Spoken English

[-
C 12 W 2005
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O L-
O ju o
O n j
O vA Jho
O uh- N--j
N Nx- ...
O O p--L!
v L!
v-d pL!
\ xJ-c -!
] p Tx
j ]!
O u--]- O [p--]
-[-v-A V N# V
jL p Tx
u C-hC.
I
Kavita : How did you do in yesterday's
exam?
(Eo K- ?)
Suji :
Well, I think. How did you do ?
( -----o. y
?)
Spoken English Conversational English
E .
# Career - Nu-n--]-J ---i
Communications Skills u-i Spoken English.
# ux, qx v--E Ey- Interviews, group
discussions, presentations, self sketches N C- Spoken English O] d -.
(-- --E u
! L-
ho. h-] --o)
Suneetha : I wish I had appeared for CAT
too. It's too late now. I think I'll
(x Tx x-[)
3. Where is Ramesh?
( \[?)
4. How beautiful the Taj is!
(y-]. h [a)
do MCA. I am preparing for the

courses. I may also take PG
What group are going to study in
entrance tests and do MSc
Sentence
Inter?
Computers or Electronics.
'Vijayawada',
(- v B---o?)
Kavita : MPC. What about you ?
(. y...!)
Suji :
Not sure yet, though dad wants me

to do MPC.
Kavita :
( N --]. o
-o)
Which college?
( @?)
Suji :
No idea as yet. What's going to be

your college?
(N --]... y!)
Kavita : Same here. Not decided yet.
( . --].)
II
( -C.
p[ -E ?
h. > v K-
-E C. tq
u-q -Z-Eq F
h)
---Fo -E- ...!

-[ -. Grammar L-
v English x[[ h-]--[ -. --i F grammar --L. ]...
VOCABULARY
Well, You know I've taken the
--Fo.
---i u j-C @N--E, F -, o -, ---, - -C-#j . C Tx ]l-]l h. F #o-#o
N-- Tx , [ L-].
Listening. - x English
n ---[. DE daily life - , Pronunciation
---L.
u J-Q-L-.
CAT for joining in IIM. Waiting for
1. Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna
final degree exams are over. But

What next for you?
(tu! K--j-- F.
y h)
Suneetha : Not yet decided. What are your

plans?
( --]. F ?)
Spoken English
the results. If I make it, I'll join

one of the IIMs. Hope I shall be
fortunate.
(N--[ 'g [f C)
2. They do not speak English
verb is, Sentence-2
'is'.
Spoken English
Sentence Subject,
Verb Jh-[ -. E
Jhh N--Fo .
a) Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in
South India
Vizag.
[ Sentences N-Eo pN.

Statements o-.
c) Is AP the biggest state in South India?
d) Was the Eenadu first published from
Vizag?
(c), (d) Questions
. (a), (b) (c),

l.
English (a), (b) Statements,
(c), (d) Questions v-
u-E-t (sentence structure) C.
(sentence structure ],
y J.)
(d)
C
C
'Ramesh',
C
'Taj' J# -o. Sentence M. SURESAN
p N-Eo E
'Subject' . d ] Sentence
Subject Vijayawada, u Subject
'They',
AP
Statement :
(DE
is
the
Structure ) Subject + Verb
biggest state in south India.

Question : Is
Spoken English Grammar
Vocabulary
Supriya : Hi, Suneetha, What a relief! The
Supriya :
entrance tests of all MCA
Sentence-1
verb 'do speak', Sentence-3, 4
b) The Eenadu was published first from
(-- ] C)
j Sentences vAD
N-Eo J#
-C.
]
Kavita: Not bad. I could have done better.
Suji:
#o #oN L #\!
AP
the biggest
Verb + Subject
state in South India!
x 1
They, u Subject Ramesh,
u Subject The Taj.
vA Sentence 'Subject'
J# p -]E -E
. j 1st sentence'.... is on the
banks of the Krishna' Sentence subject
N--[ J# C.
'She sings well'
Sentence 'She' Subject. 'Sings well'

C Subject She J# p . 'sings
well' 'sings' sentence ]. (She
well - n ]. Sentence ]).
'She sings well' - sentence Subject
'She' y 'Sings' Sentence
u. 'VERB' .
Subject, Verb --[ -u.
d-] #a Sentences Verbs
l.
Statement Subject ], Verb y

hC.Question DE uA-- verb
] subject y h-o. C English
v--i .
Statement : The Eenadu was published first
structure :
Subject
+ Verb
from Vizag.
Question : Was the Eenadu published first
structure :
Verb + Subject
( Verb)
from Vizag?
Statements
practice
quesitons
Statements
a) (Yes), They are students
Ja
Questions
-----?
b) (Yes), Rani is the leader
-----?
c) (No), I am not happy
-----?
d) (Yes), He was here last night -----?

e) (No), She is not hungry ?
-----?
[-
14 W 2005
W x x j E#, h
p [. No, j]E N x
Th. d E ## x[. F x
xp[ ]ui # . L
d E d d.
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
[ y l-
- [[.
: Car c-, centre c-
l-E [ y - [[.
: centre - c \[ , sentry - s \[
).
English pronunciation confusion
-L?
English x \ -.
#---x l \. Pen - ;
Book- , Watch - ; Phone - ; Take
- . x #J x x
L- -C. o, \, <, ,
. English x--p[ x
# x L-- ].
C u!
Tx x #J 'r' . --
(d), car (), for (), paper
().
# 'r' o Eo -- Ch.\['r' silent. ]u
a, e, i, o, u E y 'r' #a
C silent. Eo . E y a, e, i, o,
u, j h p.
: form (); Card (); Fur (); sir
(), her (); information (---).
Doctor
O !
O--
R x!
VERBS
Kranthi: Was anything special in the sunday Eenadu?
(C- -[ j vu- ?)
Karuna: Yes. There was the first lesson in

Spoken English.
(. p Tx ] C.)
Kranthi: Was anything important in it?
(] i vu- ?)
Karuna: Yes. Very important point was

there- the difference between the
statement structure and question
structure.
(. u-i N...
d- Za- a Za-
p.)
Kranthi: Is it so important?
(C u?)
Karuna: Very. The statement has the subject first, and the verb next. The
question has verb first and the
subject next.
(... d-x ] bd y
s . F a- ] s
y bd .)
- ! ] vA-Fo
vo. --Fo d-x.
u -E-...
I am here- verb: 'am'
You are in class- verb: 'are'
My pen is in my pocketverb: 'is'
Conversation
--i Eo
--. ]
parts of the human

body- K
Tx
l.
sentences
'am', 'is', 'are.
o Verbs
O n
[[ E -C-#N. C vo,
Statements English practice .
1. (p[) O \[
o?
head, face,
eyes, ears, neck,
shoulder,
hand,
legs, fingers
l ]J
. thumb (-), forefinger
(-[-), middle
finger
(]u),
ring finger (
), little finger
(#- ). toe
(L-), big toe
(L --), nail (), waist ([),
wrist (-d), arm (-d #
), forearm (-d #
(elbow) ), back arm (elbow #
), buttocks (-]), Knee ().
Knee # ] L ]
shin, L-- calf (), L -E
]u joint () ankle, ] [Sole,
-L fist, - Palm, -- eyebrows, ] forehead. cheeks - \x,
pupil - -, eyelid- -p, nostril\ v], gums - -#-x, skull-v,
scalp- Vd C -j-.
English:
Where are you?
2. (p[) x
o.
3. (p[) x -
o.
--
4. (p[) O -- o?
--
5. (p[) O \[ ]--o?
--
6. (p[) x d.
Answers:
2. I am in class
5. -- W 10 # 4
--
6. O W -@ p-[-?
--
3. They are happy

4. Are you happy?
5. Why are you here?
6. They are our relatives
am, is, are p[ (now) vh

(present) [-Eo L--h. ]
am, is, are regular [-Eo L-----
7. @ 10 # 4 ?
E --T-h. j \j v
p- [-Eo am, is, are
. C sentences practice
.
O x--p[? (vA W C regular)
Answers:
2. When is your father at office?
3. His pen is always in his pocket.
4. When are your classes (every day)?
5. Our classes are from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
6. When are you at college (every day)?
7. We are at college from 10 to 4 (every
day)?
When are your classes every day?
\[ 'are' ] [-o? C vA
W v pE N d.
Sx [.
1st show p[?
1st show p[ j C ?
regular [[. d is [[
d.
6, 7ux every
day - ]. (are
[[.)
u--
VOCABULARY
When is the first show?
O-p-[- College (vA V)

C 'regular' d,
When are you at college (every day)?
\[ every day -- --].

]- 'are' regular [[ d.
-v x
[ ?
'I am at home in the evenings'.
Evenings vA evening- regular.
d regular states of being (v p [[) p--E am, is, are [[
d. C English p. practice .
1. j p[ O-]---J-\[?
(Regular ?)
-u-i -- M. SURESAN
u, -C-#
--
1. Cold. 2. ]_ Cough (). 3.
t Sneeze (o size #J
l -L.) 4. <][ blow the nose.
5. \ running nose. 6. p ache
(), ] pain, suffering;
p: [--p, -p,
[p O y 'ache'
[.pain [.
stomach ache- stomach pain ].
head ache, back ache etc.
y (fever) ax,
'feeling feverish'.
]] itch () scratch (v\),

p sore throat; ] -[
groan; -L-[ yawn, swelling,
C-- inflammation. Fo practice
x--p[ [.
--p C.
I have a head ache.
t .
Answer: Why are you here at this time
every day?
2. O o- - p-[-?
--
3. p[ C.
--
4. W O -- p[?
--
#a-x 'feel'
My mother has a cold.

practice
-N JEo
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
Tx Consonant ending l \-
o . x # l
\. # x x-- -L.
: book, , \ ].
, o ]. Tub - , s ].
Hotel- ( \). magO !
azine- # 'ine', 'ile'
p Tx O
, -L. Magazine p Tx, vA\, [,
-@ (@, \[ easy #J l>[, j]82
-C) Automobile- --H,
# a.
intestine () -d etc.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
[-
16 W 2005
] \[ p[ L
C. L LE v ] JE
da N LTa. ' a
xEo [ ' C. ]
a E i ]l J[ .
the- \[ C, p[ ]?
WAS, WERE
Ram:
Were you there yesterday?
(Eo y \[ o?)
Raghav: I was there, of course.
( \[ o)
Ram:
When were you there?
(p-[-o?)
Raghav: I was there exactly at 6 when the

function began.
(J_ { ]-j 6 -
\ o)
Ram:
Who else was there yesterday?
(Eo --o?)
Raghav: Anil, and Sunil were also there.
(E, F \[ o)
- -E-. Ram, Raghav Eo
[-Eo was, were p-o. English jd Verb forms
. p[, p[, - [Eo am, is, are . o
E p[ was, were .
was- singular
were- plural
1.
p[ E-\[ o.
I am here
2.
Eo \[ o.
I was here yesterday

3. O Eo \[ o? C Question.
d verb ] L
Were you here yesterday?
4. Eo -\-[-o[? (Question)
Where was he yesterday?
5. -- vG - C.
India was under British rule.
6. 1947 - (rulers) ?
Who were our rulers till 1947?
Tx- j L- D, q, , j p[ sentence #
L.
Eo y \[ ]o?
7.
Why were you here yesterday?
8.
o-[ C- \[ o[.
My friend was here last Sunday.
d (past) N-
p[ was, were .
sentences english practice
.
Eo x o?
2. Pranav: , x o.
3. Praveen: O o x o?
4. Pranav: [.
5. Praveen: Eo O \[-o?
6. Pranav: -@ o.
1. Praveen: O
7. Praveen: vA
W j -@
? (Regular)
8. Pranav: .
9. Praveen: O - x p-[?
10. Pranav: -v x . Eo
v v x .
11. Praveen: -\[o?
12. Pranav: O-
Answers:
1. Were you at home yesterday?
2. Yes, I was at home.
3. Was your brother too/also at home?
4. No, he was not at home.
(-- No, he wasn't. E -h)
(wasn't = was not)
5. Where were you?
vo: Had, would short forms I had/would - I'd

. We had/would -We'd O, o. I'd
We'd bd y had , would
---L?
x E, --[
: 'd O-ox had [-. y ing form #a--p[, O ] 'd
p[ had -C. Do, go, come
would [-. \[ had \[
verb forms ], be + ing ] 'd p[
would C ]-sEo d v q-would -C.
.
A) He'd gone before I saw him.
\[ He'd = He had
]- 'gone' past participles
] would p[ ]. had v
hC.
B) I thought he'd do it.

\[ 'd - past participle ] d
would n --L. N h-d--L. Past participles ], 'been'
Example: They'd done it.

(done past participle d 'd = had)
They'd been doing it. (\[ been + ing
] d 'd = had).
She'd marry him. 'd y marry E #aC
d 'd = would
She'd be going. \[ be + ing form ]
d 'd = would.
Have been + ing ] 'd = would.
6. I was at College.
7. Are you at college at this time every day?
8. Yes, I am (at college... every day - conversation C---a.)
9. When are you at home usually? ( d 'are')
10. I am at home in the evenings (Regular,
therefore, am) but I was not (wasn't) at
home last evening.
(Eo v, Eo vA last evening,
last night).
11. Where else were you? (Eo d)
12. I was at a meeting.
- O, O friendF, O
x -J--F practice .
]
O practice y answers
.
p[ ? \ am, is, are, was,
were English x-[-a?
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
Tx- pure
\j 'a'
sounds
-.
bake, cake, case, date, face, game, hate,

lane x #a--p[ Eo
-L.
M. SURESAN
bake-
cake-
case-
face-
game-
hate-
lane-
date-
(I hate you-
).
N -
tale, tail pronunciation \ .
p[ 'a', p[ 'an' C ]l vo.
'a, e, i o, u v u ],
'an' E, N ] 'a' E . F C p[ d ]. a university, a European . d.
'the' E C E p[, ] E p[
-L?
, , , , , , , , , , ,
l- v u English ]
'an' L. l ] a 'the'E C
L. N l- vu
] 'a' L.
'the'E ] L.
a University ( v d 'a')
an example ( v, d 'an')
the egg (\[ C, egg, 'a' v
d)
the tree (] v. \[ #
l- v ] d).
Communications/information
-C-# [.
[ phone, ringup, give a ring,

call- O-Eo- p[ [- o ,
'call', phone to a person, phone a person
Jh ----. ring up, give a ring
[- o.
1) O -J .
Please call me.
Please give me a ring.
Please ring me up.
p- h.
I will certainly call you.

Sure, I will call you.
Sx O h.
I will get back to you.
2)
N - .
Please mail me the matter.
Please mail the matter to me at
yours@yahoo.com
3)
J y .
4)
d y .
Send it by courier.
Post it.
Send it by ordinary post.
Sent it by snail mail.
'snail mail' h-
x post E n.
-u
JEo !
chew (u) - [
swallow (y)- N[
swallow in a gulp - \ N
trim (v)(mustache, beard)
- (O, [f) Ah-J# J[
clench (x)- GT- (-L fist)
injure () - [[
injury (K)-
twist (yd)the arm - L-A-p[
snap the fingers - # [
shatter ()- ]l d[
swelling (yL)-
inflammation (x)- C
fracture(va)- N-[
sprain(vp)-
itch()- ]],
scratch(v\)- [
abscess ()- (<)
boil ()- [f
pimple ()-
scar (\)- x a
pus ()- <
blister (Gxd)-[
Sx Verbs: vh, p[ [-Eo pN
am, is, are. [-Eo pN was,
were. N-u-h [-Eo pN shall be,
will be
-\[ .
I shall be/will be there tomorrow.
C- j- .
We shall be/we will be in Vizag on Sunday.
E [[ -.
I shall be happy to see him.
\[ [.
He will be here tomorrow.
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
# a.
>[, j]82
[-
E 18 W 2005
u EtEo ] yh x x[[
]u ]. u Jh . [
L o TxE
[ ]l di E ]. ] u
J# h x E C# #o h.
u # !
SHALL BE, WILL BE

Kiran: Will you be here tomorrow?
y \[ -o?
Kranthi: What for?
]?
Kiran:
All our friends will be here tomorrow. Will you not be (won't you be).
o---] \-[-o. J y-[?
3. h O ]_--?
4. E-\[ \-- [.
5. -] j]-- .
6. [ V--C.
7. C EN-- C-- .
8. F yA u N?(next step)
9. \[ [.
10. \[ ---C?
Kranti: I shall be very happy to be with all of

you. What will be the programme?
O ]-J- [[ . vv ?
Kiran: Let's decide when we meet.
L- Eg-l.
- -E- ! NEo J# x-[---o. will be, shall
be !
Answers:
1. He can be here in five minutes.
1. When will he be here?

2. How long will you be in Hyderabad?
3. Will the book be with you tomorrow?
4. I shall not be here for long?
2. She could be the Prime Minister.
I shall be there tomorrow.
( -\[ .)
She is a player.
She plays.
He will be a graduate soon.
(y [ v[u- -[.)
The train will be here in five minutes.
( ] ENx j
\- hC.)
shall be, will be
u-h [[
was an actor.
8. If it is comfortable here, I can be here for
as long as possible.
9. It was very cool yesterday.
Yesterday was very cool.
10. How long can you be here?
'Be' forms ( am, is, are, was, were,

shall be, should be 'be' # ,
'been' # aN have been, has been,
had been, should have been N) [[
n a Verbs. N EE L
Verbs. ] A #a E B
#a a.
A
I am a teacher (o).
She is a player (player
They are singers.
B
I teach (h).
She plays ([C).
They sing ([-).
N(A future
state of being)
- uA-- 'Time words'

Eo L- English
sentence # .
eg: He will be here tomorrow.
They were here yesterday.
The meeting will begin at 6 this
evening.
Order: time, day, date, month, year
eg: The meeting will be at 6 PM (Time)
on Monday (day), the 28th (date)
May (month) 2005 (year)
C English u.
(Sx Question order h--
Vb+Sub/1st Word of the Verb+Sub+the other

words of the verb.)
C E English practice .
1. \[ p-[-[?
2. O j]-- Eo--V--?
O !
5. We shall all be in Hyderabad tomorrow.

6. It will be hot for another two days.
7. I will be in the theatre in another 10 minutes.
8. What will be your next step?
9. Nobody will be here tomorrow.
10. How long will she be here?
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
# a.
>[, j]82
VOCABULARY
v dish (), bowl ()

x v Vessels (q),
utensils (-Eqq)
ewer ()
C).
[ \[ ] EN-x [--[.
v-E [--L-TC.
3. She may be there now.
[ \[ [a
(?).
vo:
4. They might be happy.
y ] C-
\[ L.
N ] 10 #
v 5 L.
-- 'be' forms
([-Eo L 'verb- M. SURESAN
s' .
C u- Tx practice .
1. Ny-\[ - [--?
2. Eo x \[ p[ o?
3. \[ sC [-a.
4. h p [-?
5. \[ Eo- L?
6. [ Eo \[ [--L-[.
7. .. - u--vA [--L-
]- [ d.
8. \[ , j [-.
9. Eo x C.
10. O \[ - [a?
Answers:
Tx- - How long?

] How far? Eo-x How often?
1. How long can you be here?
2. When could they be here yesterday?
3. There may be some trouble there tomorrow.
4. Can't you be patient? (Can you not = Can't
you)
5. When should we be there?
6. He could be here yesterday itself
(Eo).
The machine is out of service.

The machine has out of service.
j jC C? u has
h n hC? has
hC?
x - [-a ().
5. You should be here at 10 a.m.
India won the match.

India has won the match.
has Jh n
6. Ravi must be in office

from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
How long will you be here?
(y \[
?)
x tumbler (x)
lid (L)
pan ()
cauldron (-v[)
J-T-[ boil ()
[ fry (wj)
a[ (A-]) = bake ()
p[ Eo 'be' forms ( [-Eo
L Verbs):
can be - [[ (p[, N-u-h)
could be - [[ ()
may be - [-a (p[, N-u-h)
might be - [a ()
should be, must be = L
7. NT Ramarao could be the CM because he
hC.
Bh n hC?
, j]
The machine is out of service. u

correct.
The machine has out of service C
English ].
Has - p[ out prepositions
India won the match. ]-s J]. ]- L-# VF, DF p-x won correct.
India won the match last week. C d.
]- last week E j -o
d.
India L-#]E, p[ L-# j p C-h India has won the match C
correct. C u [.
A. He has gone out.
p[ RxD j p-[-]. d
has + past participle correct.

B. He went out this morning.
\[ p[ - RxD, this morning E j o. d past
simple tense correct.

C. She has bought a car.
has + past participle (j
d).
p[ ]
D. She bought it yesterday.

(bought - past simple- yesterday
j -o d).
[-
20 W 2005
[ Eoi L [ x \J
n v] C. DE ' v
a. Eo \ \ N] Lq C.
C \[ vT x
]JE dC.
5) A cricketer (He/She) plays cricket
Cricketers (They) play cricket
verbs, v p- J
- [. regular actions.
p[ J - OE --Th.
I go to college at 10 AM (vA-W)
My mother cooks for me (p[)
O J-Eo sentences .
S} \-J [:
n F...!
Ram:
Where is your brother?
O ]-[ \[ o[?
Raghav: He is watching the t.v. at home
x O h-o[.
Ram:
-.
N Tx x---p[
v-h--L. C verbs J [.
to Guntur -
A
come
go
write
take
Where does he study?
\[ ]o[?
Raghav: He is a student of Learn well school
o- \ NuJn
Ram:
Which class is he in?
B
comes
goes
writes
takes
vh o -A ]--o[?
Raghav: He is doing the 8th class
E-N -A ]---o[.
Ram:
What games does he play?
[-[?
Raghav: He plays cricket and hockey.
v, [-[.
j -- -E-.
verb Eo x [-Eo -C.
is
is
watching, does study ( = studies), is doing,
(does play = plays) plays
(actions)
Verbs.
Fo -
sing
teach
speak
sings
teaches
speaks
C , C n . F
C E --Th.
A
B
I, We, You, They
A
2) A doctor --- patients

Doctors --- patients (treat)
3) A lawyer --- cases
Lawyers --- cases (argue)
4) Pens --A pen --- (Write)
5) A cricketer --- cricket
Cricketers --- cricket
(Play)
Answers:
1) Wrist
watches
(They) show the
time
M. SURESAN
A Wrist Watch (It)
shows the time
2) A doctor (He/She) treats patients
Doctors (They) treat patients
3) A lawyer (He/She) argues cases
Lawyers (They) argue cases
4) Pens (They) write
A pen (It) writes
( x C)
He was on the playground.

(Play ground
o[ )
The teacher is teaching (Verb)
(C-hC)
have \ had u -T--a? h u n

N? C tense -C?
u had y \ Sx had
h? E n N?
hJ , t-[
: 'have' \ 'had'___ have had_ C
He was playing
vo:
L
Verbs.
A
C verbs [-Eo --. p verbs, action words.
present perfect tense of have. present perfect

verbform: have/has + past participle (pp);
eg: have seen, have gone etc.
C E [.
He, she, it
B
I/We/You/Andhras (they) speak Telugu
My father (he)
My Mother (she) speaks Telugu
The book is on the table.
This class (it)
I/We/you/these trains (they) go there
on 'table'
My mother (she)
My friend (he/she) goes there every day
from school This train
at home Fans (they) give air
In the bag A Fan (it) gives air
Dogs (they) bark
A dog (it) barks
practice
p Tx O
(Brackets
verb
p Tx, vA\, [,
1) Wrist watches --- the time
>[, j]82
A Wrist watch --- the time (show)
# a.
-,
o E-.
h O] C
, O] y [. Tx-
O] n,
] [.
Eo N-- .
\ #
O !
(p[ x o)
My friend (he/she) is in the next room

friend,
(
p[)
\ C o-[/-C
x) are at home
(x o p[)
d am, is, are p[ [
My parents (they-
II. I was/he was here yesterday.
(\[ o o[ Eo)
My friends were in Hyderabad last week
( o- j]-- o,
) -was, were, [
III. Shall be/will be- future (N-u- [)
1. India will be a great country by 2010
(2010 -q--E p
C)
They have had two cups of coffee so far.
eg: go, come, eat, talk, run, sleep, read,

dance.
1. The boys are playing
2. The girl is reading
3. These students talk in class
4. The cheetah runs fast
5. A dog barks
English
I. I am in class
(a E \[ [)
The girl is
reading
The teacher is in class.
(Actions)
\[ am, is, are p[ [, p[

[. was, were- [;
shall be / will be future [
2. Anil will be here next week
([--o[ )
B ] verbs Fo
(I) am; (he, she, it) is; they (are).
N O Jh-h
o
Jh )
u L-C p-- J-T E. DE for the past, for the last,

since h.
Present perfect tense
a) I have studied (have+ pp of study) here for

the past two years-
x C-.
E-\[ p---
b) He has worked (has + pp of work)

here since 2004 = 2004
# p---
\[ E--[.
p[ C E p
I have a car . -x
C E , 'have' present perfect
tense, have + past participle of have
(=had) L ! p--?
I have had this car for the past two years
have + had (pp of 'have'_
She has had (has + pp of 'have')
this job for the last one year.
.
o) E.
(-q- N-[ u C)
LT
(p--- [ p )
Present perfect tense J-T E,
p[ ( V, D, j) J-TD p- [.
I have had my lunch. ( --C)
had had- C past perfect tense of 'have'.
Past perfect verb form: had + past participle
Past perfect
u L-C: J-T
[ x ]---EE.
He told me that he had passed
(had + pp of pass)
-u-E p[.
, p, [ .
], p y. ],
d had passed E past per[.
] -E \ C.
\[ [ past actions. \ [
]J past action. \ [
'have a scooter.' d past perfect of have =
pass
pass
'pass'
fect
had + past partciple of have (=had) = had

had.
He had had a scooter before he bought the
car.
( ], -E \ C)
He had had his breakfast when his friend

came in.
breakfast
(x v ap- E
--C)
She had had the information before I told

her of it.
( p ]_ - C)
[-
] 22 W 2005
7. - \-[-o?
before?
Where have you been all this time?
8. O -- \[-o?
How long have you been here?
9. \-[C?
Where has Pooja been all these days?
It is an ox. etc.
Pooja: Are you happy?

Durga: Certainly I am.
Ux -
tice .
Pooja: Why are you happy?
eg: Is he happy?
Are they clever? etc.
(- o?)
()
(] - o?)
Durga: My cousin Saraswathi is here for

vacation. We shall be happy in each
other's company.
( > -yA -- \-
#aC. -[ ]l-J
] C.)
Pooja: What will be your plan?
Questions
prac-
j p --Eo English question practice .

Question structure hC ?
a) vb+Sub [Are (verb) you (sub) happy?]
b) first word of the verb + sub + other words
of the verb.
[Has (first word of the verb) he (sub) been helping
(other words of the verb) you?]
1. [ [?
(F x N?)
Druga: Come home tomorrow. You will know.
Tx- have been / has been

vu C. -p # p
F, -F j [-Eo I,
We, you and they
'have been' F
he, she, it 'has
been' F #h.
-N-...
Eo V-/ Eo
-/ Eo -/
Eo -q-- for
the past (The last)... days/
... hours/ ... months / ...
years (Sx
V,
M. SURESAN
, , -q- u.)
eg: for the past (The last) 2 days / 2 hours/ 2

months / 2 years
for 2 days / hours / months / years
now .
V/ / / -q #
( . F -hC.)
-
am, is, are; was, were; shall be, will be y

happy, plan j [-a.
C E x[ practice .
Blanks Brackets #a -
<...
..!
E.
I am ________
(O p. :
I am Pavan)
I am _____
He is _______
They are ________
My friends will be ______
j #aN sample v.
d, dq, [, d, , o
--/-]-, ]-, v-i, #,
[, J, , , p-, L-j,
L-N-E, [, , E-B ,
E-B E, t-]_, t-E ,

O p- j English . am, is, are; was, were; shall be,
will be \ E Ja x-[.
j - Tx
tall, short, fat, slim, happy, sad/sorrowful,
kind, cruel, good, bad, lazy, active, patient,
clever/intelligent/wise, foolish, talkative,
reserved, honest, dishonest, reliable, unreliable
...
\--d--E English countables
.
: man, book, student, pen, town, village
etc.
singular, plural
singular
. O
] p[ 'a' F, 'an' F
-C h---L.
I am a student.
He is an engineer.
She is a doctor.
She is an eye surgeon.
He is an uncle of mine.
2. ] ?
3. - ? (future)
4. x E-B x? (past)
5. xp[ \[ ??
6. O-\[ ?
7. [ E-B -[E O t
?
8. [ v-h ?
(future)?
9. O - -x?
10. -p[ ?
Answers:
1) Is he very tall?
2) Is she beautiful?
3) Will she be happy?
4) Were they honest?
5) Where are they now?
6) Where will you be tomorrow?
7) Are you sure that he is honest?
8) Will he be careful?
9) Were you happy?
10) Was she fat once?
Tx , was, were.
p[ am, is, are #
p F, F [Eo
p--E have been, has been [.
I, we, you, they have; he, she, it
has [.
1. [ x v \[ o[.
He was here four years ago.
2. [ p--\[ o[.
He is here.
3. [ --x \ o[.
He has been here for the past four years.
4. [ V- [ C.
It has been very hot for the past two days.
O !
5. 1947 # y-v C.
India has been independent since
1947 (for the past 57 years)
p Tx O 6. -x j]-- o.
p Tx, vA\, [,
We have been in Hyderabad for the
# a.
>[, j]82
past ten years (since 1995)
--E since .
I have been here for the past (last) two
years.
I have been here since 2003
She has been here for the (last) past two
months.
She has been here since February end.
I am a student
C u- O English practice .
1. O \-[-o?
2. [-\ -- v-- o[?
3. 2001 # -d- o[.
(since, for the past [ --T#
p.)
4. 2001 # 2003 \[ -
o[.
5. -- Mx -E C.
6. [ V- F- o[.
(F Weak)
7. O V- G@ o?
8. s o? (s
ill/sick)
9. j u-vA o?
10. O \-[-o?
Answers:
1. How long have you been here?
2. How long has Tendulkar been a cricketer?
3. He has been a collector since 2001/ for the
past (last) 4 Years.
4. He was a teacher here from 2001 to 2003.
5. Delhi has been the capital of India for a
long time.
6. He has been weak for two days now (for
the past/ for the last two days)
7. Have you been busy for the past (last) one
week?
8. How long has he been ill?
9. How long has YS been the Chief Minister?
10. Have you been here for long?
j Sentences have been/ has been
[ -E. - v # p
F, -F [-Eo have been/ has
been L---h. Question structure
p[ verb + subject F, verb [[ -, Ist word of the verb +
Subject + other words of the verb F
C.
vo: -- t--[ --[
Jp---[ ]-sx verb v3 E

] --T-h? ---
Milk 'sold' here; Job work 'done' here;
'Spoken' English Institute verb
v1
v3
E ] --Tho N-J---.
t, xLx
:
1.
verb v3
past participle: done, spoken, seen etc.
passive form
verb
'be' form +
past participle.
'Milk sold here'
'Milk is sold here'
short form.
verb 'is (be form) + sold (past participle of sell)'
'Job work done here'
'Job
work is done here'
is done,
(passive)
(is - be
form + done - past participle).
2. past participle (p.p.)
India has been independent for the past

(last) 57 years.
India has been independent since 1947.
for the past (last), since
u. C u [.
]_ Eo \[ C.
Durga was here yesterday.
]_ p[ \[ C.
Durga is here.
]_ Eo # \ C.
Durga has been here since yesterday.
x o \[o?
Where were they the day before?
} p-\[o?
Where are they?
x o # \-[-o?
Where have
they been since the day
\[
E.
p[,
C,
n t--[-C.
E n.
--[ E.
n ,
\[
#--
[- uh.
T.
x-[- Tx E n.
u W x -
passive voice [.
t, o [--? !
#-[f T E .
#E-T T .
eg: The man seen here every day torn paper spoken english
[-
v 24 W 2005
countable, singular).
2) I have an idea (idea - countable, singular).
3) An umbrella is useful in rain (umbrellacountable, singular).
4) A pen is for writing (pen- countable, singular)
'a'
'an'
Sudha: I meet Padmaja here everyday. I

miss her today.
(W \[ ]t- -h.
V E---].)
Valli:
Yes. She comes here everyday. I

too see that.
( W \-[ hC.
(vA-V))
C n a N]
p.
[, [[, [[, --h[, [[,
vN-[, EvC-[, ' [, --T[, h[, #--[ O
A, AN...
Sudha: I remember now. Today is Sunday.

She does not come here on sunday.
( h-hC. V C-.
C-- \-[ ].)
Valli:
p[? p[?
, , , , , , , , , ,
l v-u ] 'an' L.
N ] 'a' --T-L.
an umbrella (v d an)
an hour ( an)
an honour ( an)
an idea ( an)
an owl ( an)
an egg ( an)
v h a, an N-confusion [].
C regular actions English p.

1. v d.(like [)
2. W [ ]--.
3. -- ] C--- v
-.
4. t O J-q hC.
(watch - J-q, E- [[)
5. o- V J- AJ-T-h. (return, come back; 'home')
I do not know that.
( L-].)
Sudha: She goes to her aunt's place every

sunday. I too visit my cousin every
sunday evening.
( C x hu
-C. C-
v > -.)
be forms [-Eo -[ j
uxE meet, comes, remember, does
come, goes, visit - L-h.
- L C [.
I Regular Doing
II Regular Doing
Words
Words
A
eat
take
give
wash
like
sing
dance
go
B
eats (eat+s)
takes (take+s)
gives (give+s)
washes (Wash+es)
likes (like+s)
sings (Sing+s)
dances (dance+s)
goes (go+es)
C - I Regular Doing Words, B

C - II Regular Doing Words .
I Regular Doing Words (A C -)
's' F 'es' F Jh II Regular doing words
h.
A C [I Regular Doing Words
(I RDWs)], I, We, you and they [. B
C - [II Regular Doing Words
(II RDWs)] He, She, it [.
'A'
I
We
You
like milk
My parents
(They)
My father (he)
My mother (she)
The Cat (it)
j N] A group C
group C verbs p.
eg: [
Eo p--L-T Eo-
.
tice
Answers :
I
We
You
The boys
(They)
Hemant (he)
Sarala (she)
It
prac-
write
sleep
play
waste
walk
use
run
remember
cook
forget
love
writes cooks
uses
plays loves remembers
walks sleeps forgets
runs wastes
(n
J---x)
OE J-Q-L-.
a) Pens (They) write.

A pen (It) writes.
b) Wrist watches (They) show the time.
A wrist watch (It)
shows the time.
c) Doctors (They) treat
patients.
A doctor (He/She)
treats patients.
d) Fans (They) give air.
A fan gives air.
e) Teachers
(They)
M. SURESAN
teach.
A Teacher (He/She) teaches.
verbs
practice
Eo
COUNTABLES, UNCOUNTABLES
\ dN.
a) countables
book, pen, teacher, boy, dog etc.
b) uncountables
milk, sugar, rice, water etc.
singular
c) countables
plural
book (singular)
books (plural)
pen (singular)
pens (plural)
teacher (singular) teachers (plural)
boy (singular)
boys (plural)
d) uncountables plural
milks, sugars, rices
e) Very Important: countable singulars
\-dEN.
v
(),
( \) .
likes milk
I
He
We drink coffee She
You
It
They
] ]?
Verbs, B
drinks coffee
[].
( \-dN -Eo, JE J#
p--p[) ] p[ 'a' F
'an' F -Lq.
eg:
1) A doctor treats patients (doctor -
N l ] a [.
countable singular \[ #a E ] a
F an F -Lq.
Mother loves her child (wrong)
A Mother (countable singular) loves her child.
] a F an F p[
].
Sx -J 1st RDW (1st Regular doing
word come, go, walk), 2nd RDW (2nd
Regular doing word comes, goes,
walks) J-Q-Ll.
I, We, you, they 1st RDW;
he, she, it 2nd RDW L.
[ Regular doing words v p, Eu J [
Regular actions . p[ J -
O [.
1) W J- Ev]--h.
C regular action. d I get up at 6 a.m.
\[ every day E p, p---
. get 1st RDW regular C
n---C.
2) NtC- - -.
f) Uncountable
We start for college at 9 a.m.

(Regular action - start - 1st RDW)
3) o- [.
C regular action.
Our friends (They) play well.
4) O-p[ u h.
(p[ J--E).
You always come late.
5) o- ] 9 --- (Regular- vA-V).

My father (He) starts for office at 9 a.m.
(everyday
starts
regular)
E pLq - ].
6) t [-C (p[).
My mother (She) cooks for us.
7) 1st show -- v -C
(W ).
The 1st show (It) starts at 6.15 p.m.
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
# a.
>[, j]82
6. vA-W ] - ]--.
(study; for an hour, every morning)
7. t -C.
(vA-W - regular)
Answers:
1. She likes this dress.
2. I read the Eenadu (every day).
3. Our classes (They) begin / start at 10 a.m.
4. My mother (She) watches TV serials.
5. My father (He) returns / comes back home
at 6 a.m.
6. I study for an hour every morning.
7. My mother (She) takes coffee (every day).
vo: Oxford advanced dictionary
word
\ ho pronunciation letters
Eo [f, Eo --]- -]? OE a-J-L?
]--i
E---?
Dictionary page bottom line ]
. O J# L--.
-, j]--.
: Tx--E - (alphabet), Tx
a-- a l--Eo- J-. ]x pronunciation confusion. o
- Eo l- #---E J-.
d --]-, [f o --
Eo l [-. -
Eo l- h.
'v'E very l-E [-. --]-
o v = E but, shut, cut x
a l-E [-. but- DE pronunciation, dictionary C. bt; cut =
kt etc. {-vF key to Pronunciation
h h l-E C N-
C. -- pronunciation
casettes, CDs ----[-.
vo: p-j -J O] h
[-C E p--E Tx- -i proverb L---.
. --, t-[.
: O-o--E --i proverb D
English ].
[-
Ramu: Do you know Mr. venu?
They know English.
Vasu: Of course, I know him.
They do not know English.
Ramu: How do you know him?
Do they know English?

(Question Structure
(F ?)
( F ?)
Vasu:
We work in the same department.

But he works in another section.
( -d-x \ ho.
F {x E--h[)
4. Tx .
Tx L-].
O Tx ?
5. x C-h.
x C-.
x C-h?
6. Tx E- h.
Tx E- [.
O Tx E- h?
7. \[ dx j]u h.
(j]u [ = treat)
\[ dx j]u .
\[ dx j]u h?
8. x -h.
x -.
x -h?
x Tx L-].
( )
x Tx ?
hC
p[ ])
y-[ -u h.
(not)
You do not come late.
Vasu:
Do you always come late?
( {x E h[?)
y-[ -u h?
Why do you want to know all this?
(y N- ] -------o?)
j - -E-. Question do,
does h-o. O [ ---[
English u.
-N
,
--p[ v-h L.
Txj d N
x -hC.
vA W ]
NtC .
I go to college at 9 AM.
] Nt-C- x -
I do not (don't) go to college at 9 AM.
vA V x o --.
d L !
3.
o- - h.
His friends help him.
o- - .
His friends do not help him.
They meet me every day.
x --.
They do not meet

me every day.
--p[ (uA- p--E),

question p[
'not'
N)
hC.
Eo u
o- - h?
1st RDW (come, go

'do'
M. SURESAN
1) I go there every Sunday.

a) I do not go there every Sunday.
b) Do I go there every Sunday?
2) They speak Telugu.
a) They do not speak Telugu.
b) Do they speak Telugu?
(1) go not --p[ 1 (a) do

go -C. Question 1 (b) do
go -C.
(2) Speak not --p[
2(a), question 2(b) do speak C.
3) We like mangoes
a) We do not like mangoes
b) Do we like mangoes?
\[ like not F question

F --p[ do like [ -E.
d 1 RDW + not/?= do + 1st RDW.
1st Regular Doing Words (come,
go -N)E not question -p[ do + 1st RDW -C.
C- not uA-, questions
practice . Eo --...
1. x Tx .
Answers:
1. They come here daily.
They do not come here daily.
Do they come here daily?
2. You meet him every day.
You do not meet him every day.
Do you meet him everyday?
3. We sing well.
You always come late.
Ramu: Which section does he work in?
Regular doing words (1st RDW, 2nd RDW)

- come, comes; go, goesnot
question
'verb'
2.
y-p[ -u .
C 26 W 2005
Do his friends help him?

know = do know
come = do come
help = do help
[ j ux -E-.
C u- English practice
.
1. Rx-\- W h.
Rx\- W .
Rx-\- W h?
2. y E W --.
y E W --.
y E W ---?
3. [.
[.
[-?
3.
x [?
How do they sing? (How =
Ans:
[.
?)
They sing well
4.
O-] p[ -u h?
Why do you always come late?
Ans: I miss the bus.
5.
O -- p[ l?
(W)
When do you start for college? (every

day)
Ans: I start at 9 AM.
6.
] j d h?
Why do you waste time?

Ans:
d -[-].
I do not waste time.
C questions English practice

.
1. x W \- ] h?
2. O Eo E---] h?
3. O - h---\[ ?
4. x vA ]--?
5. p # O -?
6. O -C-h?
7. x W \- p--h?
8. vA C- y--JE --?
9. E- Fd?
10. O K - - \[
?
j questions vA--E --
.
Answers:
1. Why do they come here every day?
Ans: They come here to see me.
2. Why do you watch so many movies?

Ans: I watch them because I like them.
We do not sing well.

Do we sing well?
4. I know English.
I do not know English.
Do you know English?
5. These teachers teach well.
These teachers do not teach well.
Do these teachers teach well?
6. We watch English movies.
We do not watch English movies.
Do you watch English movies?
7. The doctors here treat well.
The doctors here do not treat well.
Do the doctors here treat well?
8. They act well.
They do not act well.
Do they act well?
3. Where do you buy books usually?

Ans: I buy them at that stall.
4. What newspaper do they read?

Ans: They read the Eenadu.
5. When do your holidays begin?

Ans: They usually begin in April 3rd week.
6. How much do you earn?

Ans: Why do you want to know?
(O-] --------o?)
7. When do they come here every day?
Ans: They come here at 7 PM
8. Whom do you meet every sunday?

Ans: I meet my friend.
9. What kind of movies do you like?

Ans: I like suspense movies.
10. Where do you buy provisions usually?
English
what, where, when, which,
whose, whom and why
questions
'wh' words
questions 'wh' questions.
'wh'
'wh' questions
1
st RDW do + 1 st RDW
1.
What do you know?
2.
Where do you live?
[- ? OE
O
-
O ?
hC.
Ans: I buy them at that shop.
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82
# a.
O-\-[-?
vo: standard {vFE J
L? j Word y
Ad Y]lA L---.
Key to dictionary entries
N?
j, K--
: Standard dictionary
Word A-d ]lA .
Alphabetical order refer [.
L_ refer - C
---L.
English alphabet v a-z
L-L.
A ] Spelling #a-
L L. - pLx p-
] -]. --p[ vuo Spellings E L. existence ] spelling

-- existance E
A- ] Dictionary -].
--p[ a ] e vu-o -[ -A ].
Word A--d Y ]lA C.
v h--Eo d
y ] -[ --
C.
] vA @j o Lead Word
--L.
Spelling d -L.
Key to dictionary entries n
{vF a -C-# N. N
Pronunciation
parts of speech
parts of speech
Print
Type
Parts of speech Noun, Verb
, -i
, -
C.
-
Eo #hC.
a Idiom a h,
Synonyms, antonyms
L.
...C. OE Key to dictionary
entries N-J-h.
N {vF NE--Eo u - hC.
[-
28 W 2005
He does not
move out of home
on sunday.
Raghu: Does your friend meet you regularly?
(O v Eo u-- -h?)
( v?)
()
Ramu: Which friend?

Raghu: Seshu
Ramu: Yes, he meets me regularly. But
he does not meet me on sundays.
(. u-- -h[ F
C- v -[.)
Raghu: Why does he not (doesn't he) meet

you on sundays?
(C-- ] -[?)
Does Usha play well?
Ramu: He does not move out of home on

sunday.
C u- vd .
1. a) -]- C-h.
b) -]- C-.
c) -]- C-h?
2. a) x -- h.
b) x -- .
c) x -- h?
3. a) - \ W h.
( C- x ]-[.)
j - ! 2nd RDW meets
question not does meet -C.
does move moves (not #a-p[).
Come, go, Walk 1st RDWs
not,
(Regular Doing Words)
questions
--p[ do h-]E
o.
eg:
1) They come here everyday.
a) they do not come here every day.
b) Do they come here every day?
2) You come here often.
a) You do not come here often.
b) Do you come here often?
p[
2nd Regular Doing Wordsverbs

not
comes, goes, walks, talks
question
'does'
2nd RDWs- he, she, it
'does'
he, she, it
F p[
[.
--T-
F,
hC.
d
L.
1) Sunita (She) sings well.

a) Sunita does not sing well.
2nd RDW
\[
verb 'does sing' - not

b) Does Sunita sing well?
verb 'does sing' - question
sings + not/?
= does sing
sings
not
question
'does sing'
\[
\[
p[
C.
F,
F --
2) Kumar (he) knows

English.
a) Kumar does not
M. SURESAN
know English.
b) Does Kumar know English?
knows + not/? = does know)
3) Hari likes music.
a) Hari does not like music.
b) Does Hari like music?
'not'
questions
2nd RDWs
(-E- !
[.
J-Eo
1) works (+ not) = does not work;

Q: Does (he) work?
2) takes (+ not) = does not take;
Q: Does (she) take?
3) finds (+ not) = does not find;
1. a) Mr Ananda Rao teaches well.

b) Mr Ananda Rao does not teach well.
c) How does Mr Ananda Rao teach?
2. a) They help others.
b) They do not help others.
c) Do they help others?
3. a) Mr Rao comes here every day.
b) Mr Rao does not come here every day.
c) Does Mr Rao come here every day?
4. a) We watch the TV for an hour every
Does phC?
morning.
b) We do not watch TV for an hour every
morning.
c) When do you watch the TV every day?
5. a) The paper comes every day at 6 AM.
b) The paper does not come here at
AM.
c) When does the paper come?
5. a) We get the paper at 6 AM
b) We do not get the paper at 6 AM
Does (Sunil) find?

4) goes (+ not) = does not go;
Q: Does (Sita) go?
Q:
h--.
2nd RDW
ANSWERS:
takes = does take (with not/?)

comes = does come (with not/?)
writes = does write (with not/?)
practice
1st RDW, 2nd RDW
'do',
'does'
p[ C E
.
N
-C-#N. Eo ]sx
J Eo
]sx
Lq C. v-h
x
-E#
eg:
1. a)
practice
11 .. [--.
I go to bed at 11 PM.
b)
11 .. [-.
I do not go to bed at 11 PM.
c)
O-Eo- [--?
When do you go to bed?
2. a)
[-C.
Usha plays well.
b)
[].
c)
[-?
Usha does not play well.
- \- W .
- \- W h?
] O h.
] O [.
O W O p[ h?
. W ] 6 hC.
W ] 6 - ].
W Eo- hC?
x ] n-C.
x ] n ].
x ]
nC?
7. a) O W ]--.
b) O W ]-.
c) O W ]--?
8. a) C-- x vq
C.
b) C-- x vq x].
c) x vq - C?
9. a) - d.
b) - d ].
c) - ]- d?
10. a) vA- j [.
b) vA- j x[.
c) vA- j ] [?
11. a) B-.
b) B.
c) O B-, ?
b)
c)
4. a)
b)
c)
5 a)
b)
c)
6. a)
b)
c)
c) When do you get the paper?

6. a) They understand his teaching well.
b) They do not understand his teaching
well.
c) How well do they understand his teaching?
7. a) You read the paper every day.
b) You do not read the paper everyday.
c) What paper do you read everyday?
8. a) She goes to her friends' on Sundays.
b) She does not go to her friends' on
Sundays.
c) How often does she go to her friends'?
9. a) She likes him.
b) She does not like him.
c) Why does she like him so much?
10. a) He goes to Vizag every week.
b) He does not go to Vizag every week.
c) Why does he go to Vizag every week?
11. a) We take coffee.
b) We do not take coffee.
c) What do you take, coffee or tea?
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82
Nq q Lq #a--p[
vo: v-h B--L.
# a.

j--?
1. I know you've stolen my book.
j--?
tion j-. O ] u .
uEo -a?
j-?
I Know (simple present) you've stolen
2. I knew you had stolen my book.
(present perfect).
j u ]-s L.
j- N-J---.
3. I Knew you stole my book
simple past, past perfect combination o
4. I have just Know (that) you've stolen u j- ?
. , o-, o
[, ] u d.
u j-.
F h T-L--E . uEo -a
: I know you have stolen my book
eg:
DE n y h -L--E \[ T-L--[ . L--[ I knew you had stolen my book.
\[ [ past ], I have just noticed that he has not attend.
.
y J- d knew, had ed class for the past two days.
] T-L-#C LC I Knew you stole my book.
have noticed, have attended [ pres ]-sEo d DE n -a stolen L.
p[.
F - u p. Simple Present, Present perfect combina- ent perfect ! [ a.
I knew you had stolen my book.
my book.
5. I know (that) you stolen my book
yesterday.
6. I knew that you had stolen my book
yesterday.
simple present
present perfect
combination
simple
past perfect
past
simple past simple past
just
recent actions present perfect +
present perfect
[ p- J, -
1st
RDW (Regular Doing Words- come, go)
2nd RDW (Regular Doing
Words- comes, goes)
1st
RDW
'not'
question
'do', 2nd RDW
'not'
question
'does'
Ravi:
Hello Ramana when did you return
from Vizag?
N,
N [.
E,
F
E,
E
hC E -o.
(, j # p[ AJ-a?)
Ramana: I returned yesterday.
(Eo AJ--a.)
Ravi:
(j ] x?)
Ramana: I went there to attend a marriage

the day before.
( Rx --u-] o
\- x.)
Ravi:
(Past Doing Word- PDW).
a-[, E-[[, EvC-[, --[, n

-[, [, [, ]l--[[,
a[, u [, -[, [[,
NvA B-[, E-[, ' [,
[[, [ [, d[, E--[,
[.
--o?
Let's go over what we've learnt so far.
-- a--oC J l.
am, is, are; was, were; have/has been; shall

be/will be;1st Regular Doing Words (go,
verbs), 2nd Regular Doing
come, walk
Words (goes, comes, walks
verbs)
'not'
question
do, does
Why did you go to Vizag?
How did the marriage go off?
(Rx J-TC?)
30 W 2005
O
,
--o.
p[ OE -E-.
-J/---JC = whose
-J-E/---J = whom
[[
a) Whose book is this?
h @.
The pages of the book (book's-
x.
[--[])
p)
-
--v
p[ - [.
legs of the table (table's

Doors of the house.
Wheels of the car.
Ramu: I went to my uncle's place last
evening.
Ramana: Oh, it went off very well.
(Rx J-TC.)
j - -E-. return
(yesterday), went (day before), went (also day

before)
(yesterday, day before)
Fo J-T .
J
p[
.
past actions ( J-T-- -
V, , -q E #a L--p[) verb - past doing word. C
u [.
A
1) He comes here every day.
regular action
2) I go to movies every sunday.
regular
'go'
B
1) He came here yesterday.
of
(vA-W)
C
(Eo v u
x.)
C J h?
b) Whose is this book?
h -JC?
c) y -JE \ d--[-?A , B ?
Whom do you like more, A or B?
( Eo a[)
, Eo ? Eo E j
o d came)
(past action
Raghu: What was the matter?
(]?)
Ramu: My cousin returned from the states

the day before. He wanted to see
me.
(o x-s -J #
AJ--a[. o ----o[.)
2) He went to a movie last night.
C Eo vA j
J-T-]E o d went.
C d [.
d)
Regular actions
(v p- J-N)
;
C .
II RDW
(He, She & It)
goes
sees
comes
knows
tells
teaches
writes
sings
keeps
learns
walks
C.
C.
;
C
F/O
FC/-OC
(C h; F-\[?)
his- -E/---EC;
her- \
hers- C
her E n C.
( j J-T-N)
This is Ramesh's shirt.
Past Doing Words

went
saw
came
knew
told
taught
wrote
sang
kept
learnt
walked
English verbs
Regular Doing Words, Past Doing Words
practice
eg:
eat (I RDW), eats (II RDW), ate
.
A[
( V ]l O
. F O x E
p.)
e)
Whom does she know?
myminea)
M. SURESAN
This is my pen.
b)
This pen is mine.
our ours youryoursThis is my book; Where is yours?
Past actions, Time stated
C n a
y -J --[-?
Raghu: I tried to get you over phone this

morning; but your people told me
you were out.
Whom do you help?
Regular Doing Words
I RDW
(I, We, You & they)
go
see
come
know
tell
teach
write
sing
keep
learn
walk
x 10
C \. -C, - C
E L----E 's (Apostrophe- s)
[.
o J ]h.
My father's cloths.
My mother's jewels
J E E, -J C E F p--E
English 's (apostrophe- s) [.
v E ---i C --E 's
[. E ] 'of' [.
Ramu:
come
like
talk
smell
kill
Yes, I spent the whole of last night

at my uncle's.
(. Eo v u
x- o.)
- J-Q-Lh J L-
- J-T --- J# x-x -hC. verbs: went (last evening),
came
liked
talked
smelt
killed
etc.
OE j L-
p[ [.
past actions
[.
1) He comes on time everyday, but he came

late yesterday.
(vAW j h[, Eo -u
a[ yesterday - came)
2) My mother goes to bed early (regulargoes). She went late to bed yesterday
(yesterday
went).
3) India became independent in 1947.
E j o d
( 1947 yv uC.)
4) The movie flopped on the first day of its

release last week (flopped - last week).
5) She passed Intermediate 2 years ago.
I & II Regular Doing Words
past forms
eg: buy/buys (regular) - bought (past-
] #a
p.
J-T--C)
sing/sings (regular) - sang (past- [[

--C)
OE vd .
A[ (Regular), [, [-[, a-[,
[, x[[, [, [[, d[,
[, ][, [
Answers:
eat/eats
buy/buys
walk/walks
learn/ learns
write/writes
talk/talks
shout/shouts
weep/weeps
build/builds
drink/drinks
move/moves
change/changes -
ate;
bought;
walked;
learnt;
wrote;
talked;
shouted;
wept;
built;
drank;
moved;
changed.
returned (the day before), wanted (after he

came), tried (this morning), told (this morning). went, returned, wanted, tried, told past tense
past
verbsPast Doing Words
OE
-
.

.
OE u J-T , V,
-q, j E L---p[
[.
I met him yesterday.
(Eo E ---o)
They lost a lot of money last year.
( -q x [s -d-o)
j L- past actions ( JT -) past doing words (past simple ) L--L. past doing words (past
simple) ---
go
see
write
went
saw
wrote
vo: present
tense, past tense, future
N], x -T- N-J---.

. , ]l-
: Tx x--] tenses x ---Lq - ]. Time of action (E-J ) d -Lq verb (verb
form) -- . p QJ{-
#a -Fo tense -C-#-. E
vd .
: (W 28) Q&A
vJ# voE u
jC ]. u L
tense
I have known (that) you've stolen my

book.
[-
I
Sridhar: Where were you last Evening?
(Eo \-[-o?)
Srikanth: I was at Sankar's. We spent the
evening together.
( Rxx o.
v ]l L o.)
Sridhar: Do you see him everyday?
.) > -D \[-[. \-\-[-?

Ramesh: M]. ] q------o?
Naresh: Eo --E (want to
[).
Answer:
(W y Eo ---?)
Ramesh: Hi Naresh? How are you?
Srikanth: No. He is out some evenings. He
( --J-
)
attends music classes two or three
practice
evenings a week.
Naresh:
(] Eo--V v
x [[. -E [, [
-v U a--[.)
Ramesh: Fine too. Thank you. Why are you
Sridhar: When did he start learning?
(a--[ p[ ] d[?)
Srikanth: I don't know. I think he has been
at, is for at least 6 to 7 months
Fine. Thank you. How are you?
(How is it you are here?/What brings you
(Have you/do you have the habit of reading?)
here?/How do I see you here now?-
Naresh: Yes, I read a lot. Reading interests
n . u-
.)
O-Eo
Sridhar: How about a movie tomorrow? Will

you be free?
( E ? y
S?)
Srikanth: I will be away tomorrow. I will be
free the day after tomorrow.
( -[. x S
.)
j - -E-.
Time d verb forms ?
C - O friends F, O -J x--J--j practice . p-- Spoken English Columns #a
N- O follow , -
O . ( C x ] OO
friends x practice .)
Ramesh: o?
Naresh: o, uu.
y
o?
Ramesh: o. uu.
p[ \-[-o?
Naresh: h- ]l Eo h o. J
]. Eo AJT a--E -o.
Ramesh: h- ?
Naresh: Eo @ .
Ramesh: ] o-[ -E--?
Naresh: Cl ]- o!
Ramesh: F h- C --?
Naresh: \ ]--. ]-
h.
Ramesh: E- [?
Naresh: y h?
Ramesh: . F -E--J.
Naresh: (tomorrow begin
o,
Do you watch?
!
not in a good condition / is in a bad
condition. I want to return it.
watch?
Ramesh: What's (=What is) wrong with the

book?
(What's wrong-
C Tx- y----
Do you not watch / Don't you
Naresh: Do you?
\[ Do you watch movies E Jh

Lq - ]. / Do you sea a lot?
Ramesh: Oh,
yes.
Why are you in a hurry?
]- ] F?/--] [--o?
hurry(J) = ]
Crawl (v) = [
u x E -, K \
xo v, x N, [-E x
x [, x, x
Eo creep (v-vq, vd) .
[ L E- ][.
Creep--u, -- ]-[
n C.
= worry (J);
[-[ =amble ()
(camp am -L)
]-- = haste (d)
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
week. / I watch
1) English
movies at least
Naresh: Tomorrow is/will be a holiday for
ming, cunning - a [- - -L.

hitting =
betting =
selling = L
humming = N
cunning = E,
(d, d, Lx etc [])
us. My cousin Jagadish also will
2) Looked, booked, talked, pressed, jumped
once a week.
[ n: -?, ?,
p--o?)
\[ O -
--L-T Oh, yes, I
Naresh: Some pages are missing.
do. At least once a weak.
Ramesh: Didn't you (did you not) notice it
E clipped sentences (C-# u) [a. I do= I watch.
this morning when you bought it?
-u -C [ -E, pur[- C u. ---E, -, buy, buys, bought etc. d. -] purchase [-a.

chase(s) past doing word 'purchased'
Naresh:
I was in a little hurry
'She has been this job
She has been in this job
for the last one year' o n .

u -q- ]E
] u-E n. u-E n
u- -q < C.
M. SURESAN
be?
Looked= Lookt; talked=talkt etc.
want to know?
Naresh: I wish to/want to invite you to my
place.
. -- Spoken English
-o Cl -- ----
'She has been this job for the last one year
hitting, betting, selling, hum-
be here tomorrow. Where will you

Ramesh: I don't (do not) know. Why do you
I have a few purchases to make.
Eo h- - L.
Oj buy, buys, bought [. C.
O C.
Sentence structures practice

- vocabulary ( Eo
) -L.
climb up = \[
climb down = C[
rush = yy
x[/ -N-
x[/urgent Ej [.
Hurry up, please = y F.
one movie a
x 11
practice
VOCABULARY
watch at least
'She has had this job for the last
one year'
movies?
(\[ -E-. h?
Do you?
for the last one year' [

u N?
N--t, N--[
Ramesh: Don't you (Do you not) watch
Naresh: I bought some books in this shop
'She has had this job for the last

one year'
me/ I am interested in reading.
practice
here this morning. One of them is
( L]. F [ -
E O o-[--.)
[
Ramesh: Do you read a lot?
here?
now.
vo:
E 2 Vj 2005
- x #J
'ed'
E t -L.
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82
# a.
v's' / 'es' h.
u d ]. She has been in this vo: E -h. DEE Tx- : I got married, I was married [
job L (in L).
d. n v Cl C.
?
I
. v, [ got married = x-C ( V,
vo: Simple present tense subject's
singular o-p[ verb 's' E, : I will make him / her / them / you -q C- N- ]-sEo d
clear ).
'es'E -h. Subject - 'I' o- do it.
p[ verb 's', 'es' a--]?
vo: I got married, I was married Ex: I got married (on Monday last/ last
year / in 2004 / 22nd June etc.)
. --], Cl--E-
[ u j--? ]I
was
married = DE n p-
s uEo --T: Simple present Singular subx----]E.
L?
jects Eo- Verb 's' / 'es'a. III
. y, -[ Q: Were you married (at the time)?
Person singular subjects- He, She, It
A: yes, I was married.
[-
I
Pranav: How is everybody, Praveen?
[[.
(vO! ] o,
-?)
Praveen: Not bad, I suppose. How is it with
you?
( o----o. y
o)
Pranav:
Fine. Thank you.
( o)
jFo --J . O vq,
Eo--- ---o-p[ --J
[--[.
Praveen: How about practising the following
exercise? (How about
English
exercise
practice
Pranav: It suits me fine.
- v--E
[-.
l? E n)
C t-AE L----E [.
children (plural) - child (singular)

child
he/she
] -
.
It
( [x [-?)
pron: lay : () = [x--N d[
7. These hotels do good business.
do good business =
8. Why do students waste time?
u [[
(Nu-n ] ' h?)

9. How well they swim!
(x ]-!)
C a-u-n (exclamation )!. question ].
10. Do I look ill?
(x \[ E--h? / x u
\[?)
Well, how was that exercise?

exercise?
Praveen: Which exercise do you mean?
Pranav:
12. Do you go to movies often?
-C.
E
p[ \[ #a Eo
( uh -,
.
h -) d
: 'pron' pronunciation E.
1. I think I am right.
( j ---o).
2. They help their father quite often.
(x x o ---[-.)
pron: often -/--d
3. My dogs often trouble my neighbours.
( \ x
sC [--.)
\[ subject 'My dogs' - DEo O
His/Her/any name d p. 'My dog'
p.
4. I go to temple on fridays.
5. Good children always obey their parents.
parents
(Cl---j x x
N .)
pron: obey = -- [[,
N[, N- LT
O !
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82.
# a.
The last exercise about rewriting

sentences after changing the sub-

n !
ject?
(O E----h?)
( ]-JC. sentences
subject Ja [)
(x ] J# ----o?)
14. What do they do in the evenings?
( h- --Eo h.)
sentence subject 'These books'.
'These books' ] He/She/J
j(Ramu/Sita) / this book/it, subject
These books give a lot of information

u
He/She/Ram/Sita/This book/ It gives a lot of
information
sentence
subject
He/She/It/Any name
practice
( q--j J# y x-[-o?)
13. What do they think of this plan?
These books give a lot of information.
Pranav:
11. Where do they work?
eg2:
( --u E--h-o?)
l/[F)
( bd )
\ subject 'I'. I ], He/She (\[
it j n ] d C--.)
- j Shravan , Anjali
---. p[ I know the subject well
u He/She/Shravan/Anjali knows the
subject well. -C.
6. Do snakes lay eggs?
Let's (= let us) see what it is.

(
Exercise -1:
subject
He/she/It
senpractice
tence
eg:
I know the subject well.
C u-xE
,
Ja, ] T p N

.
4 Vj 2005
Praveen: It helps us to know when to use

the 1st RDW- Regular Doing
Words (come,
go
2nd
RDW
(comes, goes
do,
does.
N),
x 12
(x -v h?)
1st RDW, 2nd RDW,

do, does
(N
15. Do you like tea? What do they prefer, coffee or tea?
(F d? x C \ d,
?)
Answers:
1. He/She/any name thinks he/she is right.
2. He/She/any name helps their/his/her
father quite often.
3. My dog/It/He/She often troubles my/ his/
her neighbours.
4. He/ She/any name goes to temple on fridays.
5. He/ She/ A good child/ It/ any name obeys
his/her/its/ any name's parent.
6. Does a snake/It lay eggs?
7. This hotel/It does good business.
8. Why does a student waste his/her/any
name's time?
9. How well he/she /any name/ It
swims?
10. Does he/she/any name look ill?
11. Where does he/she/any name work?
12. Does he/she/any name go to movies
often?
13. What does he/she/any name think of this
plan?
14. What does he/she/any name do in the
evenings?
15. Does he/she/any name like tea? What
does he/she prefer?
N),
N --- M. SURESAN
-E -[)
C vd .
--x [ [.
turn on the tap/turn the tap on= ]-[
turn off the tap/turn the tap off=
d[
Ram: Turn on the tap please, I need some
water.
: UhC. - A a-C. (get [.)

: U[ \[ a-C?
: - a-C.
Answer:
Raghu: Who drew that picture?
Ramu:
Lata
Raghu: Does she draw so well?

She draws very well. She got even
Ramu:
a prize last week.

(even a prize
= -A )
Raghu: Where did she learn it?

Ramu:
She learnt it on her own.
(on her own =
, on my own =
x x,
on his own = -- )
Sx draw B-.
DE [ n --o .
3) draw = j \-j regular supply
][.
- B--.
-- ,
on their own =
I draw milk from this booth.

People of this area draw milk from this
booth.
4) draw= bank
# t B--[.
He drew Rs. 5000 from the bank.

withdraw
5) draw=
E -a.
][
Freedom fighters drew inspiration from

Gandhi.
yvu ---] D # pJh

.
pron: Inspiration -p--- = pJh
6) - ][ = draw information
The police were unable to draw information from the accused.
(M- EC- # - ]/ -d----.)

accused (ud) = EC-[ (d J-).
(h Ap. Fx L.)
Shyam: As soon as you draw enough water,
please turn it off. Don't waste water.
(O -Lq-Eo Fx Bo -
-. Fx ' -.)
\[ draw [.
draw:
1)
vo: W 24 vA p Tx
Bapu draws beautiful pictures
Q&A QJ{ . --, t-[ #

p-j -J O
[-C u-E --i english proverb p-E -.
E j proverb ]E p. F
n saying C ?
( ]-i t Uh)
'All lay loads on a willing horse'
Fx N [[, ][
We draw water from the tap/ the well/ the

river etc.,
2) draw
n -]-J .
t [.
. E N, o
1st RDW= draw, 2nd RDW = draws, Past

Doing Word = drew.
C - English vd .
: t U--?
:
: Uh?
: .
Thank you very much E

N. One is never too old to learn (
j ----Lq-N )
C p[ d.
[-
I
Ajitha: Hi Naresh, how goes Life?
( --J x C
. Practice [. Dn,
o E)
Naresh: No regrets. Getting on.
(]-O . J-T--C.)
Ajitha:
Did you go through the Eenadu this

morning?
( V ]l [ C-?)
Naresh: No, I didn't. What's new?
(]. i N ?)
Ajitha:
Don't you (Do not you/Do you not)

read the newspaper?
(u-- ]-?)
Naresh: I do, of course. But this morning I
was in a hurry. I just ran through the
headlines. My sister reads the
paper in detail.
(]--. F ]l -N-
-jq v C. x
h ]--C.)
Ajitha:
Does she?
(?)
-- 'do, does, did'
. ] OE
NJ. Sx # -]
C u Tx- vd .
eg:
1)
Pavan:
Eo O ---C?
([ happen. what, who y Eo
]sx questions 'do', 'does', 'did'
. eg: O--J-a h? Who
gave you the book?)

(What happened to your car yesterday?)
Prakash:
(It broke down yesterday.)
- break
down)
Pavan:
(Does it break down frequently?)
Prakash:
C J T--C.
[-a.
eg:
1)
Laxman: Did you meet Ram yesterday?
Bharat: Yes, I did.
Yes I met him
Conversational
'Yes I did'
2)
Divya:
Does she sing well?
Deepika: She does, very well.
conversational
She does
Yes, she sings very well
- ,

,
.
.
.
3)
Champa: Do you practice the game regularly?
Charan: Oh, yes, I do.
I practice the game regularly
'I do'
4)
Prameela: Does Kranthi meet you often?
Prasanthi: No, she doesn't (= does not)
E h - C.
answer, 'no'
she doesn't
No, she does not meet me often
\[
.
E Jh
5)
Sekhar: Did you talk to Kalyan yesterday?
Chandra: No, I didn't (= did not)
No, I did not talk to him.
C T---?
6)
Mallik:
Lq E-
Do you like cricket?
x 13
E Jh
pLq E-].
Madhav: No, I don't (= do not)
2)
Pradeep: Sreenivas sings well.
I don't like cricket
(-?/--[-?)
\[ does he sing so well E Jh
Lq E-].
3)
Vinai: She scored the highest marks in last
week's exam.
( K- ]J o
\ \ a.)
Varun: Did she?
(\[ Did she score... E

Jh Lq - ].)
, ] do, does, did
vo:
Govardhan: Oh, do you? People don't know

that, unfortunately
(, ?v--C L],
]]'d C )
OJ-p[ do, does, did, am, is, are etc...

