BASEMENTS & WATER PROOFING (BWP) Basements :- Useable floor constructed partly or fully below ground level.

Basement may consist One floor (One Basement) or more than One floor (Two or Three or more Basements) constructed below ground level. Basement area may be equal to, less than or more than the floor area ground floor.Advantages of Constructing Basement :-

1. 2.

Basements provide for additional usable space without increasing the height of the building. Where there is restriction to maximum height of building due to statuary, Architectural or esthetic consideration, constructing basement to provide for additional space is particularly useful.

For high rise multi storeyed buildings, basements provide space for parking and accommodating services like underground water storage tank. A.C. plant room, substation, etc. without sporting the aesthatic and open spaces at ground level. Providing basement in a building permits heigher allowable bearing pressure on soil thus economizing on foundations. A heigherbearing capacity is on account of following reasons.Basements permit foundations to be placed at deeper level. Soil generally becomes firm and well compacted with depth and its bearing capacity generally increases with depth.Additional bearing pressure equivalent to weight of overburden removed (= density of soil x depth of basements below ground level)can be permitted on the soil. This additional bearing pressure may be quit significant in case of buildings with two or three basement. For example with a building with three basements (say 9m deep below G.L) the additional allowable bearing pressure on foundation will be 16 x 9 =144KN/ m2 (density of soil assumed = 16 KN /m .Construction of basement will reduce the total belt of the building and will economic on services like water supply, lifts etc. and the discomfort or user. Basements being confined by soil from all sides and being rigid basement walls (which act as shear walls) all-round, are less affected by and are more stable against horizontal forces due to wind and earthquake. In case of high rise multistoried construction basements will provide strength and stability to the building. Disadvantages of Constructing Basements :Construction of basements is more difficult and costlier (per m2 of floor area constructed) than the superstructure above ground level. Construction of basements involves following additional problem. a. Need for damp proofing and water proofing. b. Large amount of excavation and disposal of excavated material. For large and deep basements generally it becomes necessary to employ heavy excavation and material carrying equipments. In case sub soil water level in high, continuous pumping and dewatering to keep the area dry, will be required during the period of construction of basement. d. For deep basements excavated sides will be need to be protected from slipping by providing timbering and strutting of sides or sometimes by providing sheet piling. e. If foundations of the new basement are required to be taken deeper than the foundations of neighbouring adjacent buildings, then these may endanger the structural stability of the precautions and costlier protective measures. f. In case of deep basements with heigh subsoil water level, the basement structure will need to protected against floating till adequate vertical downward load from superstructure comes on the building. This may need providing anchor piles or ground anchor. These are costlier measure and will add to cost of construction. g. Basements will need artificial lighting and forced ventilation (particularly deep basements) These will also necessitate backup power supply to keep artificial lighting and forced ventilation running in case of power supply failures. h. Basements will need artificial lighting and forced ventilation (particularly deep basements) These will also necessitate backup power supply to keep artificial lighting and forced ventilation running in case of power supply failures.

1.

i.
j.

Basement are more liable to leakage which is externally difficult to repair. Basement need more maintains compared to superstructure.

As it is more difficult to evacuate the occupants from deep basements than from deep basements than from superstructure, basement will more stringent fore protection measure. In generally basements are difficult and costlier construct. However due to advantage of providing additional space for parking and accommodating service without consuming open space at G.L these are generally providing in case of high rise m.s. buildings. For low rise m.s. buildings, there provision not so common and is optional. Planning, Design & Construction of deep Basements :Advantages & disadvantages of providing basements in a building.Problems associated wall construction of basement. Bye laws relating to use of basements DDA, MCD & NDMC bye laws-case study on use of basements. Excavation and equipments used for construction of, ADMIXTURE:Chemical compounds that are added to concrete mix immediately before or during mixing to modify one or more specific properties of concrete in fresh or hardened state. Properties commonly modified are: ADMIXTURES:IMPORTANT TYPES OF ADMIXTURES:(i) Rate of hydration (setting time) General Purpose Admixtures: (ii) Work ability Accelerating Admixtures (iii) Air entertainment Accelerating Admixtures Retarding Admixtures (iv) density Water reducing Admixture also called Suitable additives added to cement to change Retarding Admixtures some of its properties. Plasticisers or super Plasticisers'. SPECIALITY CATAGORY ADMIXTURES:- Air entertaining Admixtures Air entertaining Admixtures Grouting Admixtures Corrosion inhibiting Admixtures Water proofing Admixtures Water reducing Admixtures Concrete surface hardening Admixtures Gas forming Admixtures Expansion Admixtures Shrinkage reducing Admixtures CILINDERICAL SHELLS : Colouring Admixtures or pigments These are special class of shells of translation in which generatrix (moving permeabilitydirectrix (stationary curve) is a straight line. Water proofing and curve) or the reducing Fungicidal, germicidal and insecticidal Common curves used for Cylinderical shells: Admixtures Admixtures Arc of a circle Bonding Admixtures semi ellipse Parabola Catenary etc. Ques. What is the function of the structural system in a building? Ans. A structural system in a building 1. Gives shape 2. Imparts strength and rigidity like the skeleton to the body. Ques. What is the percentage cost of the structural component in total cost of the building? Ans. Total building cost= x Cost of structural components= 50-60% of x (avg= 55%) Ques. Explain with neat sketches the following terms:

