Introduction Microwaves are generally describes as electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from approximately 500 MHz

to 300 GHz or more. Therefore, microwaves signals, because of their inherently high frequencies, have relatively short wavelengths, hence the name micro waves. For example, a 100 GHz microwave signal has a wavelength of 0.3 cm, whereas a 100 MHz commercial broadcast-band FM signal has a wavelength of 3 m. the wavelengths for microwave frequencies fall between 1 cm and 60 cm, slightly longer than infrared energy. For full duplex (two-way) operation as is generally required of microwave communications systems, each frequency band is divided in half with the lower half identified as the low band and the upper half as the high band. At any given radio station, transmitters are normally operating on either the low or the high band, while receivers are operating on the other hand. There are many different types of microwaves systems operating over distances that vary from 15 miles to 4000 miles in length. Intrastate or feeder service microwave systems are generally categorized as short haul because they are used to carry information for relatively short distances, such as between cities within the same state. Long haul microwaves systems are those used to carry information for relatively long distances, such as interstate and backbone route applications. Microwave radio systems capacities range from less than 12 voice-band channels to more than 22 000 channels. Early microwaves systems carried frequency-division-multiplexed voice-band circuits and used conventional, no coherent frequency modulation techniques. More recently developed microwave systems carry pulse-code-modulated time-division-multiplexed voice-band

circuits and used more modern digital modulation techniques, such as Phase Shift Keying (PSK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).

Capabilities of Microwave Microwave transmission is generally defined as the transmission of

electromagnetic waves whose frequency falls approximately in the range between 1 Gigahertz and 50 Gigahertz (wavelengths of 30 cm to 6 mm). The propagation through the atmosphere of signals in this frequency range exhibits many of the properties of light, such as line-of-sight transmission, reflection from smooth surfaces, etc. Microwave systems have many applications in the telephone industry because high quality circuits can be derived for intertoll trunks, toll connecting trunks, extended area service trunks, subscriber service and special services. Microwave is also suitable for transmission of black and white or color television, data, and data under voice, with negligible impairment from impulse noise, delay distortion, frequency error, frequency response, or steady state noise. Another attractive aspect of microwave is the ease with which channels can be added or removed after the basic radio frequency (RF) and carrier multiplex equipment is installed. Certain types of RF equipment will carry up to 2000 or more voice channels without any change in the basic RF equipment. The problems associated with cable facilities such as physical damage, induction noise, right-of way problems, circuit expansion limitations and similar problems are reduced with the use of microwave. The initial cost of a microwave system depends on the type of radio frequency and multiplex equipment used the number of channels, the number of hops in a system,

the terrain, the type of antennas, the cost of the necessary towers and other factors. In some cases microwave will require a lower initial investment, provide greater reliability, and have lower operating costs and maintenance than cable facilities. It is highly desirable to use digital microwave equipment for all new installations in order to eventually achieve a complete integrated digital network. The only exception to this would be in the event that a borrower wants to use the microwave equipment to carry television signals. Analog equipment is the best choice for the current standard television channel. The input and output baseband signal for a digital microwave radio is a single bit stream. This may range from approximately 1.544 Mb/s to approximately 144 Mb/s. The baseband signal is used to modulate a radio frequency carrier. The RF carriers used range from 2 GHz to 24 GHz.

COMPONENTS OF A MICROWAVE SYSTEM Transmitters and Receivers. The basic building blocks of a microwave system are the radio frequency (RF) transmitters and receivers. These units make it possible to send and receive information at microwave frequencies. Most microwave transmitters are capable of an output power of one watt or more. A transmitter used in a terminal location has provisions for modulating the RF carrier with baseband signals from the carrier multiplex equipment. Receivers are capable of providing a useable baseband output with received microwave signal levels as low as -80 dBm. A terminal receiver includes a demodulator to provide the baseband output to the carrier multiplex.

Carrier Multiplex. The microwave RF equipment has a wide bandwidth which is capable of carrying many channels of information. These channels are derived using multiplex equipment which can combine several hundred channels for transmission over one RF channel in a single bit stream. Antennas. A parabolic or a horn antenna is used in microwave systems to concentrate radiated energy into a narrow beam for transmission through the air. This results in the most efficient transmission of radiated power with a minimum of interference. An effective gain of 25 to 48 dB over an ommi-directional antenna is possible depending upon the size of the antenna and the microwave frequency used. Radomes. A radome is a protective covering used to prevent snow, ice, water, or debris from accumulating on a microwave antenna. Heated radomes are available for use in areas where severe ice and snow conditions exist. The use of a radome results in lower antenna gain. Transmission Lines. Transmission lines provide the means of coupling the transmitter and receiver to the antenna. There are two types currently available: waveguide and coaxial cable. The radiated output power of the transmitter will be substantially reduced if the transmission line is incorrectly used or if its length is too long, so precautions should be taken to use the correct type of line for the radio equipment used, and to keep all transmission line lengths short. Waveguide. A waveguide is a hollow metal duct which conducts electromagnetic energy. This type of transmission line can be used for distances of a few feet up to several hundred feet. A typical type of waveguide has a loss from about 1.7 dB per hundred feet at 6 Gigahertz (GHz) to about 3.0 dB per hundred feet at 11 GHz. It is used at microwave