[ C conversation English O
friends practice :
C --- [.
Krishna: O D ?
(Do you know Hindi?)
Srinivas:
E Jh -\--].
C conversation J-Q-L-. Do, does
did am, is, are, was, were xh
responses y-a.
1)
Padma:
1)
Pratima:
O N
x--?
Pratibha: x-[--/-x-[.
2)
Janaki:
E
[)
d-/-]
u-vAE ---o.
? C ?
Are you a teacher?
(O ?)
()
-\--].
Prakash:
Yes I am.
Yes, I am a teacher
2)
Sita:
Is Uma a good singer?
Alivelu: No, she isn't (= is not)
( ])
3)
Ramesh:
Are you students?
Jagan & Naresh: No, we aren't/yes, we are
M. SURESAN
(like
Jayanthi:
3)
Shyam:
d?
Sundar:
4)
Prabhat:
Praveen:
5)
Sukumar:
Eo x[
leave [)
? ]?
(go /
v]-v- h
pC (best [)
Suman: ? C?
Sukumar: N--[
] First, second, next : ] u d ]. was

--T--a?
y, 'be' form y , do,
>.N.-X-N, ---- go, come, walk 1st RDW (1st
Regular Doing Words) . \[ was
: 'First best' E . ]-, do C English ]. u 'What
'best' first C. next best, did he do?' d. \[ verb: did do = did.
second best, third best... -a.
Answer: He played / sang; He did not do
vo: Interrogative sentences helping anything a.
verbs --T---p[ was
vo: This stone was laid by somebody
did ]-sx L?
u 'laid' J# N-J--C ux C j- -.
. lying , lie verbs
1) What was he do?
, laid verb present, past,
2) What did he do?
past participle -.
X, v-
.-j.., q-d-
'Best'
M]
(No, it doesn't (does not)).
(XE- [-[).
( # [-.)
(No, I don't)/
(yes, I do).
-]. Eo v ox T--C.
Prasanth: Does he?
Govind: I play better than Sachin.
Jh.... p\x]!
(, v E-----[
T--a.
.
(j -x 2 No, she is not a good

E E, 3 No, we are not students
E F Jh -\--])
- -G-y--E clipped
responses- C-# p]- [-.
C - [.
Suman:
singer
-\--].
Jh
].
No
clear
No, it doesn't
No it doesn't breakdown frequently
] 6 Vj 2005
: This stone was laid by somebody

\[ stone -C-. ,
Dams, GLf-q- Et- v-G--p[ VIP -C- [ / -n [.
The CM laid the foundation stone for the
bridge.
(u-vA - -C- /
-n- .)
lie (present tense) (]l p[), lied (past
tense),
lie
lied
[...),
lay
(past participle).
(present)
lay
(present)
([--[, NvA B-(past),
laim(past participle).
([, [x--d[, -n [), laid (past), laid (past participle).
C p M], E one
E v .
of the hottest
6)
Madan:
y #-- E--h-o.
[)
? C F #- x
(seem; a good fellow

Manoj:
7)
Mukund:
Murari:
8)
Nelson:
Neeraj:
9)
Taruni:
Sania:
Taruni:
Sania:
10)
Bhaskar:
Bhanu:
11)
Teacher:
Pupil:
x -B-?
/ .
h- O?
. Fo /-.
O O J-q h?
h-/--[.
N h .
-/-] ('are' [)
Rx-\[ -x? (were [)
-/-] (were L)
vo d?
-/-] (is L)
Answers:
1)
Pratima: Do you speak Tamil?
Pratibha: Yes, I do / No, I don't.
2)
Janaki: Does Venu like Tennis?
Jayanthi: Yes, he does / No, he doesn't.
3)
Shyam: I want to become the CM
Sundar: Oh, do you? Is that enough?
4)
Prabhat: Kamal left for/went to Mumbai
yesterday
Praveen: Did he? Why?
5)
Sukumar: Our city is the best in A.P.
Suman:
Oh, is it? which city is it?
Sukumar: Vijayawada
Suman:
I don't know whether it is the
best, but I know it is one of the
hottest places.
6)
Madan: You seem/appear to be a good fellow
Manoj: Do I? That's because of your goodness.
7)
Mukund: Are they Indians?
Murari:
No, they aren't / yes, they are
8)
Nelson: Are these books your's?
Neeraj: Yes, they are all mine / No,they
aren't. (= are not)
9)
Taruni: Do you watch TV serials?
Sania: Yes, I do / No, I don't (=do not)
Taruni: Are they interesting?
Sania: Yes, they are / No, they aren't
10)
Bhaskar: Were they here?
Bhanu: Yes, they were / No, they weren't
11)
Teacher: Is this question difficult?
Pupil:
Yes, it is / No it isn't
[-
eg:
1) What gives light and heat to the
world?
(v--E -, E aC C?)
2) What happened yesterday?
v 8 Vj 2005
Ram:
y wj h? (Good at
driving/well [ [)
Rahim:
y h h? ,
h ] l.
(, x x[ ride)
'Who
2) Who gave you the book last night?
( NtLo -----o.)
(-L t-.)
Venu: Let him come in.

Venkat: He wants to talk you sir.
(- O x------o.)
Venu: Ok, what does he want to talk to me?
(, x-----o?)
Venkat: I do not know.
( L-].)
Venu: Ok, let him talk. First of all let him
come in.
(, -E x-[-F-. ]
-L F-.)
j -- let [ -E-. DEo
-- y---- [-.
English I RDW (Regular Doing Wordsgo, come verbs) not questions
p[ 'do'; II RDW (goes, comes
verbs) questions 'not' p[
'does'; Past Doing Words (PDW- went, came
verbs)
'not'
questions
'did'
what, who
do, does,
did
h-]E -o.
p[
y
Eo ]-sx
N E -E-L.
vo:
(Eo vA F h -Ja? Who did give you? .)
- practice .
Ram:
Eo J-TC?
Rahim: j T--C
(break down [.)
(break down , K, , j
v - T-[)
Ram:
- T--?
Rahim: ], ]. Eo v J-TC.
Ram:
Eo J ?
Rahim: ]_-x o -E.
(nearby= ]_-o)
Ram:
y wj h?
Rahim: h.
Ram:
F wjo? y wj
h?
Rahim: wj [. wj h.
-- passive
[. F He is being
u being N-]
L-----.Actually
being y verb past participle
L ! being ]-s
[- L-----.
. p- , o
: He is being difficult-
p[ u o[ E n. \[
'is being' p[ [[ (continuous), is being y past participle
C passive voice -C.
The letter is being written ([
C I am/We are writing the letter passive). is being \ difficult L - N x
o-E n.
I am being good to you.
F x # -o (p[).
He is being harsh.
h
Let's have Coffee
4)
x 14
Answer:
Ram: What happened yesterday?
Rahim: My car broke down.
Ram: Does it breakdown often?
Rahim: No. It doesn't usually. Only yester-
F...F... h F!!
Being
voice
difficult
2)
].
Tx x-[-
Let us (Let's) converse in English
5)
Tx a-
Let's (Let us) learn English.
1) Who knows the answer?
Venkat: Someone wants to see you.
E- ].
Let's (= Let us) go to a movie
Let's go home
eg:
Let's go to a movie
1)
3)
(Eo J-TC?)
[ ux what y does
give E E, did happen E F
. , 'who' y .
(- -J ?
does know?' .)
eg:
day.
Who repaired it?
A nearby mechanic.
Do you drive?
Oh, Yes, I do.
Have you/ Do you have a driver, or
do you drive it yourself?
Rahim: I don't have a driver. I drive it
myself.
Ram:
Do you drive well? / Are you good
at driving?
Rahim: (Do you) Want to see how I drive?
Come, let's have a ride.
Ram:
Rahim:
Ram:
Rahim:
Ram:
\[ 'let' --T# [.
]-sx 'let' j E l
E #-[.
[ J- o[ E n.
vo: u- v- --J#
will be your plan?

having
.
]-sx [? ] #a--p[ verb
What will you be?
past participle ?
Where will you be?
---- N-J-.
What will your plan be?
N--,
How will your plan be?
E vo u L. vo : I, We, You, They have
bd ] will be/ shall be/ can . He, She, It has .
be/ may be -[] ! F - a) I/We/You/My friends (they) have the
O p Tx
book.
-- What will be your b) My friend (He/She) has the book.
plan? E C p ! c) The fan (It) has three blades.
p v v L--- have/has [ n:
--.
1. j -J [[ (LT [[).
x-V 'd-U--b, E[-]-
j ux have n .
: What will be your plan? d.
2. A[, [ ()
O j-. what
a) I have coffee in the mornings.
v-G vo- Eo ]sx will be,
( ] B--.)
shall be L h. N 'what quesb) My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.
(t ] E-N-C- v-d
tions' v. What will your
hC.)
plan be? [ d. \- What
vo:
II.
'Let'
n Ey, AEy,
[Ey- (= t-A-[)
1) E \ F.
Let him come here
2)
x xF.
Let them go
3)
o x-[F.
Let me talk
4)
N-[ [F.
Let her sing
5)
o NF.
M. SURESAN
Let me hear
III.
(allow)
Let
1)
I don't let him come here again.
2)
Don't let him waste time/ Let him not waste
time.
3)
Don't let him know it / Let him not know it.
4)
Don't let him talk to her.
5)
Don't let him stay here/ Let him not stay
here.
6)
We don't let children talk.
let
allow
n t-A-[
Sx E \- F-
E j d Ey
DEo L-E-y
N-[ E x[Ey
E \[ [Ey
x- x-[-Ey
u--Eo-
hC .
am having, is having, are having N

A[, B-[ nE [-.
LT [[ n [.
I am having a car Ao- N-K-n hC.
C --E I have a car.
o-- [,
o.
My friend has a son and a daughter.
My friend is having a son and a daughter.
a N-K-n x Ao-E !
d -x am having / is having /
are having [.
I am having tea, because coffee is not
available.
am having correct.
\[
( ] d --o)
She is having a beautiful necklace.
C j [. ]-. x A]. d she has a beautiful

necklace L.having C# JEo
N ux Jal.
[-
I
Murali:
Hi Sravanthi, keeping well?
Walk - not
(vB, -o?)
C --J. O conversation
[.
Walks - not
Sravanthi: I am, of course. How about you?
/ question do walk
/ question does walk
(For Regular actions)
Past Doing Words (came, walked,
verbs) not ,
'did' hC. (Sx h--.
j L- past action Past Doing Word
[.)
talked, sang, stood
question
(---. F A?)
(How about you?= F A)
Murali:
C 10 Vj 2005
I am OK. I saw you at the park

last evening.
He sang well yesterday.
( o. Eo v
Eo \ .)
Sravanthi: But I didn't (= did not) see you.
Why didn't you (= did you not)
talk to me.
( Eo [-]. -]
x-[-]?)
(Eo [)
Eo [-] (
not
He did not sing well yesterday.
c)
'did' not
[ -E-.
Eo ? (C question)
Did he sing well yesterday?
\[ question
.
Eo [?
'did'
[ -E-
x \ p[ a?
d) x \- ] a?
e) x \ ] ]?
6. a) - ] x v (ago)
--o.
b) - ] -x v --].
c) y p[ --o?
d) p[ F pC?
e) p[ F o p?
JTO.. EO!
How did he sing?
p[ [?
When did he sing?
d h----Lq N
Past Doing Word (past simple form) not
E, question F did + 1st Regular
Doing Word -C.
He sang well yesterday.
How about you?
a) He did not sing well yesterday.

b) Did he sing well yesterday?
sang + not/? = did sing
Murali:
I had a call from home. My

mother wanted me immediately. So I rushed home.
C u Tx- practice .
eg: Eo \- a[.
He came here yesterday.
( # #aC.
t o tC.
-- --x.)
Sravanthi:
I stayed at with my friend
x 15
Sudha till 7 PM.
( o-- ] vA 7
\- o.)
conversation verbs- saw, had, wanted, rushed and stayed. Questions #a-p[ did see, did talk [ -E-.
verbs Past Doing Words . N
L- - ( V,
-q, , C- N-)
J-T - J# -. E
Sx J h--a-.
Past doing Words J-Eo ---
[.
Regular Doing
Past Doing
Words
Words
Come, Comes
Came
Sing,
Sings
Sang
Like,
Likes
Liked
Talk,
Talks
Talked
Smell, Smells
Regular Doing Words
do, does
Smelt
not
questions
h.
come - not / question do come
comes - not / question does come
Eo \- ].
He did not come here yesterday.
Eo \- a?
Did he come here yesterday?
1. a)
-J RxC.
- -J x-].
c) J Rx?
2. a) -q vU Jh--[.
b) -q vU Jh ].
c) vU p[ Jh--[?
3. a) --
]
C-
vu.
b) -- ] C- v
].
c) -- ] C- v--u?
4. a) Eo y E ---o.
b) Eo y -E ---].
c) Eo y -E ] -o?
5. a) x \ a.
b) x \- ].
b)
b) They did not come here last week.

c) When did they come here last week?
d) Why did they come here last week?
e) Why didn't they come here last week?
(didn't they = did they not / did not they)
6. a) I met her first (for the first time) four
years ago (back
c) When did you meet her?

d) What did she tell you / say to you then?
e) Did she tell you / say anything to you?
7. a) We made all these ready yesterday.
b) We did not make all these ready yesterday.
c) Did you make all
these ready yesterday?
d) Why didn't you
(did you not / did
not you) make all
these ready yes-
M. SURESAN
terday?
7. a)
Eo Fo ]l .
b) Eo- Fo ]l -].
c) O Eo- Fo ]l ?
d) O Eo- Fo ] ]l ]?
e) O Eo- Fo ] ]l
?
8. a) -q x- C-.
b) -q x- ]-].
c) y \[ C-?
d) y x- C-?
9. a) Eo E x.
b) Eo E- x-].
c) y Eo E x?
d) Eo E x?
e) Eo y E- ]--x?
f) Eo E x?
10. a) o[.
b) -].
c) o?
d) o[?
]).
b) I did not meet her four years ago.
e) Why
did
you
make all these ready yesterday?

8. a) I studied in Nellore last year.
b) I did not study in Nellore last year.
c) Where did you study?
d) Did you study in Nellore?
9. a) I went to a movie yesterday.
b) I did not go to a movie yesterday.
c) Did you go to a movie yesterday?
d) Did I go to a movie yesterday?
e) Why did you go to a movie yesterday?
f) Which movie did I go to, yesterday?
10. a) Hemant bought a car last week.
b) Hemant did not buy a car last week.
c) Did Hemant buy a car last week?
d) Which car did Hemant buy (last week)?
d past actions, time stated (j L,

J-T) Past Doing Word (came,
sang, wrote N) [. -E
questions did + 1st Regular Doing Word
[.
Answers:
1. a) She went to / left for the US last Week.
b) She did not go to / leave for the US last
Week.
c) Did she go to / leave for the US?
2. a) He completed (his) degree last year.
b) He did not complete (his) degree last
vo:
year.
c) When did he complete (his) degree?
\[
'Complete'
practice
],
'take', 'pass'
3. a) The classes began at 10 AM.

b) The classes did not begin at 10 AM.
c) Did the classes begin at 10 AM.?
4. a) You met him yesterday.
b) You did not meet him yesterday.
c) Why did you meet him yesterday?
5. a) They came here last week.
Standard English
v -
v[- h E L.
X], A-A
pp number [ J ]. -Vx x -] , STD

Trunk booking o-p[ #a
uh (Particular Person -PP) call E
G uh #a x . -- E ---E C
CONTACT NUMBER- O]
-- E n.
[-
12 Vj 2005
b) To drive a car in such traffic is difficult.

traffic
car drive
book?
13) Raghava does not want to study.
c) To smoke is bad for health.
Scold, chide, reprimand =
(
d.)
( a[ -u-E E-.)
n ([, A[ ) #a-p[ infinitive ] 'ing' from (eating,
smoking, etc) [-a. n ].
Students go to college to study

Prasanthi: Hi Preethi, where were you yesterday?
(purpose)
a) Students go to college to study.
(vA, Eo y \[-o?)
Preethi:
I went to Ameerpet to see my

cousin Prema.
cousin Prema
Ameerpet
Prasanthi: I called you yesterday to ask you
for some books. Why is Prema in
Hyderabad now?
[-E
x.)
(Eo h- [--E Eo F
. v j]---
]-C?)
Preethi:
To join a software institute here.

software institute
(\[
E)
--
Prasanthi: Which institute does she want to

study in?
( d-u- ]----C?)
Preethi:
I don't know. To learn software in

some good place is all that she
wants.
(M]. -Lq-]x
# institute software
a[)
j -- to see, to ask, to join, to learn
o -E-.
Fo o?
To y 1st Regular Doing Words (see, ask,
join, learn) h-o . OE infinitives
.
English infinitive vu C.
Infinitive J-Eo ---
to
to
to
to
Infinitive
eat
smoke
buy
sell etc.
(]---E)
b) Suseela came here to join a college.
(college
c) He went out an hour ago to buy vegetables.
Want, wish, hope, expect, desire
--E)
(--E)
L verbs \
E n hC.
VOCABULARY
infinitive
h -
a) She wants to sing.
(-E --C.)
b) He wishes to go home.
( x-E ---o[.)
x 16
c) They hope to pass.
(pass
d) Kamala expects to get a prize.
y-E/----E P-h-o.)
(wj ]--E --C.)

[, (to write), A[ (to eat) etc
infinitive L---hC.
.
O --x
she envies her sister.
(]J O] {u--[-C)
2) jealousy-
jealous - - [[
----oN -p[ L
] {u (envy).
--oC vu
T_]- C (jealousy).
A poor man may envy a rich man.
p-[[, ]-L[, --[

crush = -[, [[, L-T--[
Squeeze = ( ) [[
Squeeze tooth paste/shaving cream on the
brush.
paste
Squeeze dry =
(v O]
[).
]h u
[[.
n wring.
twist = [, L--d[
twist the arm = L--d[
fold = [, [ d[
C x --.
lizard - Lx
(Dinosaurs E giant lizards )
giant - K K----[
(WWE wrestlers ). giant, gigantic
[ n infinitive
a) To sit in the class for five hours a day is

not a joke
items
C u-
.
1) x----o.
2) E --C.
3) vA NuJn best college ---[.
J-
[ n- [. j - O -E .
C Vocabulary
[
1) {u--[[ envy
L--[.
a) To sit in the class for five hours is not a

joke.
Sitting in the class for five hours is not a
joke (to sit - sitting).
b) To drive a car is difficult.
Driving a car is difficult
c) To smoke is bad for health.
Smoking is bad for health.
English practice
-E-
(] x a[
].)
she bought the same necklace as hers.
(-o x \N[ o-]

)
3) gratitude - (v-u) '-c.
He has gratitude.
He has no gratitude.
4) grateful - (v--) '-c LT
I am grateful to you for your help.
5)
(O --E '-Vc-E)
x '-c-- thankful
I am thankful that I have such parents.
( Lx]v[--o-] - '-Vc-E)
(]--E h ] {u --a) (grateful - E x '-c--,
She is jealous of her neighbour because thankful - x '-c )
4) TE [--E Eo vA
x.
5) ]- [--E W s [.
6) v ]-[
v d ].
7) -] [[ ].
8) [ Eo Jd-x a---E
college x-].
9) <--E
--?
10) F ]-[ d M. SURESAN
(like
?
[)
11) u h]E vO
Ph?(hope, get) [.
12) h --E Eo \- x?
13) - ]--E ].
Answers:
1) I want to go.
2) She wishes to sing.
3) Every student wants to join the best college.
4) I went to the hospital yesterday to see a
patient.
5) Venu goes to Subbarao's everyday to play
chess.
6) Prem does not like to study this group.
7) To walk/walking such a distance is not
easy.
8) He did not go to college yesterday to get
the certificates.
9) Does she want/wish to buy the sari?
10) Don't you like (Do you not like) to study?
11) Does Pramila hope to get that job?
12) Where did you go yesterday to buy the
(, j-) o ]l
size
E.
His is a gigantic figure.

Giant wheel
tortoise
chameleon
dove/pigeon
parrot
(K );
--.
().

(O-L-)
--Lx

#
xx - x N domestic fowl.
vo: p Tx ]- ,
- - V J-T-.
] h- - -C-#
- present perfect tense
L . O past tense a-N? Eo p-j JT N-- past tense L .
u bought, didn't you ] have bought, haven't you
present perfect --T a
N-J---.
. --v]-Jh, -[
: Past actions, time known JTN j , V E #a
p--L-T p[ past simple v
[. J-T E p[, ,
V, j E p-p[ (
] j ]-s--- L--p[
p) present perfect [.
a) He has brought a car.
(j L--[ ])
b) He bought the car this morning.
(j o)
[-
I
Bhaskar: Hi, Bhanu. What are you doing?
Bhanu:
f) Are you threatening me?
Don't you see? I am preparing for

an exam.
g) She is not dancing well.
([[ ? K- v----o)
(, O v] \[?)
Bhanu:
He is getting ready to go to college
( x--E ]l----o[)
Bhaskar: And What about your parents?
(J O Lx-]-v[ ?)
Bhanu:
-\- -o[ (p[).
( h-o)
Bhaskar: Oh, are you? Where is your

brother?
They are watching the T.V.
(x O ho.)
'What about', 'How about' -?
-] [-. practice .
a) How about my money?
[s -?
b) What about that book?
h -?
c) How about a movie this evening?
14 Vj 2005
o C-J-h-o? (p[).
u [ ] (p[).
h) Am I troubling you?
NtLo sC [-o?
(p[).
i) Why aren't they (are they not) coming?
x-] [] (p[).
j) You are wasting time.
y j ' h-o (p[).

am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs p[
--o - [. C E
English G_- practice .
Aruna: ! h-o?
Amala: vo- h-o.
Aruna: Eo disturb h-o?
Amala: ]. TV o disturb hC.
Aruna: h-o?
Amala: t h]-.
Amala: I think she is going to make tea for

us. I think my brother is watching an
English movie.
Aruna: No. He is watching a Telugu serial.
d)
Aruna:
Amala:
Aruna:
) p[ --o
- L--h.
'I' am + ing,
he, she ( j singular ), it ( hj,
-j singular )
is + ing,
plural subjects Eo, you are +
ing h.
M. SURESAN
a) I am watching the T.V.
Amala:
Aruna:
]-[ ] (p[).
d) What is your father doing?
O o h-o (p[).
e) Where is he going?
vo:
quent, rarely, never, once, twice, three

times etc., a day, a week, a month etc.
regularity
tion).
h)
E--Jq C Vx L N[-]
hC (N[-] = release).
i) x AJT h.
j) - --.
E # - [[
2. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing,
j Lh
Answers:
Aruna: Hi, Amala, what are you doing?

Amala: I am writing answers to these questions.
Aruna: Am I disturbing you?
Amala: Not at all. ( expression practice
a) He is coming here tomorrow.

b) We are starting/leaving in half an hour.
c) The Pak team is playing two matches here
next week.
d) Who is coming next week?
e) When are you consulting the doctor?
f) I am not going there next week. I am going
there the week after next.
g) The minister is inaugurating the bridge
tomorrow.
h) The University is releasing the results in
ten days.
i) They are returning within a week.
j) I am meeting the CM tomorrow.
O --x [. ], ], -] E n) The TV is dis-
b) My mother is cooking.
t hC (p[).
[-a. j
#a L---p[, J--E #a-i--p[,
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing \ [-.)
C E English practice .
a) [ \[ h-o[.
b) -- -l--o.
c) a- -n d \[ [ u
[-C.
d) a- h-o?
e) dE p[ qd h-o?
f) a- -\- x[ ]. j
. (j = week after the next).
g) vA vGbE v-G-h (inaugura-
--, Regular Doing Words (go, goes,

come, comes, sing, sings verbs)
v [. Every day, very often, fre(
o.)
a- -J -o[.
Sumanth is leaving for the US next month.

(future will, shall
Answers:
O h-o (p[).
c) Kumar is not studying.
O brother h-o[.
[ ho?
. O t p[ -C C.
d--E -]--.
(I think begin ) brother english movie ho[-.
]. english movie [[ ].
serial h-o[.
x [ [ Vx .
They are buying a car in two or three days.
verbs
p[ --o - v [.
v pE, p[ J -, O
am
am
am
am
studying / is studying / are studying

walking / is walking / are walking
singing / is singing / are singing
working / is working / are working
am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verb forms
(present continuous / present progressive
tense
c)
1. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing -
p[... !!
\ a \- hC.
My sister is coming here next week.
ui N
-h-o o N ?
j - are doing, am preparing, is
getting, are watching - verbs -E-.
O : am + ... ing, is + ... ing, are + ...ing.
form J-Eo verbs.
v E-?
d) What about the dinner you promised me?
b)
Aruna:
Amala:
Aruna:
Amala:
Aruna:
turbing me.
Who is watching the TV?
I think my mother is watching the TV
Your brother is also watching.
Is he also watching?
Yes, but your mother is going into
the kitchen.
All India Radio News
N-o-p[ Eo - L-.
C u-j -- Ba--.
1. The Nationalist Congress party headed by Mr. Sarad

Pawar complained that the congress is not consulting its
constituent parties on important issues.
2. The BJP president Mr. Venkaiah Naidu has said that BJP
will not support Congress at the centre.
3. However, Miss Umabharati contradicted the rumour that
she is disobeying the party rules.
4. The PM Vajpayee said only NDA can provide stability to
the country.
5. The TDP supremo Chandrababu Naidu said that only
secular parties will play a major role in the elections.
6. The Municipal Commissioner Mr. Raghu Rami reddy said
: O sentences ]-C
'...complained that... is not consulting'
d ]. O #a j-.
\[ 'is' ], 'was' L.
complain --p y
consult ---[ -
p[ a. _ 'complained' ] 'has complained' E h, 'is not consulting' -
x 17
j, V, , -q,
Eo V, - N- Lh
-- - [-a.
a) j]-- -o
(I am leaving for Hyderabad tomorrow.
\[ tomorrow E p[ x future
action [-o. tomorrow - ' I
am leaving for Hyderabad' p[
o E n.)
immediate measures are being taken up to provide drinking water to the residents of Kurnool.
News reader
Indirect Speech.
is not consulting
was not consulting
will not support
would not
measures are being taken up
support
measure were being taken up
News reader
Indirect
Speech
present continuous
past
continuous will + present verb
would + present verb
News
---N-
]--o -
J-T---. d C
] u
]
E, u
]
E, u
]
E L .
] ]--]? v h-x
E- v
] Ja ]-- n
aL ! F
]. ]- -- Ba--.
-, v (x-Co)
(said
'are
being taken up'
Direct speech
inverted
commas
verbs- say, tell,
ask, question
Reporting
verbs
Inverted commas
verbs
Reported verbs
Reporting verbs present tense
Indirect speech
Reported
verbs tense
E Jh
]), p[
d.
N
-
E
.

Ja--p[,
a--[].
a) "They play well," says Ram to Rahim.
\[
Quotations
verb
'says'
present
reporting
tense.
d
o reported verb
tense a--[]. DE Indirect
Quotations
'play'
speech-
d- n hC. x O
Sentence No (2) d. \[
reporting verb, 'has said' present perfect
will
'...Naidu said'
tense
'would' correct.
Sentence No. 3: '... contradicted... disobeying'
'was obeying'
Uma Bharathi has contradicted
present perfect tense
d, d.
E v-Gh p[
d ].
L.
E
'is disobeying' correct.

Sentence 4: '... only NDA could'
'... only NDA can'
Sentence 5: '... Naidu said that only secular parties will play'
'Would play'
correct.
Sentence 6: '... Reddy said, ... are being
taken up'
'were being taken up'
correct.
'...Reddy has said'
p.
L. \[
p.
J-].
\[
Ram says to (tells) Rahim that they play

well.
-- "They play well," said Ram to

o sentence Reporting verb
'said' past tense. p[ quotations
o play reported verb past tense
p-E--J aL. DE Indirect
Rahim
speechRam told Rahim that they played well.
[-
I
Mohan: Hi, Manoj, How are you getting
along?
(
practice
, o?)
[
C --J.
O --x
Manoj: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
( o. y o?)
Mohan: Ok too. I am going to a movie. Why
don't you come along?
( E-o. y
a !)
Manoj: Like to. But I am going for a walk now.
Regular Doing words (1st RDWs- go, walk

verbs), 2nd Regular Doing Words (2nd
RDWs- goes, walks
verbs)
am+ing/ is+ing/
are+ing
a) I take coffee (take 1st RDW).
Regular-
v p J [.
p[ --o - [.
( B--
C -)
b) I am taking coffee.
(am + ing -
p[
vA-V
coffee
B--
o.)
c) She goes to college at 10 AM.
(goes- 2nd RDW-
] 10 -
-- C W)
d) She is going to college.

(is going - is ing -
p[ --
-C.)
e) They come here on sundays.
(come - 1st RDW
Regular
C vA C-
J-C C-- x \-
h.)
f) They are coming.
(are + ing English
x p[ h-o.)
u. Regular
p[ . h
C p.
h---L.
Regular actions
Regular Doing Words

(come, comes, take, takes
coffee
N) h.
E-p[ B---o \[
-[] d.
a) Mr. Sen teaches English.
English
English lecturer/teacher
(--p[
--L/--ya)
C-h[.
-
This is the time when I go for walk

every day.
x 18
(- C. F p[ -
-o. W j )
Mohan: Do you walk everyday along this
road?
(V - h?)
Manoj: No. Usually I walk along the college
road, but now I am walking along
this road because that road is under
repair.
(]. -- -
-. -t-
h-o.)
Mohan: So long ( bye O\
) see you. (Sx --)
Manoj: Bye (j)
-- am going, go; walk, am
walking -E-. 1st
b) Mr. Sen is teaching English

English
English
c) Dogs bark.
( p[
--o[.)
u.

(\ p[ -- C
j.)
d) Dogs are barking.
(\ p[ ---o h-x,
#a L)
C u- English G_- practice .
a) p[ punctual h[. V
v h -u h-o[.
b) - x -- ]--.
V v u-@ (some other
vo: Eo #a [-] --E He

was not come yesterday -a?
Rx--p[ ]l --E Tx- He was not at
home, when I went for him E
. -T--p[ [
EE Jh [-] E p--E
He was not completed the work yet
: He was not come yesterday -d

'be' forms (am, is ,
are , was, were, etc.)
come,
go,
1st Regular Doing Words
He was not come
He did not
]. Tx p[
p.
magazine [) ]---o.
y-] j waste h? p--]
h-o?
d) vA V j y \----?
\ --o?
e) u ]--? p[ u
]---o?
f) - vA B A ? V
o (rice) A-o?
g) [ C-- vqE --[. V
----o[.
c)
u
Eo verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
[. am + ing/ are + ing/ is + ing verb op[ p[ --o
- [. Eo verbs N-
verbs p-E p[ --o E
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms [.
] ] Regular Doing Words (love,
loves, etc.) form .
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing from [E
p o...
actions
am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs
(present continuous tense)
I am taking Coffee
E 16 Vj 2005
h)
p[ [-C. p[
v D [-C.
i) [. p[ --o[
('take' [).
j) - x-[[. p[
x-[--o[.
Answers:
a) He comes punctually (always/usually). He
is coming late only today.
b) They usually read India Today, but now
they are reading some
other magazine.
c) Why do you waste
time? Why are you
wasting time?
d) Where do you go at
this time every day?
Where are you going?
M. SURESAN
e) What news paper do
you read? What news paper are you reading?
f) You usually take chapathis at night. Why
are you taking rice (now)?
g) He does not meet his friends on sundays,
but he is meeting them today.
h) She always sings Telugu songs, but she is
now singing a Hindi song.
i) He doesn't take (does not take) coffee. He
is taking it now.
j) He doesn't (does not) usually talk to her,
but he is talking to her.
verbs
- -C-# N--
verbs-
1) like
ing
(d--[[) -am liking, is liking, are lik[. N -Lq-- like, likes

[.
Kumar likes that shirt very much .
d--[[ pj Kumar is liking that
shirt .
2) dislike (d----[)
They dislike his class.
x x p[ d -
. are disliking, is disliking, am
disliking o forms . N-p. ]
dislike, dislikes E .
N Eo verbs, (am + ing, is + ing,
are + ing) [EN.
3) love - love, loves, (am/ is/ are loving
])
4) hate - hate, hates (am/ is/ are hating
])
5) hope - hope, hopes (am/ is/ are hoping
])
6) want - want, wants (am/ is/ are wanting
])
7) wish - wish, wishes (am/ is/ are wishing
])
8) desire - desire, desires (am/ is/ are desiring
9) envy - envy, envies(am/ is/ are envying
])
])
(Eo ]-sx) feel, feels, (am/ is/
]).
10) feel
are feeling
-a. had : 'since' 'as' ] [-a.

had + pp forms - [ because [-a.
p[ ]-sEo vh -E-L. - ]-s ]-x/ --]When I went for him, he was not at E n.
home- d. He was not complet- vo: How long- -, How fared the work o sentence d ].
] uh
E n ]. He had not completed
o [ n a-
L. She had not completed
L?
L. y ux DE J# J
: -- v vx
N- C.
come L.
t--- o-[?
AE [-], #a [] vo: Leave letter --p[ As I am
. --yN, x-[
( --p[).
suffering from fever u as
: vo j u
\[ --p[ When I looked
] since [-a?
o o vo j English
for him/her - She had not eaten;
O-], -[, - ].
when I ask him
E p-a? AE
[-]. #a [-] (
--p[).
E Jh [-] (
Rx--p[).
- Tx-
pL.
. --, o
She had not come
eaten, had come
[-
I
Durga: Look at Leela's dress. Isn't it (= Is it
not) really wonderful?
(M v [, C !)
Valli:
Ok I like it really. In fact, I wish now to

buy one such dress for myself.
( #aC. p
v E C.)
Durga: Renuka too likes it. I desire one like
that too. I feel like buying it, but I
haven't (= do not have) the money.
( v d--[C. -E C. p -EhC. F [s ].) feel

like +...ing = j --E--[.
feel like going to bed = Ev] EhC)
Valli:
I really envy Leela for the dress.
( M v {u C.
Envy = {u/-{u [[)
-- like, wish, desire, have,
envy, feel - verbs Fo p[ --o
N -o. p[ J N- L verbs p[ am + ing, is + ing,
are + ing form (present continuous) E --o. --p- j -E
ing
sx feel, (feel --AE, pz

L----p[) prefer Op[ am + ing, is + ing, are + ing
[ N #a h--d--L.
a) E vN-hC.
She loves him.
(She is loving him
]. vN-[ p[
--o .)
b) x ---E P-h-o.
They hope to pass.
(They are hoping to pass
]. x
P[ p )
j list N verbs rule.
Actions of the mind (---, Cl C-# u) L verbs am +
ing, is + ing, are + ing form ]. N
1) know = L-[
2) understand = n --[
3) remember = c -[
4) forget = -#--[
5) decide = Eg--[
6) doubt = --[
7) think = -#-[
8) suppose = --[
9) believe = t[
Words (like, likes, wish, wishes, desire,

desires, envy, envies)
verbs
dislike, love, hate, hope, want, appreciate
admire
[.
J-Eo
(a[) Eo ]-
10) imagine =
verbs
+ ing form
-[
(--
])
am/ is/ are

am + ing, is + ing, are
Fo
[.
x l ---o.

They understand my words. (They are understanding my words

am/ is/ are understanding
])
].
- hC.
He still remembers my name. (He is still

remembering my name
)
j list o
N verbs am
vo: Simple present tense
noun \
s L .
: Rama sells mangoes.
God bless you , God blesses
you L !
--,
[y-, N--[
: simple present verb 's' aL.
d. "God bless you" sentence
statement ]. C 'May God bless you'
D. DN---p[ 'May God bless you'
'May' C- 'God bless you' .
]-x \[ 'blesses' ].
vo: Not bad very good E C.
O not bad --] E
. - C d.
.., T-u
: 'Not bad' -] E n
]. Very good .
vo: The E a-J-L. C ]
E --. C --[?
.N. , -, Jq
: ] DE J# W 16
v-J-# NJ. , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
l v u English
] 'the' E C -. N
] ] .
The (C) apple, ant, egg, air, owl, umbrel-
+ ing, is + ing, are + ing

form
a)
[.
Qo --ho?
DEo English
?
\[
'doubt' L .
verb
la etc.
The
Am/ is/ are + knowing

am/ is/ are understanding
[.
p[ ].
N-- N-.
am + ing, is + ing, are + ing forms [E
J-Eo verbs o. N -- ],
C u- English G_- practice
.
1. Eo \ n --o[.
2. J# [ ---o[? (think
[)
3. y d- d[-o?
4. h [ ]. (remema.
sale
bargain
(A good bargain, a bad bargain best bargain
etc.)
good/ bad at bargaining =
= t
= , [

[/ --[
bargain- pronunciation )
Eox ]!!
verbs- like, wish N -,

-C-# verbs Eo d,
verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
[. ]-sx Regular Doing
(J{-[),
18 Vj 2005
(]) tree, book, shop, college etc.
M. SURESAN
am doubting/ is
'doubt'
doubting/ are doubting
question
do
sentence-
L.
.
L. d
ber) [.
5. Eo N Jao?
(why v-G-)
6. -E y ] --E-h-o?
7. \[ ]--E[ ]. (feel like
= E--[)
8. [ o J n -[ ].
9. p[ xE --?
(think [).
10. --]-J- pE ---o?
(suppose --T-.)
11. F v-h - a[ ]. (dislike
[.)
12. y t[ ? (believe/
doubt) [)
13. y o ]d-[--o?
(prefer [)
14. F F JnA L[ ] (know -T-.)
15. - -J--x y-h-o?
Answers:
1. He understands the lesson well.
2. What does he think of himself? ( is thinking
3. Do you like (are you liking
the coffee
in this restaurant?
4. I don't (= do not) remember (am not +
remembering
his name.
5. Why do you forget (are you forgetting
things like this?
6. Why do you doubt him?
7. I do not feel like studying here.
8. He does not understand me properly.
9. Does she think of going home now?
10. Does he suppose that he is the greatest
of all?
11. He doesn't (= does not) like your behaviour.
12. Don't you (Do you not/ Do not you)
believe my words/ Do you doubt my
words?
13. Why do you prefer coffee to tea? (prefer
'to'
14. You do not know your position.
15. Do Iraquis hate Americans?
] !)
x 19
Do you doubt my character ?
(Are you doubting my character
b)
])
].)
O D ?
Do you know Hindi? (Are you knowing
c)
].)
[ on -[ ].
He is not understanding me
am/ is/ are + understanding
English
He does
not understand (= understand + not) me.
d)
What do you think?
(What are you thinking
-[].
]-
] d. -?
y-----o?
.)
u N
verbs
thinking, understanding etc.
j p
N-
p)
liking, loving,
'ing' forms
]-sEo d [-a.
[--[-EC: 'ing' forms ], am, is,
are a[. knowing - ]-sEo d [-
hC).
VOCABULARY
-C-# :
L- .
Shopping
buy, sell
Look at Leela's dress.

Isn't it really wonderful?
purchase = [
( n purchase [ o
- C).
purchase = o h
'buy'
My important purchase this week is the TV.

TV)
return =
exchange =
replace =
( o u-i h
o h AJT y[
o h a-[
o h- E
] x -
y[
refund = x [s y[
durable = (h-) Eo o, Eo--
allow a discount = T_# t[;
expensive = Kj
cheap =
moderate (price) = --i (])
cost = K], K-]-[
[-
I
Ravi: Hi Pavan, what do I see in that glass
there? It appears to be some juice.
( x E-h-o--N?
Wu C.)
Pavan: Yea. The glass contains fresh lemon
juice.
( ] Et- C.)
contain = x j [[
the jug contains milk = o
belongs, comprises, needs, seems, consists

of, live verbs
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
form
OE- ]
[ (N L- --oC pj). j - -J v]l

practice .
--o?
- -C-# N-- L-
Ravi: A new bike is parked outside. Whose

is it?
( h j \ C.
-J-]C?)
Pavan: It belongs to Mahesh. He bought it
the day before.
(C -C. Eo--o[.)
Belong = ][
The house belongs to my uncle.
verbs (verbs expressing feelings and

emotions).
Cl, --- -C-# N-

L verbs (verbs expressing actions of
the mind) p[ am + ing, is + ing, are +
ing forms . E -Lq-p[, Regular Doing Words (like, likes,
think, thinks) form [.
[ verbs j p verbs
(appear, belong, comprise, consist of,
contain, live, need, seem)
am + ing/
is + ing/ are + ing form
Regular Doing Words
sentences
'not'
question
do, does
x -uC (- CC).
Ravi: What's that fat book on the table?
( O] o ]l h
N?)
Lq #a--p[
[. C

F,
[Eo -E-.
F
h-E ?
1)
2)
[ # E-h-o[.
He appears (is appearing ])
to be a
GLfq x-N- (= x C-N

).
These buildings do not belong to them
(are not belonging to them
]).
Pavan: It contains a lot of information about

the latest versions in computers. It
comprises ten chapters.
3)
x C?
What does the glass contain? (What is
the glass containing
4)
?)
-- -C?
(u--q -C-# {x
u-]-E - ] C.
] C u- o.)
comprises = include = J [[
Ravi: Coming to the bike, does Mahesh
really need a bike now? He does not
go about much.
(
j N--E-l. ---p[ j
E --? \ A--[?)
Pavan: Yes, he needs it very much now. He

has a new job. Marketing. He has to
move about a lot.
(p[ - j -.
\-- h u #aC.
A-Lq C.)
Ravi: The bike seems very stylish, doesn't
it?
(
Pavan: It comes with a package. The package consists of a CD Player and a
set of CDs.
x 20
What does a ball pen consist of? (What is
a ball pen consisting of
5)
. -?)
6) \[ [? (E--h[
n).
Where does he live? (Where is he living
j -{-- C !)
( j u hC.
] x, Eo
.)
consists of = L-T--[[
).
N- u--o.
The committee comprises four members/Four members comprise the committee. (The committee is comprising...; Four
members are comprising...
7)
8)
]).
Rxp[ \[ -o (E--h-o).
They live here (They are living here ]).
Rx-p[ \[ [-[-].
They do not live here any more (They are
not living
9)
).
p[ F -.
I need your help now (am needing

10)
11)
Ravi: By the way, where does Ganesh live?
(J \[ [?)
(By the way - topic a--E
-- [. - J, E
-- topic a] N].)
Pavan: He lives quite nearby.
(\- ]_-x [.)

-- verbs- see, appears, contains,
]).
x-p[ C - ].
They do not need it now (They are not
needing
The fan consists of three blades and a motor.
(u [ x, .)
[-- verbs, am + ing/ is +

ing/ are + ing [-EN . J-Eo
verbs o. N- --- ]
C sentences english G_- practice
.
1) vA-x E- d--[--o.
2) x d [-[-] (dislike [).
3) E vN-h?
C L[ ]. [ v
vN-h-o[.
N ?
Answers:
1) Every one likes that movie (is liking
2) He does not like these classes (is not liking
3) Does she love him?
I don't (do not) know that. But he loves
her.
Does she know that?
Who knows?
4) What do you say?/ What are you saying?
Why don't you (do you not) understand
me?
]).
]).
... !
good fellow.
By the way, where does Ganesh live?
] 20 Vj 2005
]).
C p[ ] -?
Why does she need it now? (Why is she

needing it
12)
]).
[ ]t-_- E-h-o[.
He seems (is seeming ]) to be a bad
13)
[ x -h [.
fellow.
He does not seem to be interested in it (is
not seeming
]).
-J ?
4) -o y?
y o-] n -[ ]?
Eo n -o.
F - E-h(appear
o?
[).
y n
--ox E[ ] (seem
[).
]----o? (think...so M. SURESAN
[. so= )
E-hC (feel [)
y o n --o. F
v]l N-o (n=
misunderstand). F O] -Eo h-o? (doubt....my respect for you
[).
5) x \[--o? (live [).
x ]_ (live [).
x O ]_ [-[-?
x-p \- J-- (p=
long ago, x [= move).
p-[o x x-? ( ?
nown/ belong [).
6) [s--L (need/want [).
L? (How much v-G).
F u - L. (Jh u
p).
-] L F?
F-y-E , ? (want [).
]l-h -y-E ]. ( ]l
h such a big amount/ sum/ that kind
I understand you well. Do I appear (to be)

a fool to you?'
You don't (do not) seem to understand my
point.
Why do you think so?
I feel so.
You misunderstand me. I am listening to
you carefully. Do you doubt my respect for
you?
5) Where do they live?
They live near the townhall.
Don't they (do they not) live near your
place?
They moved long ago.
Do they own the house?/ Does the house
belong to them?
(am/ is/ are owning
6) I want/ need some money.
How much do you need?
I need at at least a thousand rupees.
Why do you need such a big amount/ so
much/ such a big sum/ that kind of
money?
Do you want to give or not?
I don't want to give/ feel like giving such a
big amount.
7) When did you buy the book?
No, I didn't (did not) buy it. I borrowed it
from Mahesh yesterday.
Are you reading it (now)?
Why are you asking that question?
I want to read it.
But I don't want to give/ lend it to you.
Why do you feel so/ think so?
Because you don't give books to me.
]).
of money).
7) h p[ o?
-]. Eo ]_ # ao (h, [s, -J ]_ a borrow from).
Ny-p[ Eo ]---o?
] [o vo?
]------o.
F F y-[ ] (hEo
y[= lend).
] ---o?
y h -y d.
vo: -- He wants to talk you,

Sir.
talk to you, Sir
E C-. F He wants to
E L !
t , N--o
: 'talk' y 'to' F 'with' F p
L. 'talk you, Sir' p. talk to you, Sir
d.
[-
v 22 Vj 2005
She is seeing the CM today.
9) - Eo N (strange) ]'u Eh-o. Eo N l NE-h-o.

10) - Eo N ]'u E-[
], Eo N l NE-[ ]?
-E ---C.
Answers:
C. n am seeing/ is seeing/ are

seeing [[ d.
-[ p[ ---o-x-
I am not seeing the Governor today.
I really don't see how he is able to stand still for so long?

Sudha:
What are you looking at so

steadily?
(N, - h-o?)
Madhuri: I see an interesting sight over
there.
(\ -h---i ]'u E-hC.)

Sudha: What is it you see there? I do not
see any thing. Saritha, do you see
any thing?
( E-h-]-\[? E[ ]. J, F-i Eh?)

Saritha: No. Nothing unusual.
Do you hear Madhuri? Saritha

sees nothing unusual. Come on,
What attracts you there?
(]K NE-#? J-
hO E-[ ]. \[
-J{-#C Eo.)
Madhuri: Don't you observe that man there?
All made up like Gandhi, and
standing still like a statue?
(\[ E-E -E-[

y? D -E, Nv- E o[.)
Made up = x --[
still = E
Sudha and Saritha: Yes, We see now
Saritha. I really don't see how he is able to
stand still for so long?
(- ]-L E-
[-o n C.)
See = understand.
p-[-p[, -o ]o G
. n l---C E.
Do not see/ does not see; do not hear/ does

not hear, do not observe/ does not observe
-o. d n --LqC
p am/ is/ are + ing
forms [E verbs , see, hear,
observe verbs am/ is/ are +
ing forms --T. -Lq--p[
see, sees, hear, hears, observe, observes
not question
do/ does see,
do/ does hear, do/ does observe
a) I see a picture on the wall.
E,
E [.
"I see"
Sudha: But don't you hear some thing too?
am hearing/ is hearing/
are hearing
am
listening to/ is listening to/
are listening to
see
look at
hear
listen to
],
[-a.
,

ox,
n C.
'hear' N-M. SURESAN
C.
'listen to' (vo) N[.
Listen carefully. You hear footsteps.
[ OC t E-hC.
(]. C.)
unusual = EC, h N
Sudha:
( V -o- -[ ].)
Am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ] .
'see' ] 'look' am + ing/ is + ing/
are + ing form -x,
b) She sees what he is doing.
[ h-oC E-hC.
c) They are standing on the balcony. They
see the Sunrise.
v-h N. [- p[ NE-hC
(F).
x h?
Do we hear the teacher or Do we listen to the
students
teacher?
listen to the teacher.
am looking at/ is looking at/ are looking at

see
look at
O #
p[
(
pC x v]l dN).
C u [
[-a. F
n
C.
see = E-[
look at = (vo ) [[
a) As we walk along the road, we hear the

noise of the traffic.
I see the picture on the wall.
b) We switch on the CD player/ the two-inone to listen to music.
[ O] t E-hC.
I am looking at the picture on the wall.
[f O] [-h-o-p[ v NEhC.
( U N-E x/ - h)
c) pC F NE-h?
[ O] t h-o.
Look at the sky, you see the stars.
Do you hear me?
Madhuri & Saritha: What is it?
pC y N-o?
(N C?)
Sudha: The gibber of the monkey there It's
performing to the boy's commands.
Madhuri and Saritha: What's new about it?
j [
-v E-h
j h F- E-hC.
[ h-o[.
are seeing; am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are

am/ is/ are seeing,
observing
am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are observing
see, hear, observe
The teacher is watching you.

(am/ is/ are observing
'see'
any one is there?'
see
-o
]
]J, ], J. p[ E-[
]/ p[ NE-[ ]/ p[ -E[ ] -] am not/ is not/ are not
seeing/ hearing/ observing E [ ]
21
(look).
(see).
When you look up, you see the blue sky.
(t ] N?)
-- see, hear, observe [ E-. \[ see, hear, observe verb
p[ E-[, p[ NE-[, p[
-E-[ n- --p- am/ is/
[ ].
?).
> E-h?
Do you see a deer?
> -[[ ?
Don't (Do not) you see a deer?
Are you not seeing?
Don't you
see?
3) What do you see there?
(What are you seeing
You are looking so much at the tree.
4) Don't look now. I see someone coming for
you.
5) Whom do I see there?
(Whom am I seeing?
Isn't (is it not) Michael Jackson?
(Michael Jackson
It is Michael
Jackson)
6) We hear some sweet music from some
],
])
])
E-N... vAo# N...
x \-F E-f. u-] x

E-hC.
am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing ],
(O O NE-[ ?)
( s -ho A --
NE--[ ?)
gibber - pronunciation : >
performing = [, v]-Jz-[
1) Look at those two pictures. Do you see

any difference (between the two) (Are you
seeing
2) Look there! Don't (= do not) you see a
deer?
He is looking at her.
(He is seeing her
?)
Eo -E-hC.
d.)
[-. 'See if
, [ --E
d
, look
C.
C u!
see
-[
(meet)
where.
7) He never listens to good advice. He doesn't (does not) like advice.
never=
Advice
plural
singular.
Advice
a/an
8) Hello! I hear some noises over the phone.
Do you hear me What I say ? I don't (do
not)/am not able to hear what you say.
9) We see some strange sights and we hear
some strange sounds.
10) Don't (do not) we see some strange
sights and hear some strange sounds?
o- ]/-].
]. p[
]
[.
Are you listening?

English
C E
G_- practice
.
1) [ t [. i Eh?
2) \[ [. > E-[ ]?
(deer - >)
3) \[ F E-hC? d j
h-o.
4) p [. F [ EhC ( h-o).
5) -\[ E-hC? (whom...see
[). iq ] ?
6) \ ]--i U NE-hC
(we v-G#, some where [).
7) -p[ # - N[. d
].
8) , x l NE-h-o.
pC F NE-h? y pC
NE-[ ].
vo: Housewife ]
Homemaker E
[-a? My mother is housewife
[ My mother is homemaker
-C ?
. 'g-, N, X--->x
: 'Housewife' ---C. Homemaker C [--
hC. p--p [--
h-o-
(u
-J-)
Houseworker. C a---a
F x o \ --T-h-o.
[-
I
Lakshmi: Hi, Ajitha, how are you?
( >, o?)
Ajitha:
Fine, thank you. How are you?
(o, y o?)
Lakshmi: OK. thank you. Do I smell something sweet?
( o, - hoxC ]?)
Ajitha:
That's right. You smell the jasmine

spray I use.
Lakshmi: Don't worry. It is only an ant.
(--[... C <!)
-- smell, taste, feelverbs [
-E-. see, hear, smell, taste, feel Fo u-vC-- -C-#N. Hear
and see- [ verbs am + ing/ is + ing/
are + ing forms [. Eo ]sx smell, taste, feel am + ing/ are +
ing form [.
(E! t vp
C.)
Eox Eo !
Lakshmi: Well, why have you brought me

here?
(\- o-] B--a?)

Ajitha:
The coffee here tastes fine and

fresh.
b) 'taste'
a) smell
h ho
n --p[ am smelling/ is
smelling/ are smelling form [.
The rose smells sweet.
(G - hC.)
The rose is smelling sweet .
jo p[ ho
N p- am smelling/ is smelling/
are smelling [.
x 22
Well, why have you brought me here?
(\[ -C.)
Lakshmi: O, thank you (After a sip) I am
tasting real good coffee for the first
time in weeks.
(( T)
Eo y ]J
# # h-o.)
Ajitha: Wait a minute. I feel some thing

creeping up my arm.
([.
A O] -od E-hC.)
vo: Give y[.
Given y-[[. I have given a E

n ( y--f E). F x - J# p--p[ 'He has
given' E a[ n
[--o. C p ? y-f[ E n?
-'g, j]--
: English , o x,
`given' past participles confusing . `Given' C past participle. n y-- E. (y--[[
])
She is smelling the flower in her hand.
The spray smells fine.

spray
The spray is smelling fine
They are smelling the spray.
# hC n
].
x vp h-o.
C d ]- [[
d.
Past participles
has/ had
] had given, have/

h NN] ]-sx a, a,
a, a[, a n
hC.have/has+ participle- J-T E
j J-TC L---- hC.
I have given the book.
c) The book torn by the child.
( G[f #-- h)
d) The movie released yesterday.
(Eo N[-] -- E)
- .
a) E #a h.
b) school ]_ / E-# uh.
c) G[f # h.
d) Eo N[-] E .
Biriyani serves here

tastes fine.
(\[ GuF # #E-hC The biriyani is

tasting fine ].)
- -jo #-h-o-p[ am tasting, is tasting, are tasting
I am tasting the biriyani.
d.
M. SURESAN
( GuFE # h-o.)
\[ am tasting d.
( ----E Eo
# hC).
c) 'feel' N . -A,
j L-T--p[ feel/ feels v.
am feeling/ is feeling/ are feeling .
i) I feel the cold wind blowing on my face.
( OtC Oho xE LE --Nh-o.)

ii) She feels (is feeling ]) strange in this
new place.
Fo be- forms.) h p[ v --C,

y--f[, etc. passive voice forms h.
-- passive voice ].
He is seen here every day.
vA-V \[ [--[-[.
He is given salary on the first of every month.
vA ] D @ y--[-[.
He has given a lecture.
-u a[.
- y-- h.
(\[
n
]_
n ...
[-- uh E.
E --Jh C.)
N . h
N]-i #E hC n
taste, tastes . am tasting/ is
tasting/are tasting E .
She is tasting the dish to see how good it is.
( A-E y hC.)
C \[ d. d h
hC n is smelling/ are
smelling ].
a) The book given to him.

b) The man seen near the school.
seen past participle
school
Past participle
C 24 Vj 2005
h a.
(past- p[, V, j #aC p[
] y[ v J-TC.)
I, we you, they - have given.
he, she, it - has given.
He has given.
a[ (y[ --C past, j

L--[ ]).
'given' past participles ] 'be' forms(am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be, have
been, has been
be, been
verbs
He is given Rs. 10000 every month. vA

. 10000 y--[-[ (- h).
They are given. x y--[-.
Children are given milk everyday. W x
L-y--[-.
vo: I give more prefer coffee than tea L.
F I give more prefer coffee to tea E
] ?
I am suffering from fever
]? I am suffering with fever -[?
, 'g, o-
: I give more prefer coffee... sentence J-].
I prefer coffee to tea L I give preference to coffee over tea L.
1) prefer y p[ 'to' hC. 'than' ].
2) 'more preference' [ ]. ]-
( h v- N EhC.)
iii) They feel quite at home in the new place.
(They are feeling
])
( h v x O h E[ ].)
How are you feeling? C [-
C o? n.
uvC N- -E--Lq
u-
i) am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing [ (E-[ n)
am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ].
N- am/ is/ are looking/ listening [.
ii) h ho is smelling/
are smeling ]. smell/ smells v.
h-o-p-j am smelling/ is
smelling/ are smelling correct.
taste/ tastes
is/ are tasting
iv) 'feel'
feel/ feels
am/ is/ are feeling
iii)
h a #
.
.
N- -, -A n
d.
].
N [[ n am/ is/ are
feeling [-a.
preference
'more'
'Suffering from' correct
C.
, English
[- a--[]. . -
J O] hC. English angry with
(a person) . - N-x [-
d L. C \ English C-N
hC.
vo: I am going to go I am going
N?
--E, N--[
: 'I am going to go' x---o
E, 'I am going' -o E.
j E-----o-p[ going to do/ sing/
teach etc. [.
vo: 1. B---L/ B--o
2. v Ky h-
-L ( -L/
).
u- Tx- pL.
. ], -f
1. I should/ have to get/ have myself photographed./ I got/ had myself photographed.
2. I have to get the entry made/ recorded in my
service register (I got the entry made/
recorded in my service register).
[-
I
Raghu: Hi Pavan, you look dull. What's the
matter?
I have (am having

b)
]) a lot of work.
- \[ ] 8 # v
6 [u C.
Kumar has (is having ]) duty here from
( , [ o?)
Pavan: I have a headache. I don't have (do
not have) at home the tablets I usually take.
8 AM - 6 PM.
4.
Raghu: Sorry to know that. Do you have that

novel with you? I mean the novel you
bought last week.
(
d -- C.
]) the hope I will
K, ]-- y o F
]_-?)
K, C ]_ ]. v Eo
B--o[. C ]_ C.)
Raghu: I have no work today. So I want to

spend time reading the book.
( E-]. h ] -l ---o.)
Pavan: Go ahead. My brother has another
book with him. Take it.
( E. v] ]_
h C. C B.)
, -- p-p[ am/ is/

].
- [i v.
]) deep love for
are having
a)
She has (is having
him.
b)
I have (am having
be selected.
(--p C. -
- v x .)
Pavan: Sorry. I don't have it. Prakash took it

from me yesterday. He has it now.
(
26 Vj 2005
5.
o tx E L---p[ am/ is/ are having ]. have/ has

v hC.
a) --p C.
I have a headache (am having ].)
b) x.
She has jaundice (is having ]).
c) -E C.
He has (is having ]) a bad cold.
am having/ is having/ are having
[]-T ]-s u
A[, [ N
b) My friend is having a son and a daughter.
( v [, JE
A-o-[? C ] ? My friend
has a son and a daughter.)
c) Saritha is having a wonderful pair of ear
rings.
( J ]-i N --
A-]? ] d She has a wonderful pair of ear rings.)
C u- practice . (Eo have- correct form [).

1) ]_ h C. F ]_-?
2) F pi x ?
\-E A-o
1) E-p[ B--o (-o).
Raghu: Where is he?
( \[?)
I am having coffee.
Pavan: He is having breakfast. Wait for a few

minutes.
([ v-d ho[. )
Raghu: Aren't (Are you not) having any?
(y O A?)
Pavan: I don't feel like, with this head ache.
( -p x A-E ])
-- -E---N? Eox p[ J E-j have/ has [[,
Eo-x am having/ is having/ are having
[[. 'am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing' form
[E verbs have C. am
having/ is having/ are having form Eo ]sx n-Eo-d [.
1. have/ has o u-i n LT
[[.
I, we, you, they have.
He, she, it 'has'.
2) Rx-p[ h-o.
They are having meals now.
3) T- --o[.
He is having a smoke.
(He is smoking
am having/ is having/ are having- `bath'
])
[-a.
3) ] B--o. -
y - ?
4) (x) y? B--o!
h --
L. F ]_
?
]_ ]. ]_ C.
]_ ].
5) < C ?
B\
]_ p[ [s-].
]_ [s C F, < a].
6) - ]l v-d
B-?
x 23
I have a scooter.
\ C.
She has a lot of jewellry.
o.
My friends (they) have bikes.
vq jq o.
LT [[ n am having/ is having/ are having .
a) x ]i xC.
They have a beautiful house.
(They are having a beautiful house
b) This coffee has a fine taste.
(is having
c)
This city has wide roads.
(This city is having...
2.
am/ is/ are having
Have/ has
])
# # C.
])
- [-p- [x-o.
])
-, - o p-].
p[
v hC.
a) She has patience.

(
is having
b) The wife and husband have (are having
a good understanding for
each other.
p C.)
].
])
( u--h ]u # --
C.)
3. -o E J# p-] am/ is/ are
having [.
a) C.
She has a lot of jewellry

a)
o o h-o. h
.
My father is having a bath. Please wait.

b)
She is having a shower.
am/ is/ are having from
hC.
-E-
u
A[, [ n- J-N. ]-E
am having/ is having/ are having N ]sx N-K-n hC. eg:
a) I am having a scooter.
sentence
(
v a n,
\-E A-o E . -h
--- ], d \[ pLqC I have a scooter.)
\- x B
J p--] A-o?
d- x -[.
-.
\ d-q J# L].
p[ y A-o .
C?
7) : \[o \-x C?
(\-x= Pup)
: x \-x C. C DEo ]lC.
: E ?
: E ]-i C. H. y
x j --o?
: ].
8) F: --E ]-i
appearance C ?
-: N

].
F: E ]-i Jd, \F,
]l -, ]l o.
-: ]_ [s , x -E
C. (have, wish [).
9) LE: F \[?
A: o hC
LE: F- jy - vq j o?
A: o. ]?
LE: x -- yu
C. J-y- d/-u
C.
Answers:
1. I also have that book. Have you?/Do you

have it.
2. Have you/Do you have any class now.
3. Why are you having coffee now? You usually have tea.
4. (Over phone) Is it you? I am having lunch.
Please wait.
I want Mahesh's phone no. Do you have it?
I don't (do not) have it. Ramesh has it.
I don't (do not) have Ramesh's phone
number either.
(not
sentence
'also'
'either.')
5. Isn't that sari nice/beautiful?
Then have it.
I do not (don't) have/I
haven't (have not)
the money now.
I have the money but
I don't (do not) like
that sari.
6. What do you have for
breakfast usually.
I have mostly idles.
M. SURESAN
Why are you having
dosa now?
This restaurant doesn't (does not) have a
good name for idles. It has a good name
for dosas.
I don't have (do not have)/ haven't (have
not) much knowledge of the restaurants
here.
You are having a dosa now. How is it?
7. Ramu: How is that pup there?
Raghu: I have a pup at home. That's bigger than this.
Ramu: Has it/Does it have a name?
Raghu: Yes. It has a beautiful name.
Ruby. Have you/Do you have any
pets at home?
Ramu: No.
8. Suneel: Hasn't (has not) this building/
Doesn't (does not) this building
have a beautiful/ grand appearance.
Sukumar: I don't have/I haven't any doubt
about it.
Suneel: It has a beautiful portico, a balcony, big windows and a
large/spacious hall.
Sukumar: If I have the money, I wish to buy
this house.
9) Shalini: Where is Suneeta?
Santhi: She is having a bath.
Shalini: Has Suneeta/ Does Suneeta
have any friends in railway booking?
Santhi: She has, but why?
Shalini: I have an interview in Bangalore
the day after tomorrow. I am having a problem/difficulty about
reservation.
problem, difficulty
am
having/is having/ are having
]. ]-E
- -
[a.
[-
I
Krishna: Hi Nikhila, How are you?
( E", o?)
Nikhila: Fine, thank you, How go your studies?
(-o. y ]---o?)
Krishna: Studying well. My brother was
come yesterday.
Nikhila: Was come? Look here, Krishna, we
never use verb forms like was
come. That isn't English.
(was come
v Eo -T. C Tx ].)
Krishna: x p-C?
Nikhila: O v] Eo a-[E y-o. \[ was come E verb
. C p. English verb
be forms Eo- #
.
'be'
28 Vj 2005
[ -E-
have been, has been, had been, shall have

been, should have been, will have been,
would have been, may have been, might
have been, can have been, could have been,
must have been, need have been, ought have
been, dare have been
be forms #---Eo- been [ -E.

jFo 'be' forms. O-Eo- n [[
E -C# C. Ox Eo [
. j --EoF p-- nEo d independent [-a.
He is here.
can sing- verb - can + sing (1st RDW)
Ox E \-j 1st RDW verb

-C.
-E: 'shall, will, should, would, etc 'be'
forms . shall, should, will, would, etc.,
A J!
o. x
verb -, C
English ].
( C -, was come, has going,

verbs d, E E [--o vo-Eo- lesson ----[-C. v-h
]-, h--, practice , O
-- [.)
Spoken English d-E--C, p

D verb N--.
verb ? subject nAE
They could be here yesterday itself.

She might be dangerous, etc.
II form (verb
'be' form+ ...ing form

verb,
'be'
form
'...ing' form (going, coming,
singing, dancing etc.,
Kumar is writing.
verb: is (be form) + writing (ing form)]
She has been singing for the past one hour.
verb- has been singing
has been ('be' form) + singing (ing)form
verb sentences
'be' form + ing form
y j
-N) hC.
\[
j
,
C .
They could be going there.

could be (be form) + going (ing form).
x 24
III form (verb
Doing Words
OE --E o
.
1st Regular
2nd Regular
Past
Doing word
Doing word
Doing Word
come
sing
do
talk
like
smell
Fine, thank you, How go your studies?

(state of being [[) F, subject
EE (action) F L--hC.
Eg: He is here.
\[
\[
!
Sunitha works hard.
F d E--hC.
verb 'works' EE (action) -C
English
verb #a-i
o. h--. O O sentence
verb [- x (six
forms) [-- O sentence correct ]. [.
I form of the verb (verb ] )
'be' forms
am, is, are, was, were, shall be, should be,

will be, would be, can be, could be, may be,
might be, must be, ought be, dare be, need
be
h !
came
sang
did
talked
liked
smelt
Regular actionsI, we, you, they

1st Regular Doing
2nd RDW
word (1st RDW); He, She, It
not
Questions
1st RDW
'do', 2nd RDW
'does'
Past
Doing Word
actions
Past
Doing Word
not
Questions
did
[.
[.
-E-\[ o[.
verb 'is' [-Eo -C.
comes
sings
does
talks
likes
smells
v p- J
O
F,
F
N .
j J-T L [.
-
E F,
F
hC. C O .
IV form (verb
shall, will, should, would,

can, could, may, might,
must, need, ought, dare
+ 1st RDW
I shall go there tomorrow.

verb- shall go.
shall + go (1st Regular Doing Word)
Srinu will help me.
verb: will help- will + help (1st RDW)
They can sing.
\[
DE
\ 'be' o-p N 'be' forms o

N h---L.
V form (verb )
have, has, had, shall have,
should have, will have,
would have, can have,
could have, may have,
might have, must have,
ought have, dare have
need have
be forms
'been'
'be' form
shall have been 'be' form.
shall have 'be' form
Past Participle (PP)
(PP)
go
went
gone
see saw
seen
do
did
done
like liked
liked
talk talked
talked
+ past
participle
N
. Ox E \-j
o-p C
-C.
C
C
].
?
verb, V form
have, has, had,
shall have, should have, etc.,
past participle
combinationverb
eg: He has seen me.
verb: has seen - has + past participle (PP)
She will have gone by then.
verb: will have gone- will have + gone (PP)
They should have done it.
should have done - should have + done (PP)
j -#
\
-C.
Jh
N .
VI form (verb
'be' form + past participle

'be' form
past participle
verb
(PP)
a) He was seen there yesterday.
verb: was seen- was (be form) + seen
(PP).
b) The snake has been killed.
verb: has been killed, has been (be form) +
killed (PP).
c) It can be done.
verb: can be done- can be (be form) + done
(PP)
d) He had been killed before he was thrown
on the railway track.
verbs: had been killed - had been (be form)
+ killed (PP);
was thrown- was (be form) + thrown (PP).
VI form of verb
verb form- 'be form + past participle'.
verb
PASSIVE VOICE
verb- English
passive voice

h C
\ j
-C.
vu- C.
p[
o
C.
op[ - [ E n hC.
a) He was seen here yesterday.
( \[ Eo [f[).
b) All kinds of books are sold here.
(verb - passive
\[ Eo h t-
-[-).
c) The film will be released next week.
(verb- passive
E a- N[-]
--[-C).
\ VI form of the verb v passive.
N forms Fo active voice. -
passive voice [ !
x t o [ .
d Rx h \[ t--[-
. spoken telugu passive voice [.
English \
simple - C.
conversational ease C.
English verb p[ j singular forms L. -
O x-C sentence ]. x-
p. p[ [
He was come.
verb
was come - (was (be form) + come (1st
RDW)
be form + 1st RDWsix forms of verb
form
He was come- sentence
was come = was (be
form) + come (past participle)
be form + past participle
passive voice verb
\[
-yL?
]. d
].
C
a
O a. \[
u-i N come,
go, walk, sit verbs
M. SURESAN
passive voice [].
verb -JE, EE E vo-- Answer
h passive C. Answer - passive [].
They came yesterday.
verb
came.
\[
DE n a E. JE a? EE a? vo-
'Answer' ]. d O passive [].
He writes books 'writes' verb.
n h[ E. EE h[? h answer hC. DE passive p
C. Books are written by him E passive p-a.
vo: Were you there then yesterday?

Eo O p[ \[ o?
-a?
N. ---f, T]l-
: -a.
vo: h--vA- -- E
poet E -C-. poetess L
.
. -j-u, --
: English gender difference (L-]) -[ T_--C.
poet v [[ -----C.
p ] -o.
[-
I
Sasank: Where is your brother, Radha?
(, O v] \[?)
Radha: He coming slowly. I seen him a few
minutes ago.
( E- h-o[. Cl EN ] E )
Sasank: Look here, Radha. Your words, 'He
coming slowly', and 'I seen him a
few minutes ago' are not sentences
because there are no verbs in them,
they don't have complete meaning.
'he coming slowly', 'I
seen him a few minutes ago'
verbs
(F x
u . x
.
n Jh ] )
Radha: But 'coming' and 'seen' are verbs.

Why to doubt that?
(coming, seen verbs
?, -
E?)
Sasank: 'coming' is only an 'ing' form, and
'seen' is just a past participle. In our
last article, we have seen the six
forms of verbs.
E 30 Vj 2005
4. (C)
5. (W) Correct form: The snake has
been/had been/will have been (any
such 'be' form) + killed.
6. (W) Correct form: The book is/ was/
has/ been (any be form) + stolen
7. (W) Correct form: The class is/ was/ will
be going on.
8. (W) Correct form: We have/ had/ will
have etc. + known him
9. (C) - Past Doing Word
10. (C) - has been + killed (PP) - Passive
voice
v--p- [-Eo F .
am- I ; he, she, it- is ; you, we,
they- are h.
II) was, were [-Eo .
III) shall be, will be N-u-h [Eo
.
IV) have been (I, We, You, They), has
been (he, she, it) p
, pE, -F [Eo .
jFo [-Eo p 'be' forms.
verbs
tences
-d form --p sen-d-- .

ao-?
a) subject - sentence EE J# -
C.
b) Verb - sentence subject y
-/-- - sentence [
C/-N verb.
verbs - like, love etc.)
II) verbs expressing actions of the mind.
( Cl, -- -C-#
verbs - know, understand etc.)
III) certain other verbs like appear, belong
etc.
n ]!
a) 'be' form + ing form is a verb
b) 'be' form/ have/ has/ will have/
shall have etc + past participle is
a verb.
(coming
'ing' form, +
past participle- ing
seen
'be' form
verb
form
+ past participle
'be'
form
have/ has/ had/ shall have
verb
C
C
]
]
C.
F
N
-C. Fo
] u .)
c) English verb six forms
form
L.
d) English statement (
N p sentence) , question
order of words C.
i) Statement structure: subject + verb
ii) Question structure:
1) verb + subject
Radha: So, you say a sentence in English

must have a verb- one of the six
forms we saw in last article.
English sentence correct
- u N-J-#x
verb x L.)
Sasank: That's right
()
Cx correct verbs Jh-.
verb correct brackets (c) .
p- (w) d. verb form correct , correct verb form. verb correct
C form verb - .
eg:
1) He was do it (W)
He was doing it (C)
He did it.
2) She looking at it (W)
She is/was/any be form looking at it. (C)
3) They have seen me (C)
(have + past participle)
Exercise:
1. They know me.
2. She seen him.
3. They are take coffee.
4. She will help him.
5. The snake been killed.
6. The book stolen.
7. The class going on.
8. We known him.
9. They saw him yesterday.
10. The snake has been killed.
Answers:
1. (C) I Regular Doing Word.
2. (W) Correct form: She has/ will have/
would have + seen him
3. (W) Correct form: They are taking coffee.
f) subject
action
words
1st Regular Doing
Words (come, go, take, sit
verbs - I,
we, you, they
2nd Regular
Doing Words (comes, goes, takes, sits
verbs He,
She, It
- L- E
. Ox
[),
OE
[)
v p- J
Regular Actions -Th.
x 25
2) 1st word of the verb + subject +
other words of the verb. (verb
[ [ -...)
Questions [ :
E, F
hC.
v-uN.
EN. -i
]
E,
]-- F
y
N
y
h.
e) verbs [-Eo p verbs 'be'
forms .
I) am, is, are - vh [-Eo E,
E,
hC.
j- J-TD Lh
- - [.
Past Doing Word not E, Question
F did hC.
1) 'Wh' questions- what, when, etc.,
2) Non 'wh' questions- what, when etc

subject
verb
verb
subject,
verb
There are no verbs in your sentences
i) 1st Regular Doing

Word
Question
not
do
M. SURESAN
ii) 2nd Regular Doing
Word
Question
not
does
g) Past Doing Words (came, went, took, sat
verbs)
h) am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form (be form

+ ing form) verbs
p[ --o -
[.
p[ --o - pEj, Eo verbs am + ing/ is +
ing/ are + ing form [. N
I) verbs expressing feelings and emotions.
IV) verbs
of
sense
perception.
(uvC - -C# am/

is/ are ing [. am/ is/ are looking,
listening [-a.)
V) have A[/ [ n am
having/ is having/ are having [a.
N n- am/ is/ are having [.
Bath am/ is/ are having [.
i) English verbs six forms .
six forms E E verbs .
j p Eo vocabulary items
-o. j-C @N-
h-, , C--u,
- a s-, ]-, -]-L- English --o.
DE-- Eo principles of pronunciation
(English a- v) -o.
(-, - -C-# N--
vo: 1) The match is to start.

