (ignoring c. and " Gododin I grow pale on lacunae) runs somewhat as follows. thy account in the presence of a hundred in vigour (&) in great excitement at (aw) the paean of the son of Dwywei of fine manhood. Since he thrusted, amiable (is) the bulwark of battle. Now, (nu,) since the earth covered Aneirin I cannot see notes on (nyt) away with wailing for (am) Gododin." gorwynnaf, gno as ango, en 14-2-7. / read gomyn as goryn

Reprints, [as ett=yr, neutasnyt. 23-21 to 24-io. see notes on 22- 1-1 1, & Variant Versions, p. 105. 24-i 1-21. see notes on 11-9-19.

23-15-20. see notes on 13-4-9

&

24-12

tri

plyg = driphlyg, triplica. The scr. hesitates here 13 a/ guuc ar-Sug emorem ae guiau hem. between e-more & Moiien, between guialen or ganghen, arrow, and guaiu spear. Read (i.) as in am. t., or ('.) Morien <5wg vore ae ganghen. rhanc (me5) a [ure-uet :] reuved. [urag :] raug. b. hancai [denn :] Sen(ynt). a.t gwyr arwyr. see am. t.
plec

hue
:

fmetir=hoety/=hoedl barvawr

dreis(ei)

d[i]/i

= dn

154

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
24-14 a phrydcin (/. rhyme) i Bryden = Wales. argu (d) kelein (y) rhein ru<5[gu]en ru<5(en). [wenn. b. at gu 15 & 21 dehenec dyhewyl [guen extension] a6wy(d am) marf(w) 16 Am[gin-yaw gip gjti=] gr(e)inyaw(r), dry ryd law(r) i.e. Rhyd lawr am greinawr [dry reptn. :] dan lenn (tonn) [trym :]
:
:

tr an Swys. see am. t. 24-17-19 The words are in a bewildering disorder.

Context sug.

(Ku)emp arwr barvaur

welych)

goruch

(17) EiSyn (18) [a brcithellj (bcnn) (ni e firych (18) (na)e lut'uen (17) [as gell :] ase/A vreith (17) [yd] y [lav] lovlen (18) [ar] (Gwant) Gynt a GwySyl

[a

:]

^mHryden

(19).

cnyy/io cneivio, i.e. he who 19 cp. 11-17-19 a chynyAo shears the inane of a wolf without a stick in his hand, wonted is a brave act in his lent ! There is no alteration too absurd for the For scr. to make, if it hides the fate of the Deeside Borderers. cynyho 11-17 reads dalwy. ? read, (yn vlwng) cnivei Mwng gnawt g(w)nawt, was done VleiS(ig) [heb] b[r]enn [en]c o law. The literary gnawd, is obsolete, but gnawd as pf pass, of gwneugnawd e " that is how thur is constantly used. " Dyna fel
: : .

was done. Grammarians ignore this form, but here we seem Here read gwnaeth. to have dialect usage attested. 20 gwych-/aut [ = wawt 11-18: gwychjtawt] = gwychrawd, ? bravit

ery.
b.

e-ne-lenn

= y-ni-lenn

i.e.

yn

di-lenn, in the open.

pryt-[wyf :]wn [n]y bei varw (drwy) Voriew (1. 13). 22 see note on I.15. 25-1 Ary/, broken letter, = arv twryf twrv, belongs to I.
. . . :

3.

mew

mev

= meSweS

mawr
e
.

marw-weS
:

= marweS

maty(r)e<5=madre<5.
4 yst[y]ern gwer(i)n, e b. (o)e uoli volyn

am am
:

-gym
:

^ryn = drin.

= wy

ri [a] llu

[awr] (marini).
ga|t-e<5.

(h)yd

6 dy-go-\chwi = chui :]lh7/-awr = dygolhttor. [ch = ll, u = tt]. b. a pheith a pher ? ar barth GwyneS, or ii. a phorth a me<5. 7 Ar ufi uor(d)u(y)a (hyd) y-morva (y ar erch HeleS). seen. 13-0.
:

gwele(i)s, or hual-dre(i)s. gall

b.

ae

ar.

eiv-yon-

kyn-eiv-, biform of hen-ev-y<5.

:

rawc. eil. cp. eif (1. 19). 9 am ^al, about his head ae bar [hen bann] he|i[b reptn.]yan. 10 ed-, context sug., cy-wryse<5. Blei8 bla(w)6 oe5 [b reptn.]
:

8 Trybe5-[az#t, aut :]at raw2

pevyr(ant) Iwch luch. 11 GweledyS wyt = v/y8 = vryv, rwy? = rwy<5 rwyv.
1

Puoell

Rudell

LleiSiad-

b.
c.

Gwe/

Gwerydon,

the

men

of
:

Gweryd = Dee
/yw.

estuary.

cax[-uf] (g)wreifi

yyw=/yw

155

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
25i4
b.

carw* [d]yAc<5 canav y veS. [d]y varw (Hu) varan, appears, [mor] ynghyn-[horyf, no c]
:

mam

gwyr
15 y am [ga.t with pwll, ? twll
:

gvvyt (note rhyme). car, r.b. =] rac-bwll (see map)

: .
.

kyna/yt = kynz;(r)yt.

bran should rhyme The pwll j's landward

. .

o/Carreg Cynhadvan, now partly filled up with refuse lipped into There is no reference to fighting in this pool. it. 16 go(r)wySawc byt ? pyt, pit. ar lies ar/jf=an/es. cp. P. 16-2 1. 17 pe/war per parwar, silent,
. .

18 [petwar, repln. :] (pan) [mi :] i (g)wdet mi[le]dawr=midawr biform of midin, ships [byt :] (en) ryt. go-bedr[or et=]yt. 19 a llavyn eg waht a blw ed be\\t b. gwyll (dy)wallas e-gyrn yng-hyrn (hir)las me5 y |mei-6in. 20 o blith o barth. cp. 8-8, 33-5.
: : :
:

21
'

porth loed
b.
'

vyfiin, cp. 21 -6.

? read,

porth lueS [be]din.

Breeych dud vwlch, he will breach the land of Brynneich. vwlch is a verb when read so, but rhyme rejects it. ? read, Breneych dud (bost) (o) varan [res] tost, [benn bepi/ :] beret waed-[gw- reptn. :](l)in. 22 -f=v = w. cwry/ cwrw, twry/ Avru> /wrw. haw ha/-mn, kyvr- cyvieith, men of the 28-i -w = v = f 1. same language, i.e. natives. can-aw canai; /eith-[? reith] [fyw :]/yw. cp. 2-20. 2 kynan von ar vreint metath.for ar Von o vreint. b. (ra)c uS [vwlch antcpn.] kyv[w/ch :]lwch. Cyvlwch = 3 /-ut Keint, wh. borders on Tut Llwch. This is the region of the lagoons of the Dee estuary. b. gan a gloss for (Due) [ganSo] VynySawg. c. bu atveillyawc = ? adveilyawc, or adweillyawc, a biform of arwallawc. eu gwirodeu ? op gwin ar meS. ? bu aeth [er :] am wyr gatraeth. 4 hir-aeth [p r ? read, Oyr. 5,6 en i lavn[eu] dur ep-vefiem byr en h[a]ualeu. bur, ? pi. of 8 This line has no point, but is a mere truism. Gr. ap Kynan in exile compares himself to an apple plucked from its tree the apple cannot thus develop, see am. t. 9 Ni chynwyS rhiyS o 5y-wall After the Artro fight his fellow countrymen did not support him. ii. ni chymyd diwyd a dywall, b. ni byS doeth [ehov] yn noeth yn yscall. 10 m.s., ? read, i. Pob (dyn) ban rydyngir yt ball. ii. Ban (angel) ry dynger yd ball. Hi. Ban y gwir rydyngir yd ball. As carwn [y ef c-arei :] (ni)/ 11 misplaced, should follow line 15. arfei anreith (ae) gar ni by marw yn [dwyw dyww=dvw=]
:
:

di#-eith.

156

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
26-12 [nyt
b.

amfud=] neut am/u5 vu5

i

areith.

ni cheri(r) [gyf- anlcpn.] ovni(r) (an)ghyvieith.

:]

13 [e mis

efnys [ewwythw[a]s
:]

:]

en /wythus amw(yllt)yn.

14 en [a.def
6.

achcf [ta[g]5e/

ta\\vcf (a) gollit.

15

[arfe/ reptn :] ar tev = ar tew led vu[ost] lew [en rfyd :] epgyt Ru6[w]yt = RuSit [k. reptn. :] /msiadon. L( ' er gy r vid b. mein uchel, Hzg/j lord = Magnus medel, 3 s. /rs. Ind. of a
)
-

16 dyven,
'

verb medel-u as c. proves. dy wen, thy smile, blessing, but ? dyfcen ar [warchan no c, for] orSen afiei^on, an end of the could n't help it confession, (a genid gan wledig Penmon).
sug.,
'

26-i8-28-6 Gorchan Cynvelyn consists of three independent parts. Judging by internal evidence 26-18-27-12 belong to Taliesin. HeS. is the Boar who over-ran the country as far as Llandystream,' vrydog, before he encountered Magnus on the Menei avon (26-20). see Giraldus's Itinerary, cap. vn. Pei 18 The following seems to be the right order of the words mi brytwn gwarchan ganwn [pei mi reptn.] tardei gorchegin Gweilging in fwrch trych drwyt (am) torch trych trychethin. cp.
' :

a.

Pei mi
tarSei
:

penm = peryv
:

(cp.

36-12)

bryt-wn

[18-19

gan-wn
b.

-av

-av.
:

a darS gorch[e]rin
i.e.

gorthnn = gwrthrin

or ? gorSin.

19 Gweilging
b.
:

gweil-geing, a rod, placed horizontally shaped supports, see W. B. Mab., 395-10-15. trych truch= metath. for twrch drwyt (am) dorch.
(tra)
:

on

Y
en

20 trych

avon
21 noe
b.
c.

(Menei).
:

chethin. trych trwch twrch gyrch[essit] The straits are locally spoken of as avon
' '
'

'.

n(aw5) oe Geintyon Owei n and his men who were garrisoning the castle of Aber Lleinawg. tyllei gam gaffon yhyll garn i (w)a(ew)ffon. [carw-eu ri /arw tien=] tarw tn'n [wr :] y ar
?
:

22 uo-dog-yon
b.
c.

ua(r)-god-yon,

esgyrn

ysgyr(yo)n.

vyrr, 3 s. pres. Ind. of bwrw ? a gloss for vliv \iyrr=vlii], i/yrrvach ffyrivach (adon) HeC. (a gwych) v.
:

27-1 ty/-/ei
sug.,

tyr ra
i

gyr

rei

= hydrach,
b.
c.

gilvach some throng into hiding, but context gilvach, govurth [gzwryt-yach :) gw(y)r hyty(r)ach
i

the bolder

men.
to the

ryt gvrynn

e/zwypn ryt, he rushes

ford.

[Flintshire.

Eingylyawn = Einglion, the men of the RhuSlan end of [lla] [yawn reptn.] vriwyn [vriw reptn.] (ar d)ai Von), or arial Mon, the active of Man.
157

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
27 3
b.

(ner).

cann
reptn.

llvvgyr
/el
el.

6wg dyvel
:

(intensive of bel), ravager.

:

disgyn n yal a
[fel
:]
:

anfel.
:

4 5

dy

[a]

gewin

hoel geruin. [ac] eur ax

'

dewr ? dor, vel cwrr. heol. Aewin kernin. gib

:

[e]

llawr

o otot drein(wyS).

y wynn
b.
c.

asseth ', ? tusks,' but ? read, Gwynn-eS as gwelyn, foaming white they saw him. evryn.foam. The hidden were the dengyn,' villeins, cp.l.i.
asse<5 sug.
'
'

nielyn. There is a lacuna here. History and other parts of our text suggest as in am. text. 6 [e greu] ? a chreu oe g. The Boar was shedding the blood of
:
:

me<5

mygyr

Ei/ creu
b.
c.

eif gre(i)n

oe gylchyn.
?

[others rather than his

own.

rac cadeu

k. (m.l.)

[Kynvelyn reptn. :] :]ei adar ar fienyn 6[w]yar. misplaced. cra = /ra !orion ad[an]vordwy[t] haelon. y ^ra[d] io cyvred [kerd :] koed f,'wyllion (the witch elms of Lhvyvenyfl)
8 Go-borth-[yat
:

rac cadyp G., fronting the mighty K. Ys (y) gelyn, gas nar (a) wna, etc

ar
ii

weMtfn ^ ar wetlgi dirion, coast lands. [eny vwyfy dyd taw], scribal extension. b. gom gorwyniad gelyn, the great desire of
1
:

the

enemy.

*+*A

fresh
:

poem

begins here in other metres.

12 gochazem

13 gvvarchaH
b.

go(r)chan[w :] o gyr<5 keinmyn. cp. Tal. 55-8. gwarchaw(t), wardship. gorchan (no c.) gorch(en)yn kylch[wy antcpn.] wylad.
:

14

gwr
b.

gwyr wneS(yn) G. eu f^wlad, i.e. The Norsemen. dychi[ann]awr dewr dychi[an]ad Dewr (Mon lawr) Sychlawr Sych(il)iad.
:

15 eiSwri gaer [gl. antcpn.] weissyon claer cyveithrinat c.f.) ? read, y rhi gar deithi cyveithrinad.

(m.l.,

trs. into, dy [e]n rad kein ynys g[e]wrth rud uora[w]d for, dy-urys gein ynys gwrth ryw vorad the first rad is antcpn., the second app. = ryt, gloss on ryn. b. weS=(g)z'y8-veirch gloss on midin, [eithin yn :] yn euthyn neut [ynt :] (leith) [b/ewwyd :] breini&d. gorchenyn G. [ar ododin (no c.) :] ryveliad. 17 gwarchan (m.s.)

16

gwnaeth o dyn (aeth Sogn gymhwy//gym-[h//wy=]hriwy-at. 19 trs. into, (aes) dron (a)e waew(fion) [oreureit :] Uiveit am rodes an nodes = an nodes. 20 Etmygit e vvrth riv [tec gloss on] teleid. a[c] wrth rann a wvthrymyn vvyrt(h) colovn greid. Mab Tec vann & Catvan' are foundlings both, with no place in the text.
18 goruc (no
eit
:

c.)

gloss on

'

'

'

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
27-21-22 tros, over ar upon, buon(t) Seu(r) [en] <5y5 rheit. 22-28-6 A variant of 6-19-22. The confusion of persons is Assuming the canto to be the work of Llwchvar<5, it must great. have been written after Cynon had gone over to the men of Gwyned. 22 no c, trs. into, try wyr athrych[ant :]ir (yn rhych) [athriThe number 363 is pure fiction. The expedivgeint :] drigant.
:

tion consisted of 100.

see

Index

s.v.

cant.

28-i

?read, y vrcichyell gat (t)raeth(cll) y (cl)aethant. o orlawn (a.)wr [me8 menestri] 2 [yt] gryss[assa]yn uc[h] (6-20) festri, overflowing cups, Owein, Uchtryt, & HeC. b. Three whose names hist, gives llc(ith) cat y nant. [chat] reith a [a chad] 3 K(u)ynan The ground chad chat gat are characteristic stutterings. near the entrance to the fort forms a slight ravine, nant. 4 dychi'orant, ml., ? (Gynt gym)rant. b. Mab Coel. no c, the bard was not a Coeling. The point here captive.' ? read, ma/ ceit/2. is that he was a 5 m.l, ? read, [ev] niwed nid noSed (Ffrcinc) [e] gawsant
c.f.,

'

The wardship o/Cyn-vel-yn, 6 [kyrS]. Kyv kfy cwynovant. the war-leader ( Magnus) proved the undoing of the Saxon power. 7 This bit of prose illustrates the wooliness of the scribe's mind. It is doubtful if he had anything to copy for lines 9-14, but he wanted support for the corruptions introduced at the top of this page Hence the rubric to lend authority to the fraud. {see also 6-19). The following amended version is the best I can suggest.
:

y tervyna gwarchan (t) Kynvelyn. a dal pob canu (yn) odl(eu) y GorSin herwy<5 (Y mae) tri chanu a thriugeint a breint yng-herS amrysson. thrychant, a thai am bob un. Sev (yr) achaws yw am goffau yn y canuon rivedi y gwyr a aethant gatraeth. Ni <5yle bar<5 vyned i amrysson heb y cer<5(eu) hyn, (mwy) noc y dyle gwr vyned ymla<5 heb arveu. Yman weithon y dechreu gwarchan Waell (30-6) vael fierw. Taliessin ae cant, ac y rhoSet breint iSi, gymeint ac i (h)oll odleu y gorSin a-r teir gwarchan yng-herS amrysson. Here ends the wardship of Kynvelyn. A penny is paid for every canto in the odes to the Push, accord-

Yman

Un geinyawc

ing
the

to the rules

of competitive song.

There are three songs, three

score,

and a payment for every one, because cantos keep in memory the number of the men who went to and
three hundred,

Battle strand. A bard should not enter a competition without these odes any more than a man should go to battle without arms.