k.

1. 2. 3.

Horizontal support system Vertical support system Foundation system

Ans. Ques 2. Explain difference between load bearing systems and frame systems. Compare the merits and demerits of both. Ans 2. Load bearing systems are horizontal support systems which support occupancy, stiffen vertical members (columns/shear walls), transmit lateral (horizontal) loads (due to earthquakes) Frame systems support vertical loads, resist horizontal loads and transmit the loads to the foundation. Ques 3. What are the merits and demerits of beam and slab system? Why is this system the most common structural system in buildings? Ans. 3 Merits: (1) Can be adopted for any shape and size of building (2) Usually most economical system.

(3) Large openings e g.for staircase and lift shafts can be easily formed.
(4) (5) (6) Demerits Can conveniently support partition walls and concentrated loads. Light weight and long span system. Good seismic resistance.

(7) Easy to analyse and design. (1) Larger spans may need deeper beams (eg for span = 12 m d = 1000 mm) (2) Sometimes architectural and aesthetic need may decide floor system other than beam and slab system.

( eg waffle slab system for a conforencehall ) This system is the most common system because of low construction cost and less cost of shuttering, less material used and structural stability. Ques 4. What is the difference between a main beam and secondary beam? What is an inverted beam? What is a concealed beam? Ans 4. A main beam is the primary beam which spans between the 2 columns and a secondary beam is the beam which spans between the main beams.

An inverted beam is the one which is not below but is built above the slab, used mostly in a sunken slab in toilets and for terrace gardens. Concealed beams are those in which the beams are broad and thin such that they are accommodated in the slab, also called as flat plates or flat slabs Ques 5 Explain with sketches the details of sunken slab in a toilet in a building. Ans 5

Section of a sunken slab in a toilet, where the floor slab is sunken in the floor by a depth of 300mm to accommodate for pipes and sewage disposal. Ques 6. Explain the following systems with neat sketches with their merits and demerits. Flat plate system Systems with solid RCC slabs (with or without drop panels) and RCC cols (without col.heads) Flat slab system Systems with solid RCC slabs (with or without drop panels) and RCC cols with col.heads Merits (i) Pleasing clear flat ceiling.

(ii)

Can reduce storey height to accommodate more no.of storeyes.

(iii) Simple and less form work. (iv) Easy and quick construction. Demerits (i) Thicker slabs needed to resist punching shear. (ii) Heavier weight and costlier system compared to beam and slab system (25 to 40 % costlier).

(iii)Weaker under hor.loads (due to EQ/ wind) Provision of shear walls needed for m.s. buildings above 6 to 8 storeyes with these floor systems. (iv) Need more or (les) regular square layout of panels.difficult to analyse for panels with irregular layouts
(v) Difficult to provide large openings e.g. for stairs and lift wells. These may need framing.

Waffle slab system Systems with ribs at closer intervals along both axes, which act as T- beams. Merits 1. Reduced dead weight 2. Architecturally pleasing 3. Electric lights and fixtures can be aesthetically concealed. 4. Ribs can be architecturally treated 5. System can be used for larger spans Demerits 1. Cost of shuttering is appreciably more Ques 7 Explain the following with respect to flat slab/flat plate floor system Ans 7. 1. Column heads 2. Drop panels Column heads are the top of the columns in a flab slab type of a system which is a large structural member that helps reduce the punching shear. Drop panels are the plates cast below the slab which are thin as compared to beams in beam system but act as major structural members in reducing punching shear.