2) The match is going to start.
3) The match is about to start.
O ]u N? OE pL.
p N--, -
1) The match is to startmatch
DE n
vL/ -C
qx E. -- -] E.
2) The match is about to start- Cl
x match v---C E.
3) The match is going to startmatch
v C.
u about to start uC
\.
u v -C.
u u vu uC \.
vo: One word substitutions
N? OE --T-h
L-----. might E Eo
]-sx --T-h?
. O-] f,
: Eo p a nEo
L one word substitute (one word substitution ])
.
eg: one who does not believe that god
exists.
(-[-o-[E tE [ h[) h nEo L

atheist (-C-d). d
\[ 'atheist' C one word substitute.
a)
vh v N-u-
E -Eo uhJ--] 'might'
[.
eg: Hari might help you.
(J F -a/ h )
They might leave tomorrow.
(x h-/ x-a
).
Past -Eo uh-----E, 'might'
[. C E a
a) I think he may help me.
([ h---E/
u--aE ---o.)
b) I thought he might help me.
([ -- -h---E/
u--aE -o past).
[Hari:
Hi Hema, What's new?
has played (has + past participle) =
( , N-?)
[.
Hema: Every thing OK. Thank you. How is

the world with you?
( C. y o?)
Hari: Good so far, Thanks.
(p C.)
Hema: I've (I have) been waiting here for the
bus for the past twenty minutes. It
hasn't turned up. By the way, Where
are you coming from?
( 20 EN-- ] ho. C p ]. -F,

y-\ # h-o?)
turn up = [, [
by the way- topic a--E
Hari: From college. I have been going
round the college for my certificates
for the past three days. They haven't
(have not) made them ready yet. The
clerk hasn't (has not) been attending
college since the college reopened
last week.
([ V- Jd--x -
d A--o. Rx E
-]. ] - J#--p # x\ [ ])
Hema: I understand your trouble.
have been waiting, have
been going, has been attending
verbs
formhave been + ing/
has been + ing.
I, We, You and They
have been+ ing;
He, She, It
has been + ing
form
verb
present perfect continuous
tense
lesson
verb formhave + PP/has + PP - Present Perfect tense)
have been + ing/has been + ing
sentences
have + PP, has + PP
j --
-E- . O
O L- ?
[.
.

(]
J-Eo
J-Q-L-. -- #a
o u- J--
a.
] 3 d 2005
has been playing (has been + ing) =
[-o[.
2(a) She has been working here since
the opening of the office.

verb- has been working = (has been +
ing)
\[
\[ v-G-#--p < \[
EhC.
(p # p ).
2 (b) verb has + pp - E-C E.
for
since
a)
Eo -, Eo V-, o-x
for the past (so many) hours/ days/
years .
b) j #, V #,
-q # since .
(since = #)
( --E= to call; B[= lift)

: x-] \--j x?
(= perhaps)
5) v: -- E h-o[.
Jh -].
v: v-V- - N
x-f-E v-Ao-h-o. - j --].
v: E E- # G@
Prakash: I've (I have) been trying to talk to/

discuss with him something. I
haven't (have not) found the time.
Prasad: This work has been keeping him
busy since saturday. He hasn't
found the time even to see the doctor.
Prakash: What's (What is) his problem?
Prasad: For the past (one) week he has
been having a bad cold and
headache.
-C. d ---E
-E j --].
(j -[ = not find the time;
= even)
v: N u?
v: - -, --p
C.
6) Jayanth: Have you read (gone through)

today's paper?
Jayakar: We haven't received/ got the
paper yet/ so far. Of late we
have been getting the paper
late.
(of late = lately =
Jayanth: Haven't you
(have you not)
complained to
the agent?
Jayakar: I have been
complaining
since sunday.
He
hasn't
cared. Since
M. SURESAN
sunday we've
(have) been getting the paper at
7:30 AM. What's the news in the
paper?
Jayanth: The paper has reported a terrorist
attack in Kashmir
Jayakar: How many have died?
Jayanth: Eight. The terrorists have set fire
the Government Hospital.
p[ ...!
He has worked/ has been working here for

the past 2 years/ since 2003 (2005-
2=2003)
for the past 50 years - since 1955 (200550=1955)
C - -E-.
Shyam: What have you been doing since
this morning?
(]l# h-o? p[ )
Ramu: I have been studying for exam
tomorrow.
( K ]---o p[ )
x 27
Shyam: How many chapters have you covered?
(p Eo dx Jh--?)
Ramu: I have finished nine chapters so far.
(-- NtC dx Jh--)

Shyam: How long have you been using your
scooter?
(y -- F \- -T-h-o?)
Ramu: It has been serving me well for the
last two years. It hasn't given me any
trouble.
Tendulkar has been playing cricket ...

1. a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for
the past fifteen years. (since 1989/1990)
b) Tendulkar has played cricket for the
past fifteen years (since 1989/1990).
2. a) She has been working here since the
opening of the office.
b) She has worked here since the opening
of the office.
1 (b), 2 (b)
1(b)
(for) / 198990
(since)
sentence
verb- has+ PP.
1(a)
1(a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for
the past fifteen years/ since 1989-90
1(a)
verb- has been + playing (has been +
ing).
cricket
n O
[-\ C---x
#
v [ (p).
DEE
a.
DE n [-\ C---x
[--o[ ().
(198990 #)
(-x C ----[-C.
v y-].)
... -E- !
1) have + pp/ has + pp - v #
p J-T - [.
2) have been + ing/ has been + ing -
v # --o -
[.
3) -u so far, for the past, for the last,
since have + pp/has + pp; have been
+ ing/ has been + ing- verb [. O have + pp/has + pp
already (p-), yet (... ])
h-.
C u- English practice .
1) O \[ E h-o?
2) p O Eo E-
?
3) -x ]---o/
-- o (reader [).
4) : a?
N: ]. E --
h-o (wait [).
: y ?
N: - --E -- vAo-h-o. Rxx B].
6)
: V C-?
-: -- ].
]u -u
hC (get [).
: - complain -?
-: C- # complain ho.
F [ d-[ ].
V # [-o-
hC. N x N?
(d-----[ = not care).
: Qtx v-Jd J#
Jd C.
-: -C E----N?
: E-N-C-C. v-y--vAE v-Jd ---d.
(---d[ = set fire)
Answers:
1) How long have you been working here?
2) How many movies have you seen so far
this month?
3) I have been reading/ I have been a reader
of this paper for the past ten years.
4) Ramana: Has Ashok come?
Ravi:
No. I've (have) been waiting for
him for the past half an hour.
Ramana: Have you phoned him?/ Have
you called him?
Ravi:
I have been trying to phone him/
ring him up/ call him for the past
half an hour. No one in his place
has lifted the phone.
Ramana: Perhaps they have all gone
somewhere.
5) Prasad: Phani has been doing that work
for the past half an hour. He hasn't (has not) yet completed it.
]u)
vo: How do you do? n N?

DE - pL?
] v-, K--
: How do you do? ?/-o?/--o?
expression -o- d--]-J J- --p[ . x
J- - 'How do you do?' E -Jh. ] -L x p] How
do you do?. yA # How are you
[.
vo: I have finished my work.
Have I finished my work.

I haven't finished my work.
DE interrogative- have In't finished
my work? C j- ?
. -A, -[-
C
E Jh -? ( EJh ?) n d.
I haven't finished my work C, Have
you finished your work? question
answer d. j u present perfect
continuous tense J# N- C.
[.
'Haven't I finished my work?
[Sukumar: My bike has been giving trouble

since monday. I haven't been able
to find a good mechanic.
(- # j v
hC. # -E -x])
Sudheer: Why don't you try my mechanic?
He has been attending to my bike
for a long time now, and he has
done a good job of it so far.
( -E- ] -[]? j h-[.

p--- [).
Sukumar: I haven't thought of it. Thank you.
Let's take my bike to him.
have + pp/ has + pp --T
v 5 d 2005
]s
1) (-) j LE past actions.

2) p--# p--- (p-[-p[)
--o - (actions from then till
now/ (sometimes) even now;
3) just N --p[ p --
- (actions just completed).
Have been + ing/ has been + ing: p--j vi, --o -.
Ram: How long have you been waiting here?
(y \[ p#
ho?)
Raghu: I have been waiting for you for ten
minutes now.
( N -- -#-]. j \- B-.)
(C EN-- F
ho).
\ situation -E-.
Sudheer: He hasn't opened shop yet. 10 o'

clock will be OK.
Suneel:
]).
jo x (E AJT #a y G).
We have been to Chennai.
(We have gone to Chennai
I, We 'have gone'
])
[. N subjects
x... Rx a?
'I have been waiting for you for the past ten
(-E --]. 10 R J--C).

Sukumar: OK then. I haven't (have not) had
my bath and breakfast yet. I will
be at your place by 9.30.
( o -]. v-d
-]. O 9.30
x h).
Sudheer: OK ()
have + pp/ has + pp, have been + ing/ has
been + ing
- --
.
I
we
you
they
have+pp
He
has+pp
She has been+
ing
It
minutes (for ten minutes now) E J -o[? . p[? #a

y... #a o[ d waiting hx . have been waiting
E -o[.
I have waited for you for ten minutes now ].
\[ have been waiting/ have waited
[ d. [ ]l ].
continue -C
continuity
E
vu yLq h
[-a.
a)
x - x.
They have gone out.
M. SURESAN
b)
Lx-]-v[ j]- x.
My parents have gone to Hyderabad.
\[ -E-.
ux N j-N?
! J 'God
L F 'God bless
E ]?
F ? uEo Tx-
E h. F
L-? uEo Tx-
L?
. P, jy--[
: O ux CN
5) 'God' third person
blesses you'
you'
6)
'Do you know?'
Correct.
1) Will she have played?
2) He never uses pencil
3) What is your native place?
4) At what time does the Bangalore
express reach Bangalore?
5) 'God bless you'
'May God
bless you'
'May'
'God bless you'
6) Don't you (Do you not) konw?
Jh-
Qq.
.
C-
(F
M?)
( E- x I/we went [a.)

sentences English practice .
1) K: O, Eo v Nyx .
\---x?
N: Eo \u d V. Rx-
x.
C u [
x -J x.
a)
They have gone to the US/ They have left

for the US.
b)
ou Mx x[.
My brother has left for/ My brother has
gone to Delhi.
c)
j]-- Rx a.
We have been to Hyderabad.
d)
- Rx--a.
I have been to Bangalore.
Sudha, where have you been?
x 28
/ i Rx--a/Rx-a.
I/ We have been to Mysore.
a) They have gone
Will she has played?

2) He never uses pencil.
He never use pencil.
3) Which is your native place?
What is your native place?
4) At what time does Bangalore
express reach Bangalore?
At what time Bangalore express
reaches Bangalore?
have been + ing/ has

been + ing better.
have been+ing
vo: 1) Will she have played?
(at all =
I went there last saturday.
p--x?)
Rx- -a.
I have been to Mumbai
(I have gone to Mumbai
x x-E .
x AJT ]. x J
a, x---o
a E.
b) My parents have gone to Hyderabad
x j]-- x--J L, j]-- J L E. p[
C [
I have gone to Hyderabad.
Dn j]-- x E
j]-- x JF (on the way to
Hyderabad) , j]-- JF L E
.
E -J p--?
v-- (fellow passenger) -
. j]-- J y I have gone to
Hyderabad E -. \[ J-nA.
j]-- # AJT #a y j]--
Rx--a-E p[. d English C
p--E I have gone to Hyderabad J-]
. We () u.
u-i
I/ We
'have gone' verb ]. ]-

F F \--j Rx #a y
\- x -. E English- 'have
gone' ].
Saritha: Sudha, where have you been?
(, \-[-o -?)
Sudha: I have been to college.
( -- Rx a).
\[ I have gone to college n
hC? -- x (\ o)
E. \ J- x - ].
\[ n, J x
J J# E .
a) Smitha: Do you know Mumbai well?
(F ?)
b) Sridhar: Oh, Yes. I have been there a
number of times.
( . -\ -x x.)
n N subjects
[-a.
Mithun: How familiar is he with Chennai?
familiar=
Mittal: He has been there a number of times.
( jo ?
L [[/ J- [[)
( \- -x x[
- J#
E)
Mithun: Have you ever been to Chennai?
(y-p-j jo x? \[
Have you gone Have you
been [[ #C.)
Mittal: I haven't (have not) been there so
far
.
( \- -- x-].)
'have gone'/ 'has gone'- Rx-- n
v hC. Rx AJ-T--#a J-nA J#
p].
Suneel: I returned from Delhi the day before.
(
)
Sumanth: Why did you go there at all?
When did you go there?
Mx # o AJT a.
( \- ] x?
K: y ]u -- i
--o?
N: ]. -p[ o[.
K: y-p-[- x?
N: -x x. J y?
K: -- x-]. j] x-].
2) : O o---\[?
F: ---x.
: \---x?
F: x v .
: ---C --Rx? (has
been v [)
F: -
Answers:
1) Karim: Ravi, you were not at home yesterday. Where did you go?
Ravi: Yesterday was my sister's birthday.
I went to her place.
Karim: Have you met Jayakumar, of late?
Ravi: No. He is in Mumbai
Karim: Have you ever been to Mumbai?
(ever
Ravi: I have been there a number of
times. What about you?
Karim: I haven't (have not) been there so
far. I haven't been even to
Hyderabad. (even
2) Sumanth: Where's (where is) your father?
Sunil:
He has gone out.
Sumanth: Where did he go?
Sunil:
He went to his friend's.
(friend's=
friend's house
friend's home
friend's
best)
Sumanth: How long has he been out?
Sunil:
He has been out for half an
hour now.
= p-j)
= )
v .
y-].
[Gowtham: Hi Jagadeesh, it's you! How long

have you been here?
(-D, y? -- \[
o? C --J.
u --
xj E-#--p[ -T--a.)
Jagadeesh: I've (have) been here since the
day before. I joined an I-CET
coaching centre here yesterday.
(o # \ o. \[
# -
.)
Gowtham: How long will your course last?
(O q - C?
last = [[)
Jagadeesh: It's a forty day course, so it will
continue for another forty days.
(C j V q. 40
V u -C.)
Gowtham: Shall we meet this evening?
( V v -l?)
Jagadeesh: Certainly. Where shall we meet?
(p-. \[ l?)
Gowtham: I will return home at 5 PM. We will
meet then at my home.
( ] - h.
p[ x l.)
C 7 d 2005
( h -u h. -u.)
Sumeet: I'll (I will) be there till 7.30. Don't
worry.
( 7.30 . vK .)
j -- 'shall be', 'will be'- be forms
d [-Eo .
shall + 1st RDW/will + 1st RDW - shall
come, will go, shall see, will meet -
verbs N-u-h -- .
a) I shall be there tomorrow.
\[ .
b) I shall go (shall + 1st RDW) there tomorrow.
(shall go = action)
\- .
C u- J-Q-L-.
a) x \[ .
They will be here tomorrow.

b)
(action).
I, We shall future [[E, E

-[F #a ] (indefinite).
1. I/We shall be there tomorrow.
(/ \[ /.
[[ (indefinite) #a])
2. I/We shall meet you there.
(/ Eo \[ --/ - #a] J-T --C

].)
\[ will, p[ shall?
x \- h
They will come here tomorrow (will + come

- action)
c)
Sx \[ .
We shall be here again tomorrow.
d)
\- AJ-T-h.
We shall return here tomorrow.

shall be, will beshall + 1st RDW/ will + 1st Regular Doing
Word (RDW) =
(action)
N-u-h [[
N-u-h E--[
shall p[, will p[? N
]-s-N? v-h -E-.
Pradeep: I shall buy a car soon.
( y )
Pratap: When will you buy it?
d I/ We shall h future
#a-E state of being ([-[)-E, E
(action) E -C.
you, he, she, it and they will ,
C- #a-E (indefinite) N-u-h L--hC. [[ , E
.
3. My friends (they) will be here next week.
vq a- \[ .
([[ #a-])
4. She will help you.
F hC
#a-])
(indefinite =
5. You will know it soon.
(p[ ?)
(FC y- -hC
indefinite)
3) -. \[ C
V . -- AJT h.
4) : O-p--h?
y: a- h. (Jh u
practice )
: Jd--q Fo h?
y: Fo B--. u-i- h.
: O vU Jd-- h?
y: C --? (necessary
[)
: a- p[ h?
y: a - h.
Answers:
1) We shall meet again tomorrow.
2) When will you start for college tomorrow?
3) I shall go to Mumbai tomorrow. I shall be
there for 10 days. I shall return by the
month end.
4) Jayanth: When will you come?
Jaswanth: I shall come next week.
Jayanth: Will you bring all the certificates?
Jaswanth: I shall not bring all of them. I
shall bring only the important
ones.
Jayanth: Will you bring the degree certificate?
Jaswanth: Is it necessary/ Will it be necessary?
Jayanth: When will you come next week?
Jaswanth: I shall come next Thursday.
6. It will happen.
(C --C
When will you be free?
Jagadeesh: I will make it then. Bye.
( p- h. j)
j ---E verbs -E-.
have been - -- [-Eo L-hC. (since = -j # )
joined (yesterday) - Past Doing Word - past
action time known
.
Fo L-. -- h
verbs:
1) will last (will + last - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
2) will continue (will + continue - 1st Regular
Doing Word)
3) shall meet (shall + meet - 1st Regular
Doing Word)
4) will return (will + return - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
5) will make (will + make - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
6) will meet (will + meet - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
shall/ will + 1st Regular Doing
Word (I RDW) form
six
forms of verb
V form
(shall be/ will be- 'be' forms.
future
Fo
,
N
.
N [
(N-u-h) [-Eo )
Sumant: Where will you be at 7 this evening?
(v [ \[
?)
Sumeet: I will be at home. (x )
Sumant: I shall be a little late. Please wait for
me.
x 29
Pradeep: Depends. I expect some money
next week. Once I get it, I will buy
it.
(a [s L. C
C .)
Depends = j v- E
N- O] --- - J#
p--p[ It all depends/ depends .
C conversational bit. Practice O - [.
--:
Prameela: Will you help me with a little
money?
( Cl [s h?)
Pramoda: It all depends, I expect some
money tomorrow. If I get it,
I will give it.
(It all depends/ depends
=
p p-.
[s h F-h.
E-y[, -Lq
[sj -- C)
vD ], 'I shall buy' M. SURESAN
E, y 'I will buy' -o[. v '...will
you buy it?' E [---o[ ? C
-E-.
I and we + shall (I, We shall); you, he, she,
it, they + will (you, he, she, it, they will)
#aE N-u-h L--h. Future #a, Eo d
shall, will [.
Indefinite)
7. Kiran (He) will return soon.

Indefinite)
( y- AJ-T--h[
8. Kamala (She) will shop for saris tomorrow.

Indefinite)
Questions
I
and we
will
you, he, she, it and they
shall
Questions
I and we shall; you, he, she, it and
they
will
Preethi: I want to see you about those
books. When shall I see you?
( < C
-u
---p[
E,
E .

-p[
v [.
( h- N- Eo ---o. p[ -?)
Prema: When will you be free?
(F-p[ BJ?)
Preethi: When will you be free? Shall I see
you tomorrow?
(F BJ--p[? Eo ?)
That's OK. ()
Prema:
Preethi: Will the books (they) be with you
tomorrow?
( h- F ]_--?)
Prema: Will your father (he) get new books
this evening?
(O o- h h-
v h?)
j -- questions Eo- I/we
shall; you, he, she, it, they will [
.
p[ C u- English practice
.
1) Sx --.
2) -- p[ ----? (start
for [)
vo: They cut forests- cut V1 N? V2 N-?

u-E passive formForests are cut by them/
were cut by them
Forests
- C
d?
x- [, Lx-x
: They cut forests- \[ 'cut' V1
( past simple). V2 p[ verb ].
p-j V2 (Past Participle) ] 'be'
form F, have, has, had etc F #a--p
verb. ]-sEo d forests are cut, forests
were cut [ d.
vo: -E ing form a[ x C
noun -? verb -? --[ ? walking, eating, giving
verb forms -?
noun forms -?
v , --o
: 'ing' form Jh noun -C. 'ing'
form ] 'be' form verb ]E
] -J L--.
vo: He is Ravi u subject C?
He o, Ravi o !
-], --A--
: He is Ravi u subject he.
Sentence- 'He'E J# C d
subject.
[Pranav: Mom, I will go to the first show today.
(t, V d- -.)
Narmada: You shall finish your home work
first.
(y ] \ JhL.)
Pranav: Tapan, my friend, will be here in a
few minutes. We will finish our
homework together.
( v Cl EN-x \--h[. ]l L \ )
Narmada: Look here, Pranav, You shall see
the next movie only a month later.
I will not allow you to waste your
time.
(Sx y E
N h--[]. Eo xE-y.)
I/We + will
Eg-Eo L--hC.
2) I/We will x--J l-Eo (intention)
L--hC.
a) SriRam: What do you want to Shravan?
Shravan: I will be (will become) a doctor.
( d- / d---
(l) will be/ become
l (intention)).
b) Praneetha: My friend Pratibha will be
here in a few minutes.
Prasanna: We will take her home, then.
( B l (intention))
Praneetha: Later, I will take you and her to
a movie. We will have some
time together.
(y Eo, E-
B--. j L we will have (inten-
Pranav: But if my friends invite?
( vq Lh?)
Narmada: I will tell them they shall not invite.
You shall study well, and get good
marks. Dad and I will allow you to
watch movies only then.
(Eo ]lE x .
y CN # \
a--L. p y E-
[-E , o --Ah.)
j -- verbs o -E. ] lesson
Go I, and We will; you, he, she, it and
they shall a .
-J h--a-.
I/We shall; you, he, she, it and they will
#a--E N-u-h L---h. shall be,
will be N-u-h [-Eo, shall + 1st
Regular Doing Word (1st RDW), will + 1st
RDW N-u-h - Lh.
p[ I/We will; you, he, she, it and they
shall EE L-h l.
1) I/We will x-[--o-x Eg-Eo
L--hC.
tion))
3) I/we
will
(Promise).
#a-x
a) Surekha: Teacher, I have some doubts in

English.
(, Tx- Eo o.)
Teacher: I will clear all your doubts. Don't
worry.
(F --Fo B-h C
teacher's promise)
b) Prasanth: Dad, the course costs Rs.
20,000/- a year.
Dad: Don't you worry son. I will give you
#a- y C
Eg.
--o [
#a ].
a) Teacher: You will get a prize only if you
score more than 90% marks.
(90 o \ \
a- F wj hC).
Ramana:
OK Teacher, I will work hard.

I will do my best to get the
more than 90%
( d- ]--. 90%
o \ a-E vAo-h I will - Eg)
Teacher: Will you and Mohan come to
me tomorrow? I will clear your
doubts.
( y, ]_-J
h? -i
B-h I will - Eg)
b) Rahim: Will you buy that car?
( ?)
Rasheed: I will buy it whatever the price.
I will -
( K-j .
Eg)
c) Teacher: Will you all come for the picnic

on sunday?
(O C- o h?)
Pupils: We will come, teacher.
we will d) Kumar: Won't you see that movie?
Won't you=
will you not)
Peter and John: We will see it, of course.
(h
Eg)
( E [?
(#a-
h.
])
7) Ng: -x x.
y: -J v x.
Ng: vt x?
y: [-x
x[.
8) vA: y ? (won't
you [.)
AX: y x p[ ?
vA: x .
AX: J- .
tomorrow?
Prasanthi: I am/ shall be at home all the
day tomorrow.
Santhisri: But I shall go to Guntur tomorrow.
Prasanthi: When will be back?/ When will
you return?
Santhisri: I shall go to Chennai in a week
and from there return.
Prasanthi: I shall buy a cell phone tomorrow.
Santhisri: Will you be in touch with me
y...!
I will buy a car soon.
I shall buy a car soon.
9 d 2005
x 30
all the money you want. Just study
well and come out with success.
I will
give; I
will - promise -
(F Lq- [s Eh
y[)
c) Vijay: I want to contest in the coming

municipal elections.
(a Eq- Eo-x -----o.)
from tomorrow ?
vA: Sx p--h?
AX: y jo Rx \ #
AJT h.
vA: - .
AX: #
?
9) : , -?
: , -...
y o?
: o.
G-
?
: Eg---].
:
. Eo M. SURESAN
-d-u- .
: o V- x
. h-o.
#a y Eg B.
(. Eo d h
We will support - promise)
4) We will meet the CM tomorrow.
3) I will give you whatever book you want.

5) We will not allow such things.
6) Bharat:
( N-- h Eg)
([s h
C u English practice .
1) #a- jo .
2) x \- Ey.
3) F h -Lq h.
4) p- - h.
5) N --Ey (such things,
allow [).
6) : E-p[ x?
_: \ -?
: -- -.
_: O vq p--h?
: x o- y ?
Tarun: Fine. Have you joined MBA?

Varun: I haven't (have not) decided yet.
Tarun: I have joined MCA. I joined the
institute yesterday.
Varun: My father has been out of town for
the past four days. I am waiting for
him. Decision is possible only after
he comes back.
vo: a) The meeting will be held on tomorrow evening
sentence tense
]-C? tense voice
N?
b) Definite article 'the'E \[ -T-L. The French, The whip E
-a?
.. v, N--o
1) I will go to Chennai tomorrow.

2) We will not let them come here.
Vinai and Vikram: We will help you with

money also.
Promise)
Varun: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
Answers:
Vinai and Vikram: Go ahead. We will support you.
Vijay: I will file my nomination then.
9) Tarun: Hi Varun, How are you?
Shall I go now?
Bhargav: Where will you go?

Bharat:
To college
Bhargav: When will your friends come?

Bharat:
Won't you (will you not) join us

for the picnic tomorrow?
7) Vishnu: I have been to Mumbai quite a

number of times.
Eshwar: I have been there too; just once.
Vishnu: Has Brahmam too been to
Mumbai?
Eshwar: He has been to Mumbai just
once or twice.
8 )Prasanthi : Won't you come home to
me?/ Won't you come to our
place?
Santhisri: When will you be at home
a) 'will be held tomorrow evening'

verb(on tomorrow evening
will be held.
Tense: future simple/ indefinite.
Voice: passive.
b) The French
French
french
'The'
J-]). \[
vq -n.
.
[ h N- y hC.
vo: Eo curd ? curds
?
. -, y-
: 'Curd', 'curds' [ d.
curd y singular verb, curds y plural verb L. The curd is tasty.
The curds are tasty.
vo: 'Obey the parents' u-E

sive
pas-
N?
. , y-
Let the parents be obeyed.
sentences passive
C.
'-
[Sumathi: Hi, Vimala, well met. When shall

we sit to plan our holiday?
( N! ---[
#-jC. M x --E
p[ a?)
Holiday = n .
n \j - Rx
V E.
You, he, she, it and they

will Indefinite
future.
you, he, she, it and
they shall
(#a--E)
p[ j --
]-s
] #a --
1) #a- future -----o N.
a) It shall be this evening.
Vimala: Why not this evening? I shall be

away from tomorrow onwards.
v C #a- -C/--C, -L/--yL.

b) She shall come.
( v ] a-[]?
# G@ .)
why not = ] []?
p- h-[/--L.
d) They shall not.
( V v
a. - y \[
L.)
x -[]/
e) You shall be here.
Ny-\[ L.
Vimala: What about Sudhakar, Your cousin?
(O > - -?)
Sumathi: He shall join us too.
Officer: You shall be here till 7 in the

evening.
(F, u [ ?)
d O ]-J- \--
C. x d
L. ]--E-x p-E-
(y \[ v --
L c)
Sumathi: Why they? They shall not. I don't

like them.
Manoj: Why so long, Sir?
(x-]? x -[]. d ])
-- you, he, she, it and they
shall [ -E-.
Officer: You shall finish all this work and then

only go.
(- ]-?)
x 31
(y E Jh xL.)
(v- L.)
(-
d-[]. M. SURESAN
- - Ny-\[ -Lq.)
y Jh L (c
y d--[] (c
E [ -d C
j J-T-x E--#C).
ii) They appear to have killed the tiger.

(Tiger
-past
E--C-- x E
x p[ E-h-o.)
iii) I like to have gone with them.
(x Rx [--E d[o x Rx--.

p[ x-[o.)
( -E
C)
c) To \ be F being [- p].
i) I like to be here for sometime.
( \[
-o.)
ii) I object to being treated as a

stranger.
(o h [E
u- --o.)
vo: O x --
I was there exactly at 6
when the function began
'I had been there exactly at 6 when the function began'
#a
uEo
E -a?
command)
command)
c) You shall not go on leave.
command)
d) You shall stay.
(N sC --?)
to have gone, to have killed, to have

done etc.
i) He seems to have done it.
(
(past
She likes to have sung
Ny-\[ L (c
b) You shall finish.
Officer: They shall stay too. They shall not

apply for leave either, till Monday. My
N?
\ being be
E n N?
. y--,
: a) Infinitives J# -] #a x N-J C
[.
b) to have + V3 - V3 past participle. To have + V3 ---:
( ----C)
a) You shall be here.
Manoj: What about the others Sir?
c) to
She likes to sing.
-J v-x B--L.
[ \ V v
E-L.)
-- Officer, you, he, she it and
they shall [[ -E-. [[
c (commands) y--E.
you, he, she, it and they shall c-
(commands) LhC.
Officer: You shall not

go on leave till
Monday. You
shall stay here
as long as I
want you to.
vo: a) Infinitives N?
b) 'to + have +V3'
d \[ L (c
v-x p- BL (c
command)
h) The office (it) shall work.

command)
shall
(Commands/ orders)
E--L (c
-hC
c
[.
ya.
i) You shall not smoke here.
Manoj: I want leave on Friday Sir.
-- --C J h--.
1) I/We shall; you, he, she, it and they
will #a--E N-uh (Indefinite future)
L--h.
2) I/We will Eg-- (decisions),
l- (intentions) L--h.
3) I/We will promise --E
[.
-E-# N- v-
I/We shall - Indefinite future
I/We will determination (Eg)
x \[ L. (c
L... p]!
( p hC. h-E
#aC.)
It shall be;
She shall come;
He shall join;
They shall (not);
You shall be
y L (c
(-- \[ ?)
( -? ?)
( p- h[.)
command)
e) They shall stay too.
command)
f) My steno shall stay.
command)
g) She shall take print outs.
(x p- . -
x M [-[].
Manoj: How long am I to be here, Sir?
Sumathi: She shall come, ofcourse. She has

promised me.
Vimala: Won't Neeraj and Kalyan come?
steno shall stay longer than all of

you. I have a lot of letters to dictate,
and she shall take out their print
outs before tomorrow morning. For
two more days the office shall work
till 7PM.
p- h-C/--L.
c) He shall join.
Sumathi: It shall be this evening then. You

shall be here at 7 PM.
Vimala: How about Sourabha? Won't she

(will not she) join us?
11 d 2005
#o, x
a) I was there exactly at 6

when the function began.
function begin
Function
begin
DE n
--p[ -\[ d J- o E.
[ J-, -\[ oC
J- E.
b) I had been there exactly at 6 when
the function began-
C J-].
'I had been there when the function began exactly at 6',
sentence
sentence (a)
(b)
function
DEo
E Jh
j n hC.
n
DE j
u-E n
hC.
d J- viC. ]
\[ o E.
vo: a) Would E ]-sx -T-h?
b) Let you write p?
p? ]?
P-v-, \
a) 'would'
Eo y- NJh.
b) Let you write - C p. Let ] ux NJ. -u Let 'you'
[[ []. \-J [-a.
You let yourself into the room, when he
opens the door.
( --, y v-P
E n. \[ yourself
reflexive [ -E-)
Let you write n y .
'write' JC .
j)
y \[ t --[].
O public, university exams answer books
instructions Fo shall [
.
i) No candidate (he/she) shall bring any slips

of paper into the exam hall.
(K - T xp B---[]. - order)
ii) Absolute silence shall be observed.
order)
you, he,
she, it, they
shall
Court orders
orders
(official)
(unofficial)
'shall'
English
practice
shall, will
(Jh Ezl -L
vy v, E-] Eox
c- [[ O
.
Ea.
K --E
C--J-
, -C--J
[-.
. ]C u
[ [.
sEo d
1) ---O y --[] (such= ).
2) y \ - (order).
3) -v-E-x E Jh--L.
4) Ram: Sx p[ \?
Raghu: y Sx \- -[].
Ram: y x-[--[].
Raghu: y E Jh--L. y
o ---L.
Ram:
-v #a- E
Jh-h.
Raghu: -v-E y E Jh-L.
Answers:
1) You shall do no such thing/ You shall not
do any such thing.

2) You shall be/ shall come here at 7 tomorrow.
3) You/He/She/They shall finish/ complete
the work by tomorrow.
4) Ram: When shall I come here again?
Raghu: You shall not (shan't) come here
again.
Ram: You shall not (shan't) talk like that.
Raghu: You shall finish the work. Then
only you shall see/ meet me.
Ram: I'll (I will) finish the work by this
evening.
Raghu: You shall (finish), then.
---
Bhaskar: Good morning, sir. Will you give
me the books I've asked you for,
sir?
Father: You have wasted a lot of money,
(---Jo . --T h- -h?)
p- s %--.
. n--?
C a-J (Warning)
Teacher: Yes, Bhaskar, they shall be with

you this afternoon. Don't worry.
already. you shall not waste any

more money, understand.
Son:
(N uo F _--,
?)
Bhaskar: Moreover, I need your notes too,

sir, for the next week's exam.
exam
(--, a-
O q L.
Moreover=; notes- plural;
note- singular)
Teacher: You shall have them, what more?
(notes
Bhaskar: My sister wants you to help her out
with some of the lessons.
sister
lessons
F-h. L?)
(
Eo
N- O L.)
Teacher: She shall have my help. Let her not

worry, but she shall see me only in
forenoon. I am busy the next of the
day.
( C. F
o lo -L. N
- busy)
Bhaskar: She shall see you in the forenoon

only, sir, I assure you.
sister
sir)
Teacher: One of the books is rare. It shall
not be lost or damaged.
(
NtLo l--
-hC,
(x h -jC,
C ,-*-J-T-- L.
Bhaskar: It shall not be, Sir.

'shall'
j --
J-Q-L-.
p--- --o will, shall
-- h a-.
i) I/We shall- you, he, she, it and they
will- indefinite future (E-Pa N-u-h)
--.
ii) I/ We will L-C:
a) Determination (Eg)
b) Intention (l)
c) Promise ( y)
iii) You, he, she, it and they shall L-C.
a) commands/orders (c)
b) Definite future (N-u-h *a
---N)
p Bhaskar, teacher u conversation
-E-:
Shall u:
You, he, she, it and they shall :
I do, dad. It shall not happen again.
(n--C. C Sx - o C O Assurance)
Father: You shall keep an account of every
paise you spend.
(y a-d vA j \--L)
2) She shall have my help=
p C. C
O (Assurance)
3) She shall see me only in the forenoons =
l-- v o --L. (c)
4) She shall see you only in the forenoons =
l NtLo ---C.
(Assurance)
5) It shall not be lost or damaged.
(C -, *---
a-J)
Warning -
6) It shall not be, sir =
- -.
six sentences
(Assurance)
shall you, he, she, it,

they O-L-y--E, a-J y--E
.
j
Father: You shall have the money. How

much do you want?
Son: I will, dad.
( s F hC. ( F
s h= I will give you the
money. You shall have - C promise)
L?)
will-Eg \ Assurance)
d you, he, she, it and they shall
(I
1) Orders/ commands
3) Assurances
2) Warnings
Parvathi: About Rs 10000/-
--C.
Prem: I am going to contest in the next elections
( C-)
Father: You shall have more than that. Don't

worry.
Worry
3) Samuel:
*
--?
)
novels
(Available
Samson: Read well book stores

=at).
.
( \ O
-Lq --C (get,
whatever book )
Samuel: p \-?
Samson: Saturday v y p . Eo
p- \- B--.
shall, will - -- --C!
( a Eo-x ----o)
Ram and Swaroop: Go ahead. You shall

have our total support.
support
(--F,
C)
F Jh
You shall have even our financial support.

(
financial support
F p
C)
\ you shall have our support C
O-o d p-
Promise *a-i y)
-x--- 32
O hC.I/We will
h. (Promise)
you, he, she it and they shall
promise -a.
Parvathi: Dad, I want to take coaching of
CAT. I need some money.
CAT exam
coaching
(--o,
B------o. s L)
1) They shall be with you this afternoon =
N u-o-E F _ .
-- E u-o-E F h-/--) C O (Assurance)
--E 13 -d 2005
vo:
1)
-o \ h.
they
l.
Answers:
You, he, she and

shall
1) We will attend the function.
C--
1)Orders/commands
2)Warnings
3)Assurances
4)Promise
2) Gopi:
Shall I take/ have/ borrow your

bike for an hour?
Govind: You shall not.
M. SURESAN
uu-
practice
. (-sEo d will, shall
. N verb forms p---
--oN Lq a).
1) p- function h. (attend
)
2) Gopi:
- F bike B-?
Govind: B--l. (Jh sentence
.)
Gopi:
C Sx F _ p C.
(It begin , back )
Govind: E-y.
o v
ul. (will/shall v
)
English
O The Egg (C ) -E p. an egg

E --?
2) The E p , p -- N-
---.
3) I had been watching the TV, I have been watching
the TV N-J---.
-yA, -
: 1) 'an egg' , 'the egg' C -sEo-d C. - egg, egg
n 'an egg' . eg: There is an egg on the
plate. (Plate () f C. \ f
n -o d an egg.
- f E p--p the egg . He ate the egg
on the plate. \ plateE egg ( egg? question - the egg on the plate answer hC d) the
egg . The egg on the plate is for Ramesh. (PlateE
egg -). eg: An umbrella is useful in rain ( j-
Gopi:
It shall be back with you in just

an hour.
Govind: I will not give it (I won't give it).

You shall not trouble me any
more.
3) Samuel: Where are such good novels
available?/ Where do we get
such good novels?
Samson: At Readwell Book Stores. You
shall get there whatever book
you want.
(you get
E -a)
Samuel: When shall we go there?

Samson: You come home to me/ come to
my place on Saturday evening.
I will take you to the shop.
- { -----C. The umbrella in that

corner is mine \ - ( o )
o d 'The umbrella' . ( ?
h? E vo -E - h, The )
2) 'The' - J* y N- --.
3) -- lesson have been J* N-J
. I have been watching the TV ----*
p---/ O h-o, E. -- TV
h-o E.
I had been watching the TV (past) E v --E-- J-T had been + ing.
I had been watching the TV when he came in =
ap TV h o. a
--O v-G* a-- h o
E. -u EE J* p--p had been
watching (had been + ing) verb from .
[PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
Countable singulars
] p
15 d 2005
Tara:
article
'a'
a book, a pen, etc.
L.
\[ 'a' pronunciation- ]. ,
\[ J-]. \[ article 'a' pronounce -Lq N] L h ' '. C
----C. d 'a
book' =
'a pen' = etc.
about, above - ab- combinations
a --Eo- 'a' E ' ' ( )
l --.
about = ( \ -L) ].
above = ( \ -L) ].
u [--E vAo-h.
Chandra: y-p[
-u.
--E .
Tara:
-u -.
\[ # p[ --?
Chandra: ] C (p-)
---.
2) Basheer: \[ p-[[?
Roshan:
] D--C p-
\[ [.
Basheer:
] ]---x v L.
Roshan:
p- v-C.
Basheer:
h -u h. y v ]
10.30 ]l L.
E: y p L. D u
. (D = That too)
v: y p-] #a-
h. O j v---?
(y p-] = if you insist, insist =
N O] d-]- [[. p
Basheer: I shall be a little late. But you

shall make every thing ready by
10.30 AM
indefinite
I shall be)
Roshan: What about refreshments for
them?
Basheer: Ameer shall take care of them.
3) Karim: You shall attend Namaz on Friday.
(\[
Ux ]... Tx!
Roshan:
Basheer:
3) Karim:
Kowser:
ax Jv--q
() -?
N O -[. (take care [)
y v- - L.
F J h.
? (=Masjid or
x-E d--[--o[
E: v 4.15 v L.
v: .
Mosque)
x 33
Karim:
\- ]_-- C.
E. uo 12.30
Ny-\- L. u -[].
Kowser: u . v
B-?
Karim:
v
M?
v CE O -CE B-- M. SURESAN

-L.
( v = According to
What shall we discuss at the meeting?
-- l- syllables .
]'sen' syllable, tence
-C. sentence C
- o.
(Tx Ux ]) - L-p[ E syllable N syllables
\ \----. Eo stress
. DEo dictionary ' h y h.
'
eg. English- English
lEo \
---o-.
a'bove - \[ b syllable
\ stress Eo \ -L.
C u- Tx- practice .
1) Chandra: \[ (p) .
v] (p) [.
Tara:
Eo-p[ ---?
Chandra: F y O-
y L. O o
L. y u -[].
sentence
syllable
two syllables
English
the Koran)
4)
v: O- Jal?
(Ja-[ = discuss, meeting
= at the meeting)
E: a college day px
Jal.
(college day px = arrangement for the college day)
He insists on
going now)
Answers:
Kowser: I am new to this place/I am a

stranger here. Which Masjid
(Mosque) shall we go to?
Karim: There is one nearby. We shall go
to it. You shall come here at
12.30 PM. You shall not be late.
Kowser: I won't (will not) be late. Shall I
bring along my friend?
Karim: Don't you know that much?
According to the Koran you shall
bring to prayer as many as possible.
4) Priya:
1) Chandra: I will be (I'll be) here tomorrow.

My brother shall also be here.
Tara:
When shall I see you (meet
you) tomorrow, then?
Chandra: You shall come as early as
possible. Your brother shall
come too. You shall not be late.
Tara:
I'll (I will) try my best not to be
late.
Chandra: You are always late. Come
early tomorrow at least.
Tara:
I will not be (won't be) late, I
assure you. When shall we
start from here?
Chandra: We will start at 10 AM.
What shall we discuss at the

meeting?
Janani: We shall/ We will/ Let us discuss
the arrangements for the college
day next week.
Priya:
Do you want me to come?/
Shall I come?
Janani: You shall come. That too, on
time/ without being late.
Priya:
If you insist, I will come. Will the
meeting being on time.
Janani:
It shall at 4.15 PM.
Priya:
OK.
O !
2) Basheer: When will Sharook be here?

Roshan: He shall be here at 10.10AM.
Basheer: The shooting shall begin at 11
AM.
Roshan: It shall (begin).
p Tx O
p Tx, vA\, [,
>[, j]82
# a.
v: o t-?
vo: Tx {vF -Lq - N English you, singular (y), p- J -) J# -o

N?
V, E
: English-Telugu dictionary
--- Telugu-English dictionary
---. , NJ - English -
L_ --. English x---p[
---[-C.
vo: You, He, She N singular forms.
Singulars L-- ]
verb singular L. F
W x How are you,
Are you fine? . O are
] [-?
N, N---
: English singular form of the
verb -LqC Eo singular subjects
]. III person- singular subjects
v singular verbs [.
plural
(O). verb N- you

y p[ plural verb v L.
'How are you?' (you p[ plural verb) 'I am fine' [ [.
O - --E 'Are you
fine?' . 'How are you?', 'Are you
OK?' [.
vo: Present Perfect Tense --p[
EJl-d time/ period p !
O
I have coffee in the morning.

My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.
E -d?
>. y, C--
: I have coffee in the morning.
My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.

sentences
past actions

( J-T -) J# ]-
x[C. Regular actions (v
sentences
Past actions
Past Doing Word
Regular actions
forms
N.
p[
u
d.
j G
hC. j
d verb
vo: See, Watch ]u N?

I see movie.
I watch movie
. C d?Eg. n
N? Eg., Ex. C d.
-[, x
I see movies, I watch movies
[ d. am seeing/ is seeing/
are seeing [ d, E ] am
watching/ is watching/ are watching
L.
e.g.- C for example (---)
E abbreviation.
e.g.- C d. ex d ]. C exercise abbreviation.
vo:
I wish I had joined the Army.

I wish I joined Army.
j [ ux C ]-s
L? ]u N?
, q-d-
: 'I wish I joined the army'
p[ Army J C E.
'I wish I had joined the army!
Army J
-C E.
vo: Have been, has been, had been
- u ]sx --T-h? Have, has,

had tensex [-?
. --, . -y--,
--Lx
: p Tx Lessons
have been, has been, have, has - NJ. [.
---
Prasad: Pranav, When shall I see you
again?
--- 17 -d 2005
disappointed if you don't get a

seat in medicine.
(F medicine seat -
(-v--, Sx Eo-p --?)
Pranav: Will you meet me tomorrow at 4?
E----)
Sumanth: My teachers (they) will be sad too

if I don't make it to medicine .
( medicine ---
teachers ---)
Dad:
You will be happy to know that I
am going to buy a bike for you.
(F bike oE Lh y
( -T- ---?)
Prasad: Where shall I meet you ?
(\ --?)
Pranav: Will you come to LB Park? I will

meet you there.
(LB Park h ? \ Eo
---.)
Prasad: Will Pratap come with you too
----)
Sumanth: Really, dad? I shall be grateful to

you for this.
(E-? %-Vc-E)
j : Happy, sad, disappointed,
grateful - feelings uh--- -,
I/We shall; you, he, she, it, and, they
(v F h?)
Pranav : Of course, will you bring along your

friends too?
(-h-, O friends
Bh)
(bring along = B--)
Anjali: p-. F -
(you begin )
Sukumar:
C.
o -- p.
-UL. Uh?
U- = draw)
Ankita: -y t
(you . t
Anjali: p U?
We shall be disappointed
I shall be happy to meet them.
Will they come? Will your sister
come too?
(x -h? O sister h-o)
Prasad: Of course. I'll (I will) bring them
along.
-x--- 34
will ---. ( I/We Will -F, you, he,
she, it and they shall -F, , --
(p-, x B--h).
j -- -E- Questions
shall and will --. Questions p-
I/We shall; you, he, she, it and they
will v h. ( I/ We will -F,
you, he, she, it and they shall -F ).
, --n- p--E )
C d :
(will and shall -- Eo o.
u formal, informal spoken English
u-i-N. N -y- --.)
eg: a) When shall I see you?

b) Will you meet me?
c) Where shall I meet you?
d) Will you come?
e) Will Pratap (he) come?
f) Will they come?
g) Will your sister (she) come?
Subjects
Shall
I / We shall; you, he, she, it

and they will -.
Dad:
Sumanth, this time I expect you
to score better than last time.
1. Determination
(Eg)
(E-Pa N-uh)
(, --, -n-)
3. Questions (vo)
You, he, she,

it and they
1. Definite happens
Speaker
(-p-. ---- -\-- -a- - ---h- %--h.)
p CE English practice .
O-j- shall/ will .
1) Anjali: v E- ------?
Ankita: assignment p complete ?
Anjali: y h? ?
Ankita: assignment complete
--E y ---?
Sumanth: Sure, dad. I will do my best to get

100%
I shall be happy to see you get it.
(y a- ---)
Sumanth: Why you alone dad? Mother

(she) will be happy too.
(O-\ o-, t
----C)
We (your mother and I) shall be
(x-- a)
1) All the glitters is not gold --o.

E--E All the glitters are not gold --L ?
2) Sweet are the uses of adversity. DE
Sweet is the uses of adversity E L
3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog.

Having taken a stick he beat the dog.
j u- N?
4) --u -%AhE -Tx- -?

5) He has been appointed by DEO
He is appointed by DEO
- u- N p---.
.-.-,
1)
sentence- verb subject d

C? Sentence No.1 'all'
everything, every one of - vAD n
2. Intention
3. Promise
(l)
( y-)
1. Indefinite future
(*a- ---- N-)

2. Orders & Commands (c)
3. Warnings (a-J-)
4. Assurances (O)
5. Promises ( y-)
(J ---- \
\ -\ -h----o)
vo:
Will
2. Feelings & emotions
-p
Dad:
Answers:
12 - v-Gl?
Anjali: lunch
p l?
Ankita: - F
lunch p?
uo 2 M. SURESAN
K
late - -?(K late = too late )
2) Sukumar: V-- \?
Sunil: h-E-\ V?
1. Indefinite future
I, We
-u , -n-AE --L
Dad:
, L. y
x supervise L.
Ankita:
(x ---- d ).
(E-Pa N-uh)
2. Feelings & emotions
(, -- -n-)
(vo)
3. Questions
Sukumar:
-\ N h.
( v- N, %u
= sight seeing, go sightseeing E .)
Sunil: -Fo -p- -- - -!
Sukumar: y -Lq-N -
v---o. \- ---.
Sunil: V ?
? Everyone, subject --p C

singular . -E verb singular
L. -x All that glitters is not gold
is d.
2) Sweet are the uses of the adversity- sentence
d. Word order 'The uses of adversity are
sweet' -C. (Sweet are these fruits E poetic N-y . prose order/ conversation , These fruits are sweet
). The uses of adversities are sweet op subject C? The uses ? C plural, E verb are.
3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog - v BE \
d- -E. Having taken a stick, he beat the dog
n v--a-o y , \ d
sentence d . j n
(a: Having gone to Hyderabad, he could
--o ?
3) Bhanu: -\ p--?
Bhaskar: y -\ C---x L.
late --.
Bhanu: 10 K ?
Bhaskar: Meeting ----x begin
L. E arrangements
1) Anjali: Shall we go to a movie this

evening?
Ankita: When shall I complete my assignment?
Anjali: Will you come, or won't you?
Ankita: Then will you help me to complete my assignment?
Anjali: Certainly, you shall have my help.
What do you want me to do? /
What shall I do for you?
Ankita: You shall draw these pictures.
Will you?
Anjali: When shall I draw them?
Ankita: Shall we begin at 12 noon?
Anjali: When shall we have lunch, then?
Ankita: When is your lunch, usually? will
2 O' clock be too late for you?
2) Sukumar: Won't you (will you not) stay
here for another two days?
Sunil: What shall I do here for two more
days?
Sukumar: We shall/ will go sightseeing
here.
Sunil: You have already shown me all the
sights here.
Sukumar: There are still two or three
more places to be seen. We
shall go there.
Sunil: Won't one day (will not one day) be
enough?
Sukumar: Will you then stay here for
atleast oneday?
3) Bhanu: When shall I be here tomorrow?
Bhaskar: You shall be here at 10. You
shall not be late.
Bhanu: Won't 10 be (will not 10 be) too
early?
Bhaskar: The meeting shall begin at 11
AM Sharp. (Sharp= -d)
Balu and Babu shall make all
arrangements. You shall supervise them.
not meet the CM. j-- Rx CM ---).

4) '-u priesthood -a.
-u, priesthood Jh -n-Eo --y-. -u --u--, priesthood --u-- --
- --d.
5)a) He has been appointed by the DEO- DEO
-E--N---f- DEO -E appoint
-- --C. \ has been appointed
J-T-- EE -L--h-C.
b) He is appointed by the DEO- \ verb, 'is
appointed' --C regular action, passive voice -
--E ( Job E- -E) DEO
appoint h. --E /--p- --E.
(a: A lecturer is appointed by the committee lecturer committee x appoint
h - E/--p E.
---
Namitha: Hi Namrata, What brings you
here?
(- --v-, a)
C --J O conversation
Namratha: I want a book from you, and

advice from your father
( F _--* h L.
O o-J L)
Namitha: What book?

Namratha: The book, 'How to face
Interviews'. I am attending an
interview the day after.
(How to face Interviews
h L . x
Interview attend yL)

Namitha: And what do you want my dad's
advice?
( o-J ?)
Namratha: I have got interview calls for

admission in MBA in two collegesPotti
Sreeramulu
College, and Prakasam School
of Management. I want to know
from your dad which is the better
(MBA --E colleges * interview letters
a/an
oN
E \--d--L-T-N.
book - one book, three books etc.

friend - one friend, two friends etc.
hour - one hour, three hours etc.
meeting - one meeting, two meetings,
etc. jFo countables.
uncountables. \--d--EN.
eg: Water - one water, two waters -
. , sugar, rice, milk, etc. Fo
numbers p. d N
uncountables.
(p AJ--h?)
Namitha: In an hour perhaps.
( )
Namratha: I have work at home. Will he be

at home this evening?
(x C. v
x ?)
Namitha: He has a meeting to attend.

(- meeting C).
Namratha: Then I will see him tomorrow
morning
( -Eo --- h).

j -- underlined words
? x Eo-- 'a' or 'an'
o. --JEo- -.
vo: Weak verbs, Strong verbs N?

OE a-- p-E-? ---
---- N-J---.
u, o, t-
: '-ed', '-d', '-t' a
x past tense, past participle
p verbs weak verbs
. O Regular verbs
E .
eg: Present - Past - Past

Participle
1. talk - talked - talked
2. love - loved - loved
3. smell - smelt - smelt
L-C j verbs verbs Eo-E
'-ed', '-d' or '-t' a y past tense,
past participle form N weak/ regular
verbs.
Strong verbs irregular verbs E
. N past tense, past participle, weak
verbs , verb form p p-
-.
eg: Present - Past - Past Participle

1. Sing - sang - sung
2. Know - knew - known
3. do - did - done
verbs strong verbs.
4) 'A'
p? 'An' p?
-- Lesson N-J-*--x ,
, , , , , , , , , l- v
u English -- 'An' .
N l- v u
'a' . Ant (\ 'a' * l
'an')
a) An Ant, An abode ();
2. Anil: O x TV
Amar: vo?
?
Vx TV E
x ?
( Vx nowadays)
Anil: v---J TV --?
(... you mean )
Amar: l C-. u---A
x--J TV C.
A, An --Lq-!
Namitha: Congrats. All the best. But my

dad is out on business. He's
(=He has) gone out to call on a
friend.
(call
called on the President yesterday).
Namratha: When will he be back?
EN
a book
advice
an interview
business
a friend
work
an hour
a meeting
\ a/an book, interview,
friends, hour, meeting- OE countables
. , , , 10, 20
a. C * O o
--J-E --T ----E).
( o- E-O -
}, friend -
--E).
on= uhE - The PM
a/an
--v- 19 -d 2005
-x--- 35
-C---E v-h follow .
1) English countables v
plurals .
( v singular,
\ plural)
Singular
Plural
book
books
pen
pens
man
men
child
children
sheep (v)
sheep (v)
2) uncountables \--d--EN. O plural
.
(milks, golds, silvers . milk,

gold, silver N uncountables d O
plural .
3) Very very important: English countable singular \ E- *a 'a' F 'an' F L.
a) A cow (cow - countable singular) gives
milk ( hC)
b) An umbrella (umbrellacountable singular) is in that corner (
C)
c) A watch (watch - countable singular)

shows the time
(Watch Time -hC)
, \ Countable singular
*a E- p 'a' 'an' --
. - p.
d) A doctor treats patients
(d - ju h Treat ju Treatment - ju)

A / an - ' E n.
English A / an x -
. English A cow gives milk
d.
o - , '--L-hC
F, ' L-hC .
N -L-y-?
' { -----C
F, { -----C
. English x---p Countable
Singulars a / an omit h. C
J-.
S} h--. English Countable
Singulars a / an . L.
-- p
an arm, an egg();
An Indian ();
An ox, an idea () etc.
an honour ();
an hour () etc
b) a Tree, a Book etc
University - ()
d a University
M. SURESAN
European - ()
d a European
N: A , An C
Countable Singular a d
C.
eg: a question - an important question

a story - an uninteresting story
an idea - a useless idea
a boy - an honest boy
5) Uncountables A/an p .
a Water, a milk !
n -E English x---p
h----Lq N-:
a) countables v singular, plural
b) countable singular A/ an Lq
c) Uncountables Plural
d) Uncountable A/ an .
n ---Lq important
points:
Uncountable , E plural
, E- A/ an .
(Dictionary --o \ (C) F,
(U) F C. (C) countable, (U)
uncountable. Eod Eg---L. 'A/ an' h, E)
C u- English practice .
eg:
Ram:
Fan hC?
(What does a fan do?)
Ramana:
L-E-hC.
(It gives air)
Ram:
\- fan d.
(Please fix a fan here).
1. Suman: * doctor ----o.
Suresh: \- * doctor .
Suman: \ fees B--?
(fees N B-- = charge)
Suresh: \ B--.
Suman: B--?
Suresh: --- --J.
Suman: . o.
doctor - .
3. Kumar:
\- _- j school
?
Karim: \ schools o.
Kumar: s * school
L.
Karim: schools *.
Kumar: O
- school suggest
(*-) h?
Answers:
1. Suman: I want to see a good doctor.

Suresh: I know a good doctor (around)
here.
(here E d. Around here \ _- C conversational. --x
.)
Suman: Does he charge high?/ Does he

charge a high fee?/ Does he
charge high fees?/ Are his fees
high?/ Is his fee high?/ Is he
expensive?
Suresh: Yes. He does.
(He charges high)
Suman: How much does he charge?
Suresh: A hundred rupees the first time.
(hundred, thousand, lakh, crore, million,
etc - Fo countable singulars. d
O- p- 'a' L.
132 = A hundred and thirty two.
1500= A thousand and five hundred.
bank notes v 'A' one h)
Suman: OK. That's enough. I am all right. I
don't need a doctor now/ any
more.
2) Anil: Have you a TV at home?
Amar: What a question! Is there a home
without a TV nowadays?
Anil: Do you mean that all people have
TVs?
(Do you mean, - C practice
. n F l-?/ n? E.
What do you mean? - F n, F l
N?)
Amar: I do not mean that. All middle
class people have TVs.
3) Kumar: Is there a school near/ around
here?
Karim: There are two schools.
Kumar: I want a good school for my
son?
Karim: Both the schools are equally
good.
Kumar: Which school do you suggest?
---
(-- -- C: Countable

A/ an .
Uncountables plural . -
A/an ).
Singulars
Gowtham: Hi Gowri, What news?

Gowri:
Certainly I have news for you
(F h pL)
Gowtham: Out with it please
( p)
p. C O
conversations practice
Out with it.
Gowri:
I have information. Tomorrow's

exam has been put off until next
Thursday)
( exam a - ---x - CC)

Put off = .
Gowtham: That's good news. Thank you
(C * h).
--C- 21 -d 2005
Krishna:
. F-o ?
L. h (Quire)
Krishna: h.
3) Brahmam: ---N ---vT
B---C. N-
l .
Vishnu: OK y . -
urgent
o.
Kesav:
ANSWERS:
1) Purnima: I want/ need advice
a) Advice. a piece of advice -a. A few
(an advice).
pieces of advice E
Preethi: What about?
Eg: 1) Let me give you advice/ Let me
Purnima: I want to do business
2) I want a piece of advice from you.

3) He had two or three pieces of
advice for students in his speech.
b) bread.
Uncountable.
C p
E
'breads'
).
plural
a lot of.. some

Gowri:
That's from the horse's mouth,
Gowtham: OK. I have work. I am off.

(
C. h.)
I'm (I am) off= -ho.
Conversation .
\ . news, information,
work A/ An --, news,
information, workN English uncountables. O plurals . O- A/
An .
h -*-: - j E
countables news (h/
h) information (-- );
work (E/ ). h--. News,
information, work- uncountables. -
A/ An -. plurals -.
Eo uncountables... advice, bread, business, furniture, luggage, paper, soap.
News, information, work
Fo
- A/ An .
O plurals. J conversations OE
uncountables - --L.
a) F -h = good news for you/
uncountables-
I have good news for you

(A good news/ I have a
good news for you )
letter u-i - C.
= The letters has important information.
(... has an important information -)
c) u-i E C =
b)
I have urgent work.

(I have an urgent work
).
CE English practice .
1) Purnima : L.
Preethi : E J*?
Purnima: u -- -o.
Preethi: u?
2) Krishna: o -E --C.
s L.
Kesav:
y --- ---o?
C.
-x--- 36
Preethi: What business?
2) Krishna: I want to have a bath/ I feel like
having a bath. I want soap.
(a soap ?)
Kesav: Are you going out?
Krishna: Yes, Do you want anything?
Kesav: I want paper. A Quire
(Papers ?)
Krishna: I'll (= I will) get it.
3) Brahmam: That old woman is carrying a
lot of luggage. Let us help
her.
(a Luggage/ many luggages ).
Vishnu: OK. Let's hurry up. I have two or
three urgent jobs attend to.
(a work/ works ?)
-E- . j- Plural
. A/ An -. - English
usage Fo uncountables.
Uncountables - hair (Vd).
hairs (v- n)
English
loaf
of bread.
(A loaf of
bread
or
three
M. SURESAN
loaves of
milk
a litre/ 2 or 3 litres of
milk) bread
slices
Govind: What did you have for breakfast?

(Break Fast
Ao)
Gopal: I had two slices of bread and

omlet
c) Business -
n 1) E 2) u,
n- x Business
uncountable. ( A business/ businesses )
Seenu: Hi, long since we met. what are

you and where are you?
( Q, -C.
h-o (u)? \
o?)
Srikanth: I am doing business
(u ho)
Seenu:
She has fine dark / luxuriant hair.
What Business?
( u?)
Vd x _ - C.
Srikanth: I have two or three lines

(
u-
u p-,
lines of business . -F
Businesses )
Business
-.
(Eo E)
p ----o.
Advice, advise ..
business.
C d?
Advice, advise C d vo -C ---o.

Advice . He gives advice - * h.
Her advice is always good - p -C.
Advise= y C verb
NvA B---E F h-o= I advise you to take rest.
dx NvA B---Lq-C h-o =
O u?
= What's your
business? what is your
line?
business shop/ company n

C. p-C countable.
a) - stationary shop C.
He has a stationary business.
b) x
d F C.
They have a cloth business.

(very important:
j pFo spoken
u-i -s-. j -
B--d Englisha, C
a-a).
j p uncountable Eo,
\- E p--E a lot of, -E
some -a.
A lot of/ some advice, bread, business,
information, news etc.
bread.
* Vd C.
She has black smooth hair.
(A Hair/ Hairs )
p--- Eo Uncountables
Eo- Specific
u---o.
English
bakery
you know
[C ( h) - -x _-- *
*aC.Horse's mouth = ----C
p--L-T x h. Municipal polls date
u-vA v-h C, from the horse's
mouth; college Principal v-h
C from horse's mouth].
Tatas
The Tatas have a number of lines of
give you a piece of advice.
(E J*, E N?)
'What about' spoken English
--- expression. - .
(a business
-a.
Doctors advise her to take rest.

DE English p: -J y
Ans: a) I don't give advice to anybody
b) I don't advise anybody
j ---E -a --- -u a) advice=
- -u b) advise = y.
Advise: present tense - advise; past tense and past participle = advised.
He, She it subjects advises.
Now practice the following conversation

in English:
a) Sandhya:
F Vd !
{u C.
({u--=envy)
Swathi: soap . 'Darksilk'
shampoo -. C
* Vd ---E --C.
Sandhya: Eo s .
L .
Swathi:
s
b) Pramod: Hi Prasanth, h-- -
o?
Prasanth: u v-G---o.
Pramod: u? (Line )
Prasanth: u- Eg---.
C) Vikram: Breakfast B--o?
Vikranth: v, x
Vikram: v B--o?
Vikranth: slices, .
vo: Princess
Apostrophe 's'
-E
E a-
N L? Princess's ring
E -a? v qE
N- L-----.
.-E-, y-, t >x.
Princess
Apostrophe s =
Princess's. Princess's ring d. - lesson L. '\
n Apostrophe s v o ,
- v . v-E --i . - of
. Eg: The Pages of the book.
---
Vinod: When did you get the letter? What's
the news?
( --*aC? -?)
Vijai: Important news. My uncle is moving

into his new home by the month end.
He has given me an important job to
do.
(u-i h. -J h --o.
u-i E p--p.)
Vinod: What is it? (C?)
Vijai: I have to buy furniture here and send
it to him.
(\ Jo- E - -L.)
Vinod: How much?

- furniture uncountable)
Vijai: It's a tall order. At least 8 to 9 items.
(?
( \. F E-NC, NtC
h-)
(tall order= \. -j --* E \ --E a tall order . O
conversation DEo practice .)
- -E-. furniture
uncountable E ---o
? furniture specific u
p- an item/ items of; a piece/ pieces
of furniture -a. An item/ items of furniture C shops , official language
. conversational a piece of/ pieces of
furniture .
Customer:
I want some furniture.
Shop keeper: What are the items, Sir, and
how many?
Customer:
Just a few items
business language
item
\
(= h) -o.
Ramana: Look at that sofa there and the

dining table.
( , jE )
Raghav: Yes, what about them?
(, N?)
Ramana: Those two pieces of furniture

have been with us for the past
twenty years.
( _ 20 x o.)
- business/ official
informal d a piece of /
pieces of furniture .
-- Vijai o?
He has given me an important job to do
E . 'work' uncountable. -E E/ E p--E job/ jobs

-a. (Job n u.
job E = work n C.
'work' uncountable; 'job' countable.)
Vittal: Why are you in such a hurry?
( -?)
Vikram: I have two or three urgent jobs to

do before 3 in the afternoon.
( uo
Lq C.)
Vittal: I have a job to do too. Mom wants

me to take her shopping.
( E C. t
B--xC.)
Soap uncountable. Eo u p- _--o.
Kiran: How much soap do you use a

month?
Practice the following aloud in English:
-F ----L-h-o,
C ?
( O s -?)
I am giving you a hundred rupees. Will

that do?
Kashyap: Depends. In summer at least 5 to

6 cakes of soap. In winter, two
or three.
C . - \ L.
That will not (won't) do. I need more

than that.
(-N - s Gx,
Q- .)
1) Madan:
s
-t?
)
Mother: v-V h s Bo. C -?
Madan: ---C. p s
L.
(Mom
a piece of/ pieces..

Hemanth: You waste a
lot of paper.
-x--- 37
C.
let me
have soap/ a piece of soap/ some soap
(pronunciation- cake
news, information
a piece of good/ bad news;
a piece of information/ some pieces of
information
a) He has leaked out an important piece of
information.
x L --E
= )
N.
- C.
(u-i - ---d.)
b) A piece of news is missing in this letter.
( L. F _-?)
( _ x v o.)
Hari: One sheet will do for me.
( .)
will do = . C conversational.
O spoken English ' - .
u p !
E L ?
. \--,
: 1) Suneetha is like her sister,
Suneetha looks like her sister correct.

Suneetha is like her sister.
y n-
Suneetha looks like her sister.
Dn \ L- v (--E).
2) Ramu and his brother are alike in their

appearance
are
verb
He went out an hour ago.
went
use
Went (Past doing
word)
She has gone out just a minute ago.
has gone
\ L- d O
E p.
d. J
u L-. F
.
Fo
v-h---Lq
*o-*o .
p- T- % .
He has written his address on a slip of

paper and given it to me.
v C. \ T \
.
The floor is clean, not a piece of paper
anywhere.
E O
a?
(Past Participle) use
. - . X, j--
: She has gone out just a minute ago. \ just
a minute ago p n B---F,
j p-x . just x n
hC. American usage p--p
complete - Past Doing Word
(past simple) .
He has gone out just a minute ago.
just
has gone outbetter, British usage
time
past
action
Past Doing Word
correct.
'could'
'mould'
F d C L-,
x, -- E.
C d.
. d d .
sheets of paper;
a slip of/ slips of paper;
a piece of paper/ pieces of paper
Spoken English
v T \ O
-a.
Hemanth: I have only two sheets.
L !
( y. M. SURESAN
- o.)
--E, printing
paper p uncountable.
n papers E-F, a paper E-F .
u-- --- a sheet of/
He has already wasted four sheets of

paper.
( - - .)
Hari: I want paper. Have you any?
Suneetha looks like her sister

2) Ramu and his brother alike in appearance
Ramu and his brother are
alike in appearance
(y
% h.)
Hari: Let me have just

one sheet. I am in
a hurry
shop
a cake/ cakes of soap
vo: 1) Suneetha is like her sister p ?
vo:
--- 23 -d 2005
vu d
v.
p
v h---L.
p
-
vo: Tx
E ' E,
E 'f E
--? C Tx- ?
. B--f, N--
: English pronunciation system o x
- h. English
pronunciation E origin d C.
E -Eo-d. C a English ,
* *a Eo d
C. d Dictionery E pronunciation
-- _. -? vo
- -.
Mother:
s K \ --o.
t -C vh!
Madan: \ s -.
Mother: -h C. Vx
s --d-.
2) Prasanth: y - Eo- -?(when ... go to bed
).
Pramod: - vA 10. F
V
u
o.
u-i --o.
N y -.
Prasanth: -x? x
u-i E C?
B--o. j--
L. T B--o.
Pramod: N ?
Answers:
1) Madan: I want soap/ some soap, mom.