Here now begins the paean of the iron-tipped oak Dart. Taliesin sang it, privileges were granted to it equal to those of all the odes to the Push as well as the three paeans of the competition.

&

159

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
super-song,' paean, cpd. of gwor, vtl gwar and 28-7 gwarchan, can. cp. cae gwar ty, the field above the house. Magnus. b. kyn-vel-yn, war leader
'

c.

canu (misplaced) canto, canu&wc

reptn.

ceinyzwc.

8 awdl, an ode, i.e. a poem in varied metre. Read odleu. b. go<[o]8in gor<5in, the push, great battle of the Strand.

g kerS amrysson, competitive singing (in verse and minstrelsy). b. The cantos number 363.' As the two books stand there are only 132, including repetitions. But both parts lack their endings. If the scr. speaks correctly the greater number of the cantos are lost, which is highly improbable, see n. 27-22.
'

c.

11

gwarchaneu. The sentence begins with canu gwarchaneu should be canuon]. gorchaneu canuon. rivedi see 6-19, 27-22-28-1.
[or
'
:

'

therefore

15 read,

gwarchan Waell vael Serw.

not Tal. but the breint that
'

see

306*.

16 It
b.
c.

is

confers.' read, rofiet.

ifiaw (masc.) for i6i (fem.)=gwarchan. odleu. Odes, pi. o/awdl. In line 8 the GorSin is sung in one Awdl, but here there are odes, wh. internal evidence supports, to The scr. wit by Talhaearn, LlwchvarS, and Gr. ap Kynan. Note forgets his perversions, and the truth slips out occasionally. that the scr. confuses canu, gwarchan and awdl, as well as canuon, gwarchaneu, and odleu.

17 oil qualifies odleu, as I understand the 18 Dolei; dep (r)y-dyr

text.

gaer y[m] di-hun those awake (gyrch) am galch [am reptnJ] claer. cp. doleu trin 23-20. 19 adoet adwy-aer, trsd. =aer adwy.
:

am

20 kys-gut
b.

[ar reptn.

kys(twy, gwely as edy yn es)gut. line missing, a vedit a vegid. :] ae wryt ... a uebir
: : . . .

21 odef-[yn :]wys yas

wryt

wryt.

22 dy-gwg-[ei]
b.

29-i
b.

The scr. seems to HuSei onw[l]yS (yn) elvyS (yr) elvyS huSei onwyS. gwr a ret (di) gwaret [pan] d^c[h] d(r)ic (yng-)[elwit,
: : :

[dyg\v(y)8 e[nj arv. hesitate between dy(s)gog and

reptn.

#rym, Old
:

Ir.

wely8 = ] weryd, sea. crum, cruim prym = pryf, a worm.

:

2 dyAr
b.

dycp
.

dygw ymSwyn.
:

kyveil-[i
.

iu=]i nar
.

emmel=ymhel,
. .

3 [dywal] 4 uo/
:

Tervyn
.

e/>yv [et reptn.] ] Lat. impellere. read backwards. torres ter teithiawl.
[ei/iw

vnvyn

vorawt

y vrascawt

am

vras yawd.

160

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
29-5 mo>'(dwy)aw5 Ryn [ry, reptn.] mid-hin uud-hiti [ryme-, [<ra :] dy-lys [sei] dre(i)sh(yn) reptn.]non won. dyffyllei Mannan. cp. Cat-Vannan. ii. ? tramonion. car Manon dk\ aemon. b. disgleir [yawr ac antcpn.]
:
:

gawr en-a wel(it). ad[a]wa[v]n = adwan. Treng[syd]

kyveill
b.

yar

leithig)

orthor reith tt[h] a thetnc.

.
.
. :

(ni)dre(i)ng a gwyfi[e/ cp. 2-20.

]t.

dheli Seli(t). 9 [e] goscorS, mawr mur(nid) 10 trs. into na chyngor na chil gyng[w]yd this line lacks male. ? read, (ymreichell dim ni ellid).
:

its

11

b.

eneit ? teien cae\\, fort. talach talcAa(tt)or

:
:

wuSyt
]

fuSit

/uSit.

= el [g]or E. = el Eifiyn, or racSor. Rhyn ragor. b. Kynon Keint vur, [re = 13 gossodes [ef] gledy[f=v = u = = ]r=gledyr arglawS (hy
12 (BleiS) [ef-gor reptn.]
fi

vedr
[an]

buSic e ren Teen bufiic rac) monvyr naw5 vle(i)<5ic y [gynn- :] arf-wythic. 15 [dwu-]yn di-wyn veis [ky]chwec[h] ny gwy(es)
(die)
:

[e]ny

16 [kyc] h[w]erw [ky] (ni Symch)weles, [en

1

chwenyches [kychwenychwy, mad reptn.]: eu=]ev lli [wel- :]lewes. (Arwyr ymwan).
:]

[a]
b.

lenwis mir
:

godera/[es]

mii/an [mir reptn. godorun. godotui

:

mor-eb ed

lcs.

idw- read backwards =dwire i = 8wyre i wave. yn[gor-^yn< = wynn:]pynw gwyr gorwynn[af] ry ann(og)et. ? yn rkulhreu yn [rhwy67i = rhwy//j :]rhwy//eu. 19 yn llwrw b. trs. into (a) veSwyd [collwyd reptn. :] cyminwyd in enwyt. 20 run eun G., (gan) r6n gloss for riheS ry dynuit. 21 Gorthew (bor) [am djychwil (ffor)<5 i chwelid The following is the true order of the words after am rwyS (22)
18
te-i

b.

mwy

galwant no

ysteflit

[am ry

(21) {no. c.) : (ev) alwy op (erlid). in elvyS. (22) :]y ar orwyS (21) melwit, 22

[Ys tofflit reptn. for] blivid [llib(ed)=lliv(ed), 22 a difficult line. ?read, llain llym gloss on] llym llain blin blaen-[blen blen]wy6\ (a) blin vlaenwyS vlivid, or as in am. t.
SO-i trybe8[aut]
stutterings]

y w-ledic ev \edit drybeS rwng [drem dremrud, [drem r.b. =] mer(y) marsh, plashes, matweed.' O.P. 2 ny welet y o5eu dhogyn ryd, ny welet y oSeu dhog yn /yd But for one letter the two lines are word for word the same. GoSeu dhogyw is a noun wh., (if a true reading), means Scrobesburig. [r]yd may = 8ygyvyd. c. & context sug., i. Cigleu (u) GoSeu
: '

'*. Cigleu (ban) Sygyvyd y go(r)5eu Hi. Clywed i o<5eg iv. Gwelcd y go<5eri, seen was his distress, but fyd = mud, mute, which implies hearing rather than seeing.
;

'

'

c 161

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
80- 3
b.
.(

[ny] wel[et] y

odew

Gweh

mor

[er

:]

var a dig

fiar (ae)

y qo<5iv a 5wg yn vud. di-gar (b)yd

kyn (y)t [-af] digoni/ (oe5) welw gynwythic, or can wyth (d)ic [mth hot anger. kynn lleithig (oeS) llwyr [dclw :] welw kyn y olo (oe5) gojiuS (S)elw taf ta/ 6 gwr gorvawr [y :]o wael/ vael Serw, iron-tipped dart of oak.
;

diarvad (vore) y erry rery re/y(w) [par] rymyn(nyn) wlad [rymyn reptn.] rymd(w)yre. nit. 8 8isgynn[yawd] ulaw5 [gywre :] gynwire, nac g ry ryn gre cp. man-gre. see Bruts 284-14. 10 go5iwe(ss)yd [goftwes :] gormes odiwewd ediwent dewetnt u
b. trs.

dij'ryfad
.

ar5elw(y)

vevl veint gw(a)re. Da (i Von) 30-12-15 is a variant version of 13-19-14-1 q.v. [duyot :] doeth adon [wy = vy] (aeth) ad[on reptn. ue = ]wen. This adon ( = Magnus) is the subject of the verbs so absurdly put in the 2nd person singular, see nn. 1319-22. There is no c, 14 ys gwn dref dy beuu>e/ ? beuwe/ i.e. peues. and m. there is none. The am. t. contains the best sug. I can make The poet (G. ap K.), speaks the truth in I. 14. of this scr. medley.
:

= gurod gorot goror. 20 Trycan, trychan, TrycaJ = trychauc eurdorcha^c a gyrchassant w h. c. sug. (20) a gryssyassant who rushed b. [en ue = ]wy amwyn [breithell, no c, nor sense] ? y Rliyn 17 kyt (nat) ry-laS(at) wy laSasant. [y Rhyd yn bu [e]dry\vant. 18 a hyt [orffen no c, gloss on] diweS byt [etmyc :]myce8. b. [ac] or [sawl :] amhad aetham o [gyt no c, :] vaeth garant.
15 od gur trsd.
16, 21, 22,
:
:
: :

The Franco-Saxon forces consisted of many races, including the see n. 33-7. native dengyn forced to fight with them, 19 [tru] namyn [un gwr no c. :] y dengyn nid eng/iyssant. 20 gw gwp :] gw/e5gar [guacw :] guawcawc. [HeS. 21 kywwn kynliu = kynlyw, a gloss on dragon, [kyu reptn.] = 22 go dru5 truS -og spurred on, (Lat. trudere) a grysswys ganthuS ganthuS gryssant. 31-i[trychwn reptn. :] (Ar sawl) athrychawr ni Sychwelant.
'

'

[tru nid atcorsant, scr.

2

Dywal ygcat

(no c, a paraphrase
:

gwnehei (no c.) dy6 gwyth nid ef weith, (a paraphrase) 8yd lleith y cochweith ni ochel(e)i 4 baran (a gloss) dig i.e. BaeS dig oe5 BleiSic [mab no c] :(i leid) el(e)i. Ep Eng-(wleS) gwin (a me<5) [gwydyr] yv[assid] (o) 1. 11.
2 as

paraphrase without c] [gyni(vei). yng-hyuvtng (Hu) :) ys blwng gyhoeSei, he would not proclaim peace.
:

3 [yn]

162

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
31-5 [ac en] 5y<5

camhawn [camp
HeS.
fell

is

a perversion,
the hero.

gam

(vri).

and
:

got the
?

a wneei :] wnai wrong kind of fame.

cp.

6 ar [aru-ul

amuf

canw
1-4.

cau\\,

meinvuan
They
are

llwyd 13-16,

31-7-11 These lines belong to the same ode as 7-6-9. partly the same, and partly supplementary.
7

(Vore dwyre), bwys vlaen rhyd-re,

ffer[ei]
[di-]e.

y gadeu.

bryt-am

gor[l]ew==prydav orew

double neg.

9 e-chwith latw (5)y-or-wyku'. ef gwneei = goruc 7-8.

prostrate; gwySw = gwe<5w, widowed. angheu. Breint mab BleiSgi = Greit uab hoewgir 7-9. This variant shows the utter lack of scruple in the scribe. It is not so much that he can't copy correctly as that he wont. Breint mab BleiSgi is a pure myth, see am. t. 12 kein. ? read, kn, or mein, lord. Paleographically we must 10 llydw
b.

= lle<5w,
oe(t)

kynn

read, kein
b.

= kap.

cp.

Car Mannan.
of Schrobes-scire
i.e.

Guodeo
e celyo
:

GoSeu,
yngelew

the

scrub portions

Shropshire, see Tal., xiv.,

c.

&
:

n. 22.

ery

cry

tryveput.

13 [o hanav, expansion] ar(tud) a ffyscut as [ei reptn.] ry-angut. b. pan esgyn[nei baub ti disgyn, no c, :] (y gclyn rac wnel)hut 14 c(l)euei=clywei gwin(t)
It

gwaed meirw (gy)meint

meirw)
:

[a]
c.

wanut

would appear

that r (as in

is

mute in

15 teir blyneS a [phedeir] tu[t]e [en

* * Gr. m

e\\]

vawr-yc-u[ae].

ap K. returned to Mon in 1099. Probably some NorseIrish friends had interested Magnus in the lot of Gr. whose island home he befriended for " three (to) four years." But ? read, 'pym,' five, 1098-1103. b. as(tut) cymmyr hut cyminut (cyn) [ath :] (ti) vo5ut.
:

17 (no c.) [pressent, expansion] kyvadrauS gloss on Traethad (dy reithad) [oed] (vy) brei/h-[yaul au(t)yl :]awdl glut.
:

31-i8-32-i This canto bears the signature of Griffith ap Kynan. see Introd., xlii., & n. 36. cp. n. 13-2. [Trahaearn
31-18
b.

Pan

[gyrcheis
:

f.c.

:]

grysseis

yg ky wlat

(yn) yng-wlat yng-hlod

(Von rhac treis trahaawg) = oe5 hanvoiawg.

19 the order of the words = ei ro<5ei(s) [ef dil- :] derllySei(s o) drull [gwr eur expansion] iorchawg win (a meS) [gloyw glan f.c, :] achlan (d)i-wychiawc. roSeis is tautological with derllySeis ? read ceveis.

163

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
31-20 can wr, a ioo men. no. c, & hist, inaccurate. The number wh. Gr. ap Cynan obtained from Robert of RhuSlan was 60 (LI. 380). Cp. Tristan's mission to Ireland to fetch Iseult when he was given 60 men,' with others of noble rank. / can only sug., can catt = cor, a band, corps & wr r.b. =rw(y), excess, extra, that can be spared. 21 anvonavc eissyllut alltut marchauc, no c, a paraphrase. 22 [vn, only] maban i Gywan [o dra oannauc :] edryvannawg.
'
:

The B.B.C. also uses maban with the sense of of royal blood, see Tal., xxvi-vii. -on is a
ending, and
'

mab-on=a scion common plural

'

its use in sing., in words like mab-on, gwr-on, teyrnon seems to be a plural of excellence like the Royal We.' As far as c. is concerned Mabow i Gynan is supported by other examples like gwlat and clot. b. ny yn sathraur [gododin no c, m. impossible, and a deliberate forgery] ar g-laur arc=Ar*(ro) lawr. 82-i neb ffossawd vei lymach no(-m gavlach) ban flifaut. note disorder of words in text. no = nom, llif flif-aut. 32 2 37 8i2i3 should be compared they correct one another. deor=dewr, sarff=saif, anysgoc i3 = anysgoget 3. 4 cyMKt-v = cymw-j/ = cymmwy yn rhwy. 4-6 See Notes on 37- 10,0.-1 2 where the text is less corrupt. see I. 9 infra, and am. t. & nn. 16-10-11 5 a line wanting,
'
: : :
, -

b. 5, 6, 8-1 1. see Notes 36-10-12. 32-6 kyuyeith kiwet /. 10 infra. 8-1 1 Another variant version (p. 106), the only one with 4 //. 9 gverit=guereit at 37-11, bogus forms for gwaret as context and rhyme make clear. That gverit does not mean gweithret, the next line attests.

10

Meryn=merin i6-u/o>'Mori(e)n. Madyeith=Madyein

11.

i6-ii-

12 follows bySin,
b.
:

8,

80-11 are misplaced.

guol[o]uy (Hu as) gwelwy Aches (Selwy). duuyr dumy = ducwy dilin is the usual spelling in old poetry. 13 (Hu a saethir) lledruS llt'wir, (y) a(r) varch [a] cwy(5i)r (y)
c.
: .

rac [gododin
14 re
:
:

cw = ren ew = rhyn ev g. kywwy kywwy-rein. 15 bar barf/j kemre kymmer tot *-arth torr arth. 16 rearranged, wode/ s ^an cwyt ny [ystywg read backward =] guysty(l)ei i.e. Godeu (wy)s 6an gwyS(wys) nwy gwystlei. b. wyn-eo cpd. of gwyn & fee=den=dyn [car :] ca/ed. 17 [e]ry[th]=ryvaccei i.e. rac neb dyn caled gwyn ry-vaccei. b. (Rac) diryeito(eS) eirchfeit am) veirch (mei) [yg kyndor aur]
: :

:]

gorSin.

164

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
32- 18

gwryavr hein wacwawr, f.c. and m. paraphrase for Gynt heyn eis kelyn (ae) creuSeu. 19 rearranged = pan wanet yng-AyM(ret) [ef gwanei, gloss for) Mang hyrSei, iv eill(t) newt oe<5 /eyweillt a mevyl [yt :] ny(wj dyecci. Kyu- is doubly used in kyu(ied) and Ayu-eillt, hence

the misplacement.