Ques 8. Discuss the guidelines for fixing preliminary sizes of slabs, beams and columns in a beam and slab system. Ans 8.

Range Av. CONTINUOUS :(adopt shorter span for two way slabs) One way : span to span span 20 25 22 Two way : span to span span 25 30 27 Ques 11 list various large span systems and their span ranges. One way : span to span span Ans. 11 large span systems 25 30 27 1. Roofing for normal spans(span less than 10m) a. Two way and slab span span Beam : span to system b. Flat plate30 flat slab systems and 35 32
2. c. Waffle slab systems Large span(span more than 10m a. Grid floors(25m) b. Shell roof i. RCC domes-30m

1. 2.

SLABS : (overall depth) ( t ) simply supported

(i)

Overall depth (D)

(i)

p to 4 storeyed buildings : span

(i)

ii.Prestressed concrete domes- 50m

c. iii. Steel domes-100m Folded plates(20m) Virendeel girders

4 to 6 storeyed buildings : span to span

d.

i. RCC 20m span ii. Steel 30m e. Steel roof trusses 30-40m f. Steel space frame 80m g. Cable suspended 100m h. Pneumatic system 1000m (i) 8 to 10 storeyed buildings : span to QUESTION 1 Give 4 merits and 2 demerits of waffle slab floor system. Where the system is considered more appropriate compared to beam and slab span system? 2 Demerits: ANSWER Merits: Cost of shuttering is large Reduced dead weight Large surface area : extra heat transfer and extra Aesthetically pleasing plastering Lighting fixtures can be concealed in the ribs Can be used for long spans without excessive beam projections This system is preferred over beam and slab system at places where aesthetic and architectural features are important. This system is a good option to reduce weight of roof and the amount of material consumed. The system is preferred in large halls for public usage. QUESTION 2 What are the 2 forms of waffle slab system? Give relative merits, demerits and at least one case example of each. Which form is more commonly adopted and why? ANSWER Waffle slab with solid panels around corners The 2 types of forms are: Waffle slab with wide shallow beams around the periphery System is difficult to analyze Not as symmetric as solid plane system

(i)

6 to 8 storeyed buildings : span to

Example: NBCC House at Bhikaji Cama Place

Less commonly adopted

Requires square grid Waffle slab with shallow beam around the periphery is more commonly used as it is easier to design and analyze. Moreover, this can be applied to asymmetric spans.

Example: Hero Honda factory at Gurgaon

QUESTION 3 Draw a typical section through a waffle slab floor indicating all structural components. Give thumb rules for fixing preliminary sizes of the structural members of waffle slab system. Why wide-shallow peripheral beams and not narrow-deep beams are normally provided in waffle slab systems?

Taper thickness: 120-150 mm Distance between two waffle: 800-1200mm

Thumb rules: Span determined by the distance between two columns. Slab thickness: 75mm -100mm Beam thickness: span/20 span/25 Structural shuttering: 25mm thik with 4mm dia structural steel bars Column: span/15 QUESTION 4 What are precast shuttering units for waffle slab floor system construction? What are their demerits compared to in-situ shuttering? Explain with neat sketches, the arrangement of anchoring and integrating precast shuttering units with the in-situ construction. ANSWER Precast shuttering units in the shape of the waffle are cast on the ground with ample reinforcement. They are lifted to the base of the roof and suspended with the help of rods and wooden base. After setting of the main slab, the precast units are set with it and form a part of the slab. Demerits: A large no. of units has to be cast Setting up of the wooden shuttering unit at the roof level is cumbersome Uneconomic when used on small scale Units cannot be reused Pre cast units can be cast beforehand therefore time can be saved during the roof construction QUESTION 5 Plan and draw to an appropriate scale structural arrangement for a plan size of a building 32m x 32m with the column spacing of 8m and four storey high with each storey of 4.6m. Draw typical floor plan and typical section with complete dimensions with suitable assumptions where ever required. Show detailed section if considered appropriate. Plan and draw both alternatives: I. With wide shallow peripheral beams II. With solid panels around columns Ques. 1) GIVE TWO MERITS AND DEMERITS OF FLAT SLAB/FLAT PLATE FLOOR SYSTEMS. WHERE THIS SYSTEM IS IS CONSIDER MORE APP. COMPARED TO BEAM AND SLAB FLOOR SYSTEMS? Ans-MERITS OF FLAT PLATE/ FLAT SLAB SYSTEMS : (i) Pleasing clear flat ceiling. (ii) Can reduce storey height to accommodate more no. of stories. (iii) Simple and less form work. (iv) Easy and quick construction. DEMERITS OF FLAT PLATE/ FLAT SLAB SYSTEMS : Thicker slabs needed to resist punching shear. Heavier weight and costlier system compared to beam and slab system (25 to 40 % costlier).