frequencies above 2 GHz and can have either a rectangular, elliptical, or circular crosssection, depending upon the system operation requirements. The length of a waveguide run is more critical at higher frequencies since attenuation increases with frequency. All waveguide runs are pressurized. Coaxial Cable. At low microwave frequencies, 2 Ghz or less, coaxial cable can be used as the connecting facility between the transmitter, receiver and antenna instead of waveguide. The loss of coaxial cable depends on the type of conductor, the cable diameter, the type of dielectric, and the operating frequency. Coaxial cable with a diameter of one inch or more should be used for long cable runs; 7/8" diameter coax can be used satisfactorily for short runs. The coaxial cable can have either a pressurized air or expanded polyethelyne (foam) dielectric between conductors, however, the air dielectric coaxial cable has less attenuation for a given diameter. In general, pressurized air dielectric coaxial cable is used with higher capacity systems because the return loss characteristics of foam dielectric lines may be a significant distortion contributor in such systems. This is not usually a consideration in systems of low channel capacity. The cost of coaxial cable is less than waveguide and should be used when possible. Extreme attenuation of radio signals above 2 GHz in the coaxial cable generally prohibits its use at the higher microwave frequency bands. Reflectors. A passive reflector can sometimes be used in systems operating near a power substation to avoid the electromagnetic interference (EMI) potential in place of using long runs of waveguide connected to a parabolic antenna at the top of the tower. A reflector may be mounted at a 45 degree angle at the top of the tower, while the antenna is mounted horizontally at the base of the tower, aimed at the reflector. The microwave

signal is radiated from the antenna, reflected off the reflector, and sent in a direction of propagation to the other end of the radio path, just as though the antenna was radiating directly from the top of the tower. However, this type "periscope" or "fly swatter" antenna system will not be authorized by the FCC under ordinary circumstances because of its interference potential with communications satellites. A waiver from the FCC is required. Towers. The towers used in microwave systems must be rigid to prevent antenna deflection during wind or ice loading conditions. Guyed or self-supporting towers are available for use on microwave systems. A guyed tower is about one-third the cost (per foot, installed) of a self-supporting tower, but in some cases the difficulty of acquiring enough land for guying prohibits the use of guyed towers. The height of the tower is determined by the terrain, the microwave frequency band used, the propagation characteristics, the distance between the transmitting and receiving ends of a path, and the required reliability. The tower must be high enough to provide a lineof-sight path above any obstructions. If reflection interference is a problem, the antenna mounting heights are critical and the optimum height may be less than the maximum height available on the tower. Buildings. Microwave equipment should be located in the central office equipment building when possible. There are some situations, however, when RF equipment must be located remotely from a central office building, as in the case of an active RF repeater. In these situations some type of building must usually be provided for equipment protection. Usually a simple prefabricated building is sufficient. Where temperature and humidity variations exceed the operating limits of the microwave

equipment, a heater or air conditioner is required to keep the equipment within its operating temperature range. Primary and Standby Power Equipment. Primary power sources for RF equipment may be DC or AC as specified by the purchaser. Central office batteries or 117 volts AC commercial power may be used. In some cases, thermoelectric generators or fuel cells can be used when the power requirements of the microwave equipment are low. Standby power equipment should be provided at microwave terminals or active repeater locations to maintain system operation in the event of a commercial power failure. Communication circuits are very important during times of emergency such as storms, floods and other disasters which may cause commercial power outages. Therefore, it is imperative that some type of standby power source be available for circuits derived by microwave. When microwave equipment is located in a central office building, stand-by power is usually available from central office equipment batteries or an engine-generator. However, at remote sites standby power must be provided specifically for the microwave equipment. The stand-by power source may be batteries, an engine-generator or in some cases a thermoelectric generator, fuel cell or solar energy.

Alarm Systems. When a microwave system has remote unattended stations, itis desirable to have an alarm system which will report faults from the remote location to an attended office via the microwave signal. These alarms will expedite the maintenance of microwave systems and reduce the circuit outage time. Where alarms from a large number of unattended stations are reported to a central maintenance control center,

consideration is often given to a computer-based alarm reporting system which prints out all changes in status at each station with time and date information.

Definition of Terms Absorption - the reduction in power density due to non-free space propagation. Antenna - a metallic conductor system capable of radiating and capturing electromagnetic energy. Attenuation - the reciprocal of gain .The ratio of the input quantity to the output quantity. Azimuth- is the horizontal angular distance from a reference direction, either the southern or northern most point of the horizontal. Azimuth angle - the horizontal pointing angle of an earth station antenna. Bandwidth- the maximum range of frequency, including guard bands, assigned to a channel Baseband- describes the modulating signal (intelligence) in a communication system. A single message channel is baseband. Characteristic Impedance of Free Space- is equal to the square root of the ratio of its magnetic permeability to its electric permittivity. Clutter Loss- attenuation due to trees and buildings in the front of the antenna be propagated and back by the ionosphere. Critical Angle- a maximum vertical angle of frequency at which it can be propagated and still be refracted back by the ionosphere.

Critical Frequency- the highest frequency that can be propagated directly upward and still be returned earth by the ionosphere. dBm- used to reference the power level at a given point to one milliwatt. Decibel (dB)- the basic yardstick used for making power measurements in communications. Diffraction - the modulation or redistribution of energy within a wave front when it passes near the edge of an opaque object. It is the phenomenon that allows light or radio waves to propagate (peek) around corners. Digital Modulation- is the transmitted of digitally modulated analog signals (carriers) between two or points in a communications system. Direct waves- (see free space path) Dispersive Fade Margin- gains in the equipment which are factored in because of technical improvements on the system and how they improved the information signal itself. E- lines European digital carrier system. Fading- variations in the field strength of radio signal, usually gradual, that are caused by changes in the transmission medium. Field intensity - the intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. Flanges- interconnect parts of a microwave antenna system together. Free Space Path- is the line of signal (LOS) path directly between transmit and receive antennas (this is also called the direct waves).