20 pan dy-d-uc = pan 8yd dut [k]yiu = ym ran. The punctum cancels the long half of h, leaving i. 32-22 33-1-3 See Notes on the fuller version at 8-2-7. tutleo = tuS lew [t]uS tew = car tew 8-2 = HeC. 33-2-3 deranged, trsd. = rwy yar vein llavi erch mygedorth ur ysgeinnyci y onn o bedry holl i.e. rhwy(v) yar vein(c) a fiiv erch [mygedorth :] vollt, [ur uc=] ac ysgein onn bedryollt. /lavj a fljv=a vhv. 4 f.c., trsd. = Ar [dwyn :] dwm [ef] eiSun(wn) aSev [gwa :] a gwlad [gwae ni] trsd. = gsdai rac (escar) ac a.g., see am. t.

and m.f., no rhyme, Ban [Soethon gloss on] Von drci<5 deon DineiSin barth, paraphrase for] EiSyn ystrat. Din EiSyn see Tal. xviii. is the fort at Aldford. 6 de od(ia)ethol wyf [pob doeth expansion] (aeth Siffwys y) wlad. " When the people heard (of the flight of Gr. and Cadwgan in 1098 they turned and fled, concealing themselves by hiding in
5
c.

[o

swamps, brackenhursts, steep places, wilderness from fear of the Gwerydon i.e. men of the Dee Buchedd Gr. 144-18-23. The ISewon of the Buched is a scr. disguise, [id-ew- (r.>.)=]we(r)idon = Gwerydon, the men of Dee Estuary. Arthur Jones's note thereon is hopeless, (p. 178). // the fight was with Lloegr how could it lake place 7 a Lloegr. at Dunedin in the sixth century ? c. sug., Yng-HYwrysseS (Hu)
caves,
('

alder
')

diffwys Estuary.

'

'

:] (ceith dug) o beithynat. After entering Anglesey in 1098, Hugh of' EiSyn barth' ravaged the country, took prisoners, and marshalled them to fight on his side)

liieS

amhad, naw wgein [am bob un

8 trsd.

ardewyl = ArSel [-ym=ynt] veirch serig-seirch [dd-lat

def(ic gw)lat, the country's prince.

:]

9 ardwy [ei w]ae[t] nerth(wy) yn gerth ir gat. 10 O- GosgorS no c, gloss on Gwyr arvawg MynySawg ban (vySant) [e] am drull, gloew y dull, yd gy[n \\ = r :]2vaethant. 11 o-r ancwyn (yn asswyn) [MynySawg reptn.] cryssasant (10)
: :

12 handit, trist [lawn]

b.

vy mryt

(rhac y rhyd ant).

:

om [gwir no c] (hoff) garant. 13 [o drychan eur dorchawg a gryssyws gatraeth] expansion by the scr. and repeated from 30-20-22. 14 [tru] namyn [vn gwr, no c, :] (y dengyn) nyt enghyssant.
e(meis)

rhwy

[ry] golleis [y]

165

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
83 15 [GosgorS gloss on] Carant godoSant y-ar [raim rawn :] (5y)/ann Rliyn (Yng wy5)veirch eil [iw] clcirch [a scirch gwchin :]
:

16 [ac]

? yd elhyn. yng [kynn] or 11 j/ (dymhor)

lliwed fiwgyn.

= vrac] = wraged (twyn) a with dif: dwgyn. In Eidin & MynySawg we have scr. perversion. MynySawg was already dead and Cynon (i.e. Owein) was pennawr. 18 ? read O gussyl (pennawr) drossei ysgwydawr (a) gwyfiei lavnawr ar gronn gaer Rhyn. The plpf. is suspect and makes the line too long, grann-attr-g-usin gronn ayr[win fin = ]rhyn. 33-19 ce^i ceir=ceip cein. gwyl-[a.]-es (both syllables do double
17 [en] a

mwyn

[ca//-eS
:

llac

i rac

me5

eifiyn, cp.

lit*

llif,

duty)
(i)

gwy/

Gonwy

hwyl-es,
"

gwyf & (h)wy/. trsd. = cein wys [dis] esgyn-es Gwarth (neb) ni phorthes [san], (g)wei(th)

ni thechyn.

Hu

yarll ar ffreink ereill ... a

Sugant ganthunt

y Gwyndut ar eiSunt oil hyt yn kantref Ros. Earl Hugh (Lupus) and the other Franks took with them the men of Gwyned, and all that was theirs to the hundred of Rhos (i.e. across the river Conwy)
Bu. Gr.,
21
148,
11.

4-6.
:

Neut eryueis y (no c, paraphrase) ? (yng.wleS) yvem vefi. 22 yn vm gwar(thr)ed. [gwaret pan laSei perverts the history completely] pan la8ha(wr vu yscawl) [ac gan lavnawr]. 34-i [yn :] ni(w) ysgoget yn [d]aer men y[t welet :] daeret 2 [en emwaret perverted expansion] atwythic ban golled. M/ywawg escyn raud, (awn yn) Elved. 3 trs. scyn-daut madauc [h]oed[yl]. 4 dei del [y] (dir) cyuarchant crymant Eurgeinnyon, older Eurgeintion, the men of Eur5 Eur ceinyo
: . . . :
:

geint,
b. trs.

i.e.

Northop parish

etc.,

Flintshire,

:] vreich Brithion, the opposition of C. tested the power of the Picts. 34-6-IO see Notes 4-8 and Variant versions, pp. 102-103.

and

read, arurfhiat

Cynon bro(v)wys [meirch

34-n-i5 = ll-i9-12-2 see Variant versions, p. a. ur scr. er. Gwr [a]r z>ur vruc = vry<; (o).
:
:

106.

b.
c.

krys g[r]wyd[y]at.

see a.
:

da

[ir

antcpn.] carei [a hair

hairwa]

= aerva

[air,

reptn.]

a hopeless tangle of corrupt readings. e. (ar neb) un [ffaxa :] Seis sesia/at=a(r)leissyat f.

d.
g.

ryovudwyd

ada/, but

?a rg-ovudwy t = a voSwyt [rgu

rhyme or
sense.

rug gur=] rwng gu(y)c adad.

h. another hopeless line without
1.

pell read
still

backwards = llep = lled, broader = Hugh the Fat.

k.

another hopeless line.

166

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
:..

a line missing.
/ui

? read, (or

Khyd
n
:]

M. [a vo
o.
p.
:

byw o = a vo
i

mwy

o,

byw.
:]

cv acth wcrydrein). N, neus nis, m.

:

fu

[o

dam

reptn.]

[Inn.

fun.

Q.

s.

am] luch (vun) lyvanad. see o. ncus (r) adroS [a uo byw] yn dy<5 pleimteit. App. the scr. had preinieint in mind, on the day they are feasting. Read, plygat & note rhyme. na bci [cin] haval Gin(t) [elweit=: :] cilwat.
llwy [od

[nys

:]

k., t.

correct by Q.
:

&
'

s.

16

Dim
b.

(en) di(c)iin

= Yn

fluous
[o]
:

ci-'

<5ygyn y-nygn. in the line before,

Note

the super-

17 hue
b.

a daw (c.6.)=am diua. uei [nimu[n] :] hu/ hu<5. sd/inet ysdi)u'et = ysdyriet.
:

jit>w = rhwyv.

trsd.
:

= llu mawr
eil

ev laSawfi.
the
:

18

map

Nwython = Nectan,
:

\the island of

Mon.

Irish

King who

protected

19 deyrwet (no c), tyrants, princes o dir iie(g)et. gu gymhwy\lel. b. grimbuiller

20 gue//
21

guop prit
/eith.
:

ei/th
b.

ca//-on

drut = gor-8rud. //ac-on y^acon

: :

dragon

ehel:

e dalaeth

[gur

gor]

luit

I(y)wy.

22 einim ? cin(i)M cyn-vin, the coast, teiji tei/in, enveloping. b. teiwim

:

35-1
6.
2
_}

(Lluryg) ni wisgwys
imil reptn.
:

uliu

ymyl (Rhi gyrchwys). vliv (see end of next line) (Llafi)

:]

lvvyt (a) h.

[i]

gwaew

ac [yscuit

aseth vliv.
:

i,b.

no [neim r.b.=] Mein ab eil N. cp. 34-i6-i8. (ni weled y-Mon), tub gle8 na chyllell. 4 [iodeo] Here the scribe manufactures evidence to support a passage in the Additamenta of the Nennian MS. 64. " Nunc in expeditione usque ad urbem qui facta est strages Gai campi vocatus Iudeu." Now, c. decisively rejects iodeo, and so do context and history. Read, (Y-nhrin) tra merin trylew ing gahant. The merin is that of Mordrei.
.

trig gwaeS Ffranc, the shouting of the' Frank, b. tri-g-uaid impetuous leader, ceases. Why ? (Ev saethwyd ac aseth loew) [bu ] gan bop a oreu var(n) Duw. He was shot with a gleaming dart by a lord who executed the judgment of God. The third line gave away the iodeo fraud hence its omission. ffrawdus lyvv. [bu]bo*z bop=bor. 5 frai
:
:

6 [Gnaut

gnaut

gnaut

gnaut

=]

Guam

(hero

i.e.

Magnus) y

[ar] fis(c)iolin

amdifiyn(ei) (rac) gorSin.

167

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
86-7

im

[blain] /rin

i-nutin

in his ships, cp.

Tarw trm

ar vidin

blaut B.B.C. 97-13. i llwrw (fiaeth) A lan(w) buan br(a)thei. 8 rac (? vu) Sewr deulu ev fiiscynhei.

9 mab(lan) golystan cyn

b.

[nei

ni bei

:]

escynnei.

i!/a=]ma wledic, king of the field (of battle). endewit a [lauarei no c, gloss on] fiywedei. Rearranged the letters = 10 scuitaur trei is manifest nonsense.
guledic
[itat
:

isct

[uawr] = ise'

iseldrei.

Read,

MynySawc

arles-fwawr :]ha\v/
t.

M.'s body was recovered at low ebb. 11 />Gwa(e)wru Eifiyn uS rhac (Rhyn) vr(i)wei, or as in am.
isel drei.

3512-20, 17-13-19.
A.
ueiri,

see

Variant versions,
?

p. 104. ni
'

if

pi.

of

maer = stewards.

mei/in or
'

(g)uerin

Gwerin alias phorthyn followed by [trin :] din orthorret (c.) dengyn are the natives HeS. forced into his service, see n. 33-7. mo-lut w-uet m lut mo-wet=m \ud mop[ed :]eb. no c, ? read, dengyn. ivy ni. see a. B. meiwyr, soldiers, c. trin no c, for ? rhuthr rb.ia\\\i = King (Magnus's) force. D. wanting at 17-13. fdrui cinneuet. e. & f. (c.f. in both) ? read, baran, tebig tan, deryS ar led, [for G. & H. Diw Mawrth (wy yn rawth) wisg[assant :]yn duSet. Omit cein, fine, & gwrym, dun. eu cit uwet ev triu(e)t>et. I. guero chwerw
:
:

k. perideint (no

changes
n.
'

to

Rearranged, the letters spell dirperent, wh. c. darperynt [eu] galch doet they got ready their enamc.)

M. Thursday their devastation was unquestionable.

' :

\elled

mail.

but no c. ? ca/[a]net carnet(er) they counted the dead carneSer [a ciu]ry.(ve5)wet. ? amd(r)iget, lying dead all about, no c. o. amdyget
:

didrwm [eu] cit [gueith]ret cltr(ig)et=cyw-driged divwrn, without slaughter etc. as in p. [pristine inhabitants. R. laueneu = llavneu, blades, f.c. for arveu dur, steel mail, rud read backward dur, wh. rhymes with sul. s. [eu] llavneu rud. amend as in R. am-fdyc^dyrret. T. & u. clun, meadow, confused with glin, tibia; peng\in = knee. gwaedlwn influenced by clwn. The gwaedlm, flowing blood, should immediately follow the slaughter of Wednesday. ? read Diw Llun hyd lawr clun, gwarthal weled, i.e. The survivors are seen going over the field of battle, picking up many things, and What a finished picture of a then selling or exchanging them. completed action this line gives. v. & w. nys news adrawS, no c. for adroSyn [gododin :] am orSin [gwedy :] am IuSed [hir]
p.

didwrww

q.

168

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
y. [rac pebyll madawc no c, perversion for ?] am ffawd Mynyfiawc ban [atcorhet no c, gloss on] fiymchwelcd. z. no c. and no companion line. 35-2I-36-2 In order to hide the fate of HeS. the text has been perverted and omissions made. Line 21 is app. a copy of ii-i. x.

&

// disgyn- is original ? read, (Os) trwm disgynnzt> (ys) dwyre(a)v, // my fall was heavy I shall rise, see next note. 22 e cel-eo sug. en-cil-io ne cel(av). -fit (o) fie. C. and hist, sug., (Mwy, or treis) encili(eis, ni) gel-av, o sig cyndevig y ryt mi gav. b. cyntc&ic cyndet/ic the former prince, or prince leader of Castell Abcr Ll. HeS., the kyndilic of 17-9, 2010. c. The order of the words app. should be, guannannon guic med guirth guryt muiham ac hauc guich fodiauc ... in
:

=
.

'

ham
(

eithin in uolcit

ma^-u bod a(am

i.e.

Guen Vannon

gui/

ve<5(won o wlad nav) =HeS., who feasted his followers. 36-i (a deil) Gweryd (eil), Gwrhyt mwyhav i.e. Magnus captures Gweryd's deputy Cynon. cp. adlyw gogyvurS gymrat. 37-4. b. The gwych ffodawc Hugh the Fat, e. of Chester who fled in summer, wh. was the height of disgrace. 2 eithin in ... ? read, i. e5yw y-moR(dwy) madw boR arav, ii. elei yn wyleiS madw vleiS arav. ma bo^-w madw bor. 3 cew-nin may be for tepuyn, boundary, border [gloss on EiSyn]. But ? [cen- r.b. = nec jwer-nin i.e. gwernyn, alder swamp.

= gwyS)

The swamp
b.

is

there

still,

(yn ol gwleS) [g]win [weith a] meSw[eith] oefiyn 4 o ancwyn (no c, tautological rac ffawd MynySawg ant (yn) huim = c/jwim m.l., gloss on puth-rm. 5 o goll gur, no c, gloss on o <5wyn gw(a)r [guneS, lords] Rhyn.
:

mal taran nev tar(aw)hei yscwydawr (a paraphrase to disguise the truth) mal taran (Gynt ae) tar(vyn). 6 rhac rhynnawd (pawb) eithin-m r>i = ry edyn. fy-mei5iw. arwy/eint [ymeiti^ = ? meircSyS an er. for 12] 7 aruireitfh, b. ban cr(y)s [cin[e]rein belongs to 1. 12, b.] (Morien) ymidin. 8 [o] douis 5ovi<2 ni dowys [ynyfin :] Sy-vin.
b.
;
:

9 g c/wanauc i diuin = 8iwm, 10 [oe mor, repln.] yt wanei

1

'

to act quickly.'

esgarwyd [alt, Ir. :] gorSin. m. a. imore (ban grys cynrein (-7, b) (ir gware). cp. n. 22-22. 13 ni bu cyvarch rac ystre. b. gueir gueip = gweis gui(t)at yng cin[oror orro = oere=] wyre cat. gweis, knights, are the cat i.e. cant) cyveillt ar [g] atfat [i it = ] in pit-re [^e ce = re, & ne tie=re].
12
:

gwanet (yn-hrin). for high] gwanar [gwrthyn f.c.

:

169

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
36 16
twrv. [e] lau[a]naur llavnawr. [go] duryf 18 [techin reptn.] rac eidin (g)or6m vre [uir u(r)i(u)et = ]gwyr [vriwedit't-am. t. 6. (rac) meint (y mcSweint) [a] gaffe/ [lau].
:

ha/-awc nid atcorct. (read backward) =Mynawc i.e. (y) Mynavvc (yna weled), cuiK = cwy|t = cwyn (22) oe5 arnaw [ac cat=] ga/-et. ] oe [can 20 cyndyn [ca/c cafs=]cas [drei] pan drin[i]el. reptn.] nit b. [griniei, neu-r atwanei [ri guanci antcpn.] ry-gwane/. Note how the scribe is ever falsifying everything unfavourable to the Franco-Saxons, by turning the affirmative neur into the negative nyt, and car into esscar (22).
iy lrsd.=o [haxau-c
b.
:

hat<

:]

nyawc

(I.21)

nyawc nyw:

Gwedy cwym(p) [i es] car [i] cynv gwenwyn[h]ig carei [cet :] ged. [i] 37-1 [a] Cyn i olo [a] dan dydwed [daiar] dyrlys-hei [e /ar ear=] gar i [ed(iu reptn.)et :] pedec (or Reged). HeS. was buried in Shrewsbury Abbey, see n. 5-16. caw Gynt Hfw-/-reuit=Hyn/ /rewid c[l antcpn.]&ir 2 Hui
21

[oe

menych

extension]
oe<5

rwyn(ed),

eilwat.
3 claer [cleu]
b.

na

oed glaer glyw. ap c/air air uener claer oit (y) daei apueina/.
claer-glaer
:

4 5

7 8

[am] su(Si)t seis [sic :] dig sa[c /=]d. [go reptn.] gymrat. edil-i e-diliui = efiyl ry-6ylywy. ? as in am. t. b. line wanting. Nys neus adro8[gododin]yn 8y5 ply[i]ghat na bei [cin antcpn] haval Gint eilwad (1. 2), cp. 34-15. guo-rut=goru6 cud y mar(i)an. laun llawp latm llaww gwr le[i]diat = llanw gor-lediad.
se(it)hi/
:

9 fta

lag-en u6at la.ug = rha.wg en(h)u6at. as [t] dal VleiSiad, (nid) BleiS cyman. llaww. ni bu g[w]an ui d(ia)ngan 10 laur Uatu
b.
: : :

The am. t. is the best anial37-io-I2 = 32'4-5 8 9-io=i6-io ii gamation I can suggest of these, see Variant Versions, p. 106. Bylchit [t. h. c. :]caer treisig [haer=] aer B. a. tut vwlch dileith no rhyme, no sense. ? o gilchet. b. go dileit, dog run=] dug Ryn wared. c. en wir i[th] (g)elwir [od-g-uur guerett guefret=guaret. d. has gverit,' e. f. g. read weithret,' mixing enwir and kywir in a hopeless way. see Variant Versions, p. 106. h. Rector, h. 1. K. = Rac-to/, l. root oftef-ig & pen-aV/-ig. lywy<5wr=rwyvyadur, 1. k. L. = trans. of rector, no c. ? Rector, (nar pob or), mur pob ciwed, Rector, lord of every land, etc. For nar, ? read, Uyw [upsets c), rhvvyv, rhi, glyw, nav, ner, &c.
< < , : : :

'

'

170

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
H.
l.