Weaker under workloads (due to EQ/ wind) Provision of shear walls needed for m.s. buildings above 6 to 8 stories with these floor systems. Need more or (les) regular square layout of panels. Difficult to analyse for panels with irregular layouts

Difficult to provide large openings e.g. for stairs and lift wells. These may need framing. This system is considered more appropriate in cases where the head height has to be reduced since the beam and slab system consumes more height. Also for more aesthetical design. QUES. 2) GIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FLAT SLAB AND FLAT PLATE FLOOR SYSTEM. GIVE SITUATIONS WHERE EACH ONE IS CONSIDERED MORE APP. TO ADOPT? Ans. FLAT PLATE SYSTEM: Systems with solid RCC slabs (with or without drop panels) and RCC cols (without col.heads) EG: Kashmere gate ISBT, delhi FLAT SLAB SYSTEM Systems with solid RCC slabs (with or without drop panels) and RCC cols with col.heads Eg: Central sectt. Library at Shastri Bhavan New Delhi QUES. 3) DRAW A SECTION THROUGH A FLAT SLAB OR FLAT PLATE SYSTEM INDICATING ALL STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS. GIVE THUMB RULES FOR FIXING SIZES OF ALL THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF THE FLAT SLAB OR FLAT PLATE FLOOR SYSTEMS? Ans. Thumb rules: Drop panel span: span/2- span/3 Thickness of slab: t(125-250 mm) Column: d (beam and slab formula)

Drop panel thickness: 1.25t Column head: 2d Angle of column head:45 degree QUES. 4) WHAT IS ADVANTAGE PROVIDING 1) DROP PANELS 2) COLUMN HEADS IN FLAT SLAB FLOOR SYSTEMS. Ans. Drop panel and column heads of a flat slab resist punching shear in a building. QUES. 5) WHY FLAT SLAB FLOOR SYSTEMS ARE NOT CONSIDERED APP. FOR HEAVY SEISMIC AREAS Ans. These systems due to excessive weight are not good at resisting horizontal seismic forces. Q1. Differentiate between a virendeel girder and a pratt truss. Ans. PRATT TRUSS VIRENDEEL GIRDER A pratt truss consists of top chord, bottom chord, vertical and Consists of top chord, bottom chord and vertical members (no diagonal members diagonal members) Joints are assumed to be hinged for analysis Joints must be rigid Direct tension or direct compression forces Forces in members are beams, shears and direct forces all combined Simpler to analyze , economical in design and cost and More tedious to analyse and design, less economical and comparatively easier to construct difficult to construct Q2. Give structural components, span ranges and some typical shapes of virendeel girders. Ans. Structural members of a virendeel girder are: Span ranges: 1. Top chord 2. Bottom chord RCC 20 TO 30 M 3. Vertical members

STEEL 30 TO 40 M SPACING 6 TO 12 M

Typical shapes: Q3. List some major applications of virendeel girders. Ans. USES: Virendeel girders are useful for spanning large column free areas such as in: -Factories, warehouses, Auditoriums etc.. -As transfer girders. EXAMPLES:

(i) (ii)

North light girders for Industrial buildings at Gurgaon & Noida. Jawahar Vyapar Bhavan, (STC Buildings) Janpath, New Delhi. Architects : Raj Rewal.

Architects : CP. Kukereja

Q4. In an eight storeyed office building(storey height 3.6m) it is proposed to provide an auditorium hall at fourth floor and omit columns B2,B3C2,C3, D2,D3,E2,E3. SKETCH A SUITABLE DIAGRAM. Ans. In a virendeel girder the columns in the 4th floor are removed by adding virendeel girder on the floor above which takes away the load.

GIVEN PLAN POPOSED PLAN WITH GIRDER LOACTION Q5. Explore the feasibility of adopting V.G. concept in you design problem and explain with sketches how this can be adopted. Ans. section of the building

Elevation of a virendeel girder

1.