Mother: You took a new cake of soap
just two days ago. Have you
done with it?
(have done with =
conversational. 'Have you used it
up?'
bookish.
'Have you used it up?'
spoken form- Have you done with it?/ Are
you done with it.
Madan: Yes, mom. I am done with it. I
want soap now.
Mother: You are using too much of soap,
boy. It dries up your skin, be
careful.
Madan: I use very little soap.
Mother: I know. That's why you have
used up a whole cake in just four
days.
2) Prasanth: When do you go to bed usually?
sleep =
(go to bed =
h
C
-a. F C
u-J-
E
Ev v-N-,
EvC- !)
Pramod: Usually at 10. I shall be late

today. I have two or three jobs
to do. I will go to bed only after
finishing them.
Prasanth: Shall I go then? I have important work at home too. Shall I
take some paper? I have an
assignment to do. I am taking
four sheets.
Pramod: Will that (they) do?
---
Jagadeesh: I came for you yesterday. You
were out.
- 25 -d 2005
verbs verb form: was + ing / Were

+ ing.
(Eo F a.
Nyx )
You were out = y x .
Were you in? = Nyx -o?
. in, out, be forms *o conversation --a. *o*o --i - spoken english x- C - E-hC. *o --
Eo - --- conversation
u.
Jayanth: I was at Sekhar's. I was playing
chess with him.
Singular subjects (I, he, she, it, they)

was + ing
. Plural subjects (we, you,

were + ing -C.
(English you = y / O; n
C plural verb )
Was + ing / were + ing form verb, past
continuous tense C.
C sentences .
a) -L *a--p h -o = I was reading a book when he
they)
came in.
b)
- *a--p - C =
The sun was shining when we went out.
( Rxx o. -
--o)
While the teacher was teaching the
Pradeep: TV
hC.
hoE O--J L?
Pradeep: h-o-E . F
E s B--h-ox
L-.
pupils were talking
Pratap:
u teacher teach , x
x- Continuous past
actions ! -E was + ing / were + ing.
You were out
ANSWERS:
a) I saw her when she was going out.
b) He was studying while she was cooking.
c) Venkat: What were you doing when all
this happen?
Vinai: I was reading the newspaper.
Sekhar's
; Sekhar's
Sekhar's place Lq E-
home,
-x--- 38
Jagadeesh: On my way home I saw your

father and his friend. They
were taking a walk.
c) Warden
L-*ap x (pupils)
----o = The pupils were studying when the Warden came in.
d)
( --a?)
Jagadeesh: I was just going this way. I
e)
(y *a--p brother, sister

x ?)
call = -, call at = -- x.
Eo O -a = I called at your place
uncle
Jagadeesh: They were, of course. They

were watching the T.V.
j -- verbs -E-.
Verbs
j x
-L *a--p h -- continuing past action d
- *a--p
continuing action in the past, d was
shining (was + ing)
c) warden
He often calls at his uncle's =
-L--*a--p x (pupils)
--- - a continuous past action
- d were studying (were + ing)
d) { Eo --- C
a continuing past action d was raining (was +ing)
Forms
- -h-- a continuing past action

d was having (was + ing)
C- .
Teacher h--p x x---o
e)
1. Was playing - was +...ing

2. Were taking - were+... ing
3. Was going - was+... ing
4. Were watching - were+...ing
( --op Nu-n
dance h-o)
Venkat: He stole the watch while you
M. SURESAN
vo: 1) I am having lunch
What were you doing when he knocked
vo:
Present perfect tense, present perfect
They have lived here for 10 years.
having a lesson d
better.
. 'He has a les-
bringing money.
Important:
-u C verbs
was + ing/ were + ing form .
C verbs . Was see-
(-sEo d Eo verb forms )

a) - -o-p -
.
b) --- hC.
c) Venkat: J-T--p y ho?
Vinai: news paper ---o.
Venkat: Table Oo watch E -E-?
Vinai: p news paper --o
Venkat: y news paper ---op watch T-L-.
(T-L- = steal)
d) Pradeep: --- --p -x
---o.
Pratap: O t- h-o?
They have been living here for 10 years,
a bath d. 'He is having a lesson' is
Pradeep: We knew that he was coming,

but we didn't know he was
4) He is having a lesson
having lunch, are having juice, is having
Didn't (Did not) any of you

know that he was coming?
(q --o-p -)
3) She is having a bath
O N d, N . N-J---.
.N.---- -, t---,
>x
: O u- am
Pratap:
The boy jumped from the bus while it
continuous tense
playing
was moving
2) They are having juice
son'
were reading the newspaper.

d) Pradeep: I was studying while they were
Now, Practice the following in English
h.
was reading (was + ing)

b)
I've (I have) told you/ I told you,

I was reading the newspaper.
Pradeep: She was watching the TV
/ were + ing form
spoken english expression.
Vinai:
( d--p y h-o?)
\ h-o continuous past
action d 'were you doing?'
actions over a duration in the past) was + ing
yesterday.
practice.
table?
students
l l NE--*--p -ho =
-E- j ux -
o - (Continuous actions in the past-
a)
not)
Pratap: What was your mother doing?
noise.
called?
you
at the door?
special.
and sister at home when you
Eo { h C = It was rainI was having my meal when I heard that
Jayanth: Weren't (were not) my brother
her
(Did
ing the whole of yesterday.
thought of seeing you. Nothing
( J h-o. Eo l--o. vu--i l- )
She was singing

while
you
observe the watch on the
were dancing
( -x J O o-,
o-o . x -h-o)
Jayanth: Why did you come for me?
Venkat: Didn't
---x p
'while' .
u N?
NJ---.
x- --, ---,
N--- >x
: a) Present Perfect tense -
v--i--p--- J-T -
. Present Perfect Continuous
Tense - v-i
--o - .
ing/ were seeing; was noticing/ were noticing; (h-
J*)was smelling/ were
smelling; was believing/ were believing; was

knowing/ were knowing; was understanding/
were understanding; was wanting/ were
wanting; was loving/ were loving; was hating/
were hating; was containing/ were containing; was consisting/ were consisting; was
possessing/ were possessing etc.
O-Eo
past doing words.
eg: He loved her.

(He was loving her
She understood his point.

(She was understanding his point
) N--- .
( ~ t Present perfect - p---, Present

p-o ). O
-- \ -- p-a. - lessons O J* Ja--o.
perfect continuous -
b) They have been living here for 10 years 10 x \ -o p-

\ o
They have lived here for 10 years 10
x x \ o. p--- o.
p--o, N
Sentence -p.
---
Bharat:
You were reading a book yesterday. Whose book was that?
(Eo y h ---o.
C J h?)
Bhargav: My book of course. I lent you a

book last week. I want it back this
evening. If your assignment is
complete, let me have it. It is not
mine.
( h-. - F h
a. v C L.
E F E - a. C
C )
(Lent - Lend Past doing word. Lend-N-y)
Bharat:
Not yours? Whose is it then?
(FC ? --JC?)
Bhargav: I got it from Ramu. It is his book.

This note book is his too.
Bharat:
11. ours
12. their
13. theirs
C
J, x
JC, xC, JN, xN
j -Fo -J C---E
(Possessions) --. English
u spoken english simple ,
--E O --- u.
Prakash: Whose idea is this?

(C J idea?)
Prasad: My idea. Why? Is it not so good
as your idea?
( idea. ? F idea ?)
Prakash: It is certainly better than my idea.
Only, I thought it was your dad's
(his) idea.
(. idea o C.
C O o-J idea -
o)
Prakash: No. My mom thinks better than
(C _ * B-o. C E h-. note

book -E)
I attended your sister's dance

programme the other day. It was
really good. Who is her dance
teacher?
(V O sister u v-z
. C. dance
teacher ?)
Bhargav: Our family friend Mrs. Nrityasri.
The Choreography was completely hers. The Singer is also a
friend of ours.
(N family friend. %u
z-y
(Choreography)
(Pronunciation J--v)
N-. --N friend)
Bharat: Does Mrs. Nrityasri run a school?
(. , h -
--o. o school. E--xE
p dancers -C x
Nu-n)
famous - =o, v -Cl-
dancers - q
j -- underline -
-E-.
n
1. Whose (book)? J (h)? / -JC?
2. My (book)
(h)
3. Mine
C
4. Your (book)
O / F (h)
5. Yours
OC / FC
6. his (book)
(h)
7. his
-C
8. her
(\ dance teacher)
9. hers
C
10. our
(family friend)
a)
C J h? = whose book is this?

-N-,
h -JC? = Whose is this book?
b) I) C h= That is my book
ii) h C = That book is mine
c) i) C F = This is your advice
ii) F? = Is this advice yours?
Kasim:
F bike B--x?
C . C bike.
D, D .
C C.
3) Avinash: x S h-o? C
OC ?
Alankar: C .
Krishna: C
Whose is it?
d) i)
-x--- 39
my dad. It is her idea.
(. o t
-*-hC. C idea)
Prasad: Any way, it is for our good. Their

interest is our success.
(--, C * .
x-\---C N-)
( \ --?)
run -/Ey--
Bhargav: Yes, She and her husband. Their
school is famous. Some of great
movie dancers were students of
theirs.
--C- 28 -d 2005
Prakash: OK, then. When shall we begin?
(, p v-Gl?)
Prasad: Depends on money. Its availability is everything.
( s O -- C.
E availability (u) )
j ---E possessives C-- possessives a.
1. Whose? (J?)
Whose? (-JC? / -JN?)
2. my ()
mine (C / N)
3. your (F / O)
yours (FC, OC / FN, ON)
4. his ()
his (-C / -N)
5. her (\) hers (C / N)
6. our ( / ) -
ours (C / N,
C / N)
7. their (x, ) theirs (xN, C /
xN, N)
8. its (E) its (EC / EN)
vo: -- ---u -spoken
english
spoken english
-a--o-.
-
--- tenses --u-?

--- - ---L?
..----v, o
: Tenses a-- u. --
vocabulary (, n, N
--- -). W English
Newspaper n , -- -.
vd --x L C. u lessons simple present, N tense N-
N-J. -.
vo: -C u- Tx- L-----.
1. O x ?
2. -E -@ Jp-
3. -u- x- --h-o
4. Eo E- B---
5. - j \ Jp-
6. -E ---d
Avinash:
C (\)
<? = Is this her
-JC?
Uncle C
Avinash: - C xC?
Alankar: x Grand father's time *
x.
4) Prameela: Eo J necklace C?
O d a--?
x? (d: relatives)
Laxmi: C x-C-. x -Fo v
o.
Alankar:
sari?
ii) < C =
This sari is not hers
e) i) teacher =
She is our teacher
ii) p C
M. SURESAN
-C? = How
is this fault ours?
f) i) C watch = This is his watch
ii) watch -C ? = Isn't (Is not)
this watch his?
g) i) C x h = This is their property
ii) C x h -C? = How is
this property theirs?
h) i) x.. J-- d
= I like the
house and its surroundings
ii) v EN =The wheels are its.
Very important: E, EE -Eo its
. \ S apostrophe (')
. Apostrophe It's It is E.
Apostrophe (') l --
ANSWERS:
1) Is this your car? / Is this car yours? where
are its keys?
2) Kasim: Who came yesterday? / Who
was it that came yesterday?
Krishna: My friend / A friend of mine
( expression conversation
\ -)
Kasim: Did he take your bike?
Krishna: That was not mine. That was
his bike. Mine and his look the
same / look alike only, mine is
Eo -hC)
Eg: 1) This car and its wheels=
slightly older than his.
, E
v.
2) It's my car = It is my car. (C
)
Now practice the following aloud in

English: (j possessive )
1) F? E -N?
2) Kasim: Eo *a--?
Krishna: o- (my, mine
)
7. o -- al
8.Sir, Madam E E-~--u- -a?
9. S.C., S.T. d-- L?
>. N, -Lx
: 1. Is your tap off? / Have you turned off your tap?
/ Has your tap been turned off?

2. I have admitted him in college
3. The teachers are making the students sweep
the class rooms / The teachers are getting the
students to sweep the rooms / The teachers
have the students sweep the rooms.
4. I will take you to the movie
5. I taught him cycling
6. I put him to bed
7. Don't compare me with others / Don't compare
me to others- -s-Eo-d
8. -J-j Sir / Madam E -a.
9. S.C.s and S.T.s
-E- C the
E short farm- DE
n '\ N N- / --N simple ' E. slightly=
Cl.
conversational bits.
\
'only'
only things
3) Avinash: Why are you vacating the

house? Is it not yours? / Don't
you own it?
(Vacate pronunciation:
- /
-- \ -L n S- (x N)
Alankar: No, it's (it is) not ours.
Avinash: Whose is it, then?
Alankar: Our uncle's
Avinash: How long has it been theirs?
Alankar: (It has been theirs) since their
grandfather's time.
4) Prameela: Whose necklace was lost /
was
missing
yesterday?
You had relatives yesterday,

was it theirs?
Laxmi: No, not theirs; their ornaments /
jewels are all safe.
---
Srilekha: Did you meet them yesterday?
(Eo y x ---o?)
Surekha: Whom do you mean?
(y-C J J*?)
Srilekha: Savithri and her husband
(NvA, h J*)
Surekha: I met her, but not him
( ---o, E -E
---)
Srilekha: Did you show her the letter?
letter
-?)
Surekha: Yes, I Showed it to her. She will

show it to him today.
(- -.
- -hC)
Srilekha: Did she enquire about me?
--- 30 -d 2005
Supriya:
y - ---? -E y d---?
Suchithra: O v o--! -E d--?
(- F-d -)
Supriya: Brother, sister -J-- d- N
Suchithra: v- --O vl
. o worry hC.
(neglect )
Supriya: v - trouble
y. t o ---. x- v-h
---. C -o
B--h. q tLo
much. He gives him
()
whatever he wants. only, he asks

him to study well (him=E)
Supriya: By the by, our teacher gave us an
- n
-
- L
-
.h ..
-x---
asked me to give you her best

wishes. She wants us to visit her
40
soon. She likes to give us a dinner.
( Eo ----C. Eo-T-x p-C. Lo Rx---J

tC. dinner y---C.)
Srilekha: That's fine. Let's go to them
tomorrow in my car. I will show
them my new car.
(C. x
_- . h x
-h.)
-- them, whom, her, him,
you, us, me -E-.
English conversation natural ,
simple --- O n, OE Eo
- -sx C ---
u. *o-*o - o --E nFo -- simple conversation --- --a. lesson
J* --.
I =
me = o;
we =
us = t-, / -,
you = y / O
you = Eo, Nt-- / F, O
he =
him = -E, -
she =
her = , ( \)
it = C
it = EE, E
they = x, N
them = x, E/ x,
who =
whom = -JE/ -J.
n- - d-E *a
Surekha, Srilekha dialogue G_- -J
-.
Practice the following aloud in English.
Suchithra: brother

h. o d---.
(like )
(-- --o
topic a-p 'by the by'- -
'C- . us =
). When did he ask
us (Lo) to complete
Ny-h.
Suchithra: brother
---. Eo t
y doctor _-
B--}. o v
d. -C -o
h.- --E v
-.
Supriya: C-, Eo assignment a . Jh---o Lo?
Suchithra: a E- -.
--V ?
Supriya: p E? -o--
y?
conver-
Answers:
Suchithra: My brother helps me a lot ()
He likes me very much
Supriya: Do you help him too? Do you like
Suchithra: You have a brother too.

also
too better.)
Don't you (=Do you not) like him?
(o)
Supriya: Nothing surprising a brother and a

sister liking each other.
Suchithra: But my brother neglects studies. That worries me.
(o)
Supriya: My brother doesn't (does not) give

me that kind of trouble/ such trouble. (such=that kind=)
He helps my parents too a lot. He
takes
But
good
care
of
them.
(Them=x)
He gets us what we want
().
He makes us laugh with his jokes

Suchithra: My brother helps us too. My
mother had a fever yesterday
and he took her to doctor.
(English
fever, countable,
p -
Hari: (over phone) Hello, who is it please?
Supriya: Who told you so?/ Who told you

that? Whom did you ask?
[[[[[
a) y Eo -JE ---o? = Whom
did you meet yesterday? L. Jo = whom. - spoken English whom who -ho. C d spoken English.
Who did you meet yesterday?
C u formal
( p ).
written English
C spoken form, conversational.

b) y Eo -J x---o?
(Spoken) Who (Whom )
Were you talking to yesterday?
, To whom
E .)
\ -E--Lq N: Preposition
'to'- sentence . sentence 'to' begin h whom L.
(-,
(?)
formal
were you talking yesterday?
-v-o:
(,
-)
Hari: That's nice, hearing your voice... after
a long time.
( , y F
N)
Hemanth: Was that your brother who
appeared in the TV serial yesterday?
(Eo TV serial E--*C O
brother ?)
Hari: Yes, it's (= it is) him (, ) and
the little girl he was walking with... do
you know who she is? ( -ho
*o- F ?)
Hemanth: Wasn't it (was it not) your
youngest sister?
Hari: Yes, it's her.
j -- -E-: It's me, it's him,
It's her. - , It is I, It is he, It is
she -E
-. F spoken
English It's me, It's her, It's him -
d.
1. Shop closed
- u Negative.
J---?
3. Not shop closed n?
4. School going children. DEE Negative N- L?
5. World's largest selling Newspaper. DEE Negative - -
---.
. , j-
2. Shop n't closed
---: 1, 2, 3
Shop closed - DE shop not closed. Shopn't closed - n't

- x . an, is, are... v . Not
shop closed j English . \ shop not closed
'shop open' better . 4. Non school going children C
school going children negative. 5. The world's largest selling
News paper negative - not the world's largest selling newspaper
-a.
form
(tLo)
Who are you talking about? (whom )

d) -J x-C?
Who did he quarrel with?
e) -JE Eo?
Who (Whom ) did you see yesterday.
f) Jo Rx - M
I do not know who she married
( sentences whom
. Who common, spoken
English)
Hemanth: It's (it is) me, Hemanth
Who did you meet yesterday?
him too?
(-; -E: Do you also help him?

o Do you help him too- \- -
Spoken English)
(-- p-x
M. SURESAN
-JE J* x---o?
isn't it (= is it not) a holiday for

us? (us =
formal writ-
Who are you writing (letters) to ?

c)
Suchithra: The coming

think.
Jo -----o?
) do you want to see?
-J h- h-o?
it.?
Saturday, I
writing,
ing h.
Spoken form v, 'to' - sentence
* hC. sentence 'whom' ,
who v-Gh. 'who' (whom -Lq
x) questions v-G-- spoken
English d.
Who (whom
sation
Surekha: She wishes to see you. She
My father likes my brother very
assignment yesterday.
( J* T?)
(to whom were you talking?)
'a fever', her=)
[Radha: Hi Roja, how are you? long since we

met.
(
past participle (pp)

a)
I have met (have + pp) him.
Roja: Fine thank you. How are you?
\[ , j ( V, , ,
etc.) ---oD L-----[ x
have met- have + pp [-o.
o? L
V-jC.)
( o. y o?)
Radha: Fine to. Thanks. How about going to
the movie Black?
(o! x E -?)
Roja:
I've (I have) seen it. Think of some

other movie.
(C . E j p)
Radha: I haven't (I have not) seen it so far.
so far=
(p C [-].
p)
Roja: That's surprising. It has run for three

weeks now, and you haven't seen it!
[.
E ---o.
b) I met him yesterday.

yesterday
Past Doing Word
c) He has gone out.
time
- has + pp
d) He went out an hour ago.
(
went- Past Doing Word)
e) She has bought a car.
\[
x
E j L--[
[-o)
L--[ ]. d has gone
v E j L--[ x
( oC.)
(au ! C [ -
[-C. y [-?)
Radha: How about some coffee before going
to a movie?
(E-x ] h -?)
1 d 2005
f) She bought it last week.
( EE ] oC)
-E-
- j LE Past Actions
(for the past / for the last ten years =

-x x v # p)
2) --x Tx C.
(p)
He has taught English for the past/ for the
last four years
III) have + pp/ has + pp, just, just now
p--
p h- - [.
a) x p v--iC.
The class has just begun.
b)
Rx-p a.
They have just arrived.
.
3) p 100 #vx -#C.
She has acted in 100 movies so far.
4) ].
He has not come yet/ so far.
j L..?
Roja: I have just had coffee. I don't feel like

drink any more.
(p . Sx -E ].)
-- -E--Lq N
have + past participle (have + pp) / has + pp
I, We, You and They
have +
pp
He, She, It
has + pp
form verb
-.
[.
[. DEo
.
J-Eo ---
a) My father (he) has gone out.
( o x)
b) My mother has bought a saree for my sister.
( -) have/ has + pp .
JT j L Past Actions Past
Doing Words [.
d have + pp/ has + pp d--] Past actions, time not stated (j
L--E, J-T) - [.
eg: 1) y E-- -?
Have you seen the movie?
2) [ a?
Has he come?
3) F #a?
( t d- < oC.)
c) My friends (they) have left for Hyderabad.
(
d) Tendulkar has scored thirty five centuries
so far.
x 26
vq j]-- x.)
([-\ 35 -K d[.)
e) The class has just begun.
Have you received the invitation?
4) \- RxC?
Where has she gone?
(x p viC)
f) We haven't (have not) read the report yet.
( p Jd ]--])
p[ v-h E-
I) ] --o past actions,
time stated ( JT, j L -)
Past Doing Words (came, sang, liked, knew
verbs)
[.
1) JT j L-E, L--E have + past participle (pp)/ has +
5) p [ x a[.
He has already (p-) changed two
cars.
II) have + pp/ has + pp

vi p J-T/
-o (p-[-p[) have +
pp/ has + pp [.
1) \[ x o.
I have lived here for the past/ for the last
ten years.
(p ] -[
p J-TC).
(yet = ; so far = p)
\[ -E-.
have been/ has been- N forms.
] -o.
p # p
[-Eo 'have been/
has been' L--h.
C u-
J-Q-L-.
a) He has been a
teacher of English for
the past two years.
teacher here from 2001 to 2003'
E . - verb- pres past tense

C -d N-J-.
uh A [ 'Ah
J# p--p[
be form verb -T-L? Question tag Am I/
Are I, Amn't I/ Aren't I C
--T-L?
XA o-v--]-, --[
: - p[ o o[,
C . C past E, present
ent tense, English
M. SURESAN
b) He has taught English for the past two

years.
( -x Tx C- p
.)
c) He has been an English teacher.
C - [[.
(C action) English for the
d) He has taught
past two years.
sentences
Eo [ N-
state of being
action
vo: ux [ 2001 # E.
2003 \[ - o[
uEo Tx- 'He was a
c)
( x Tx
o[.)
j[
English v p[
[[, p[ [Eo p--E
am, is, are; ox p--E
was, were --Th.
2001 # 2003 (past)
d, He was a teacher here from
2001 to 2003 d.
- uh A o-p[
'Ah past was, present is,
future will be/ shall be -T-L.
([[),
(E) L---h-o.
Aren't I L.
vo: p Tx- active voice
passive voice N?
. -u, -
Am I- not
: verb 'be' form + past participte

(PP)
C passive voice. N
forms C active. Passive voice
verb [ n -
hC.
Shops are closed on sundays.
Manmohan Singh was a Finance
(verb- are closed- are (beform) + closed
Minister
(PP), verb- passive) -
()
Manmohan Singh is Prime Minister
(vh)
Manmohan Singh will be the PM for
some time to come (future)
How about going to the movie Black?
C-- shops --[-.

- passive [. English
\
simple - C.
EN v RxC.
She has gone out just a minute ago.
sentences
just
past action time not stated
They have just gone.
]--. p[
-C.
Rx-p x.
They have gone.
x x.
C u- English G_- practice
.
1) [-\ 15 -q-- v
[.
2) Rx-\[ E--? ( How
long [)
3) p -].
4) x - h -].
5) E p viC.
6) x h C-?
7) y-p-[o ?
8) \ V # L ]-o. (since our school days [).
9) \[ E ?
10) Rx ].
Answers:
1) Tendulkar has played cricket for the past
fifteen years.
2) How long have they worked here?
3) She has not taken/ has not had tea so far.
4) They haven't (have not) written a letter to
me for the past four months.
5) The movie has just begun.
6) Have they read the book?
7) Have you ever helped me?
8) We have studied together since our school
days (since =
9) How long have you worked here?
10) They have not come so far.
#).
---
Sukanya: Hi Sumithra? I saw you at Sell All
Super Market yesterday. Busy
buying things?
(Eo Eo Sell All Super Market _
. -?)
Sumithra: Mom was inside. She was buying
provisions. I was waiting outside.
By the by, you know we have
moved. We now live in Gandhi
Nagar.
(tC - .
wait ho. ... od,
x . p D---
o.)
- x, -Eo shift
. move - d.
x -o
We are moving to a new house tomorrow
Shift
Sukanya: My uncle is in Gandhi Nagar too.
Where exactly is your home
there?
( uncle x D----
. O x correct \?)
Sumithra: At 12-14-16 on Nehru Street. It is
to the right of make Money Bank
Ltd., if you stand in front of it. We
live on the ground floor.
(Nehru Street Door No. 12-14-16 .
Make Money Bank - E- E
-j).
Sukanya: Hei, your place is just under my
uncle's. He lives on the first floor.
(O-C uncle x . OC
ground floor, xC I floor).
Sumithra: Happy to know that they are on
the 1st floor just above us. Just
across the road is an ice cream
shop. I think it was your uncle's
son sitting at the back of the shop
and enjoying an ice cream.
(x-\ j -{-- - C. ice cream

shop C. O uncle J s , ice cream shop aE ice
cream A-o)
\ prepositions -E-:
Eox preposition ,
. Eg: at the back of.
-- conversation prepositions:
at, inside, outside, in, to the right of, on,
under, above, across, at the back of.
-O--E position (-- h/ E
) ---E ----E --C-- --o. -p- J-Eo N-:

at: -d . in =
1. I saw you at the Super Market
Super Market _
-d Super Market _- ().
In the Super Market = Super Market
I was at the Super Market from 5 p.m. to
6 p.m.
The goods in the Super Market are
expensive.
j ux at , in -E-.
5 * 6 Super Market
o, h- .
Goods in the Super Market
Super Market E h-.
x School o
The children are at school.
x x Class o
The children are in class.
--C 4 -d- 2005
There are four hundred pupils in the school

school - --- C x--o.
2. inside o in o .
inside v-- - n
hC. in E n.
Pranav: Where are your friends?
Prabhat: They are in the car. Look inside
and you will see them. They were
outside the car till ten minutes ago.
(Car o. , x
-Eh.C EN- -- x
-o)
3. above = j.
The government has the duty to see that
every person has a roof above their
head.
vA-Jj p x
vy NC
(vA--J E Lp--)
-u j po -x --E,
-.
a) O x a?
'by'
Did you come by car?

b) bus -- a-. He came by bus
by train, by plane, by ship
c) - K a
-.. move
The goods came
by lorry.
Top (p)
E
-x--- 42
The fan is just above you
Fan correct - -F j C.
'above' h-/ E-
above your head - , fan
j. fan
S
E. --Ej - S C 'above'.
--E-j -E , C
'on'.
Pen, table O C
the pen is on the table.
Table O lamp C
There is a lamp above the table.
( table O light -x lamp table
j C).
'On' J* u-i N. n j, O -- -Eo- 'on'
--. , n 'in' -.
English - , --E
-sx 'on' hC.
eg:
a) d-- Eo train ---o
I first met him on a train. (In a train )
b) G- -
His name is not on the list.
c) team o? Is he on the team?
d) x x C The house is on fire.
e) Plane 50 C v---o
There are fifty passengers on the plane.
f) d =
His name is not on the row.
N spoken English vh -LqN.
-v-o:
Have
form
- -
'on' hC.
on
cycle,
on
scooter, on bike,
on camel, on elephant on horseback.
4. under, below:
M. SURESAN
- n C.
x d a-o
They sat under a tree.
( d t x-j o)
From the helicopter, the minister saw
below him the areas under water
Helicopter * vA- h Fx-C
v- -E-.
Correct E- - under.
-E -\-- below.
From the window of the II Floor, he saw
below a man or the road.
Road E-o Correct
- . - \ level h
.
C :
The ground floor is under the first floor.
(ground floor h - C)
5. Across = --L-.
My home is across the road from the bank
Bank * road --L- -x.
C- --L -j = across the river.
- -j * -j =
across the sky.
ing form C . Has ing

?
d -J --%g, j--
----: Has C He, She, It
(L-T--, A,
n). Have C Verb form.
E v ing hC. Has
. - He, She, It
Speak verb speaks C. p ing form speak
v . Speaks
speaking . Have
He, She, It has .
Speaks ing a-d has
ing a. talk. Talk- He,
She, It talks -C. ing form
talk hF talks a .
-v-o:
----:
The plane flew at great speed across the

sky
plane - -j *
-j -R}C.
6. at the back of = --j
(back side -, backside
n -,
E)
--p-
class j a-
He always sits at the back of the class.
Bus ao v -
~ --o.
The passenger at the back of the bus were
safe.
at the back of the room = C -
behind the room = C
some one at the back of the hall was
shouting
Hall - -h-o.
There is a tap behind the hall
Hall - C. ( Hall )
a) Stella: O Eo Card B-?
Nikhila: Eo - } . j---
o.
Stella: O-\--?
Nikhila: -o---, M- O-C .
Stella: O - road --L-j
-School C-?
Nikhila: . E - x.
Stella: O application O
d. Yours faithfully
E-. Application -j.
ANSWERS:
Stella: Didn't you (Did you not) take your
ration card yesterday?
Nikhila: I was out of town yesterday
(Out of station ).
I was in Hyderabad.
Stella: Where do you live?
Nikhila: In Governorpeta; in / on Alibaig
Street
(Road , Street in, on j)
Stella: Isn't there a School across the
road from your place?
Nikhila: Yes. My home is just opposite
the school.
Stella: Please sign on this application,
below the 'yours faithfully' line. on
the right side.
'Over', 'above'
u N? -s C L?
-.-.- -v-, -l-, -Pa----J ->-x
Prepositions Over, above - F j n -a.
1) Our class room is above / over your class room.

b) My father wants to have two roomed portion above / over the first floor.
-x above, over j -a.
ii) He is over 35 years of age but looks younger.
( q 35 }- \--, *o -Eh.)
\ over v . Above .
iii) -L j o-p Over .
He jumped over the wall. ( OC . \ above )
iv) u, s, time -o \ E p--E over .
The book costs over Rs. 300 = h K . 300o \.
He waited over three hours = --o \ wait .
There are over 30 students = 30 students o \ o.
---
Rama Rao: What are your College hours?
College
Prakash: Our College works from 9 to 3.30.
We go for lunch between 12.30
and 1.30
College 9
(O
E-- ?)
(
* 3.30
E--hC. 12.30, 1.30 u
h)
Rama Rao: When do you usually start for

college?
college
(O *
p ----?)
Prakash: Because our Classes begin at

9.00 in the morning, I usually start
about 8.30, as it takes around half
an hour for me to reach college. I
am at college by 8.55. But why
are you asking me all the these
questions?
(Classes 9
v -
d, - 8.30
v ----. College
--E _ _ - C. -i 8.55 xcollege . vo-Fo
---o?)
Rama Rao: I am from the RTC. We are

gathering information to plan
our bus services to suit students needs. When does the
college usually reopen after
summer vacation?
RTC
(
* h-o.
Nu-n --- --
Bus services
---E
- -J-ho. N
yCollege
p -h?
Prabhakar: Usually in June, on the 3rd

Monday
June
(-
-)
Rama Rao: For howmany days does the

college work in a year?
College
( -q-,
V E--hC?)
Eo
Paul: For about 180 days, without counting

exam days
(exams
V
180 V)
j ---E Prepositions -E-.
from, to, between, about, around, by, at

after, in, on, for.
Prepositions
Time
Prepositions
Time
O -E j
Fo
(--E) -C-*
E. jFo
,
V, , -q, uC L
h-o !
at (9.00 in the morning), about (8.30),
around (half an hour), after (summer vacation), in (June), on (the 3rd Monday), in (a
year), for (howmany days) brackets
time expressions
prepositions of place and position -
\
! -E O-
oN
Eo-E
vo: what does he think of himself? E a.

about himself
--?
v-- E/ h- o-x LN .
J-Eo prepositions of time l.
Naresh: what is the last date for the submission of application?
(Application submit
-Lq *-J-
C C?)
Narayana: On or before the 15th of next
month. we issue applications
upto the 28th of this month.
Applications will be available
even after that date till the 30th
of this month, but we charge a
late fee of Rs 5 per day. We
have been selling applications
since the 5th. Our Office is open

from 10 AM to 5 PM, and applications are issued during that
time.
Prepositions of time
before (the 15th), upto (the 28th of this
month), till (the 30th), Since (the 5th), during
(that time).
Prepositions of time
---E
(E-. last week exam first

mark *aC. ---C o-\
\ --J)
(
\- h.
AJ-T-h)
l
uC h-u-- n
.
-x--- 43
p
l?
1. at: Our classes begin at 9

classes
(9
v-)
*a- j E --o-p
time at hC.
There are 30/ 31

days in a month.
( 30/
V)
EN,
EN- y F _-)
31
There are only 28/ 29

days in February.
(February
28/ 29
V .)
He came back in ten minutes.
10 EN-- (C EN--
) AJT a.
It'll be ready in a week's time.
M. SURESAN
At 4 PM, at 9.30, at half past ten (10.30), etc.

days
2. on: On
dates
p,
V) ,
.
( x,
(D)
uC
The Government came to power in 2004.
preposition
J* -N--J--
N.--- - V, j--
He agreed to stay for another day
V---E p--o.
She agreed to the proposal
vA-- p-C.
I agree with you that he is the best player
E U--J-h-o/ F --N-h-o.
There are 12 months in a year
C -E ( V C) j C.
'in'
The police were able to catch the killer in a

day
just a week
(Teacher h chapter
Jh)
u-C N, -
J -- \ -sx
Manoj: Why are you so happy, Mohan?
(, - o
?)
Mohan: Why not? I got the first mark in last
week's exam. The first time I
iv) Join a college/ a group/ a course join

preposition
v) attend =
attend college/ class/ marriage etc.
attend to =
My Father is attending to the repairs of our house.
- -sx
.
--
j u- .
( E ---o)
attend on = -, A-- -u
a) Please attend on the guests
(Gusets
b) When I was ill my sister attend on me.
sister
Letter writing
"Thanking you"
Thank you
-)
vo:
F,
F .
scored so high in a year.
(-h-E M- \--V d---L-.)
(-q-),
hC.
)
Important: every, next, last, that, this

in
on
Shops are closed every Sunday
(on every Sunday
He comes here next Monday
(on next Monday
He was here last Saturday
(on last Saturday
I'll begin it this Monday
(On this Monday
He didn't see her that day (on that day
in
The tournaments will begin next June
(in next June
)
She met him last December
(in last December
They go to Kashmir every May
(in every May
Vocabulary
(Pronunciation)
1) Charming =
(-q- 12 --)
uC(Period of time) *---E
.
(-, Eo--V?)
what does he think
The teacher finished the whole chapter in
Suseela: When are you leaving for

Hyderabad?
Suguna: On Sunday, that is, on the 4th.
Suseela: When is the interview?
Suguna: On Monday. I will be back here
on the 6th, that is, on Tuesday
3. in: Months
years
(duration)
IN
Pranav: I will be in Kashmir in June.
(June Kashmir
Paul: For how long?
(),
My sister was born in 1999. (1999

(2004
IN
Kumar: (Over to phone) Where are you

Krishna? I am waiting for you
Krishna: Sorry, I'll be with you in five minutes.
(sorry,
Our College closes for the day at 4
(-T- college --C.)

\ -E-. l, v
time E *---E spoken English,
Conversation AM, PM .
conversation in the morning, in the evening etc., . Purely official spoken/ written form v AM,
PM.
-sx of, about -E

-a. Think of, think about correct.
ii) Prepositions J* N-Jh-o.
iii) agree with = uh --N-.
agree to = E-j p--
best player
Pranav: My friend will join me there in July.

Together we will return in August.
friend
July
August
AM, PM -p-?..
i)
-- 6 -d- 2005
( ---p
-C)
*
. C j,
N-J---.
N.%-g-Jh, N--
: j correspondence , letter * thanking you/ Thank you
--. E C h-- C -
JC. British correspondence Thanking you .
)
C
.
Fo - L-N.
N = -{---i
C - a; v-h a;
E-, h- -a.
a) She is very Charming in that dress.
dress
b) He was Charming towards us
-{-- C)
( x--- o)
() = - -.
2) Chase
a) The tiger chased the deer.
(L > --C)
b) The police were chasing the thief.
(--M- -- f)
(v \ 'v,
Bank ba -L)=
3) Drag
i) He dragged the boy into the room
(C- )
ii) She dragged him into the quarrel
-E x TC.
iii) The movie dragged on
E -D-
---
Ravi: Hi Rahul, going somewhere?
(
- - , -\-j- -o-?)
Rahul: I am on my way to class.

(Class
Ravi: So early?
(
Rahul: Yes. Our Classes are in the morning
from 7.
Classes
Ravi: But I saw you at the temple on the
morning of the 15th.
(15
--o)
l-o?)
(
-)
K l Eo
J)
8 -d- 2005
a) We have classes in the morning everyday

except on the morning of Sunday.
b) The accident took place in the evening, it
was on the evening of last Saturday, the
29th.
Kumar: How do I go to Learnwell College
from here?
Learnwell College
(\--*
}L?
Kamala: You have been here for the past 15

days. Strange that you don't know
the way yet.
15
(y V- \-o ?
J L---- N*-v)
c) During this period he has changed a lot

Officer:
When did you take your degree?
-V- -- in.. on
Rahul: Yes. The 15th was a Saturday. We

did not have classes on the morning
of Saturday.
(15
classes
Ravi: You were planning to go home,
when are you leaving?
Officer:
( }----o , p
--o?)
Rahul: Yes, on the evening of the 25th
(, 25 v)
Ravi:
How do you spend your evenings?
(F -v h?)
Rahul: Usually I go for a long walk in the
evening
(v u - -)
\ Prepositions -E. in (the
morning), on (the morning of saturday), in
(the evening), on the (the evening of the
25th) etc.
lesson
Prepositions of time.
1) at,
time
2) on, days and dates
C
-- --*a
E L
oC..
,
;
3) in, months and years E. 4) in,
uC (a period of time) L
.
'In' (Parts of the day)
.
In the morning, in the evening, in the
after noon, in the night or at night.
Krishna: When do you get up?
(F p Ev h?)
Kesav: At 5 in the morning
( C-)
Krishna: When do you usually have lunch?
(Lunch
Kesav: In the afternoon between 1.00 and
1.30
p h?)
(uo 1, 1.30 u)
-E-. (Parts of the day)
in - , morning, evening
etc., 'the' p hC. (In the morning, in the evening etc.)
lesson
conversation
a) In the morning; On the morning of
Saturday
b) In the evening; on the evening of the 25th.
morning, evening
parts of the
day
in
morning,
evening
on
-E-.
hC. V
D
op hC.
--
V-
*
Vx
hC.
(C V-)
* E.
*)
a) India has been independent for the past
58 years.
b) India has been independent since 1947
a) b)
a)
u- n .
o-x yv-- o
-C.
b) p--* y-v o
-C .
Period of time 'for',
point of time ( */ V */
-q *) o-p since L.
Since the vedic times ( *)
x)
*-
----J-
a) I have not met him for the past/ the last

four years and ten months
--x C- -E ---.
b) I have not met him since January 2000
January 2000
* --E ---.
2002 x
E--C.
teacher
She worked as a teacher for about/

around two years till 2002.
c) We reached home (at) about 1.30
(2002 -x- teacher

o. p--* Software
Programmer o (p-
--/ )
During your period as Software
Bhaskar: How long were you there yester-
Programmer what computer
day?
skills have you used?
(Eo y \ ---o?)
(Software Programmer
o ,
computer skills O ?)
for, since, during prepositions of
time -. u since --p
p verb, have been/ has
Bhavan: For over an hour (= for more than

an hour =
--j).
Bhaskar: When did he come?
( p--a?)
Bhavan: It was over five when he came.
been; have + past participle/ has + Past par-
( a--J 5 C.)
ticiple form
. -
j * p-----F, EF n
d.
a) Delhi has been the capital of India since
the time of the Pandavas
Corrections:
:
Spoken English 43

Column
line
prepositions of place and position-
(- * - Mx --E
C E .)
b) India was under the British rule during the
( o --p*).
( -E
---o.)
b)
1.30 .
j expression- 6 O' Clock, 5.30, 2.00
(AM/ PM)- O- time E
p--E at about . at C-
about -.
period of time 'over' h j
E n.
Software Programmer.
(J --Vx y N?)
(v 6.30, v)
Since then I have been a
Kumar: During these five days I have been

busy buying books, clothes etc.
prepositions of time: for,
since, during.
for the past 15 days - 15
Since last Sunday - last sunday
During these 5 days 'for'
period of time
for an
hour, for a day, for 10 days
.
since
since 1999 (1999
since he last saw me
for the past last five thousand years

(5000
I met him last in 2000 Jan
2000
What have you been doing
upto 2002.
Kamala: And what have you been doing

during the 5 days?
C?)
I was there for about half an hour.
(p * Since then
O h-o?)
Officer:
begin
(p T-C?)
Koushik: Around 8. (8, v)
About, Around, prepositions of
time, , n time L - .
a) \ - o
Candidate: I was a teacher for two years
(.
\ M. SURESAN
C-
oC. 5 V)
Kushal: When did it end?
since then?
-x--- 44
Kumar: No, not 15
days. I have
been here only
since
last
Sunday. Only
5 days.
(Meeting
Koushik: (At) about 6.30 in the evening
(O vU p B--o?)
Candidate: In April 2000 (April 2000
D E-. --V l
)
Kushal: When did the meeting begin?
( -x- J--)
18th, 19th and part of the 20th Centuries
(18, 19
-l, 20 l --
British - C.
- about, around, prepositions of
time - o.
(6.9.2005 -*)
*, *J
''O-EoF
v-- E/ h- o x
L-N E *aC.
''O-Eo-E Prepositions of time E
---L.
Last Column 5 j Kumar: (Over to
Phone) (Over Phone) E L.
C Vocabulary o Line
''Fo - L-N ''O
No. 1) Eo, No. 2) and 3) -
LN E ---L.
vo: Active Voice, Passive -C* doubt C. I shall do my

home work
passive
Passive voice
C. E I shall go to market..
. N? N-J-.
N.-N, -Lx, K-- >x
: I shall go to market- verbs (go - \ shall go) passive
. verb -JE, EE E vo - - a
-s- v passive C.
Shall go- \ go } -JE }, EE } E vo
- - . d passive .
'do' EE - C d E passive
C.
vo: Tx- j p--p O' clock E . d Clock v --a-!
.x, Cl-
: O' Clock of the clock. Of the clock E C* p, - O' clock. \
apostrophe (') C- lEo *-hC. d clock n . h- -
v O' clock . 7.25 O' clock .
u-
---
Subhash: Hi pranav, How are you getting
along?
Pranav:
O fine. How is it with you?
Subhash: Fine too, thanks. Where in the

work have you been? Ages since
we met.
(- \--o. -E ----xC).
-Fo vo.
Pranav: I was in Bangalore for a month
from Aug. 1st to/ till Aug 31st, and
then in Chennai from Sept. 1st to/
till Sept 6 th, and since then here.
(Bangalore
-, Chennai
Sept. 6 th . p--* \)
Subhash: Happy you are back, and in a

good shape too. You remember
--C 11 -d- 2005
Pratibha: When is he here everyday?

Prabha: He is here from morning 9 till
evening 5.
Pratibha: Is he here upto 5?
(5 ?)
Prabha: He is here until 5 everyday.
(vA-W 5 --\)
' n to, upto, till, until Fo
. spoken English to, till
\.
Sriram: Raghu, for how long has your sister
been here?
Raghu: for the past five days, since the 4th of
this month.
from , since : 'from' -u
* ,
expressions . since
p--- prepositions
position and time --o.
ANSWERS:
of place,
a) Our office is on the 2nd floor. It is just
Now practice the following sentences/

conversation aloud in English.
a) Office -h C. C
-h-E fancy shop j C.
above the fancy shop on the first floor.

b) Sunil: Where is the book?
Anil: In the shelf.
Sunil: I thought it was in the box. I
my cousin Harsha? He is here

now. He has been here since the
last Saturday. He will be here
upto the end of this month.
(y u AJT *a--
. - ->- { h-o-?
---Ep- -\- --o- -- --E --*. - --- -
---)
till.. until..
searched inside the box.
b) Sunil:
Pranav: What does he do here until then?
(-- \ h?)
-x--- 45
Subhash: He is attending coaching classes

for ICET.
(\ ICET Coaching B--o)

Conversation E prepositions: of,
from, to, since, till, until, upto.
--J from '*

* F, to
E.
'from-to' h---
n: / V/ / / q * (from) / V/ /
/ -q (to) E.
Sukanya:
What are your college hours?
(O
College
--N-?)
Ramakanth: Our College works from 9 am
He was teacher here from 2003 to 2004

( past)
b) \ -Lq period 2004 * 2006
to 4 pm.
( College 9 *
E--hC)
Sukanya:
-. / K/ /
/ -q * p- - - , n . * -
,
* present (v h- ) - - ,
* future
- j , future *
- j from v to .
a) 2003* 2004 \ teacher
o.
Do you have classes upto?
(-O
?)
Classes
Ramakanth: Except on Saturdays when the

College works until 2 pm.
(\ E-p V 2)
--: from time/ day/
week/ years etc., --* --E. To
time/ day/ week/ years etc., - E.
p--p to , till
-, n.
Her period/ tenure here is from 2004 to

2006.
(from the past to the future)
c) Cricket matches 2005 December *
2006 January .
The Cricket matches are from Dec 2005 to
January 2006. (Both future)
Since: Past time * (from some time
- - - --E in the past) p
LqC Since v . from - .
My sister has been here since 2004 February.
(2004 February * sister \ C)
- She has been here from 2004
-v-o: 1. O
A, An J* *a N- Jh .
- -Eo -s-x capital letters *a--p a -. : A Union, A European, A
One-way traffic etc.,

2. Mother loves her child wrong
widest sense
article
beautiful
All Roses
rose
o. E
. : Rose is
o-p
E n. A rose

-C ! -p- Eo Roses
-i-N E n-. DE J* Jh N-
--y-.
3. Water uncountable plural - s
o. E hC. Deep waters, Troubled
waters E ! N-J-.
4. I get up at 6 a.m. o-p Everyday E \--. C habitual everyday E -. N--J--.
-N.-N.-..-, -N---o
h \C?
Anil: shelf
Sunil: d
--o.
-
-A.
M. SURESAN
Anil: shelf F
note book O C.
Sunil: Eo--* E- -A.
c) Prabhat: match \ J-TC?
Prakash: college play grounds
Prabhat: p J-TC?
Prakash: Eo l - j NtC- --C.
Prabhat: Sunday morning Match
?
Prakash: Matches Fo mornings J-.
Sunday morning J-T match
interesting C.
d) Suseela: E-\ 2003 * o. \J v Charminar j
x. CT a-p
--.
Sucharita: F , F
Eo---E?
Suseela: v \ j C.
Sulekha C.
control -o.
Sucharita: -p J-TC?
Suseela: January v.
C-.
---: 1. A, An J* -N--J-*- -s- \

Capital letters
a/ an ---E-F,
EF .
2. countable, singular \ o E a/ anF,
-sEo d 'The' F ---. Mother loves her
Child p. 'mother' countable singular .
A/ an ' n , 'any' E, 'all' F
no . Generalise --p A mother
loves her child . E n every mother E, - 'any mother' E. -F mother E .
'A dog is a faithful animal' o-p A dog = all animals of the species ( A n hC). O-ox,
Countable singular, Widest sence A/ an EC \
'Man' N-- . eg: Man is mortal: Man proposes,
God disposes. Nx *a article
-Lq . 'Rose' is beautiful - p. A rose
(any rose/ every rose) is beautiful - correct. 'A/
(search for =
-)
I looked for it inside the box.

Anil: It is on the notebook in the shelf.
Sunil: I have searched for it since yesterday.
c) Prabhat: Where did the match take
place?
(take place =
--)
Prakash: On our college playgrounds.

Prabhat: When?
Prakash: It began at 7 in the morning
yesterday and was over by 9
Prabhat: Was there a match on Sunday
morning too?
Prakash: All matches were in the morning. But the match on Sunday
morning was very interesting.
d) Suseela: I have been here since 2003
but
have
been
up
the
Charminar only once. While

coming down I almost fell.
(almost =
Sucharita: Was there none before you

and behind you to stop you?
Suseela: Supriya was far above me,
and sulekha far below me. I
controlled myself somehow.
(far =
(\) )
Sucharita: When did this happen?

Suseela:
On a January evening, on a
Sunday.
an'
The rose (all flowers of the rose species)
is beautiful
'Rose' is beautiful
Rose
Oxford/
longman's/ Collins Dictionary/ any standard grammar book.
plural form
3. Waters
(Eg: The waters of the Krishna (river).
Water
Water dissolves salt.
Waters
uncountable.
4. I get up at 6 AM
every day
-,
j L.
d
--C -t j p. (.
n C-/ -v-E
Fx E.
F} -J-* x---p
.
-p-
.
C p
o-p
-\--. d.
F - p .
'How often do you go there?' o vo vA-W
h E -.
I go there every day. \ everyday p .
I go to bed at 10 every night. \ every night
---E, p.
---
Janaki: Jamuna, Who are you looking at?
---- 13 -d- 2005
Jumping into the river

Walk into my place at midnight and I shall be
happy to invite you with a cup of coffee or tea
C- =
(, -JE/ -J-j h-o?)
Jamuna: The man walking across the road
and turning towards the bank
building. He is going into the bank
now.
(Road bank building j
-ho -E. -E-p bank
h-o)
Janaki: He is turning to the left in the bank
now. Is that the man? Why are you
interested in him?
(p-- u --j A--o. -? J* -

h?)
Jamuna: Don't you remember? The other
day he jumped into the river to
save my drowning cousin, that five
year old Ramesh
y l--v- -. p -F -F F y -!
-J-j %---y- ''F
--- Eq-- a -E
.
Into - j E---Eo *hC. C u -- hC.
He is into business
u h-o
software (computers) E--hC
She is into software.
-q u v-G. p ho L-
He was into dairy last year. No idea what he
is now.
into
opposite.
4. Out of: C
E - .
prepositions -.
past uh-E-E, v-EoE
}, \*/ -j *
}.
post office x
\
past, off
He is now past the post office.
p \-*/ o x
He has just walked past me.
take off your...

(h-? V cousin, x
v E-T-- C-
~-)
(' -* n
C)
-x--- 46
Janaki: Yes, I remember. Really brave
( h-*aC. E ju-h)
Jamuna: I wish to go to him and thank him
( _--R} thanks p--C)
Janaki: He is out of the bank now and walking away very fast.
( bank --*a, y
h-o)
Janaki: He is already past the 'tiffin centre'.
We shall not be able to reach him. It
is too late. And walking through this
crowd will delay us.
(p- centre Rx--
. -E -- d .
p- u C. -*
- u -C)
---E prepositions: at, across,
towards, into, to, outof, past, through
prepositions Eo-F prepositions of
direction . OE directions
(C\) -- .
1. across:
-- lessons across the road

-sx 'across' -, --Lj E --o. \ across
(walking across o-p) f E.
f , -E K C
While he was walking across the road, a
lorry knocked him down
(while crossing the road E -a)
Sailing across the sea in a rudderless boat is
foolish
(\E E -vEo N-)

(rudder = \E)
2. Towards/ to:
police j
h-o,
C
The policeman is coming towards to me. I'm
(I am) afraid
\ to = towards = J/ v j
Walk across the sands towards the shore,
you will find the blue water of the sea
B-j R F -vE FL-Fx

E--h.
The arrow points to the north
h h C\ -hC.
3. Into: Into - E.
Bank h-o
He is walking into the bank.
Ramesh: Have you seen Manyam?
(u o E-- F?)
Naresh: I saw him coming out of the home
and getting into an auto. Perhaps
he has gone to the doctor. (
* *a Auto
x . doctor _-
x-?
Ramesh: Why doctor?
(Doctor _ ?)
Naresh: Don't you know? He isn't (is not) yet
out of his fever. Add to that his boss
is troubling him a lot.
(O L-? - y *
----. E (Add to
that) x boss -E sC
--o)
Ramesh: Why doesn't he get out of the job?
( job * -----/ C-
L--d--?)
N 'out of' n, ---.
5. Past - }.
Anwar: I saw you hurrying past our shop
this morning. Where were you
going?
(--y l -N-
* /shop }
. \- h-o?)
Aswin: My uncle was coming by the 7 AM
train- I was rushing to the station to
receive him.
( uncle 7 AM train h-o.
o receive ---E station
-N- })
Anwar: Is he here now?
( p\-o?)
Aswin: No, he got off the train, and drove to
the college. He is delivering a lecture
there.
( train CT \ college R}-. -\-- lecture h-
o)
Anwar: You are still on your bike. Get off it
and have some tea with me.
(--y bike O o. CT
h tea )
By the time he joined us,

we were past our school
L---p-
school R}.
6. Off:
preposition M. SURESAN
n - *
CL R}--.
Sankar: (On the bus = bus) Hi Sanjeev,
where are you going?
Sanjeev: To Nampalli station, where are you
going?
Sankar: I am getting off the bus at Abids. I
am going my aunt's, half a kilometre off Tilak Road.
( G-q CT--o. \-* Tilak Road -O-

o Aunt
ho.)
(off \ away from E).
Sanjeev: Your top shirt button has come off
your shirt.
(F shirt button, shirt *
a-C)
Off uses .
a) Take off your feet from on the table
Table O-* F (x) B.
b) Police driving license B-o
The police have taken off his driving
license.
c) -\ p team
Tendulkar is off the team.
d) E-x villain v ,
*-
Though he acts the roles of villain on the
screen, he is a fine gentleman off the
screen
e)
Off the screen she is not so glamourous, I

mean off her make up (Make up )
- x off = away from ( -
* ) E.
7. Through: n '
a) Bhaskar: Where is the manager's
room, please?
Receptionist: Please pass through
the door on the left and
then turn left
(-- y
Rx Sx left A-)
b) As the train went through the tunnel, it

became suddenly dark
Train /* x-p,
\--J <-j--C.
c) Chandan: Did you get your favourite
hero's autograph yesterday?
(--E-o O G- autograph B-o?)
Chandra: No, It was impossible to push
my way through the crowd to
get to him
(* -E _ x- u )
d) Please pass the thread through the eye
of the needle.
( C- \-.
Eye of the needle= C- )
e) Bhagavan: When am I getting the
money?
( s-p- --hC?)
Brahman: Tomorrow. I will send it
through Vishnu.
( Ng y -h)
Bhagwan: Why through Vishnu? You
yourself give if to me.
(Ng y/ - ?y
y)
Now practice the following in English:
Prabhakar: \-o* h-o?
Pramod: p train C. Chennai *
h-o.
Prabhakar: v C?
Pramod: v - v.
v Ev----. Ev -J train L C.
Answers:
Prabhakar: Where are you coming from?
Pramod: I have got off the train just now;
from Chennai.
Prabhakar: How was the journey?
Pramod: The Journey the whole night was
through rain. I slept through the
journey. The train was past Tenali
When I got up.
-v-o: Says
Rakhi, designer, "since I was

walking on footpath the offender could
not get too close to me. So he caught
hold of my duppatta and almost choked
me. The incident left an ugly scar on my
neck.
eve teasers
English daily
since
example sentence
h
J*
*a-C.
n, -
p.
y.
-.--, ----T-J, --_- ->-x
---:
i) \ since because (-x). since

I was walking on the foot path - foot
path O -ho--x E. (Since it is
raining, I want an umbrella- {- -h-o--
x L.)
-j- N foot path, platform
. C j English . Road
-j- N Pavements. American
English sidewalk.
iii) Eve teasers - English .
ii) Road
---
Murali: Hi! Manoj, what brings you to this
15 -d- 2005
Doesn't he (does he not) appear to be
office again?
above 40?
(- --- , Sx
--a?)
office
c)
Manoj: I've (I have) come for my service cer-
35 x l-x Government jobs

|--
Those above 35 years of age are not
tificate.
qualified for govt. jobs
( service certificate a.)
-x
-a.
Murali: How long did you work here?
(y E---N-\?)
Manoj: I joined here at the
age of 20 and
above
over
Those above 35 = Those over 35

3.
left at the age of 23. That means 3

years. To be exact it is a little over
three years.
- \ = below
i) x \ -- -o x-
v h
We give this medicine only to children
(E-\ 20 . 23 -R}-. x. correct

x Cl j)
below the age two.

ii) -
(Sorry, , Nt-x q, I Class * V Class C

x v)
! Prepositions of age:
a) at the age of/ at a young age/ at an old
q 20 x- \
age/ at the proper age
He is below 20
b) Jagdeesh: F
_ | ?
(| = eligible,
_- = participate/ take part,
= competition/ contest)
Suma: 20, 30 x u x v C.
Jagadeesh: F | C ?
Murali: Murthy has also left us. isn't he (is he

not) the same age as you?
He left school at..
(Jh office CL
Rx. F
?)
Manoj: No, I am 23 now, and he is above 24.
He is atleast a year older than I.
What about you?
(. -j-x. - -j
---x \. F -N-?)
iii) -
--q
20 x-
Murali: I am under twenty one. I am slight-
business
Suma:
-v-G-*--p
-x--- 47
He was below twenty (years of age)
ly, that is, just a few months over 20.
when he started his business.
(-j--\-x- \. 20 x
Eo \)
\ prepositions : at (the age of),
above (24), under (20), over (20) ---E-
. prepositions Fo- -q
-C-* -sx . d OE
prepositions of Age .
iv)
\ below under -a.

(below = under \)
v) 14 x- \ -- x- - x-d---.
- -q-/ --- --p/ o--/-o-x-p O- C p-o

- at .
a) 16 x school C-L--d.
4.
- u =
age
-- --q j
(-x more
between
ANSWERS
Parent: Will you let my daughter participate in the competition
she in?
she got married at 22/ at the age of 22
(-?
class
-a).
c) below/ under
- .
)
d) between = -q- u.
(Less than/ lower than
( tE -_E-h?)
22 -}-C.
NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:

a) Pavan: y
C?)
at a young age/ at an old age/ at the

proper age
2.
- j = above
a) 60 x j--- ---x senior citizens
people above 60 years of age are
senior citizens.
class.
(-x-o \. - --A
----C)
(above ten/ over ten/ ten plus)
Teacher: I'm sorry. This competition is
nine years of age, that is, for
pupils of I class to V class.
--?
-v-o: 1) I' asked him not to N?Sentence * not to

-s ?
2) What the postman must do is provide the address-
- n-N-?
do - is -s hC?
-G.--, -Nu--, --_- ->-x
---: 1) 'I asked him not to' -j j h-E
, l E n.
A: He said he would complain to the police.
B: I asked him/ told him not to.
( Police complaint y--lE p, E)
2) What the postman must do is Postman -
E n. What the Postman must do is provide the
address = Postman -Lq-- address y-. D
Dn. C -s do is hC.
What you must do (now) is, study well and get good marks
Ny-p- -Lq-x CN marks a---.
-v-o:
Ravikanth: To my uncle.
Pavan: Your uncle? He appears to be
below 25 years. Is he older than
you by two or three years only?
x---o
Ravikanth: Don't be silly. I am 20 years
-u
Pavan: O u? 25 x- ---
-Eh-o-. F x
l?
Ravikanth: *a--*a x-.
j. 35 - \.
Pavan: ----ox --.
Ravikanth: *o---- foreign
x. Last week AJ--a.
Pavan: He doesn't (does not) look his
-J
Old. He is above 35.
Ravikanth:
for children between five and
40 x- l-- -E--
a) Pavan: Who were you talking to?
()
Parent: She is ten plus. she is in VI
l/- -j
M. SURESAN
than so many years
Teacher: How old is she? which class is
at 16 years of age.
b) -
b) above/ over a certain
boys or girls under 14
He left school at 16/ at the age of 16/
c) *o/
-q-/ ,
*o/ --l/ --j
-.
Nobody shall appoint for any work
1. at (the age of)
b)
15 x x- D E
This movie is not for those below 15
30 x -E p--E
---o?
Jagadeesh: Sorry, F 30 x- o.
c) Naresh: Hi, Ajitha, -?
Ajitha: - .
Naresh: u! -q?
Ajitha: l---- E--.
E . - 78
x. d--p- - 55
xj. t-t 50 .
Naresh: --
-- o !
age
Ravikanth: He went abroad at a very
young age. He returned only
last week.
b) Jagadeesh: Are you eligible to participate in the competition?
Suma: It is only for those between 20 and
30 (years of age)
Jagadeesh: Then you are eligible
I Know her (A.V.)

She is Known by me (P.V.)
She is known to me (P.V.)
A.V. P.V.
Suma: Do you want to make me say that

I am above 30
or
j u-- E --Jh u
-?-N--J--.
N
Jagadeesh: Sorry, I thought you were

Correct?
The Water fills the tank (A.V.)

The tank is filled by the water (P.V.)
(or)
The tank is filled with the water (P.V.)
P.V.
Correct?
- -t -- --p-,
---, -N---o ->-x
---: Passive , know -N----, fill -N----
by -. is known to, is filled with E hC.
'fill' N- fill E p--E by hC.
The tank is filled with water by Ram.
under thirty.
c) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, how is every body?
Ajitha: My grandfather died a week ago
(Week back
Naresh: Sorry to hear that. What was his

age? / How old was he?
Ajitha: He died at an old age. We do
miss him, of course. He was 78.
When I was born he was above/
over 55. Grand mother was
below/ under 50.
Naresh: Even at such an age he was
healthy.
---
Kranthi: Hi Karuna, How are you?
Karuna: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
Kranthi: Fine too. How is your new job?
(F h job C?)
Karuna: Absolutely no complaints. None
above me. I am the boss.
( . Jh C. j
. boss .)
absolute = Jh
Kranthi: How many are there in all?
(O office h C?)
(in all = h)
Karuna: There are five under me. My position is below that of the Area
Manager.
( --- -E-ho.
Area Manager -y-
n-
o)
Kranthi: How many branches has your
Company?
--C 18 -d- 2005
2. Between: u
a) MRO Collector u Sub-collector
.
The Sub collector is between the MRO
and the collector in rank and power.
prepositions -J-* v-:
a) above/ over= j/ \--/ N*
/ u
/ \-- / T_
/ u
c) between = u (/ u)
b) below/ under =

1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, o?
Dharani: -, o F birthday
party --C a?
Bharani: -d \--d-. 35, 40
Dharani:
u --*a--d-o.
C Officers *a-d-o?
Dharani: Some Officers were also there, I

think.
Bharani: They are all my dad's colleagues. Two or three of them
are above the rank of marketing
Managers.
Dharani: Are they above your dad?
Bharani: Most of them are below/ under
The pen is mine

Karuna: Between 12 and 14.
(12, 14 u. branches u)
Kranthi: Is the work heavy?
(- -)
heavy \- (\)
Karuna: No. Not above 15 files a day. On
Saturday it is even below 7 or 8.
(V
15 files
.
Saturday 7, 8 o \)
Kranthi: How Hours at office?
(V Eo ?)
Karuna: Not so rigid. We are there between
10 AM and 6 PM for above six to
six and a half hours.
( *a--i - . C J- u 6, 6 1/2
)
---E prepositions -E- :
above, below, under, between.
1. 'Above' -o Eo -- - lesson --o. \
'above' - -l.
Karuna: None above me. I am the boss.
office j .
C--JE.
C--, -J-j - -Eo
'above' . 'there are five under
me' \ under C--,
.
Home Minister Chief Minister
o \
The rank of the Home Minister is below that
of the Chief minister. The Home Minister
under the Chief Minister in power and rank.
(\ -E--Lq . o
\-/ --J = below.
J = under . 'Officers
below/ under the rank of the district collector
sentences below, under
-a)
a) VEO j o officers v
jeep ---T- | C. Those /
officers above the rank of the VEO are eligible for jeeps. (eligible= | L-T)
b) Collector \ C---
C-
Those below/ under the rank/ position of
the Collector do not have this power.
c) vA CC-j Supervisor
Office
There is a supervisor over/ above every
ten workers.
-x rank , position, level,
designation --E -a. '- n.
Bharani:
x o
Colleagues
(-u). x l
_
-x--- 48
Marketing
Manager
j M. SURESAN
x.
Dharani: O oJ jx?
Bharani: -C oJ- Cx. -J-l o- \
o-x.
2) Chandra: Hi Surya, come in. Eo \-o?
Surya: , Classmates Picnic
x. -- CC-N.
Chandra: ?
Surya: , Eo x--- C.
g-v 25 vU o \.
x C. -\ j -.
Cake a. -
o \ -C.
Chandra: \-\-J -a-C?
Surya:
250, 300 - u.
ANSWERS
1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, how are you?
Dharani: Fine, By the by, how many
attended your birthday party the
day before (yesterday)?
Bharani: I didn't count exactly. There
were between 35 and 40
(The people present were
between 35 and 40)
my dad. one or two of them are

above my dad.
2) Chandra: Hi, Surya, come in. Where
were you yesterday.
Surya : My classmates and I went for a
picnic. We were about ten.
Chandra: Did you enjoy yourselves?/ Did
you enjoy the day (Picnic)? /
Had a good time?
Surya: Yesterday was very pleasant.
The temperature was below 20
degrees. cool and pleasant. We
were there for over six hours.
one of us brought a Cake. It was
above 2 Kgs.
Chandra: How much did each spend?
Surya: Between Rs 250 and 300 each.
Dharmendra: We are all going on a Picnic.

Wont you join us?
( Picnic ho.
y -?)
Damodar:
When is the Picnic?

(Picnic p?)
Dharmendra: On Sunday. It is a nice spot.
(Sunday ho. o x
v -C.)
Damodar:
Where is the spot?
( \?)
-v-o: 1) Where did you go?
Where have you went?

2) It is time we left
It is high time we left.
O---u -- -N--J---.
3) No, ifs and buts, young man, you
must speak out your mind.
u-E n N?
4) I want to ask him for help
-E --E
---o.
-E --E
---o ().
-D-E-E English -- ---L?
-.--, --.--E-, --x-,
-p---J ->-x.
Dharmendra: It is on the riverside. Far off

from the town. A lonely spot.
It is an ideal spot for a picnic.
(C f J .
-i . Picnic j ).
--- a, an, the - J-Q-Ll. --C- a/ an - --o .
1) Countable singulars (\-d -- Eo v p--p-) A/ An
hC. ( l, , , , , , ,
, , , v u English
An, N A E
.)
2) Uncountables (\--dE A/ An
. p 'The' l.
A) 'The' pronunciation:
l ', , , , , , ., , ,
v u English
, 'C ----.
The order (C ), The egg (C ),
The industry (C )Z , The Owl (C
), The honour (C ) etc. a
bank, ant L---p 'C
. The ant (C ant), the (C) hour,
etc. N l- , ' --.
The () book, the () tree, the ()
University etc.
B) Countables, uncountables, singulars,
plurals- OE - J-* -- E
vu- p--p 'The' .
A book is there. (\ h C).
The book is my borther's
(C brotherC).
\ A, the a. /
n 'A' . sentence
( ) n 'The' . d
countables (singular &
plural), uncountables (singular and plural)
the , L.
(u-i : Eox p -sEo,

nFod English A F, An F, the F
nouns Eo -Lq)
Sx h--: / n
A/ An . - 'The' .
a) A pen is for writing (pen -E)
(- A/ An _d .)
b) The pen in your pocket is mine.
(F o pen --C).
\ The --E rule. -C? E vo
- - -, A/ An .
--- h 'The' .
---: 1) Where did you go?
y-\---x? E.
Where did you went? Correct .

Did y go hC; went .
2) It is time we left. It is high time we left-
O n p -}--LqC, E.
}-Lq Time ---E.
3) - -u-E -n -, T- E ----- -l, F -
p E. @N- --x JT /--JT - -u E ---. J-T-/- --\-
---E ---. -s- 'ifs and buts'
. If ; but --p-.
If Gandhi had been alive... -D A ...
but he is not... , ...
no ifs and buts - N ---- E-n E.
4) I used to think of asking him for help
--E --E ---o.

(I used to feel like asking him for help)
---
Gowtham: Hi Gambhir, I saw a bike in front
of the bank by your home.
(O \ bank
bike ---)
Gambhir: Wasn't it (was it not) yesterday? I
saw the bike too. Really stunning.
(Eo ? - bike .
C.
Stunning = au L ()
Gowtham: (Do you) know the owner?
3) Robert: Where is Vijayawada?
(N-- \-C)
Guide: About 300 kms to the South East
of Hyderabad. On the banks of
the Krishna.
(Hyderabad jA -C-- ,
300 kms %g
f --C)
Robert: I have heard of Rajahmundry.
Where is it?
(--J ?)
conversations spoken form
(Do you) N C- know him?
questions h -C.Practice .
Gambhir: Yes. It is the bank manager's
(. C bank manager C)
Gowtham: Perhaps you have an account
with the bank. A big account,
( bank F account --
. l h--?)
-- 20 -d- 2005
(-v -J-*
-\ ---C?)
No.
Guide: A
little
distance
from
Vijayawada. It is
on the
Godavari. Where are you coming from?
(N-- --. -J
f. O-\---* h-o?)
Robert: From Goa. The beaches of the
Arabian sea are really grand. How
2) Pranav: Where is Vijayawada?

Prakash: About 40 kms off the sea coast.
(\ about = , off =
prepositions
-E-)
Pranav: Is the Krishna a big river?
Prakash: Yes. It is a very big river. One of
the twelve major rivers in India.

rate.. at, price.. for

1) last lesson 'The' E
-o-C: 'The'
far
is
Vijayawada
from the Bay
of Bengal?
-J-* -, --l -E ---- '-?/

which? o question --E --E h The --L.
a) He bought a book yesterday.
Eo- h -o-. h which

book? (o) question , no
answer. So 'a book' in the sentence.
b) The book there is mine.
\-o h --C. ' h/ which
book?' question , The book there
\-o h E answer hC d.
2) l _ x----o- x--J
L- N The hC. j - . The bank by your home,
the bike, the owner, the bank manager.
\ O-Eo 'The' hC.
-F?--Fo
x---o
d.
vh- x L- N- -E.
Gowtham, Gambhir l-J

Bank, bike, owner, bank manager
Pavan: Where are the books?
( -h---\?)
Ravi:
Can't you see? They are on the

table.
(-E-- ? table O-o.)
Pavan: And where's (where is) the pen?
Ravi: There too. On the table.
(\. table O)
Pavan: Where is the paper for me to write
(-E paper C?)
Ravi: You find a lot of paper in the shelf
there.
( shelf ---- paper C)
\ The books, The table, The pen,
The shelf o. - Ravi, Pavan
vh-N-ho books, table, pen, shelf Rx-l-J
L---. -E \- 'The' ----o.
-x--- 49
( *.
\ -G
-v -B-
-- -- M. SURESAN
--o. N- Bay of Bengal *
?)
Guide: About 40 kms
-- 'The' -- :
To the Southeast, The Krishna, The
Godavari, The Arabia Sea, The Bay of
Bengal. x, --v- x- *a- the -Lq. C\-
*--E (to the southeast) .
1) Ram: \ library \?
Raghu: Cl h -j -R}, ---j
A-. library -EhC.
Ram: - library l-? (Is begin
L)
Raghu: GLf *o. h- v -o.
2) Pranav: N-- \?
Prakash: vB-E 40 km
C.
Pranav: %-g -l ---?
Prakash: - l C. -- E 12 l
x C .
ANSWERS:
1) Ram: Where is the library here?
Raghu: Walk a little to the north and turn
(to the) left. You see the library.
Ram: Is the library big/ a big one?
Raghu: The building is small, but the
books are many.
-v-o: 1) O Q&A QJ{-
- vo ----Nh...
- J
h--o. --
''regular
actions
present passive
''A lecturer is appointed by the committee"
text book
regular
actions
present passive
simple future passive
"In every business
enterprise, the accounts will be classified on
the basis of one key factor. That key factor is
debit and credit.
Debit, Credit
accounts are classified
-
- uEo --. F
-- J

--T-. :
- uEo. ' -
-- K_--J-h . C
p J .
E -? Ba--.
2)
Khalid: The mangoes are good. How much

did you buy them for?
( N--x -o. o?)