Free Space Path Loss- the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a straight line through vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy by nearby objects. Frequency- the number of cycle computed per second by an alternating quantity, the term usually used in describing frequency is cycle per second, on hertz. Fresnel zones- described the amount of the front lobe power to the back lobe power of an antenna. Full Duplex (FDX)- (see duplexing). Great Circle Distance- it is the shortest distance between any two points on a sphere. Ground Wave - an electromagnetic wave that travels along the surface of earth. Sometimes called surface waves. Guard Band- a narrow frequency band provided between adjacent channels in certain portions of the radio spectrum to prevent interference between stations. Half Duplex- data transmission is possible in both directions but not at the same time. K- Factor- the ratio of a hypothetical effective earth radius over 6370 km, which is the true mean earth radius. Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF)- the highest frequency that can be used for skywave propagation between two specific points on earths surface. Microwave communication- a high radio frequency link specifically designed to provide signal connection between two specific points.

Polarization - orientation of the electric field vector in respect to the surface of the earth. Power Density- the rate at which energy passes through a given surface area.

Radio Frequency (RF) Propagation- free-space propagation of electromagnetic waves. Radio Horizon- the curvature of earth presents a horizon to space-wave propagation. Receiver threshold - the minimum wide band carrier power (Cmin ) at the input to a receiver that will provide a usable baseband output. Reflection - the ability of electromagnetic transmission to bounce off a relatively smooth surface. Refraction- the in direction of a ray as it passes obliquely from one medium to another with different velocities of propagation. Skip distance (ds) the minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky wave of given frequency (which must be less than the Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF)) will be returned to earth. Surface wave - (see ground wave). Waveguide- a special type of transmission line that consist of a conducting metallic tube through which high frequency electromagnetic energy is propagated.

Description of the link This long, over water link supports the wireless communication between Sagnay, Camarines Sur and San Andres, Catanduanes. The connectivity requires 10 voice channels, 10 video channels, 10 data channels and 10 spare channels which would be required for future expansions. This microwave radio link has a line type of 1xE3 with a rate of 34.368 Mbps and a capacity of 480 channels. It operates in the 7.89 GHz to 8.20 GHz common carrier band allocated to fixed point-to-point service. This frequency band was chosen since the rain attenuation at these frequencies will not be a limiting factor in the link reliability. Although the link is only 59 km long, the height restriction on the tower antenna required 100m at both site to provide adequate path clearance, and to avoid diffraction loss and clutter loss. Using QPSK modulation the radio unit has an enough transmit power at both site and have a much lower receive threshold. Since the elevation of the site A and site B are different, we compute for the vertical inclination of the antenna. For the difference in height of 286m, by using trigonometry we found that the vertical inclination of the antenna is 0 16 39.85.

MICROWAVE PLANNING Condition: Path length: 59 km Reliability requirement: 99.9999% Configuration: Non-protected (1 + 0) Traffic capacity: 1 x E3 with a rate of 34.368 Mbps and a capacity of 480 channel. Site A: Latitude: Site B: Latitude: 13o 38 15 Longitude: 124 o 31 52.5 LOCATION SITE A: Sagay, Camarines Sur LONGITUDE 1230 31 22.5 LATITUDE 130 34 3 13o 34 3 Longitude: 123 o 31 22.5

SITE B: San Andres, Catanduanes

1240 3 52.5

130 38 15

Computation for azimuth angle C= Longitude B Longitude A = LOB LOA = 124 3 52.5 - 123 31 22.5 = 0 32 30 C = 0 16 15 (LB + LA) = 13 38 15 + 13 34 3 = 27 12 18 (LB + LA = 13 36 9 (LB - LA) = 13 38 15 - 13 34 3 = 0 4 12

(LB LA) = 0 2 6 Log tan (Y+X) = log cot C + log cos (LB LA) log sin (LB + LA) tan (Y+X) = log -1 [log cot C + log cos (LB LA) log sin (LB + LA)] (Y+X) = tan -1 {log -1[log cot C + log cos (LB LA) log sin (LB + LA)]} (Y+X) = tan -1 {log -1 [log cot 0 16 15 + log cos 0 2 6 log sin 13 36 9]} (Y+X) = 89 56 10.69

Log tan (Y-X) = log cot C + log sin (LB LA) log cos (LB + LA) tan (Y-X) = log -1[log cot C + log sin (LB LA) log cos (LB + LA)] (Y-X) = tan -1{log -1 [log cot C + log sin (LB LA) log cos (LB + LA)]} (Y-X) = tan -1{log -1 [log cot 0 16 15+ log sin 0 2 6- log cos 13 34 3]} (Y-X) = 7 34 20.91

Log tan (Z) = log tan (LB LA) + (Y+X) log sin (Y-X) tan (Z) = log -1[log tan (LB LA) + (Y+X) log sin (Y-X)] (Z) = 2 {tan -1[log tan 0 2 6 + log sin 89 56 10.69 - log sin 7 34 20.9]} (Z) = 0 31 52.26 + 7 34 20.91

D = Z *111.12 Where: D = distance in km.