Define the terms prestressing and prestressed concrete. Ans. Pre-stressing: it is the Technique of introducing in a concrete member compressive force of permanent nature, so that it causes compressive stresses in that zone of member, where Tensile stresses will be caused by external loads. Pre-stressed concrete: Concrete in which there have been introduced Internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution that the stresses resulting from given external loading are counteracted to a desired degree. What are the merits of pre-stressed concrete over RCC

2.

Ans. Cracking of concrete in Tension zone may cause corrosion of steel of reinforcement which occurs due to the forces created in the section below the neutral axis in an RCC beam which does not happen in pre-stressed concrete as no tension is created. Since no corrosion of steel occurs so we can actually use a higher grade of steel and hence achieve a more effective section. Similarly as no cracks are developed in concrete so a higher grade of concrete can be used.

1.

What are the strength grades of concrete and steel used in RCC and PSC? Why higher strength grades of concrete and steel cannot be used for RCC? Ans. For RCC , concrete used is m25 and fe415 steel bars 4-8mm dia. For PSC CONCRETE : Pre Tensioned PSC : M 30 Post Tensioned PSC : M 35 Concrete strength grades Commonly used in PSC : M 35 to M 60 Steel :High strength steel with yield strength of 1200 to 1800 N/mm2 in the shape of (i) wires 4 to 8 mm dia (ii). Strands in the shape of a rope with 8 to 12 wires. (iii). Cables with 8 to 20 strands.

2.

Explain the forms of steel used in PSC(wires, strands and cables).

Ans. In PSC cables of 4 to 8mm diameter strands are twisted in a rope form of 8-12 wires forming cables which act as the steel rod that undergoes tension in the steel rod which is under compression. 3. Explain with neat sketches principle of imparting a permanent compressive force to a concrete member in PSC member. Ans.

Explain with neat sketches the terms:

a.

Axial prestressing

eccentric prestressing

Pretensioning

post tensioning

Discuss with neat sketches the technique, merits, demerits and applications of pretensioned prestressed concrete Ans. A method of Pre-stressing concrete in which tendons (Pre-stressing steel wires or rods)are tensioned (stressed) before concreting. Pre-stressing steel wires are tensioned before casting concrete in moulds.

1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

Prestressing wires temporarily anchored against strong abutments. Transfer of prestress to concrete is by bond. Transfer of prestress after concrete has set. Axial prestressing generally adopted. Bending of wires difficult and hence generally not adopted. Small sized prestressing wires (4 mm to 8 mm) generally used.

Advantages

less expensive, no core or sheathing needed. A number of units can be cast simultaneously. Factory process, better control in quality and rrliability.

6.

7. Pre tensioning generally used for small pre cast factory produced elements. Applications For precast small factory produced building elements like precast beam elements, precast slab or wall elements. Precast Railway sleepers.

Disadvantages Method suitable for factory production which limits size of members due to difficulty of transportation. Loss of prestress due to elastic short tensioning Bending of cables difficult. Less efficient compared to post tensioning.

 Other similar factory produced precast concrete elements which may also be pretensioned to reduce dead weight. Q. Discuss with neat sketches the technique, merits, demerits and applications of post tensioned prestressed concrete.
Ans. A method of Prestressing concrete in which Prestressing steel is tensioned against hardened concrete. STEPS for Post Tensioning: To place pre-stressing tendons, a duct is formed in the concrete member at the time of casting. The concrete member is cast and allowed to harden to Achieve adequate strength. Steel tendons are inserted and placed loose in the ducts after the concrete member has hardened with end steel plates and end anchorages devices like steel wedges. The tendons are stretched and anchored at each end By means of steel wedges. Tendons are anchored at each end. Pre-stressing is transferred to concrete through bearing plates placed at each end. ADVANTAGES OF POST TENSIONING: As post tensioning is normally adopted for In situ casting, longer spans feasible. Cables can be bent, hence more efficient. Less loss of prestress compared to pre tensioning. Stage pre-stressing possible. Demerits of Post Tensioning: 1. Post Tensioning needs sheathing, end anchorages, bearing plates etc. and is therefore costlier and more tedious than Pre-tensioning. Applications Large span and heavily loaded beams in buildings, bridges and flyovers. Transfer girders in buildings. Large span cantilevers. Large span folded plates and shells.

Precast electric poles.

Large diameter and large sized tanks(fluid container). Containment shells in nuclear reactors. Industrial structures, large sized cooling towers. Ground anchors. Diaphragm walls, etc.

1.

Sketch a typical PSC girder for a flyover or a bridge.