&

I.

kyvjcith,

i.e.

native, gloss on kiwet, k. the true reading.

catuilet

'

Ir.

caithmhilaedh, battle champion, hero.'

n.
:

Powel.

m. nicrin

madyen = meryn mab madycith,

Mori(e)n

am

Hadien mad yt[h] anet. mad-yen, -yeith, beneficence. 13 Kyvarvu-a/ ar (vu<5 h)ervv, dyleidiad[lu :] hu (ae blcid veSvv). ac = ae. ac i he|to ar i [hjeww. 14 hero melo mc5w. b. ni bu [h]e/w civved [guec :] gwyt(h) e/jwerw.
:
:

15 gniffint 17
let

cnifynt gweAilion [ar e helo

:]

avlerw.

b.

[un ero] i.e. (gwys) let(w), a narrow furrow, /z'-uir read both ways ii lluir=;ys llwyr.
:

18 ec/jassav 19 [aue/
:]

e gwa(e)sav. cp.
[ac]
:

guew.

gue/nlon, I.15.
.
.

a ue(le)j

oe eithav

llaryhav.

20 o Aeit
j
1

oA'eit, followers

[meirch] yng-aeav.

gorthorfe] (gledr) [byein

b.

du

bein ^uy=]ban^or.
?

ar gaer vur (gyrchei) cyn y bei {r)ev orthur, or (gw)erthyr, within the fortification. 22 cuin werthig tuin merthig, the exhausted hillock.
:

ef

en

b.

di/ur

c. [ig the alder swamp, but as the line of defence, {the trench is still there), ran between (rug -21) the hillock and the swampy ground ? read, (ae) [gywwor gywMor=] gyv-or g-, adjoining swampy or alder-growing ground.
:

oeS di/ur, that was defenceless. repln.] kynnor guernoc = a/ the entry of
:

23 guaurdur
38-1-8,

gwawi ur.
see p. 101.

Variant version o/17-i-5-ii-i2,

Er5yled[am] canw
(clod)
:

A. B.

(c./.)

Gynon.
orchyrSon
1.
?
:

(m.l.,

no

c.)

[-awe] claer

clod.

gorchortJion

chiefs,

cp. gorgorS, Tal. 55-1

gosgorfiion.

C. cig read backwards

= g!t = Giwt

Merew

ni(s)

[guant-h gloss on]

tereu (lyw caer gronn)=Cynon. D. second line wanting in variant version.

E.
(i

trs.

order,

[ac]

dir)

Aeron.

bu [divant gloss on] leith cyn This line should follow L.

'

[di/eit

:]

dyrreith
"

F.

{no c.) " And after the orchyrSon returned, they fill (Aeron). But as "only one returned" to Aeron, it could not be said to be filled. Avon Menei to which they came to return no more. ? Dy-leith ni Syrreith, lleinw cyrff avon.
'

G. m.l., c.f. (b)riw[esit i lq/?en lowlen :] [briw gloss for] dyrr ar benn eryron llwyd.
:

lo>'/en

= llwyven. This line has no

= llwyven.

companion
H. [dim
:]

to

form a

couplet.

Interpolation.
:

dyor [cones=torres repln.]

171

lovl

loyfeii

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
I.

ew awuit

ei<

aiiwyt

= eu

(\\)a.b\vy[<l], their

dead bodies. Flanked

by vowels b often = v, (u) and vice versa. K. ^orcu vwyd, provides food. c. sug., a vu vwyd ysglyvion.
L. trs.

order.

line should

Mar/haw/ Mynyddawg, (llywydd) maon. come before E. les belongs to N.

'

This

'

M. For

mynawc
:

read

marthawd

etc.
:

as in L.

N. em dodes

dem- = divodes

[itu]

eu harles

g. g.

O. no variant version.
P.,

Q.
c.f.,

c.f.

in both, text

combined in am.
guenint

t.

R.

m.
?

short, text perverted,

llcSint, active for passive

verbs.

read,

gwySid athrigid llurygogion.

The eurdorch:]

ogion were the

S.

afflicted,

filie = lur e(%)og\on.

feiw [looks as if begun as feipchogion

no variant version.

T. oe5 ech eu tymhyr, they were out of their provinces, (lit. temporalities), canaon, whelps, gloss on Herwyr. A paraphrase for Herwyr oe tymhyr oe<5 treis(wyr Mon).

U. Lovers of scandal, dressed in fine purple, should luxuriate in Though c, Hist., and fact be absent, what of that ? this couplet. The less the truth the greater the sting. Here we see falsehood The prep, ech, Lat. ex becomes (m)e(r)ch, in the making. daughter eu temhyr, their provinces, become Eutem hyr =
;

Eutam = Eudaf

hir

treis(wyr)

is

clipped

into

treis,

and

canaon, whelps, assume the name of Gwen Vannan = Magnus who is thus accused of rape I ! ech does not mean 'merch'
scribes

&

Dictionaries notwithstanding.

V. oeS

rest of line

wanting.

W. oe5

porffor gwisgyad [ur dir :] dur amdrychion purple was the steel mail of the slain, no c, Pread, a Phorfior oe5 gwi[s]g

Sor amdrychion. X. no c, ? read, odid y(porth)id (y)m-harth Vrython. Note that Vrython is a place-name here. cp. Bretton the mutated on the left of the Dee in the Lache country in the hundred of BroxOrmerod mentions a Caer Brithon under the barons of ton.
[-ya-]
'
'

gwych

Y.
Z.

c.f.,

of Kinder ton. sense not obvious,

read,
:

cp. 5-22, 6-2.

diw- wa>/=dit<

= dinarth.

Rhyn) a 5o5yn well no Chynon [g]o-dodin a 5o5yn (o) [wi=] or bell. 38-a-i4 = 16-i3-i6. see Variant Versions, p. 101.
c.f., ?

(ir

a.

the

ErSyled [-am, -awe. [caf-am, caff-at same meaning as caffael.

172

:]

cahet from cael, of

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES
b.

trsd.

= ri

wnaeth

[b.]

am

gatraeth anvad vrithred

;

(ar)

gedwyr

(Redeg a

Mon

fiengyn).

cp. 3-5

n. 35-12.

About Battle strand

terrible the

and
c.

the villeins of

confusion the King wrought upon the warriors of R. Mon. guanaid ? ='gunai(th) anuad,' tele-

[scoped. Line missing all but the word cetvvyr. Brit gue ueg = uec = wys = Brit(h)wys [a] guiar[ad :](wys) sathar sengyn. sanget. seglt, trsd. = sengynt. sanget. k. sanget v. repeated. Context sug., Ymlid gui[d = t :c = ]? = wys. wit, has been taken for a Piclish proper name but the guid of the
d.
:
' '

'

'

older text (38-11)

f.

makes such interpretation impossible.

darveS.
(/).
bua.1
:

Dial

am

[dalmed

:]

dial e.

g.
1.

(gorug) galaneS [clwei

= ]cyn

bei (en)-hrige<5.

nis

ad[paud=] MKawd = adwawd.

k. trsd.
l.

wedy cad gyffro, after the commotion of war. gyffro has been mistakenly taken as a proper name. cewei c pel cynrein. (b.) ketbei, perversion.
:

cad-

m.

au(r)=awr [end, kewi = ] cyni. The readings o/f. h. l. expose the scribe's unreliability. 15 a-dar m.l.for a da [am :] onn (bar), [edis :] oSis [mic-as :] mig(n)-a/ (note rhyme), below the swamp. T(tal) a rwygat. 16 deuuwiat = o Syvwpiat E-t-thnat=E ethninat a ruhicat b. ef=(Hu) guis^u-f-aur guig'us = gwyfiws /awr. 17 [e] de[i]uin[ieit] bal-lauc = dewin balawc. 18 tal gellauc cat This maybe read (a.) tat Had cellawg, a bless:

ed hermit father (or friend, car) b. tat ta[l]-gellawg, a father (or friend) with a double chin, (a Sarogan), vaticinates,
;

b.

tri dy<5

eng = ing[iri]awl. erlmaiUt gaur

arwynaul

gawr

arwynawl
:

et er-

apoc = anoc gui-gi-at gwy-chr-a.t. This word 19 ar[th] ar occurs also at ii-i8, gnawt gwy-chn-a.[xv]t gwy-ch]\-at and at 24-20, gnaut guy-cW-a[u]t = gwy-c/!r-at. Here we have g ch i. n. \. r. The rhyme settles the final syll. as -at, not -awt.

=y

erlynawt.

20

ri[allu] er-igluw-at
b.

ergli-tn=erglywad.

hir [lu antcpn. of bu] cent

bu gipno

Irs.

into hir (o)

gipno

cynw bu (dan do)

21

mai

21-22
plete.

[gat :] ganad, was the hero that is has been praised. fragment of two lines which shows that the MS. is'incomThis is most unfortunate as we get the older text more and more in the second part, see 17-6-9.
still

madw wenn

sung

73

CORRECriOXS.
Introduction,
In continuation of note 28 read

p. xl.

When
name

Tristan

went to

the

Irish
is

Queen
it

" asked his name. Lady, my name Queen's daughter thought, suddenly

to be healed she Tantris And as the was as if she saw the

. . .

before her, Tan-tris, Tris-tan, and she

but the other read backwards."

64-3
for
'

knew the one was See Gottfried von Strassburg's

Tristan and Iseult, written circa 12 10.

gwasceryn

'

read

gwesceryn.'
:

note 2-15

? i. Mab Bargat Bargod, a botgat, (m.l., no. c.) son of the Border, cp. Bargat, Bargod-varS, a border bard, wh. u. [wiab r.b.] Ba bor cad when the war lord. If Tal. was. Bargat,' or Bor cat be right c. shows that gwnaeth gwynnieith is a paraphrase for Siff eith wlad [gwreith e /aw :] wr(th iv. Vu leith Hi. Mab Roger gwynnieith wnel w. d. d)eitht'aw. wnaeth wynnieith w. d. Mab Bargod, Mab Roger, Por cad, &

Mab

'

'

'

'

'

Vu

leith,' all

= HeS.

note 2-16. ket el-vrynt e lanneu kyrch e(u) gwynn lanneu e [benydyaw, perversion :] anreithaw. See Gir. Camb. Itinerary cap. vii., Li., 409.
:

note

4-17 add

if

'

diedyrn

'

is

not for

'

di-deyrn

174

GENERAL INDEX
Ab', ab, ap = Aber, aper, xxxix. Aber, kynnif 17-21, gynnu 18-1 = 94; aer aber a dan (y gaer)5-i2 48; ebyr 1-17 = 4.
:

anaw 20-10 = 28. ancwyn 33-11 = 10;

Aneirin,
xi., i-i,

anant 17-7 = 28

22-6,
a.

244 = 90.

MynySawg
[36-4

anSyledawr 4-15 = 72.

12-12*
78, xxxviii., xliii.

Aber Gwyngregyn, xxiv. [xxxix. Aber Lleinog, v., xxii., xxiv., xxvii., abwy, abwyd. see gwenabwy. Additamcnta in Harl. MS. 3859,
vii-viii., xli.

= 80. = aneirim
[6"in
:

64.

adebon 26-8-16-1 7 = a<5evon 80. adon 15-4 = 84, (26-22 = 98). adon [wy = vy] 13-19, 30-12 = 68. cp. canaon. aduaon 20-6 = 28
;

138-7* ad- see ataedan, ac, 9-7 =ar adan 34. 19-12 aerlyw 66 aergwn aergi

3-5

= 7-

aer dywys 18-15

cp. 19-12.

= aer/yw
= 28;

3-

Aneirin i4'7 = Godo5in 23-14 gor(ang)hyvieith 26-12 80. angor 32-2-7-11=56. Anhon 23-i6 = gwen Vannon 54. Arllech(ar erch Hele) 25-7* we<5 24. cp. 13-4 = 54 c. arbennawr 4-14 72. arSerchawg varchawg 14-10 = 64 16-18 74. Argoedwys 21-12 86. ArllechweS, 13,0 =54 25-7 24. Arth (io-6) 36; 16-7 = 56; 38-19

Cynon.
17-9

= gawr

18,

Aeron,
[28]
;

xvi., xxii., xxiv., 6-2

6-21=30;
38-2

= [i6] 2010 =
1-9*
;

arthur 37-21

= 82

6-i=Ceintyon

84 = urython 17-5, 38-8. *j aervre 7-11=6. aes 17-6 = 28. affrei 6-io = abret 32. alarch, deu, 6 = dan eleirch 7-16
eleirch

16

= marro i.e. in aeron

? garth(v)ur, 82. 32-1* Artro, xvi., xxvi., 13-2 52 arveu dur 9-7 34. 52 L Arvon, xvi., 34-5 36 ? read, ar

alauoeS ii-i = alarchawr Aled xvi., 22-3, 24-1=90. alltud 74 = olut 12-5.
alltut

33-15=

10.

[35-2i*

= 8o.

20;

aseth 82 = cle5yf 20-14. %\2 asgwrn yschwyrn 20-6 arhynn athryc-hant 5-i8 = athricant 16. athrychawi 3i-i=athrycha7<>' 10. athrychant 6-19 = 30. see Trychant, [standing of 28-1. athrychant 28-10*. scr. misunder-

31-6=? awmf 96. [Von. arwr y dwy ysgwyd 7-10* =6.

arttul

marchauc 3i-2i* = 52. amhat 33-7 = 16; 10 = sawl 30-18.

i-i7 = aruot4; amodet 35-16 amrysson 28-7-I3-I7. [=38. amws 20 = gorwy<5 gwareus 11-4.
cp. 16-13, 38-10, 33-7.

atre 16-4

= 20.
;

amot

Amwythig

(5-i6)

= 48^

[cp. aruul.

atveillyawc 10-10 = 36 15-22 = atvydic 28 20-6*. [14:26-4 = 24. aval avail 26-8 = 80. avon 1 7-2 = aeron 38-2 = 82. avon (Menei) 26-20 = 98. axa H-2I,* Saxa 34-15 = 62.

175

BOOK OF ANEIRl.V
baeS coed
(i.e.

Gr. ap Rys) 8-20

bleifi

bae<5 dig oe<5 Bleifiig 31-4

= 96.

prenn

11-17,

4'i9

[88.

BleiStc
Bleifiic

benn

balaod 2212 = ? cathod 90. bann. see Vann. bangori 58 = vanncarw 13-11. barfi 28-13* 3 2-I 5 = bar/A 58.
;

mab

40. eli 31 4

pi. beirS 7-14

= 6.

Bar5 Llycheu 30 = 28-4* Bargodion 58 = ban 13-12 98 = uodogion 26-22. Barvawr 24-12-17 = 40. HeS. Basingwerk Abbey, xi. bedyS 3-21=70. fcedin widin 1-18 = 4 2-19 = 68
;
: ;

96. BleiSiat 100; iat 22. Bleifiyan 7 17 6. (Bleifiieit 32) =610; 27-22 42.

HeS. hid elei HeS.

leiS-

379=

2510 = ?

HeS. HeS.
cat vleifiyeu

Bleifigi

31-11
32.

hoewgir
note

79* =
n.
see

hoew Ki Blwchbard

Magnus.
[HeC. hor 80.
\xviii.

viii.,

LlwchvarS.

16-7

56; gwy-midin g.-meirch: midin 27-16 bedin 22-4 = bid in 90 blin 72 25-21 =din 22
;
;

= 56;

i9-4*

= 66;

32-3-813 19-12 = 66;

bod-u, map 36-2* = madw Botgat, mab, 2- 15* = mab Bargod

68, 174.

HeS.

= 42.
;

3-22

Bradley, Dr. Henry, on Otadinoi,

Bratwen

vedin

21-6=? werin
befiin 10-8

6o, cp. 12-6.

