d.01 Civil Structures en Vol 1

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)
Diversion Structure and Intake
Consulting and Engineering
Slide 1
Intake
Able to divert the design flow but discharge excess flows and reduce sediments and floating matter submerged orifice type intake with sill Sediments should not choke the intake: low weir height, sloped structure and flushing gate.
normal water level
Slide 2
Purpose of the diversion structure

The purpose of a dam or weir is to raise / control the water level in the stream so that sufficient quantities of water can be diverted into the intake of the hydropower plant. Upstream of the weir is no reservoir.
(NB: A dam has a more important size than a weir. The objective of the dam is, therefore, to raise the water level significantly and to allow for water storage. Upstream of the dam is a reservoir.)
Consulting and Engineering 3
Slide 3
Purpose of the water intake

The purpose of the water intake is to abstract water from a river or a pond and deliver it to a canal, penstock or storage basin. The main challenge is that intakes must operate under a full range of flows from low to flood, sometimes handle large quantities of silt, sand and gravel or floating debris ranging from full grown trees to leaves and weed. During normal operation, the water level at the weir should be kept at the highest possible level, without spilling water over the weir, to maintain the maximum head
Slide 4
Overall design considerations

Small weir with short canal: The water level at the weir is controlled by the flow through the turbine. The flow through the turbine must be equal to the flow in the river and the water level upstream of the weir should be at the weir crest. During high flows and floods, water spills over the weir or spillway.
Slide 5
Small weir with short canal

Maintain maximum water level at the weir but do not spill water over weir unless discharge is higher than turbine capacity
power house
Slide 6
Overall design considerations (contd.) Small weir with long canal followed by forebay: The water level in the forebay should be kept at its maximum level. The flow into the canal is controlled by a headgate at the weir. Dam with reservoir: Water levels in reservoir fluctuates because of storage operation. Maximize power generation following reservoir management plan.
Slide 7
Small weir with long canal followed by forebay Flow into canal can either be controlled by water level in forebay or by headgates at the intake into the canal If the flow is controlled by water level in forebay, that water level needs to be lowered to allow larger flows into the canal and increased in the case of small flows to maintain maximum head
forebay
Slide 8
Terminology of a typical intake with sand trap
Weir or diversion structure Sluice gate
Side spillway Flushing gate
Intake orifice Gravel trap Intake gate Sand trap Coarse rack Headrace
Slide 9
Terminology of a typical intake with sand trap (cont.)

Side Spillway Flushing Gate Sluice Gate Intake Orifice
Weir
Intake Gate Intake Channel Sand trap Trash Rack Headrace Pipe
Slide 10
The weir as diversion structure
11
Slide 11
Weir Flow
free overfall nappe sharp crested
submerged flow broad crested
rounded
adherent (if nappe is not sufficiently aeriated)

12
Slide 12
Flow over weirs
13
Slide 13
Example: Flow over weirs
Qflood b H
2 Q= c b 3
= 50 m3/s = 12 m c = 1.0 = 0.7 =?

2g H1.5
free overflow ->
2 3Q H= ( )3 2 c b 2g 2 3 50 =( ) 3 = 1.60m 2 1.0 0.7 12 2 9.81
14
Slide 14
Failure mechanisms Seepage flow always happens. Problem is progressive piping Downstream erosion supports progressive piping Leads eventually to failure
Seepage flow
Slide 15
Monitoring and Maintenance Watch seepage flows carefully, especially watch for increasing seepage flows, this is a signal for possible failure Watch for deflections and deformations of weir body Watch for new fractures, cracks or changes of existing fractures Watch for cavitation damage at spillways and stilling basin Watch for erosion downstream of weir or spillway or stilling basin, erosion behind wing walls, especially after floods ALL THESE OBSERVATIONS REQUIRE IMMEDIATE EVALUATION BY AN ENGINEER Maintain regular written protocols, such as monthly reports
16
Slide 16
Water Intakes
Sound design of the water intake is decisive for proper functionality of the whole hydropower plant and important to reduce cost for operation and maintenance of the plant.
17
Slide 17
Intake types
There are many different types of intakes, depending on specific situation: Free intake / bank intake without dam or weir Free intake / bank intake with temporary weir Side intake with solid dam or weir (Most common type of intake used for micro and mini hydropower development) Tyrolean weirs or Coanda type intake for steep mountain streams
18
Slide 18
Location and design of the intake

As a basic principle, intakes should always be located on the outer side of a river bend to minimize sediment in headrace. Sluice gates in the intake are provided to allow flushing of deposited sediments from the intake
19
Slide 19
Bed load transport
20
Slide 20
Typical layout of a side intake with cross weir
21
Slide 21
Free intake / bank intake without dam or weir