. What are grid floors? Give different components of a typical grid floor system? Ans. Grid floor systems are:System consists of beams spaced at regular intervals in prependicular directions. The beams are monolithic with a topping slab. Each RIB (beam) acts as a T-beam. Different components: Slab Ribs Columns beam Q2. What are merits and demerits of grid floor system? What are applications of grid floor system? Ans. Merits of grid floor

1. 2.

used to span large spaces upto 30m without any central columns more aesthetical due to beams at regular intervals.

3. Less depth can take the amount of load Demerits of grid floor 1. Expensive system 2. Not very large spans i.e. more than 30m can be spanned Applications Grid floors are adopted for large halls where flat RCC roof is desired. Examples are Auditoriums, Conference Halls, Multiplex halls etc. Q3. Give, with neat sketches, imperial rules of fix up dimension of structural members of a typical grid floor system. A3. Spacing of ribs = 2 3 m C/C Width of ribs = 150 250 mm ( larger width for larger spacing of ribs ) Depth of ribs (overall) = span / 20 to span / 25 Thickness of slab = 65 100 mm Reinf. In slab = 8 mm dia bars @ 150 to 200 mm C/C Span range = 10 30 m Q4. Discuss with neat sketches different form of grid floors. What are dia-grids? Ans. Different forms of grid floor RECTANGULAR GRID

 Rectangular diagonal grid Circular grid Square grid Diagonal grids : Instead of a rectangular beam grids, a digonal grid can also be used with the beam inclined at 450 to sides. Such grid systems are called Dia grids. Q5. Discuss with neat sketches a case study of a building provided with grid floors. A5. Hall of Technology, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi (20 m X 20m dia grids) Mezannine floor structural plan Details: 1.

Typical member connection details

Diagonal member Web member

Typical WELDED PLATEsupport connectionPLATE450X450X12 THICK TOP DIA GUSSET ANCHOR BOLTS 25 DIA X BOLTS 2-16CHORD TO TRUSS 100X10X12 LONG PLATES WELDED TO ANCHOR BOLTS 10 THICK600THICK details
oleObject21

M.S.BEARING BOTTOM CHORD PLATE RCC COL. SUPPORT

2.

Typical details of purlin to top chord

SECTION

MEZZANINE FLOOR STRUCTURAL PLAN

3. Typical details of bottom runner to bottom chord

SECTION 2

Bracing members

4.

Typical details of bracing

Top chord Top chord Bracing members

Ques1. Explain the termtube systems in ultra-high buildings? Ans1. The tube is the name given to the systems where in order to resist lateral loads (wind, seismic, etc.) a building is designed to act like a threedimensional hollow tube, cantilevered perpendicular to the ground. The system can be constructed using steel, concrete, or composite construction (the discrete use of both steel and concrete). It can be used for office, apartment and mixed-use buildings. Most buildings in excess of 40 stories constructed in the United States since the 1960s are of this structural type. The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground. In the simplest incarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through moment connections. This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid frame that amounts to a dense and strong structural wall along the exterior of the building. This exterior framing is designed sufficiently strong to resist all lateral loads on the building, thereby allowing the interior of the building to be simply framed for gravity loads. Interior columns are comparatively few and located at the core. The distance between the exterior and the core frames is spanned with beams or trusses and intentionally left column-free. This maximizes the effectiveness of the perimeter tube by transferring some of the gravity loads within the structure to it and increases its ability to resist overturning due to lateral loads, also giving large usable spaces Ques2. Explain the following tube systems at least giving one example of each: a. Framed tube system a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation eg. World trade center, New york b. Braced tube system it is a framed tube system with braces along the periphery which increases the stiffness and it acts as a rigid tube. eg. John Hancock Center, Chicago Bundled tube system a system which consists of a group of narrow steel cylinders that are clustered together to form a thicker column which may continue right upto the top or can be reduced. Eg. Sears tower, Chicago

c.

Tube in tube system It is a system which consists of a perforated tube on the outside acting as the facade and a parallel tube inside which serves as a core. Eg: Vikas Minar, delhi Ques3. Write an essay on the following: a. Tall buildings of the future It depends on who does the measuring! Skyscraper buffs disagree on whether features like flagpoles, antennas, and spires should be included when measuring building height. Also under dispute is the question of what, exactly, constitutes a building. Technically, observation towers and communications towers are considered structures, not buildings, because they are not habitable. They do not have residential or office space.

d.

1.

