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Peter Wang
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LTE requirements & features
LTE Requirements
Peak bit (not data) rate
100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth (i.e., SISO) Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)
Less than 5 ms user-plane latency condition (i.e., single user with single data stream) Mobility
Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h 15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance
Support for both FDD and TDD H-ARQ, mobility support, rate control, security, and etc...
TS 36.2xx
TS 36.3xx
Physical layer
Layers 2 and 3: Medium access control, radio link control, and radio resource control
TS 36.4xx
TS 36.5xx
Infrastructure communications (UTRAN = UTRA Network) including base stations and mobile management entities
Conformance testing
OFDM (1/3)
OFDM (2/3)
OFDM essential concept: Subcarrier spacing ( f) = 1/Tu
OFDM (3/3)
High spectrum efficiency
Inter-OFDMsymbol-interference caused by Multipath Delay Spread Inter-carrier-interference caused by Doppler Frequency Spread High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) caused by multiple frequency harmonics UL SC-FDMA reduces PAPR, but of more signicance - particularly for the amplier is the Cubic Metric (CM)
Protocol Architecture
PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in time domain in the FDD case
UL
PUCCH: Transmit ACK/NACK, CQI, SR
Cell Search
Cell search: UE acquires time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects the cell ID
Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH (Synchronization Channel) signals.
P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are transmitted twice per radio frame (10 ms) for FDD Cell search procedure
5 ms timing identified using P-SCH Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH
UE Measurements (1/4)
In cellular networks, when a mobile moves from cell to cell and performs cell selection/reselection and handover, it has to measure the signal strength/quality of the neighbor cells.
In UMTS, a UE measures Carrier RSSI, CPICH RSCP, and CPICH Ec/No on preamble.
In LTE network, a UE measures two parameters on reference signal: RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) and RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality).
UE Measurements (2/4)
3GPP TS 36.214 V9.2.0
Definition Reference signal received power (RSRP), is defined as the linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cellspecific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. For RSRP determination the cell-specific reference signals R0 according TS 36.211 [3] shall be used. If the UE can reliably detect that R1 is available it may use R1 in addition to R0 to determine RSRP. The reference point for the RSRP shall be the antenna connector of the UE. If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower than the corresponding RSRP of any of the individual diversity branches. diversity branches.
Applicable for
UE Measurements (3/4)
Definition Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio NRSRP/(EUTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks. E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the linear average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc. The reference point for the RSRQ shall be the antenna connector of the UE. If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower than the corresponding RSRQ of any of the individual diversity branches. Applicable for RRC_IDLE intra-frequency, RRC_IDLE inter-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency, RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency
UE Measurements (4/4)
For example, assume that only reference signals are transmitted in a resource block, and that data and noise and interference are not considered. In this case RSRQ is equal to (1/2) or -3 dB. If reference signals and subcarriers carrying data are equally powered, the ratio corresponds to (1/12) or -10.79 dB.
RSRQ is not suitable for LTE measurement. We use RSRP and s/Iot measurement defined in TS 36.133 to determine the intra frequency cell delectability. An intra frequency cell is considered to be detectable if: RSRP|dBm > -124 dBm for Bands 1, 4, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 21, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 and RSRP s/Iot -4 dB,).
s: Received energy per RE (power normalized to the subcarrier spacing) during the useful part of the symbol, i.e. excluding the cyclic prefix, at the UE antenna connector. Iot: The received power spectral density of the total noise and interference for a certain RE (power integrated over the RE and normalized to the subcarrier spacing) as measured at the UE antenna connector. CPICH RSCP: Received Signal Code Power, the received power on one code measured on the Primary CPICH. UMTS FDD carrier RSSI: The received wide band power, including thermal noise and noise generated in the receiver, within the bandwidth defined by the receiver pulse shaping filter. CPICH_Ec/No: The received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band. If receiver diversity is not in use by the UE, the CPICH Ec/No is identical to CPICH RSCP/UTRA Carrier RSSI.
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Conclusions
LTE Requirements and Key Features
OFDMA Frame and Resource Block Structures Physical Channel Structure and Procedure UE measurements RSRP & RSRQ
Reference
[1] 3GPP LTE http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm.
[2] 3GPP TR 25.892; Feasibility Study for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for UTRAN enhancement (Release 6) [3] S. Sesia, et.al. LTE-The UMTS Long Term Evolution- from Theory to Practice, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (Good book on PHY layer concept) [4] H. Holma, et.al. LTE for UMTS OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (Good book on System Architecture concept)
[5] H.G. Myung, Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE. http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma.pdf [6] P. Wang, et. Al. RF Pattern Matching Performance in LTE, Polaris Wireless internal report, April 17, 2010.
Appendix
* If 4x4 MIMO is used, then the peak data rate would be 4 x 100.8 Mbps = 403 Mbps.
* If 3/4 coding is used to protect the data, we still get 0.75 x 403 Mbps = 302 Mbps as data rate.
384 k
14 M
28 M
100M
Max uplink speed 128 k bps Latency round trip time approx 3GPP releases
Approx years of initial roll out
5.7 M
11 M
50 M
150 ms
100 ms
50ms (max)
~10 ms
Rel 99/4
Rel 5 / 6
2005 / 6 HSDPA 2007 / 8 HSUPA
Rel 7
Rel 8
2003 / 4
2008 / 9
2009 / 10
Access methodology
CDMA
CDMA
CDMA
OFDMA / SCFDMA
Mobility
Latency Spectral efficiency
Idle to active less than 100ms Small packets ~10 ms Downlink: 3 - 4 times Rel 6 HSDPA Uplink: 2 -3 x Rel 6 HSUPA
OFDMA (Downlink) SC-FDMA (Uplink) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Uplink and downlink)
Access schemes
Modulation types supported
OFDM is better suited to MIMO. The frequency domain representation of the signal enables easy precoding to match the signal to the frequency and phase characteristics of the multi-path radio channel.
SIB2 contains radio resource configuration information common for all UEs, including: The uplink carrier frequency and the uplink channel bandwidth (in terms of the number of Resource Blocks, for example n25, n50) The Random Access Channel (RACH) configuration, which helps a UE start the random access procedure, such as preamble information, transmit time in terms of frame and subframe number (prach-ConfigInfo), and powerRampingParameters which indicates the initial Tx power and ramping step. The paging configuration, such as the paging cycle The uplink power control configuration, such as P0-NominalPUSCH/PUCCH The Sounding Reference Signal configuration The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) configuration to support the transmission of ACK/NACK, scheduling requests, and CQI reports The Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) configuration, such as hopping
3.