= 52.' i2-6 = *werin 74 rwng dwy vefiin 14-9 = 64; rwgdwyvySin 10-21 = 20. being, 12-8 = 82 33-3 = 8 beis 29-15 = dy- wyn veis yghynnor = 32; e-meisi8-i8 46; (v)eis 7-8 = 36 (33-i2) = io. bela 16-3 = 20. Beli bloeSvawr 11-2 = 20. HeS.
;
;
-

= 36, io-2i* = 20; 12-21 15-5 = 84; 21-3-6 = 58,60;

30-13 = 68. Broken hero HeS. gwarthBre, gweis 17-22 = 94 19-12 = 66 rhwyv 30-7 68 gwlat 30-10 = 68, racvre 15-10 12; rac eiSin vre 36-18* =62; see vre, gweryt. breichir 13-16 20. breichyawr 6- 16, breichyaul 31-17
; ;

111419 = 40;

1320,

= breithawdl

18, 76.

breint gorllin 26-2 24. breint mab BleiSgi 3i-n=greit 7-9* uab hoewgir 32. breithell i-i9 draethell 4; 24-18*

biw 1 1 -2* = 20. Blaen claer eching gaer 5-1 = 72. Blaen Porphor 5-4 = 72. HeS. Blaen (llueS = Owein) 5-2 = 72. 6-12 = 32. Penmon. Blaen GwyneS (Blaen) Lloegir wehelyth deithawg, xl. wialen. r can S en blaenwyS 30-1 = 46. cp. asen, BleiS caeawg 1-22 = Noble Lupus, 37-9=ioo (i8-i2)=94 4 (29-i2) = 44;24 = u25-7. bleiS blawS 25-10 = 22 visage,
>

Bernicia, xix-xx., xxxvii. bin, Llwch, 14-5* 64.

= 40

3oi6 = Rhyn
veil

10.

breithyell9-i5*

= lleyth34;
12
;

4-16*

= Gwraeth
?

28-1

breichyell, armlet, 30. Brenneych 3-6 70 ; Brennych 2-8 Vrych Breych 20-5 4

23-9

= 28

&

xvi.

Breeych

dut

bost 25-21=52, xix-xx. breych 12-21 =52.

Brych [23-9], i3-n=Brithion 58. Bryn Edwin, xliii. Brynn hydwn, xvi., 9-1 = 88 b. cyngrwn 70 = maen gwynngwn 3-9, (cp. czr gyngrwn 5-22 =
;

3212=56.
176

16)

brin butucre 36-i4*

= 6o.

GEXERAL INDEX
Brython 345 = Brithion 36. Brython, o, 6-i-2*=i6 o barth urython 17-5, 38-8 = 84. Bual lied 34-13 = 62. HeC.
; ;

bual 5-9 = 48 26-13 = 80.

buelin

12-11

= 78,

bubon 35-5 =bu bor 38. bufivan 7-i7 = kuS van 6. buSugrc 15-10 = 12 butulee 36-i4* = 6o.
;

canaon 38-7 = 84. cangen 13-5 = 54 18-7=94cann {adj.) 31-6. cann calan 22-6 = calan gant (verb) cann llucyr 27-3 = 96. [90. can wr 31-20* = ? cop rw(y) 52. cann wr 12-7 = 82.
;

18-13 = Rhi 96. bur 26-6* = 26. bwyllyat 4-i=bwyat 72.

bun benn

byfiin, chvy, 10-21, 14-9. seebedin.

byfiinawr 2-6 = 6ywanavvr 4 4-16 = a gyrch lawr 72 9-i9 = vleiawr 34 10-14 = liwedawr I ^; ; ;

byrn 8-4 = 8. byrr vlyneS 2-14 = 68.

bysseS 13-11

aeth canwyr i gatraeth 34-20 78; cant odeyrneS 34-19 76; rac cant ev gwant 18-2 36-8 60 yngwyS cant 94 23-10 (cp. 14-2 = 64) cant cm divant 2-8 = 4 can(t) llewes 66 namen un gwr o 19-17 gant 1-15 = 2; 17-20 = 94. cant 24-4. canthu<5 30-22=10. caradawc (adj.) 8-20 = cadr 88
cant,

= =

'

byt i9-2* = byrr (gam) 28,

cad gyffro = cyffro cad 16-15, 38-13
cadreith 28-3 = reith 30. 1 74. cadveirch 19-11=66. Cadwgan Tefic8-8 = gwanar 84;

= 58.

= waredawc 36 Caradawc 9-5 = Cradawc 34. caradwy 8-12-15 = 84, 88. carchar 12-16 = 52 cp. ty deyerin 12-10 = 52. [98.
io-6*
; ;

earn gaffon 26-21 =c. gwaewffon

carrec vyr

vawr yng-hynhadvan

son of GwySneu 8-11=84. Caeawg Vlei<5 1-22 = 4. HeC. Caeawg VynySawg 1-10 = 2, 1-16,
2-5

io-3 Carreg Cynhadvan, xvi., xxv., 36. casnar 27-7 98 kysnar 5-20

16.
csLt/n,

caer 5-1
xxv., 38-i)

= 4. = 72;
;

cp. xxvit., n. 23.

Magnus
gar rhi 30.
cp.

HeS.
28-18
c.

= 44;

deu, 6-21

=deu

11*20,
xvi.,

34-11=62

gyngrwn,

(caer gronn c. vur 37-21 82 c. wys 13-5 540; ar vann caereu 26-3 26. cp. 27-15, 32-7.

5-22* 82
;

= i6;

Ow. and Uchtryd. catlew 8-2=car tew = 8.

leo.

tut

catlew 28-3 = 30. catnant 28-3* = 30. ca^pwll 25-i5*=>'acpwll 24.

Hugh

the Fat.

Caer

lleon, xxiii.

("90.
;

calan, diw 7-20 6 22-6, 24-4 calanefi 17-16, 3i-6 carne<5er 38. 36-20* calc drei 62. calch 23-4 8 28-i8 calch claer

calch doet 17-15* 44 callon ehelaeth 34-21 =dragon

;

dalaeth 78.

camp, camhawn 31-5 = 96

hwrawg darw N

25-13

= 24.

cam-

catraeth, aeth 2-21=70, 4-2-10 7o; 6.17 30, 72, 3-3-io-i4-ig 9-16 34, 17-3, 38-5 84, 34-20 76; aethant 28-1=30; Saeth 4-10 72; crysswys 4-4 42; cynhen 8-i=6; breithyell 4-16 12, 9-16 34, 28-1=30; rac 15-17 12 e 14-8 14, 33-22 28-12; am 16-13 74, 64, 38-10 0, 9-1=88, 12-12 74

=
;

[77

BOOK OF AXEIRI.X
78 26
;

yg
c.

2011=82 gwyr 265 = gochre 1911=66 gwr

;

(fi)aeth

gatraeth

yMordrei
xvii., xix.,

410-15 = 72; cynhen

xxv. Catterick,
ca* 4
;

kerS 84 = cein 89 2814; k. amrysson 28-9-17; 27-10* = coed 98. pi. kyrS 813 = 88 27-12 = 42. kerfiavvr 212 = 4; 3-16 = 70 ,-9-21 =
;

34. pi. kerfioryon 7-2o

xvii.,

= cer6orfiaeth 6.
84.

xix.

catvan 2720.

(cerfienhin 12-12 78). kerSet 33-21 12.

Vannan i-2i*=c(or) advan

;
:

keredic

8i2 = car
8-i5

eiSic

O.
[88.

car 16-5 = 20, 11-7 = (Mod tin car Manon a) mannan 20 29-6 44. see Guannannon St

ap Cadugan.

Mannan.
catuilet 1611.

= Griffy6 (ap Rys) = 64 16-13, cetwir 38-10 = 74. 3 -11 ccwri 54 = keui 13-6; 58 = keirw
Ken die
kotwyr
14-7- 12-17-20
;

fI

catvleiSyeu 27-22 = 42.

cavall 35-1 =78. kedyr(n) cat 31-8

catvoryon 22-4 = gwychrolion24-2

= 9[82.

Chester, earldom u Vras.

1 1

&
i

See

of, xx.

see

chwegrwn maban

= 30.

Gynan 39 =
O. ap Edwin.
;

Keid-yaw, mab, 20-15 = Mordrei Kein guodeo 31 -12* = 76. Keint, xvi., xxiv. Kein mur 29-12 = 44; penn (K.) 12-8 = 82 Kein(u)as 32-20 = 76; Ceinnyon wledOw. ap Edwin. ic 10-12 = 36. K. Kein(t) gerSawr 9-21=34;
;

chwerthin ioi8 = Cyvrenhin 20. ki. aergi igi2* = 66 aergwn 3-5 =

70.

(etmygyfi) 4-8

= 42.
;

LlwchvarS.

= erchei 72. \xlixi. Kian = Kinan 39 = 70, 31-22=52, kilyS 4-9 = 42; 24-7 = 90. cinim 36-12 = 60. see cynniv. Cinon 38-1 = 82. see Cynon.
Cint,
see
cin,
cit,

70; catki 6-21=30; erthgi

415

26-21=98; Ceinnyon 19-6 = 66 (6-i = 16); C.wledig 10-12 = 36; Eurgeinyow 34-5 = 36. keirw, van- 13-11= Vann kewri 58.

cig,

liynt,

kynh.
80. see

Gynt.

cintebic 35-21 kyndilic.

=cyndevic
-

keisyadon 26-15 = treisadon 80. (ceith = ) amhad, xc, 33-7 = 16. k. kelein 10-2 = 34 24-14 = 40 wenn 13-19=68.
>
;

kelin,

gwaewawr, 32-18 = 74. (Kelynawg 31-20 = 52). kemre 32-i5 = kymmer 58.
ken(drag)on 6-21

38-20 = cipno 16-15, 38 i3 = 74 ciwet 7'7 = cleu 30. [18. clas uflin 2o-i3 = clas y ffin 82. clawS gwernin i6-9=clawr g. 56. clawS Offa, xix. clawr clas 5-15 = 48.
;

keneu vab Llywarch 12-17 = Kenwrig vad devig 52. [28. keneuin kenwin Redegein 20-3 = kennin 5-n cevnyn 48 36- 3 =
:

= 30.

cle5, cam 25-4 = cam goleS 26. cledyf 8-11=88; 10-3 36; 12-16 52; 20-14 82; I2-20=Cle52, cledyr 46. cle6 78; 29-13 35-2 82. (cledr) 37-20 clotuan 32-21 74.

= =

wernyn 80. Kenan, Kenon.

?

cp. 16-9. see Cynon.

Out, xxi-xxii.
Clynog, xxii., xxv. Klytno, i5-8 = Klyton 84; Clytno Eifiin xxi-xxh = Cluton EiSin
xxiii.

kenh-an lew 29-12 = kenlliv ap(naw) 44.

kenon

io-i

=kynran 34

6-21

= 30.
178

C/eton-us in Geoff.

GENERAL INDEX
coed gwyllion 2710* =98 ? witch-elms, Llwyvenyfi. coel, maft 284 = ? mal ceith 30. coel verth 20-2, 23-6 = 28.
Coleselt, xvi., xliii.

24; Cynon 63 = 16 (io-6) = 36; 10-12 = 36; 10-15 18; 15-3 84; 34-6=36; Kenan 29-12 44

taken,

deil

36-1=80, cymrat
reverses
his

[22-16.
;

37-4
see

= 62;
:

arms.

33-19 = 10 92 = Corwg cordirot 12-3 = cor di^rot 72. corn kuhelyn 26-13 = cyrn buelyn kuhelyn 26-i3 buelyn 80. [80 cun GogleS 46 = Gogle run 29-20. cwn GoSeu 76 = Kein Guodeo 31-12* HeS. cunet 38-12, i6-ig cune5 74

Conwy xvi.,

Ow. ap Edwin & xxi-xxii. kynon kuynan 28-3 = 30.

cynran
7-15.
2-6,

8-15

cynrein

6-i,

I5-H-

36-5

= 80.

cunin 78 = ? ronin 12-10. kunyn 30-2i* = dragon 10

Cwnllcith,
xxiii.,

HeC. and HeS. HeC. HeS. i59-i6 = Cyn[5-16

?

Kynri 6- 1 * = (Jchtryd 16. cynvan 9-6 = cwynvanan 34. Kynvelyn, gorchan, 27-13 = 42 gwarchan 27-13-17 = 42, 28-6 = 30 K. gasnar 27-7 = 98; cadeu
;

K., K.,

27-7

fcadeu

gelyn

= 98
i

gwrwneSyw GwyneS wlad

llcith 12, 14.

= 48.
:

cynwa/ i3-i5 = cynwaw

cynweis Kynwric, xxv.
29-14 = 46
;

27-14

= 42

= Magnus.
20.

kwr i3-n=cor 58;

gwr

cor
3-9.

-was 31-16 =
L76.

Cynan, xxv-xxvi., 52, kynan 26-2 = canav 24. [31-22, cydywal 6-5 = gydvaeth 32, KynSelw, xxiii.
Kyn-dilic 20-10
i7-g 35-21
;

70 = Kian

= Cyn-defic 28; = cyn5ragon 28 cintebic

=cyndevic
80.
see tebic.

kynwyt 25-15 = ? cynfcryd kywyt i8-7 = cynwyd 94. cyr Kynvelyn 28-6 = 30.
cyrn
(hir)las 25-19

24

cyrn,

proper name, see the Extent of Denbigh. [74. kyndor, yng, 32-17 = dyrreith drei

%* As

22; see corn. cam drin 26. 25-4 kysnar 5-20 biform o/casnar, q.v. cyvarch, ni bu, 36-13 60.

cam

cyveS

mawr 7-6=30.

cynghaned consonance, xiv., n. 7. cynhen [cat] traeth 8-1=6 34 =

catraethg-i6; 94 = gangeni8-g;
(82
;

Kyveiliw nay 29-2 see cyvrenhin.

kyueillt 1-7

= 44.

HeC.

=2

= 12-7).

cynhorawc 1-22 = 4 Myny<5awg 2, 4.

>

i'io,

2-5

kyueiltyaur29'7 = k.gawr44. HeC. Cyvlwch 26 26-3, xliii. Keint. ky v^eith 26- 1 = kyvfeith 24 kyuyeith 37-12 58.

3-7

= 70.

ky[h]uran 32-21 =im rann 76. kynlas 2g-i4 = cyn lias 46.
Cynlleit/f, xxiii.

cyvlavan 9-22 = 34.

kynniv-yn i2-3 = yn kynniv clod cyngrwn 5-22 = 16. see Caer G. Cynon, nom de guerre of Owein ap Edwin who with Uchtryd,
his brother, led the expedition of 1098 against Gr. ap Kynan. Cinon 38-1 =82 ; Kenon 38-9 16 6-21 30 26-2 84 6-1

[72.

cyuoedyon 5-14 = 48. cyvran benn 11-12 = 38.

;

HeS.
;

kywreint i7-6 = cywreint 28 kyz#renhin 12-13 = 78 14-12 = 64

;

Kyvwlch 26-3 = Cyvlwch 26. Cyvwlch hir 4-21* kywlat 116 = 2 31-18 = 52.
;

kywrennin 14-7 = 64, xxii. kywrennin i8-7 = cynben 94. see 10-18 = 20. HeS.

179

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
ilhaly

dhaly 2215* =90. dar 30-4 = 46 38-15 = 18 gwaell vael derw 30-6 = 46.
;
; ;

du
cp.

ttgirn, vit-vut., n. u.,

&

xli.

dwy vyfiin 1021 =20; dwy ysgwyd 7- 10* = 6.

14-9

= 64. =

David ap Owein GwyncS, xix. Deheu 21-15 = 86 barth D.

8-8

Dwyw

-ci

yd
;

14-3*,

2311*

= 84.

Dwyv Eryr
:

64.

Deira. Deivr dir, xixXX. Deivyr diuerogyon 6-2* gwyr Deivyr a Brynneich 2-7
1

dengyn3-5 = 7o;

= 4.

see xvi., xix.

drych 24-18 = 40 (20-5)=28. cp. dyrch drych 12-4 = 72; dry< b draed ffo 13-2=52. dyvel 273 = 96 (cpd. of dy & bel). Dyvrdwy, xix. see Dyvyr.

= 10;
deon

(33-i 4 ) i633-5

= io;

(4-2)

deor 32-2-7-12, ZJerwennyS, rayadyr,

(30-19) (38-ii) 74 T58, 38. dewr 56, 35-8

= 72;
=

Dyvynwal

20-5,* 23-9 28; Dytwwall i8-ii* 94 xl., n. 32.

xvi.,

22-19*

= 92.
28-i8* = 44.
!

Tcr-

q.v.

eu deyrn vaon 5-22 = 16; deu gatki 6-2i* = 3o; deu ebyr

fdyhewyd

38, 40.

deudec 11-14 deheuec 24-15-21 dewin balawc 38-17=18.

di-eyrn 4-17
? di-deyrn Dievyl duon, xxvi., n. 23.

12.