The Burj Dubai Soaring 828 meters (2,717 feet) the Burj Dubai in the United Arab Emirates is now considered the world's tallest building. Keep in mind, however, that these statistics include the skyscraper's enormous spire. 2. The Taipei 101 Tower Measuring 509 meters (1,670 feet) tall, the Taipei 101 Tower in Taipei, Taiwan is widely considered the world's second tallest building. But, like the Burj Dubai, the Taipei 101 Tower gets much of its height from a huge spire.

3.

Petronas Twin Towers Before the Taipei 101 Tower was built, the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were described as the tallest buildings in the world. Once again, the Petronas Towers get much of their height from spires, not from usable space. 4. Sears Tower If you count only habitable space and measure from the sidewalk level of the main entrance to the structural top of building (excluding flagpoles and spires), then Chicago's Sears Tower ("Willis Tower"), built in 1974, still ranks among the tallest buildings in the world. 5. One World Trade Center For awhile it was thought that New York's new World Trade Center skyscraper, One World Trade Center ("Freedom Tower"), would become the world's tallest building. But security concerns lead designers to scale down their plans. One World Trade Center will rise 541 meters (1,776 feet), but much of that height will be in it's needle-like spire. The structural height of One World Trade Center will be 417 meters (1,368 feet). Sears Tower in Chicago and the Jin Mao Building in Shanghai are taller. 6. CN Tower Now, supposing we included spires, flagpoles, and antennas when measuring building heights. In that case, it might not make sense to distinguish between buildings and towers when ranking building heights. If we rank all man-made structures, whether or not they contain habitable space, then we'd have to give high rankings to the Tokyo Sky Tree in Japan, measuring 625 meters (1,998 feet). Next in running is China's Canton Tower, which measures 600 meters (1,968.5 ft). Finally, there's the famous CN Tower in Toronto, Canada. Measuring 553.33 meters (1,815 ft., 5 inches) tall, the CN Tower was the world's tallest tower for many years.

a.

Burj Dubai The height of the multi-use skyscraper will comfortably exceed the current record holder of 509 meter-tall (1,671 feet) Taipei 101. It has a height of around 800m. Designers purposely shaped the structural concrete Burj DubaiY-shape in planto reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and foster constructability. The structural system can be described a buttressed core. Each wing, with its own high performance concrete core and perimeter columns, buttresses the others via a six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff torsionally.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The goal of the Burj Dubai Tower is not simply to be the worlds highest building; its to embody the worlds highest aspirations. The superstructure is currently under construction and as of summer 2007 has reached over 135 stories. The nal height of the building is a wellguarded secret. The height of the multi-use skyscraper will comfortably exceed the current record holder of the 509 m(1671 ft)tall Taipei 101. The 280 000 m2 (3 000 000 ft2) reinforced concrete multi-use tower is utilized for retail, a Giorgio Armani Hotel, residential and ofce. Designers purposely shaped the structural concrete Burj DubaiY shaped in planto reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and foster constructability. The structural system can be described as a buttressed core (Figures 13). Each wing, with its own high performance concrete corridor walls and perimeter columns, buttresses the others via a six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff laterally and torsionally. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) applied a rigorous geometry to the tower that aligned all the common central core, wall, and column elements. Each tier of the building sets back in a spiral stepping pattern up the building. The setbacks are organized with the towers grid, such that the building stepping is accomplished by aligning columns above with walls below to provide a smooth load path. This allows the construction to proceed without the normal difculties associated with column transfers. The setbacks are organized such that the towers width changes at each setback. The advantage of the stepping and shaping is to confuse the wind. The wind vortexes never get organized because at each new tier the wind encounters a different building shape. The tower and podium structures are currently under construction (Figure 1) and the project is scheduled for topping out in 2008. Figure 1. Construction photo STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN The center hexagonal reinforced concrete core walls provide the torsional resistance of the structure similar to a closed tube or axle. The center hexagonal walls are buttressed by the wing walls and hammerhead walls, which behave as the webs and anges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments. Outriggers at the mechanical oors allow the columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads. The wall concrete specied strengths ranged from C80 to C60 cube strength and utilized Portland cement and y ash. Local aggregates were utilized for the concrete mix design. The C80 concrete for the lower portion of the structure had a specied Youngs elastic modulus of 43 800 N/mm2(6350 ksi) at 90 days. The wall and column sizes were optimized using virtual work/LaGrange multiplier methodology, which results in a very efcient structure. The reinforced concrete structure was designed in accordance with the requirements of ACI 31802 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. The wall thicknesses and column sizes were ne tuned to reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage on the individual elements which compose the structure. To reduce the effects of differential column shortening, due to creep, between the perimeter columns and interior walls, the perimeter columns were sized such that the self-weight gravity stress on the perimeter columns matched the stress on the interior corridor walls. The ve sets of outriggers, distributed up the building, tie all the vertical load-carrying elements together, further ensuring uniform gravity stresses, hence reducing differential creep movements. Since the shrinkage in concrete occurs more quickly in thinner walls or columns, the perimeter column thickness of 600 mm (24 in.) matched the typical corridor wall thickness (similar volume-to-surface ratios) (Figure 4b) to ensure the columns and walls will generally shorten at the same rate due to concrete shrinkage. The top section of the tower consists of a structural steel spire utilizing a diagonally braced lateral system. The structural steel spire was designed for gravity, wind, seismic and fatigue in accordance with the requirements of AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Specication for Structural Steel Buildings (1999). The exterior exposed steel is protected with a ame-applied aluminum nish. Seismic loading typically did not govern the design of the reinforced concrete tower structure. Seismic loads did govern the design of the reinforced concrete podium buildings and the tower structural steel spire.