Kesav: At Rs. 80 a dozen. I bought all these
for Rs. 160/-. There was a better
variety, but the price I felt was too
high. I was not prepared to buy them
at that price.
(Dozen 80 --- -p- -o.-
O- 160 ---C. -o
*- C. F K
\ -E--*C. l )
\ 'at' 'for' prepositions -
l. Rate dozen , ,
O at .
1) Gu 20 . -p- o
I bought this rice at Rs 20 a Kg.
2) She bought her dress material at Rs. 300
a metre.
(-- -v ---J-- O 300 . p

-oC)
When we say we bought mangoes at Rs.80
a dozen, ( dozen 80. v o)
, C Rate. d E- at.
N p--p h Eo x o,
h D -L-.
He bought these mangoes for Rs.200
-x h .200 d--o.
(C price; rate , d for)
h Gu 1600 ---C
I bought this bag of rice for Rs. 1600/-
C situation u-Eo present passive

-T---, perfect passive --T---?
--C d?
Input:- "A computer accepts data which is provided

by means of a input device like mouse, or key board"
(Input device
"input"
'data'
"A computer accepts
data which has been provided by means of input
device like a mouse or key board"
-j- f, - u- h--Eo
y-J--Eo
). v u-E
n h ' u- O
C-* y-
C y-J-C. d --
---:
E p-a?
.--.--, --
1) \
--
The accounts are classified

correct, will be classified C
(C price, rate .
unit E v.)
Rate
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:

Vinai: x O -?
(Do begin )
Vijai: . o- x
- 11
~- o.
Vinai: x curtains Fo -o. curtain f o? Fo f\?
Vijai: . O .320 v o.
h 4500 C.
Vinai: chairs ?
Vijai: chairs, sofa, table Fo--L
12000 C.
ANSWER:
Vinai: Do you own this house ?
Vijai: Yes. My father bought it for Rs.11 lakh
two years ago.
Vinai: The curtains are really nice. How
much did you buy the curtain cloth
for? Are all of them the pieces of the
same cloth?
Vijai: Yes. We bought it at Rs.320 a metre.
We bought the whole cloth for about
Rs.4500 (The whole thing cost us
about Rs.4500)
Vinai: What about these chairs?
Vijai: These (the) chairs, that (the) sofa,
that (the) table - we bought all of them
together for Rs.12000/- (All these cost
us Rs.12000/-)
p Vocabulary items .
1) E---}- = go to a movie/ film/ picture.
2) --N f--
serve a meal/ food/ lunch/ dinner
3) , --N *a x--y-
offer tea/ coffee/ a drink/ a seat
4)
(-E -p-)
coffee a E B-
He offered me coffee but I didn't take it.
5)
--E coffee *a O x
B-
I offered him coffee, but because he was

angry with me, he refused it/ to take it.
refuse= A- \-J--, p-----
6) y-J-- = accept
E-*a B
He did not accept my gift
- - y-J
(B)
He doesn't (does not) accept gifts.
not accept = reject
He rejected my gift =
He did not accept my gift.
future J EE *-hC.
2) Which is provided C correct. - p
J--..? Mouse, keyboard input
devices data C-h. EE computer
B-C. OJ-*a sentence
N--d. -C?
1) An input device like a mouse or keyboard provides the data.
2) The computer accepts it. p sentence no.1
passive Ja --E L is provides
d E -hC . . data,
- plural. Computer J-- v
singular .
[Ganesh: Hi Harish, pleasure seeing you

here. Welcome. Do come in.
(, K! Eo \[ [[/
y \- [ -
C. -L !) Do come in = L E d p[.
O conversation practise .
Harish: Pleasure is equally mine/ Pleasure
is mine too. So this is your new
home. Really splendid. The furniture
is elegant too.
( C. ]-o O h x. C. O
Jo- W- C.)
'pleasure' -expressions Fo conversational bits. O conversation [
[.
Splendid = excellent
Elegant =
W-j
22 d 2005
j --- made (make) #a prepositions -E made of, made from,

made out of.
1) All the furniture is made of teak.
Jo- .
h E -Eo
. `of' \[ p-E-J.
made of
We make tables of wood.
( tables (-q) \ h.)

a) Vx Et----- ,
\ j- ] d xd-
j- [-o.
Nowadays we are using pipes made of
(pipes of) hard plastic instead of pipes
made of iron and steel for construction purposes.
(finished product)
made of
-j h
E
j Eh p[
.
This Table is made of wood- o-p[ \
pieces.
curtain
b) She made a beautiful figure out of the
pieces of coloured paper.
( < \-
C.)
( T- \- t
C).
D made of, made from, made out of ]u.
?
[ d v ? d-[-?
sweat- y
Suseela: ]. \-- ?
Suguna:
Answers:
1. Raghu: What do you want, sir?
of... from... out of

made of.
2) The sweet is made from flour and milk.
E-h C. d
( y , h (--[-C)).
\[ made y from hC ! ,
(from flour and milk) o-p[ \[
-j h (finished product) -n-
x 50
Your drink is good. How did you make it?

Ganesh: Thank you. The furniture is all
made of teak. Dad got the wood
specially from Bhadrachalam
forests. How about having this
sweet? It's vilakand. Mom's (Mom
has) made it.
(Jo- .
o- v- [ #
p-. y B. C N. t C.)
Harish: (After taking a bite) It's delicious!
What's the stuff it is made of?
(( AE) # C. E
h DEo?)
stuff = n
Ganesh: It's a new variety. It is made from a
mix of rice and wheat flour, milk,
ghee etc.
(Gu-p, ]--, , u
L h.)
: N- y - Lp#C
v. -] v-Ao--.
(flour = , pronunciation- x, flour, flower
- pronunciation)
Harish: That flower vase stand over there,
that particularly attracts me. Is it very
expensive?
(\ x d C.
C K?)
flower vase= V/ v
vase- pronunciation- British - ,
American - -/--)
Ganesh: No. Our carpenter made it out of
the wooden pieces left over.
(]. NT-L-- \-\-

v[T Eo [.)
left over = NT-L---C.
eg. She gave the left overs to the beggar.
( NT-L-- E Ga-- #aC.)
(raw material - --/ -)

j E-]. d made from.
Made of , made from -E.
-- [, [ h- --
-j--p[ from --T-L.
a) T-Eo h (#) h.
Paper is made from waste material.
Paper
`from'.
b)
The doctor made this medicine from some
herbs.
herbs)
3) Our carpenter made it out of the wooden
pieces.
h E-] d
d ] Eo L-- .
(L-=
( v[T DEo NT-L-- \--\-

---[.)
\[ out of [-o. Eo h-- \ EN p[ `make out of'
.
a) She made the curtain out of the sari
Now practise the following aloud in English.

1) Raghu:
Ram:
- O?
x, Ka #--o o ho.
Raghu: x, Ka [.
Ram:
N xd-
N .
#
N
L.
Raghu: N \-[o. #
, NN] M. SURESAN
j-x.
Ram:
N o. Eo
-, C[x L.
Raghu: \-[-o [. -N
sC . h
p sponge, rubberized -j-N.
(= coir)
Ram: C . ] x o?
2) Suguna: Ny-#a v C.
?
Suseela: v, --, Cl x, - -, NJ-- L- Nv-.
(-E: C u . vo
-.)
Suguna: C. v?
Suseela: h d C
vo: An awareness programme will be held at kurnool on saturday. u

future tense
a) An amount of Rs. 104 crores would be paid in Rajampet constituency of Cuddapah district on Saturday.
Indirect Speech
past tense
refer
]E . u [.
u
?
h? x - -- [s J-Tx x?
b) 'Dr YSR is sure that availability of funds would not be a hindrance'-
u Indirect Speech - YSR was sure E L ! F
] News paper is sure E ? - is sure E Lq
h will be hindrance E L ! N-J---.
N FL, x-
I am looking for good tables and

chairs.
Raghu: How about these tables and
chairs, sir?
Ram:
They are made of plastic. I want
tables and chairs made of good
teak.
Raghu: There they are sir. Of good teak
and in a variety of designs.
Ram:
They're (they are) OK. I need
some mattresses and pillows too.
mattress
bed =
Raghu: Here are they sir. Made from
Sponge, rubberized coir- no problem in summer as they are not
made only of sponge.
Ram:
That's OK. How much are they?
2) Suguna: Your drink is good. How did you
make it?
Suseela: From a mix of grape juice,
orange juice, ginger extract,
sugar, and a little pepper powder.
(ginger =
extract =
Suguna: Really fine. How about this
dress of yours?
Suseela: It is made of pure silk. Is it good?
Suguna: How are you able to wear it in
such hot sun? Don't you sweat?
Suseela: No. I am most of the time in our
air conditioned office.
Ram:
=
- o
x,
B )
p[ O sentence DE continuation
d. an amount of
Rs. 104 Crore would be paid... C
independent sentence \[
would be paid d ]. \[ Lq verb will be paid. d. O
C--- --x. Future
--C E n.
b) Dr YSR is sure that the availability
of funds would not be a hindrancemain clause verb
sub-ordinate clause verb
Dr YSR is sure
report
will not be
sentence
correct form.
Dr
report
YSR was sure
YSR
report
was) would not
be- correct.
p[
d
-J-L.
E
h\[
L.
-p[
: a) An amount of Rs. 104 d v p-. ]

crores would be paid in Rajampet con- u ]-- The Minister
E
h (]said that money would be disbursed to
stituency of Cuddapah district on
o nAE p[
Saturday- u Indirect Speech the deserving (|-j J [s yho d

C, ] uEo -[-C.) sentence ]
---
Radhika: Hi Rama, (are you) in a hurry?
- o?
Rama:
You bet I am. I am on my way to

class. I'm afraid I shall be late. It's
already 7.50 and the class is at 8
(O' clock)
you bet I am bet
-*a-. (
- o-E y
a. *a- E .)
class ho. Late --.
p- 7.50 C. x 8 )
Radhika: Shall I see you in the evening

then?
Eo v --?
Rama:
I'm afraid it's a bit early. Make it

quarter past five. Past that will be
too late again.
British English
etc.,
Quarter past, half past

\- -. N -
- p-a.
02.10- Ten minutes past two
(-
Two ten),
02.50- Ten (minutes) to three
(- Two fifty)
past n: ' E.
(Past - pronunciation = d)
lessons , nEo
-}- past. He is past the building.
- = Past the age.
j
expressions
Kapil Dev is past the age of playing cricket.

cricket
--C.

Saikiran:
Hi Lakshman, where are you

coming from?
Lakshman: (I am) returning from a party.

Saikiran:
-x--- 51
Where?
Lakshman: At the wine n' dine Hotel.

Saikiran:
Where is it?
the Krishna Studio.
Saikiran:
6) Before 'of' phrases, if 'of' comes after a

plural (plural form
of phrases
plural form
The
7) Before the names of famous buildings, of
historical buildings, of big hotels, of monuments, etc.
Pavithra: Hi, Puneetha, did you see the
professor?
y
h
--).
v-- ?
Lakshman: Don't you know? It's near the
C .
(\ I'm afraid = I am afraid
-Eo --; j o
u- --.
--C 25 -d- 2005
A nice place, isn't it? What about

the Shelton Hotel near the
Charminar?
Puneetha: No, she left for the US yesterday.

No idea when she will be back.
On her way back she is going to
spend a week in the UK. She will
return home by the UAE.
Pavithra: I think she is the first in her
department to be invited to so
many countries.
India.. The US..

eg: I'm afraid it is not possible for
me to give it =
C y----
y E u- p-.) 5-15
. (Make it -E-.
5.15 ad -E) -C --
Sx -u---C.
Radhika: That suits me fine.
ok
conversation
lessons
dialogues
Spoken English forms.
practise
conversation
time expressions
7.50, 8 (O' clock), half past five,
quarter past 5, past that.
( E)

C

p---
Fo NN -sx
OE l _
h x--L
-- -d--C
. O
j ---E
E-.
-C-- ---o : - j
E *a- p--L-T--p at .
At 3 pm, at 4.15 etc.
English conversation
-C
?
_ Shelton Hotel
C?
Charminar
Laxman: Don't know much about it. By the

by I am leaving for Delhi tonight. I
am going to stop for two days at
Agra to see my uncle
--E -J-* - --L--.

C F, --- vA Mx o. J v-V v
uncle x
Saikiran: You will sure see the Taj, Won't
you?
-- p h ?
Laxman: And also the Rashtrapathi
Bhavan in New Delhi.
Mx -ZA h.
j -- 'The' -E-:
The Wine n' Dine Hotel, The Krishna Studio,
The Charminar, The Taj, The Rashtrapathi
Bhavan.
hotels
(monuments/ memorials)
The
Hotel
Hotels
The
At the
Centurian, at the Krishna Oberoi
at the Hotel Sheraton
At the Sheraton
Hotel
- 15 EN, 30 EN, 45
EN N- -.
h- p vl -
, p p
, J-v d c *o-
.
v
u
x
. F
.
d.
p--- ---oC.
The -s.
1) - E L- - ( ?/ which
- questions answer a x)
2) x--o x--J L- N-
3) , -q, -v, -v
x
4) y h (mountain ranges) x
, ( y The )
02.15 - Two fifteen/ Quarter past two

(Quarter = 1/4 hour)
02.30 - Two thirty/ Half past two
02.45 - Two forty five/ Quarter to three
5) Before the names of groups of islands

but not
before the name of a single island
The
AM, PM (AM = Ante Meridian, PM = Post

Meridian)
formal
conversation
. --pF,
v- a--pF .
hop -sEod l,
u-o C --h C .
*a- ---Lq h p in
the morning, in the evening etc .
h- - v O' clock
. O' clock = of the clock. f the
omit h d O \ apostrophe (')
. N -Eo L N:
10.00 AM/ PM - 10 O' clock - Ten O' Clock
10.40 AM/ PM - Ten forty
04.20 - four twenty
(D - x )
Dy
The Professor, The US,

The UK, The UAE.
(designations),
'The'
The District Collector, The Prime Minister of
India, etc.
(a) The
Prime
Minister of India,
Mr
Manmohan
Singh
(b) Mr
Manmohan
Singh,
Prime
Minister of India.
j --:
-v---, -
-
hC.
, M. SURESAN
N h - /
--N 'The'
hC (a) - -. - uh , y
/ --Nh E 'The' (b)
--. C u. -u , N
(designation, office - office \-
u- , N --E n) The
-.
Eo Z - pf
'the' . --: The US (The
United states of America - C Eo Z
), the UK (The United Kingdom England, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland
The UAE (The
United Arab Emirates Gulf countries
Dubai
Abudabhi,
Sharja
The India
L pf u),
-
F,
F,
E ). ---
Z , J
.
o Eo Z- N->.
The US, The UK N-x, Z,
v- p-f. India N-
, Indian Union E u--J-*--p The
Indian Union .
Prabhat: What movie did you go to,
Yesterday?
Prakash: The Ten Commandments. An Old
one
Prabhat: Isnt it an episode from the Bible?
Bible
Episode
Prakash: Yes. From the old testament in the

Bible.
Bible
old testament
Prabhat: Just as Maya Bazar is an episode
from the Mahabharatam
-EC
------E - ---Eo - E -B--x

Prakash: But I Doubt if Maya Bazar is from
the Original Mahabharatam
-- --- -- --E - ----.

--, p p v, Nv
v x 'the' p -.
This is the Telugu translation of the koran.
C -.
the Grandhsahib etc. - x y v x 'the' .
Valmiki's Ramayanam, Vyasa's Maha
bharatam etc.
Practise the following aloud in English.
Karuna: Hi Kranthi,
-Rd ?
E-u-- u--vA h -Eo
v--.
Kranthi: ?
Karuna: 22* 32u - \---J
E-u -%A h
(Lp C -- ---)
Kranthi: ? -J (US) , Britain
(UK) ---
x C ?
Karuna: . -x -C \
u---- UAE, US, UK
Rx -o. -Z -A --l-
- -N-- (brain drain)
-J-* o -u- --
- uh--J- .
Kranthi: ou Maldives
Lecturer Post Apply . h
Rx--. Job h --
\- -o.
Answer:
Karuna: Did you see/ go through the
Eenadu Today ? The Chief Minister
has announced a new scheme for
the benefit of the unemployed people.
Kranthi: What's (What is) the scheme?
Karuna: All the unemployed persons
between the age of 22 and 32 will
get unemployment allowance
Kranthi: Is it so? This has been in force in
the US and the UK
in force Karuna: Yes. A good number of our people
are leaving for the UAE, the US
and the UK. All because of there
are no employment opportunities.
The President of India, Mr Abdul
Kalam expressed concern over this
brain drain in his speech the day
before yesterday.
Kranthi: My brother too has applied for a
lecturers job in the maldives. If he
gets it he will go. He says getting a
job will make him as happy as if he
had climbed up the Himalayas.
x)
---
Deepak: Hi Dheeraj, do come in.
Pavan: Who was the boy with you yesterday?
Dheeraj: You had a book with you yesterday. What was it?
Ravi: The boy with a bundle of books?
(Eo F _ h C .
h C?)
Pavan: Yes, he had also with him a cell
(h- d o?)
(-E (_) Cell phone
C)
phone.
Deepak: You mean the book with the green

cover?
(Green cover
o
-J- F--C?)
book
Ravi: That's my cousin Raghu. He has

come down with his mother to spend
a few days with us.
Dheeraj: Yes, Isn't it a novel?
(C
novel
(Cl--V ---E ---

x-t a)
\ with ' n .
?)
Deepak: Yes, it is. (Do) you want it?
(. F ?)
Dheeraj: Yes, I am leaving this afternoon for
Mumbai. I want to take it with me,
to read it during the journey.
(---. - --uo --
-- ----o-. B-}----o-. v- ---E)
-x---
Here are
52
Bhaskar: Here is a mango. Very tempting.
(\ N C. -JhC)
Deepak: First let's have some hot idlis
( x A .)
Bhanu:
Let's eat it. Cut it with this knife.
they and here's the spoon to eat

them with
--- 27 -d- 2005
--d-
--d-).
\.
( u)
(N x. E A-
Ravali: I am busy with the exams.

Ramya: Are you studying alone, or with
some one else?
Ravali: Alone.
Ramya: Your dress is nice. Where did
you buy it?
Ravali: At Wear n' See. A hot pack is free
with it.
b) Krishna: How were the police able to
catch the thieves so quickly?
Karim: With the help of their sniffer
dogs (sniffer dogssniffKrishna: Were they able to find the stolen
money with the thieves?
Bhaskar: Let's have some forks also to eat
spoon). Have some ghee
it with.
a)
v-E v-y-u-Eo--
A lC
India is the largest democracy in the

world. (largest - superlative)
b)
AP
Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in the
South India.
c)
Mt
Everest. Mt Everest (Mt= mount =
is the highest peak
in the world.
Superlatives
'the'
first, second, third, fourth, etc. ordinals
'the'
1) Class
first mark
His is the first mark in the class.
~-C Zx
A lC
v- u-o y-P
y)
(P)
p-
.
OE
, O- .
-E
also. Ghees goes well with idlis,

doesn't it? (h u \, x-
u -C .) (go well
with = suit -)
j -- Preposition- 'with'
-E-. with - ' J--C.
The book with you = F o h F _o h; the book with the green cover =
green cover o- -h. with me = ;
a spoon to eat with = A- spoon. goes
well with = E L .
d with '- E.
I am with you..
forksBhanu: I bought these mangoes with the
money my uncle had given me.
uncle
'with'
instruments, tools, weapons
with a knife, with a pen, with
a gun, etc.
1)
He beat the snake with a stick
2)
Pen
He wrote/ noted down my address with
his pen.
3) The killer killed the girl with a gun
gun
4) Post office
Naxals bomb
They blasted the post office with a bomb.
With
troubles
I am with you in your troubles.
She is competing with her sister
sister
Practise the following:
a) Ramya: Hi Ravali,
(Eo
x-- v)
-v-o:
a) If I have money, I wish to buy this car.

b) If I had money. I would have spent It.
had, have
-\-
n a
o.- O- --u N- N-
L-----.
.-.y-N, -N---
---: have p j-
-.
I have a Car
(p) Car C.
had --j --
I had a car. -p Car C.
If I had money. I would have spent it -
sentence correct .
a) If I had money, I would spend it ---L,
-- (b) If I had had money, I would have
spent it L. -- n
C.
a) n, -_ p --s,
a -. d a d. (C
present situation) C -.
b) n _ s ,
a-d --. p _ -s
, a d- -.
c) If he studied well, he would pass. -p-
A C. --; ---
J-T --.
( present --EN.)
d) If he had studied well, he would have
passed
CN - (),
pass (--, fail
u).
a-
:
F - o-
No. One of them escaped with

the hot stuff.
)
(hot stuff =
-h
*a sh o)
- v d
v E
Karim:
-C.
Manoj:
Ravali: Exams
Ramya:
busy o.
y-\--E ---o? -J--- L ---o?
Ravali: \-o ---o.
Ramya: F dress C. \--o?
Ravali: Wear n' See shop . D-
hot pack free.
b) Krishna: ? -- --M-
- d--o?
Karim: x x \
d--o
Krishna: ---, x T-L-*
s d--o?
Karim: . x s
p---o.
ANSWERS:
a) Ramya: Hi, Ravali, not to be seen at all
(these days)?
Hi Mallesh, how goes life?
Mallesh: Getting on, Thanks; What's new?

Manoj: (Do you) know this, Chandra's
selection as
the
best
cadet of the
country?
best
cadet
(NCC)
(v-
M. SURESAN
-
?)
Mallesh: That's the happiest news I've had

in a month.
( No
happiest news
C.)
Manoj: Some thing more for you. Ours is the

first college in the state to win this
-E---
kind of award.
( ? Z
h - -\ a-o
College C)
\ 'The' -E-. The (best),
the (happiest), the (first) etc. superlative degree of the adjective - 'the'
; , first, second, third, etc.,
ordinals - L.
Superlative degree --: :
Largest, greatest, richest, tallest, most beautiful etc.
-- + st
F, adjective most EF h C
superlative degree. (Adjective - h-/
-E - L ; tall boy boy question tall answer
hC d, tall \ adjective). -
n 'u E.
Superlative degree of the adjective
'the' .
adjective
+ est
2) He is the fourth Prime Minister of India
- -- vE
(O o--J y o --N?, Dr
t--- -E o vE,
u--x 'o English
j . -C What is the
ordinal of Dr Manmohan Singh as PM?
expression J----. J n-yL ?)
y C .
Pranav: Who is that friend of yours that
was with you yesterday.
Prakash: He was my school mate. He was
one of my best friends at school.
We used to compete with each
other in the exams, and we have
always on top at school.
Pranav: Of you two, who was not better
better
comparative degree.
+er, 'r'
adjectives
more
adjectives
comparative
degree
Eg: Taller (tall+er),
braver (brave+r), more beautiful (more +
beautiful).
comparative
than
He is taller than his brother.
brother
Comparative
than
comparative
the
comparative
than
comparative
'the'
\
--C
-u
* a
--a
F
.
-
h,
-.
-,
hC.
F,
hC.
y
p
a) Suman is taller than Suseel

Suman
b) Of Suman and Suseel, Suman is the
taller.
a)
Comparative, taller
than
Comparative
'the'
b)
Comparative
taller
than
Comparative taller
'the'
(Q o
-)

y
C. d
. ,
y
y
, d,
hC.
---
Ram:
Raghu, how tall are you?
Salesperson: The price has gone up by Rs.

3000/-
(, y ?)
Raghu: I am 5'9". ( 5'9")
Does it mean you are taller than me
by an inch?
(Does it mean)
inch
Raghu: of course, and I weigh less than you
by 5 Kgs 5 Kg
( -
J-TC. - by Rs.
Ram:
( =
?)
y o
(*a-. Sx Fo
\)
Ram:
But the length of my shirt is more

than yours by atleast 4 Cms.
shirt
shirt
4 Cms
(
--\)
-F
29 -d- 2005
3000/-)
Practise the following in English:
1.
Priya:
Sekhar:
Priya:
Sekhar:
Priya:
Sekhar:
Priya:
y l--?
. F x (by ).
- Eo L-
Interview .
-N? 10 EN--.
Sreekanth p-- a--\-?
- .
Eo F - late
L- .
2.
Santosh:
-x--- 53
Raghu: That's because you are fatter than
me by 3 Cms
3 Cms
'by'
by
(y o
--d)
j -- -E- .
- u C C
y .
x F 50
-.
Sunil:
x C \ ?
Eo ?
Santosh: lC, *o--E-o 4 Kg -\.
Sunil:
C E- 50 - \.
ANSWERS
1.
Priya: Are you older than I/ me?
Sekhar: Yes, atleast by 2 years.
The Indian is not so hardworking as the

Japanese.
(the Indians)
(the
Japanese)
The cheetah ( all cheetahs is the
fastest of all animals.
-B-
x
d- E--.
*--L)

b) I weigh less than you by 5 kgs
5 Kg
c) by atleast 4 cms
4 Cms
d) fatter than I/ me by 3 cms = 3 Cms
Prakash: Congrats, Lakshman. That was
a marvellous game you played
yesterday (Lakshman, congrats
How
many points did you win the
match by?
I know you were winning and left before the end of
the match
Fo
F
Eo - ).
(Eo x
-L-?).
(y -h-E L
Rx--).
Lakshman: By nine points (9 points /
C-u-)
Prakash:
At the half time itself you were

leading by 4 points. (Half time
4 points
That's a
good lead.
p- y
C-u--/
-- -o)
(* C-u)
\ /--C-u C
'by' -h-o .
a) Lx- x lC
She is her sister's elder/ older than her sister by two years.
b)
necklace
necklace

---\.
This necklace is costlier than that by Rs.

2000/Salesperson: What do you want, please?
Customer:
How much is this wrist
watch?
watch
Salesperson: It's Rs. 2000/-
K-?)
(
-)
Customer:
But it was Rs 1700/- last

week.
(- 1700
o)
Is that why they called you earlier

for the interview?
Sekhar: How much earlier? Just by 10 minutes.
Priya: When did Sreekanth come here?
Sekhar: Half an hour earlier than I/ me
(Earlier than I by half an hour)
Priya: But they called him later than you
by just 15 minutes.
2.
Santosh: They differ in their prices by Rs
50/Sunil:
Which of the two is the heavier,
and by how many kgs?
Santosh: The bigger one is heavier than the
smaller by 4 kgs.
Sunil:
It costs less than that by Rs 50/-
The lotus is a lovely flower
y C (Eo
E).
-J C
The camel is the ship of the desert.
Kuntala: Your friend Kamala has failed
again
friend
fail
(O
C)
S}
Karuna: She is lazy. The lazy never succeed
( J. x N
Priya:
Anjan: Hi Arun, which is your most favourite

wild animal?
(N %- F-\ d-i--C?)
(L)
Arun: The tiger, of course

Anjan: Doesn't the lion look more majestic
than the tiger?
Amar:
(L-o
\ -Eh-C ?)
The elephant is my favourite (
favourite ). It looks grand and
is not at all ferocious like the tiger or
the lion.
grand
(-
-Eh-C.
L, - v-iC )
\, 'the' . The E \
countable singulars... lion, tiger, elephant
The tiger, the lion, the elephant.
The tiger is my favourite
the tiger
the lion, the elephant =
\
A C -Fo E.
, - E.
The dog is a faithful animal
\ (Eo \) Ny-- ()
AE h -J-* p- countable singular the J--C.
2.
Pramod:
Prasad:
Pramod:
(*--- Eo ---o N)
By nine points..
a) you are taller than (I)/ me by an inch
Sasikanth:
).
she
not
She is rich of course, so

does
care.
(x
sC,
-E
l d-)
Kuntala: But not all
the rich are
like
that.
uEo %d --E d- -
--x N u
> J---C ?
*L (Cheetah) > .
-v%-A- v- -\- E
---C ( v- =
Meek creatures). - v ~---?
ANSWERS
Sasikanth: Have you finished the assignment?

Srikanth: No. I will begin it in the evening.
Sasikanth: The lazy always postpone
Srikanth: Do the industrious always succeed?
Sasikanth: The industrious with a clear idea
of their goals always succeed.
2.
Pramod: Doesn't (Does not) the deer run
very fast?
Prasad:
The cheetah is faster than the
deer.
Pramod: The meek always are harmed/
always suffer in nature. Wonder
why God doesn't protect the
meek (Wonder = I wonder -
n
----E/ -Eo --)
from the ferocious.
-E: Comparative degree adjective

than y me or I? him or he? her or
she? them or they? - --C ----
hC .
M. SURESAN
( - )
Karuna: That's right. Among the hardworking, there are many who are rich.
(C E. d- E- x,
-C E- o)
\ : The rich, the lazy, the hardworking. rich (so, E--j), lazy (J
-), hardworking (industrious) = d-
O-Eo-F adjectives -
L -o . the
-x n hC. C
plural. Tall = -j, the tall = -x (plural); Fat = j, the fat = -x;
poor = H, the poor = H-x.
1) -x d-x -
Suman is taller than me/ taller than I.

correct? Grammatical
taller than I
correct.
modern
usage
taller/ stronger/ cleverer than
me/ him/ her/ them/ us
better. taller than I
--x C
- aC
C. -
h vC. p .
C u .
a) My friend likes the mango better than I
b) My friend likes the mango better than me.
Correct,
a)
mango
mango
b)
mango
clear
(a)
My friend likes
the mango better than I do
do
extra
\
y n-.
n.
d. d.
\ d.
n. d.
x o d x E.
L--
C
E
---Eo
-h.
The tall play better than the short.

2)
E- H-x L.
The rich should help the poor.
3)
E- \ E-----o. H-x
H--x---o
The rich are getting richer, the poor are
getting poorer.
4)
x j-
The lazy never prosper

1.
Sasikanth: Assignment
Sreekanth:
Sasikanth:
Sreekanth:
Jh---?
. vA v-Gh.
xp h-.
d- ---x- N -?
-v- o:
Did not he play cricket?

Interrogative negative
not he
- -u-
-
--
--*a-C. -E -Eo -s-x -vA-x, -q-
not he -y- -h-C. -- ---.
--: Did he not speak the truth?
-.-v--, ----y
----: (a) Did not he play cricket? o,
(b) Did he not play Cricket? o .
(b) \- - C. , contracted form --p, (a) hC.
Didn't (Did not he) he play cricket? C
spoken english \- .
---
Bhaskar: What are you looking at, Bhanu?
Bhanu: At the little boy there; He is sitting
on the arms of the chair. He may
fall down any moment.
( *o--xo. Ka --O
aE o. ~-j o --a)
Bhaskar: He is in real trouble. let's go to
him and put him down.
( E s-C o.
_ Rx C
)
Bhanu: That will save him from trouble.
(E sC * --C.)
Bhaskar: Surprising, no body to take care
of the child
( Gf v-h - Rx\ -- au C)
j -- - -E-. N...
at, on, of, in, to, from. --C
- prepositions .
English prepositions o vu
\. prepositions A, u
N C. preposition
- -iN Nh vu-.
Prepositions - -u ,
E -li N- --.
preposition, y preposition
L vo - .
-- English %- E--x
-p. English C-N- F N . --- y - p----a.
English prepositions Nh
vu----, - y a
vu---Fo English --h.
Sundar: He has come from Vijayawada.
( N-- * a)
, N-- * .
English
from Vijayawada
--E
C.
He will be here till 5'o clock.
(till 5'o clock = 5 )
Sukumar: When will he go back to
Vijayawada?
(N--- = to Vijayawada)
Sundar: He hasn't (has not) yet told me of
it.
(of it = E J* p-)
vo:
y
prepositions - ,
-, . i \ -.
prepositions ---T-- J* Eo
general principles ---- -u.
Spoken English Correct - N
- --.
English
(Eo h-o ?)
1. Discuss
1 -d- 2005
About
?
Explain
--
F --?
(Eg: , x)
DEE Tx- ---
3. ' O NE-h DEE Tx-
L?
4. 'Just' usage E p
---.
5. ' u o s ---E *-h-o DEE Tx- pL?
>.---yx, o, K-- >x
2.
1. Discuss, describe, mention, explain,

state, remark- O y about .
2. What is he to you?/ How is he related to
you?
3. I will give you a song/ Let me sing a song
to you.
4. Just= p, just= only, v
5. Of late he has been hesitating to ask me
for money.
1) Pavan: I wrote a letter to my sister yesterday

( sister Eo letter )
Ravikanth: Did you tell her about the
book exhibition here?
Suneetha: Is your home the one behind the

post office?
(O x Post office -?)
Supriya: No, it is by the Post office.
side of it (beside it/ by it/ near

to it) there is a book shop.
What books do you want to
buy at the shop?
- ---i- ----!
(\ h v-z J*
p?)
Pavan: Yes, I did. I wrote to her to start

by the 9 AM train which arrives
here at 5 PM.
(p. NtC train
-l--Lq-C . \--C 5
- -C)
-- to my sister, about the
book exhibition, by the 9 AM train, arrives
here at 5 PM - expressions to, about,
by, here prepositions Fo- sentence
o -Eo ---o .
- sister (to my sister), h
v-z J* (about the book exhibition), 9
train (by the 9 AM train), 5 -
(at 5 PM) Fo Nh vu-
h-o . C prepositions o ui v. Sentence u
.
-J? to my sister;
E J*?: about the book exhibition;
train ?: by 9 AM train;
Eo- : at 5 PM.
Fo English Nh %- -,
N x ----.
Prepositions -u \ ?
2) Ramana: These flowers are nice. Are
they from your garden?
( -o. O
--?)
-E- from- garden .
---j ' . ' y
aC.
Rahul: No. They were in the basket on
the table. I took them from the
basket.
(, Table Oo d
o. x* Bo)
\ -E- ? from, in, on
prepositions -C-*
.
3) Prathibha: Where are the flowers?
( \ o?)
Prabha: They are in the basket. The
basket is on the table. I bought
the flowers at the flower stall,
beside my uncle's place near
the Post office.
(in the basket= d , on the table=
table O; at the flower stall= --d ;
beside my uncle's place= --Rx
\; near the Post office= Post office _)
-Fo- in, on, at, beside, near- vEo L prepositions. - E p-E OE ? positions L Eo
prepositions l.
-x--- 41
(. \)
It is between the
Post office and the
Income Tax office
(Post
office,
Income Tax office
M. SURESAN
u)
j p prepositions Eo-, v- *N, positions L--N-
o ?
Practice the following aloud in English:
a) Karim: _- \-- Book shop
?
OC *
C. EE - book
shop C. book shop
h- -----o?
Karim: Eo computer books L.
N x ---.
Kamesh: , F -Lq q cinema hall o book stall
--. E _
book stall C. \
--.
b) Pranav: Eo y\o?
Pratap: friend x
Pranav: x-\?
Pratap: _. Rx-
u buildings
v o. Rx
l d C.
Pranav: \ bank C ?
Pratap: .
c) Sravanthi: h Eo table O
C. F bag
?
Swarna: . B-o.
- Lq
*aC.
Sravanthi: F bag table d-?
Swarna: Table O - d
Kamesh:
ANSWERS:
Karim: I want some Computer books.

They are not available in our
town.
Kamesh: Then you get the books you
want at the book stall behind
the theatre. Near that there is
another book stall too. You get
there the books you want.
(b) Pranav: Where were you yesterday?
Pratap: At my friend Tarun's
Pranav: Where is his home?
Pratap: Very near mine. Only three
buildings are there between
mine and his. There is a big
tree in front of it.
Pranav: Isn't there a bank beside his
home?
Pratap: Yes.
(c) Sravanthi: My book was on the table
yesterday. Why / How is it in
your bag today?
Swarna: Yes, I took it. I wanted some
information in it.
Sravanthi: Why did you keep your bag
under the table?
Swarna: Because there was no room
on the table.
(English --E - s place/ space j -. Room
L.
Bus jp C v C.
There is room in the bus only for 30 passengers)
p--- position L preposition
Eo-E --o. \? E vo-h

y-Lq ---E prepositions .
positions L JEo prepositions:
Sukumar: Why has the train stopped?
(Train TC)
Suman: There is flood water over the
bridge
(Bridge O F C)
The whole area on either side
of the track is under water.
(Bridge -j- o v- E-T--C= under
water =Fx )
Sukumar: Thank God, All the passengers in the train are safe
(F train E v---
~ o)
(a) Karim: Is there a book shop anywhere
near here?
Kamesh: At the end of the street there
is a medical shop. Just by the
Above, below, inside, outside, beyond positions L prepositions. OE
N
O ux .
---
Ram:
Hi Shyam and Prem, well met

You are talking
about the college day perhaps.
College Day
- well met
conversation
practise
Shyam: Yea, about the item we want to
present.
at: 'at'
---- -- --o-. p-C l.
(--- ).
(O
-J-* x= ----o-d-o?
- *--C.
)
Ram:
(. V v-Jz--
J*)
And what's that going to be? (
v-Jz----o?)
Prem: We are yet to take a decision about

it.
Ram:
(E -J-* Eg BLq C)
OK. O, that reminds me. There will

be a talk on 'Decision Making' by
Prof. Nischai tomorrow at 6 at college. Are you coming?
reminds me =
(, hh*a x*aC.
-p- ---- 'od h*aC, E E-C English. O conversation . J- 'Eg-v -J-* Prof. Ea-x----o college . -Oh-o?)
Sekhar: How good are you at Telugu?
(O - a?)
Sanjeev: Just give me some time. I will be

as good at it as you are.
time
(\h
y. F
x--)
I am poor at Hindi ( C )
Sekhar:
Sanjeev: I am quick at picking up languages
(- y h)
- -- -.
a) He is good at giving such talks.

b) Our Principal is good at picking such
experts.
good at
Poor at Maths Maths
Quick at understanding
j N L--.
.
y n ----. x
, u y 'at' .
a) - -- N- u h
He is slow at doing things.
(
.
- N--O
x-)
Just as our Principal is good at picking such experts.

Principal
Shyam: That's true.
Prem: You are right.
prepositions about, on, at
( E--
-
-)
j --
-E- . --C ,
about J* E. About the book =
h-Eo J*.
a) Eo - -J-* paper C
We read about him in the paper.
b)
school days
x -x
--o
J* x-
They talked about their school days.

c)
E -J--* h-
I do not remember any thing about it.

on:
on
He is going to talk on decision making
l, u N-- -J--*
-p- .
a)
Eg vv -J--*.
v-y--u-Eo -J--* u C
It is essay on our democracy.
b)
j t--u- -J--* E-C C
It is a report on farmers suicides.
-v-o: Direct -*
Indirect speech
Interoggative sentence
if
whether
if
whether
Synthesis of sentences (sothat/ neither nor, not only but also)
L?
----.
a--
hC. E p
p - L-
-T- -l-- -N--J---.

.--_-v-,
N--
---: Direct * Indirect speech
Ja--p, (Interrogative sentences
) if , whether .
Synthesis of sentences -J-*
N-Jh.
conversaSushma: Doesn't matter.

tions
I am at
pronunleisure. (at leisure
ciation:
measure
pleasure
What do you
want?
Sumana: You are good at English, Please
explain this lesson.
Sushma: I am good at English, but I am not
so good at explaining.
(D O
---)
-S;
-.
,
).
the temple supervising some repairs.
( - --}-. V v-
. vA v- h. x
Engineer friend \ o.)
Dad: Your mother needs some medicines.

Perhaps the shop is open now.
Shop
(t L.
-?)
Amar: That shop is my friends. He opens

shop quite early. I think it is open
talking about..
Shyam and
Prem:
Oh, sure. No missing it. Prof.
Nischai is very good at giving
such talks. We will certainly
make it.
miss
Ram:
--C 2 -d- 2005
-x--- 54
Maths
He is hopeless at Maths.
c)
grammar
He is bad at grammar.
d)
She is the best of all of us at singing.
Now practise the following aloud in
English:
Sushma: Hi, Sumana,
Sumana:
busy
Sushma:
b)
E--
--J Cd
a?
y
o-N-p?
y-. -S- o, L
p?
Sumana: F English -a . lesson h explain -.
Sushma: English --a. -E
Explain -- p-.
Sumana: n ----- h slow.
teacher - fast hC.
classmates --C y
a---.
Sushma: OK. v-Aoh. l
--.
b) Pavan: O -J-* F ?
Prakash: movie -J-* y--?
Pavan: -- p- ---o movie
J*
Prakash: C --- N-F-AE J*
-.
Pavan: p h-*aC. Eo paper
Eo -J--* l u
C. Eo lines
*vEo
-J--* --o.
Prakash: C u. E -
- Nx-- - L-N--. (Nx- analysis)
Pavan: u N--E-h, vA centre page articles Fo
. Fo -----J- .
Answers
Sushma: Hi Sumana, What brings you
here?
conversational expression.
conversation
(C
C O
)
Sumana: How busy are you now?
Sumana: I am a little
slow at understanding
things.
Our
teacher is fast.
Many of my
classmates
are quick at
M. SURESAN
learning.
Sushma: OK I'll try. Let us see how good I
am at it.
b) Pavan: What do you know about the
movie?
Prakash: What movie are you talking
about?
Pavan:
The one showing at Navrang.
(Showing
The movie is
now showing at the theatre.
'run'
The movie ran for a hundred days)
Prakash: I think its (it is) a movie about
corruption in politics.
Pavan:
Yes, that reminds me. I read an
article in the paper on the same
topic yesterday.
magazines
articles
There were some lines
in it about this movie.
Prakash: I read it too. The writer is very
clever at this kind of analysis.
Pavan:
Talking about articles,
talking about/ coming to) all
the centre page articles in the
paper are good. The trouble is, all
of them are on politics.
-.
E -
.
(vA--,
u-
)
(N--E-
Amar: Dad, I am starting for college. When

will you be there?
college
(
\?)
ho. O-p--
Dad: You mean, at the college?

college
You know, mother is
going to hospital. I am taking her
there; after coming back from the
hospital I will see you at the college.
hospital
Hospital
college
Where is Arun?
Amar: He has gone to temple. You know
today is friday. Every friday he goes
to temple. His engineer friend is at
(y--,
?)
(t
----C .
*
B---o.
-h.)
*a- y
( \?)
now.
( shop friend C.
y- Bh. p J --)
j -- -E-*C
, -s 'the' -,
-s 'the' ----. J-nA
u v- hC.
Eo v- vu- Eo ---
J-N- . School, college, institution N Nu-u--E, Nu -
(learning and teaching) J-N, vu.
hospital, clinic, nursing home N
ju -E, ju --E vu.
temples, churches, mosques (masjids)
N -, --, vn-- vu
v-. v-/ n vu --
vh-N-h-o-p 'the' .
I
A
Students/
lecturers/
professors...
go to
are at
B
school, college,
university etc.
A p x- B p x
vu - h d,
school, college, etc 'the' . N-x, schools, colleges, etc --
--Ex, go to/ are at the school/
college etc.
A student goes to college/ their parents go
to the college.
(to meet the principal, pay the fees, etc)
II
(devotees),
They go to temple/ to church/ to
mosque, etc.
the engineer is at the
temple to supervise some repairs
.
h
---.
- -vn- -n-
- --,
--o
(-\ -}- )
III Doctors, nurses, patients go to hospital.

hospital
hospital
'the'
Amar's
father, after returning from the hospital
patient
doctor
A patient is at hospital. Their friends and relatives go to the hospital to see.
business persons
open
shop, close shop, are at shop.
go to
the shop, are at the shop.
Karun: What's your brother, Kesav?
brother
Keshav: He goes to college.
college student
'He goes to college'
Ox--J
E d,
. - --
o . \-
-}--- E .
-
-N---
--j-
(O
h- --?)
( -
. D-E-
--E N p-).
o-
---
Aravind: When are you starting for college?
(College
-p- -l-
-o?)
Bhanu: Why, as usual at 9.
(? - Nt-C-)
Aravind: But yesterday you left even at 8.
(E Eo y E-N-C -l . Even at 8= at 8 itself =

E-N-C-)
Bhanu: No, I started at 8, but it was not for
college. I went to Suman's and
from there, we two set out for college at 8.45.
Praphul: Too many visitors for you
(F a-x K -\-)
3) For -l--, -}-, --- (prepare), - - (ready)
E -L verbs \ hC. j -
a) start for, leave for, set out for (Eo-
n -l-- -)
Delhi -l-- / --x
leave for Delhi (setout for Delhi)
b) prepare for the match; be ready for the
Aravind: Have you sent for Bharat yet?
( /
d?)
b) The names of things unique of their kind
match; practise for the match

4) Famous, well known, known,
(--C/
v-Cl--C, etc) y 'for' -h-C.
E-N-C- -l-JC, college

. . \-o* L
college -l)
set out= -l-- conversation
.
-- 4 -d- 2005
j- A C h
--)
c) The names of rivers, seas, oceans,
Notorious for.
ranges of mountains, groups of islands,
- thanks
countries formed by groups of states.
(for )
Subha: y N -x --.
\--* N?
[Imp: No 'the' before the name of a single
Subha: (over phone) Hi Sobha,

Sobha:
mountain/ single island]

d) Designations and offices (No 'the' before
What for?..
Bhanu : What for?
for what
Aravind : Have you forgotten? We have got
to practise for the match next
week.
Match practise
Bhanu : He is in Chennai for his cousin's
wedding. I'll (I will) call him today
and tell him that we should prepare for the match.
designations
(? -u
E )
(--*---? a-
-L ?)
(x cousin R} j o --}.
phone match ready
Lq E h)
Aravind: Tell him to start early. He is known
for his game but notorious for his
lack of time sense.
(y t. Game -E C. -- Time sense =

punctuality = - -- F
C.)
Notorious=-J- \---L
= - x, -
-. a notorious murderer=
C -. Famous actor =
v-l )
j -- for .
1) uC (period of
time) for hC for 10 minutes
(10 E-N-), for an hour (), for 3
years (-x) etc.
2) 'for' u -- , l-P-*
n-.
j --
a) Send for Bharat = -- /--
b) what for? = - /- -
c) for the match = match /match
(l)
N-- *. N-- v-Cl-

, T--Lx - (
varieties)
Delhi
Dad bought this dress for me in Delhi.
f)
/ - l-P-*)
h - =
o =
(
This book is for
Ramesh.
g) Praphul: some one has come for you.
(-F - a.)
Prasanth: for me? at this hour?
(-? -i?)
thereafter the name

of the person)
j--- --p ----o? (Start .)

Sobha: j--? ?
Subha: v-V---E.
Sobha: o vA h-o.
AJ--*a--y j--
A -*-h. (Leave ).
t -J C .
Subha: y h F V- --E J.
M. SURESAN
lowed by 'then'.
p -:
Manohar: Good morning Mahesh, why are
you up so early?
( y
Ev ? Up \ Ev---.
simple .
Conversation ).
Mahesh: I get up (am up) by this time
every day. I go for a morning walk
(-p time * -h).
Answer:
Shubha: (over phone) Hi Sobha, Thanks a
Manohar: Walking is good. The longer you

walk the stronger you are.
lot.
Shubha: For sending me mangoes. Where
Mahesh: That's true. But my classmate

Sudheer walks 6 kms every morn-
are they from?

Sobha: From
h )
Sobha: What for?
Vijayawada.
You
know
Vijayawada is famous for the two

varieties.
Rasaalu
and
Banginapalli.
Shubha: Then when are you starting for
Hyderabad?
Sobha: Hyderabad, what for?
Subha: To spend a few days with me/
Sobha: Dad is leaving for Mumbai tonight.
walk, the more active you are.

d)
h \--Dl L \ =
classmate
Sudheer W 6 Kms -h.
College N-)
Manohar: Why so? (-E?)
Mahesh: He is as tall as Amitab (N-
)
our College. (
No.2:
uh x , - h,
, x (proper nouns) , the .
\ The Amitab, The Sharook Khan
-o x-E u-i -J , x Jx*a, E 'the'
.
1) 21 -l D
p---\o?
- Hollywood -.
Krishna: Mumbai ?
Kumar: . \ -o--Dl -E--*C. Mumbai.
Krishna: v%A u (Beauty of Nature)
- Qt. C -
Switzerland C. \ Dal q Boat trip -C.
\ --o ---E-hC.
b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, C-
o?
Prakash: u a. family E -.
Prabhat: t-_?
Prakash: x -J-* -\
x- *C.
ANSWERS:
a) krishna: Hi Kumar, Where have you
been?
Kumar: I was in the Hollywood of india
Krishna: You mean Mumbai?
Kumar: Yes, the more I stayed there, the
more/ the longer I wanted to stay.
How beautiful Mumbai is.
Krishna: If you talk of the beauty of nature,
Manohar: And who is the Sharook Khan of
nothing to beat Kashmir (Kashmir
your class?
(O
class Sharook Khan
dC .
?)
Subha: If you come I want you to be here

for a week.
Mahesh: I haven't (have not) thought of it
of India. The boat trip in the Dal
(E -J-* ---*--)
- -Eo-x 'The' !
Khan.
-p-- Eo lessons 'the'

-J-* a-o N- v-:
We use the before
a) The names of great and holy books (The
Ramayanam, etc.)
lake is very pleasant. There too

the more you stay, the more you
The longer you walk, The stronger you are.

The Amitab of the College; The Sharook
Sobha: Ok.
No. 1:
h *C.
u- English p-p Comparatives
. -- -- 'the' p L.
a) E -F Dl --E--hC.
The more you see it, the more you wish to
see it.
Nothing to beat
Kashmir). That is the Switzerland
Only after he returns, do I think of

Hyderabad.
The higher
you climb, the colder it.
ing. And really he is the Amitab of
for spending a few days with me.
The more you
Kumar:
g) the comparative degree, when it is not fol-
Sobha: OK.
-*--Dl _ =
a) Krishna: Hi Kumar
singular, to talk of the

whole class
c)
Now Practise the Following:
of the adjective,
Subha:
d) for his cousin's marriage = cousin
Rx--/- -Rx
e) o v
and
f) the superlative degree
The more we eat,
He is the Gandhi of the 20th C.
e) before a countable
Sobha:
Ao-Dl -\ =
the fatter we become.
( D-J x -
o. DE ----h- E)
2) He is the Bhima of class - - class
H.
offices if you mention
-x--- 55
b)
(Unique =
want to stay.
b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, you look sad
Prakash:
My Uncle has come he is the

Sakuni of our Family
Prabhat:
Is he so bad?
Prakash:
The less we talk about such

people, the better for us.
---
Charan: Hi Chandra, how are you?
Chandra: Fine Thanks, how are you?
Charan: Same here. Thanks. Congrats.
(Congrats = Congratulations
-vu----q -- -\ -- =
--G----)
Chandra: What on? (?)
Charan: On your fine performance in the
play yesterday.
(y Eo - -
-*--)
Performance - ---q - \-- = j, u
u-i N-Eo -
Performance in a play/ movie/
game/ as a leader =
performance
play=
-/ E/ -- J
J Ey-/ E-B.
x = - --;
n - C.
a)
F * \ a-o G-- = congratulations/ congrats on your
good marks.
Congratulations =
-j --j- -C-*-p-
-p-C. --E --- thanks h.
b) y Eo-j-- Congrats
Congrats on your election.

congrats
Congrats on your excellent action/ performance.
d) Congress
congrats. Congrats to congress on its excellent performance in the elections.
(Performance
2) Comment on: Comment
Comment
'on'.
a)
He always on comments on others.
make comments/ pass comments
c)
-*--
L*--
-E-)
uu
-/--G-v- L--a-.
y
p --- -J-* =
E
uu - n.
Chandra: Thank you.

Charan: Every one was commenting on
your action only. They were all
praise for you
Chandra: Oh, that's (that was nothing).
Thanks any way. How's your
practice of cricket going? Hope
you will be on the college team for
the finals. (
thanks.
cricket practice
College finals team
-----.
F
C?
y---E P-ho)
(-x ---o?)
Charan: (I am going to) spend some time
on bowling practice. (I) need to
improve my bowling.
bowling practice
bowling
(
L.
-----Lq - C)
Chandra: Ok, then. Good luck, bye.
(, F %d --E J,
h-J)
Charan: Bye
j -- preposition 'on'
-E-.
1)
Congratulations
p--p,
v: What on?
: On your fine performance.
2)
3)
4)
5)
commenting on
on the college team
depends on
spend time on
preposition 'on'
1) Congratulations (Congrats
On.
Eo -s.
E
) y p
-x--- 56
b)
----p- -- -J-* uu-E--
He never comments/ makes comments/

passes comments on others.
c)
performance
-
-J-* uu -. -E - -E - h -C vo.
It's (It is) easy to comment/ pass comments/ make comments on others' performance but how well we do a thing is the
question.
3) On the team. team
(in
English
on
on the list;
on the rolls,
on the premises;
on the campus, etc.
a)
team
We do not take you on the team.
b)
His name is first on the list.
c)
I do not allow such things on my premises.
d)
College
It did not happen on the campus.
4) Depend on =
common.
depend =
. -- n)
-o. - '
hC. G-
--x
d =
=
--=
Nu- - =
Eo
a
G- -- -C
-- E--N t-A-
- --
C
----. C
E/ JO ----
. English . Depend
y p 'on'.
-v-o: Home, House, Residence - Home, house nx --N? OE p-p --T- N-J---.
-C v-tu,
*-M-o
----: I. Home- ,
u- E x home. -j
J Lx--v-, o--t, \--x-x C
home. -u home
- -sx my,
your, his, her, etc. --\-.
I am going home
(to my home
He went home an hour ago
(His home
--h-o.
v --x.
--N- -?
J E -J-* x-o x x,
home.
Home
My home is Nellore.
He left his books at home
books
3) Home =
His home is England.
4) Home =
Minister for home affairs.
yn n - C.
yn x.
() -x C--.
.
Q.
(Q -_ u- vA)
5) at home and abroad = y-, N-x.
6) Old age Home, Home for the blind-
x 'v.
II. House = -j house .
He bought a house last year
-\--)
vA--E x \ O ----
He depends on his sister for every thing.
b)
{Eo d
Crops depend on rains.

c)
Fo s--d ?
Everything depends on money.

d)
N v d ---C
Success depends on hard work.
5) Spend on:
a)
Mohan:
- -x d O \
s, \ time % h. - \ time --.
Girija and
Sailaja:
b) Lakshman:
Madhu:
y O comments h-od.
p -l-?
F O -- -C.
y-p ready p.
on the campus..
Charan: Not so bad. Every thing depends

on my game in the first two
matches.
Chandra: And what are you going to do during the vacation?
--C 9 -d- 2005
-q x o.
Lakshman:
u.
Spend =
a--d-.
-- (V,
)
a) -O
a d
M. SURESAN
He has spent a lot

(of money) on the house.
b)
W u h
I spend two hours (every day) on exercise.
c)
practice
He spent the whole of last week on practice.

d)
E p d- \ a -
Anil spends a lot (of money) on clothes.
Spend
on.
e) TV
on
time
waste
% h
He wastes time on the TV/watching the TV.

f)
friends
time
% h
He wastes time/ a lot of time on friends.

Now practise the following in English:
a) Girija:
dress d o?
)
Sailaja: 2500 -. hC ?
Girija: F 400 - E O %
-. - 2000 -- d.
Sailaja: F dC selection . (spend, I )
y
(Spend
She has two houses in Hyderabad, and one

in Vijayawada =
But She lives in
Guntur. Her home there is very close to the station =
Guntur
House
business house,
The House of Tatas-
j--- x, N-- x -o.
C v
. x
,
(E) x.
-sx u
E n .
III. Residence: C - formal. Phone
numbers, address N p--p
. Residence phone no; Residential
address (office phone no; office address
Go). \- home phone no.,/ address
-a.
- uh E-- Residence
The Prime Minister's residence,
The governor's residence, etc.
late y--.
x G- * o.
x L--p- .
Madhu:
--E
--h-o?
Lakshman: F -*a. E congrats.
J - A M.
Lakshmi: selections \ -- o?
Lakshman: College campus .
Answers:
a) Girija: How much did you spend on the
dress?
Sailaja: I spent Rs. 2500/- on it. Isn't (is not)
it worth so much?
(worth =
is worth =
N;
N -
- N - / ---- = Worth/ not worth. The movie
is not worth half the price of the ticket =
E ticket d s- -
. Waste.
Girija: I think you wasted at least Rs. 400.

I won't (will not) spend more than
Rs. 2000/- on it.
Sailaja: I spent at least two hours on that
selection.
Mohan: Generally women waste a lot (of
money), a lot more of time, on
dresses, and still more on make up
(still =
Girija and
Sailaja: Just as you are commenting on us.
b) Lakshman: When shall we start?
Madhu:
(Everything) depends on you,
whenever you are ready.
Lakshman: Doesn't matter if we are late.
Doesn't (does not) matter =
Conversation
practise
Our names are the last on the
list. We shall be able to reach by
the time our turn comes.
Madhu:
Who else
is coming to
be on the team?
Lakshman: Your selection is definite
Congrats on that. I
don't know about my position
(position =
Lakshmi: Where are the selections?
Lakshman: On our college campus.
).
y-.
.
(-)
(*a).
J-n-A/ --A)
---
Sheriff: Peter, Who are you waiting for?
His parents are waiting for their daugh-
J h-o?
ter's marriage. Once that is over, they will
Peter: For sagar. I've (I have) asked him

for some information and a few
books.
marry him off.

d)
. o -,
Eo h- -.
Sheriff: You have waited for an hour now.
He hasn't even phoned you.
y E h-o
. F Phone - J.
Peter: I am sure he will come. Any way,
let's hope for the best. I need the
books badly.
h- t. -i
Pl. h-
-.
(need badly = -)
-- 11 -d- 2005
--hC. --E wait

-.
I'm (I am) very hungry. I am not able to
wait for the meal any more.
Wait for = await.
await
vC. conversation wait for .
2) Ask for: -J-j j -
a) o -. -.
a) I am looking for a good book on Spoken
I asked (him) for his help. But he did not
Spoken English O * h
h-o. ---o.
help me.
b)
o Eo h- -TC
b) What are you looking for?
-x--- 57
-- h? p-
C ?
E- h-o/ ---o?
c) -- \ E. C
College } time
No use looking for him here. It's the time
for his college.
Have you a pen?

Peter: I told him to be here for dinner. So
I'm sure he will come in a few minutes. Ah, look, here he comes. Hi,
Sagar, why the delay?
--E t-o E. d q- a-h- t C.

C -x a-. ,
--u?
Sagar: Looking for an auto took all my time.
h-o--x -u-iC.
j -- preposition 'for' E-.1) Waiting for 2) asked for 3) hope for
4) time for 5) look for. --C-- for -o
n, -- Eo .
English \ o prepositions
for . -E E -- J -E conversation conversation effective C.
1. Wait for: J , h, -
* .
Wait for me, please
She asked her friend to

wait
M. SURESAN
-E -TC.
They asked me why I was there
-\ --o-E x o--.
j -sx ask y for .
3) hope for: E-j- P--. hope y
for -.
a) * --- Pl. let's (let us)
hope for the best.
b) They hope for an early appointment.
y u h-E P-h-o.
hope y 'that' begin u
h for .
4) time for:
---E
We are waiting for the train
c)
Eo vo -.
c) He hopes that he will get the job
h ?
a) Train ho
b) Exams
questions
Common.
E-j
time for
time
a-C/C
. C
a) It's time for dinner (Dinner time
C)
Let's wait for the exams to be over
b) Time has come for us to leave
(Let's wait till the exams are over)
-l--Lq time C
time for breakfast, for dinner, etc.
5) Look for: --
Lx--v x-t Rx E o. - -h.
-v-o: Below, beneath J-i n- L,
E -s-; -- Famous,
Popular J-i n- L, E
-s- N-J-.
.-Q-%g, -, - ->-x
---: Below, beneath -y- N-Jh.
Famous v -Cl--\, vuA C.
v-F- -C L-, --C NE o
E.
Abdul Kalam is a famous scientist = v Cl
C Y-h --C, Y --E
x - ---- -J-* -J-* NE
o E.
-J- h-o?
Suresh: College bus .
Suman: Ng h-o.
o s -.
Suresh: -\ -Lq time C.
h- EN--.
Suman: x o Vx
s h-o. (Wait
)
Suresh: job apply --d-o.
Next week orders h-E P-ho.
Answer:
Suman: Who are you waiting for?
Charan: Assignment?
Chakri:
Charan:
. Physics chapter O.
\ pen -. \ shop
j refill a---a/ ---C.
- thanks.
Answers:
a) Sarat: Have you read the book on the
table?
Samrat: What's the book on?
Sarat:
It's (It is) on an important event/

episode in World War II. This is one
of the best books on the subject.
Samrat: Who is the Writer?

Sarat:
He was also a soldier. Name, John

stall.
Samrat: Is it such a great book?

Sarat:
The more you read it, the more you

feel like reading it. Reading it is a
Suresh: For the college bus.

Suman: I am waiting for Vishnu. He has
asked me for some money.
Suresh: (It is) time for him to be here.
Perhaps he will be here in a few
minutes.
Suman: He is waiting for the money his dad
will send him in two or three days.
Suresh: He has applied for a job. He hopes
for the orders next week.
2)
CN a/ an, the -C-*-N.

Practise .
a) Sarat: table O o h C-?
Samrat: E -C-* h C?
Sarat: v l- E u-i
- J*. O h- C best.
Famous.. Popular..
John stall.
E p h?
Sarat: FC C-N--Dl ---E--hC.
Eo -- - -j -
(-j = rare)
b) Chakri: F _ pen ?
Charan: C. F ?
Chakri:
pen refill --C.
Assignment complete - .
Chakri:
Suman:
vo -
n, E n ask y
for .
--: I asked him a few
Sarat:
- ?
(- = author/ writer)
- jE-. -
Samrat:
She asked him for some books.
Sheriff: How long more are you going to

wait? It's already time for dinner.
Samrat:
English
--?
popular v-G- E. famous op L, NE --E vu \. 'popular' -*---JE _-E C-* v G--E--, d---. v-Cl--\-x/ x d-E-, p,
\. Popular uh- d--,
x- -J-* x L----a
A famous movie star - v -Cl--\ E-- E-- -J-* L-E/ interest E x
-/- - -J-* .
rare experience.
b) Chakri: Have you a pen?
Charan: I have. Do you want it?
Chakri: My refill is/ has gone dry (has run
out of ink - is dry/ has gone dry -
ink
--C =
run out of
ink). I have not (haven't) completed

my assignment.
Charan: Assignment?
Chakri: Yes. It's on a chapter in Physics.
Charan: I need the pen too. You get a refill
in any of the shops here. (Refills
are available in any of the shops
here.)
Chakri: Thank you for the advice.
A popular movie star- v-G- C

E-- -J-* L---x, E- x d- .
cinema star, famous, popular a.
- *v p actor -J-* Lh
x famous. *v p--,
G--E--x popular stars.
A famous song - a- .
A popular song- G--E, Cl
'mass' song E.
Tendulkar is a famous cricketer- \ popular
.
---
Anil:
Hi, Trishal, where were you last

evening?
(Eo v \--o?)
Trishal: Most of the time at home.
(Eo \ x o)
Why, what's the matter?
But Sunil told me he had seen you
going somewhere
(
E
-y-\-
p)
:
b) By the time I reached the station, the train
had left.
station
train
Train
station
the train had left.
--J,
R}-R}--- ,
C.
- y, d
c) My uncle too had waited for me for ten

minutes -
( N?)
Anil:
h---
Sunil
Trishal: He seen me on my way to the station to receive my uncle. But by the

time I reached the station the train
had left. My uncle too had waited for
me for 10 minutes. Seeing that I
had not come, he started for home
on his own.
( uncle station ho-p . station

--}-J train --*a --R}--C.
uncle 10 EN-
-l-)
10 EN- , y
-l-, had waited - had + pp
d) Seeing that I had not come -E
, he started for home. ---,
earlier past action, d had come - had
+ past participle.
-L---h-C .J-T
\- -o u N:
had + past participle always expresses the

earlier of two past actions.
I wanted that book on computers

from you.
( _ C-p, v-V E o library -a.)

j ---E verbs: had seen, had left,
had waited, had come, had kept Fo
had + past participle form o .
-- form of verb lessons -. verb form: had + past
participle. Do past perfect tense .
DE --- l:
a) Sunil told me he had seen you. \ two
past actions ( J-T --
Sunil Eo -, N
p-) o. ,
y. Sunil, Trishal --
, N Anil p y
. \ J-T E Sunil,
Trishal -, had seen had + past
participle form - -E- L
. past actions
, y J-T, J-T
past action p had + past participle
form C.
-J- --
--- - L-.
,
--,
-
- C).
o
verbs: had been (be

form -
computer book
Trishal: I am sorry, I don't have it. I had kept

it for only two days till the day
before when I returned it to the
library.
a) The Moghuls had ruled India before the

British ruled it (British
had ruled,
ruled).
b) India had been under Moghul rule before
it was under British rule (British
Moghul
lesson
-x--- 58
a)
pass
u-E p.
He told me that he had passed. (pass
- , p- y . d
J past action, had + passed (had +
pp)
N--
o N-Eo
hC), had + pp
(action - JT x
EE -L- M. SURESAN
)
a) u v-G-- teacher
- = He had been a teacher before
-C-* 'be' form had been.

--, 'be' form p --Eo
-C.
C - a:
he started business.
b) Lawyer
practice
railways
He had worked/ He
had been
in the railways before
he started practising as a lawyer.
c)
sisters
unmarried
He had been unmarried
until his sisters got married.
a) NTR had acted in movies before he
Now practise the following in English.
b)
R}
teacher
E--C.
She had worked as teacher before she

got married.
had + pp
entered politics (politics
- v-P
, E-x -. -- -C
action (u). J-T past action
d, had acted - had + past participle)
b) NTR had been an actor before he was a
CM (CM
, actor o).
\- verbs had been, was.
'be' forms . -, he was a CM (-p) CM (p -).
-- actor - d had been an
actor.
v-G- -
E =
(o)
x
R} u---
o =
a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha
p AJ--a? O
Eo phone h O
t Ny -E pC.
Ajitha:
. y phone -
y .
N?
Lakshmi: M j * Eo < aE pC Eo. Rx
l?
Ajitha:
p- - a--E o
pC .
-v-o: 1) Would you come please?
tense
- N? would - past tense of will

-. \ would, could --T-?
2) Could
2) Sell this vehicle off (Active Voice),

What does she want (Active Voice).
-O-E Passive Voice

N- N-J---.
3) The function went off well n L--h, went off
n \, h----x --- L----.
-u,
-.
---:
-J-* y ---. could

C, 'would you come please' o
\ u * request. would you come,
Pratap:
Pramod:
-J?

exchange
bike h bike
o-E p.
Answers:
a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha, when did you return?
When I phoned yesterday your
mother told me you had not
returned yet.
Ajitha:
That's right. I arrived half an hour
after you had phone. What's the
matter?
Lakshmi: Leela told me yesterday she had
brought some sarees from
Mumbai. How about seeing
them?
Ajitha:
She told me the day before she
had given away most of them.
Lakshmi: Still some more are there. Let's go
and see.
b) Pratap: Prasanth told me that you had
bought a bike. I think, the day
before (yesterday).
Pramod: Not yet. I think of buying one.
Pratap: (Are you) buying your cousin's
bike?
Pramod: No. Only yesterday I came to know
he had sold it off.
Pratap: Who to?
Pramod: He told me he had exchanged his
old bike for a new one.
-v-o: English Newspapers Headlines -Fo simple present
Could you come please?
1) would, should, could

you come please?
Eo o. -R}
l .
b) Pratap: Hi Pramod, y bike o-E
Prasanth p , o-.
Pramod: -. -E --o.
Pratap: O cousin bike -o?
Pramod: .
Eo L- C, C
t--E.
He had been an actor
But why did you want to see me?
(F _ *
B----o)
Lakshmi:
C a:
e) I had kept it for two days... when I

returned it to the library.
had
kept had + past participle (pp)
past action
( y o- ----o?)
Anil:
--C 16 -d- 2005
please
? C more formal (\ --v,

could ). -- J- E, -N
uh- request.
2) sell this vehicle off. DE passive voice Let this vehicle
be sold off.
What does she want
passive what is wanted by her.

Eo -s-x- p - sentences active
natural C.
3) went off well - J-TC E. - phrases
n oxford/ longman's * dictionaries , 'go'
.
---:
1)
h-E?--Fo J-T-- N- !
would difference --N-? ---E --
-sx use -a?
.--, --.
- --* question. English -o vu ~, historic

present. J-T--- present tense (simple) -. C newspaper headlines \.
Prime Minister Inaugurates the conference.
\ Inaugurates h-o-F , ---o-F

. --E. C English p-.
Here was I already late to the station. Just then my brother
comes with the news that I have forgotten my ticket.
comes
p-. effect -.
2) could, would -J-* N-- ---.
---
c) His mother told me that some one had
Sivaram: Hi Unni, what's new?
(--J --C.
Practice it in
your conversation)
Unni:
Have you seen Kiran of late?
- u o ?
(of late = lately = u)
Sivaram: No, yesterday I did go to Kiran's.
But by the time I reached there, he
had gone out. I missed him by
minutes.
. Eo R}- }. F
}-p- - -
R}-. --E -Eo -E-N-- -- miss u.
Unni:
stolen them.
T-L-- , p- y d
had stolen (had + pp)
d) She was sure that they had gone for
good.
N ----F - ---- -----E

t- C. - , d
had gone (had + pp)
had + pp
N- -E--Lq -ui
N- -o.
Why did you want to see him?
-x--- 59
--} -R}-?
Sivaram: He had promised to lend me the
CDs of some latest movies. So I
went to him to get them.
\Eo E- CDs h--o.