Dilin i4-i3 hdyn 64. cp. dnw, diw 17-14-15. dilin, dyS 12-13 78. dilin 14-16 ? diflin 64. dilyw 3-6 70. dillat 33-8 defic gwlat 16. din drei 12-5 ? din (Mor)drei 72. din EiSin barth 335 EiSyn ys-

= = =

trad 16.

dindywyt

13-7, 23-19, 34-g

= dijt-

diwogat 22-12* = diuodat 90. dinwf i9-i2 = dinif/(ir) 66.

diryeit

dywwyt

54.

tbyr 28-i8 = e(v) dyr 44. Edernion, xxiii. e6il 37-4 = e6yl 62. eSystrawr 5-4 = 72. meib Edwin, mab 20-14 = 82 Godebog 4- 18* 12. = or5eu 88. eidef 2i-2 Ei8i/yaun 34-8 = Ei6ywion 54. EiSin, u5 35-11=38; or 29-12 = meS E., vre 36- 18* = 62 44 33-i7 = rne6 eidyn 10 Eidyn, rac 19-15 = 66; drych .,24-18 = E. benn 40 E. eurwychawg 5-18=16 gwyr E., 62 = (37"5) E. gaer 27- 15 = [42] E. ysgor 4-5 = 42; cyntedeifiyn 5-9 = 48; din Eidin barth 33>5 = ystrad 16 xvi., xxi-xxiii. Eidol 15-10* = ? Roger 12 17-7* eiSol 18-12 = 94. L[ 28 ]eil gweith 22-3, eil with 24-1 =
;

32-17 74. diu, diwMerchyr, Gwener, Sadwrn, Sul, Llun, divyeu 17-14-15, diu

eilKeintgo eil 25-8 = ? Cynon 26 eil Nwython 20-4, eir N.

;

eil

dragon 7-2-22 = 6, 78 = callon ehelaeth 34-21. HeS. dhreic, ruS 29-7 = 44. Domesday Survey xxi-ii., xliii.

& dtnvMawrth Diwg 22- 16 = 90.

17-14

& 35-14-18
[

= 38.

98 eil nedig 16-9 = efiged58; 20-17 = af 76; '* clot 20-13 = ayglod 82 eil io-6 = fu
; ;

23-7 27-7

= 28. = eil

36.

eillt32-i9*

= 74

eillt

GwyneS

19-1=28. Eingylyaun,

drwch

22-7?

=Wchdr(yt)

90.

xvi., xxv., 27-1=96. eissylhit alltut marchawc 31-21 cp. essyllut 12-14 52. 52.

180

GENERAL INDEX
eithinin 36-2

= ry-edyn 80 = yn eilhyii 42
;

= e<5yw
;

yn So 306 eithin-yn 27-17 io-i8-22, 14-10

;

Ewein.

see

Owein.

= eyw
eliin
eli

Eivyony5 25-7 = henevy<5

eleirch 33-15

20, 04.

26.

io-i8

see alarch. le/in, levin, rewin 20.

= 10.

Fiery Haw 36. fcrawc, mab, 10-7 /yrrvach 26-22 98; mab feruarch 23-5 t. ffyrvach 8. HeC. 16 clasy ffin 20-13 ffin 5-18* 22-17.* (ffithell) 92 [82.

= =

31 -4

lcid elei

96

cp.

mab

blcifigi.

Elidyr Sais, xix.

Eluet, xvi., xix., 34-3 = Elvct 12. ewis 26-i3 = e/wis = evnys = 8o.

foawr 20-1=68; ffoawd fodiawc 36-2 = 80. Freinc Franc 35-4 = 38 (28-6) = 30. 30
; ;

(6-21)

[30. (6-20)

enaflcd ig-9*

cnouant

= hena_/icj'd wyr iyg = vry =

66.

gaflon 26-21 =gwaewfIon 98. garth, rac, 32-15 58.

e(w)yn-

garth\vys22-ii* = gorthyn24-io =
? Garthmyn 90. (gavyr) 22-i8* g2. Gaff 22-15 90. geluat 37-6 geiluuat 37-2 62 geilweit 34-15 62 62 genealogies, old Welsh, xxxix.

oveint 28. enys (Mannan) 27-16 = 42. (erch HeleS 25-7) = 24; 54.
erthgi 4-i5 erchei 72. vab ervei, vab, 22-7=(Howel) [HeS. (Ithel a) orffei 90. Eryr 1-16 4 6-5 32 7-13 6. Eryr 2-3 4; eryrGwySyen n-io

= =

gentiles nigri,

.viii., xlii.

Geoffrey of

Monmouth,

xv.

= 38.

Eryr

14-4* 64. O. ap Edwin. Eryr, dicchyr, 21-20 88. O. ap

Dwyv Weryd

HeC.

Giff 22-15=90. glas heid 15-12

= 70.

= 12

glasve5 2-2i

Cadwgan.
erirhon 38-3, eryron esgyrn 26-22 = ysgyr(io)n 98. Esyd, Trwyn, xvi., xxv. Etwin, homo liber, xliv., n. 37. Eudaf hir, merch, i7-n* = ech eu
17-2 = 84.

Glyn Cyvyng xxvi., n. 22. Godebawg, meibyon, 4- 18* = 12. Godef Godeu, xvi., 18-19 = 36 20-16 = 76 Guodeo 31-12 = 76
; ;

Wodef 32-16 = 74. godoSin xvi-xix.,=

Shropshire.

i.gordin.xxv., 1-14

temyr 38-7 = 84. essyllut 12-14 = vab alltud 52. Essyth 1 4-3 = Esyd 64. Seteia. eulat, vab, 8-22 = vab e ulat 88. eurdcyrn dorchawg, tri, 5-19=16.
i

eurdorchauc, 30-20 = 10 33-i3 = [io]. 52

;

31-19

eurdorchogyon
34-18

Eurceinyo 34-5 = Eurgeintion

Eurgeint, xvi.

= 76.

17-3,

38-6

= 2; 2-13-18 = 68; 4-1 = 72; 9-14 = 34; 10-8 = 36; 10-22 = 20; 12-13 = 78; 12-21=52; 17-18 = 35-19 = 38; 23-i4* = 64; 32-14 = 56; 35-6-19 = 38; gordined 19-3 = 28; (gloss for) ryveliad 27-18 = 42; (gloss for) sathrawr 32-1=52. =verbs, gododan
14-2, 23-10 33*i5 io; a Sodyn 1 7"5 38-8 84; a orSawd 20. 19-14 = 66; orSin 16-4

84
36.

ii.

= 64;

see Keint-

euruchawc5-i9 = eurwychawg 16. Eva, verch Vadog ap Mred.,

Hi,

=place, godoSinystre 13-4, 23-15, 34'7=//e/eS Ystrad

HOOK OF ANFIRTN
54 82
; [

14-10! jo- 14 == Mordn-i Llychlyn 4. i*i8

;

by

force
'

what he had made

An Ode, awdl y
odleu 28- 1

7,

i-i

= 2,
;

g.,

28-8.

9 = adroSyn am orfiin 3 38; 37"5 adro8yn 62. gwroleS GogleS, i rann 2-3* 4 cynhoryng*Oglefi 12*14 = 52
j
1

y g- [I'M.

7-4]

adraw8 17-18=

secure in 1094, and " quitted the Rhyn " i.e. Anglesey 3-7-8 Fruitful the conflict lie 70. did not promote 34 = 70. The Norse supported him against the army and attack of

Brynneich (12-21=52), coveted the country that

lift

who
will

van

(y G.) 14-4 29-20 46; see

= 64 = =

cun GogleS
xx., xxi.,

him up

(30-8

= 68).

News

xvi.,

xxiv.-xxvii. fystan 38. golistan, mab, 35*9 mablan golgor' guneS 16-18 74, 36-5 80. gorchan 25-1 26-17 27-13 see
'

gwarchan
gorSin 12-9, I4 i5, xvii., xxiv. see godoSin, gurthyn. gorllin 26-2 24. gormant, guir, 36-3 = 80. gormes 10-17 = 20. gorseS 12-19=52. Gorthew 29-20 = 46. cp. e gar
,

Norse victory is whispered in Dublin (14-12 = 64), & forthwith Gr. celebrates it in song 12-13 = 78. A weary prince, he will not avenge the gorSin, 12*9 = 78 Magnus understands his strait (13*19 = 68) and gave him the land of the dispossessed earls (16*19 = 74) even the country of highfamed Mordrei 3221 = 74 his
of the
; ;

Rywynauc, yn, 24-10 = 90. Gorthyn 24-10 = 90. see Garthgorthir

Tew

8-2.

Hugh

the Fat.

myn
gorwyS
29-21
2-1

("u-4

= amws
g.

20.

grann = 4. \& a-y T r m IO grann-awr g-uin 33-19 = gronn grad voryon 27-9=Tramorion 98. greit uab hoewgir 7-9* = breint
-

= 46

gwareus

father-in-law 39 xxxii., 70, statute of, xxxvii. = Lletvegin GriffyS ap Rhys 8-12 9-2 88. groen gwynn, ar, 21-15 = ar gwyn 86. 0. ap Cadw. Owein grugyar vreith 22-18 92. [nus. Gwaur, hero (J. D.) 35*6 38. MagGuodeo 31*12 76. see Godeu. guacnauc 30-21 =guancawg 10.

= =

gurthyn

36-n=gor6in

60.

cp.

mab bleiSgi
greit.

31-11

= 32.

see

mur

gorthyn.

gwaed
Ginan

gilyS 22-9

= 90.
30-6
'

Uchtryd.

(GriffyS) apCynan, xviii-xxviii., hurries to Anglesey 31-18 = 52

gwael wiael derw

= gwael/
-

edryvanawg 31*22 = 52 maban i Ginan o vryn cyngrwn 3*9* = 70, an

i
;

maban

son (12-14 52), who lived in exile (31-21 52) led knights of the Palatine fought at Artro (31*22) (31*19), in and in Penvro 13*2 52 prison (12*10-12 78) & delivexile's

uael Serw 68. gwaetnerth 16*22 = 74 33 9=*6. gwaewff on 42 = 27*18 98 = 26*21. Gwallawg, xxxix (Blaen) Lloegr, xl. see Dyvnwall.
;

had

Gwananhon
28
;

19*1

23*16

35*22
38*7*

= G.V. =
84.

= GwennVannan = 54 Guannannon
;

80

treis

Gwancanaon

anhon

17*11

= treis
cat

see

Vannan

ered I2*i6*=52

In 1098 'lost
182

and Mannan

GENERAL IS HEX
(gwanar) 8-8 = 84. Cadwgan. gwanar gurthyn 30-11 g. gorSin 60. HeS. gvvanarigvvcilgi36-i5 bo. Magnus. gwanar 5-2 adj. 2-18 = 68. gwarchan = gorchan 20-8-171') =
;

vey<S 22-19. ]-22 4. Gwgawn 9-6 34 2o-i9 [76]. Gwiawn 9-6 34 2o-20 [76].

gwewwy<5 92

gwevrawr

= =

= =

80,
see

96 28-6-7-I5-I7 gorchan
;

-eu 28-11

gwin o barm 2121 =Gwynn bant gwinwit i2-6 = gwynvydig 74. [88. Gwledic 5-8 = glyw 48, [i8-ii* =
?

MynySawg

gwarchan 2yi^ = g\va.rchaut 42 23-n=cyssul 14-3 = 64 gwaro24-3 = garw22-5 = 90. \HeS. gwas 1-2 = 2; mygrwas 1-3 = 2 Keiw ttas 32-20, 31-16 = 76. Ow.
;

gweis

6-13=18; gueir 23-4, 36-i3 gweir [8], 60; (32-18) 46. 74; cynweis 29-14,(30-1)

awg4b]; 29-14 = Vlci5ig46.//eS. Gwledic Ceinnyon 10-12 = 36. Owein ap Edwin. Gwledic, ma, 35-9 = 38. Magnus. = gol-34; 20-20 = 76. gwlyget9-i4 gwr gwneS 16-18 = 74, 36-5 = 80;
;

94

30-1

=MynyS-

gwawrdur

9-7

gweilging (yn) fforch. 26-19 = 96. gwe/ling gueilgi-W 36-15 60 27'io = gweilgi 98. gweir 23-4 = gweir [8] 36-13 = 60. (g)ueiri 35-12* = ? gwerin 38.

= [34].

gwyr gwnedyn 27-14 = 42. Gwrawl 3-5 = 70 G. amSyvrwys 20-7 = 28. Magnus.
gwrduedel i8-i5 = gwr<5 vedrer36.
gvreith

gwrmwn

gwrvan 20-8 = 28.

4-16=12 8-6 = 8 3-5 = garm gwn 70.

;

Gweiryd 5-i* = Gweryd 72. Gwelydon 25-12 = Gwerydon

gwr-uelling 5-i6 = gor. .wellig 48.

26.

Gwryat 9-1=88. Gwryen 8-22 = 88.

gwrym-seirch 9-i7 = serig seirch
yar y seirch 52 18-13 = [96]. gwrym duSet I7-I4 = cein duhet 35-i4 = du5et 38. gwrym gaen 16-7 claer gaen 56. gwrym-Se, gweilch, 17-23 = 94.
;
:

see Gweryt. gwenn, mab, 8-i=maday wenn 6, 11-14 = 40; 24-15-21=40; 38-21

34

12-22

gwawr wyarawl

= 18.

gwen-abwy(d)
40; 38-3

11-14,
8-i

24-15-21

=
6.

Gwener, diw, 17-16, 35-16 = 38. guengat, mab, 38-21 =niadw wenn
ga(na)t 18.

= 84;

=celein wen

Norse.

gwennwawt gwyndawt
pleid
38, see

6-22
38.

= 30
g.

11-12

= =

gwrym-Se, gweilgi, 36-15 = 62.

gwya/lin (pen)festinyaw/ 11-3 = 20.

gwerin 14-8 = 64;

enwir 4-18 =
12
;

gwyalvan 8-17 = 88; 26-1=24; 4 -9 = gwyal 42.

19-12

Edwin veib

35-12

gwy bedin

gwernol 37-22 = 82. 5-1* = Gweryt, xvi., 11-13 = 38 72; vre wer-yt 7-16* = 6; wrhyt 14-4, 23-11 = Weryt 64;
;

gwern 25-4 = 26. cp. 35-12. amhad. clawr gwern 25-4 = gwerin 26 gwernin 16-9 = 56, ? 36-3 = 80.
;

(gwyS)veirch 48 = aer feirch 5-12 io = meirch 33-15 ve5 = gwySmeirch 27-i6 = midin 42. Gwy<5neu, mab, xvi., 8-11=84.
;
;

=g. midin

66.

Gwelydon

25-12

= Gwer-

26.

0. ap Cadwgan. 11-10 38. GwySel 48 ue5el 5-11-12 GwySyl 24-14-19 40 xxvi. gwyndawt 38 gwenwawt 11-12

GwySyen

183

BOOK OF
Gwyndyt
;

VEIRIN
;

22*9, .24-7 = 90 and 70 = Gwyiuiodynt 3-12 o = Gwyn 7-2 G. e, 52 = (Gwyndyt) eis;

herw 37-13 = 82

Gwyduc syllut 31*21; 38 Gwynn 9-1-6 88, 34.

2915 = 46; herwyr 84 = (38-7). c/>. 98 = 34. hir 4-17-21 = 12; 2ii = [4], tut
vwlch hir 46 = tut vylchir 42 gelorawr hir 4-ig = olochir 12
4-21
hi
;

in.

Gwynn bant 21-21=88 = Llwch [ant 34. Gwynn 21-16 = 86. wynn a chynvan 9-6 = gwynov;

= [12]

hir ef rofiei 9-20

roSawr

wynnassed 27-5 = 96.

67-3-

cp.

B.B.C.
blaen y-Mor;

HoSnant 88 = (9-1). hoew^'ir ac 7-9 = hoew

34.

ri

gar 32.

GwyneS
drei

2-3
(G.)

G. 6-12 = 32;

= 4,
6-4

27-14 = 42
xvi.,

xx.,

parth (G.) 25-6 = 24

I9'I'2

= 32,

6-13
;

= 18

Hope, xxii. (Howel ap Ithel) 22-6-17 = 90, 92. Howel ap O. GwyneS, xix.

hwegrwn mab Cynan

xxxii. Hu 16-3-4 hufi 44

3-9

= 70.

eillt

G.,

gwynngwn, o vaen, 39 = vryn or vann cyngrwn 70 cp. cyngrwn 5-16=16. Gwynnodynt 3-i2 = Gwyndyt 70. gwyr gormant 36-3 = 80. [evyS. gwyr gorwyn 29-18 = 46. see hengwys odiaethol i6 = decthol-wys gwythwch 22-18-20 = 92. 136-6. Cint eiluuat Gynt 24-18 = 40
; ;

= 28.

