Example Problems: Yielding under MULTI-Axial Loading

Stress analysis of a spacecraft structural member gives the state of stess as shown below. If the part is made form 7075-T6 Al alloy with ys = 500 MPa, will it yield? If not, what is its safety factor?
-50

Solution:
-30

200 0 0 = 0 100 30MPa 0 30 50

200 -30

100

RANKINEs criterion: : Maximum-Stress Criteria Yield?

maxapplied > ys
? 200MPa < 500MPa NO yielding

Safety factor? XS = 500/200 = 2.5

(two-and-half times from YS)

TRESCAs criterion: Maximum-Shear-Stress Criteria

min ys max = max = 2 2 or if max min = ys

Note that (without solving) you know that 200 MPa is a principal stress.
Can therefore solve 2D stress =
100 30 MPa for principal stresses. 30 50

Principal Stresses:
max min = ys

p : 200MPa > 105.78MPa > 55.78MPa

200 (55.78) = 255.78MPa < 500MPa NO yielding

Safety factor? XS = 500/255.78 = 1.95

(~two times from YS)

VON MISES criterion: Maximum-Shear-Distortion Energy Criteria

Yielding if : x =
1 2

( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1)

= ys

We know Principal Stresses: p : 200MPa > 105.78MPa > 55.78MPa Yield Stress: ys = 500 MPa
x =
1 2

(200 105.78) + (105.78 (55.78)) + ((55.78) 200)

Is x = 224MPa < ys = 500MPa ? Yes, so NO yielding!

Safety factor? XS = 500/224 =2.2 (~two times from YS)

NOT IN BOOK: VON MISES criterion: Maximum-Shear-Distortion Energy Criteria The general octahedral stress that lead to maximum shear-distortion energy is from invariant J2 = k2 of deviatoric stresses. This allows one to solve for yielding WITHOUT knowing the principal stresses. Yielding if:
x =
1 2

( 11 22 ) + ( 22 33 ) + ( 33 11)

2 2 2 + 6( 12 + 23 + 31) = ys

Plug in original (non-diagonal) stress state.

x =

1 2

(200 100) + (100 + 50) + (50 200)

+ 6(302 ) = 224MPa

Same as before, of course, for one is just the principal stress version. Is x = 224MPa < ys = 500MPa ? Yes, so NO yielding!

10/04/05 a. The tensile yield strength of a material is 400 MPa. The material is subjected to a balanced biaxial compression (=150 MPa) along the two axes orthogonal to the tensile axis. Determine the value of the tensile stress necessary to cause yielding according to Trescas criterion. How does this stress value compare to that predicted by von Mises criterion?

Solution: For Trescas condition, the maximum stress (max) will be the tensile stress required to cause yielding (why?); we designate this Tresca-based stress as T. The minimum stress (min) is 150 MPa. (why?) (Maximum shear on 45o planes) Failure if max =
max min ys = 2 2 or if max min = ys

So, max min = ys

T (150MPa ) = 400MPa

Trescas condition requires:

T = 150MPa + 400MPa = 250MPa

For von Mises condition, as we have a state of principal stresses, is:

1 2

( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1)

= ys

2 2 vM (150) + vM (150) = 400MPa or vM = 250MPa 2

) (

b. Suppose a compressive stress of 150 MPa were applied in only one of the two directions orthogonal to the tensile axis. What would be the tensile yield stress according to the Trescas criterion? According to von Mises criterion?

Solution: For Trescas condition, the minimum stress is still only 150 MPa, regardless of whether there are two or one! So, again, Trescas condition requires T = 150MPa + 400MPa = 250MPa

For von Mises condition,

1

1 2

2 2 2 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 = ys

) (

) (

2 2 vM (150) + vM (150) + 0 150 2

) (

) (
)

= 400MPa

Squaring both sides:

2 1 2 2 vM + 150 + 150 = 400MPa 2

2 1 2 1 2 1 2 vM + 300vM + 150 + 150 = 400MPa 2 2 2

2 2 2 vM + 150vM + (150 400 ) = 0

Finally, we only need the positive root because we wanted a tensile stress:

vM = 303MPa

For this loading arrangement, the Tresca and von Mises criterion predict different values of tensile stress with (AS EXPECTED, why?) the Trescas criterion being the more conservative prediction.

Yielding for Polymers If the shear yield strength of polystyrene (PS) in compression is 40% higher than it is in tension, determine the coefficient p in yielding equation for PS. For yielding in GLASSY polymer
S + pP = y

Where y is the shear yield strength, P = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) /3 and S is octahedral shear stress S

1 6

( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1)

First we need to know what is the difference between yielding in tension and compression. For uniaxial tension (compression) the stress is >0 (<0), so yield condition (+/- for tension/compression) can be written as
y
| 1 |2 3

p | 1 | = y. 3

Solving for stress for both cases: | 1 | =

3 /3 p /3) (

Second, we know that shear YS is 40% bigger in compression that tension, so

( 3 /3 + p /3) ( 3 + p ) 3 | 1 |c = 1.4 = = and p = = .29 | 1 |t 6 ( 3 /3 p /3) ( 3 p )

As an aside, we find the difference between compressive tensile testing for glassy and y y polymers is | 1 |c | 1 |t = ( 3 /3 p /3) ( 3 /3 + p /3) Or, simplifying, | 1 |c | 1 |t =

y 2 p
(1 2 /3) p

y 2 p

(if

1>> 2 /3) p

| | | 1 |t Finally 1 c p , ratio of yield stress difference to shear YS is a constant! 2 y