N a---E x.
Unni:
-- 18 -d- 2005
Let's go now and get them now.
p-R} a-- E?
a) had + pp
-, -
JT, x ,
y J-T--p v.
b) J-T EE vh-N---p
had + pp - .
Krishna: That means you applied for it last
Gopal:
y . --
-R}--.
Krishna: \ watchman ?
Gopal: - p Principal uo
classes Fo cancel -F, R}--E.
Krishna: y TC (Transfer certificate)
apply --p?
Gopal: Apply - E y p--E
.
Krishna: y last saturday apply
--o-.
Saturday
b) Sarat: Who are the police searching for?
(Police
x (Plural). Police = a
Policemen/
Police persons a.)
Police man. Plural
Karim: For the chitfund company director

Sarat: What happened?
Karim: He had collected money from all and
disappeared/ left town
Sarat: When did people know he had disappeared?
Karim: Just Yesterday. He had run the company for two years when he ran
They had gone for..
away. He had collected by then

Rs. 2 crore.
Sarat: When do people learn? A number of
chitfund companies had closed
shops even before this (happened).
Practise the following also:
Sivaram: No chance. His mom told me yesterday that some one had stolen
the suit case with the CDs in it. It
was to the police that he had gone
when I went there. He wanted to
report it to the police.
CDs
suit
case
- .
o
T-L- -E Eo
xt pC. Eoo \ R}--p R}C police
report y--E.
Unni:
Does he hope to get them back?
N ---
-?
Sivaram: I don't know. His mother was however sure that they had gone for
good.
J. xt v - t- C.
(For good = permanently = Jh/
y-. Practise it in your conversation)
Unni:
Really unfortunate.
Anil: I saw the movie, 'Nenodda Neeku?' on

the TV last night.
(Eo vA
'l F? E )
TV
Krishna: I have seen it too. What a bore!
( x. N!)
I saw it last Saturday, I think.
Anil
E
Eo-vA C
b) Sarat:
J o police
x?
Karim: Chit Company director .
Sarat: J-TC?
Karim: J _ s B-E J--
(J--= disappeared/ left
town)
Sarat:
past action, time

known saw
(past doing word)
Krishna
-E

E --o
C past action, time
not known - -E
M. SURESAN
\ have + pp. S}
last Saturday E time h-o d saw.
independent, single past actions
E , had+pp p- . j
L- past actions - past doing word; time
pE past action have+ pp/ has + pp.
-sEo d related past
actions, N sentences h p
had + pp -a.
- J---E p LC?
Karim: Eo. J----p- company
x -. p- x
- collect .
(Collect= )
Sarat: p - a-- ?
DE Chit Fund
Companies --f .
ANSWERS:
one there when you went there?

None. People (Every one) had left
the place.
Krishna: Wasn't (was not) the watchman
there?
Gopal:
He told me that the principal had
E -%-d- .
j -- --T-* verbs sets
: a) reached- had gone out; b) had
I went there at 4 PM. He had already gone.
cancelled all afternoon classes.

That was why all of them had gone
promised- went; c) told- had stolen; d) had
-\- --v -- -- }.
p- - R}--.
Practise the following aloud in English:
Krishna: When did you apply for the TC?
a) Krishna:
Gopal:
gone, went; d) was- had gone.
j verbs vA lesson
had + participle form o
verbs o . a) had gone out, b) had
promised, c) had stolen, d) had gone.
--J had + past

o verb p, the
earlier of two past actions ( J-T
- --x J-T Eo) h-E.
p j -- J-Eo ---:
participle (PP) form
a) By the time I reached his place he had

gone out.
\- --J - --R}--.
b) He had promised the CDs and I went
there to get them.
CD h--- , -}-
y d had promised.
Eo y-\-
j o?
-}-p-
p \-C?
(= Vehicle)
Kumar: Eo B-}.
Prasad: Mechanic - -Eo- p- Jh
repair ?
Kumar: Eo repairs Jh . p
* condition C.
Prasad: --o Eo-p?
Kumar: xo. - o salesman u *aC.
Prasad: -- -?
Kumar: Student. - job a time
h--.
Answer:
Prasad: Where is the vehicle (now)?
Kumar: Kiran has taken it home.
a) Krishna: Was there any one/ Was any

Gopal:
Prasad:
away.
I had applied for it before you told
me to.
Prasad: When did the mechanic complete

the repairs?
Kumar: Yesterday. It is now in good condition.
Prasad: Who is using it now?
Kumar: Kiran's elder brother. He got the job
of a salesman just the day before
(yesterday).
Prasad: What was he before that?
Kumar: He was a student. But he had not
completed his studies when he got
the job.
-v-o: "General" - DE pronunciation -- Dictionary *a Phonetic symbols d,

- make a mark / distinguish
! -- "G" - "e" ~ TV English News Caste , NE --(oneself).
h EE ' - --. --J --.
-v-o: 1) She goes to her friend's on sundays
"Get" pronunciation - -- ' -v-o: 1) "Would" Present , Past
2) She goes her friends on sundays.
?
Future -- .
- --- --C j--C?
. -, *o--x-f, j---
- -C* usage Jh
-v-o- -s-x -When, Why, What,
---.
---:
How - ---T----?
'g' y 'e' h ' --E
2) u-, -, -
---, x
rule O
. English
- -Tx-- ---? ' -
--:
-E J-i -Tx- C?
Pronunciation
p
-- -u-x 1- ) Correct; 2) Wrong.
-- rules \.
.v-u, -
English Questions: i) 'Wh' words
G y e h ' -,
--:
(What, When, Where, etc.,) -u
' - C,
1) Would - y- ---.
vo, ii) N E vo. 'Wh' -u
-* English *a--2) u- Warmth/ affection;
vox 'Wh' word - L.
Eo
d
C.
- affection; - attachment.
---
Pavan: How long can we be here?
Ravi:
---\ -?
Why? There's no hurry. We can be

here as long as we like. What's the
matter?
? - ---
- -. N?
Pavan: Then let's listen to this man. He is

saying some thing in Tamil. Can you
understand what he says?
Ravi:
h-oC N. N h-o. pC
y n ---?
I can, but only a little. He says he is a
palmist. He can read our palms and
tell us of our future.
(n --).
Palmist - h---vC-
- 20 -d- 2005
Mohan: He says you will soon be a minister

Ravi:
I, A minister!! It's sheer nonsense.
How can I be a Minister
vA!! - n E
N .
j -- look at the expressions- can
be, can understand, can read, can't (Cannot)

speak, cannot follow, can translate etc.
can
verbs
two
forms
1) can bebe form 2) can understand, can read, can speak, etc.
can + 1st Regular Doing Word (1st
RDW) form.
(Actions)
1. Can:
(ability)
verb.
(present)
(Future)
can
a) He can be here in ten minutes.
Fo

. N
( -) o ?
C
-Eo C.
Fo
N -
*-h.
--C -n uEo
L
vh
F, N-u
F --, -.
E p-
10 EN---x \ --.
(can be - be form --- ---C)
-x--- 60
e)
Prabha:
\p
She can't (cannot) come here now.

f)
*o N n -?
Can't you (can you not) understand this

simple thing?
Prabha:
CM
(become
-L-T-...)
Prasanthi: . y CM --?
Prabha:
-- F t?
I can speak..
Come, Prasanthi, how can you

be so harsh/ unkind to me?
Prasanthi: How can you talk so much nonsense?
day to day situations
ulary/ expressions practise
Pronunciation)
vocab: (Prn:
1. get up -
Ev---
a F C h u)
o .
o , v o
o-p- Do- p .
-- -v-o a swim in
(wakeup
2. have/ take a bath (bathe -
the sea)
3. have/ take breakfast (Prn:
-v-d) -l
--.
u p-. h
N-u p----o--.
(Read the palm
h--)
Pavan: But how can we understand him? He

can't (can not) speak Telugu and we
can't follow his Tamil.
Ravi:
- --- n --C? - x--. E

Tamil n -. ?
Ah, here comes Mohan. He can
speak Tamil.
Mohan
Tamil
h-o. -
x--
-.
Mohan: What's going on?

Ravi:
Here's a Tamil Palmist. Can you
translate his tamil for us?
Tamil palmist.
Tamil
( --C?)
---
pC - p--?
Mohan: That's OK. Go on then.

(The Palmist studies Ravi's palm
and says some thing in Tamil Tamil
h)
b)
F-- - - E-\ -
I can be here as long as you like/ want.

c)
He cannot be (can't be) here for more than

an hour.
d)
President
-B --
-
Any Indian citizen can be the president.

e)
(- |)
F t y CM -
You cannot (can't) be a CM for your life
Fo (can be) be forms- --Eo -L--h.

2. can + 1st RDW - action.
a)
I can speak Hindi well.
b)
Tendulkar
Can he play like Tendulkar?
c)
subjects
What subjects can you teach?
d)
English
How well can you speak English?
C x---
--?
C---?
modal verbs Eo u A-
--o. - -u-x --- -N--J---.
1) a) They have to have gone there
b) They should have gone there
2) a) They have to have been there
b) They should have been there
3) a) The book was to have been sent to Madras
b) The book should been sent to Madras
4) a) You have to have your car painted green
b) You should have painted your car green
5) a) She was to have taken that bus
b) She must/ should have taken that bus
x---?
v
x--.
Prabha:
y M. SURESAN
N-
J --? (harsh/
unkind - J--i)
Prasanthi: y nonsense
x---?
Answer:
Prabha: If I can become the C.M..
Prasanthi: Wait. How can you become the
CM?
Prabha:
Are you sure (that) I can't (cannot) be the CM?
Prasanthi: I don't (do not) know if you can
become the CM or not; but you
can certainly talk a lot of nonsense.
3 a) Book, Madras
--Lq-.
(F - -L)
C clear --L- sentence .
b) - should been sent , should have been sent
- correct. p n. h ---Lq F
---.
4 a) O car green paint * -LqC.
( - , sentence clear -)
b) O car green paint -LqC.
( -, O. colour paint )
.
.----, o
1 a) They have to have gone there
x\ R} -LqC, } -L-.
b) They should have gone there
x-\- --}-LqC, F }-.

*
.
. E
n- J--C.
DE ---- J--C. \
-
n Rx-\ -LqC ().

C.
(F o -L-). DEo
p.
b) -D-n: Rx-\ -LqC, F .
Sentence 1) a
construction
have to have
gone
expressions, usage
They had to go there
simple
2 a)
1a)
sentence
They had to be there,
simpler
direct
sentence
sentence clear
5 a)
bus \ -LqC.
(\ , sentence x
) J-T--/---
-,
) --N
Ep O a. Bread h
d Bread : Bakery (--J)
Snacks/ refreshments/ eats -
- -- - correct English
. English .
7. pastime: - ~--E N.
8. lunch: -/ --uo .
9. Dinner: () vA . (prn: '
E \---.) V
u-i . -s
Dinner vA - -C. L--x
uo a.
10. Supper: (prn: \ -)
V *J vA-W -E
. u .
breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper -
W j O , A/ An, The .
-v-o: -Tx- commands, orders ---E () Conditions
NC---E Should must . F

text book h be forms is, are .
-?
1) u- . C N * -L
-- text book To be an agricultural income... The
revenue is derived from land E - \-o. -
The revenue should be derived.. E a .
2) vd o -* N-- -
C --q -N- j -L -; text
book The trust should be registered with the commissioner of I.T E , text The trust is registered
with commissioner of I.T as per the provision of 12A E C. J \- is registered should be registered u
? - u - nEo hC?
u -?
b , -
---:
clear
b) She must have taken that bus.

bus
1) 'The revenue should be derived'
-L-)
*a-
\ C.
( , \C)
She should have taken that bus.
bus
bus

(-
4. boil: (prn:
5. fry:
6. bake: (prn:
y CM
-,
F,
nonsense
-\ - -
-v-o: Infinitive ,
---:
Prasanthi:
\Lq C, F \-.
\C).
- correct,
O--ox.
2) C , The trust should be registered correct.
O n --o-x, is derived, is registered
- J-C E. rule p-
should be derived, should be registered correct.
---
Mahesh: Hi Ramesh, you can sing, can't you?
problem?
cousins weekend \
Ramesh: Of course I can. Why, what's the mat.
ter?
Kishore: x t.
. -----o?
Kumar: x . Rx-\- - interview -
Mahesh: You can participate in the singing
-ho. x-- interview C.
competition at college next week.
Kishore: --y -- -- picnic enjoy --a- - -- _--a.
-. --y-j- ---E -v--Ao-.
Ramesh: Oh, no. I can sing but not in a com- Kumar: cousins \--o-p ? l. x , x
petition.
phone h. correct p--h?
. -- F x
Eo-d F h.
v .
Mahesh: O come Ramesh. Tell yourself you Kishore: y o E----- (disappoint)
---o. y - p
can, and you will.
-. - _ C .
, N. y ---E
Kumar: F picnic postpone
--?
F y p, ---.
Picnic miss - - d .
Ramesh: I am not so sure. (- -t
)
--, y -- ?
Kishore:
Kumar:
Mahesh: You can try at least, Keep telling yourself you can, and you will be able to
do it.
-x--- 61
--, --, E p (-) . y --.

(keep telling - h---- continue
E h
v-Ao-h.
j -- o
-E-
.
-o n
\
. ' n
n u
L----
.
-
--
- y---E
E Jh ,
J--C. ---
. Jh
.
(?)
F p- -L---?
xn -. --, E
.
? Spoken English can, can't
(can not) - J ability (-n u) -J-*
--- - --a.
Now, Practise the following aloud in English.

a) Kumar: Hi Kishore,
Kishore:
picnic
weekend
Kumar:
N-?

h?
C--CN ho.
-? -.
-v-o:
Kishore:
-Eo -p-x --. - -- postpone ------?

Kumar: Ok. \-V . h N.
Kishore: y p- h-o.
b) Bhavan: Hi, congrats Bhaskar.
Bhaskar:
Bhavan:
prize
E?
F
*a-E Eo
o.
Bhaskar: . - l N .
college x u-h u-E
prize *aC.
Bhavan: y ---E
. F prize *a N
-- p-- -L-. ho .
F -. -J
G---.
Bhaskar: y o K T--h-o. Thank
you. F cricket practice C?
Bhavan: V- practice ho.
tournaments - --V
C. fielding ----Lq
- C. team finals - t C.
Bhaskar: jv-- tournaments.
O-p \ 1st match?
Bhavan: 22 K-. 1st match t
team .
Bhaskar: OK. J time C. --}-L.
All the best.
Bhavan: Thank you.
1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi

Rajani is to work along with Ravi
2) They have to hold the programme
They are to hold the programme
3) The SP, Naveen Chand who was to
attend as a chief guest in this programme was not / had not/ did not come
yesterday.
is/ has to, how to/ are to, was/ had
j u-xE
--- d-?-N--J--.
l , C--\
not
---:
1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi

Rajani has to
Answers:
a) Kumar: Hi Kishore, What news?
Kishore: How about coming for a picnic / joining a picnic this weekend? will you
come for/ will you join a picnic this
weekend? Ten of us are going.
Kumar: This weekend? I'm (I am) afraid I can't
(cannot) come.
Kishore: What's (What is) the problem?
Kumar: My cousins will be here this weekend.
Kishore: Ask them to join us too.
b) Bhavan: Hi Bhaskar, Congrats.

Bhaskar: What on?
Bhavan: Sekhar told me yesterday (that) you
had got/ won a prize.
Bhaskar: O, That's nothing. I got that prize for
the best essay in the essay writing
competition.
Bhavan: I Know you can write very well/ I know
you are very / quiet good at writing.
But I didn't know that you had got/
won the prize until sekhar told me. let
How can we..
telling. keep doing something / continue to do some thing -
Ramesh: Ok, I'll try.

can
verbs
lesson
can
(ability)
can
response (reply)
Ramesh: Of
course, I can. conversation
can you do
something?
question
I can do it,
I can
I
can't (cannot)
sentence
Bhaskar: I can play cricket very well. In fact I
can play better than some of the
players in the Indian team.
Bhavan: Oh, can you?
Bhaskar: You think I can't (cannot) ?
Bhavan: (Do) You mean the selectors don't
know your greatness?
selectors
Bhaskar: They can't. Moreover, I can, but I
don't play.
--C- 23 -d- 2005
E N E---L/-E
E L. -J? -Lq C. \
*a c-x/ -o ---x/ J-n- vs--x --
E--x-j N E---L/ --Lq hC E. has to he,
she, it . have to I, We, You and they .
Kumar: They can't (can

not). They are
coming here
for an interview.
They
have an interview that day.
Kishore: I can't (can not)
M. SURESAN
enjoy the picnic
without you. Do try to come/ try to
come. (Do try -
d p--E -
Kumar: How can I come when my cousins are

here? Let's (let us) see. They will
phone/ call / ring me tomorrow or the
day after, when they will be/ will come
here exactly. Depending on that I'll (I
will) let you know.
Kishore: I'm (I am) sure you will not disappoint
me. If you want you can come. Where
there is a will there is a way, you
know. (you know Kumar: Why don't you postpone your picnic?
Kishore: We have made all arrangements.
How can we postpone it?
Kumar: Wait for a day I'll let you know tomorrow.
Kishore: You are coming definitely.
(Definitely) certainly -
-)
me tell you. I can't (cannot) write so

well as you. congrats again.
Bhaskar: O, You're praising me too much/
that's praising too much. How is your
cricket practice?/ How is your cricket
practice going on?
(That's praising too much- spoken
English
Bhavan: We have been practising for the past
one week. only four days are left
for the tournament.
My Fielding needs some improvement. I am sure our team will make it/
reach the finals.
(make it Bhaskar: Isn't' (Is not) the tourney (tournament
in Hyderabad?/ the
tourney is in hyderabad, isn't it? when
will you be there for the first match?
Bhavan: On the 22nd. Our first match is with
the khammam team/ the team from
khammam.
Bhaskar: Ok It's time for me to leave. All the
best.
Bhavan: Thank you.
Vocabulary / Expressions:
(Prn- Pronunciation)
1. Attend (Prn:
attend/ school/ college/ place of work
\)
(NTL o)
(j) ---)
-)
-\---) - --
( %Ah/ NC Ey- x }-/
We have to start now to meet him - --E ----E p
----)/ Marriage/ meeting/ dinner/ party/
---L C --Eo/ J-n- -Ah-E *-hC.
celebrations etc. O-Eo- ---,
She has to stay at office from 10 to 4.
-, -}- n- come, go, be
Office 10 * 4 L NC.
present attend \ .
She has to take care of her child, so she is unable to come.
a) Eo- School -.
J-nA (Gf --) E-y-.He didn't (did not) attend school yesterday.
You have to be here at 10 OJ-\ 10 L C c.
b) O -R}-- ?
2) Rajani is to work along with Ravi Rajani Ravi -L E---L/
didn't you (did you not) attend the mar-----C/ --hC \ C ----Eo -J-* ----C. C Why
riage?
J - *a. -- o p--xF,
Rajani, Ravi *a cxE x --L E---o/ h c) --C a.
E. have to/ has to L h, -L-. am to/ is to/ A large number (of people) attended the
meeting.
are to/ was to/ were to N- L, -
d)
dinner h-o?
\, - --C.
Will you/ are you going to, attend the dinner
3) u--AC O-- -- C/ --Lq--, F , E DE
. n correct a-x p sentence- The SP, Navin tomorrow? / Are you attending the dinner
*a-).
Chand who was to have attended as the chief guest did not come yesterday. was not comeEnglish
had not come
\ J-.
tomorrow?
---
Sridhar: Hi Neeraj, just how busy are you?
busy
busy
Tarun:
-F- , y
?/
o?
(\ just = . conversation
- 'J - just --.)
Not at all. What's the matter?
-- --. N?
Sridhar: I am in a hurry to get home. Can you

drive me home on your bike?
bike
y xL. F
- -B---?
Tarun:
O -o -
Drive you home? O no. You can take

my bike if you want. I am tired of driving for the day.
EEo- B-}--? x -. --. -- bike B-.
\- can - question form , permission

---E (--A- ---E) -o.
a) -S} p --- NtLo?
When can I see you again?
(asking for permission)
b)
E x?
Can I go now? (asking for permission)

c) Can I use your pen?
pen
(permission)
3. Question form
permission
can
statement form
permission
-?
-x,
y--E .
---E
a) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock.

bike
(giving permission)
b) You can take my bike.
bike
(giving permission)
c)
You can go now. (giving permission)
d)
-C-- --a.
B-a/ -B.
Ny -}a. -
-x--- 62
- 27 -d- 2005
y ----- \ a d-E -O-x-.
b) Question form
I/ we
-E .
c) Statement form
permission
request, permission
-y-
-E .
d) Statement form
possibility (u ---o -N---E) .

Kareem:
O (a few minutes) x-a? (see/ speak )

Kasyap: E N?
You can talk now

you cannot spend more than Rs. 100/-.
(you can spend = you have permission to
spend upto Rs. 100/-)
Sridhar: How long can I have it?

Tarun:
----?
Will three hours do?
?
.
(will do =
An income of Rs
10000/- a day will do for me. I don't
want more.
V C- -
. - l)
Sridhar: O that's fine. Thank you.

Tarun: You can keep the bike till 5 o'clock. Go
by the other road. The traffic along this
road at this hour can be heavy. Driving
in such traffic can be dangerous.
- 5 -. -f
- -}. road l. time
road traffic Dl \-
a. Driving -
v--- a.
j -- can o verbs .
1) Can you drive me home?
B-}--?
2) You can take my bike

3) How long can I have it?
bike
B-}.
------?
4) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock.

5) The traffic at this hour can be heavy.
6) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous.
can
can
ability
J* ---oN:
(-n uEo) ---E .
' ---, --- n-.
-- can -o J-Eo n,
-- l:
1. Can you drive me home? \ can drive,
ability ! \ Tarun request
-E Sudheer can --o
( B-}-? n). can
request (Nch) --E -a, question
form .
1) h -F pen -h-?
Can you give me your pen? / Can I have
your pen?
2)
O EN- x--a?
Can I speak to you/ see you for a few minutes?

3) Can you lend me some money?
h p-h?
-\- can question form requests --T-*--x ---h-C -! can
question form u you , I/ we
requests -a.
2. How long can I have it?

bike
- F
--a?
Kareem:
h u-i
N.
Kasyap: p
x4. D:
. BJa) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous.
_ o.
traffic drive - v-- Kareem: O friend coma/ C.
pany typist
\ can, possibility (u- --jobs
S M. SURESAN
-E-E) C . C can
o.
-.
apply . o- O
b) <x }l. --.
x
---o. job a- O
Don't go out in the dark. There can be
--?
snakes. (possibility)
Kasyap: O o---?
c) v -- -L-T---a.
Kareem: Syed Mustafa.
(- C)
Kasyap: - . friend O oThe journey can be very tiresome/ tiring.
-J . x--a
d) He can give you trouble. Be careful.
.
vh. F trouble h-/ y--
Kareem:
O- \ influence ---E.
(possibility / ability).
O can -o uses. v- 'can' Kasyap: Ny-\- -?
a) Question form u, I/ we Kareem: p-. -p ?
REQUESTS .
Kasyap: v j .
vo: O Spoken English QJ{- ' u- Practice
E noun form --o.

' practise E verb form --T- j--C !
XE-, -t, ..->x
---: Practice, Practise - advice ,
advise - . Practice u;
practise- u- --.
a) I have the practice - u-/-- C. Practice makes us
perfect - u x J--g hC.
b) We practise the game everyday - W
u-h (). -E \ practise u
n - practice L .
vo: 1) Seventh class English Reader (Mother tongue) page No 52
When evening changes into night, and when

'Trees' Poem
a moon floats on the sky. They hum a drowsy lullaby.
the
moon
a moon
2) Are you studying in Seventh Class?
\
- L-----.
DE -- -p--a?
-v -, ---o
---: 1) 'a moon' line a p (printer's error). The moon
---L.
--L -.
2) Yes, I am.
vo: How about you? What about you n

--T-- N? --T-----o-p
- j -a? - ---. I haven't
money / I have no money n -, --x- E
--T-L? ---.
Q, j--
Answer:
Kareem: Can I see you/ speak to you for a few
minutes?
kasyap: What about?
Kareem: It's a bit important.
kasyap: You can talk now. I am at leisure.
Kareem: There are a few vacancies for typists
jobs in your friend's company. I've
(have) applied for one of them. Can
you help me to get the job? My father
told me to talk to you.
Kasyap: Who is your father?
Kareem: Syed Mustafa.
kasyap: O, I know him well. Your father knows
my friend too. Your father can talk to
him.
Kareem: You can influence him better.
Kasyap: Can you come here tomorrow?
Kareem: Certainly- when shall I come?
Kasyap: (At) this time tomorrow.
Vocabulary/ Expressions
(prn=pronunciation)
tnap =
(After lunch, he usually
has a nap)
tCut it out =
Ev/ Ev---; u uo
y
. d-d
(-j -- N--- N-Th
cut it out, come to the point )
tClass _-d = bunk;
ts *, class, E _-d = malinger
(prn: L; 'L \ -),
= malingerer.
t/ J~/ q N - (-\-,
--}-) = take an auto/ rickshaw/ taxi, etc.
You take bus no.7 to go to the station.
(7 number bus
t
soiled clothes
His clothes are soiled.
trags =
The beggar is in rags
\)
J d =
E d J--u
L-.
d- *J-T fx o.
---: 1) What about you? C How about you? -.

l . C L C p-j -sEo d O
-hC.
2) I haven't money E -u . I haven't any money
EF, I haven't the money E-E . I have no money
-d --i-C I haven't any money.
I haven't the money n, E ( ----E) --
s _ E.
'Are you buying a car?/ Why don't you buy a car?'
'I'd like to, but I haven't the money/ but I don't have the
money.' (the money = car
vo: May can --o. May I help you - can I

- s)
help you
may
E h-o. Can C Natural ability -C-*--

can use L? can E Natural ability
Eo N- use -a.
.---, --
---: Can, natural ability E L---hC, correct ' n.
He can do it, C --. can --o
J-Eo --- offer . - -\
x j y--/---. E can question form
, may .
May I help you? = O -?/- --o O
-----? C offer. C formal -
J- E x offer.
Can I help you? Dn O/ -F -?/
-O-/ -F N --? E informal
, J- o x offer. May I help
you? - formal offer. Can I help you? - less formal/ informal
offer.
---
Pooja: Hi Raasi, what a surprise! you, here!
Q, -Ny-\! N?
Raasi: I am on my way to the spoken English

Institution near here. You know it. The
4th building from your place.
spoken English Institution
\ _x
h-o. F -. O -*
- building.
(I am on my way to -\- ho.
On the way J)
Pooja: Come, Raasi, you go there everyday,

and you can't find the time to drop in at
my place.
j -- -E , can a
-. -- --- .
verbs
1. You can't (cannot) find the time
F BJ-- --- --o-.
(ability)
2. Can you do me a favour?
--?
(Can - request)
3. Can you let me spend...
O x -?
(Permission/ request)
4. I can neither go home...
E- x , (ability)
ya, p-
W \ h-o, ---E
(can permission/ request)
v -B-J ---o !
6. I can't (cannot) give y-. (ability)
Raasi: I joined there only a week ago. I had
5. You can, by all means
been thinking of seeing you and we met.

Can you do me a favour?
-x--- 63
-\ J - --C. O
-----o, --o.
*o - --d--- ?
(Do a favour -)
F - E -.
p.
O x -a.
u
C. x , ---\
- .
Pooja: You can, by all means. Only I can't be

there at the time. I am sorry I can't give
you company. I go for my dance classes
at the time. Don't worry. You can have
my sister Pallavi's company.
time
company
time
dance
p-, ,
x
- -. F
y-.

x---h.--. Lx xN F ---.
F company C.
(By all means p-, EoN)
Raasi: Thank you.
Bhavani:
p--.
b) Prakash: Sekhar -J-* F G-v
N?
Vinai: -----o?
Prakash: * player team
B---E.
C. Possibility -.
Fo p--- --o 'can'
--.
7. You can have
Now Practise the following aloud in English.

(Use all that you have learnt so far)
a) Bhavani:
birthday. OJ-l p
h ?
Sucharitha: O
x p-
tLo?
Chandra:
Cake p h?
Bhavani:
Correct v 5.30.
Sucharitha: --,. C- -\
.
Chandra:
5 class C. 5.30
-. - late h.
Vinai:

--. E--
Concentration -.
Prakash:
Eo
Ba . M. SURESAN
Vinai: - -E
N -p? match p d?
Prakash: F M. a Sunday ?
-L team -* players
o. x- --L-T x.
Vinai: . x
matches . , x
-L-.
-v-o: ' < C ? uEo O -Tx- ''Isn't

o. u -q
E -Tx- aJ --q C. uEo
''Is that sari nice/ beautiful?" --?
- --@-Fo, --%--
---: A very good question. - negative sense -L
-o-p-, ' negative tone hC
. Is that sari beautiful n--N? <
? E . ' < ? ---E, ' <
C ? --E English p-, 'Isn't
that sari beautiful?' E-F, 'That sari is beautiful, isn't
it?' E-F p, -- E C ? n
. -E-.
-v-o: -- -u- English Translation p-.
1. \- h-E O ---o?
2. J* -E O ---o?
3. o N-\--o.
-vQ-E-, -A-A
1. Where, do you think, I am going/ I will go tomorrow?
2. What do you think she thinks of me?
3. He feels vexed with me.
Man of the match
''to be given''
''to be solemnised by (some
body)''
to be
will be
To be + PP
''I could have found the way all right''.
-v-o: 1. v-
a--p
. R} f-
E h.
a !
p -?
2.
-E -J-* Ja-h-o O?
Rajeev: --, - E.
(Whether - begin )
Manoj: - N?
Raghav: j--- Cricket Match tickets
L . - cricket board
u n N? C q -C?
-.--, --
---: To be given, to be seen N passive infinitives.
1) To be given y---/ --y----E/ y---
- y-, y---E, a-
. Man of the match award to be given to Man of the
match -\ x y y----C n hC;
l _ . -E -o p------E.
Manoj: -- F . -p
-J . ---
---.
Rajeev: C E-- -L-T- -N--.
Raghav: worry . -- p-----
.
d) Nagaraj: Ny-p- time waste
o }F.
Prahlad: S} -p --. Eo?
Nagaraj: time -j-.
Prahlad: ---. examC.
N F --.
Nagaraj: x -?
Prahlad: p-.
-v-o: I saw a devil, I happend to see a devil -
that sari nice/ beautiful"?
---:
c) Manoj:
I can't give..
Pooja: Doing you a favour! That will be a real

pleasure for me. What's it?
Raasi: Can you let me spend the lunch break in

your home? We have two sessions with
a break of an hour in between.
I can neither go home nor stay at the
institution.
lunch break
classes
break
--- 31 -d- 2005
x, y
Will be
given
Man of the match
award to be given
(wedding) to be solemnized by x
(by somebody),
somebody (x), to solemnize the wedding
To be solemnized correct
is to be solemnized
is, omit
to be solemnized
Will be solemnized
-
y--o-E n hC.
E -a. -
\.
-. \ Nv
-
u Ey-------oC
( Nv
-
uEo Ey----o E).

E L.
C .
E
-a u Et-Eo d.
b) To be + past participle u passive construction. He is
to do it (active) - It is to be done by him.

- to be done - to be + pp)
I am to take them home (active) - They are to be taken (to
be + pp) home by me.
2) I could have found the way all right - Past tense.
Parts of speech
Preposition
The
Tenses,
direct & indirect speech
J ----L
(E, ---)
-v-o:
\ ,
\ L---. O
-J-* -N--J--.
-.-- -, --
---: Parts of speech prepositions -J-* lessons
N-Jh-o. tenses J* --- NJ, tenses x p-. English
x-- tenses + x ----Lq ---.
verb form u C N-J. papers .
n, uEo . E verbs p *aC.

Model auxiliary verbs \ have been h n
E hC? could be E Eo n- a-x
--T--a. - ---.
XE---, d
---: I saw a devil- devil /devil --C.
I happend to see a devil- devil - n*C/ devil -- -n-*C. I happened to --/ ---E -- -J-* h.
I bought it in that shop C shop o.
I happened to buy it in that shop C shop
J-TC ( shop - -E -- F
\ o).
-v-o: -- --o u- pa? He is thinking by walking (--h ---*h--o-). Gita is singing by
working ( E-----C).
XE-, --t-, ..->x.
---: O j--N -. Ist sentence: D-E-
- u- p ---o---. p (is
thinking correct ). He thinks as he is walking/ He
thinks and is walking at the same time, -a.
h s-d Ep-ho d, He
thinks as he walks - better. \--J I/ II regular
doing word p J - d.
He thinks as he walks sentence -p-
E C (-p- h -*-h/ -*--p-
-h) n hC.
2nd sentence: Gita is singing and working at the same
time
J--C ( h-oC p-). E --p- -C ---

Gita sings as/while she works -a .
---
Kalyan:
Hi Sasikanth, good to see you

though after a long time. Where are
you and what are you?
--V y -
. \--o? -h-o?
Good to see you --J ;
(practise conversation)
Sasikanth: Equally
glad
to
see
you.
I am here very much. I am with a

tyre company now. I have had a
better offer from one of the leading
telecom company. I am leaving this
company.
-- C. E-\
o. -ix company E--ho. o telecom company
--o * - *aC.
job C--ho.
Kalyan:
- 3 --- 2005
1) When are you going to resign?

2) The company is going to open its branch
here.
3) I am going to be the first branch manager.
4) Is your salary going to be any the better?
5) There's going to be a difference.
6) I am going to buy a flat.
am going
to, is going to, are going to
expressions
j -E-E, ---o EE
-.
1) When are you going to resign?
p @- ---o?
2) The company is going to open its branch

here.
Company
--oC.
When are you going to resign this

Job?
d)
h u- --o.
\ *a-, --
.
\ v-G- \
? N
--? -a. p-. , will/ shall CM - ----/ ---
am/ is/ are going to o-p, E - ---o
--- *a, EE -J-* Eg---- I am going to meet the CM today.
--D, -- -- -- n party -C
is/ are going to o-p C h She is going to sing at the party.
-x--- 64 yhC.Jam/
x debate _---o
- \.
I am going to take a new job.
will/ shall
future
He is going to..
Sasikanth: In a week's time at the most. The
Telecom company is going to open
its branch here and I am going to be
the first branch manager.
Kalyan:
Glad to hear that. Congrats. Is your
salary going to be any the better?
congrats.
.
@ o
\- ?
Sasikanth: There's going to be a difference of

atleast Rs. 2000/Kalyan:
3) I am going to be the first branch manager.

first manager
4) Is your salary going to be any the better?
---o.
F @ _ --?
5) There's going to be a difference.
--C.
6) I am going to buy a flat.
flat
---o-.
future ---o ,
F 2000 -- -C. -E *a- - - am going to/
Very glad then. Hope you will call
me before you join. By the by, I am
going to buy a flat soon, that too, in
a week. I will move in soon after.
Here's the new address.
Phone
regular word (am going to/ is going to/ are going

to sing, talk, etc)
is going to/ are going to + 1st regular doing word
.
a) She is going to buy a new dress.
a) I will buy a car soon.

car
y
.
(Ea----o)
b) I am going to a buy a
car.
car
--o
(O-- y).
(C j--Eo \
*a)
M. SURESAN
c) He will join duty soon.

duty
d) He is going to join duty soon.
duty
will join
y-
---o.
They are going to participate in the debate.

Now practise the following aloud in English:
Sasikanth:
(Hurry
-N- h-o?
)
Ravikanth: bike -- -o. o
Selection t-o.
Sasikanth: ---o?
Ravikanth: . x o _ -*
DD -C. C B-E shop
_ h. -Eo shop
---o.
Sasikanth: y-p ---o bike ?
Ravikanth: Bike status K \.
Helicopter --o.
Answer:
Sasikanth: Why are you in a hurry?
Ravikanth: Pavan is going to buy a bike. He
wanted me to help him in the selection.
Sasikanth: Is he going to buy it today?
Ravikanth: Yes. He is going to get the DD from
his dad today. He will take it and
come to the shop. I am going to
meet him at the shop.
Sasikanth: When are you going to buy a bike?
Ravikanth: A bike is too low for my status. I am
going to buy a helicopter.
h dress --C. (- Ea y
--o
C.
o
\ *a)
(C
h -F -
b) -\ -- classes attend --- C y ---C. y C---.
h--E
--Ph-o. ox p
It is going to happen. Don't you worry.
o.
J (by the by) h flat -(-x 'you don't worry' 'Don't you
He
is
going
to
attend
classes
here
for
a
week.
o, -. -oworry'
--).
bank
*
s
B
.
c)
--. D h address.
p--- --o N: will/ shall
They are going to withdraw all the money
-- am going to, is going to, are
o am going to/ is going to/ are going to + 1st
from this bank.
going to expressions :
-v-o: Present Continuous tense -This land belongs -v-o: Having --Th A.Voice, P.Voice Eo ----v-o: 1) House l--o- x, Home x-!
to him (Correct). E This land is belonging to
2) --- House wife E L. Home wife E
Ly--. Having -s --Th? to have
him E ---? ---.
p?- - --Eo - --Tx- -a -%-d -B--R-
--Th Eo ----L-y-. -.--vQ-E-, -d
x , v--Lx- ---: Having AV hC. Passive . Passive
Homewife o- o. Homewife E ------E
---: Eo verbs, am+ing, is+ing, are+ing forms
N?
p past participle, E 'be' form h.
. x belong . am
House wife -h-o.
Having . Active voice having j o senbelonging/ is belonging/ are belonging
L------.
tences h. I am having coffee; My father is hav rule . C English
3) Communication skills ---ing a bath,etc. To have eg: I am happy to have a
~. verbs -J-* N-
E ----i- *
car. To have a car like this makes me happy.
J lessons Ja. .
h- p.
j o h.
-.--.-.--, o- -v-o: 1) I have to attend meeting
3) I ought to obey the order: c -- NC.
leave
this
place
2)
I
must
Ought to o E--L n hC.
---: House l x . -j, - E--- 3) I ought to obey the order
u DEo FA v, jA u- -J-*
-E-E (any building for people to live in) house , , l
The underlined words give same meaning. So
- ---.
vh .Home x -\--. l x-,
kindly explain, is there any difference in meanYou
ought
to respect elders lx -N- L.
---u- x, home. O j--- x
ing? In what context those words are to used?
l
-N-- C E-, d, -- c
, ox l x OJ- E , ox O-o-C
-.-s--, V-, .. >x
. jA-, FA v -N-L.
x, O home. Hyderabad x-o-p-, O-\ E ---: 1) I have to attend the meeting meeting
x ought to .
--- d you have a house in Hyderabad. Your home ox,
}L \ -}-- -- \.
a) She ought not to speak so rudely.
O-o x -j-, l-j.
- order x a F ---E
- x---.
2) Homewife - . Housewife correct.
\ vu -}-- d.
b) You ought not to waste money.
Housewife n home maker h -- ho. DE-
2) I must leave the place - \ - order x
s % --.
h u American usage, houseworker (=housewife/
-R}--Lq C , - x
Fo
-- -C-*-N, d- EN.
home maker).
-R}--L o \ pJ-hC.
You
ought
to have helped her
3) Communication skills ----E * English newspaper vA-W
I must do this. EC L, order x a, -
-LqC.
- a -- d a. must
- -. TV newscasts N. English story books *o-*o
x
should, must, have to/ has to .
C have to/ has to o h \ powerful.
- v-G* lN -.
---
Bhavan: I am going to apply for the job. What
about you?
job
apply
---o. F
Chalam: I have filled in the application. I will

post it as soon as I get my certificates.
Application
certificates
ready
post
Bhavan: Haven't you got them yet?
Jh .
-
h.
---E --a--?
Chalam: I am going to collect them from college

tomorrow. Nagaraj is going to apply
too.
college
certificates
Nagaraj
apply

-a---o.
---o.
Bhavan: Why? Isn't he happy with his present

job?
job
Chalam: They are going to transfer him to
Tamilnadu. His father is against it. So
once he gets this job he will resign the
present job. But if he doesn't get the
transfer he will continue in it.
future actions
future
will/
shall
am going to/ is going to/ are
going to + 1st Regular doing word
Shall/ Will, am going to/ is going to/ are going
to forms
future
? p-o
-Ed ?
j --
-TC ? Eo--sx
J-Eox
--C- 6 --- 2005
e) They are going to transfer him.

transfer
will transfer
are going
to transfer
f) Once he gets this job, he will resign the present job.
job
job
'will'
resign
job
x-Eo
---o. Eg -B
o. h. \
*a.
, p
-h.
- -E-; -
\
----C
- O --
C. Jh -- x . -E \
will.
g) If he doesn't get the transfer he will continue.

transfer
will.
will/ shall
going to + 1st RDW
spoken english
If, unless, suppose, in case
sentences
(If = in case = suppose =
going to
unless
when =
am/ is/ are
going to
- --- -- ---C
-,
----Eo d C -E
O
o .
-
-E* x--
u. -u
o
.
,
p;)
J-n-x;
-p n --p ,
.
Venkat:
Akhil:
Venkat:
-x--- 65
-J-
----E
*E t pC. h. --d application, D.D. Fo

B. h procedure -N
p? (*-V = Auspicious day)
p-. --
friend o ----o.
--E doctor _- B----.
---y BJ_ a-E
x---a.
p free ?
v -T- ?
( exercises Shall/ Will
am/ is/ are going to
-E-.)
Sankar: We will, if we get a good price.

Tarun: How long are you going to keep it
vacant?
Sankar: We are not in a hurry. We are going to
let it out. Whenever we get a good
price we will sell it (off)/ dispose it of.
Tarun: I will ask my father if he is interested.
The other day he was talking of buying
a house.
Sankar: No hurry at all. Find out from your
father if he is interested. We will
reduce the price if it is for you.
Tarun: I will let you know tomorrow.
-?
-F
--E .
C. ----
- u. lesson .
shall, will control E future .
When will you be free?
Am going to/ is going to/ are going to forms
- Eg O --
- - -.
a) I am going to apply for the job;
apply
job
---o. -
*a. Eg B-- J-TC.
b) I will post it as soon as I get my certificates.

certificates
post
application
post
certificates
Certificates
apply
condition
will post
I am going to
post
c) I am going to collect them from college
college
tomorrow.

h. \
-
a-- O -- C.
-
--E
d \
o. x
.
E
* a-. --R} --a---- -. C -C. DE conditions --O d am
going to collect. will collect -aF
n .
d) Nagaraj is going to apply too. -
apply ---o. h. He will apply
too force -. will apply ---C is going
to apply *a.

1) Sankar:
Tarun:
Sankar:
- h x --o.
po x t-h-o?
* h t-h---o
o.
Tarun: - E S --o? (S = vacant)
Sankar: . p Eo
l--y--o. p * -- h
p--th.
(ly- let out. in a hurry)
Tarun: o- --, o
h --E. -o-p x --
J* x-.
Sankar: . O oJ--o Interest
\. O t.
T_h.
Tarun: h N.
2) Akhil: Hi Venkat, --- a?
Venkat: Passport apply --o. h F
L.
Akhil:
p apply ---o?
-v-o: Contrary sense & positive sense - --N- N- ---.

Contrary sense
-o -u- -p --E Eo v h--x \o. --N -- d ---.

1. He should not have gone - - v- E -.
2. He might not have gone - - v- .
3. He must not have gone - - v- .
Mood and model verbs, subjunctive J* N- ---.
subjunctive usage, perfect subjunctive verbs J* --L----.
-.--Jq-f, j---
---: Positive sense - ', E
n -.
Contrary sense - uA--n -
1) He should not have gone.
R} --
(-}--LqC ) F -}.
\ 'He should not have gone' -E '} E uA--n hC,
d C contrary sense - C p . O C
mar book -.
gram-
Akhil:
3) Manoj: Hi Fareed,
Fareed:
bike
Manoj:
Fareed:
Manoj:
Fareed:
Manoj:
Fareed:
\--* h-o?
h trouble h, mechanic
--*a --ho.
F bike - trouble h-?
II hand bike - --
-.
-- --o Eo?
-x. -x repairs
- d.
J _ o Eo?
d *.
p . bike --lF p.
foolish o, \ hC
-E.
t--a ?
Manoj:
Answers:
Sankar: We are moving into the new home
tomorrow.
Tarun: Are you selling away/ going to sell the
house you are in?
2) He might not have gone -
}----a (}--a )
.
They might have seen you - Eo x -a (--
-a) No contrary sense - doubt.
3) He must not have gone - - . \ contrary sense
- , sentence p. (Dn R} *a }-)
\ a.
a) He should not have gone - } (contrary sense) - correct
b) He must not have gone - *a- R}
}- (C contrary sense - uA-n ) positive sense hC.
- - -u-- --La ---:
a) He should have gone - }--LqC } contrary sense.
b) He must have gone - } p-
} Positive sense.
- ---:
\
contrary sense
He must have passed the exam. Otherwise he would not have applied
They should not have talked like that.
for the job.
x--LqC (F x-) - contrary sense.
-- *a- pass . (pass u positive sense)

job apply ( contrary sense).
Subjunctive usage, etc., y N-Jh-.
They should have done that.
-x-C --LqC (F -)
- contrary sense.
2) Akhil: Hi
Venkat,
What brings
you here?
Venkat: I am going to
apply for a
passport.
I
need
your
help.
M. SURESAN
Akhil:
When are you
going to apply?
Venkat: Mom says/ has said that tomorrow is
an auspicious day. I will take the pass
port application, DD, etc., tomorrow.
won't you (will you not) let me know
the procedure?
Akhil: Sure. But in half an hour my friend/
a friend of mine is going to meet me.
I am going to take him to doctor. Once
that's over we can sit over your passport business at leisure.
Venkat: When will you be free then? Shall I
see you at 4 this evening?
Akhil:
That's OK
3) Manoj: Hi Fareed, where are you coming
from?
Fareed: My bike has had/ had some trouble. I
have left it at the mechanic's and am
on my way home/ am going home.
Manoj:
Why does your bike give trouble so
often?
Fareed: Buying a used bike (modern word for
II hand) is the mistake I made/ I made
a mistake - buying a used bike.
Manoj:
How long have you been using it?
Fareed: For two years now/ For the past two
years. I have spent Rs 2000/- on
repairs so far.
Manoj:
Who did you buy it from?
Fareed: From a distant relative of ours. I can't
(cannot) blame him. He told me not
to buy it/ He advised me/ warned me
against buying it. I bought it foolishly
because I got it cheap.
Manoj:
Why don't you sell it (off)?
---
Kapil: Hi Subhash, Well met. Any idea of how
many of us are going on the picnic next
weekend?
--- *--C(well met). a picnic CN -o?

Suhas: About 15 of us. C-----a.
Kapil: Does Rahul know about it?
?
Suhas: He does. I told him of it yesterday.
. - Eo -- --p.
Kapil: What did he say? Is he joining us?
-o. h-o?
Suhas: He said that he was not sure.
- - o.
Kapil: Didn't he (Did not he) tell you why he
--- 8 --- 2005
--J L- N say , tell

-sx n p-, - E.
O -- C. j
l.
A (tell)
i) I told him of it
B (say)
i) What did he say?
ii) He said that he was not sure.
iii) All that he said was ...
tell
The teacher told the students to sit down
--C-*- --J-Eo...
ii) Didn't he tell you
and to note down the points.
Why he was doubtful?
x say . (The teacher said

.)
d) say y thanks, good bye, hello, sorry, a
iii) ... tell him to come
to the pupils to sit down
was doubtful? Has he any other pro-
few words, a little/ little (about something/
gramme that day?
-x--- 66
- - F p--?-V - --i- --?
some one)
e) Tell
He
E -a. x tell .
to . He told to me to go/
told to her that he liked cricket
What did he say?

Suhas: I don't know. All that he said was he was
doubtful about coming. I was in a hurry.
I had no time to ask him.
-L--. p-x
- --E. -
o. -E -Eo-O --.
Kapil: OK. I'll call him and tell him to come
without fail. Without him the picnic can't
be fun.
! Phone p t-.
- picnic R}-d .
Suhas: That's true. Tell him not to disappoint
us. He makes jokes and tell stories too.
He is good at these. You had better call
him now itself.
Correct.
Lo E---a--lE p.
--, p--. y
--p *C.
{Had better do (some thing) =
*C. \ had o-p- C
Present N-o hC. You have
better buy that book = y h
- *C}
- -- say, tell -E-.
Jokes
(Say - past tense and past participle - said;

tell - past tense and past participle - told)
v-o:
iv) ... tell him not to disappoint us.

v) tell stories
A
tell
sentences
B
say
sentences
1) tell
Sentence V
sentences . \ tell \ to

, o
d.
a. --p- -E* . f) N : a) He told
y -J pD C *a
me why he was happy.
p) 'say'
hC (
b) He said to me why
\ J pD ---. ,
he was happy. \
M. SURESAN
tell , say . tell y -J pD
sentence (a) v
*a -Lq. say y \--. say
correct. (b) said p .
y -J pD -- to .
'wh' words begin u clause (verb o
a) He told her that he was busy,
)- Tell y v hC.
b) He said to her that he was busy.
C -J pD L---J-h. (a) Sx
- --- (b) o (a) \-
:
-. pC -J E
He told me why he was... (me ,
h-o-p-x 'tell' better.
2) p - x p--x, repeat
y why -v-u clause hC).
--p-, x - report -- Pranav: Did he attend class yesterday?
p, say .
Praveen: No, he didn't.
a) 'sit down', said the teacher/ the teacher said.
b) He said that he was happy.
sentences
c) 'sit down', said the teacher to the pupils.
'Note down the points'.
teacher
repeat
said
told
report
-E-: j
-J pD -L-- .
C
-
---
ho. \
. -
---. p
Indirect Speech
-J-* p-d --C. u

-J-Q-L-* -- -Ba-.
1) "An amount of Rs.104 Crores would be paid in Rajampet constituency of Cuddappah District on Saturday.
Indirect Speech
news paper
Fact
(will be paid
would paid
u-Eo
--?
- . u

()
) p--o?
s -/ --Lx J-T-x? ?
2) As the Offense was not cognisable a Magistrate

would carry out a investigation.
would carry
out
- --V
J-T - --V - *aC. - u
E --C. - v uh J-T---d? --- --?
-. FL, -x-
---: Sentence No 1 - C indirect speech C E
uEo d -hC. C Mr x said E , sentence E continuation , C indirect speech ,
would correct. sentence independent B \
would p; will correct -C.
Sentence No 2 - \ j rule Jh-hC. Independent sentence B will carry out, better. indirect speech
- would carry out o-p uh --- ox.
Pranav: Why?
Praveen: He did not tell me why he was absent
yesterday.
\ He did not say to me why... .

He never tells me where he goes, what he
does, when he studies or how he studies.
(\ -
say
).
-v-o: - Please clarify the difference between simple present

and present perfect tenses used in these sentences.
1) We are inside. We have been inside.
What's the difference?
2) We are behind them.
We have been behind them.
3) She is in town.
She has been in town.
4) I am uneasy about the situation.
I have been uneasy about the situation.
As per tense rule, I know the difference of above each
sentence which are in simple present as well as in present
perfect tense. But, what is/ may the meaning of above
sentences whether they are used in simple present or
present perfect? Please explain it in detail.
-O- n -N--J--.
---: 1) We are inside = we are inside NOW.
- ---Cl-, o-
o.
We have been inside.
-* p o.
Tell me why you have done it. (say to me why

you have done it
g)
Tell Story
Please tell a story.
old fashioned.
Tell, Say
Practice
a) Raghu:
Ram:
Raghu:
Ram:
Raghu:
Ram:
time
Raghu:
avoid
).
-JpD--
.
C
O
--C-*- N-. Fo
-, - x ---a.
N F --- p?
o -----J-* o p?
--D -p--.
--E\--o--E --p--?
p. o-\- t-o .
-- -p--.
o. a
--o-
h-o- --y-- -p---?
b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, Eo-\--o y?
Ravi: N p p-
Pavan: u?
Ravi: y h u E
Pavan: O-o---o p F?
Ravi: Eo-Ja?
Pavan: C p F. y F u
p. y h
Answers:
Raghu: Has Ravi told you why he is not coming?
Ram: No.
Raghu: Did he say anything about meeting me?
Ram: Not that either.
Raghu: Have you told him (that) I am here?
Ram: I did. I told him to come here too. He
said yes. He did not tell me the time of
his coming here
Raghu: Can you say why he is avoiding me?
b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, Where were you yesterday?
Ravi: I cannot tell you now about it. / I Can't
say anything about it now.
Pavan: What is so secret about it?
Ravi: I'll tell you later what the secret about it is.
Pavan: Did your father tell you anything?
Ravi: What about?
Pavan: I will not tell you that. First you tell me of
your secret. Then I will tell you of mine.
we were here some time ago, say 10 minutes ago/ an

hour ago, and since then, we have continued to be here
till now/ we are here even now.
\ v--, p---
J-T-C/ - --C, E.
Abdul Kalam is our President ( president --o N)
Abdul Kalam has been our president for the past two
and a half years=
president
-o--x
o. (-o-x v * p -/-)
N sentences :
2) i) We are behind them = x o (p)
ii) We have been behind them.
-- x o.
-- x C ()
-- x C.
3) She is in town =
She has been in town =
4) I am uneasy about the situation.
J-nA s-C C p.
I have been uneasy about the situation.
-- J-nA s-C C.
Please refer to the earlier lessons on 'be' forms for

more information.
---
Preethi: Mom, can I have some more milk?
t, h L .
Laxmi: Sorry child. You can't have anymore.
There is some milk left, of course, but
we need it for the payasam this
evening.
--t. Eo -o--F, N
v -E L.
Preethi: Can I have something to eat? I am
hungry.
Ai ? -L C.
Laxmi: There are plenty of biscuits in the
fridge. Have as many as you want.
There is bread too. Eat it if you like.
Fridge
---Eo / biscuits
o. F\-Eo A. bread
C. d A.
Preethi: I'll (I will) have bread then. Can I have

some jam or butter go with it?
bread Ax. E jam F

o-F i ?
(go with= n
n J--.Idli goes well with sambar x -C. We have only
chapathis, no kurma to go with it. -B
v o. E J- t )
j -- some, any -- -E.O n ? Some=

, Eo. some Countables
-a, uncountables -a. Some
milk = Cl-, Some books = Eo h-.
Any = j, j. DEo Countables ,
Uncountables - -a. Any
book = h--i; any milk = j .
Some, any - English
\. d conversation
-C. plenty = \ countables, uncountables - -a.
Plenty of milk = %-Cl ; plenty of time;
plenty of money, etc. Plenty of books =
h-; plenty of runs - -; plen-
ty of eggs, plenty of biscuits etc.

expressions
1) You can't have any more.
2) There's some milk left.
3) Can I have something to eat?
4) Can I have some jam or butter...?
5) No butter any more.
j -
-x--- 67
Laxmi: No butter any more for you. You put on

weight. Have jam.
Butter
10 --- 2005
Pranav: Can you lend me some money?

Can you lend me any money?
not
Prakash: I'm afraid, I haven't any.
I am afraid Pranav: Haven't you any. really?
Ratnakar:
Venkat:
. F --o ?
- o. x.
Ratnakar: Suman -F friend
o. Suman information y--.
E ?
2) Manoj: Botany O * h-
(\ not C d any)
L. O _--o o?
Prakash: I Have some money of course, but I
Shopkeeper: _ Eo * h--need it for paying fees. I shan't (shall
o.Botany O * h-not) have any left after that.
o p. C _
C. F C fees d--E
C.
L. C d y N-.
Manoj:
O
o x Eo-E p.
Not E- some hC. Not o-p any
Shopkeeper:
o ? list .
hC . C v-h h--L.
Eo h- x
2) No any E p .
o. \-o x j
No j . not any, contracted form* h-.
n't any j. -F no any .
--
- -p-y--? (-\- --)
_ .
N uh )
(
Have you any?
l. -\-.
Preethi: What about you? You haven't had anything since morning. Why don't you
have something to eat?
J O --N? l-o* A. j A--?

Laxmi: We are fasting today. You know today
is Karthika Somavaram.
OV -. Kh - .
-/ u - A , starve = A h-. -h-E u p I am starving. Let
(fast =
me have something to eat)

Preethi: Don't you eat anything then?
O A J?
Laxmi: Not until after the pooja after sunset.
<f y -u--- A.
Preethi: Why do people fast on Kartheeka
Somavaram?
Kh - -
?
Laxmi: Good question. But I haven't the time
now to tell you.
* vo. F -p p--E
.
time
-v-o: 1) Eo
---o.
I got/ had my hair cut yesterday.

2)
-
--.
I will get my hair cut tomorrow

3)
Eo o
.
we had/ got our house white wash yesterday

4)
we will get our house white wash tomorrow.
had
o h
-n-Eo -N--Jh, d -- ---.

-.--Q%-g, j---
---: Hair-cut (--) = -~-
6) You haven't had anything since the morning.

7) Don't you eat anything then?
- ---x - ---h-C?
i) not *a--p-x any hC. Not -p
some hC ? C important point.
ii) Questions . (not)
answer repeat --p question
any hC.
a) He has some money.

'not'
b) He hasn't any money.
not
He hasn't any money = He has no money.
conversation
He hasn't any money
more common.
Have you any money
answer
No, I haven't any
money
(repeat
No, I haven't
Questions
'not'
some
any
Not
some, any
C (\
() (\
C
C \- -. --
o-p
E
C-
-).
,
E ---a.

--o-p,
,
v hC.
-
a.
Eo
-o.
(barber
Got, had2) I will get my hair cut tomorrow

(Barber
(hair
cut
-J n hC.
~
) --.
,
) Dn O--od --o .
3) We had/ got our house white washed

(white wash
correct
\
)
o -.
4) We will have/ get our house white washed.

(White wash
tomorrow.
)
x h.
-E-.
I have a hair-cut once a month-
I will wash my clothes tomorrow.
--J ~-E h.
() yesterday
Eo ~--E x.
-\-.
He had a hair-cut
1) I got/ had my hair cut yesterday.

hair
cut
--
I will have/ get my clothes washed tomorrow.

have/ get
past participle
.
d A--h.
y
hC
3) Suseela: I have nothing to do today. (I
Answers:
Have you any novel that I can
1) Ratnakar: Have you /

Have You
had / Do
you have
any news
from
suman?
read?
E-. F _--o
y?
Chandana: There are some here. Take any of

them.
Suseela:
\ Eo o. j B.
Let me have some novel that I can

finish in a day.
novel
\V Jh-
y.
Chandana: I'm afraid that there aren't any

such. All of them are lengthy.
Suseela:
Manoj: Thank you.
haven't any thing to do today).
Venkat:
-x-o o?
\
Jh j n- .
d \
o
hC.
-/--j novel.
--j?
j
x-j o?
Any one/ anybody who can help me?
Some
-E-:
/
n -.
Some book was lying on the table.

table
I came here with the hope that some
teacher will help me.
teacher
O -- h C / C.
No. (I don't have / haven't had any.)

What about?
Ratnakar: Don't you remember? We asked

him for some information about a
job.
Venkat:
I haven't had any phone call from

him (No Phone call from him so
O . Fo l -.
Any by Chase?
Chase
any
not
any
i) Any novel =
novel
ii) Any by Chase = Chase
iii) Some novel =
novel.
M. SURESAN
far).
Isn't there anyone else who
can give us this information?

(Anyone=
-o,
Anyone else=
--o)
Ratnakar: None. (Do) you know anyone?
Venkat:
I know some one, but he is not in

town/ out of town (out of station
)
Ratnakar: Suman has some friend in the company. He can give suman any information he wants.
2) Manoj: I want some good books on Botany.
Do you have/ Have you any?
Shopkeeper: We do have some good books.
Name any good book on botany,
Now practise the following aloud in

English:
Manoj: Please let me know some of the good
1) Ratnakar:
Shopkeeper: Why only some? Please see go
/
h- a.
F-o news *a Suman

*?
Venkat: . E--J*?
Ratnakar: h-? Eo \ job
J* - .
Venkat: E _ * p
phone call . -
p-x - ?
and we have them.

books you have.
through this list. It has all the
titles. Any book on the list is a
good book (go through=
titles =
Manoj: Thank you.
-
h- x \)
---
Prabha: Hi Vineela, how was the movie yesterday? I am sure you enjoyed it.
movie
enjoy
Vineela: What a bore! I thought it would be fun
watching the movie, but it was thoroughly disappointing.
bore.
-N-F-, Eo
C?
---.
s
N- ---o. F EJ-*C.
Prabha: Thank god, I didn't go with you. I

thought I would, but fortunately my
music class came in the way.
A. F- --- *-uC. %-d- -h music class

f-*aC.
(Thank God - j v C
p-- 'Thank God' . -
'A--- --a)
- -C- 13 --- 2005
English usage
there are two
kinds of future:
a) Future from the present
b) Future from the past
1. Important:
i) will, shall
future from the present
v,
h.
ii) WOULD, SHOULD

future from the
past
2. Future from the present will
future
from the past
would, future from the present
shall
future from the past
should
would
verbs
sentences
3. a) He says (that) he will buy the book this
evening.
h.
. p j ---E
o
-E-. --
a.
C
p y x--F, tickets cancel h-E, s d----F.

Kumar: Rajkot - u o d
l---o. match N
----o?
Indians -h-E F, Sri Lanka
v h ---o C Krishna: Eo
N--x -----.
p. p present -o... Kumar: Tendulkar
Century ----E
v future -E. C pres
*
a
o. (sure )
ent * future d will buy.
Krishna: Sri Lanka C low score. H,
b) He told me yesterday that he would buy
---\ l (together)
the book soon.
score C-h---o.
-x--- 68
Krishna:
He would buy me a...

Vineela: You are right. When you told me you
would not come I felt sorry you were
going to miss a lot. But now I know I
am wrong.
right.
miss
y
y -o-p y
--E -f.
* E
E --E p -hC.
Prabha: Did Smitha accompany you?
past told
future
future, past
buy.
Eo p y
-E d would buy
\
* future d would
4.
S} a:
a) I think (that) he will help me.

b) I thought (that) he would help me.
[(a)
(b)
]
would
verbs
n h-E ---o. n h-E --o

Vineela: No. Smitha said she would accompa- -- o
ny me to the movie if her cousin came -E-: v, NF Eo N J*

along.
x---o-E h--.
--. x cousin h h-E 1) I thought (that) it would be fun: N-
pC .
-E -o. (--- E --}Prabha: By the way, what is your programme
- - past - - E -J-* t F *a?
(accompany = -}- -J--j)
this evening?
Vineela: My dad told me that he would buy me
a new dress for my birthday next
week. So I will go shopping.
Next week
birthday
dress
shopping
Prabha: All the best then. Bye.
would
verbs
1) I thought (that) it would be fun.
2) I thought (that) I would
3) You told me you would not come
4) Smitha said (that) she would accompany me.
5) Dad told me (that) he would buy me a new
dress.
1)
November Novemberpresent. December - future
o h
E-h--o. d v
ho.
future)
would be - 'be' form 2) I thought (that) I would (go to the movie)
would go - (future from the past)
3) You told me you would not come -
l-E
y -- E o.
4) Smitha said that she would accompany me.

Sunitha
5) Dad told me that he would buy a new dress.
dress
'would'
past
future
Kumar:
- Ny--
C \
Wicket
-h-E.
Krishna: Yuvraj -
----E
yo?
M. SURESAN
Kumar: Yuvraj Kaif
\ runs ----o. R.P. Singh
bowl h----.
2) Dayakar: Eo O -- a-o. Nyx
---o.
Prabhakar: y h-E -L- -.
y- Phone -.
Dayakar: y time - h---. time x
-?
Prabhakar: E---. E Eo --t
--- doctor _- B-}--C.
time y- -h-E ---.
Sorry.
-F, --o bike -E

--
*a
-E-.
p- -F?
h
-E o p.
Prabhakar: p-. -o?
-.
*
D
Dayakar: --E p. x
p--E --.
o s -h-E p-.
a) would be - be form -
Prabhakar: E %-d-- . o
b) would + 1st Regular Doing Word (would go,
v p- Eo *a-,
would come, would see, etc) - action (EE
-q bike -E.
C)

.
vh
(N-uh) . a i) -\ -E ---o
Answers:
I think he will be there
v-h -E-:
1) Krishna: Didn't you (Did you not) go to
ii) -\ -E --o
November *, present *,
Rajkot to see the cricket match?
I thought he would be there.
December future. future p-
Kumar: I thought I would, but dropped the
will, shall . [will, shall - future p- b i) I Class h-E ---o
idea. We would enjoy it better viewing
I think I will get a first class.
-E -- ---Th- lesit on the TV than watching it live.
ii)
I
Class
sons - N- --o]
(\ live = j vu-~)
I
thought
that
I
would
get
a
I
class.
2) August 2005 - C - Past.
Krishna: I told you, there wouldn't (would not)
September 2005 - C - past.
Now practise the following aloud in english:
be the replays, the slow motion views.
August 2005 * September 2005 1) Krishna: y Rajkot -}--,
Kumar:
You are right. My brother told me that
--C? Future (N-uh) ?
Cricket match ---E?
he would cancel the train tickets yesp--* August (past) * September Kumar: l- -o, E -o.
terday itself.
2005 future. August 2005 *,
vu-~ ---o, TV h
Krishna:
I
knew that you wouldn't be going,
past * September 2005 future -C.
enjoy - E.
that you would cancel the tickets and
d p --C:
Krishna: - p TV replays,
a) November 2005 * December 2005 that you would lose money.
slow motion view E, --y
Present * future.
Kumar: You know my uncle is in Rajkot. So I
N-.
b) August 2005 * September 2005 - Kumar: y right. Train tickets Eo thought I would go. So what do you
past * future.
v cancel h--o, -t.
think of the match?
h-E --C.
Krishna: I knew India would win but didn't

think/ never thought that Sri Lanka
would lose by so many wickets.
Kumar: I was sure that Tendulkar would score
another century.
Krishna: Sri Lanka's was a low score. I thought
Gambhir and Tendulkar together
would score all the runs needed for
the victory.
Kumar: I was confident too that they would
win without losing a single wicket.
Krishna: Did you think Yuvraj would play so
well?
Kumar: I thought Kaif would score more runs
than Yuvraj. I didn't think that RP
Singh would bowl so well/ I didn't
expect RP Singh to bowl so well.
2) Dayakar: I came to your place / for you yesterday.
Prabhakar: I didn't know you would come. Why
didn't you call me before coming?
Dayakar: I didn't think you would go out at
that time/ I didn't expect you to be
out at that time. Aren't you usually
at home at that time?
Prabhakar: That's true. But my mother wanted
me to take her to the doctor. I didn't think you would come. / I didn't
expect you at that time. sorry.
Dayakar: That's Ok. Did Sumanth tell you
that he would buy a bike?
Prabhakar: No. Is he buying one?
Dayakar: Yes. He said that he would be buying it this week. His father told him
that he would send the money
shortly.
Prabhakar: Luck fellow. Dad told me yesterday
very strongly / Dad made it clear
yesterday that he would not buy
me a bike for another year.
Dayakar:
v-o: To be Phrase - --Th v

Eo N- n h --L----.
happened + to + verb1;
sub+V2
--x- Eo u ---.
- -, --Jz
---: To be phrase N:
1) to be + ing form;
2) To be + Past participle.
O Eo u-- -a.
-..
1) to be + ing form
a) We expect him to be studying now
b) We found to be sleeping soundly, etc.
2) to be + pp
a) We ordered the work to be finished in
an hour
b) He wanted them to be seen there.
'to be...' phrases
subject
sentences
a) I wanted to see him (sub + vb2)
b) She tried to meet him (sub + v2)
c) They wished to succeed (sub + v2)
-..
[-
Spken English
15 2005
u x ...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Dinesh: Hi Saleem, Welcom. Good to see
you though after a long time. Have a
seat. How about some Coffee?
( M! --V-jC L.
h B--?)
Saleem: No Coffee for me, Dinesh. Thanks
all the same.
( ]l q.)
--p- ( B-----p-).
all the same =
Dinesh: Would you fancy tea then?
( B--?)
-. T d#,
# --.)
Ground - C grind past tense.
grind = / [. grinder= /
machine C grind hC.
ground coffee = [.
Coffee seeds/ Coffee beans = T.
fresh = .
j -- would #a verbs -E.
1. Would you fancy?
2. Would you mind waiting for a while?
3. Would you move aside a little?
4. He would drink.
5. My dad would never drink.
please. Thanks.
(p . -]l. q.)
b) #a offer, accept x
English x ]lA v #a offer B-E op[, ---p[
Don't poke your nose in others' affairs.
responsesi) I don't mind (a little coffee/ tea), thanks.
(- u-- -]-a.)
-]--h. English x \
( o- -p[ v]
-[.
c) Mind your (own) business.
(F E y .)
h... B?
6. He would have the coffee ground.

lessons
'would' usewould expresses future from the past
past
future
would
-o
E,
[.
p-]
Ramana: He wrote to me that he would see

me last weekend. But he did not
turn up.
( ----E
[. F ].)
Would you care for some coffee?

fancy =
prefer
d--[[. \[ fancy ], like/

[-a.
#a x B-,
B-? E [-[, ]l- v
J u] [ ]-? , B#a #a---x B-.
English ]l- v Coffee/Tea B E [-[ p-]. A-] G---[- B E
L E T B-.
Saleem: I don't mind tea.
(
Mind =
Dinesh: Would you mind/ Mind waiting for a
while? I'll make the tea in no time.
u- ].)
u-.
( - ? #- h.)
/ #-)
In no time =
Saleem: Take your (own) time. No hurry.
(BJ_ u. ]--].)
F d #a
take your (own) time =
B.
Dinesh: Would you move aside a little? The
tea tin is in the shelf behind you.
(h \ --? [s F o p C.)
Saleem: Not at all.
( y-].)
Dinesh: So you like tea more than coffee.
(F - d o-)
Saleem: That's right. I think I got it from my
grandad. He would drink a lot of
tea, my dad often says.
(. --J # -#a-]C.
--E o
---p[.)
Dinesh: My dad would never drink tea. He
would always prefer coffee. He
would have the coffee ground fresh,
and make coffee for himself.
( o p[ .
x 69
Write =
turn up =
Kesav: He called me yesterday to tell me
that he would be very busy till next
week, so he wouldn't be able to
come until after next week.
[.
[/ --[.
(a--- G@ -E
Eo [. ]-x a
y--F --o[.)
\[ [. would past # future
[-o . past #, ]
J future would [.
p[ v-E would o
J Eo -- l.
Would you fancy = F d?
y B-? Do N]
Would you mind/ Would you like/ Would you
like to take/ Would you take/ Would you care
for some coffee?
Eo- n. O h B-/
B E.
would you question form
offer ( #a x, friends j
coffee N offer --E) [.
Would you like a little tea?
How about a little tea?
What about some tea?
offer
would
offer (present
offer
responses
offer
Fo
[.