The water level in the river is not dammed up for diversion (no cross weir or dam) Costs for the headworks can significantly be reduced Can only be applied, if a small proportion of the dependable river flow is to be abstracted and if there is always enough water depth and head available in the river for diversion. Ideal locations for free intakes are generally at natural control sections such as rock outcrops or big boulders.
22
Slide 22
Free intake / bank intake with temporary weir

A temporary weir is a low cost solution made of boulders, rocks and branches Operators are required to rebuild the weir after every major flood The reliability of such an intake structure is seriously reduced.
23
Slide 23
Side intake with solid weir or dam

Most common type of intake used for small hydropower development Design difficulties of side intakes with weirs are related to the foundation of the weir or dam. Unless there is solid rock available in the river bed, the dam structure requires large volumes of concrete or stone masonry in order to achieve sufficient resistance against sliding under flood conditions. Seepage through permeable ground underneath the dam or weir is a major cause of dam failure.
24
Slide 24
Typical layout of a side intake
25
Slide 25
Section of a typical side intake
26
Slide 26
Sections of side intake with cross weir
27
Slide 27
Flow through submerged orifice
Q= a b
2g z
28
Slide 28
Example: Flow through submerged orifice
Qdesign z a b
= 0.5x1.2=0.6 m3/s = 0.10 m = 0.40 m =?
Q = a b 2g z Q b = a 2g z 0.6 = = 1.34m 0.8 0.4 2 9.81 0.10

Slide 29
Submerged intake orifice
30
Slide 30
Design
Most importantly, design has to be good to allow diversion of required amounts of water into canal or penstock with minimum possible headloss. Trash and floating debris should be kept away and sediment should be kept from entering the headrace Submerged wall Floating bar Coarse trash rack Sluice gate
31
Slide 31
Typical layout of a Tyrolean Weir

Has specifically been designed for mountain torrents (river gradients from 1 % to over 10 %) with coarse bed load during floods Comprises a collecting channel across the river covered by a screen or a perforated plate. The intake screen is designed to work as a self-cleaning screen, however, this may not always be the case in reality
32
Slide 32
Typical layout of a Tyrolean Weir
33
Slide 33
Typical arrangement of a lateral / Tyrolean Intake
34
Slide 34
Typical sections and details of a Tyrolean Intake
35
Slide 35
Intake with submerged perforated plate

Alternative Design
36
Slide 36
Summary: parameters and requirements

For stream gradients above 2.5% a Tyrolean intake should be used, for other cases or a lateral diversion is recommended. The water intake must divert the required stream flow at all times and all water levels in the river. The Intake location and design should reject bed load and prevent excessive flood water from entering the system. An intake orifice (always submerged) should be provided to reduce the abstracted flow when the river / stream is in flood. Stop logs shall be provided in order to completely close off the system when required. Provision shall be made to exclude large floating debris, and gravel from the diverted water.
Slide 37
Operation The designer has to provide a weir regulation scheme that defines how the weir must be operated at different flows, especially during floods => Operation follows the design Transport of silt and sediment occurs mostly during high flows, often only a few days per year, depends on size of sediment No sediment should enter power canal When sediment transport occurs, open sluice gate at preset upstream water level to flush sediment downstream
Slide 38
Operation
Typical tasks for the operator include: Coarse trash rack at intake to be cleaned when necessary Remove floating debris from floating bar or submerged wall Close intake when sediment transport occurs during floods Watch for vortices that cause headloss, can depend on flow Watch for debris and sediment deposition, remove manually or by opening sluice gate during high flows or while turbine is shut down Check movable gates regularly Check structure similarly like dam and weir, especially after floods
Slide 39
Operation during floods

Watch for bank erosion behind wing walls, respond immediately if this happens Open sluice gates to lower water level and allow flushing of sediment from behind weir After flood, watch for downstream erosion and damage in stilling basin
40
Slide 40

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ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Diversion Structure and Intake

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Purpose of the diversion structure

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Purpose of the water intake

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Overall design considerations

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Small weir with short canal

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Terminology of a typical intake with sand trap

Weir or diversion structure Sluice gate

Side spillway Flushing gate

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Terminology of a typical intake with sand trap (cont.)

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

The weir as diversion structure

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

submerged flow broad crested

adherent (if nappe is not sufficiently aeriated)

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Flow over weirs

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Example: Flow over weirs

= 50 m3/s = 12 m c = 1.0 = 0.7 =?

free overflow ->

2 3Q H= ( )3 2 c b 2g 2 3 50 =( ) 3 = 1.60m 2 1.0 0.7 12 2 9.81

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Location and design of the intake

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Bed load transport

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Typical layout of a side intake with cross weir

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Free intake / bank intake without dam or weir

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)

Free intake / bank intake with temporary weir

Consulting and Engineering

ASEAN-German Mini Hydro Project (AGMHP)