Owein ap Edwin

64=14-9; 94=17-22; 60 = 21-7; 54 = 23-16; 24 = 2514; 96 31-2; 56 = 32-12; 82 = 37.13;

17-7 28; 28-22 29-18 = 46 Hu 54 lu 82;//M2 athi 1-5 34-8; 37-i3 (Hu) 70 7-4-10-18; 3-6; 6
;
;

= 20; =

18

= 38-16;

v.,xxii.,xxiv.,xxxiii.

The above

references identify

Hu

cig 38-1* 62; kynt 15-16 = 14 82; (Gynt) 1-12 = 2, 7-11=6, 20-5,23-9 28,24-13 = 40; 32-18 36-6 80. 74
;

37-2, cit eluat 37-6, Cin elueit Kynh-eilweing 12-2 34-15

with Hugh the Proud earl of Shrewsbury. As lord of Mow<-gomery he figures as

Mynyd-awg, and is called the son of Syvno (6-8*) because his father was lord of Cwm
' '

Haelon (Hakon, mab, 19-2) = 28. ha/awc 36- 19* = 62. Halkin, xxiv., Halkeyn, n. 20 Harley MS.3859,Facs.t;i.-z;ni.,^/i.
hawfin 26-1 =hal ffin 22. f54Heidi/yaun 34-8 = H(u) EiSy/rion (HeleS) ystrat 54 = godo5in ystre 13-4, g. stre 34-7 y ar erch heleS ( = ArllechweS) (25 7) = 2 4
;

27-9 = 98.

henevy5 26 = EivionyS25'7 gwyr gorwyn 29-19 = 46.

;

13, c.

xxiv., xxviii.

13-19 68. heyernin, cadwyn,

heli

12-11

= 78.
184

Syvno. In 1098 the Fat earl of Chester, Hugh Lupus, set out to conquer GwyneS. HeS. shares in the expedition (5-1722 16), joining his forces, and assuming the lead (B. 272-3). He is, therefore, called twinruler, cyvreint 17-6 28, cyvrenhini2-i3 78; 14-7-12 64; k. benn 18-7 cyveilin 94 nar 29-2 44, and cyvran benn 11-12 He was chief in 38. the Dee Estuary 12, lord of EiSyn 35-11 38, 34-8 54, 24- 1 7 of Pulford 5-4 72, 40, & 25-20 dragon 7-2 22 6, cyn-devig of Aeron 6-21 30,

= =

= = =

GENERAL INDEX
20-10 28; llywyS maon 17-4, 38-4 82; steel-mailed generalissimo ravages 9-7 34 Mon, capturing xc. villeins,

= = =

6-21=30, in summer departing cp. 7-1=6. by sea 36-2 = 80

;

Mynawg
31-20

10-6

= 36,

19-4-14

= 66,

216

68;

33-5-8=16, then

bor arav 36-2 = 80, cwyn oc5 arnaw oe

52
;

madw

follows high revelry at the Castle of Aber Lleinog 5-9 10-20 20 6, 30 48, 7-2-7 a strange fleet arrives unannounced 22-22 8 36-13 60 Hugh rushes to meet it 1-17 16-4 20, 32-12 56 as he 4 advances into the shallows

galcd,

neu'r adwanei ry waned 36-19 = 62, adwan ni dreing a

gwySid 29-7 = 44. Though he comes to GwyneS's (war), GogleS

is

his

country 2-3 = 4, xx ->

Hydwn, Brynn 9-1=88. hyveiS 2-n=hyder 4

hy6\
penn-,
22-18

[xxvi.

= 92.

marked out & shot by Magnus 25-14 = 24 18-6 = 13-21=68 149 = 64

(beis),

he

is

hualeu

26 = 26-6.

Iodeo 35-4*

94; 9-18 34; 11-18 40; 233 his body is left 8 7-13 = 6 in the sea 29-18-30-6 46 ; 24-16 = 40; 74-22 6; 34-12 62 ; 37-8-10= 100 bed-fellow of

Yeuan

9-6

= 34.

ylvach 27-1 =gilvach 96.

=
;

worms
at low

Redeg
17
;

29-1 recovered 44 tide 5-6 72, taken to 62 (buried after 37-2

=
;

= ys tanc 84. (IwerSon 54=13-4, 23-15, 347 ywrch 22-18 = 92. [64=14-13)
Iffac 8-8

Yonawr 7-20 = 6. Yor 21-17 = 86.

days at Shrewsbury) 5-16 = 48 Mab Botgat 2-i5 = Bargod 68, 174*. see MynySawg,

Jones, Sir

Evan

MynyS Cam

D., Bart., n. xxvi.

on

Hu

Bradwen and Madw-wenn. (Vras). The first Palatine (Mynawg) of the earldom of Chester (GogleS) was Hugh
the

Lache, xxiv. cp. Tut Llwch. Laenauc, xxxix-xl. Lupus, see Hu Vras.
llain 2-14, 3-17
;

14-18, 20-12, 21-6,

Fat = Te\v 8-2 = 8, 26-14 =

80, Gorthew 29-20 46, Trwch 11-5 68 Ffyrvach 20, 19-22 26-22 98, 23-5 8 Bual lied 34-13 62, alias Lupus Blei5 1-22 uS 25-7 4, 37-9=100 BleiS 24. cp. BleiSiat, BleiSig, and BleiSian). Noble Lupus leads in the conflict 1-22 4

= = = =

= =

24'3. 39-22, 32-4, llein 14-14 Llan-llaw-harne, xxvi., n. 23. llassawr 20-6 28.

= 64.

Llech 13-14, 23-15, Lleech Lleth 54. LlechweS, ar- see HeleS.
lleid

346 =

2-9

disembarking (2-2 = 4) by an enveloping movement 11-5 = 20 the Fat one hies beyond bounds i.e. fled 19-21 = 68,
;

attacks the ship 26-14 80 checks the violence of those

;

= =

lied 4-i4 du leidiat

lleithic

= 4, Heir 2i-5 = lleit 58, = llei 72; 3i-4* = 96; 37-13 = 82.
= = =

llestyr,
llestri,

10-13 = bench 36. trameryn, 34-8 54. llawn 12-19 52, 31-5 96;
1.

gwydyr

16-21=74.

Let lin 34-g=Llec/jlyfl 54. Lletvegin 8-i2=Gr. ap Rhys 88.

185

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
lleudud 346, Ucutut 13-14, Ilefdir 23-15 lleudireS54. [6yvrcS54. leudvre 1314, Ieuvre 34-6 = leu-

Llewelyn ap Gr., xix. Llewelyn Var<5 xxi., xxii.

lliveiriant 70 beiryant 2-22. lliwet 25-17 22, 33-16=10, (verb 36-10), -avvr 3-21=70. Uiuidur 37-1 1. see Rector.

283 30, ceint waedffreu wawt 6-22 30 I have sung a lament 18-19 26, 176 28. For a year there was grief for the men of Catraeth whose cherishing is mine 26-4 26. Ewcin succeeds to the command, ys

= =

Lloegyr 11-16 = 40, 33-7 = 16. Lloegrwys 7-7 = 30, 1422 = 64; i8-22 = Lloegr 28.
llovlen 19-20 68, 24-18 40. lloy/en llwy ven 17-2, 38-2; 18-10 94 lluiuen 24-17 40.

cynneSv escyn Ewein yn benn 18-8 = 94; trouble followed from

repressive
25-5, I

acts

of

oppression
;

=
;

saw the wantonness of the men of Gweryd 25-12 = 26 The Villeins of GwyneS ask Gwenn Vannan = Morien) for
(

Llwch,

tut, xliii.

lluch bin I4'5*

= 64; =

11.

5or, 14-5

Llwch

21-16 86. [64. Llugwy, xvi., 92 Llywywc 22-17* llumen 24-i7 lluiuen 40. Llun, diw, 17-18, 35-18 38.

Gwyn

lluric

1 8- 1 1

15-16=14, 38-7 = 84. Llwch fun huanat 34-14 = 62. LlwchvarS was the bard, i. of Hugh the Proud; ii. of Cynon, and

=94;

llurygogyon

King Magnus = Morien, xxxii., At Mordrei GwyneS &c. xlii. I drank mead and wine 6-4 = 32, 6-14=18, in the company
of the Knights 6-13=18, & sate late with HeS. 4-21 12.

protection, for a stay of the lust of war, for an end of the oppression 29-2 28 I will sing of Magnus's doings 31-8 30, 27-13 I love the victorious 42 King who benefits minstrels 20-10 his life story his 28 Keint admirer will sing 4-8 42. The Ferry was given to the ruler of the Rhyn country, and a meed of fair fortune to Keint's minstrel, 9-20 34, vii. n., xlii.-

Blwchbard. [92. Llwyn LlwyvenyS, xvi., 22-21* = Llychlyn 54 = let lin 34-9* 4=
iii.

see

(1-18)

52
;

= (i3'3)12-21

rushed against Morien 6-15 = 18, the hateful lord, 5-20 = 16,

We

Llynwyssawr wys 52 4-19=12.

llychwr 14-5 = 64. (llynghes 1-16 = 4).
llynn 21-1=58.

Llychlyn-

27-7=98, whom we met on a plundering expedition 37-13 = I heard the King's loud 82 shouting 38-20=18, and the dirge of lances 31-9 = 32 darts were showered at the edge of the shallows 7-7 = 32, I prophesied that HeS. would die through Morien 24-20 40 Dead my former prince, the flood covers him 20-10 = 28
;
;

keneu vab 12- 18 = Kenwrig vad devig 52. Llywarch of Arwystli, xxiii.
Llywarch,
?

llywri i6-22

Llywywc

22-i7

= llywi(e)i 74. = Llyucwy 92.

2-3

ma& = mad 1-9=2;

42; [7-17]: 9-12 = 34, 36; 14-3 = 64;

bleiSgi
-

= 4;

4'9 10-4

mab
186

rac

3i-n=hoewgir

Minheu(VarSLlycheu) gymrant

ac 7-9 = 3 2

GENERAL INDEX
[mab] bleifivan yi7 = Blei6yan
6.

map bod-u madw bor

36-2
80.

= mapu

bot

madw, 8-i=6
40
;

11-14, 24-15-22

38-20=18. Madyen 16-11, Madyeith 32-11

mabBotgat2-i5* = Bargot68,

mab
22-8

brcnhin

24-7

= 90.
=

= mab

174.

teyrn
82.

mael derw, 28-15,* 30-6* = 46.

58.

Magnus.
3-9*

Wm.,
2o-i5
111.

the Etheling

maen gwynngwn

mab kcid-yaw
mai
kilyS 4-9

= Mordrei

= 70.

cp.

mab klytno i5-8 = mabon Clyton mat Coel 28-4 = mal ceith 30. [84. mab Dwyw-eidy 14-3 = mad eryr Dwyv 64. mab eli 31-4* = leid elei 96. mab ervei 22-6, uruci 245 = a
!

Gily<5 42.

HeS.

Caer Gyngrwn. maen anysgoc (anchor) 32 = 56, Manau Guotodin, xviii. Magnus, King of Norway, xxxiv.,
bareleg,

Mane
20-20
i6-4
;

= 76, = Munc

66,

xxxix., (4-14

Mac 19-12 = = 72, 19-4 = 66, Muc 32-19 = 74)

;

20

Mwng

orvei 90. mab eulat 8-22

mab
36.

fcravvc

= glyw y wlat 88. 10-7 = car ffwyrawg

fvach
8.
;

mab feruarch 23-5 = teyrn ffyrmab gwenn 8-i=madw wenn 6

11-14, 24-15-22

mab guen
ganat

= 40. gat 38-20 = madw wenn

[ystan 38.

18.

mab mab

golistan 35-9 = mablan golGwySneu 8-11 84. Ow. [ap Cadwgan.

erch drevvyfi 4-6 = 42 arth arwynawl 16-7 = 56 Tarw Trin 10-19-23 = 20,37-17 82; BuSig Nav 20-10 = 28 Reen BuSig 29-13 = 46; Morgun Plymnwyd Rector, rhwyv pob 19-7 = 66 or, mur pob ciwed 32-10 58
;

Teithawl Ri 25-5 = 26 adon I3"i9i 30-12 = 68, archawr 29-6 = 44 marthlew 8-7, 33-1=8
; ; ; ;

24-19=40; Mein Mein uchel 78

8-5

= 8,

35-3

26-15

= = 80

11-17,

mab

hoewgir ac

7-9*.

see

mab

bleiSgi.

mab Llywarch I2-i8* = 52. mab llywri 16-22* = 74. mab madyeith 32-11, madyen
16-11=58.

32-3-7-12 = 56; Gwrawl 3-8 = 70, Gwrawl amdyvrwys 20-7 = 28 35-6-7-8 = 38 Gwauy Llyw
; ;

Madyen i6-ii, 32-11=58; Mwynvawr 3-13-18 = 70; Dewy

map Nuithon
76
;

34-i8

= eil Nwython
[36.

peithan 10-4* = mad porthan [mab] tec vann 27-20 = teleid42. Maban y Gian 3-9 = 70 31-22 = mab(lan) golistan 35-9 = 38. [52. Mac ig-i2 = Mang 66 Muc 16-4 = Mwng 20 Mwng 11-17, 24-19 =

35-3=78

mab

(marini) 26 Gwanar 25-5 gweilgi 36-15 60 Pevr bererin 14-13 Moryen 18 64 6 io-i (6-14) (7-3) 34 10-5 36; 11-12 38; 13-20
;
; ;

= =

= =

=
=

40, viix.

mad.

see

mab.

Madawg9-5 = 34; 34-3 = Mynawg Madawg, pebyll i-i4 = Redeg 2.

[12.

Madawg 35-20; pebyll M. MynySawg 38.

17-19

68 Rhi grysswys gatraeth tra mor ehelaeth 4-4 = 42 25-5 = 26, 35-1 = 78; 32 = 56-58 20-6-10 = 28 car Vannan 1-21 = 4; 16-5, 11-7 20, 29-6 = 44 Gwen Vannan, 19-1 = 28, 23-16 = 54; 35-22 80, see Du tigirn, 17-11,38-7 = 84. cat-Vannan, Gwananhon, Mannan, see Morem Tab, 17-18*
;
;

= = (19-20).

= =

187

BOOK OF ANEIRIN
12-15 52; 9-i2 = nam 34 inaur 12 J dc-igr mam 15-14 15-1 <>\; inanieu 8II 84. Mannan, cat 11-7, i6-5 = car 20, Manon 29-6* = 44 guauuannon gwen Vannan 80 iyi 35-22 28,23-16 54; 17-11 ( 38-7) see Magnus. 84., xviii. manawyt 1-19 4. maon 4-17 12, 5-22 16; 17-4, 17-11. 82 38-4

mam

merch cu-dat

hit

17-11*

=
;

ech eu tynihyr 387 82. Merchyr, diu, 17-15, 3515 = 38. Merin aMadycn i6-n=Mcryn ma'j fidadyeitb 32-io = Moryen

= =

am-Hadyen

5^.

=
;

Mer-sete, xxiii. mit 26-14 80; midin 36-7 60; im /rin 35-6 i-mitin 38

mab. map = m ap = yn Aper, xl. marchawc 5-20 = 16; 10-7 36;

map.
see

bedin midin 1-18 = 4 16-7 = 56; 32-3-8-13 = 56; 19-1. & 42 = veS = gwyS-meirch ij-id.
:

10-22*
16-5

= [20] 14-10* = [64] = 20; 30-i5 = [68]; 16-18 =

; ; ;

gwychrawg 74

alltut m., 31-21

alltudawg 52 38-4 llywyS 82; -ogyon 13-22=68; 26-22 98.

milcant 3-ii = milaur 70. minauc, Minidauc. see mir 5yn = wenn 11-12 = 38.

miledawr 25-18 = midawr midlan 46=miyan 29-17.

22.

Marchia, xxiii.

marchlew
glew 8
;

8-2,

33-1 = marchawg 8-7 = Mar/hlew 8.

ix.

Margam Abbey,
(marini 26

marro i-g* = aeron 2. Masgiuc clop, xxxix-xl. Magnus Mawrth, diu, 17-14, 35-14 = 38.

= 25-5).

meSgyrn 10-10 = 36,

22-5

= 8.

me6 gwyn 4-2 = 72. meibyon Godebawg

veib 12.

= 72. = 24 2 9"5 = 44 (3"7 = 70; 4-7 = 42; 4-17=12 7-22 = 6; ii'7 = 2o; 13-19,30-12=68; 19-6=66; 20-4 = 28; 27-14 = 42 31-18 = 52; 33-5 = 16; 38-11 mor ehelaeth 4-4 = 42. [= 74). Mordei i-i4 = Mordrei 2; 4-15, 5-3 = 72; 32-21 = 76; (17-7 = 28); 20-i5* = 82 M. (GwyneS) 6-4 = 6-13 = 18. Note that the 32
moethyS
4-3

Myn. HeS.

Mon

26-2

'>

see glasveS.

" thrusting

was done

"

ymlaen

4-18

= Edwin

Meilyr, xxvii., n. 23. Mein 8-5 8; ab N. 35-3

M. uchel 26- 1 5 = 80. Magnus. Mein io-n = Cywow. Meinvuan 1-4 = 2 3-6=20.
;

78

6-12 32 ; ar lawr Mordrei 1-14 2; xvii., xix. Aber Lleinog strand. moreb 29-17 46. Morem 24-13-21 =Morien 40. see
i.e.