D = 0 31 52.26 *111.12 D = 59.02 km

Azimuth Angle Y = (Y+X) + (Y-X) Y = 89 56 10.69 + 7 34 20.91 Y = 97 31 31.6 X = (Y+X) (Y-X) X = 89 56 10.69- 7 34 20.91 X = 82 21 49.78

Site A: Sagay, Camarines sur Population - 29 082 (2007) Land Area - 108.19 km2 (41.8 sq mi) Barangays 19 Barangays Mean temperature- 28.76 degrees Celsius Maximum temperature- 31.92 degrees Celsius Mean humidity- 82.94 % Precipitation amount- 99.72 mm Mean wind speed- 9 km/h Maximum wind speed-225 km/h Indicator for occurrence of: rain or drizzle- 3.6 Indicator for occurrence of: thunder- 1.6

Site B: San Andres, Cantanduanes Population - 33,781 (2007) Land area 252.40 square kilometer Barangays 27 Barangays Mean temperature- 25.94 degrees Celsius Maximum temperature- 27.7 degrees Celsius Mean humidity- 89.01 % Precipitation amount- 430.46 mm Mean wind speed- 19.1 km/h Maximum wind speed-240 km/h Indicator for occurrence of: rain or drizzle- 8.9 Indicator for occurrence of: thunder- 1.9

Transmitter and receiver equipment specifications CFQ series 8 GHz digital microwave radio unit Frequency range: 7.7 GHz 8.3 GHz Waveguide: WR112 Frequency = 7.05-10.00 GHz Internal dimension = 1.122 x 0.497 in. Connector: BNC F/F NI/SI UG-914/U 8 GHZ VSWR 1.25 ROHS Flange: Antenna: UBR 84 VP4-71W Where: VP = unshielded, single polarized 4 = 4 ft., 1.2 m in diameter 71W = 7.125 GHz 8.5 GHz Type of map Topographical Map Scale = 1:250,000

Frequency band required. 8 GHz for 60 km

Channel plans available.

Frequency band: 8 GHz Frequency range: 7.7 GHz to 8.3 GHz Low band range: 7747.70 MHz to 7955.25 MHz High band range: 8059.02 MHz to 8266.57 MHz Duplex spacing: 311.32 MHz Channel bandwidth for 1x E3: 28 MHz

No. of duplex channels = 7955.25 MHz - 7747.70 MHz 28 MHz = 7.41 (7 channels) Selecting 5 channel spacing above the high band and low band edge: 28 MHz * 5 = 140 MHz Low Band Frequency 7747.70 MHz + 140 MHz = 7887.70 MHz High Band Frequency 8059 MHz + 140 MHz = 8199.02 MHz

Minimum elevation of site A and site B. h = d2/(12.75* k) Where: d = (path length in km)/2 h = minimum site elevation in m. k = 4/3 h = 29.52/ [12.75* (4/3)] h = 51.19 m

Table plotting points along the path.

Determining minimum reliable tower height

Lk =

d1d2/ 12.75* k

Lf = 17.3 * F % *

L = Lk + LF + LHF Lk = 29 *30 12.75 *(4/3) Lk = 51.18 m

LF = 17.3 * 0.60 * LF = 14.18 m L = Lk + LF + LFH = 51.18 m + 14.18 m + 386 m L = 451.36 m Where: L = clearance criteria in meters Lk= curvature factor in meters Lf = fresnel factor in meters LFH = arbitrary fixed height in meters d1 = distance from site A to point, in kilometer d2= distance from site B to point, in kilometer D = path distance in kilometer F% = fresnel zone percentage factor f lower = low band transmit frequency in GHz Clearance Criteria At Fixed Height of 386 Meters

Reflection Point looking from Site A (Transmitter at 100 m above MSL)

Fade Margins

Radio Configuration = Outdoor Mounted RF Module (ODU) Transmit Power = 32 dBm Receiver Threshold (1 x E3 at 8 GHz) = -86 dBm Flexible Waveguide loss:

Low band frequency = (0.2624 dB/m) (0.6) = 0.1574 dB High band frequency = (0.2624 dB/m) (0.6) = 0.1574 dB

Antenna used = 1.2 m in diameter (8 GHz) with Mid Band Gain of 37.5 dB Waveguide used = WR112 (0.6 m flexible waveguide in site A and site B) Connector Loss = 0.5 dB Free Space Loss (FSL):

For Low Band: FSL = 92.45 + 20 log10 (f * d) FSL = 92.45 + 20 log10 (7.89 * 59) FSL = 145.81 dB

For High Band:

FSL = 92.45 + 20 log10 (f * d) FSL = 92.45 + 20 log10 (8.20 * 59) FSL = 146.14 dB Where: f = frequency d = path length in Km

Computation for Low Band Frequency (7.89 GHz) PARAMETERS Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (TX) Flexible Waveguide Loss (TX) Antenna Gain (TX) Free Space Loss (FSL) Antenna Gain (RX) Connector Loss (RX) Flexible Waveguide Loss (RX) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold Thermal Fade Margin VALUE 32.00 0.50 0.16 37.50 145.81 37.50 0.50 0.16 -39.13 -86.00 42.87 UNITS dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dBm dB

Computation for High Band Frequency (8.20 GHz)

PARAMETERS Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (TX) Flexible Waveguide Loss (TX) Antenna Gain (TX) Free Space Loss (FSL) Antenna Gain (RX) Connector Loss (RX) Flexible Waveguide Loss (RX) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold Thermal Fade Margin

VALUE 32.00 0.50 0.16 37.50 146.14 37.50 0.50 0.16 -39.46 -86.00 46.54

UNITS dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dBm dB

Dispersive Fade Margin Dispersive Fade Margin at 1 x E3 is 90 dB. Interference Fade Margin Assume that no interference fade margin is given; therefore it is not included in the computation.