FOUNDATIONS AND SITE CONDITIONS The tower foundations consist of a pile-supported raft. The tower raft is 37 m (12 ft) thick. The tower raft is supported by 194 bored cast-inplace piles. The piles are 15 m in diameter and approximately 43 m long, with a design capacity of 3000 tonnes each. The tower pile load test supported over 6000 tonnes (Figure 8). The C60 (cube strength) SCC concrete was placed by the tremie method utilizing polymer slurry. WIND ENGINEERING For a building of this height and slenderness, wind forces and the resulting motions in the upper levels become dominant factors in the structural design.

b.

Tall buildings in India- emerging trends. Already existing tall buildings in India

FOLDED PLATES:-

PROPORTIONING OF FOLDED PLATE ROOFS :Are thin slabs folded in elevation to increase their structural efficiency. A folded plate roof is economical as compared to ordinary beam and slab system for large spans, say 9m. Span range : 10m to 30m COMMON SHAPES:(prestressing generally adopted above 25m span) (i) V shape COMMON USAGES :Thickness of slab : 100 to 150mm. Trapetodial For roofs of buildings requiring large Height/ span ratio : 1/8 to 1/15 (iii) Through column free areas as in:

(ii)
(iv)

North light

(v) Prismatic etc. COMMON SPAN RANGE:10m to 20m for RCC folded plates up to 30m for prestressed concrete folded plates. ADVANTAGES:(i) Simpler shuttering involving only straight planks.

(i) (ii)

Industrial buildings, Factories. Assembly halls

Spacing of columns to Support diaphragm beams : 6 to 10m C/C. Hor. < 400 (to avoid top shuttering of slabs). STRU.COMPONENTS OF A FOLDED PLATE:-

(iii)Godowns
(iv) (v) Auditoriums Gymnasiums etc.

(ii)
(iii) (iv) (v)

(i)
(ii)

Folded slabs core. folded plates : 100-150 thickness. Diaphragm or traverses

(iii)Column supports 6 to 10m centres. (i) Slab action (vi)DEMERITS:(vii)(i) Consume slightly more quantities of concrete and steel and carry slightly more dead weight compared to shells. However simpler shuttering
REQD more than offset cost. SLAB ACTION OF FOLDED PLATES :The component of loads acting normal to each plate causes transverse bending between junction of plates, which can be considered as imaginary supports for a continuous slab. THIS TRANSVERSE ACTION IS TERMED AS SLAB ACTION This transverse moment developed in plates can be determined by a continuous beam analysis assuming the supports at junction of plates. IN SLAB ACTION, THE PLATES BEND AS AND ARE PLATE ACTION :The components of loads acting tangential to each plate cause bending of plates in their own plane. The plates being supported by the diaphragm(or traverse beams) at their ends, bend in their plane as shown in figure. THE LONGITUDINAL BENDING OF PLATES IN THEIR OWN PLANE IS CALLED PLATE ACTION.

moveable formwork can be used, resulting speedy construction. STRUCTURAL ACTION OF FOLDED PLATES :Simpler diaphragms. Folded plates resist loads by a combination Design computation simpler compared to shells. of : Aesthetically pleasing and comparable with shells.