GwyneS

Penmon

Magnus.

meitin 18-1=94, meitit 36-7=

cp.

25-20=22;
?

meiSin 60.
?
:

meiwyr 17-13 = [38]

29-13

Maiden

Castle.
;

mor a chyn- ig-7 = Morgun mordwy 20-7 = 28. morva 25-7 = 26. morwyn 22-7, 24-6 = [go].
Moryal,
xvi., xxi.,

66.

melwit 29-22 = in elvyo 46. menavc. see Mynawg. Menei, xxv., avon 26-20=98

= 46.

morwyr

i4-i6*

wenwyt

29-20

in

enwyd

46.

10-5 36; 11-12 13-20 68; (6-14=18; 19-20 68); 6 = peithing 7-3. Magnus. Morem 24.13-21 =40.

Moryd 10-1 = 34. Moryen 10-1 = 34;

= 64.

= 38;

GENERAL INDEX
Mac

Mwng 16-4 = 20 42; 24-19 40; (4-4 4-14 = 72; 5-21 = 16; 9-i9 34; = 72; 188 94; 10-21 20; 125 = 66 20-13 82 20-20 19-4 32-19 = 74; 35-i=78). w.76

= Munc

11-17,

= = =

Nanhyver xxvi., n. 23. Namyn un gwr o gant i-i5 = n. ydengyn 2, 30-19, 33-14 = 10.

namyn

tri

6-20, 28-2

nari6-9*

= 58;
:

44

= 30. = nac29-2;

see

x., xlii.

see

Magnus
ix.

casnar. naw ugein (ccith <5ug) 33'7

= i6.

Munghu.

see note u, p.

neb

nev
ei/
:

neu = nep 298 = 44.

N. 35-3 = 78.

wjuet 35-12* 38 = nyuet 17-13. Mwynvawr 3-13-18 = 70. Magnus. Nest. Mygrcid 8-11=84. Mynawg 10-6 36 19-4-14 66 36-20* = 62 (6-21 31-20 = 52

wedig,

eifwedig i6-g*

= eficed-

ig 58-

neim ab
Neirin,

mein

eil

vii., xliii.

(Nest 8-i 1*

= 30).

Hugh Lupus.
teyrn teithawg 22-8
;

neuaS 9-21
12-22

= 52

= 84). = 34
;

Mynawg mab

= menavc
1.)

Henry

=(son 24-6=90 lost in White Ship.

of

Northumbria, Nuithon, map 34-18 = eil N. 76

15-2 xx.

= 84

10-5-11 36 23-1 8;
;

Mynawg Mynawg
18.

21-18
blin

= 86. 0. 12-9 = 78
Gr.

ap Cad.
;

6-13*

nyuet iyi^=mnet 35-12 = 38.

35-3 78 N., 20-4

eir N., 23-7

gwyr

= eil

N. 28.

ap Cynan

Mynawg GodoSin
38'4

ig-i4

= Myny-

= llywy5 maon 82. Mynyuawg = Hugh of Montgomery, carl of Shrewsbury. 26-4 = 24 35-10 = 38 17-4, 38-4 = 82 gosgordV., 15-18-22 = 14; 3-13-18
;
;

awgaor5awd66; mynawg maon Ryn 58. 17-4-10 = 111. marchawg maon 82, onn i8 = am
8< 5.

od gwr goro< = goror 30-15 = 68. od gwur=5og run 37-n = 5ug

:

38-15 onn bedryollt onwyS 29-9 = 44 8 33 ,2 onnen 38 = gwayw ii-ii. (verb). orthoret 35-13 38.
;

=
;

19-17= 66 94 M. 34 33-10 = gwyr arvawg M. 10 ancwyn 33-11 = 10; 36-4 = 80; 9-14 =
;

= trawd V. 70, = GosgorSawg

Oswestry, xxiii. 15-6 = 84. oswy5 4-6 = 42 Owein ap Cadwgan 21-10-22 = mab 86 =eryr 21-20 = 88
;

GwySneu

8- 11

cwySawd
;

10=82 cussyl M. 33-17 = 0. pennawr (Cynon) 10 medgyrn Caeawg V., 2 = M., 10-10 = 36 arvawg V. 4 c. kynhorawg i-io =caeawg k., 2-5 M., 4 = Hy; ; ;

M., 34

neges M.,17-4

21-18 86,^^in. 86; yor2i-i7 Owein (ap Cradawc ap RhySerch ap Tewdwr) 8-22 Owyn vab

=84

mynawc

y wlat

88.
xxviii.,

Owein
xxxvi.

(dewr vab Edwin,

,

xliii. ,2o-i/\*
;

= %2.;\<Lyvc\\\t

46 = gwledic 30-1 66 = Mynawg godoSin 19-14; 82 38 = Madawc 17-19, 35-20

veiS 2-1
1
;
;

= mynawg maon
i.e.

escyn yn benn (HeS) 1-7 = 2 18-8 = 94; ad-lywgogyvurS37-4 = 62 Penn (Ceint) tal beinc a Syly 12-8 = 82; eur drysor blaen
;

17-4-10.

see

Hu

HeS.
xxvi., n. 23.

MynyS Cam,

Porffor fiosparthei 5-4 72 blaen lluefi 5-2 72; aergi 19-12 = aerlyw 66 as Commandant

BOOK OF ANEIRIh
of

the

= 82;
= 16;

Aber Lleinog Castle he bears nom de guerre of Cinon 38-

pharaon, mud, 29-7

Kenon
(io-6)

38-9 = 84
;

6-i

Cynran o Acron 16

Kein was 32-20* = 76 adon y wladdeccav 15-3 = 84; Ceinnyon wledig 1012 = 36 u5 Cyvlwch i.e. Keint 26-3 = 26 Kenan, Keint vur, (Rhyn) ragor 29-12
; ;

= 36; 1015=18;

Cynon 63

pin I45* 64. plygeint awr, i2-2 = dy5 pleimieit 34-i5 = plygad 62. plymnwyt 5-14 48 198 = 66.

= 44.

HeS.

po vro 1 -8* = Penmon 2. por 25-6 = 26 (HeS.) gorthew (bor) 29-20 = 46 madw bor
; ;

eisteS ar dal lleithig, ar neb a varned ni waredid 10-12 father in law of Gr. ap 36 K., xxxii., 3-9 52. 70, 31-22 Owein ap Edwin xxxvi. see Cynon.
;

= 44 = 24

teithlyw ar

Von

26-2

pabir, leu, 4-21

= 12.
1-14*
;

paleography, xliv. pasc 5-5 = pasc(awl) 72.

pebyll

Madawc

pebyr 913 = 34 peSyt 25-17 = 22. Peisdinogat 22-i2 = p. Sivodat 90. peith 25-6=? parth (GwyneS) 24. peithan 10-4 = ? porthan 36.
Peithliw
:

2; 1719, 35-20

= p. Redeg = Myny6awg 38. 20-19 = 76.

= 26. Porfor 17-12 = 84; 2520 = 22 l\;rphor 5-4 = 72. Pulford. Porfor beryerin 14-5 = 64. (Porth Ho5nant 9-1 = 88). Powys 21-13 = 86. prit 34-2o = drut 76. prydein 7-2o = prydan 6. Prydein 24-14 = Pryden 24-19 = enys P. 5-8 = evnys P. 48. 40 pryder 2i-io = prydy5 56. pryv 44 = krym 29-1. Pyll 9-6 = 34. pym pymwnt 2-7* = ym plymnwyt 4 9-ig = sawl Selei 3^.
pur 26-6*
; ; ;

362 = 80.

HeC.

a phymcant 5-i7*=Penpysc 22-16-19 92. [mon p. d. 16.

pymwnt

peith-awr 25-5* =
llyw 26.

teith-

Magnus. Pei thing [peith] yng 7-3* = ? Mor= 16. [yen boen 6. peithynat 33-8
awl
ri,

Ractaf 1 6-i rac- traeth, ragno i3-4

Ranulf,
ii.,

1.

see Rector 28-1=30.

= ragon
xi.

23-15

= 54.

pel a 20. bela 16-3 pellynnic 23-3 8. HeS. 20. (pen)ffestinawl 11-3 (Penmon) 2=pe vro i-8* (5-14) i6 pymwnt 5-17 and 48 6-2*; xvi. o vrython Penn tir 20-2, 23-6 Penmon 28. pennawr 23-3* 8 pennor 13-22
:

Rayadyr derwenyS 22-19 = 92. yawd 29-4 = 44. [16-11 = 58.

Rector Redec,
37-2*
32-5-10,

21-11

= 62
;

Ractaf 37*11, 30-9 68, 38-11 ret Retec

86
;

74
2

= (i-i4)

gze'wed

6-i 1 = pedeg 32 hearth of R., xxiii.,

;

= 68.

HeS.
io = [Mynyfiawg 33-17]

border of R., xxiii. Redegein, xxiv., 20-3 = 28.

pennawr Penvro 52 = [13-2]. Peredur 9-6 = Penadur

periglawr
36-12

Reon

[Cynon.
34.
;

ryt, xxi. Ri, 31-11, 7-9*

HeS.

25-5
;

19-21=66.

Perim 96 = pei mi 26-18

= 60

Perym
HeS.
190

= ri 20 ren 29-13 74 = rihe 29-20 = 46; 18-13=96, 12-3 = 72, 35-i = 78). (4-4 = 42,
rieu io-i7
;

= 26

= 32 20=(n-2) 26-21=98 38-10=

;
;

Magnus.

GENERAL INDEX
allu 13-7, 38-20 161 54 20-9 28. Magnus's force. rihyS 5-10 48 (26-q)=8o. R'iein 22-7,* 24-6 Countess 90. riein gareS 25-12 26. [of Perche. Rieu 21-13 86. Henry I. Rin, Ren. see Rynn Risserdyn, xxii.
ri
;

Seis 62 secisiar

= Seic
34-12

68. (30-15) 37-3 leissyar 11-21

= =

sisialat 62.

seithuet dyd 4-7 seithnyS 42. senyllt 12-19 see menestri. 52. Seteia Aestuaria, xxv.

Shrewsbury Abbey,
sic sac 37-4

xxiii.

= 62.

Robert of RuSlan, xxv. rodawr 22-2, 23-22 = 90. Rodri ap O. G., xix.
Roger, e. of S., xxi. run 29-20 =cun 46. HeC. Rt<-uawn 9-20* = Ri7 vawp 34. Ruvawn 20-19 = [76]. rwyf bre 30-7 = 68. HeS. rwyv 33-2 = 8 34-i6* = 76. Mag;

Sul, diu 17-17, 35-18

= 38.
;

Syvno

6-8*

Tal briw vu 13-9, 34-10 = 54 tal a rwyged 38-16=18. tal being i2-8 = tal lleithig 82. Talhaearn,&m.,;r#.,#/n.,pp. 2-15.

rwyfyadur 32-5-10, i6-n=56.[m<s see Liuidwr 37-11. Ryd, ? 7-10 = 6 24-n-i6* = 40 30-3 = 46 (10-15=18 34-13
;

= x^ v Tarw be<5in 8-21=88. Gr. ap Rys. Tarw camhwrawg 25-14 = 24. HeS. Tarw Trin 10-19-23 = 20 13-9 =
."

talvrith 7-io taleith 6. Talyessin 12-12 78; 28-15*

Ryt i-i3* 2 5-8 48 6-i5* i8 u-7* 20 23-2 = 25-10-18 8 22 27-1=98 32-20 76; (33-i2) = io; (11-9) 80; rit vawr* 38; Rit 35-22 9-20 ritre 36-14* 60 34 Rydre 31-7 30. Rynn 3-8 70 5-9 = 48 6-7 29-i8* 32 (11-15 = 40 46 12-3 20-21=76 72 37-10 35-11 38-8 58 38 84); ry gre 30-9 68 ; re 29-12 32-14 rhen 76 e 58 44 fthen 20-20 Rin 29-5 44 33-i5-ig* io 36-5 = 80; 10 breithell 30-17 ru ryn 27-16
62)
;

=
;

54; 14-11

= 82.

=64 Taro
;

Trin 37-17

Magnus.
see

tebic=tevig 8-8 = gwanar 84.

kyndilic, kyntebic. [27-2o*

= 42.
;

Tecvann, mab,
teith 29-9

= reith

wyr catvan

44, cp. 2-22 reith-

= = =
;

= =

teithawlri 26= -awr peith- 25-5* gwr teithiaw/ 25-20 22 teithyawl ter 29-3 44 Magnus. Teithieid 5-17=16, Borderers 26-2* Teithiyw Kynon 24 c/>.yeithwyw2-20* 68, &peithliw 25-5 26. teithawg, teyrneS, 22-8 90.

tedg

8-8

= gwanar
;

84.

see

dilic.

= 42

v., xvi., xviii.,

xxi., xxiii.

(Rys, Gr. ap, 8-20 = 88). [ion 98. ryvel uodogyon 26-22 *Vargod-

= 80 uSTew 32-22 = 8. Teyrn oe5 deithawg 22-8* = 90. torr arth 32-15 = 58.
Tew
26-14

kyn[HeC.

Trahaearn, xxvi.xxvii., xxxi.

tra

Rywonyawc, Rywynauc
Sadwrn,

xvi.,

22-2-11=90,

Manon 29-6= car Mannan

5-3

23-22, 24-10

= 90.

Tramorawr

Saesson 4-7 = 42, 14-1=68. Saxa 34-i5 = axa n-2i=Seis 62.

diu, 17-16, 35-17

= 38.

Tramorion 98 = grad vorion

= 72.

44.

27-9.

Treb, xxiii., n. 19. Trei 4-11,* 5-6 6;isel 72; (7-2) d. 35 10* = 38; Dind. 12-5* 72.

191

BOOK OF ANEllilS
treuyS, e(r)ch, 46 = 42. Trev-red, xxiii.
tri,

Magnus.

unben n-i7 = 40 = //eC. fall of HeS.

urython.
see
idtin, oe las

after the

namyn,
. .

28-2
tri

= 30.
ffin

Tri char

gatvarchawg

dorchawg &c. 5-17-22 =

...

tri

theyrn

...

tri

Eur-

Brithion. 20-13* =0 elas y ffin 16. ugein, naw, 33*7 [82.

16.

("64. trothwy 84 = 8-9* Trum Essyth i4-2 = Truin Esyd

vgein cant 2-8 = 4.

Vann 22
1

208 = 28
v.

Trwch

19-22 20. HeC. 68; 1 1-5 Trycant 30-20, trychan 30-21-22, 33-13, athrychant 3i-i=trychauc, athrychaur 10. trychant, o, 15-18 gant 14, trych 26-21 =Twrch 96. |Ti6-i*]. try wyr a thrivgeint a thrychant 6-19, 27-22 see 28-9.* 30. Tryvrvvyd 19-8 66. Ferry. tut anavv 27-10 98. tut leo 32-22 u6 tew 8. HeC. Tut Llwch, xvi., xxiv., 42 tut

= Y. 26-3 = 26;
31 1

gewri 58

keirw caereu karw i3-io = van;

v.

v.

gori 58 Villeins, nine

score,

xxvii.

t6

Votadini, xviii.
22-7 90; O. ap Edw. 24-7, weilgi(ng] 27-10 = 98. [22-9 = 90. wit i6-i4 = guid 38-n=guis 74 wit vab peithan 10-3 = wys vad
xxvii.,

Wchtr(yd),

gwacd

gilyfi

= =

porthan 36.
wlcdic 29-i4 = vle(i)6ig 46. w-ledic 30-1 =leSit 46. wyt, dindy, 34-9 = dindywyt 13-7, 2 3'i9 dit'dynwyt 54.

vwlch 4-8 25-2. tut vwlch 25-21 =tud bost 22. tut vwlch hir 4-6 = tud vylchit 42. tut vwlch 4-8 = tud Llwch, 25-2* tut vwlch 26-3 = rac u5 26. tutvwlch 32-6, 37-12 = Bylchid
;

twm

caer treisig 58. 26 (20-u) 33-4

= 82.

Yal, xxi., 15-10=12. yor 21-17 = 86. Ystrat 54 = stre 34-7 ystre

13-4,

Twrch

17-21 96, 98.

1 1

=94 drwyt 26-19-20

;

Twrch Twrch

-5

Twyn

334 = twm

22-7, 24'5 (33-i7) io 26.

= Trwch 20. = Wchtryt 90. = 37-22* = 82

;

23-16. ystre 11-5 20; 16-5 20; 17-21 94; 18-8 29-17 46; 36-12 60 godoSin ystre 13-4, g. stre ystre Hele5 ystrad 54 34-7 ys ragno, 13-4, ragon 23-15 try ragom 54.

= =

= =

192

PB 2273 ins

A7 1908

Ane

The text of the Book of Ane r n / AZD-1024 mc h

i i