Frequency in GHz 1 2 4 6 7 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 35 40

kH 0.0000387 0.0001540 0.0006500 0.0017500 0.0030100 0.0045400 0.0101000 0.0188000 0.0367000 0.0751000 0.1240000 0.1870000 0.2630000 0.3500000

kV 0.0000352 0.0001380 0.0005910 0.0015500 0.0026500 0.0039500 0.0088700 0.0168000 0.0335000 0.0691000 0.1130000 0.1670000 0.2330000 0.3100000

V 0.1920000 0.9630000 1.1210000 1.3080000 1.3320000 1.2760000 1.2170000 1.1540000 1.0990000 1.0610000 1.0610000 1.0210000 0.9790000 0.9390000

H 0.880000 0.923000 1.075000 1.265000 1.312000 1.310000 1.264000 1.200000 1.128000 1.065000 1.030000 1.000000 0.963000 0.929000

Rain Losses CCIR/ITU-R Recommendation 530 rain attenuation For Low Band Frequency (7.89 GHz) M = (log10 f1 log10 fx)/ (log10 f1 log10 f2) note: f1 < fx <f2

M = (log10 7 log10 7.89)/ (log10 7 log10 10) M = 0.33

k = log10-1 [log10k1 M (log10k1 log 10k2)] k = log10-1 [log10 0.00887 0.33(log10 0.00887 log10 0.00265)] k = 0.00593604 = 1 M (1 2) = 1.276 0.33 (1.276 1.332) = 1.29448

For High Band Frequency (8.20 GHz) M = (log10 f1 log10 fx)/ (log10 f1 log10 f2) note: f1 < fx <f2

M = (log10 7 log10 8.20)/ (log10 7 log10 10) M = 0.44

k = log10-1 [log10k1 M (log10k1 log 10k2)] k = log10-1 [log10 0.0087 0.44(log10 0.0087 log 10 0.00265)] k = 0.005212732

= 1 M (1 2) = 1.276 0.44(1.276 1.332) = 1.30064

Computation for the effective rain path length D0 = 35 * - 0.015* R0.001 D0 = 35* - 0.015* 180 D0 = 2.3521 DE = D/1 + (D/D0) DE = 59/1 + (59/2.3521) DE = 2.2619 km where: DE = effective rain path length R0.001 = rainfall rate at 0.001% outage

Computation for the unit rain attenuation

For Low Band Frequency (7.89GHz) k = 0.00593604 = 1.29448

y = k *(R0.001) y = 0.00593604 (180) 1.29448 y = 4.9306

For High Band Frequency (8.20 GHz) k = 0.005212732 = 1.30064

y = k * (R0.001) y = 0.005212732 (180) 1.30064 y = 4.4706

Rain Attenuation For Low Band Frequency (7.89 GHz) A rain = DE * y A rain = (2.2619) (4.4306) A rain = 11.1525 dB

For High Band Frequency (7.89 GHz)

A rain = DE * y A rain = (2.2619) (4.4706) A rain = 10.1120 dB

Atmospheric Losses

Oxygen absorption loss Computation for absorption loss at a path length of 30 km: A0 = [7.19 * 10-3 + (6.09/f2 + 0.227) + (4.81/ (f 57)2 + 1.5)] f2 * 10-3 dB/km Where: f = frequency in GHz

For Low Band Transmit Frequency (7.89 GHz)

A0 = [7.19 * 10-3 + (6.09/ ((7.89)2 + 0.227) + (4.81/ (7.89 57)2 + 1.5)] [(7.89)2 * 10-3 dB/km] A0 = [7.19-3 + 0.0975 + 1.99 * 10-3] [(7.89)2 * 10-3dB/km] A0 = (0.10668) (7.892) (10-3) dB/km A0 = 0.0066 dB/km

Atmospheric Losses for 59 km = (0.0066 dB/km) (59 km) = 0.3894 dB

For High Band Transmit Frequency (8.20 GHz) A0 = [7.19 *10-3 + (6.09/((8.20)2 + 0.227) + (4.81/(8.20 57)2 + 1.5)][ (8.20)2 * 10-3 dB/km] A0 = [7.19-3 + 0.090266+ 2.02*10-3] [(8.20)2 * 10-3dB/km] A0 = (0.09947) (8.202) (10-3) dB/km A0 = 0.0067 dB/km Atmospheric Losses for 59 km = (0.0067 dB/km) (59 km) = 0.3946 dB

Water Vapor Loss AH2O = [0.067 + (3/f2 + 7.3) + (9/(f 1833)2 + 6) + (4.3/(f 323.8)2 + 10] [f2 * *10-4dB/km] Where: f = frequency in GHz = water vapor density in gm/m3 should be below 12 gm/m3 Computing for water vapor loss at a path length of 59km For Low Band Frequency (7.89 GHz) AH2O = [0.067 + (3/7.892 + 7.3) + (9/ (7.89 1833)2 + 6) + (4.3/ (7.89 323.8)2 + 10] [7.892 * 10-4dB/km] AH2O = (0.08129) (7.892) (12*10-4) dB/km AH2O = 0.0061dB/km

Water Vapor Loss for 59 km = (0.0061 dB/km) (59km)

= 0.3583 dB For High Band Frequency (8.20 GHz) AH2O = [0.067 + (3/8.202 + 7.3) + (9/ (8.20 1833)2 + 6) + (4.3/(8.20 323.8)2 + 10] [8.202* 10-4dB/km] AH2O = 0.0066077 dB/km

Water Vapor Loss for 59 km = (0.0066077 dB/km) = 0.3899 dB

Antenna Misalignment

A 0.5dB overall in the link budget to compensate the misalignment of the antenna during installation.

