Chem 121

Measurements and Density LAB MEASUREMENTS AND DENSITY

M. Dunn
Pre-lab Assignment period includes the following in your lab book: Headings (Title, Date ), Updated Table of Contents Objective statement (IN YOUR OWN WORDS) Pre-Lab Questions Procedures (IN YOUR OWN WORDS) Data Table Set Up and READ ENTIRE LAB!

OBJECTIVE: During this lab you will become familiar with standard lab
equipment and procedures. You will measure: mass using a top loading balance and a analytical balance; volume of a regular rectangular solid volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder volume of irregular solid object by graphical analysis temperature using a thermometer You will use your mass and volume data to determine the density of your samples.

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Why do we estimate a digit when making laboratory measurements? 2. Calculate the answer, to the correct number of significant figures, of the following:
Include a summation of the question with your response.

3. How might you determine the density of an irregular shaped piece of metal? 4. A student collected the following data for four different samples of the ethanol. Then the student generates the graph below. Explain how the graph can be used to determine the density of the ethanol. What is the experimental density of the students sample? Mass vs Volume of Ethanol volume (mL) mass (g) 2.19 1.80 8.0 5.57 4.13 7.0 8.34 6.70 6.0 4.08 3.15 y = 0.784x

Mass vs Volume of Ethanol mass

Mass of Ethanol (grams)

5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Volume of Ethanol (mL)

Chem 121
Leave space to notate any observations, comments, or deviations from planned procedure. You may choose a two column approach, or include a Planned Procedure section in your prelab and a Procedure comments section to be completed during lab.

Measurements and Density

M. Dunn

PROCEDURE:

Record all measurements directly into your lab notebook. See Laboratory Notebook

Standards for further instruction. A template for your data tables is provided. PART A: Temperature 1. Fill a 250-mL beaker about half full with tap water. Let the water come to room temperature. After completing the other lab exercises, measure the temperature with a centigrade thermometer. The last digit recorded should reflect an estimate or best guess. 2. Make an ice bath. Wait several minutes for the temperature to stabilize before recording the temperature of your ice bath. 3. Convert these temperatures to Kelvin and Fahrenheit. PART B: Determining density of a solid object: You should use the same top-loader balance and the same analytical balance in all exercises. Record the numbers assigned to the balances you use in your data tables. 1. Using the top-loader balance, determine and record the mass of a small block of wood. (Keep it, you will need it later!) 2. Reweigh and record the mass of the wood block using an analytical balance. 3. Measure and record the dimensions of your wood block using a small ruler. 4. Calculate the volume of the wood block. Volume = (length)X(width)X(height) PART C Determining the volumetric capacity of a test tube: 1. Fill a small test tube to the brim with water. Measure the volume of the test tube by transferring the water into a 10 mL graduated cylinder. Repeat this exercise two more times using the same test tube. Calculate the average volume. 2. Repeat this exercise using a large test tube. PART D: Density of Liquids: Determine the density of water and corn oil at room temperature. 1. Determine the mass of an empty 10-mL graduated cylinder using the analytical balance. 2. Add 5-6 mL of water to the cylinder. Record the volume (to the hundredth of a mL) of the water, then reweigh and record the mass of the cylinder containing the water. 3. Repeat the exercise using corn oil. Dispose of used corn oil in the container provided. Do NOT DUMP THE OIL DOWN THE DRAIN. PART E: Density of Copper; A graphical approach. USE THE SAME BALANCE THROUGHOUT THIS ENTIRE EXERCISE 1. Obtain 20 copper shots. 2. Add approximately 5 mL (4.8-5.2 mL) of water to a 10-mL graduated cylinder. Weigh the cylinder with water and record the mass. 3. CAREFULLY add four copper shots to the cylinder. Record the new volume and mass of the cylinder and its contents. 4. Repeat step # 3 until all of the copper shot has been used.

Chem 121

Date should reflect when the data was collected

Measurements and Density

DATA:
PART A: Room Temperature water _____________C PART B: Number on block of wood ____________
Always include one estimated digit in your measurements (one digit beyond the markings of the instrument)

Complete data tables During Lab. Leave some space in your book in case you need to make notes, make a correction (single line through error), do another trial, etc.

M. Dunn

Ice Bath _____________C

Mass of wood block ______________ g Mass of wood block _______________ g Length _________cm Part C: 1st trial Small Test Tube Large Test Tube

using using

top loader balance # __________ analytical balance # ___________ Height ________cm

Width _______cm

Volume of Test Tubes Data 2nd trial 3rd trial mL mL mL mL

Average mL mL mL mL

Part D: Density of a Liquid Data Deionized Water Mass of empty cylinder Combined mass of cylinder and liquid Volume of liquid Accepted density value from Handbook Part E: Density of Copper Data Balance # used _________________ Accepted density value of Copper (from handbook)____________________Mass (grams) Volume (mL) Cylinder + approximately 5mL water. Cylinder + water+ 4 copper shots Cylinder + water + 8 copper shots Cylinder + water + 12 copper shots Cylinder+ water + 16 copper shots Cylinder + water + 20 copper shots g g mL g/mL Corn Oil g g mL g/mL

Chem 121

Measurements and Density

M. Dunn

CALCULATIONS and RESULTS:

From here to the end is the PostLab portion of the write up. Read the Post-Lab exercises before coming to Lab, but do not write any of this in your lab book until AFTER you have completed the lab.

For each set of calculations using the same setup, show your

setup using your data from Trial 1. Then in the boxes, show just your answers for all your trials. Express your answers to the correct number of significant figures. Part A: Temperature: Convert each temperature to F. Show the setup for your Trial 1 calculations.
Answer for room temperature water Temperature of water in F Temperature of water in Kelvin Answer for ice water

Part B: Wood Block: Show the setup for your Trial 1 calculations.
MASS CALCULATIONS Mass of wood block (Kilograms) (Trial 1)Top Loading Balance Trial 2 (Analytical Balance)

Mass of wood block (micrograms)

Mass of wood block (pounds) Density of wood block (g/mL)

Part C: Volume of Test Tube: Show the setup for your Trial 1 calculations
Volume Calculations Volume of test tube (Liters) Volume of test tube (Microliters) Volume of test tube (Quarts) Trial 1 (Small Test Tube) Trial 2 (Large Test tube)

Part D: Density of a Liquid: Show the setup for your Trial 1 calculations
Density of a liquid calculations Mass of liquid added to the cylinder (g) Density (g/mL) Density (kg/m ) % Error
3

Trial 1 (Water)

Trial 2 (Corn Oil)

Chem 121

Measurements and Density

M. Dunn

Part E: Density of Copper. 1. Calculate the mass and volume of the copper shot. Show the setup for your Trial 1 calculations
Density of Copper Calculations Mass (grams) Trial 1 (4 copper shots) Trial 2 (8 copper shots) Trial 3 (12 copper shots) Trial 4 (16 copper shots) Trial 5 (20 copper shots)

Volume (mL)

2. Graphical Analysis

Note that the graph is a significant portion of the grade. It must be completed or taped into the notebook. The graph should use an entire page. If you attach a graph, remember to attach a copy to the pages you submit for grading. Keep the original graph in the lab book. Detailed instructions for the graph are given during the lab. Follow them for full credit. Include: A title Labeled axis, including units Best Fit line for your data. Force the line through the origin (Zero mass= zero volume) Report the experimental density of copper based on the graph. Calculate the % error.

DISCUSSION:
Consider the entire lab and determine where you made errors, or where errors could have been made.

REFERENCES:

Include a reference to the eReserves where you found your laboratory procedure and the

source of any data you did not generate (theoretical density values).