).
-
l.
-
h, L ]l
/ N j
--E .
a) Offer ]l -
i) No, thanks
ii) Not now, please. Thanks all the same.
(pO B. q.)
iii) I have had some just now. No more
(... y y-].)
]ho-.
ii) That'd (that would) be welcome, thanks.

iii) That'd (that would) certainly be a pleasure, thank you.
iv) That's kind of you, thanks.
would
offers.
Would
Present
requests
]-sx
[.
Kumar: Can I see your

father?
Bhaskar: Please come
in. Have a seat.
Would
you
mind waiting
some
time?/
Would you wait
M. SURESAN
for some time?
Kumar: Not at all. I don't
mind waiting.
'would'
question from
you
request
a)
Would you accompany me?
b)
Would you let me sit here for a while?
would
Mind: Mind
1) Mind
questions
a) Do you mind waiting for some time?
wait
wait
request.)
Do you mind
Would you mind?
would you mind?
polite and formal
\[ [
[[
u
O h --h!
d) Mind you. Don't make any mistake.
(vh -x .)
Kishore:
y, y ? j
uC !
Swaroop: h?
[-\E h.
Kishore: F h [--E-h?
E t.
Swaroop: y F. E [-.
J E -.
Kishore: .
Answer
Kishore: Hi Swaroop, Are you ready? It's
time.
Swaroop: Would you wait for minutes? I will
wash my face and come.
Kishore: Mind my using your phone? I would
call Kumar and ask him to come.
Swaroop: Be quick. Tell him to be ready. We
can pick him up on our way.
Kishore: Ok
\[ a-a!
C
-.
n [
u- d[, u
[.
(
[ O-o u--?
h? E
\[
o
o .
C
J-
\
E x.
b) (Would you/ Do you) mind my sitting here?

conversation
Do you/
Would you
c) Mind my using your pen/ Mind if I use your
pen?
pen
mind
mind
'ing' form
mind if
d) Mind of I accompany you?
y x
C--h. D C.
(O
a.)
B:
y
F hC.
F/
(O a?)
Mind my accompanying you?
Mind
conversation
practice
2) Mind
manage
l
u--Eo -[.
.
[, j
a) Who minds the office here?
( --?
b) My brother minds the office when my
father is away.
vo:
tell, say...
OE ]-sx -T-L?c -Eo Eo-x E

Eo-x E --Th .
]-s -Eo a-JL?
N--, -[
: Usually
when the letter 'c' is fol-
lowed by 'e', or i, it is pronounced as s, as

certificate, or as in cinema. In most other
cases it is pronounced as k. So rule about it.
only the dictionary can help us.
vo:
I don't think you should buy it
n N?
t-E O -- - Tx- -L?
O-], -
: ] u-E n O Eo E ]/ O Eo E []. uEo Tx- -a
I cannot send my daughter to your school.
---
Anand: Janaki, how about giving us a song?
--, ?
(give a song = )
Janaki: Me? giving a song? Are you Joking?

Joke
Bhanu: Oh. Can Janaki sing? This is news to
me.
? ---?
h-o?
, --? C h
N.
(news to me = -- -L--E
-N- p Lh, This is news to
me . conversation )
Anand: O, She would sing for hours when we

were at school. That too very well.
School
- 17 --- 2005
teacher time o-p-x E--d-E NC.

-sx 'would' past habit/
habitual action in the past --C ?
j v--pE E
would .
d) *o-p v-A- a-.
As a child he would cry a lot at night.
e)
- --.
He would walk for long distances.

'would'
English
Would
Do
begin
tions would
begin
would
mal.
O
J-Eo --. -u--J-
-
h-C.
u quesE

.
-sx for
J-Eo N- -y- l!
-
o-p -
C, -D -- -.
Now Practise the following aloud in English:
(That too = C )
(O--Eox 'would' )
a) Jayanthi: Function
----o. F
Necklace h h?
(lend = -N-y)
Suguna: C tC. t p-.
-x--- 70
- F chain h. d-?
Suguna: It is my mother's. She wouldn't

(would not) let me lend it. If you want
I can lend you my chain. Would you
like it? / Do you like it?
Jayanthi: That'd be (That would be) fine.
Thank you. When shall I take it?
Suguna: When is the function? Isn't it the day
after (tomorrow)? I'd very much like
to give you the chain. You look beautiful/ splendid/ gorgeous with it
around your neck.
Jayanthi: Really I don't / wouldn't like to borrow
it. All my Jewels are in the bank locker. The keys are with my father. He'll
Wouldn't you sing?

Bhanu: Janaki, wouldn't you sing for us now?
just one song.
D C. Thanks. p
B\?
--, - ? \-J.
Suguna: p function? x ?
Janaki: Would you stop bothering me, please?
v h? F-y
h o trouble -?
E -. chain
Anand: She would sing on. I mean, at school
y .
even if none were there to listen to her.
Jayanthi: E B\ d-. --Fo
My English teacher would, when she
bank locker o. ohad the time make it a point to listen to
x
E . locker
her sweet songs.
-o. \ x N--x- -- -E
p- o-.
C. p--p English Teacher E- Suguna: -?
Eo ----?
-d-E Janaki NC.
ho . .
Janaki: Ok. I am going to sing just to please
Jayanthi: Thank you.
you.
b) Brahmam: Sekhar
O -- --o.
\ would *a verbs -J-* ---, would -J-* -- --o
N- l.
1) 'I thought he would help me' -
- h---o.
\ 'would help' - future from the past
--C.
2) Would you like some tea?

tea
'would' offer
you
question form
3) Would you wait for a while?
wait
you
question form
request
lesson
'would'
a) She would sing for hours when we were at
School.
School
b) She would sing on =
c) My English teacher would, when she had the
time, make it a point...
h B-?
--
x
.
h?
\ u
.
v-E --
p
- l.
Jayanthi:
Vx - C.
--C.
-v-o: -- -Tx--
O- -o?
(-o = Stay on)
Damodar: F p? meeting
begin -C. h chairs
stage O --?
(d= put/ place/ keep)
Brahmam: o-- E p-.
Damodar: o p -E.
table h stage O d--E
h?
Brahmam: -. N h
clear p? \-h-E
C.
Damodar: - x--E -- F?
*o-p -. \
x-- . p -J
aE -*h -. - x L--.
Brahmam: Jv p -? F
-\--o h?
Damodar: Sorry, M.
Answers:
a) Jayanthi: I am attending a function. Would
you lend me your necklace?
Grammatical mistakes
---x---. Spoken English, Grammar -p
Institutes -\--o? -q -- --, u-x
------ --o-?
-.-y, --x
---: Spoken English Institutes - -o vA
-l-x. -\- h--C ----L. CD,
Casettes - Spoken English -C-*-N
o. CIEFL- Central Institute of English and Foreign

Languages J casettes, CDs l x --.
O-Eo-- O TV English news channels regular
watch . O N - .
be back only
the day after
(tomorrow). He
wouldn't/ doesn't allow us to
keep even a
single
ornaM. SURESAN
ment at home.
Suguna: Would
you
stop it? No more words please. I am
giving it to you willingly. Come tomorrow and take it.
Jayanthi: Thank you.
b) Brahmam: Is Sekhar staying on for the
meeting? / Would Sekhar stay
on for the meeting?
(Is Sekhar staying on...? better,
would Sekhar?
Damodar: What did he tell you? The meeting
will begin in an hour. Would you put
those chairs on the stage / dais?
Brahmam: I asked him but he wouldn't say
anything / didn't say anything.
(Wouldn't
d -
hC p--E d p--E)
Damodar: He told me he would stay on. Would

you help me place the table on the
stage?
Brahmam: With pleasure / that'd be a pleasure.
Would you mind telling me more
clearly about Sekhar? I have some
work with him.
Damodar: You know he doesn't talk much.
Even as a boy he was like that. He
wouldn't talk much. He would
always sit alone and think of something. He would not join others at
play.
-v-o: 'Do' -E -N-E--Th-op- 1st person example -
I know English,
We watch English movies
questions
2nd
person (you)
1st person
For example: Do I know English? Do we watch English movies
Do I go there every sunday?, Do we sing
well?
--. --
--E --a. -E
- --v
-- -- -v-Po----?
----? -O -Eo--x
--E --p. --C d ---.
---:
--- -, -vQ -
-- vPo---a.
English x--- 'Do I know English?' E -
?Do we watch English movies? p.
English movies h? E -T--p expect Answer
N? -, E, . -sEod Eg----a.
Ist person
Brahmam: Would you stop telling me of his history? Would you atleast tell me
where he is?
Damodar: I don't know.
Mounika:
Sarika:
Mounika:
o-x E--h-o-N-\?
-x.
y company v
* \ -o?
(Do you mean/ Does it mean )
Sarika:
v--* . v
Eo V*. .. v-
-- -a. Fo O-
-----o?
Mounika: friend u EoV-L-\
E-C. F-o ---E.
Sarika:
u? .
Mounika: p--\-C? --E
-x-C.
Sarika:
x--E -O --L-? Last
September . p India .
x husband states -R}-C.
Mounika: a ho. O _
address F, phone number F
. h h?
Sarika:
-.
Answer:
Mounika: How long have you worked/ have
you been working here?
Sarika:
For the past five years/ for the last
five years/ for five years now.
Mounika: (Do) you mean/ Does it mean that
you have been here since the beginning of the company?
Sarika:
Not right from the beginning. A few
days after the beginning. You can
say, almost from the beginning. But
why do you ask? / Why are you asking all this? (Almost =
Mounika: My friend Navya worked here for
some time. I was wondering if you
knew her.
wondering
'I was wondering'
Sarika:
(\
au . -
j J-T- E --)
(Do) you mean Navya? I know her

very well, of course.
Mounika: Where is she now? It is three years
since I met her/ I met her last three
years ago.
Sarika:
( xv --o)
Don't you know she has been / is

married? She got married last
September. She has with her husband for the states.
Mounika: I am going to the states too, next
month. Do you have / have you her
address or phone no.? would you
mind giving them to me if you have
them?
Sarika:
With pleasure.
- - - y- a - q - - - - G- L- - ---
1.c 2.a 3.c 4.a
11.b 12.d 13.b
19.c 20.a 21.c
27.c 28.c 29.b
35.b 36.a 37.c
43.a 44.a 45.b
51.c 52.b 53.b
59.b 60.c 61.a
5.a 6.b 7.d 8.a 9.b

14.b 15.b 16.a 17.d
22.d 23.c 24.a 25.a
30.b 31.d 32.a 33.b
38.a 39.a 40.b 41.d
46.c 47.a 48.a 49.d
54.d 55.a 56.d 57.c
62.b 63.b 64.c 65.d.
10.c
18.a
26.b
34.c
42.c
50.b
58.d
---
Sukumar: Hi Bhaskar, am I late?
-- \, ----o -u a?
Bhaskar: You are, of Course. But (that/ it)
doesn't matter. The function hasn't
yet begun.
late
function
Sukumar: Where is Shekhar? He always
claims that he is punctual.
punctual
F y--,
v ---.
? -p
E
-.
(punctual = time J )
Shekhar: I am here. I was here exactly at 4.30
-\--o-. -J_ 4.30 -x --a--.

Sukumar: I am just a few minutes late. A few
minutes' delay makes no difference.
Cl EN- u--u-. Cl
EN- u --.
Bhaskar: It makes little difference whether you
are a few minutes late or half an
hour late. You are late. That's the
point.
y Cl EN- -u-, -
-u- C u. y
u --.
Shekhar: Let's not talk any more of it. What
are there for the dinner after the
function?
Function
dinner
Sukumar: As for me so long as things are good
to eat, it makes no difference to me
what I eat.
English Conversation -Fo -

expressions. j--Eo- n,
Conversation '---/
--/ l -- -
. o l --d----
Doesn't matter = It does'nt matter .
a) Bhavan: Did he come here or did you go to
him?
-\- a, y-\- x?
Bhaskar: So long as the things are tasty, I

never mind what I eat.
A--E * -j y-
Shekhar: I'd have none of the hot stuff.
h- d/ B-
Bhaskar: Never mind. You have a variety of
things to eat.
Doesn't (Does not matter)

Makes no difference
Makes little difference
Never mind.
Krishna: Never mind how I got it. I have it.
( *a --. _Jp-
sC. D u)
c) It makes little difference/ It makes no difference whether you come at 10.30 or 11.00
when you do not come at 10.
a) What does it matter?
b) It matters little/ It matters nothing/ It doesn't

matter much
c) What difference does it make?/ It doesn't
make any difference/ It makes no/ Little difference
expressions n, --. OE Conversation . --

natural effective C.
d) Never mind
-v- o:
1) How to express the Telugu word

in English.
2) What can I do to get 'American Accent'
3) Why do we use the word 'spoken' in
"spoken English"?
''-
---: 1) - = catch word.
-- -, ---
2) You can get American accent by listening to

CNN news channels and also with the help
of Webster's dictionary. Other English dictionaries also give American spelling, pronunciation and accent. Watching Hollywood
movies will help.
3)
'spoken' is past participle and not past
tense. Past participle
spoken english
English
English
p '--o,
' n h.
x---/ ---o
E n.
.
- x
'The boy bitten by the snake,'
--f s. - .
J-* s .
Rekha: Never mind where I bought it. Is it really good?

Shriya: How much is it?
Rekha: It doesn't matter how much it is. Is it
good or not?
Shriya: It is really marvellous. I want to buy it
(one like that) too. Where did you buy it?
Rekha: At Vasthra Sagar. You can also get a
gift worth Rs. 200/3) Jagan: Will you be at home tomorrow at this
time?
Suman: What's the matter?
Jagan: I have some doubts in Physics. I feel
you can clear them.
Suman: Just what makes you think I can clear
them?
Jagan: Because you are better at Physics
correct)
than me (Than I
Suman: OK. I'll try. But don't be/ get disappointed if I cannot.
It doesn't matter
(y C- -p, y p--*a
y-/ C-o---*a , ----*a
y--. -- h---o
.)
A-.
-E-? ---Fo..
---E expressions -E-.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shriya:
E C.
Sumanth: What does it matter? We met.
-\. \ o?
That's important.
Rekha: Y--- . F gift h, .
(It doesn't matter/ Doesn't matter
200/ N C.
whether he came here or I went to
3) Jagan: Oy time x -?
him. we met)
Suman: N?
C u p?/ -\- - Jagan: Physics Eo doubts o.
, -\- x- C ,
o Clear -----E?
u. --o. D Suman: F p---E y------os?
u.
Jagan: y Physics -E.
b) Santan: Have you the money?
Suman: , v-Aoh. p--- v y
(F _ -s?)
disappoint .
Krishna: Yes. I have it. (C)
Jagan:
disappoint - t C.
Santan: How did you get it? ( *aC?)
Suman: OK. Best of luck.
4) Pramod: Hi Venkat, College
?
Venkat: -. o -x .
-h. College
-x--- 71
x h.
N C--.
y
--o?
A--E * o
A--E ---C - u .
--C- 20 --- 2005

1) Mukund:
Shankar:
Phone
Mukund: Phone
l Station ?
j y--. y a-d-
.
-u- F
Ja---E.
Shankar: F. - R} - receive
. y E y --a.
Mukund: -DE o n ---lE --
p. -E -- y p -.
Shankar: y--. h y --E.
2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, \- --o F dress?
?
Rekha: \ o- N . E
?
Shriya: -u?
Rekha: N u . p. ,
?
Pramod:
Venkat:
group B--o?
MPC ----o.
o v BiPC -E
C. family -- doctors
. o d-- doctor -E C.
Pramod: u-J.
Venkat: F interest .Biology
x c --L.
d--d -.
Pramod: C d. Biology * c--h
-. O o -- a
p--?
Venkat: ap--? -*-ho.
5) Mohan: v-V h y--?
John: p-, B. E---E AJTy
Ja-.
Mohan: -- a-hx.
N - Eo? y-----.
John: C?
Mohan: y vA h . x Eo
-d--?
John: --- p? h l
F?
Answers:
1) Mukund: Shall I go to the station with you or
not?
Shankar: It makes no difference/ Little difference (Whether you go with me or
not). If you are coming just call me.
Mukund: I don't mind giving a call. But I'm
afraid I will forget.
Shankar: Doesn't matter. I will receive Anand
at the station. You can meet him later.
Mukund: Tell him not to misunderstand me. I
will meet him later, certainly.
Shankar: Never mind. I will tell him why you
aren't able to come.
2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, where did you buy your
(the/ this) dress. It's really fine/ fantastic/ gorgeous.
Jagan: I am sure I
shan't
(shall
not) be disappointed.
Suman: Then it's OK.
Best of luck.
4) Pramod: Hi Venkat,
M. SURESAN
have
you
joined any
college?
Venkat: Not yet. Dad is not in town. He will
come back tomorrow. I will talk to dad
what college I am going to join.
Pramod: What group are you going to take?
Venkat: I want to do MPC. But dad wants me
to do BiPC. There hasn't been a doctor in our family so far (No doctor so
far in my family). Dad wants me to be
the first doctor in the family.
Pramod: Go ahead then.
Venkat: But I am not so interested. A lot of
names to remember in biology. I am
poor at mugging.
(mugging =
d d)
Pramod: That's right. Biology needs good

memory. Then how can you convince
your dad? (convince =
ap)
Venkat: Yes, how can I? That's what I think of.

5) Mohan: Can you/ would you lend me the
book for two days?
John:
Certainly. Take it. Don't forget to return

it by saturday.
Mohan: I will return it even before that. Shall I

ask you one thing if you don't mind?
(don't mind =
John:
------)
What is it?
Mohan: You buy every book. How many of

them do you lose?
John:
Is that important now? Do you want

the book or not?
---
Sandhya: Where are you going so early,
-- 22 --- 2005
I hope I'll (I will) get a class.

I hope that I will get a class.
Shyam?
d-- lessons English

Question structure , statement structure o :
would go to Ram's today. I have
Statement p subject , E
some difficulty with Physics, and he
y verb -h-C.
said (that) he would help me.
Eo p--t, -R}- h- -- --a = He has come (sub + verb)
E. Physics d C. question :
1) verb + subject
--h-E p.
Is he here?
Sandhya: But Dad said (that) he would take
2) verb -, p
you to the eye specialist today. You
\ y h-o -u?
Shyam:
Mom, I told you yesterday (that) I
were
complaining
of
frequent
headaches.
o
Eo
doctor _-
Bho . y ,
--p--.
Shyam:
Not today. I have the Physics exam

tomorrow. I told dad (that) I would
not be able to go to the doctor today.
question structure:
1st word of the verb + subject + other word(s)
of the verb
Is he coming?
verb, Is coming-
(\
?)
3) 'wh' words
begin
questions
'wh' word + verb + sub.
where is he?
4) 'wh' question
verb
i)
-\--? = Where does he live?

-\-- F ?
Do you know where he lives?
(\ Do you know v question

- , -\-- question statement)
:
O o- \?
1) amuse = (u u \ -,
,
Ajitha: ---}.
size z ) y d-, N --LNaresh: \---}?
-:
T-.
'wh' word + 1st word of the verb + subject + Ajitha: --\----}-C p. p
He amuses us with his jokes.
other words of the verb.
AJ--h -L-.
(Jokes Ny-h)
where is he going?
The boy in the girl's dress amused us.
Naresh: - -E-o a-E p?
t
dress s y
-p--.
An amusing movie/ situation - N -LT-/- -u---i E-/- -J-nA.
2) annoy = ( ' \---)
N-T-; p-.
-x--- 72
1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha,
He said that..
. physics exam
C . o p -V
d _- x--E.
j N- O h-o--. p
sentence :
a) The way he talks annoys me
x B L-T-hC.
Ajitha:
. p. O---a -T ---o.
I know where he is
Naresh: F p--, -h.
-\--o .
Sandhya: That's OK. Would you promise me
2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, -y -p -- sentence statement. Question .
(that) you would go tomorrow? No
-o-?
'where' 'wh'
more postponement, understand? I
Srikar: -p ---- - --L--.
--x senwarn you (that) it will worsen if you
Venkat a--E-O ---tence question
neglect.
C.
E E--a. F
. h-E -h?
Omkar: -p--aC F phone -?
. C h state . y Eo -~Srikar: J-T -L--. - phone
ment. -E state*Dl \C.
- --L-- .
ment structure (sub(worsen- ~-)
Omkar: O train time -L-?
ject ,
verb
j--- that -E-:
Srikar: . p.
y
h)
1) I told you yesterday that I would go...
Omkar: C h-o. Worry .
v
C. M. SURESAN
2) he said that he would...
Srikar: -C ? late ?
sentences .
3) I told Dad that I wouldn't be...
Venkat: Traffic \- C. auto
Eo -E --E -
4) Would you promise me that you would...
u T--C.
I asked him why he was absent yesterday.
5) I warn you that it will worsen.
Srikar: \ _--\ phone ?
(why was he absent ?)
sentences that n 'E E. a) Where can I get some good tea?
Venkat: -E--. auto
N -o h, N 'that'
phone \- -L---.
(* tea \ --C?)
hC.
h-E o.
b) Tell me where I can get some good tea.

tea
sentence (a) question,
can I
get
sentence (b) statement; question
where I can get
c) where does he go every evening?
}-E o p.
d) Ask him where he goes every evening.
He told me that he would go.
h-E p-/- -o.
a) I told you yesterday that I would go
\- h-E Eo F o.
b) He said that he would help me

c) I told dad that I wouldn't be... (would not be)
d) Would you promise me that you would go
tomorrow?
e) I warn you that it would worsen
(*
I told you I would go.

I told you that I would go.
He said he would help me.
He said (that) he would help me.
She says she can't sing any more.
she says that she can't sing any more.
--E C.
\ -- p)
-E x
-E
(vA v \ h?)
(vA v \---h ---)

d where does
sentence (c) question

he go?
sentence (d) statement
goes.
English
h-E -h?
a-J-ho C \----E.
d j sentences Eo- that 'E.
conversations , writing
'that' C-- y---. .
p-.
j sentenses that n
.
Srikar: What happened / What has happened

Venkat? Why are you so late?
Venkat: The traffic was very heavy and the
auto broke down on the way.
Srikar: Didn't you find a phone any where
there?
Venkat: I didn't. Even the auto driver did not
know where a phone was.
d where he
C
- u-i .
e) -\ o h?
Where did he buy the book?

f) He did not tell me where he had bought the
book
h \ o p-.
(h , p y d
had bought)
g)
= Where has he gone?

(Question - So, has he gone?)
h) No one knows where he has gone
-\---}?
-\---} -J -L--.
(Statement; so - he has gone.
b) His silly jokes annoys us

silly jokes
c) Don't be annoyed =
tLo N-T-h.
p--/ --p--.
3) bitter= (G 'G \ -)
Coffee/ Tea without milk and sugar is bitter.
, - -E / .
: He is bitter that he did not get the promotion.
Promotion
bitter pill =
- o.
-v.
4) Chair () n Ka. F I want
him to chair the meeting sentence
chair u-~ - (
u-~ --E J-/ -----o)
5) Chase = b - -.
The tiger chased the deer - L > -C. , - n C.
Answers:
1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, where is your father?

Ajitha: He has gone out.
Naresh: Where has he gone?
Ajitha: He doesn't tell me / He never tells me
where he goes. I do not know when he
will return / he will be back.
Naresh: Did you tell him / Have you told him
that I came for him yesterday?
Ajitha: I did / I have. He told me / wanted me
to find out why you had come.
Naresh: I can't tell you (of it). I'll (will) come
tomorrow.
2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, when are you starting?
do not know when I am
Srikar: I myself
going to start. (It) depends on when
Venkat comes here. / On venkat's coming here.
Omkar: Has'nt he phoned you when he is coming.
Srikar: I don't know what has happened. I
don't know either (not
either)
why he has'nt phoned.
Omkar: Doesn't he know the time of your train.
Srikar: He does / He knows. I told him too.
Omkar: There he is. Don't worry.
()
-v-o: I
am poor at spellings. Please, give

information
about
pronunciation
casettes and CDs.
---: A Number of Pronunciation casettes

--.--f, --
and CDs are available in leading

Book Shops. Pronunciation and
spelling casettes and CDs prepared
by Central Institute of English and
Foreign Languages are also available in Hyderabad. A number of foreign books on Conversation, pronunciation and spelling carry casettes
and CDs with them. Enquire for them
in the market.
-v-o: -- -- -u-- -- --d---Tutorials, tution centre, tuition centre

Asoka's tutorials, Asoka
tutorial's
o-. ----C
--E h-o. --C

d? --
--C --L?
-.-N.-- -, --Kq-o
---: Tuition C Correct spelling. Asoka
Tutorials correct. -x -E
Apostrope (') s ('s) .
---
spoken english
-- 24 --- 2005
-- -u- -x ---..
Raghav: Good morning Doctor
Doctor: Good morning. Come in. Name and
other things please.
Raghav: I am Raghav, aged 19, doing my 3rd
year degree.
rd year
degree
Doctor: Your complaint?
Raghav: I have had a fever since yesterday
and a headache since last night. I feel
rather weak too.
Doctor:
4) Doctor
(patient ): examination. A doctor examines a patient.
5)
Tests: Blood test, urine
test, motion
test, sputum
test, etc.
6) Diagnosis
Ey- K~
-----E K-~.
(v)
()
(
x
)
, 19 x, 3
(-o-) 'o \--- =
h-o.
E
g
= uC C E Eg--.
(-F ---N-?)
7) j p tests Fo diagnostic tests.
( uC --N- Eg--- K-~)
8) Prescription - Doctor a T.
- vv\-{ 'v\ \L)
Eo * y, vA * --p 9) (pronunciation
Prescribe: Doctor , ju
C. F C.
B-E p. Doctor -y.
(rather - h \-)
(Prescribe - vwj \ 'wj \ \ -)
You have a temperature of above 100.
10) treat - ju / *q
Well, take these tablets and have
11) treatment - ju/- *-q
complete rest. Avoid solids today.
12) A course of tablets/ injections - v,
Only liquids. That's my prescription.
u Doctor El---.
100 vUj temperature C. 13) injections
= to be under treat--V solids - ---n o

ment, to undergo treatment, to take treatN l. v n B.
ment.
( temperature - pronunciation - v
' \ -.
Prescription - Doctor a )
Raghav: What's the dosage doctor?
-----.
-.
y --o. -
_-- Eo K-~ l.
y--.
(y, temperature N _ =
come down)
j - s-, patients , doctors

-C* expressions -E-.
1) Complaint = Patient (T) , u.
2) English fever, headache, temperature Fo
countables. singular, plural numbers . Singular a/ an h.
a fever, a temperature, a headache.
3) Weak = (-J ) F .
F h \ V ---
= debility (Eq-h)
-v-o: 1) Cheer (n&v), cheerful (adj) and yacht

(n) pronunciation
2) 2X5 = 10.
two, five
---.
-D-Eo
'-u ten --E
-----. -E---?
3) Retired Retd. -- Rtd.-- j-
abbreviation --C?
-.-P-, --C-\
---:
1) Cheer- * (J- J-). cheerful:
*- ; yacht=/-. (
op, -- v Ap
-L E-y; o-
flat d)
2) 2$5=10 two five 'u ten p. DEo
--LqC, Two fives are ten E.
Pronunciation: jb- E; \- '- -h
size z -. Are E ' -;
*J 'r' silent. (Tu faivza : ten) - C English
pronunciation.
3) Retd
correct.
Doctor:
Ramesh:
Doctor: O.K.
-?
. L C.
b) Eo--- u - B-o
B. N
h.
I was on diet till yesterday.
c) h-, bread v B--o
Ramesh: u o --- - doctor?
He has been on diet of milk and bread for
Doctor: , bread v. Barley
the past four days/
B.
He has been taking only bread and milk for 2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, N-?
Ravi:
bad news. ~ t- -.
the past four days.
O doctors , medicines , patients
Ramana: . E C. Eo
-C-* conversational expressions. C
V- ----o?
-E-:
Ravi:
V- temperature
4) He is suffering from a feverC. -V Doctor p
C common -. C -
typhoid ~--E. 3 ju,
u. conversational (spoken form)
rest B--o.
Ramana: y ---E -.
(-- = recover)
a) He has a fever/ He is down with a fever.
b) She has been down with 'flu for the past 2
days.
'flu
v-V-
C.
Answers:
1) Doctor: How long have you had this fever?
Ramesh: For the past/ last two days.
He has a fever
--N V j
B-o y-. C vA --- . v S}
.
v u B--o
Prakash is on diet.
-x--- 73
v oEo p --L?
Doctor: The first one, three times a day, after

taking in something. The second one
at bed time. See me again tomorrow
evening.
Raghav: Hope it isn't any thing serious, doctor?

serious
Doctor
Doctor: I don't think so. Don't Worry. It's just
an ordinary fever. If it doesn't come
down by tomorrow, let's have some
tests done. Nothing to worry about.
Take complete rest.
Worry
3 a)
14) diet:
15) symptoms =
5) Doctor
The doctor's (the doctor has) advised her
complete rest (for a week/ ten days, etc.)
6)
illness/ ailment/ disease.
countables.
plurals illnesses,
ailments, diseases
singular
a/ an
a) He is very weak because of an illness/ an
ailment/ a disease.
Jh NvA B-
/ u
uC ~-
Look at the following :

(Read it aloud two or three times)
a) He had had a fever and (a) headache since
yesterday. The doctor examined him this
morning and prescribed some tablets. He
took the prescription to the medical shop and
bought the medicines. The doctor advised
him complete rest. The doctor put him on a
liquid diet. (Put this passage in Telugu)
s =
s-x F- o.
b) The doctor is unable to diagnose their diseases
x u--N El-J----o.
1 a) This doctor is treating my friend/ the

patient
doctor
friend/
b) My friend/ the patient is taking treatment
from this doctor
friend/
doctor
T ju h-o.
T
-o.
c) He has serious ailments

7)
O-Eo- n.
j
(,
(
p Eo--
.
2) We take treatment from a doctor for a disease.

a) He is taking treatment from Dr. Sankar for
Jaundice (Jaundice=
b) She is undergoing treatment for typhoid
(Typhoid
c) He has been under treatment for a week
now.
x)
ju ---C)
( *-q ----o)
- Bv-i s o.
uC E- = cure =
a) Doctor E s
The doctor has cured his disease/ cured

him.
b) The medicine is a good cure
_ *q -
c) My friend/ the patient is under this doctor's

treatment
My friend/ the patient is undergoing treatment.
My friend, patient
I, we, you, he,
she, they, any name, any relationship
(brother, cousin, uncle, etc)
sentences
times of action
future
practice
different tenses
Just one example:
Ramesh took/ has taken/ has been taking/
will take treatment from this doctorsentences
practice
N
)
--,
).

O
- o. OE

p ---Th.
Doctor: Why didn't

you come
earlier?
(early
=
earlier =
Ramesh: I took some medicine to bring

down the temperature.
Doctor: Did it cure you?
Ramesh: No. That's why I am here/ I came
to you.
Doctor: O.K. What are your complaints?
Ramesh: Temperature, headache and body
ache/ pains all over the body.
Doctor:
(Cold =
c) The medicine has cured him of his illness
E s C.
s = ill.
-E s C/- - s--f
He is ill. C - simple expression.
He has been ill for a week
--- - s o
He has been ailing for a week.

These are symptoms of Malaria
-J ~-.
Now Practise the following in English.
1) Doctor:
Ramesh:
Doctor:
Ramesh:
y F C?
v-V-
?
--, temperature
_-.
Doctor: F E-x --?
Ramesh: . O _--- a.
Doctor: , O- p.(complaint)
Ramesh: Temperature, headache, -x
p.
Have you/ Do you have a cold

too?
*C.
8)
M. SURESAN
countable)
Ramesh: Yes. And I fell very cold.

(feel cold Doctor:
L )
O.K. Take these medicines. They

will cure you.
Ramesh: What about the diet?

Doctor:
Just bread and milk. You can take

barley.
2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, what news?

Ravi:
A bit of bad news. Lakshman isn't

well/ Lakshman is ailing.
Ramana: I'm (I am) really sorry. How long

has he been suffering?/ How long
has he been down?
Ravi:
He has had a temperature for the

past four days. The doctor told him
that it is typhoid. He advised him
rest and treatment for three weeks.
Ramana: Let's wish him a speedy recovery.
---
Bhaskar: Hi Krishna, When are you leaving for
Delhi?
Delhi
Charan: On Sunday, by the AP Express.
AP Express
Next Sunday
'The'
Sunday next
sunday
The
Trains
'The
%-g,
p--h-o?
a C-,
-E-:
;
.
hC.
o-p
x
Bhaskar: Have you booked the ticket? /

reserve your ticket?
ticket reserve
(Ticket =
Charan: yes, yesterday. I am travelling II
sleeper class. There was no accommodation in the AC classes.
II sleeper
AC
Classes
Accommodation =
-F
--o-?
' \ -)
Charan: It arrives at 10 and departs at 10.10.

It reaches the destination next morning at 9.
10
Destination (=
Delhi)
hC, 1010 -l-hC.

u/ --- ,
\
yA lo 9 -
hC.
Bhaskar: Have you booked your return journey?

Reserve
Charan: I am not sure when I return. Depends
on what my uncle says.
A v--E
o?
p AJ--h *a- -L-.

uncle p Eo d C.
Bhaskar: OK then, see you tomorrow at station.

Station
Charan: Bye!
v.
l.
-.
-- ' -- *a v--E -C-*
(
\ -. -o '- . l.
n = , A)
1) Leaving - leave = -l-. x.
Bhaskar: Why didn't you go earlier?
( -}?)
I leave for college at 9 every day.

(leave - left - left)
leave for a place.
a)
Delhi
He left Chennai for Delhi yesterday.
b)
- x/ -l-
j o *
-x--- 74
--C- 27 --- 2005
Eo --x
Eo \ * RxC. \-
-L--.
High on the waitlist (wait list

low on the wait list (wait list
8) Make do with =
a)
-)
)
J--a--/ l---.
F - v y--.
l.
I can give you only Rs 100/-. Make do
with it.
b)
Nya l--.
I'll make do with whatever you give.

9) Catering service
(--J N) = ,
f.
Cater =
f-, u parties ,
Rxx j-- (cater = -)
catering = --J - --Eo --- ' \ --L.
caterers = -- = , fx (company/ restaurant, etc)
. --
Fo E---E
p.
-
34 ---o-.
Bhaskar: That's risky. You can't be sure of

accommodation when you are so low
on the wait(ing) list.
Waiting list
Charan: That's why I preferred II sleeper. And
I got the berth of my choice.
II Sleeper
berth
berth pronunciation 'ber', 'bird'
'bir'
'r' silent.
(of my choice =
of your choice
=
Bhaskar: What about your food on the journey? I suggest you take it from home.
The food on the train is expensive
and not so good.
34 - -d- .
-o. \-J-C.

\---.
F\---)
Charan:
She left here yesterday. No idea where for.

practice
(No Idea
2) Train
/bus
/plane
by train, by bus,
by plane.
AP express
By the AP express
3) Tickets reserve
book tickets. (book journey. buy tickets
Reservation
buy tickets in
advance)
Advance booking
current booking
[current =
]
4)
class
travel a class.
II sleeper
a)
He always travels II class sleeper
b)
I class
She is travelling I class
(by/ on/ in first class
5) Accommodation =
Train
(seat/ berth)
6) Wait (ing) list = Berths/ seats
wait
--
)
=
=
--/ ---\- =
-a.
( E --)
(pp -\-)
--o/ vh-
v-- =
p
v h
v--hC
A.
v- G. -j v x x v wait(ing) list
o x h.
v- -? y 7) Wait(ing) list o x seat/ berth - - confirmed.
* B-}-- *C.
My tickets/ accommodation has been con . Train t-C -\-
firmed.
-.
*a- - berth/ seat - C Mom is not in town. I am going to
uC.
make do with the food on the train.
I've (I have) heard that the catering
service on the AP Express isn't so
bad.
Train
AP Express
J; Departure = -l-. -
(arrival), (departure)
13) Destination = u, / ----- .
The destination of the AP express from

Hyderabad is New Delhi.
AP Express
New Delhi.
14) On the train/ on board the train = train
on the journey =
(during the
journey
on travel = while on travel =
travel =
Comfort =
Travel in comfort with less luggage
luggage
j-- * -l
u
,
v
E )
-v---
v, v-- (v);
/ --u
v--.

Gowtham:
Sekhar:
Gowtham:
Sekhar:
train
O v J-TC?
- - J-TC.
\ p ?
-Lq time 10.35 E 15
EN- -u--C.
Gowtham: p-h?
Sekhar:
, x- busy. y
V university C. V
10) See off = send off =
time h. p
O\-/-O-\
d .
y
Gowtham: y V a ?
a) friend
Sekhar:
V AJT Rx--o.
---E
Gowtham: V O train p? v
(O\ y--E
, x lunch .
C -
Sekhar:
V
N shopping xu, M. SURESAN
C.
x
Gowtham: V O tickets book u?

?) station ho
yA V x.
I am going to the station to see my friend
Sekhar:
.
-u. y V
off (to Delhi)/ to send off my friend (to
train S . O-Delhi)
V O -b) station y-x-p-?

E
v
-Ao-h. - --shall I see you off at the station.

l. -J *a--p O
c) Nu-n -C -
h.
O\-L-a (station )
Gowtham: o E -h-o. (disappoint)
A numbers of his students saw him off at
OK. V station
the station.
h O O-\-L-y--E. O
11) See off X receive
Receive j o B--- station
train A- food B E, bus stand F Rx.
h.
a) She has gone to the station to receive
Sekhar:
Station . E food l. train
her father
food -h -.
x o- B----E station Gowtham: o B---E-y-.
--R}-C.
.
How was your journey?

Charan: The booking clerk told me that by last
sunday itself the AC classes were
full. If I wanted AC, I would be 34 on
the wait list.
sunday AC classes
clerk
wait (waiting list)
12) arrival =
b) There was none to receive him at the

station
Sekhar:
OK.
-v-o: 1. Key words - --N-? -O--E -v- - -N- -Jh--L?
---- --, verb EE -L expression, phrasal

\ put out C Phrasal verb, p-
C phrasal verb.
n.
o verb. 'Buy' () DE object C
(Jo), Eo -Eo answer hC d
C transitive. 'see' () Jo (EE , Jo/
h- answer hC d C transitive verb.
ii) Intransitive verb: Jo, EE E vo - answer EC. He goes
The
important
task
before
any
government
is
to
provide
the
to Hyderabad every week. go = x Jo/ EE x
Delhi?
people
with
the
minimum
level
of
education.
sentence
answer
d, C intransitive.
F O\ y--E Station
key word - 'education' E -h-C -. sentence 3. She will be award - n . \ be form y --C past parh. Train -- times ?
Passage N-o Ja-h--o-.
ticiple awarded. It will be seen F, It will be see .
Delhi p h?
2.
Phrasal
verbs
verb
L
T
p
Phrasal
verb
.
v
A lessons six forms of the verb .
(see off = send off = O\-/-O-\ y)
-J-* --L----. i) Transitive, ii) intransitive

- -- -Jh--L?
t x-.
A-
-D-E-E She will be award ---a?
x
J--d--L.
- -, -l--x-f, -G o
y-- No.
:
1.
Key
words
passage
N- -J-* Ja-h L
Bhaskar: I wish to see you off at the station.
. Paragraph/ Passage C--p -hC.E
What are its times of arrival and
Jh-- vu--i l- -D--. C .
departure? When do you reach
spoken english
2. 'Phrasal verbs'
verbs
3. She will be awarded.
-- -u- -x ---..
verb. He put out the light take care of i) Transitive verb - object
---
Prahlad: Hi Nagaraj, where were you yesterday? you didn't turn up for the meeting.(E-o -\--o? meeting
?) turn up ---; turn up is
always followed by 'for'
Nagaraj: I was home all the day. I was busy
tidying up the place. I had thought it
doing two days before, but didn't find
the time ( x o. x l-
o.- -V l----o.
F time --.)
Prahlad: Why? was it so untidy?
( *---- ?)
Nagaraj: It was. The whole place was in a

mess. I had neglected for two weeks.
Nothing was in its proper place
(--x- --- -C. - -- --

-~-...-- D -Lq )
Prahlad: I'm afraid you are too worried about

tidiness (y x -J -J-* K
d------)
Nagaraj: No. My table was untidy, with a lot of
-x--- 75
--D N---Eo)
Nagaraj: I like the work. I can't bear to see a

thing out of place. I want the home
(-Lq h -
. bear to see = (h) J.) I didn't leave out even the attics
(- -x) What a lot of
dust! ( t) I had to throw
away a number of useless things. ( E h- ) I bundled
up all the newspapers. I will dispose

them of today.
( news papers -Fo d d.
F V t-h.Bundle = d;
d. dispose of = t-)
Prahlad: You appear to be a stickler for cleanliness (v - d- odC, F.stickler= j N-Eo
d d-- stickler for punctuality = --- d )
Nagaraj: You can say that. By the time I was
through it was 6 in the evening you
know mom will be pleasantly surprised to see the glittering stove, and
the utensils. t - J
stove v-
a-uC.utensils = vessels =
home
paper and books piled up or lying all
over. The front room was a chatter of
furniture. The TV stand-well, let me
not talk about all that. Now that I tided
up every thing I feel relieved. (h-
, -T--- - --- -- -*-- --C.Piled up = -

Chatter = furniture C * .
Prahlad: Was there none else at home to help

you?
(x --- -?)
Nagaraj: Mom and sister are out of town. Dad

is too old. I gave the toilet a good
wash. I cleaned up the cupboards and
reset all things. (t, Lx -- x.
o l-. Toilet T, cupboards h-Fo l-)
Prahlad: What a job! ( E--!)
Nagaraj: That wasn't all. I cleaned the cobwebs. I cleaned the kitchen, I made
up the beds. I washed the dishes.
(-. V L -x v
v--Fo -. \--Fo l)
Prahlad: My elder sister takes care of all these

things at home. ( x \u
-v-o -: -x---7- -- - -v --
--d. ---u-Eo... She likes this
dress --E --o.--- -- --d
-- -- p-J-- -- -! --x--- 8- ---yp- ---u - --u-Eo You do not come late --E --a.-- p- ---- p-d --. -N--J--.
.-. -v---Jz-E, --
---: -She likes this dress -- -u ---
She likes this dress a lot \very much --E --L.-You do not come late --You never
come late --E ----Lq-C.-- O -- --v-h
--E--*-- --u---. We appreciate it.
Keep it up.
Spoken English
--- 29 --- 2005
8) give a good wash = -

9) reset = -Lq Sx d
10) cobwebs = -x, V
11) make up bed = \ l
12) dirt = J, dust = t
13) attic = =
14) I was through = E Jh .
a) He is through with his homework =
Homework Jh .
b) Are you through? = F E h-?
15) Vessels = dishes = utensils = , f-
16) pan/ frying pan = /

17) ewer () =
18) front room = x C A--,
visitors a-d room - C drawing room -C.
place
19) Portico = l x x,
x x
-y
j -- -C-* -o o Covered area
20) Balcony = -O- . p E Jal.
* --E-
1) Home = } (members of our
S n
family) x l-j a, -i
21)
Ceiling = - -L
M. SURESAN
a). ---*a guest ? =
p, roof =jp.
Please feel at home. (O x - .)
2) Place = Eo -sx home ( o 22) Tiles = ; (Mosaic/ Floor tile)
x) place . -u my 23) bolt = -- , ---d.(latch E
)
home/our home E, I am going to my/our home
/it is at my/our home E . p my place. 24) Cupboard = -\--- t.
= come (down) to my place: 25) Oven = (-) u. oven fresh = p-p j (oven fresh Dosa)
come to my home E -u .
26)
Stale= d E-y -- (
3) tidy = (x, C, Office, etc) -Lq
-n-x-N) Stale food, Stale bread.
h- -J- .
(Stale joke )
His home is very tidy = x -J-
Now practise the following:
C. Tidy x untidy.
4) untidy = h--Fo order -*-- Koumudi: Hi Priya, -- ?
Priya : o --o. Eo
- .
u -x. x x lThe place is untidy= v / x *- - ---.
--- C.
Koumudi
: h- -a- y E
(*---- o Vd =untidy hair
p E. interior
>-G-> o = untidy writing)
Decoration (x L --)
He has a tidy appearance =neat E--h-o.
course u. -C---a.
5) tidy = -J- x--N l = \ Priya : E--hC... x *---Lq h -\- neat .
--- -E. x
a) Let me tidy up the home first = x
Ka C-L *_ C.
lF.
(* upset)
b) He tidied up the room yesterday = Eo
Koumudi
: tidy -- d--E,
l.
d . -y K \-!
c) We must keep our homes neat and tidy =
Priya : o . t-
x v (tidy) --L.
p-hC.Speck of dust = t6) Feel relived = CT--x--- when I
)
heard that I had passed I felt relieved = pass
Koumudi : FC -- -h-y.
u-E N- Nh L-T-C.
Once the exams are over, students feel relived Priya: y -o -.
= It is a great relief = Exams -- x Koumudi: K O E x Vd *----
o J-h-o?
Nh.
7) chatter = *--- (furniture - chairs, sofas Priya: t- o W ---?
p-t servant .
N *---- ,)
dishes = v
glitter = - )
f- -N
-- -u- -x ---..
Answers:
Koumudi: Hi Priya, You are not to be seen.
Priya: We met just the day (before). I went to
my uncle's yesterday. They were tidying
up their home. I lent a hand.
(lend a hand = --)
Koumudi: You are good at tidying up and
keeping things neat. You had better
do a course in interior decoration.
You can earn a lot (of money).
Priya: I just wonder how people can keep their
places untidy. Even a chair out of place
at home upsets me.
Koumudi: I like tidiness, but I am not very particular about it ( be particular =
d- ) You overdo things.
Priya: Call it what you like\ say whatever you
like. I am upset when I see even a speck
of dust.
Koumudi: Yours appears to be abnormal psychology.
Priya: I don't mind your saying so. (I don't mind
= y-)
Koumudi: How are you able to tolerate your
servant girl's untidy hair?
Priya: (Do) you want me to comb her hair (intoplait= ). Then I shall be her servant.
--C- -x---74-
--*a- -- --- --Tx-- -{-
Gowtham: How was your journey?
Sekhar: Very comfortable/quite comfortable
Gowtham: When did you arrive here?
Sekhar: The arrival times / time of arrival of the
train is 10.35. But it was late by 15 minutes.
Gowtham: when are you visiting me?/ when
are you calling at my place?/ when are you
coming to my place?/ when can I have the
formal.)
pleasure of your visit? (
Sekhar: I am busy with my work tomorrow and
the day after, the next day I have some work at
the university. If I have any time left that day, I will
go to your place. Otherwise, it is difficult to say
(If I can visit you or not)
Gowtham: You can come the day after that.
Sekhar: That's the day of my return (journey)
Gowtham: What is the time of departure of
your train that day? isn't it in the evening? you
can have lunch with us.
Sekhar: My wife wants to go shopping/
do some shopping that day
Gowtham: Have you booked tickets for that
day?
Sekhar: Yes. All trains are full the next three
days. I'll try my best to go to your place that
day. If I am not able to, don't misunderstand
me. When I come here next, I will certainly
come to your place.
Gowtham: You disappoint me / that's very
disappointing. I will come to the station that day
to see you off. I'll get you some food to eat on
the train.
Sekhar: Do come to the station, but don't
bother about the food. I'll manage (make do)
with the food on the train.
Gowtham: Let me get it. It is my pleasure.
Sekhar: OK
*-JC
[-
Spoken English
1 2005
u x ...
Bhanu: Ravi, you are late. But what's the
matter? You appear to be in a shock.
(N, y -u a.
A? o-x-o!)
Ravi: You can say that. Some thing terrible
happened.
(. J-T--C.)
terrible = ---i, -i
Bhanu: But what happened Ravi?
( J-TC?)
Ravi: Just wait. Let me recover.
(h . o -F)
recover = [, [
l.
Traffic accident
1)
-C#
hit, crash into, ram

a) The lorry hit the cyclist.
-[ =
(K jxd C.)
b) The truck crashed into the bus.
(v ]- ho/ o C.)
u ]- ho Eo [ E n.
crash
c) The truck rammed the bus.
d) With severe injuries he joined a hospital.
(Bv-i - p-vA [.)

e) severe injury = major injury (major '
x minor injury.
( v d C.)
6) die of an injury =
7) spilling of blood =
8) bleed =
JTC...!
Recover from fever.
d) The truck ran into the bus from behind/

rammed the bus from behind.
x E[
h #][
h [
y # [.
( v # C.)
recovery =
Wish you a speedy recovery.
e) The car crashed into a tree.
(y/ O y ---E / J)
f) The vehicle ran over the boy.
yn
Bhanu: OK OK. Take your time. Calm down.
( -!)
Ravi: The body is lying there in a pool of
blood. I was unable to bear the sight
any longer. I came away. Poor boy.
( h [ C.
[- a. !)
pool = [ (- Fx
)
bear = J[
any longer = v.
Bhanu: Let's go and see. Where exactly is it?
(Rx l ]. \[ J-TC?)
Ravi: I told you. At the cross roads. You go. I
am still in a shock. I can't bear to see it
again.
(p . v--q. yx.
E - o. Sx [-)
\ - traffic, traffic accidents J
. -C# , -
uncontrollable bleeding
=
Bleed- bled (past)- bled
(past participle)
They admitted him into
hospital with bleeding
injuries.
E # - [)
Kiran: The number of people dying in traffic

accidents is more in our country than
in many other countries.
-E h-v
( v O] # RxC.)
(. BJ-_ p. ] ]--[.)
Bhanu: How shocking!
h-
-o
( d C.)
Ravi: (After a few minutes) I was on my way

here on my bike. Just as I took the turn
at the last cross roads, I heard a loud
noise. I stopped and turned round to
see what it was. Oh, God! a lorry had
hit a boy on his cycle. Believe me, the
boy and his cycle flew into the air and
landed on the road. The boy hit the
ground head on. Blood spilled all over.
In no time a large crowd gathered. The
boy in no more. Spot dead, I am sure.
( j O] \[ ho. v-q
]_ A--o. ]l l. T
AJT . j O] o vE K
C. t... t- j
v[ j TJ ]--f[ [f
T. h #CC.
-u. v[ \---\ E[.)
spill = #][/ -[.
All over = d
In no time=
No more = E-[
spot dead = \---\, p---p
spot=
flew= T-[ (past tense of fly)
Head on= T N] (]--] ]-sx)
bleeding injuries =
lorry hit/ crashed. In another accident a lorry ran over a man, while
they were taking him to hospital,
with severe injuries, he died on the
way.
Venu: The other day I saw a man bleeding
from injuries. An auto hit him. While
he was crossing the road in peak
traffic, the auto knocked him down.
Kiran: Did he die? (Hope he did not die)
Venu: I don't know. But his injuries were
serious. It is difficult for any one to
survive such injuries.
(survive =
(- h -o M. SURESAN
E x p-vA
Jp-.)
Hospitalise = pvA Jp[
vo:
1. Where do we keep Quotation

marks at the end of the sentence?
after full stop or before full stop)
2. Kindly give a Pronunciation Guide
for all the typical words which we
use in regular English.
3. Tatas and Birlas are tycoons. Is this
correct to say the above sentence
as Both the Tatas and Birlas are
Tycoons
4. Kindly give some examples with the
operators must, need, dare, used
to, ought to (Positive
statement,
Negative, Yes-No Q, wh-Q)
5. Is it correct to say passive forms for
present
perfect continuous,
future continuous and future perfect
continuous tenses.
x 76
9) peak traffic =
10 cross roads =
11) overtake =
12) cross =
overtake x cross (opposites)
Oh, God! a lorry had hit a boy on his cycle

run over =
O] # x[ (passive
\- [).
The man was ran over by the car.
( O] # RxC.)
[.
g) knock down
The lorry knocked down the man.
(K E d-C.)
v-] E[
--E --u
--E J-B v]
2) die in an accident =
3) fatal =
fatal accident =
A fatal road accident- three died in a fatal
road accident.
(--E --i v] v] _ E--.)

' - ( \ -L)
fatal -
' J \ L) =
4) injury (
'
5) injure ( \L) =
[
a) People have/ suffer/ sustain injuries in
an accident.
(v-] v --[-)
b) The accident killed one and injured at
least five.
(v-] E--, F
-]- --f.)
c) severe (' N)/serious injury = Bv-i
u Dl o v
O] [L
]o -Eo --x[
--E ]-x[
Now practise the following in English

1) Kiran:
K, wjx p- -
!
Venu: A?
Kiran: u [. [ v. -x ]- ho
E o K. C-C -f. v-] E O]
# K RxC. -E
p-vA B-- ]u E-[.
Venu: o -[ -J Bv
j h [ . [
v \- o-p[ C.
Kiran: E--?
Venu: M]. F v
Bv-i-. iC.
-]l s- -[ d.
Kiran: v v-x E---J u
x -- \.
Answers
1) Kiran: These lorry, auto drivers never
learn.
Venu: What is the matter?
Kiran: See this newspaper. Two accidents. In one of the accidents, a
. @, E
1. If the whole sentence is to be placed in

quotations, they are placed after the full
stop\ question mark\ exclamation.
She said, I am no longer interested in it
He said, How can you do that?
The tourist said, How beautiful the Taj is
If a word or group of words is to be placed
in quotation the full stop comes after the
question.
The Minister wants this to be, Indiraraj
2. We will do it, in fact we are doing it.
3. Correct sentences:
a) The Tatas and the Birlas are tycoons.
b) Both the Tatas and the Birlas are
tycoons.
(a) is better than (b) 'Both is
unnecessary here as even without it the meaning is
clear.
4. We are going to discuss all these in the
coming lessons. please wait.
5. It is bookish. The best thing is to avoid
them totally.
.
!
---
I
Ramu: Hi Raghu, how was the debate yesterday?
debate
?
Raghu: Very exciting. We missed you very
much. Why didn't you come?
Eo
(- \
-) TC
- q- TC. y -- L-A E-*C. y-
?
Ramu: I had important work, but thought I

could finish it and be in time for the
debate. But there was some delay and
I couldn't be free until late in the
evening.
- u-i E, C Jh
E debate v--u-
-o. F -u--C. - free ---.
Raghu: We know that you had work, but
thought you could make it. We knew
too you could understand the importance of the debate.
Raghav: The first two prizes went to the teams

from other colleges. Our college was
able to get the III prize. The speech of
one of the judges at the end of the
debate was interesting. It seems he
could debate and win prizes even as
a school boy.
prizes
colleges
college III prize
Debate
judge
speech
interesting.
debates
prizes
v
x.
a---L-T-C.
*
-
*o - _E

a---L--.
j -- could o verbs -El.
1) could finish 2) couldn't be free 3) could make

it 4) could understand 5) couldnot have (the
benefit of) 6) could debate.
-- 'can' n, -- -o ? can -J-* L-C. 1) can

' E -n uEo ---C - in the
present or in the future. 2) permissions
3) requests 4) possibilities
in the present or in the future.
'could'
-n uEo ---E .
a) I can walk 6 kmph: 6 km -- (present or future)
1) 'could' is the past form of can.
-x--- 77
She could do it =
- past,
She couldn't (She could not) do it
- past
--LC
----C
3) I thought you could make it
y ----E -o
- past
4) You could understand its importance
E vu y n-L---N past
----. (past)
6) Could debate = debate x---L-.
cricket series -----C
5) Could not have =
India could not win the series.
--- N
--C- 4 -- 2005
Sachin could not play well

* ----.
boyhood (u) --L--E
I could play well in my boyhood.
you could make it

F E E ,
y ----- -o. E
vu y n ---- -o.
Ramu: It was some thing I couldn't help. I feel
sorry that I could not have the benefit of
such a good debate.
- -N--- -- -Eq---j---.
debate -d--o-
C.
-v-o: -u-
might have been able to + p.v.,

must have been able to + p.v., have been
able to + p.v. construction
6 km
I could walk 6 kmph:
(in the past Compare A and B below:
A) I can play cricket
cricket
now
B) My father could play cricket when he was
a boy
cricket
past
A) She can do any job
now or in the future
B) She could do any job
in the past
A) She can be here in an hour
-L--E
--
--
-- -o *op--
--L--
j --
j --LC
-
-L-.
She could do it if she

had the chance.
I could understand
Hindi well those days,
but now I cannot. I
have forgotten it
-Vx D - M. SURESAN
n -L-,
F p. -*-.
F text book \, Sudheer?

, Sir, --- h-----.
1) I have been able to get their permission
B) She could be here in
Teacher: F home work J? j ?
2) Haseena must have been able to per\ --L-TC - past
Sudheer: ----, Sir, Eo
suade him
can, could - -p.
3) Miss Savithri might have
n uEo (ability) . can, ability
Teacher: o-i A--L?
been able to solve Mr. Uma
in the present or in the future -L could
Sudheer: C v --L-.
Rao's problem. - ---uability in the past C.
Teacher: C --L-T-p, --- --- -s- --- could - 'be' form - -- (past)
-?
-n --L- ---a?
could + 1st RDW - could do, could sing, etc,.
Sudheer: A p T_, homework - , o >x action - E --.
----o.
Compare a) and b)
Teacher: A--L, F -----.
---:
a) I can be the CM if I want
*v. p.
Have been able to + p.v., might have been
- Chief Minister --.
a.
able to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v.
(now/ in the future)
2) Pramod: Cricket --?Pradeep?
-o F, -. have been able to/ b) I could be the CM if I wanted
Pradeep: --L--E, p--.
might have been able to/ must have been to
-E chief minister -u --Pramod: p -?
+ 1st RDW (go, solve, persuade etc.)
--E. (past)
h. Have been able to/ might have been
j (can be, could be) 'be' form. d
able to/ must have been able to y pas'- E n.
sive voice hC? y go, solve
a) I can sing better than any movie singer
etc., plain infinitives h. n:
- movie singer -o - ---- E- Gx Ky N- 14, 2006
1) I have been able to get their permission
Now / in the future
N Ky- (-v-L-N-K) K-~ Ey---C.
x -A a---L.
b) I could sing better than Ghantasala
2) Haseena must have been able to per - --L-E. (past) |-:
D 1st use of could - past ability -L-
suade him = --E p---L-T
d 1, 2006 --q 21 -q-L () p---L-TC E. --.
\- ----. 30 -x ----. q, d,
3) Miss Savithri might have been able to
*a -- 'could verbs' l.
--- -E----- N-- C.
solve Mr. Uma Rao's problem
1) I thought I could finish it
vU q- q |.
N-vA- -J -u J- \-J- Jh ---E -o (past)
x-- .20 Lx* -El-P- d-L-. ( J- \-J* a/ 2) I couldn't (could not) be free
* -a.
----a).
--S -.
--op-
-- -- -n -- ----a?
- \ --.
an hour - future ?
1) Teacher:
Sudheer:
-N- -Ky 2006
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
Pradeep: No,
p-- regular practice

--L-E. p ---o, Office l 8 *
v 5 busy d.
Pramod: j l matches --L?
Pradeep: ---? college team ,
-- school team x --L.
Pramod: F job a--? Practice j
C---d job ?
Pradeep: p . , a -q.
Answers:
1) Teacher: Where is your text book, Sudheer?
Sudheer: (I) didn't get/ bring it, sir.
I could not (couldn't) remember to
get it.
Teacher: What about your home work? Did
you do atleast that?
Sudheer: I couldn't (could not) do it, Sir, My
right hand ached the whole of yesterday.
Teacher: Could you eat atleast?
Sudheer: I could (eat), sir.
Teacher: When you could eat, Why couldn't
you (could you not) do your home
work?
Sudheer: I thought if I ate I would have less
pain and then I could do the home
work.
Teacher: You could eat, but couldn't study.
Strange. Don't give me these
excuses tomorrow. Sit down
excuse).
2) Pramod: Pradeep, Can you play cricket?
Pradeep: I could (play cricket), but no longer
(conversation I could
I could play cricket
No
longer =
Pramod: Can't you play (now)?
Pradeep: Not any more
Conversational.
Those days I could practise regularly. Now I cannot/ am not able to,
because I am busy in office from 8
morning to 5 evening/morning 8 to
evening 5.
Pramod: Could you play in any big matches?
Pradeep: Why not? I could for my college
team and before that for my
school team a number of times.
Pramod: Why can't you (can you not)
change your job. Why can't you
look for a job which gives you time
for practice.
Pradeep: Not now. Next year perhaps.
(=
,
-\--.
/--p ).
(C
p-/ -- ).
.50 V v Jv-- d
y Lx-L.
x--x -Lq *J C: -J 2, 2006.
*-:
Secretary,
Union Public Service Commission,
Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road,
New Delhi 110069
--, -K~ -N--, --v-, -_-z-,

-- Jh N-- - D
x-- u -- - -
. website: http://www.upsc.gov.in
---
I
Snehitha: Hi Aneesha, when did you reach
home last night?
Eo Eo- -N-?
Aneesha: I couldn't reach home (could not
reach home) till 10
10 -----
Snehitha: O my! Aneesha, never be out so late
at night. It could be very dangerous
for girls to be out to be alone so late
out. Any thing could happen.
t! - vA- -J
. --x---
v.
Aneesha: But I have a cell, you know. So I was
in touch with home. My brother met
me half way on my way home. A cell
could be helpful that way.
Cell
Phone
Cell
E _
C.
h o. v
*a ---o.
N ----C.
could -n uEo ---E
lesson --o.
- sentences can, could h-o

. Possibility (J - C -, o N- )
L-- can, could, -o.
Cl C. could o can
Possibility J - C.
a) It can be dangerous to
weather
b) It could be dangerous to go out in such

weather
(a)
can, could
n . Sentence (a)
o \ Possibility J
- \ E *-hC.
p--- could -- .
DE n,
1) Ability in the Past, as the past form of can

2) Possibility or probability
(She can sing-)

c) When could you reach home?
j -- -o- Mr. E
-C----o . x
formal. -- Vinai BJ--E
expert. -s x could request
polite C. C present
.
-x--- 78
1) Could you help me get a seat, (please)

seat
2) Could you recommend my case to the
CM?
CM
could
Uday, Vinai
a) Could you have a look at the plan?
N- h h?
J N h?
-.
D
- , can, will, would,
-- .
( u-) x J h?
b) Could you also visit?
(site
please
c) Could you call tomorrow?
phone
request)
d) Could you make it at 10?
J
(,
p .
25 xp ---L--
-x --C-
--L-C
go out in such
- --- - x v
a.
a) He could walk very fast when he was twenty

five years old.
(Compare: He can walk fast)
b) She could sing better than most other
singers of her day.
--- 6 -- 2005
could
would
) -?
E)
-J
h?
(. E
C- -?
could
will
can
least formal
least polite
veryformal
and polite
slightly formal
and polite
-sEod N O
effective C.
politest
and formal
communication
Could you call tomorrow?
Eo Eo- --L-?
(When can you reach home?)
d) Couldn't you get better marks than that.
Can you get-
d could - u-i-C
-n uEo -. j -- .
1) I couldn't reach home
x -----.
2) When could you reach home last night?
F -vA p x ---L-?
Fo ability in the past
p- Could o - l.
j -- sentence -E-.
1) It could be dangerous for girls
--x- C v-- -.
2) A cell could be helpful that way
Cell
N ------.
j sentences 'could' N
u, -- n hC .
Possibility F Probability F --C. --- J - C E hC
Present
1) Sx - a, d v E-T-a.
There could be floods again, and the low
lying areas could be submerged.
(low lying areas =
Submerge
=
Present or future.
d v,
E-T--)
2) He could help you
F --
- C. (F ---a
- F J-nA - L-L. C
Present)
3)
It could take weeks for the work to be finished.
E h---E --?
-sx 'can' --E - lesson !

1) Lx _- x. C ----.
Don't go near the cat. It can get frightened/ it
could get frightened.
2)
s a--J d-a
It can take/ could take months for us to get
the money.
3)
x J-- --- --.

Some connections can be / could be useful.
Spoken English
Udai: Just how busy are you Mr.Vinai?

busy
Vinai: Why, What's the matter?
Udai: I want a favour from you, Mr.Vinai.
(make it =
He made it to the top
j E )
p?
( N?)
(O L)
Vinai: What's it, Mr Udai? ( p)
Udai: Could you have a look at the plan of the
house I want to built? You are an expert
in these matters and I want your suggestions and advice.
Plan
d--o x
J --.
N O --. O
-, - L.
{expert (q- , bird bir ir
-L, ' \ -L) = N-
vOu o x.
Site = x d- n / House site}
Vinai: Certainly. But today I am busy. I can do it

tomorrow. I am free.
Udai: Could you also visit the site, please?
nEo J --?
Vinai: No Problem. Could you call me tomorrow morning at 8? I'll let you know when
we can see the plan and also the site.
phone
Plan, site
O-\-J 8
.
p - h.
Udai: Could you make it at 10?

Vinai: That Shouldn't be a problem. Please do
call me at 8, and we can fix at.
Phone
u ---a. E-N-C-
. p --a
-- O -E
Eo-x question form .
could
a) Could you have a look at the plan...?

b) Could you also visit...?
c) Could you call tomorrow?
d) Could you make it at 10?
Sentences (a), (b), (c)

lessons
Sentence (d) 'Could'
--
Fo requests.
request
--C . the interesting thing
is, -T- vA--E, N--- -o. N Eo--i - subtle
(distinctions)
a) Can you lend me your bike?
request
polite,
informal.
form of request.
1) Can you buy the tickets for me?
tickets
2) Can you give me a lift?
question form
request, can
b) Will
polite,
formal.
N Eo-- \
L B--L-T x

o \
h
B--E, L----x
request.
1) Will you help me in the matter?
N h h?
2) Will you drop me at college on your way?
college
drop
c) 'would'
request
formal.
J
_ o
h?

Jh
-
j n o-x, B-E--x request - would.
1) Would you visit me once?
J --h?
j -sx Eox , could, you

questions form hC ? could
present formal, polite requests ,
u---, B--E
x (formal) j request ---
.
-- -u- -x ---..
u-o n --o.
--,
(u-)
--E
p-E-J.
Formal
polite
request
could
Compare:
b) Will you lend me your bike?
c) Would you lend me your bike?
d) Could you lend me your bike?
2) Would you give us the pleasure of a

song?
O N ----Nh?
requests Eo forms u
u----i-C (Politest form of request),
formal . u- vu \.
d) Could
Now practise the

following:
Amar:
-O -
--?
Bhanu: C?
Amar: --V -O
o-- M. SURESAN
F-?
Bhanu: roommate -. -E
u- - --o.
- u?
Amar: d o mechanic sheds/
garages x - C. Room
a----o.
Bhanu: Ok. v J o
---?
. x Eo T_--E -?
Amar: \ x . Books,
clothes and bed p.
Bhanu: - wait --? -O
a-- Room l.
Answer:
Amar: Could you help me? / Could you do me
a favour?
Bhanu: What is it?
Amar: Could you let me stay in your room for
two days?
Bhanu: I will talk to my room mate. I don't think
he will have any objection. What's the
matter?
Amar: The garages around my room make a
lot of noise. I want to move.
Bhanu: OK. Could you meet me this evening?
Not much room in our place. Could you
make do with less luggage?
Amar: I don't have much luggage except my
books, clothes and bed.
Bhanu: Could you wait till tomorrow morning?
I'll tidy up the room before you move in.
---
I
Charan:
Could I speak to you for a few minutes?
O EN- x--a?
Damodar: What about? Go ahead.
E J*? x-.
E-y
y--E
--E,
vq----E )
8 -- 2005
3) Could we be disturbing you?

disturbance
disturb
4) Could I know?
5) Could we go ahead then?
(O-o
NtLo
-?/
-- ?)
(---a?)
(Go ahead =
- permission
expression; encourage
( d--a (meeting?)
O -E j -sx
could, I/ We question form .
Charan: A few of us want to have a short
could I/ We question form h
meeting this evening. Could we
polite permissions/ (-A)

have it on your terrace?
C.
3) How could he get the prize?
- *o meeting d- Fo polite permission v- uses of could in conversation:
How was he able to get the prize?
-----o. O O j
1. As the past form of can, to express a past
--o u.
prize --L-?
d--a?
ability.
a) Sx Nt-o-p ----?
(Terrace - pronunciation - J; ' \
Question
could, was/ were able o
2. To express a possibility in the present.
When could I see you again?
-; -E, E -o \ common. How could he come so
3. Expressing the politest form of request in the
- vE. coffee N , b) Could we wait for you here, in case you are
early? , How was he able to come so
present.
coming back?
aE BJ_ x p---E
early o \ - -, \
4. To ask for permissions in a very polite and a
O AJT a-x- --t-Lo \ wait v-- --T-h-. India
N--C .
very formal manner.
-?/ \ wait ?
\ n )
4 (a) Could they win the match?
Compare sentences (a) and (b) below:
c) order copy B--a?
Damodar: Oh, no problem. When exactly is it?
(b) Were they able to win the match?
(a) I could play very well when I was young.
Could I take a copy of the order with me?/ (b) I was able to play well when I was young.
d-. -d p?
(Match ---L?)
Could I take a copy of the order?
x , (b) (a) more common.

Meaning of (a): young o-p
(u superior status o-x permis- --L---E. (--L-T n u -C, O could o n, ---.
sion ---p)
Now practice the following in English.
E *a- L-)
d) Could you let me sit here for a while
Meaning of (b): young o-p Ramarao: h J -E-h?
Eo-\ h a-E-h?/ E-\ a? --L-. (- L- T- nu -C , ) Govind: wait h? h---E
-x--- 79
@--o.
Ramarao: O phone J -? important call L.
Govind: E-u--. F h low voice
x--?
Ramarao: NtLo disturb --.
Govind: --Ep h O-h, Sx a-h-?
Charan: About 5. Could we be disturbing
, could, I/ We question form (a) -n uEo v
Ramarao: -\-V wait --?
you? It won't be for more than hour.
h polite permission ---E --C; -n u
xy--.
(5, v. O disturbance
E J-T- --
.
Govind: OK.
?)
-- , can, shall I/ We L-.
Answers:
Damodar: No disturbance at all. Could I know
question form permission ---E (b) -n u E
Ramarao: Could you let me have a look at the
how many are attending the meet E. can, shall, could, I/ We C- J-TC.
book?
ing? Just to tell my servant to place
question form permission could , was
Govind: Could you wait a little? Two more
chairs there and keep some drinking
--p Ox vA--E N--- able to o , M. SURESAN
pages and I shall be through.
water ready.
Eo--i (subtle) o.
Ramarao: Could I use your phone once? I have
C.
--. -C h-o Look at the following diagram:
important call.
u 'not' , 'question'
meeting ? - E
Govind:
Go ahead, But could you speak low?
For permission in the question form with I/ We:
E--.
v- p Eo chairs *, Ramarao: Oh sure, I won't disturb you/ No dis1) He could not play well
could
-E F-x --p l-E.
turbing you.
When could I see you?
Charan:
Thank you, but don't bother. We will

arrange all those things ourselves.
Could we go ahead then?
\-x. - -. meeting d--a .

(Don't bother = N C--
d---. bother = = JE
N-T-. \ don't bother, don't bother
(your self) E. d----lE)
Damodar: Please do.
(E-y. u- )
Charan: Thanks a lot.
Damodar: You are welcome.
-- 'could' J* -- -oN:
1) 'Could' is the past form of can, and expresses ability in the past.
( n u
--C)
can past form
L----)
express =
uh---,
3) 'Could' with you in the question form express

a very polite and formal request. (you
could question form
request
observe the use of could in the
opening conversation:
1) Could I speak to you for a few minutes?
u-
--C)
( O x--a?)
(O
O d--a?)
Spoken English
He was not able to play well.
Formal
polite
n N-i ,
Informal
and
and
and casual
polite
very
formal
----C.
.
.
-v-o: Cast - -C phrasal verbs -- --- ---.