Diffraction loss and clutter loss Since there is no point along the path comes closer than 150% first Fresnel, there is no need to compute for the diffraction loss and clutter loss.

Table of the given and calculated data Computation for low band frequency-Tx = 7.89 GHz RSL = transmitter output (Tx) waveguide loss + (Tx) Antenna gain FSL + (Rx) Antenna gain (Rx) Waveguide loss RSL = 32 dBm 0.16 dB + 37.50 dB 145.81 dB + 37.50 dB 0.16 RSL = - 39.13 dB TFM = RSL Receiver Threshold TFM = -39.13 dB (- 86 dBm) TFM = 46.87 dB PARAMETERS Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (Tx) Flexible Waveguide Loss (Tx) Antenna gain Free Space Loss (FSL) Atmospheric Losses (Oxygen Absorption) Atmospheric Losses (Water Vapor Loss) Rain Attenuation Antenna misalignment loss Flexible Waveguide Loss (Rx) Antenna gain (Rx) Connector Loss (Rx) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold Thermal Fade Margin (TFM) Dispersive Fade Margin VALUE 32.00 0.50 0.16 37.50 145.81 0.39 0.36 11.15 0.50 0.16 37.50 0.50 -39.13 -86.00 46.87 90.00 UNITS dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dBm dB dB

Calculation for high band frequency Tx = 8.20 GHz RSL = Transmitter Output (Tx) Waveguide loss + (Tx) Antenna Gain FSL + (Rx) Antenna Gain (Rx) Waveguide Loss RSL = 32dBm 0.16dB + 37.50 dB 146.14 dB + 37.50 dB 0.16 dB RSL = - 39.46 dB Thermal Fade Margin = RSL Receiver Threshold TFM = - 39.46 dB (-86 dBm) TFM = 46.54 dB PARAMETERS Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (Tx) Flexible Waveguide Loss (Tx) Antenna gain Free Space Loss (FSL) Atmospheric Losses (Oxygen Absorption) Atmospheric Losses (Water Vapor Loss) Rain Attenuation Antenna misalignment loss Flexible Waveguide Loss (Rx) Antenna gain (Rx) Connector Loss (Rx) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold Thermal Fade Margin (TFM) Dispersive Fade Margin VALUE 32.00 0.50 0.16 37.50 146.14 0.39 0.39 10.11 0.50 0.16 37.50 0.50 -39.46 -86.00 46.54 90.00 UNITS dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dBm dB dB

Flat Fade Margin Calculation for the Flat Fade Margin is given by the formula: FM FLAT = -10 log [10 (-FMthermal/10) + 10 (-FMadj chan/10) + 10 (-FMint/10) + 10 (-Fmdiff/10)]

For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) FMFLAT = -10 log [10 (-46.87/10)] FMFLAT = 46.87 dB For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) FMFLAT = -10 log [10 (-46.54/10)] FMFLAT = 46.54 dB

Composite Fade Margin Calculation for the composite or effective fade margin is given by the formula: FM EFF = -10 log [10 (-FMflat/10) + RD *10 (-FMdsp/10)] Where: RD = Fade Occurance Factor For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) FM EFF = -10 log [10 (-46.87/10) + 7 *10 (-90/10)] FM EFF = 46.8685 dB For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) FM EFF = -10 log [10 (-46.54/10) + 7 *10 (-90/10)] FM EFF = 46.5386 dB

Reliability Calculation K Q Reliability Calculation U = K Q f b d c * 10 (-FMeff/10) Where: K Q = Regional K Q value f = frequency in GHz

d = Path length in km b,c = Regional Climate Factor FMeff = Effective Fade Margin For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) ULB = 1 *10 -9* 7.89 1.2 * 59 3.5 * 10 (-46.8685/10) ULB = 3.869 * 10 -7 For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) UHB = 1 *10 -9* 7.89 1.2 * 59 3.5* 10 (-46.5386/10) UHB = 4.372 * 10 -7 Unfaded Reliability is then computed as 1- unavailability For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RLB = (1 3.869 * 10 -7) * 100 % RLB = 99.999961 % For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RHB = (1 4.372 * 10 -7) * 100 % RHB = 99.999956%

Using the same value for K Q of 1*10 -9, b = 1.2 and c = 3.5, the unavailability and reliability for link due to rain can be calculated. Rain Fade Margin = Effective Fade Margin Rain Attenuation For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RFMLB = 46.8685 dB 11.15 dB RFMLB = 35.7185 dB

For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RFMHB = 46.5386 dB 10.11 dB RFMHB = 36.4286 dB For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) ULB = 1 *10 -9 * 7.89 1.2 * 59 3.5 * 10 (-35.7185/10) ULB = 5.042 * 10 -6 For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) UHB = 1 *10 -9* 8.20 1.2 * 59 3.5 * 10 (-36.4286/10) UHB = 4.484 * 10 -6 Reliability for low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RLB = (1 5.042 * 10 -6)* 100 % RLB = 99.99949 % Reliability for high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RHB = (1 - 4.484 * 10 -6) *100 % RHB = 99.99955 %

K Q Reliability with terrain roughness Taking the standard deviation of regular increments of the path. M = Average Elevation above MSL

S = Standard Deviation of the elevations in the path

Where: N = number of path length subdivisions between the two end stations M = Average Elevation within the path S = Standard Deviation of the elevation within the path

Path elevations do not include site elevations

Sum = Average =

629.00 10.84

188745.00 3254.22

SD = SD = 56.00 Calculation for the K Q reliability with terrain roughness is given by the formula: U = (K Q / S 1.3) * f b *dc * 10(-FMeff /10) Where: K Q = Regional K Q value f = frequency in GHz d = Path length in km b and c = Regional Climate Factor FMeff = Effective Fade Margin S = Standard Deviation of the terrain elevation (also called Roughness Factor)

For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) ULB = (1*10-9 / 56 1.3) * 7.891.2* 593.5 * 10(-46.8685 /10) ULB = 2.065 * 10-9 For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) UHB = (1*10-9 / 56 1.3) * 7.891.2* 593.5* 10(-46.5386 /10) UHB = 2.334 *10-9

Unfaded Reliability is then computed as: For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RLB = (1 -2.065 * 10-9) *100 % RLB = 99.99999979 % For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RHB = (1 -2.334*10-9) * 100 % RHB = 99.99999977 %

Calculating Rain Fade Margin: RFM = Effective Fade Margin Rain Attenuation For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RFM= 46.8685 dB 11.15 dB RFM= 35.7185 dB For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RFM= 46.5386 dB 10.11 dB RFM= 36.4286 dB

For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) ULB = (1 *10 -9/561.3) * 7.89 1.2 * 59 3.5 * 10 (-35.7185/10) ULB = 2.691 * 10 -8 For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) UHB = (1*10-9 / 56 1.3) * 7.891.2 * 593.5 * 10(-36.4286 /10) UHB = 2.394 * 10-8

Reliability for low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RLB = (1 2.691*10 -8) *100 % RLB = 99.9999973 % Reliability for high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RHB = (1 -2.394*10 -8) * 100 % RHB = 99.9999976 %

Vigants Barnette Calculation The Vigants Barnette unavailability formula is given as: U = 6.0 * 10-7* c * f * d3 * 10(-FMeff /10) Where: c= c factor value which is equal to 4 for the difficult propagation Condition f= frequency in GHz d= path length in km

For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) ULB = 6.0 * 10-7*4*7.89 * 59 3 * 10 (-46.8685/10) ULB = 7.998 *10 -5 For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) UHB = 6.0 *10-7 * 4*7.89 * 593 * 10(-46.5386 /10) UHB = 8.969*10-5

Unfaded Reliability is: For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RLB = (1 -7.998 * 10-5) *100 % RLB = 99.9920 % For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RHB = (1 -8.969 * 10-5) * 100 % RHB = 99.10 % Calculation for the unavailability due to rain is done: Rain Fade Margin = Effective Fade Margin Rain Attenuation For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RFM= 46.8685 dB 11.15 dB RFM= 35.7185 dB For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RFM= 46.5386 dB 10.11 dB RFM= 36.4286 dB

Unavailability during rain: For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) ULB = 6.0 * 10-7 * 4 * 7.89 * 59 3 * 10 (-35.7185/10) ULB = 1.04 * 10 -3 For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) UHB = 6.0 * 10-7 * 4 * 7.89 * 593*10(-36.4286 /10) UHB = 9.19858 * 10-4

The reliability during rain: For low band transmit frequency Tx (7.89 GHz) RLB = (1 -1.04 * 10-3) *100 % RLB = 99.89576963 % For high band transmit frequency Tx (8.20 GHz) RHB = (1 -9.19858 * 10-4) * 100 % RHB = 99.908%

MICROWAVE PATH DATA SHEET Capacity: 1xE3 Low band transmit frequency: 7.89 GHz High band transmit frequency: 8.20 GHz Equipment: CFQ series 8 GHz digital microwave radio unit Site A: Sagay, Camarines sur Site B: San Andres, Catanduanes Path length: 59 km Modulation: QPSK Site Information Longitude Latitude Site Elevation (Above Mean Sea Level) Low Band Site A 123 o 31 22.5 13o 34 3 100.00 High Band Site B 124 o 31 52.5 13o 38 15 100.00 Units DMS DMS m

Tower Elevation (Above Ground Level) Azimuth From True North

100.00 82 o 21 49.78 NE

100.00 97 o 31 31.6 NW

m DMS

Equipment Information Transmitter Output Power Receiver Input Threshold Waveguide length Waveguide loss Connector loss Antenna Gain Antenna Misalignment loss Wet/Frozen Antenna loss Path Losses Free Space Loss Oxygen Absorption Loss Rain Attenuation Site A 145.81 0.36 11.15 Site B 146.14 0.39 10.11 Units dB dB dB Site A 32.00 -86.00 0.60 0.16 0.50 37.50 0.50 0.50 Site B 32.00 -86.00 0.60 0.16 0.50 37.50 0.50 0.50 Units dBm dBm dB dB dB dB dB dB

Fade Margins Thermal Fade Margin Dispersive Fade Margin Flat Fade Margin Effective Fade Margin Rain Fade Margin Site A 46.87 90.00 46.87 46.8685 35.7185 Site B 46.54 90.00 46.54 46.5386 36.4286 Units dB dB dB dB dB

Path Reliability Unfaded Reliability (one way) Rain Reliability (one way) Link Reliability (Duplex) Site A 99.999961 99.99949 99.999 Site B 99.999956 99.99955 99.999 Units % % %

Tower The medium tower has the following physical properties:

Maximum height - 104 m Parallel section - 10 m Parallel face width - 1 m Footprint for 104 m tower - 13.7 m Tower heights in 2 m increments up to 60 m, thereafter in 4 m increments up to 104 m

Foundation Designs

Tower Height 30 36 40 46 50 56 60 64

Concrete Volume (m3) 12 17 18 19 26 32 41 45

Rebar Excavation Backfill (kg) 900 1258 1350 1078 1350 2242 3075 3375 (m3) 24 33 36 50 57 60 82 90 (m3) 12 16 18 31 31 28 41 45

72 48 4452 126 78 Antenna Loading Capacity Tower capacity of 92 m tower under the following loading conditions: Maximum survival wind 77.77 m/s speed Antenna loading 10.5 kN or 6 m2 over the to 10m

Equipment Shelter

Building Description Framework: The building shall have a complete, internal, self-supporting, structural steel frame which does not rely on the exterior panels or roof cover panels for any of its structural strength or framing. The building framework shall include 8 to 16 gauge, cold-formed, galvanized steel structural members. Building framework to have a flush wall, post and beam format with girts and purlins, and full trusses on both endwalls which easily allows for future expansion and/or modifications. Wall and ceiling structural support system are to be designed to provide load carrying capability for anticipated equipment loads using 16 gauge galvanized steel hat channels behind liner panel for reinforcement as needed, with locations shown on approval drawings. Roof to have 8 gauges to 14 gauge solid web hot rolled steel trusses.

Insulation: Exterior walls shall have a minimum of 3.5, fiberglass batt insulation and a vapor barrier. The ceiling shall have a minimum of 6 cellulose insulation and a vapor barrier. In addition to the insulation in the walls and ceiling, an additional 1 cellulose insulation blanket shall be installed over the entire building framework and under the exterior wall and roof panels, as a thermal break. The insulation system shall provide a minimum of R-19 in the walls, R-24 above the ceiling, and R-30 in the floor. Cellulose to have a minimum flame spread rating of 5 Roof: A roof pitched 1 inch in 12 or greater shall have a covering of overlapping, 18 gauge, G-90 galvanized, ribbed steel panels with a baked-on Kynar 500, PVDF resinbased finish in manufacturers standard colors. Overlapping roof panels shall be installed with appropriate self-tapping fasteners with integral gaskets. A roof with a pitch of less than 1 inch in 12 shall have a roof covering of mechanically-seamed, 24 gauge, StandingSeam Roofing, with a minimum seam height of 2. Standing seam roof panels shall be of Galvalume steel, with a baked-on Kynar 500, PVDF resin-based coating and shall have no visible fasteners on main run. Roof to include a matching, die-formed ridge cap, and a fully supported 3 overhang. Properly sized attic space ventilation shall be provided. Exterior Walls: The exterior walls shall be 18 gauge ribbed G-90 galvanized steel panels with a baked-on PVDF resin-based finish in manufacturers standard colors. Exterior siding panels to be overlapped and installed with appropriate self-tapping fasteners with integral gaskets, and shall be removable without any disturbance to interior panels. Butted seams are not allowed. All openings in walls are to be structurally framed,

sleeved, trimmed, and provided with external drip caps. Repair or replacement of exterior panels must be able to be done entirely from outside. Exterior Trim: The exterior trim package shall include stepped or boxed eave, rake, fascia, base, corner, jamb, and header trim in, 26 gauge Galvalume material with owners choice of standard KYNAR colors. Interior Finish: The buildings interior walls and ceiling shall be lined with flushfit 22 gauge, roll-formed liner panels, with concealed fasteners and a baked-on White polyester finish over G-90 galvanized substrate. The building interior shall feature a complete matching trim system including base, jamb, header, and ceiling trim Interior Dimensions: The buildings finished interior dimensions shall be no less than 10 in width and length from the exterior dimensions shown on the drawings. Minimum floor to ceiling dimension shall be nominal 10. Fasteners, Adhesives, and Sealants: The fasteners, adhesives, and sealants utilized shall be of types approved for use on this type of structure as required by the appropriate agency or governing body, as covered in section 1.02 of these specifications. Closures: Matching, pre-molded, closed cell elastomer closures provided by the siding and roof panel manufacturer shall be installed according to the manufacturers recommendations at the eave line, beneath the roof panels, and where the trim meets the wall panels.

Station Layout

Conclusion In designing a microwave communication link, the following should be considered; choosing appropriate frequencies which may be used for a specific distance, path terrain conditions, factor that affect microwave signals and the reliability of the link. In a long haul, the proper of the transmit equipment should be high enough in order to attain much higher reliability. It is more difficult also to attain a higher reliability in an over water link because of higher reflection coefficient, and when the path length is increases because of the increase in value of free space path loss. The size of each Fresnel Zone varies based on the frequency of the radio signal and the length of the path. As frequency decreases, the size of the Fresnel Zone increases. As the length of the path increases, the size of the Fresnel Zone also increases. A Fresnel Zone radius is greatest at the midpoint of the path. Therefore, the midpoint requires the most clearance of any point in the path.

APPENDICES

REFERENCES

BOOKS: Fundamentals of Microwave Communication with planning guide By: Manny T. Rule Electronic Communication System, Fundamental Through Advance By: Wayne Tomasi

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