1) cast in eye -
- --x
(-- - --x. --- --x -o-C)2) cast of features - y. -K-A, -~-.
3) cast of mind - -- --.
--.--v-, --x
---: 1) cast in the eye - x n correct. F Old
Fashion. p - . E x-o --E
p -o squint.
cast in the eye --- ,
DE
modern - She has a squint/ She is squint eye.
He is born with a squint.

2) Cast of feautres- a) She has a wondeful/ beautiful/ fine cast of features b) Her cast of features is attractive/ Charming.
y o, \-B
3)
j n * C/ -i-C
o \B C.
Cast of mind - -
He has a gentle cast of mind - t--h.
- n- Eo N Parts of the body -h.
a) I like the beautiful cast of her nose - \ d
.
-C. (Cast of the mouth/ eyes etc.)
-- -u- -x ---..
Govind:
2) She could not sing well

She was not able to sing well.
forms
Questions
She/ he has a cast in the/ her eye.
(vh -E / J-nA u- J
--Eo L----hC)
2) Could we have it on your terrace?

terrace
very
can
2) 'Could' expresses a possibility in the present
shall
If/ suppose I give you the book now

When could I have it back? Could I
have it back tomorrow?
Ramarao: Could you wait for one more day,
that is till the day after (tomorrow)?
Govind: OK.
4) Cast (noun) - The group of actors in a drama or in a movie -
/ E -.
The cast of the movie includes several great actors.
(-C p --o E-)

, a (Mould).
N-NA V -d N-- t
h. oa?
A clay cast of Lord Vinayaka. Cast - a.
Plaster of Paris cast: -, x NJ-T (fracture ),
bandage.
5) Cast (noun) -
He is moving about with a plaster of paris cast around his

elbow.
Pop cast
6) Cast of a net.
A Single cast brought in a hundreds of fish -
A d
\E A---o.
N-
-J N-J -C f.
Cast of an eye - N-
A cast of her evil eye would make many shiver in fear -
\ -- v ---.
Cast (verb) = N- transitive - j o- N-
Cast a look = N-
Cast an eye over/ some thing = -E-j-o
Cast a spell = v--lLo
Cast a vote = .Cast light = v-J---.
(\-) n-E N-Eo N-J-... Cast
Phrasal verbs o.
---
I
Govind: Hi Venkat, when did you return from
Tirupati?
(A-A * p AJ--a?)
Venkat: How do you know I had been to
Tirupati?
Venkat: We visited Srikalahasti. We had the

rare
opportunity
of
watching
Mahabhishekam to lord Shiva. We
watched too offerings being made to
the god.
( A-Ax-E F ?)
(X--hx. -G-
-j - -L-TC. - ju
d )
Govind: You can't hide your tonsured head,

can you?
(F -- ?)
'- (' \ -)
(Tonsured =
Venkat: You are right. I returned last night.
correct.
Govind: How was the pilgrimage?
Pilgrimage =
(y
Govind: Didn't you go to Tiruchanur to have a

darsanam of goddess Padmavathi,
Lord Venkateswara's consort?
Eo v AJ--a)
(F v TC?
Bn-v)
Venkat: Not so bad, we had the help of a temple official, so we didn't wait long to
have the darshanam.
Govind: How was the rush of pilgrims? Was
the crowd very big?
(vA- C? \- o?)
(--y--yN u t-A t-JE --E A-- x-?)

Venkat: We did, of course. I forgot to tell you of
it.
(x. p J)
j - v- u-n-- C* E -h C .
conversation Fo u-n-- v -C-* vocabulary; --,
. N -- ---
English v -J-* p-a.
Venkat: O it was certainly a big crowd. Some

had to wait for 72 hours to get the
darshanam. But I told you, thanks to a
temple official, we had it easy.
( \. --- 72
* Lq *aC z--E.
p . Temple C-J -
- uC)
Govind: Did you have a dip in the Pushkarini
Dip =
( \-J o ?
x -)
Nv
Venkat: I very much wished to, but that day no

one was allowed to have the dip.
( --o F V -J-F
--A--)
Govind: So it all went off very well.
( Fo J---o-)
Venkat: Yea. We finished our ablutions the
temple by 9 and were out by 11. Again
thanks to the temple official.
(o-C--Fo E-N-C-----.
- Nt-C- x. --- ---a, temple C-J
-x)
Govind: Did you go to any other place on the
way or way back?
--}p--F, a-pF -\---

x?
-v-o: How did the marriage go off marriage J-TC E -O -. -E
h- The gun went off by itself E
--C. n hC. Go off
-sx - ---.
--, -J-x
---:
1) Go off =
How did the marriage go
off?
2) Go off = explode
J-TC C
n
.
() C
n.
The gun went off by itself.
-v-o: *-- E--h-o

- LC.
O He appears to be a good fellow E

a. F He is appears to be a good
fellow E --?
---.--E-, ---
---:
Thank you very much for your appreciation.

He is appears to be a good fellow.
sentence
is appears, verb
verb form
English
verb
spoken English old lessons
6 forms of the English verb
is appears form
is + appears = 'be' form + II Regular
doing word
verb
-
-.

.
-J-* N-o. .
.
Spoken English
--C 11 -- 2005
-x--- 80
5.
u-~-v-E -/- -
Deity/ Presiding Deity.
Goddess Kanaka Durga is the presiding
deity of Vijayawada.
N--E -/- -t --_.

Aiyyappa is the deity at Sabarimala.
Aiyyappa is the god at Sabarimala.
God:
God
(Capital G; no 'a/ the' before God.)
\ o -J-*
.
x---o-p, h-o-p,
NN x, - -J-*
x---o-p -sEo d A/ the god,
A/ the goddess -- 'g'
small 'g' , capital 'G' .
c) He believes his worship of SriSai gives him

peace of mind.
X - -z-A-E-h-E ---
t.
10. Nv=Idol/ Image (Idol: ; ' \.
Image = N ' \ -)
a) The temple has a gold idol (image of
Vishnu).
Nv (Ng-JhC) C.
Nv--- =
11. Idol worship =

Idolatry
Christianity and Islam are against idol worship.
vd--E, x- Nv--- El.

Idolatry is prohibited in christianity and Islam
a) The goddess at Basara is Saraswathi.

The deity at Basara is Saraswathi.
( x Nv--- )
Idolatry = (-v \ -)
How was the pilgrimage?

1. Pilgrimage (pron:
w-L_-N \ -)
u-n-- j--z-n v. Bn-v.
a) Q-v -- %h L-T-*C/
-v--iC.
My pilgrimage to Kasi was very fulfilling.
(Bn-v --ox %h
J-T = fulfilling)
b) --Vx Q-v L--- J-C.
A pilgrimage to Kasi in the older days used
to be on foot.
c)
-J--/- A--A v
Pilgrimage to Sabarimala/ Tirupati.

wish
Wish you a very fulfilling pilgrimage.
d) He makes a pilgrimage to Kasi every year
Bn--v- x--x
--- vA -q Q h.
vA- (u-n--)
-J- vA- x--d -.
2. Pilgrim =
a)
Pilgrims to Sabarimala wear black
clothes.
b) Pilgrims returning from Haj are called
'Hajis'.
* AJT a vA--
'->.
'pilgrimage' -- -B:
b) The god at Srikalahasti is Lord Shiva.

c) Lord Subrahmanya is a god in Hindu
Mythology.
Subrahmanya Swamy
( -
)
(Mythology = N->, ' \ -)
d) Lakshmi is also a goddess. ( )
e) Saraswathi is the goddess of knowledge.
(-yA - )
Compare (a) and (b)
(a) She felt that God was unkind to her.
-x *o- -E
N---C. (\ --\ )
(b) She felt that all gods were against her.
(-x- uA-- o--C. \ NN -- n d

'gods')
6. consort = wife of a god/ husband of a goddess.
English
wife and
husband
consort
a) Padmavati is the consort of Lord
Venkateswara.
b) Mallikarjuna
is
the
consort
of
Bhramaramba.
7. Dip/ bath =
a)
A dip in the Ganga washes away all our
sins.
b) A dip in the Krishna is an important part of
a pilgrimage to Kanakadurga.
(p-x V, , x, u-, h-
--.
--.)
12.
worship = offer worship.

(The CM offered
worship at the temple, and inaugurated
the Mandapam)
13. Tonsure =
-C- =
M. SURESAN
.
({ O stress \ -)
a) The barbers at kalyanakatta at Tirumala

tonsure us.
-u---d ~- h.
b) He had himself/ his head tonsured.
---o.
c) With tonsured heads pilgrims enter the
temple.
Tonsured head
clean shaven head
vA- x h.
E
-a.
The pilgrims with the shaven heads = The pilgrims with the tonsured heads
Now practice the following aloud in English:
Sudheer:
Eshwar:
O o- -o?
. Eo Q--v -lJ
c) A pilgrim is one who makes a pilgrimage/
u x o.
x.
who is on a pilgrimage
o
Sudheer: --h Sx.
Bn--v - vA-.
Eshwar: *a- -L--. J-y,
d) My father is on a pilgrimage.
--- o ,
o- Bn--v o.
AJT h--o.
He is making a pilgrimage.
Sudheer:
-- -q x ?
e) On my pilgrimage to Sabarimala, I visited
_-v %g o uiC.
Eshwar:
J
j--u . -- BJ.
Guruvayuru.
c) o = have a dip/ take a dip.
-J- v -- x.
v- time -----o.
d) He has a dip in the Ganga once a year
3. Rush of pilgrims = vA- Dl/- -.
Sudheer:
- -q --h
-q--E--J -o h.
a) The rush of pilgrims at Tirupati makes it
?
8. Ablutions = o-C-, -%-u u
impossible to see the lord even for a few
Eshwar:
.
\ vA- -
o (W h)
seconds
f . Q * AJ--a,
vA- x Eo x o \-- 9. Worship = -; -C-;
h---o. O~ t, >-.
z -.
J
Nv
u ----a)
We
worship
God/
b) There is always a huge rush of pilgrims at
PILGRIMS
to
Sabarimala
take
a
dip
in
the
o
.
Tirupati for the Brahmotsavams.
Pamba before worshipping lord Aiyyappa.
Sudheer: A-Ao x u?
vt-q-- A--A vA- Dl
b) I begin any work only after my worship.
\- C.
Eshwar: x- a-. --.
y j.
4. u- ~-v- = pilgrim centre.
-- -u- -x ---..
---
I
Venu: Hello Ratan, how is it I see you daily at
this time here?
time
( vA-W y
-Eh-o-?)
-\
Don't believe his pious talk
h N- E tl. C .
h-
h. n .
DE n -J--x-E, Nx
-E vl, v-N LT .
Devotion to duty = NC/ NC Ey- x vl
Devout =
3) Devotion =
Ratan: It just happens that way. I am here at

this time on my way to the temple near
here and you come out in the evening at
this time.
time
time
a) His devotion to duty leaves him little time

for his family.
( --C. --
\
_x o - , y
* - .)
NC x --o vl x -- --E
time -------o.
N-- BJ-- .
Venu: Why this piety all of a sudden? It is only

a week since I have been meeting you
on your way to temple.
sudden
b) Her devotion to the service of the poor is

really great.
13)
Wick.
14) halo =
Ah =
x -o vl, v pN.
(
h? Eo
--V- E-\ ho)
c) Gandhi's devotion to the cause of Indian

independence.
Ratan: It's all mother's doing. She's a devotee

of Sri Sai. Her devotion has impressed
me too.
Venu:
-- 13 -- 2005
yvu x D@ vl.
4) Devote: - h, vl, N x
-.
( t x. --h-.
a) The doctor devotes most of his time to his
h -j -v-- --C.)
patients.
That's very good indeed. Do you do
\ --h.
pooja at home?
b) Though very busy, he devotes a lot of time
( C. x --h?)
to his family.
BJ o -- -
--.
c) Freedom fighters devoted their whole life
to the cause of freedom.
-x--- 81
yvu @N-- --.
15)
--x, t-x x, -t
P-q d A .
hallowed = F--i.
Tirumala is the hallowed place of Lord
Venkateshwara.
--y--yN x A- F--iC.
N-v.
16) Sanctity =
a) Smoking and alcohol are banned in holy
places to preserve their sanctity.
u-n- N-v- -- \
---, u- E--C-h.
(Preserve = --, -- )
b) The Hindus attach great sanctity to the
Ganga
- --CE - N-v-i-C
N-h.
She is very devout

Ratan: No, mother does it. She is very devout.
Sun or rain she has a cold bath early in
the morning and sits for pooja.
( t hC. - h--C.
j j lo Fox o
a-C)
5) Devotee =
a)
devotees of Sri Venkateshwara.
b) Devotees can offer worship from 6 a.m. 12.00 noon and from 4 p.m. - 8 p.m. =
h-/ --h-
X ---y y-N h.
Venu: What about your father?
(O o-J A?)
Ratan: He is not particular. He is devoted to his
job. His devotion to duty doesn't let him
devote any time to worship.
(-- d . --p NC
Ey---x vl *a-h. x - a-, -- time
.)
6)
h 6 * 12 , v
4 * 8 z --a/ C--a.
Devout = pious = h-
O h--x- you are very
devout.
The devout old man spends most of his time
in the temple.
h- l- \-- -
.
Venu: Do you go to the Sai temple near our 7) ju d = offer, ju = offering.
8) p = Camphor ( , Cat
college too?
' )
( college _ h?)
9) v = Incense
Ratan: Rarely, devotees prefer this to that.
(Incense L-T- E ).
(-. h--,
10) ---h = Incense sticks.
d---)
lesson continuation j - 11) (v, etc.) J-/ Lx- =
Chant - chanting of mantras, vedas, etc.
h, -\-- -C-*-E
12)
vN = Censer (q ' \ -),
-hC . conversation
Censer v J E
-. Practice .
.
1) Piety = (' \----) = h
= devotion (-) ' \---.
a) My mother is a woman of piety.
vo: - 'o- -- '--o-- - --E
t h--C.
---T-x- j- - --N-? N--
b) O %g--x - h--C
--L----.
Meera had great piety for Lord Krishna.
J- -J, N--
2) pious = = h
: vo - --
a) She is a pious woman = h C.
-C
---o.
b) He is not so pious as his wife.
- u h .
'o English
'h 'devotion' E- .
j . 'O o-c) Thyagaraja and Bhaktha Ramadas had
tx O-o?
great devotion to Lord Rama.
vo English _-
--x Rx-l-J - h C.
'where do you come among
\ N pious h n.
your brothers and sisters?'
devotional = hL, h -C-*.
E -a. C devotional songs = h-U--/- - .
sEod v, O-o?
pious E h-E, h
n hC.
E n C.
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
(string =
String of beads=
n = . Beads =
.
. Beads
o- n hC.
counting beads = --- )
Prasad: Yes,
Sukumar: Howmany times have you been
there so far? By bus or on foot?
Prasad: This is my fifth time. Walking.
Sukumar: I feel like coming too. How about
taking me/ will you take me next
time?
Prasad: With pleasure. Why not now?
Sukumar: Not now. I Think you are very pious/
devout.
Prasad: So are you. You make frequent pilgrimages to Shirdi. Every friday you
have a dip in the Krishna. You have
been to the Ganga twice I think, and
taken a dip there.
-- -*- --u-E ---:
Answer:
Sukumar: Hello, Prasad, Sabarimala (Going
to Sabarimala) again. I see you once
more/ once again in black clothes
and with a string of beads/ beads
around your neck.
Sudheer: Is your father in? / at home?

Eshwar: No, He left yesterday on a pilgrimage
for/ to Kasi.
Sudheer: When will he be back?/ When will he
return?/ When is he returning?/
When will he come back?
Eshwar: (I am) not sure. He said he would
have a dip in the Ganga at Haridwar
and Rishikesh and return.
Sudheer: Didn't he go last year too?/ He went
last year too, didn't he?
Eshwar: He is now retired you know. He has
plenty of/ a lot of leisure. He wants to
spend the rest of his life on pilgrimages.
Sudheer: I think even last year he offered worship/ performed pooja at Srikalahasti.
Eshwar: Yes. He had trouble because of the
rush of pilgrims there. After returning
from Kasi, he wants to go to
Madhurai. He is particular about the
image / idol of goddess Meenakshi.
Sudheer: Has be been to Tirupathi of late?
Eshwar: Yes last month. But he didn't have his
head tonsured/ he didn't have a tonsure.
a) Where is Dr. Manmohan Singh among/ on

the list of the PMs of India? -
vo: C u--x C d L-----?

Sukumar: Hello,
prasad,
Sx
-J--?
Sx x--dx,

-Eh-o-.
M. SURESAN
Prasad: .
Sukumar: OEox
x-J---? L---, Bus ?
Prasad: C 5 J, L---.
Sukumar: -C. a-JB--x?
Prasad: -. p a ?
Sukumar: -p- -. y - h------.
Prasad: y ? -x Kf v
h. --- -h-.
vA v- %g C o
h. -x E*ad-o-- .
C 'o
E A _.
b) What is the ordinal of Dr. Manmohan Singh
among the PMs of Inida?'
(ordinal= 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc) (a)
(b)
E -a, E
C u.
-sEod Eo -C. E n -L--x \.
vo: One and half year d? one
and half years ? C singular -T-? plural --T-?
-.-.-v---Jz-E, --
---: One and a half years correct.
DE - a verb v singular.
One and a half years is a long period.
Today all trains are running lately.

Today all trains are running by late.
Today all trains are running as late.
%, ---tR
sentences D d
---: O
Correct sentence: Today all

trains are running late.
1) Lately
late
.
,
n \
.
a) Lately
recently/ of late
I haven't seen him lately/ of late
u.
u E -.
-u, -u-i E.
-u a.
b) late
He has come late =
---
I
Sekhar: Hello Mahesh... any idea where
Jagadish is.
( , -D \--o
?)
Mahesh: He may be at home.
(x a)
Sekhar: May we expect him on time?
(--E J_ hE --a?)
Mahesh: I dont know. He said he would come,
but when, exactly, he was not clear.
(L. ho, F p *a p-.)

Sekhar: Until he comes we cannot start our
work.
( a E v-G J.)
Mahesh: How many charts are we going to
make for the exhibition?
( Tb-G- Eo d-
ho?)
Sekhar: Jagadish knows. They may be six or
seven.
Kousik: We may not meet each other then,

because this weekend I may leave for
Chennai. My sister is going abroad.
She may need my help in packing, etc.
( -----a, j o x-a,
d J -C. u - a.)
Fo a, a, ---a E
n h-o . @N-
C --C, ----a E
p d, because life is full
of uncertainties d, may, may not
\- C. Sx
.
Prasanth: How much money may you need?
( s - a?)
-x--- 82
(D .
-a.)
Sekhar: He knows it. He may not delay. Yes.

Here is he calling. He says he may be
here in 15 minutes.
( u ---a. ...
C * . C-
ENx \ a o.)
Mahesh: OK then. He may also bring the necessary material.
( ---i vT
a).
-E- . \ underline
verbs Fo may ho.
may be
may not delay
(V -. - --a.)
d May expresses probability in
-C may, present
E, future E j / J
--Eo L--hC probability
b) She may know this.
Suguna will buy this perhaps.
p
F, - F --a (*a )
- EE ( a ) L-hC.
- May be -a,
/ C, p F E n. May + 1st
RDW - May go - x-a h-/-h-C/--h n.
Kousik: When may you be here again?
(O Sx \ p a/
O Sx \ -
p?)
Mohan: I may come here again this weekend.
ANSWERS:
-a.
May be it will succeed.
(- h-o?)
Sasank: He may come, I am not sure.
(a. *a- p-).

Mahendra: Why do you doubt it?
(C N-- a.)
b) Sachin may score another century in this
series.
(* K- K -a.)
Mahendra: Then lets start. If we do not start

now the teacher may go away.
May be Sachin will score another century in

this series.
c) He may be coming
1. He has worked in Chennai since 1990 (present perfect) 1990 * p

E h? continue -?
2. V \- h-o ----Eo He is
coming here daily -- He
comes here daily
C d?
3. a) you shall finish all this
work and then only go
b) you must finish all this
work and then go
C d?
. XE- , ---x-Lx.
He has worked in
Perhaps he is coming
May be he is coming.
h -a.
Probably he is coming.
Knows?
---x Who
(-J / p--?)
Gowtham: You said you

M. SURESAN
would
be
buying car. When may you buy it?
Sunil:
Sunil:
Sunil:
Perhaps it will happen; Who knows?

Sunil:
-o ? p -o?
x. O-p -o.
Chennai since 1990 o-p --

n-E \ vu. -sEo
d h-o- n hC. 'I have
worked in this company since 2000 C o company houh o-p,
\ continue --o- ? have
worked , have been working
\. continuity vu y--
h have been + ing better
2.a) He is coming here daily - correct
b) He comes here daily - correct
a)
sentence modern English Usage x-x accept h-o W \- ho- n
I have just one worry. I am afraid

petrol and diesel prices may go up.
Gowtham: If you go on delaying /if you delay

further, you may not use a car at
low petrol prices. By the time you
buy the car, you may drive it at higher prices.
May be it will happen; Who knows?
Gowtham:
May be in a week or two. when may

you buy? What about you?
Gowtham: I may not buy at all. I have no plans

as yet
d) It may happen; Who knows?
b) She may get the prize.
--
may be
a) It may succeed.
L--hC.
Mahendra: Will he come this evening?
He will probably help you.
2) May + 1st Regular Doing Word (May go,

May come, May play etc.)- expresses a
probable/ likely action in the present or in
the future.
May + 1st RDW,
y -ho.
Vx O
loan a.
c) Suguna may buy this.
( -a)
may \-J
3)
-Eo
( -ll. p -lin the present, or in the future.

-- Rx--a)
May be - be form- expresses a probable
j -- may -Eo *state of being in the present or in the
hC.
future.
-E: 1) May probably d, may,
p--F N-u-h--F --Eo
probably \--\ .
L--hC. C EN-x Rx-\ x will -a.
a.
a) He may help you.
They may be here in ten minutes.
Ep ---a. ---
.
She will probably not like this.
Sunil:
v, > ---a
( Eo d-----a.)
C \ - .
2) may perhaps + will - Gowtham: O u Dl -a.
. O --p-
a) -h-!
\ -- --a.
He may come.
Sunil:
O pD E.
Perhaps he will come.
kx h. p h x
{ J d-a.
He will come perhaps.
Gowtham: d---a . p
He will perhaps come. (perhaps = )
the present or in the future. It

expresses doubt too-
(x-\u -E o.)
may bring
Gowtham:
She perhaps knows this.
Sasank: He was talking about going to his sisters place.
may have
1)
Dasarath: Just 5000 rupees a day. I may not

need more than that.
( ?)
may we expect him?
She will probably get the prize.

c) She may not like this.
...WHO KNOWS?
Mahesh: So many? Then we had better begin.

We do not have much time. We may
have at the most three or four days.
( o! j
\ . , V
\ ---a.)
--v 16 -- 2005
You are right. Today itself I will

apply for a Car loan. If I do it now,
it may be a week before they
process it and sanction the loan./
they may take a week to process it
and sanction the loan.
Gowtham: They may not take so long. Now a

days they are very quick. You may
get the loan in two or three days.
b)
sentence - v p- vA-V
\- h-E. -d p- sentence
(b) is better than sentence (a)
3. . shall,order -
-*-hC.Must Shall \ force
order v , --Eo
*-hC.you must have money if you
want to buy a Car -\ must, --Eo
(order ) *-hC ! y x--E
E Jh -Lq - C
n sentence (b) C. sentence
(a) E Jh L order - -C. d----\-.
( --E \ a.)
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
---
II
Surekha: Hi Deepthi, come in. What a sight you
Deepthi: I had been on my daily morning walk
are! What's (what has) happened?
when this happened.
Why those mud splashes on your
morning
J-TC.
dress?
walk
-h-op- --C
-Dh, , , o? (What
a sight you are) - -Eh-o-,
J-TC? F dress O -F-x?
Surekha: But why a walk at all? It rained all
Deepthi: Sure, I'm in a terrible mess. I was
Deepthi: It's quite sultry. Please turn on the fan.
walking down the road. A car driving

over a puddle splashed the mud on
me. I felt terribly embarrassed with the
mud on my dress. Took an auto immediately and came down here. This is
the nearest I could think of.
E ---i-/ ----i Jn-A o. road h ---O car x-

Fx O *-t.
auto -B-E \---a, \- --C
A _ d)
(Terrible = ---i (J-nA)
mess = --, *---, \ trouble.
Puddle = Road
splash =
O Fx-.
Fx--N *t.. - *-Nt--p
- Fx.
-- 19 -- 2005
through the night.
v { Jh p
- E?
\-- C. h
fan
Surekha: It is sultry - that means it is going to
sweat = y
=- -, ---d.
Suman:
l { axC. 24 {
o-xC ?
a) we are sweating a lot here; let's sit out.
E- - C. -S}
\ - ---hC, a. Kalyan: d-. --*----h--o-.
--E. p- - --db) He is sweating all over
{-E ----E -C-*
o.
-E x -- -hC.
J-Eo l.
Suman:
Eo { h---o.T.V.
--a -C- = sweat it out
p. E Eo - \--
a) Chiranjeevi has sweated it out to become a
C. E--- -
top star -d
- (-a) h u.
(sweat y it -E-)
. --x- ---.
b) He sweated it out to educate his daughter
Kalyan: - C.
-x--- 84
s C.
Jo d- C-N-.
rain again.
I feel very sultry
embarrass =
-. -\---, _-x sC L_-,

embarrassed = s-C feel .
--Fx --o dress --
Deepthi
sC (embarrassing
C) !
The Son-in-law's behaviour embarrassed
the minister.
x v-h vA h sC L-T-*C.
- -C.
embarrassing = -- ' bank
ba )
Surekha: Sorry dear, come. Wash your face
and have a change of clothes. Here
you are. Take this dress of mine. I'll
have yours washed and sent home to
you in the evening.
-- C. -\E
d a. C (C) B =
Here you are. -- -F dress A-*
v O -.
Deepthi: Thank you.
Surekha: But why were you out so early in the
morning? It is not even 7 now.
lo ---a? p- 7 -.
puddle = roads
-v-o: 1) Thanks p--p q J AJT -G-yL?

2)
"sorry" p--p AJT N ---N-yL

(l-, x-, ---\-)?
3) Good heavens, Adit! You must have your shoes polished.

Good heavens, Adit! You must have polished your shoes.
N N n--E-h. u-
n --L? phonetics -J-< -N--J--.
-.--.--y-, --*-a-f--, --x ->-x
---: 1) q thanks p AJT a
, you are welcome/ welcome. h l--x, sir h.
2) Sorry It's all right, doesn't matter, .
l--x- sir, h.
3) a) Good heavens, Adit! you must have your shoes polished =
! F shoes polish -L y.
(, F shoes L dirty o-E)
Spoken English
c) How can you get any thing free? you sweat
Suman:

. -
*- j hC? E-j d- -L.
T---- sweat = ---.
o. -
a) He splashed water over my face
a) The sight of the police made him sweat.
j--
O Fx d.
police - -E ---dC.
M. SURESAN
b) splash of water = *Nt Fx

b) She sweats and shivers at his sight.
d.
c) a splash of water made him conscious
Eo - --d ---C.
Kalyan: Eox v j -Fx d- LN *a---E
(shiver = - = --)
o. - -J -, -J
d) Blood splashed all over the place as the
Vighnesh: Have you heard the news? We are
o.
lorry hit him.
in for another cyclone.
K - \- h *NtC.
No, Sx ---- ---\-Lq Answer:
Sultry = (--) \---/ ---
hC. (We are in = --N- Suman: Take/ Carry an umbrella. It is raining.
. He is in for trouble = -E Kalyan: It's only a drizzle/ It is just drizzling. An

a) I feel very sultry; could you turn on the fan?
umbrella is not necessary.
trouble -C.)
- --- C. h fan u?
Suman: It looks like heavy rain./ It appears to
Mahesh: Yea. Cyclone is forecast for another
sultry = stuffy. (-- stuffy - -v---E
rain heavily./ Heavy rain appears likely./
24 hours.
---.
It may rain heavily. Rain is forecast for
24 x cyclone --a -/b) The room is very stuffy. Please open the
another 24 hours.
--. (forecast = J - Kalyan: You may be right, but I may forget the
windows.
- )
--C. (L \- C)
umbrella somewhere. I have already
- B.
Now, practise the following aloud in English:
lost two umbrellas.
When the room is stuffy, you sweat
Suman: B\-x. {--hC.
Suman: The whole of yesterday I expected rain/
room -- -hC.
I thought it would rain the whole of yesKalyan: . --\-x--.
O { Fx-
Fx
,
- o
Fx ( v---n-i) *
puddle water =
mud =
muddy =
splash =
for it
terday. Even TV forecast it. But it was

b) Good heavens, Adit! you must have polished your shoes
F shoes polish L y
( polish . E-E-----o)
\ 'good heavens' J-.
Hi, -, It's great . 'Good heavens' j
J-T--. a Eo *-x phonetics N- C.
-v-o: Accused ud E Pro. ---o. Dictionaries
accuse u- Pro. uC. --x accused
u-f pronounce ? similarly, "learned" Jo
(l3:nid) pronounce C. Jo- -. 'ed' end -u
verb (for e.g., looked d, booked d pronouce -p) 't' end -- v Eo-x apply ?
-.-s-, --
---: Past tense form '-ed' Jh C p, k, s (z sound )
y v 't' -C. looked (lookt), peeped (peept),
chased (chaset) etc. Eo x C apply .
-- -u- -x ---..
sultry/ The whole day was sultry. further/ Besides there was no power for
some time. we were sweating a lot.
Kalyan: It was sultry/ stuffy; true. But the sky
was cloudy.
Suman: We had rain all through last week. All
the rivers are in floods/ spate. (All the
rivers are flooded.) Poor farmers! It has
caused damage to crops.
Kalyan: But the farmers in some areas are
happy. That's why they say, 'One man's
meat is another man's poison'.
--, -J -
(-J
English
proverb.)
The whole day
All day, All

through the day practise .
---
II
Anil: Hi Hari, we couldn't meet each other the
whole of yesterday.
- weather (--)
-C* --- C . Eo-F
-J l.
Eo ----.
Hari: Meet? In such a downpour? I didn't feel
like going out in such rain. No let up at all
till late in the night.
---? -? - x-E---. vA l- _-.

Downpour hC o-d
v-i - J -.
feel like hC ? E--.
I feel like going to a movie =
Downpour; let up; knee-deep; drains; wade

wind; blew off; hoardings; looks like rain;

drought; withered; on and off.

Down pour
knee deep wade; drain.
l-.
-L-.
a) Areena: Why don't you get me some chips to

eat?
(h
chips
*a--d?)
Amar: (Do you) want me go out in this downpour for your chips? I'll get drenched.
E---x--E--hC.
I don't feel like tea now =
--E-----C-p.
Let up = _, _- d; j
vo T_-. C - conversation practice .
There is no let up in her fever =
( --o ---x-- F
n. ---). The roads are
under kneedeep water. (Roads j
x- F-xo). I don't want to
wade through the water mixed with
the water from the drains. (--J
- Fx - Fx -
d ).
E \- , - d-d-
Eo wade through .
y _--.
We are not going to let up our efforts
v-o, v T_ -.
b) The officer wades through a lot of files
-x--- 85
-- 21 -- 2005
officer W -
.
files
h,
b)
- . { a-dC. h
d--.
Sathya:
_?
)
Vijaya: --V- { - C.
stand a cold
(withstand = d--, J-)
D K, 3, 4 x
c) Though it is just 3 o' clock in the afternoon, it
-p -.
is dark. The sky is cloudy. It is very likely to
Sathya: p- d v-Fo
--rain.
-u. TV - -Luo , <- C.
Fx Sx-a- -.
s-C. { ax --C. (a -
F} }- a-.
\- o).
Vijaya: vy - -CE -~ v--
drought: {-, -%-d --{ --
-L-*C. - u
wither = (x N) --
-dC.
When there is a drought the crops wither.
Sathya: o vA O* -i L x
{ -p --.
L--. -
-o Shed p T-J--C.
Vijaya: -J-j --u?
Sathya: , %-d-
-h.
I won't come. It looks like rain. I cannot with-
There was no let up
(let up
Answer:
Sathya: Will there be no let up in the rain?
Anil: Even in such rain, I went out for some

medicine for dad. My god! there was
knee-deep water on most roads, and I
waded through. The drains were overflowing.
c) We waded through a lot of portion for the last

week's examination.
- portion -C.
( time d E)
- o - - blow: L O, blow (present)- blew (past)
blown (past participle)
--}-. s! - roads -L Fx. Fx Sx-a- -. a) Strong winds blew as it rained cats and dogs
Knee deep = -L- . knee = .
- {, E-- -i
kneecap = -L-*p. wade = Fx Sx-aO.
-.
b) Though it isn't raining much, the wind is
Hari: Yes, it was that heavy.
Vijaya: It has been raining off and on since last

a)
Last week exam
ing
L - O*C.
hoardings, Eo sheds p, *--
L. F hoardings road
O- Fx .
Blew off= (L) - C.
Hoardings = shops O, road sides
v- (advertisement) boards.
Rooftops = p j.
Lakshmi: It's seven now cloudy, and a cot wind
is blowing. It looks like rain again any
moment.
c) The wind blew off several trees
3 or 4 years.
Sathya: Already the low lying areas are under
of
water. I saw on the TV, people wading
The crops
are withering because
M. SURESAN
it hasn't rained.
b)
number of people to safe places/
If the drought continues for/ lasts one more
safety. It has taken up relief measures
week, the crops are sure to wither/ will surec) On and off =
terday) blew off/ down/ uprooted a
a)
number of trees; They blews off as well
- = --.
-- h-.
He comes to me on and off for help.
the roof of an old shed some distance
trouble
from my home.
-/-N--T-.
Vijaya: Was anyone injured?

Sathya: No, fortunately.
CM
-h-/
phone h.
L D-o-p-C.
D --J--C.
f) The wind blew off the wooden structure.
-v-o: 1) Pending v N-J-. verb

simple, past, past participle
2) Who wrote Ramayana?
Who did write Ramayana?
There was no let up in the wind.
-- -u- -x ---..
b) Adjective: An enquiry is pending against

him.
-.
u- -J-* N-J-.
u-Lx u, -L--
b) F v-o Bv T_-
---: 1) Pending - C verb . d E,
past, past participle vo-.
Don't let up the seriousness of your
Pending, preposition attempts.
C j h-- o-p
-- -q -%-d/ {-- -x c) There has been no let up in the government's
n, - adjective
relief efforts, said the CM
-Fo --. -q A
C j h---E
vy - ux --- - -----E
%d. -Fo -. d vwait ho n.
Fo Fx E--.
u--vA --o.
a) Preposition: He is suspended pending
Drought = {-;
{ a-xC = It looks like rain =
enquiry.
on and off = = often/ frequently.
It may rain = It is very likely to rain.
N -Jh --- (N- -low lying areas = d v.
C
--d) -- suspend . \
a)
As
we
started
out
it
looked
like
rain
Lakshmi: Hope this would end with today.
pending
preposition.
C.
V C --E P-ho.
Spoken English
too.
Sathya: The strong winds the day before (yes-
ly wither.
c) The CM calls for my advice on and off.
L \ p a-C.
g) blew off the board = board x T-J--C.
-s C, L -L OhC.
let up _-/--T_-.
~-j o Sx { a-xC.
Looks like rain = It may rain = { a. a) L _-
Anil: We had severe drought last season. The

crops withered. This season we have too
much of rain on and off. The crops are
under water and the low lying areas are all
flooded.
water has entered houses too.
{- --- u.
-- o
d) The wind blew off the lamp
through kneedeep water. The rain

Vijaya: The government has moved a large
b) Don't trouble me on and off.
- x L -C
(L x L--)
e) The lamp blew off.
because
drought/
--l --.
{ ----, L v --
OhC.
blow off = L-x j *--. T-J-, - ----, (D N) J-, E p-.
now. I haven't seen such rain in the last
The crops are wither-
blowing strongly.
Anil: The wind was strong too. It blew off two or

three hoardings and the roof tops of some
sheds. I saw atleast two of the hoardings
lying in the water on the road.
week/ during the past week/ for a week
-- x
--o.
E O N- h--.
h---E wait ho.
\ 'pending' adjective.
2) a) Who wrote Ramayana?
b) Who did write Ramayana?
1) Ramayanam
'The'
2) The Ramayanam
sentence (a)
correct, sentence (b) wrong.
--u
*a- L.
E ,
Question form --p-, not - who

y 'do' 'does', 'did' . C \ who
N--, D '? n. -JE
-o n 'who' -. 'Who
did he meet?' sentences . p
who \ do, does, did h.
---
II
Kavitha: Hi Lakshmi, (It's) rather a cold
evening. How about munching something to keep ourselves warm?
Lakshmi: I am not going to have even a bite of

the bujji from that place.
Lakshmi: That's right. Let's have some hot

chips and then hot coffee. That's
make us comfy.
Hot chips, hot coffee
Munching; have; sipping; snack; crisp and

crunchy; hot; gulp & suck; chewing; swallowed;
have a bite.

daily situation
conversation
--v 23 -- 2005
Sx @b A.
v L C. j h
- A, --E -CNh a -.
*-E -h C ! \ l.
B-.
C.
(comfy = comfortable -E C
C. n = o)
A :
E
j A E F,
E F n \ ,
have, take, eat. Have Eo-- \-
.
Jeevan: I find you chewing killis all the time. It

is bad for your health and teeth.
L o v coffee p-Jh E o C?
Kavitha: Nothing like sipping a hot cup of cof, p Sx - E--h. C sip = p-Jh, x--x .
fee on a cold evening like this.
Anil: What do you usually have for breakfast?
-u-E, x *C .
a) It's very hot. Let's sip some soft drink?
L v
Breakfast y B--/ A Jagadish: I know that to chewing killis is not
/ C. j soft drink sip
.
-?
good. I will try to give it up.
l?
Lakshmi: Ok, then; here you are. Here's the Unni: Most of the days we have idli at home.
*-C--E , --E v-Aoh.
Soft drink = cool drink snack you are after.
\- x x B/ A. chew = -, - A. (u)
Eo -d soft drink L.
a) Doctors tell us to chew food well
. C y ---o A-Hard drinks, alcoholic drinks (beer,
-Eo NL A-Edoctors h.
.
whisky, etc)
b)
The
dog is trying to bite and chew the bone
(snack = A--! -
b) They are sipping coffee sitting in their gar \ - J --E v-Ao . You are after = y
den.
86
hC.
---o/ -o)
aE sip h-o.
Kavitha: Oh, these chips are crisp and
crunchy.
chips
Lakshmi: So do I find them too. Let's buy one
more packet.
packet
------o
, -o.
.
Kavitha: The other day Trishal bought some

mirchi bajjis for us. They were terribly
hot. We had to gulp down glasses of
water because of it.
They swallowed public money

Anil: We take idlis only one day a week. Each
day we take something different. I don't
like to eat idli everyday. I like to eat dosa
very much. I have coffee every morning
and tea every evening.
o V vA N-- @b
a. N -- o!
*-F} Lq *aC.
-V v x B. vA-V y A. W
x A d-. A d.
Lakshmi: I was there that day. Don't you
l , v tea B-.
remember? Thank God, we had
-? \- have, take, eat, A

some chocolates near by to snack
n . Drink
and feel relieved.
op-, E have/ take \-

-\ o, h-. \
chocolates p-J* T_-- . Eat, drink , A,
o.
vv- \.
(Thank God A--)
a) Eating too much is bad \ A, *-CKavitha: Trishal kept chewing something get
.
rid of the heat of the chilly, later he
\- eating having nEo y-had a stomach trouble too. He swal.
lowed some tablets to be relieved of
it.
Trishal
b) Drinking coffee so often upsets your health
- coffee -uEo - _--E hC.

- o. y -E -
\ having, taking -a, F drinking
trouble C. v x \ clarity C.
N.
--x p - have/ take
vo: Wedding card, marriage day \ -.
---? -- --? Karim: Here is coffee please have it.
u VLp- M, -
C, B
Ravi: I have had two cups of coffee already. I
a) Wedding , marriage Cl
C. v-- v
J Rx wedding. Marriage i x- Registered marriage
N a.
India v- v J RxE
marriage . America, Britain
wedding \ -, v--
v J-T.
b) Wedding Rx v J-N.
Marriage x--, Rx -A j @N . -E-:
i) It was a happy wedding
Rx - J-TC.
ii) Theirs has been a happy marriage
x Rx/ j- @N - -C.
Spoken English
don't wish to have any more.
c) He is chewing gum.
(chewing) gum
3) Prakash: Why don't you eat slowly? You are
swallowing food in a hurry.
-o.
t,
y-F t-C A--? -
?
N-h-o.
Leela:
p-
Pranav: I am in a hurry. No time to chew and
cups
swallow.
? M. SURESAN
NL N--E time .
L F?
- o.
Namrata: Ev-hC. exam.
Swallow = N.
h T -- -E.
a) Lord Siva swallowed poison, so his throat is
Leela:
.
black.
Namrata: j A---y?
P -Eo N. -E Leela: A--L-y? (A-- english .
.
)
b) The Tablets are bitter, so I swallow them.
Namrata: -- A- N-
tablets . -E E N-h.
Leela:
Coffee , tea . xq
c) He swallowed a lot of water
---o y?
Fx N.
Namrata: Eo tablets N-. x .
d) The minister swallowed a lot of public money
Leela:
F, .
vA v--Eo N-.
Namrata: D . \ h. l
4) srikanth: I am very thirsty. Can I have some
tablets -. E N
water, Ramesh?
.
C. * FRx-y?
Answer:
Ramesh: It's quite hot, isn't it? Here, take it.
/ C . C
B.
Srikanth: One glass won't do (will not do). I can
gulp down a whole jug of water.
glass
jug
Fx .
Fx -
C.
p- p .
(won't do = will not do = ; will do = .
d .
Rs 20000/- a day will do for me.
Karim: Have some milk then. ( B)
V 20000/ .
Ravi: I never take milk. ( - ).
gulp = \, gulp down = \ N-.
\ take drink -a. Have a) He
drank it in one gulp
?
\ \ .
I never have milk _ p
b) When the medicine is bitter we gulp it down
n hC d.
our throat
So, have, take, eat and drink OE
op, -E \
- A, n
\ Nh.
\- -.
5) Sita: How about some hot Coffee, Poorna?
2) A, - --o Poorna: Nothing like sipping hot coffee on a
. N l.
cold evening like this.
-- -u- -x ---..
Now practise the following aloud in english:

Namrata:
cup
coffee
Namrata: Mom, why don't you give me a cup of

coffee?
Leela:
You have already had two cups of
coffee. How much more do you want?
Namrata: I feel very sleepy. A little coffee will
keep me awake.
Leela:
Then take tea.
Namrata: Won't you give me something to eat?
Leela:
Shall I give you Jantikalu?
Namrata: I have been chewing/ munching only
jantikalu till now.
Leela:
You talk of coffee and tea, but are you
taking the tablets?
Namrata: I cannot swallow so many tablets.
Leela:
Atleast take the medicine/ syrup
syrup
Namrata: That's bitter too. I just gulp it down/
take it in a gulp. No, I'll take the
tablets. Swallowing them is easier
than taking the syrup.
---
II
Sravanthi: Come Pratibha, just munching zantikalu isn't going to help us. Let's
think of solving the problem.
(A- - x v-
. -u J-\ -*l)
Chandra: I enjoy it. Why don't you munch

some too.
( C -. y
Eo )
Bhaskar: Go on. Munch till your teeth ache.
Pratibha: (I) can't help it Sravanthi. They are so

crunchy and delicious. You have
them too. Here help yourself to
some.
You don't know how you irritate me.

Munch on and become fat.
(-A-, -A-, F x p d
. F - *- !
( - ---- *
u -- )
? y A. . h B)
irritate = J-- ' \ - =I can't help it = - -N--- -- ----.
*, p-.
(-p-)
n C munch Help yourself = (A-C/- ---j) B\.

. chew -o -
Sravanthi: I'd rather have crisp potato chips
v. Chew J (\,
than those zantikalu.
( A- --- potato chips
x) -, * --N-.
A--C)
a) \ ---o
Pratibha: Here are some but they have gone
soft.
He is chewing a bit/ piece of cane.

b)
toffee
E ---C.
She is chewing a toffee.
(\ Eo o, E N h---)
(toffee =
p-- Gx--C)
h --.
lick =
Munch
-x--- 87
--C 25 -- 2005
a) He is licking a cone of ice cream
ice cream cone
--o.
b) She committed suicide by consuming poi-
Vamsi:
N j o A. --
u N favourites.
-- -N- T t-u -C.
Dinesh: Doctors - A *c) Bhima consumed all the food that was meant
-. C Vitamin \.
for Bakasura.
Vamsi: V v - . *
-- --*a- H
--- potato chips Aa. E
A-.
-j - Aa.
d) He consumed a kilo of cake in 10 minutes
t --h-C-p.
cake () 10 EN-x A-.
Dinesh: -l . u
consume conversation
l -J * biscuits
- - . C u.
(American English- cookies) d-- d, ju (legal and medical)
-a. ------o! h
J--- \ -.
Ice cream Aa.
a) Doctors advised him against consuming fatty
Vamsi: Chewing gum a?
substance
Dinesh: -. N - N-L,
---E--hC.
Vamsi: V *- - ho. .
son.
She is biting a crisp apple
Answers:
Dinesh: This guava is crisp. How about a bite?/
Why don't you have/ take a bite?
Vamsi: I will eat any number of them (any
Sravanthi: In that case I'd (I would) like to have

an ice cream or some soft drink.
ice cream
soft drink)
soft drink = cola, orange
bottled
drinks cool drink
correct name soft drink;
hard drink (beer, whisky
A--C
- p
,
N)
uA-.
Pratibha: Don't you remember the warning

against consuming soft drinks? They
contain pesticides.
(E ---o a-J J*?

- --C.)
Sravanthi: But who cares? Moreover, haven't
you seen the recent ads that they
are safe?
(.. d----o? N v-O E u v-- -

y?)
(recent = u, ad = advertisement =
v-)
b) The cow is licking its calf
-C (calf = ) ()
O A-, -x .
p j -- N l.
Crunchy (v* ' \ -)
crisp = ---- fresh () o.
crunchy/ crisp biscuits = ----
o biscuits.
-, p- A-E d---p? N crunchy crisp o-p
? crunchy/ crisp appadalu or vadiyalu.
(O English )
Currency notes N h- , A --- T-L N crisp.
Potato chips crisps.
Apple x , juicy (
) , N crisp.
Sudha is biting a crisp apple
- o
apple
---C.
Here is a crisp guava; have a bite
Pratibha: OK then. No drinks now. Have the ice

cream and enjoy licking it.
drinks
Ice cream enjoy
licking =
lesson continuation
lesson
number=
j o).
y -n --lE
dx a.
b) The
post
showed
favourites.
mortem
that
Dinesh: Even doctors recommend consuming/
the
eating of guavas, They contain a lot of
deceased had consumed alcohol
Vitamin C.
M. SURESAN
-- -u- -x ---..
You can eat crisp/ crunchy potato

chips. Before that you can have/ enjoy
delicious gulab jam. My mother is making them now.
c) People who consume tobacco may get can-
Dinesh: Let's go to my place first. My uncle
cer
( A--x cancer a.)

, people who chew
tobacco .
-s-Eo-d O conversation
. -- effective C.
brought biscuits/ cookies from America

this morning. How crunchy/ crisp they
are! You can also eat/ lick some icecream.
Vamsi: Did he bring/ get chewing gum too?
Dinesh: A lot of it. The more you chew it, the
C, - C.
A? (bite )
-C, J .
Guava = y, y \ -, /(. p
.
-v-o: a) 'Shopping'
.)
-.
delicious= * o, -j.
N-s-N-*C?
--

a) N - * ---C.
b) Miss,
Mister,
Mrs.
A, - - -J-*
The Mango is very delicious.
- plural p.
---. Last lesson have/ take
(B-)/ eat (A)/ drink (); b) x * *-i- --- -f-h.
c) Come, Come on
The restaurant serves a very delicious food.
chew = -; swallow = N (s
n N?
), gulp = \, sip = p-Jh c) t * -C.
-Tx
My mother cooks very deliciously.
-J--* ---o.
.
1. C-,
p j -- : Munch; delicious- L- (L \ -).
2.
g
N
,
3.
u
,
4.
, 5. J,
consume = (-u u \ -)
crunch; delicious; crisp; consume; lick.
( n NE--T- - 6.TL, 7.--, 8.pJh.
Munch: (' \ -) =
>.v-, -b--- N consumer's court- NE---. l a-x.
---: a) Shopping. English j -E
- d)
Bhaskar: Could you stop munching those
'-ing' Jh u E n hC.
ground nuts? If you like to, keep the
consume A, E n
noise low.
C -- 'shop' --E -v-u -.
C.
( -- - -? -- a) He consumes a lot of alcohol
House, housing; book, booking, etc.,
-- l T_)
---.
- C .
Spoken English
Vamsi: You come to my home this evening.
E-- h
--F-- T-x --K-~ LC.
(Post mortem - d = --K~.)
Dinesh:
Guavas, especially
the crisp ones/ crisp guavas are my
more you feel like chewing it.

Vamsi: That's a good way of spending a holiday. Let's go.
b) Miss
plural
plural -. OE J*
JEo N- o lessons .
c) Come tE, come on
t, --d -.
---: 1) ---C- = flood victims 2)
g-N = fool moon; 3) -u = new
moon 4) English Coin box -a.
5) --J Correct English .
priest/ purohit -a F j n-.
6) TL = t spittle; -j A-o
TL left over. 7) :
N , English x = The
plural, misses, mister
messrs, Mrs
(four) elements (earth, air, fire and water)

8)
--pJh =
resourcefulness.
---
II
Ganesh: Would you have another idli?
-- 27 -- 2005
Krishna: Fancy some more upma/ another

dosa?
( x ?)
Harish: No, I am full.
(h t/ B-?)
Laxman: Sorry. I am full.
( A-. EC)
Ganesh: Just two idlis and you say you've (you
( A-. EC)
Manoj:
have) had enough.
(-A-oN - x. p -o)
Don't force us when we are full

please.
(tLo - , E--)
conversation full simple
that too with sambar. I can't eat
word x--a.
another thing.
Krishna:
Atleast some more tea? (h ?)
(y -p-C p. x,
Laxman:
Why the hell don't you listen? We
D Ao. A-.)
have had enough.
(That too = C )
(N? AoC . A)
Ganesh: Perhaps you are afraid you may put
(why the hell = N-, -.
on weight. Idlis or no idlis you gain
l-x, u- --Lq x weight if you don't have any exercise.
-)
I do eat a lot, but you can't say I am
Harish: You are wrong. I've taken four idlis,
d)
e)
f)
stomach.
( -u . EC
d A-)
another thing.
poor eater. I enjoy seeing Jayaram
( EC. -v A-)
Fo ' E x .
O - *o *o expressions conversation practise .
eat.
have eaten only four like me.
When you are on a full stomach, you nibble.
(O E- nibble h.
jj Cl--Cl - \ A-
)
(y l A-- . You nibble when you are not hungry.

L -p nibble h. TL
--y -- -- x AoC)
-. d nibble = -d A/
- lessons
TL
.
A, A--E -C-*-E h C -. -C A- [Suppose you eat too much, you may put on
-x-, -C AE x- weight = \ Ao---, O -a.
. J A ---x --C-*- suppose = -.
expressions Eo .
a) y -n AE - d .
1. I am full;
2. I have had enough;
put on weight.
b)
b)
c)
u - - -u.
of late he has put on a lot of weight.
c)
- =
He is over weight.
-v-o: -Eo verbs -y- off, away, up - -- ----L?--: go

-- --} --E -n. -- --R}-C ----E she went --
-J---C -. -- she went away --E --
---L?- -- peel -- -B---, ---T-- --E -n
-. -F - verbs -y- off -- - -- ---Lqh-C? "I will peel off you, if you do it again. Be careful" - -u- peel verb -y- 'off' --- -p-E?
- 'flung' verb -y- away -- - --? --R}-C
----E went, --h- ----E will peel --E, ---C
----E flung -- -- -- -n-Eo -%-d- -d-
d-?--- verbs -y- off, up, away -- -- -- --
N--J--.
-.-C-u, ---
---: - * vo. N h---L. p,
--j- -- n -C.
C.
She went o-p ' RxC n clear hC.
- (usage) she went away o-p force \.
Spoken English
b) Perhaps because of his fever he eats only a

little now. Even otherwise he is a poor eater.
She is not so fat; She is plump
p -L o-p
l.
L = hunger, -L o = hungry.
-J .
a) - -L C
He is very hungry (He is hunger E -.)
b) -L C = I am starving.
Starve n = A h E, -L C n
Starve , Conversation .
a) x -L o. x
L.
I don't like to eat fatty substances and gain/
3. Can't eat another thing.
expressions Fo E-,
v A-E J-n-x o-p
.
H --- v (A- --a)
- = He is stout.
Fat v, stout
h d .
, h l C.
(yx - \ A-o. y
-- l A- )
Ravikanth:
--hC. Hotel Rx
j A?
Prashanth: A--E- . --l
Krishna: I am on a full stomach too. I can't eat
finish off atleast 6 to 7 idlis. You are a
Harish: You are not a big eater either. You
-C.
N d A-
J ---E-.
She is plump
any more only because I am on a full
(- \- p- x
T---. y .
A-- a-hC)
A poor eater =
a) Bhima was a big eater.
Sx N--E-l.
E -x--p
.
-x--- 88
Harish: O stop lecturing. I don't want to eat
Ganesh: If only Jayaram were here he would
A big eater =
stout, plump.
She has became very fat.
fat.
(--y -\--E ----o.

j exercise - x Ao A--, -\---. \--
A, E o E )
(put on weight = - = -)
O , L- ; fat,
Ao.
l-Eo*
A-
.
E. BJ-- M. SURESAN
---C.
Prashanth: F Hotel --E u-
E EC.
-A---E.
Ravikanth: F company y, . A
.
The Children are starving. I must cook some
Prashanth:
-, - -L o-xC F?
thing for them first.
Ravikanth:
p-. l-Eo* S.
(\ x - -L o-E -n.
(
--o. Hotelh-o-E )
(
\ -) lodget, - --hC . o-d.
-t --. lodge
Mom, I am starving. Serve the food/ let me
----n, Fhave the food/ Give me something to eat.

Restaurant - Z--
j A--EhC.
-\ --.)
I feel like eating some thing.
Answer:
h j d .
Let me have some thing to eat.
O-od peel - (t N). \ peel

L-- (DE, - E -E-: L- d p E -hC .)
(usage) C Dictionary n-E-o, grammar rules o
\ h-. - - -, -o force E - went away, peel off, flung away
(flung- N--, flung away- N-J--- -hC .)
- verbs * h. N --x v- (standard)
-, N --- N -Eh-C.
Eo -s- up, away N a--x, n J--C--.
He has gone. He has gone up -hC .
- RxC --E, Rx--C --E
C. ----E *-\-d, ----E *-\-d- O C.
*-\-d- force \ . English .
They beat him. (x ----E d)
They beat him up. (x ----E d-).
off
-- -u- -x ---..
Heavy
breakfast
Ravikanth:
Ravikanth: I am very hungry/ am starving. How

about eating something in a restaurant?
restaurants
eateries/ fast food
joints
Prashanth: I don't feel like eating anything/ I
am full/ I am on a full stomach. (I)
had a heavy breakfast this morning.
Ravikanth: I haven't had anything to eat since
morning/ I have been on an empty
stomach since morning. Something
or the other kept me busy.
Prashanth: I don't mind going to the restaurant
with you. But I cannot eat a thing.
Ravikanth: Just give your company. I'll take
care of the eating part.
Prashanth: You appear to be starving.
Ravikanth: I told you. (I have) been on an
empty stomach since morning.
( u
E -o)
---
II
Naresh: Hi Ajitha, have you finished reading
the book?
(h - Jh?)
Ajitha: Yes, here it is.
(... --C--. -C, B)

Naresh: (It's) interesting, isn't it?
(Interesting
Ajitha: Quite. You buy such books quite often,
don't you?
books
C?)
(Jh.
- ?)
Quite = Jh. Conversation
one word responses, h sentence
reply y -
- C. -N practice
.
Naresh: That's right. I find them a good source

of general knowledge. You found this
book so, didn't you?
General Knowledge
(d. N
N . h
, ?)
source, j J
a--
-x--- 89
- 29 -- 2005
Eg:
vo N- u
. - u-E-j a vo
? ? ? ? -
-hC. *a --. F english C u.
sentence * a *o *o
Questions Question tags - C
C . question
tags - - frequent v
, u --i T--E-hC.
English Question tags correct form
h conversation -
-y a) ... isn't it? b) ... is it? c) ... doesn't he? d) ...
did she? e) ... don't you? f) ... can't I? h-o
hC.
. C p h--d--L.
Question Question tag :C sentence ... is it? quesQuestion C h sentence
tion tag -h. C J--E p -C.
o ?
Are you very busy?
p question tag form
(O busy o?)
l:
C h sentence.
question tag form Lq u,
Question tag , sentence *
Hyderabad is a beautiful city - -.
a sentence v. Sentence
Eo stem .
N , question tag
DE-E question tag form - ---...
n .
Eg: You are busy, aren't you?

busy
Aren't you? Question tag.
sentence
question tag
Aren't
you?
(O
\
o, ?)
n ?
1) Add a comma at the end of the stem:

Hyderabad is a beautiful city,
2) Note the verb.
verb, 'is'
comma
\
h:
? Eo
You like coffee, don't you?

Ajitha: Sure. It gives a lot of information. You
don't usually lend your books to others, do you?
information
(Correct.

C. - F h- --yJ y, ?)
Naresh: I don't. I gave one to you because I

know you are prompt in returning.
Once you lend a book you are not sure
?
- (? E ? ?
Ox j --) english Question
tag, vA sentence E verb d -C. C form a- ,
Eo question tags examples l.
a) India is a large democracy, isn't it?
( l v-yu --, ?)
b) English isn't difficult to learn, is it?
whether you get it back, are you?
(y. y -p- time AJTh

d F v a. -J h
h C AJT h- t ,
?)
prompt = time J_
Ajitha: You haven't lost books by lending,
English
a-- d , / -?)
c) He knows English, doesn't he?

English
d) She didn't sing well yesterday, did she?
(-E
, ?)
( Eo J -, ?)
e) You like coffee, don't you?
(F d ?)
have you?
(y
*a
d, ?)
Question tag form
h--L---
Naresh: I make sure that I get them back, if at

all I lend.
(AJ--ad -, y
J-T.)
If at all = j- -
-\- - \.
If at all I go = -x J-T.
conversation practice .
Ajitha: You appear to be busy. I am not keeping you from your work, am I?
(y busy o-d-o. O
?)
, j -- *o, *o vo -u sentence E . u *--
' E vo- - -E- ?
'? '? '! '? E *o
vo conversation , Ey, english E-y-, -, -.
Spoken English
f) I can bat as well as Tendulkar, Can't I?

bat
examples
English
Sentence
question tag
( -\-
-- ?)
j
-E- ? - Eo ? E h,
vA
*
, ...
vo:
a)
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, is

Sentence
stem
3)
not

-E-
u:
- stem not M. SURESAN
, question tag
not , stem not - tag not
*a- contracted form (C-* )
n't hC.
Hyderabad is a beautiful city. not -d,
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, is n't h.
4) *-J Hyderabad 'it' C aL. E
y question mark dL. p Jh
Sentence:
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, isn't it?
(j--- -i , ?)
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai.

stem
Question tag
h?
c)
OEo --?
d, Eo
h:
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is
not
tag
not
3) Stem
4)
tag
question mark
Sentence:
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is it?
-C d,
*-J
y
p h
.
--.
-C.
(j-- lC , ?)
Sankar:
Tarun:
Sankar:
-\ p batsman, ?
E Dravid steady , ?
- *o-- test player
o ?
Tarun: -E--- Bharat team ,
y--- ?
Sankar: N. Tests highest number
of centuries d x l
Indians, ?
Tarun: Kapil Dev and Srinath p
bowlers x . X
p batsman ? --
bowler batsman p
, ?
Answer:
Sankar: Tendulkar is a great batsman, isn't he?
Tarun: But he is not as steady as Dravid is
he?
Sankar: He was a test player at a very young
age, wasn't he?
Tarun: A Player like him on the Indian team is
a matter of pride for India, isn't it?
Sankar: One more thing. The first two among
those who have scored the highest
number of test centuries are Indians,
aren't they?
Tarun: KapilDev and Srinath were great
bowlers, weren't they? Srinath wasn't
a great batsman, was he? Even Kapil
Dev wasn't as great a batsman as he
was a bowler, was he?
C p O.
I do not sleep at 11 PM
C p -O.
n *a- E. -j
o N-Eo U--J-h-o-p
.
'Isn't the movie good?' (E C .)
'Ofcourse it is' ( C/ )
3) 'Ofcourse not' - 'C E.
2) Ofcourse
period
sleep.
a) Sleep for 7 hours a day.
When do you sleep?
EvC
j u j-, ?
.u, j--
: -- (Ev) = go to bed
a) I go to bed at 11 PM = 11 --.
b) I do not go to bed at 11 PM.
c) When/ At what time do you go to bed?
go to bed
sleep
-J
,

N-J.
English sleep EvC- E. English
sleep p point of time -
--E Ev -v-N-, - -E Ev-- -E-.
-- -u- -x ---..
--:
1) Nothing but =
This is nothing but cheating.
I sleep at 11 PM
11 .. -
*,
11 .. --.
b)
1) Stem (Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai)

comma
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai,
2) Verb, stem
is
comma
7 EvC-h = Ev .
EvC---E -- sleep.
C go to bed.
Ev-- = get up (from bed)
b) I go to bed at 11 and get up at 6.
I sleep at 11
I sleep from 11
PM to 6 AM
(\
-a.)
vo: 'Nothing but'- 'of course'- 'ofcourse not"

-
O n N? OE u-
--T-L? -N--J---.
, , j--
A: Is India a rich country?
( E ?)
B: 'Ofcourse not. It is infact a developing
country.
( . -G%Cl -o )
Of Course not - ---.
( OC L o-x).
---
II
Varun: Hi Anand, you are ready, aren't you?
(y l- o, ?)
Anand: I am ready, but you are not in a hurry,
are you?
ready
(
. E y - --
, ?)
(hurry= )
Varun: Not that I am in a hurry, but (I am) just

making sure we can start at any time.
Not that I want to trouble you, but can
you get me a ticket for the match
( - oE .
p --- p -l
E n. -E-o -v-- ----E -.
h -u- ticket *a-?)
Not that = - --E .- --C -- ---
- ---- -.
Anand: Once we start here we can reach there
in twenty minutes, Can't we?
They were here last night, weren't they?

tag
*a -- Question
o Sentences -E l.
1) You are ready, are n't you?

(Comma + Verb (are) + n't (no not in stem) +
subject (you) + question mark)
2) You are not in a hurry, are you?
(Comma+Verb (are) (no n't in the tag here
because there is 'not' in the stem) + Subject
(you) + Question Mark)
Stem
Verbs d Question tags -. C stem Question tag l.

David is coming. \ Verb 'is coming' -
am, is, are, was, were, will, would, shall,
should, can, could, may, might, must, need,
ought, have, has, had combinations
Verbs
tag
tag
o
h OE v B.
O y a / .
a) Madhu cannot ( = can't) sing, can he?

b) Bhaskar will not (= won't) come, will he?
c) Sheela shall not (=shan't) sing, shall she?
I regular doing words (come, go,
Stem
sing, etc), II regular doing words (come, go,
sing etc.), past doing words (came, went,
song etc.) question tags
form
Varun: Even earlier than that. But where is

Arun? He said he would be coming too,
didn't he?
Arun
Anand: He did of course. But we need not wait
for him, need we?
wait
(o--. F -E-
-\-x, ?)
Chitra sings well, doesn't she?

Stem not --. p does she E
v hC.
Chitra does not act, does she?
Now practise the following aloud in English.

Ravi:
---L next test --o,

?
L.
Aswini:
* n J.
[ Ist lessons spoken english a-oC h- --a-.
Ravi:
-x Kaif B- ?
a) Ist regular doing word not F ques(B- = drop. remove E -a)
tion F , do + I regular doing Aswini: Kaif . Eo
word -C. go (+ not / ?) = do (not) go
B- u ?
v-h
( \ -l-J 20 EN----\
-- ?)
( --. F
?
h-E p, ?)
--E 31 -- 2005
-x--- 90
You are ready, are n't you?
Varun: Let's go then, shall we?
( l?)
- *-
Question tags - ?
Question tag form --C -J
h--.
David is coming Combination
\ verb is coming. (Is

o verb C. tag is
v hC.)
a) David is coming, is n't he? (David 'he')
b) Geetha and sita are playing. stem
1) They are here, are n't they?
verb: are coming: tag are v hC
(Rx-\--o, ?)
? d question tag.
j Sentence 'They are here'- Eo
Geetha and Sita are playing, aren't they?
stem ; aren't they? (= ?)
(Geetha and Sita (x) they)
Eo Question tag .
2) Question tag form -p, stem \
j --- E sentence:
comma .
We can reach there in twenty minutes, can't
3) Stem Verb -E*, Eo comma
we? (cannot , can't) \ verb can
\ h.
reach, so tag v hC.
4) Stem not -, tag Verb n't
C :
-. n't .
Many heroes cannot sing.
5) Stem Subject a- -I/ we/ you/
C question tag
he/ she/ it/ they *-- --;
Many heroes cannot sing, can they?
6) Question mark (?) h.
(stem not C, tag not . Verb can
Example.
sing - tag can v hC)
They were here last night, - C stem
-E- -Lq-N.
DE Question tag:
Stem will + -, not -, question tag
1) Comma: They were here,
won't (will + not) hC. (d)
2) Comma y Verb- \ stem Verb,
b) 2nd Regular Doing word

not
Question
does + 1st
Regular Doing Word
goes (+
not \ ?) = does (not) go.
not
question
c) Past doing word
did + Ist regular doing word
went (+ not / ?) = did (not) go
1) Sehwag and Dravid play well.
verb play (1st regular doing word).
not
question
do play
Sehwag and Dravid play well
play = do
play.
question tag
do
n't
don't
Sehwag
and Dravid
they
sentence
Sehwag and Dravid play well, don't they?
Stem
not
tag
do
they
Laxman and Dravid don't (do not) bowl, do
they?
F
F ,
-C.
-F
F
C.
\
C /
-C .
d
, hC. E
L,
, E y
,
. d h
C ?
sleeps
Stem
II regular doing word (comes, goes,

does
not
does
n't
doesn't
N) *a--p
hC ?
L
a) Ganguly will play in Pak series, won't he?
'were' - They were here, were
.
?
b) Tarun will come with us, won't he?
3) Stem, 'they were here' not d, tag
(j sentences \-j will not a) Chitra sings well. \ verb... sings (2nd
verb n't (not) -.
regular doing word). C not / question
-Lq -h won't -C)
They were here weren't
does
sing -C . E n't L does
shall
not
L
qh
,
shan't
4) Stem Subject, \ 'they' tag *-n't (d size ) , E
-C, (d)
--: they were here, weren't they
y Chitra , she . p
5) Question mark h: Question tag can, will, shall stem not tag
h sentence C ?
can, will, shall not h.
Sentence C :
-v-o: Continuous tense - -passive voice -a-p- --v- b- eing --Th-E

--. -E -x-vA-x - -
---Th-o. B- eing -- -s-x
---Th ---.
-vQ-E--, -d
---: Active Voice E verb 'ing' form
passive voice being + past participle
hC.
eg: Active Voice: am/ is/ are + ing form
verb (p --o EE -LN)
I
am
He/ She
teaching
is
a lesson/
lessons
They are
Spoken English
Passive Voice:
A lesson is
\ being + past
participle -E-.
being taught by me
Lessons are
him/
A lesson is
Lessons are
her/
them
Active Voice:
I/he/she was
teaching a lesson
O n:
....... C-h-o
Eo
..... C-h-o -
....... C-hC
y ...... C-h-o
O, x ..... C-h-o
/- .... C-ho
-- -u- -x ---..
me
him/ her/
you/ us/ them
n:
We/you/they were
-p-
Passive:
being taught by
C-----o.
/
F/O//x
(- passive v- J- )
was teaching, were teaching
active forms was being/ were being +
taught h.
I/ he/ she was
We/ you/ they were
teaching
J Laxman
A ?
Aswini: .
Selection com-
*a---, p
v hC.
Ravi:
a lesson
lessons
mittee Laxman
-
bad treat
C ?
Ravi:
Selectors merit
M. SURESAN
vu y
?
Answer:
Ravi:
Sourabh is playing in the next test,

isn't he?
Aswini: Finally (at last) he has got a place on

the team.
Ravi:
Because of that they have dropped

Kaif, haven't they?
Aswini: Kaif plays well too, doesn't he?

Removing/ dropping him is unjust, isn't
it?
Ravi:
What about Laxman in the past?
Aswini: Yes, the selection committee has treat

Laxman badly, hasn't it?
(verb- has treated,
tag
Ravi:
has
v hC,
)
The selection do not give importance
to merit, do they?
C-h-o
C-h-o
C-h-C
y C-h-o
O/ x C-h-o
/ C-ho
O passive:
A lesson was
Lessons were
being taught by
Eo
-
me/ us/
him/ her/
you/ them
/ / t-/ / / O/ x
C-----C/ C----o ()
x being + PP form hC.
---
II
Anu:
Hi Suma, Wish a very Happy New Year

of better communication.
English
(y - --q-
x----E --o).
Suma: Same to you, Anu. We are going to have

a party on the occasion, aren't we?
party
( -s
o ?)
---
Anu:
Pavani said so yesterday, didn't she?

(
Suma: I am giving the party, aren't I?
party
Anu: Yes, it is your turn this time.
turn=
Suma: I am giving the party alright, but I am not
making the arrangements, am I?
party
---E -E-o -- --C. ?
y---oC?)
( J F...
(
h-o. px --
- -- ?)
-x--- 91
lesson
question tags
sentences
1. aren't we?
2. didn't she? 3. aren't I?
4. am I? 5. aren't you? 6. doesn't it, etc.
aren't we? didn't she? aren't you? etc.,
question tags
form
question tags....
1. aren't I?
2. am I?
sentences:
1) I am giving the party, aren't I?
rule
stem 'I am giving the party'
verb, am
giving
question tag
am,
n't (stem
not
I
question tag, amn't I?
aren't I
I?)
I
begin
sentence
verb, am+
not
question tag
aren't I?
amn't I?
question tag English
stem
not
question tag
am I?
( I am not making the arrangements, am I?
stem
not
- - 2 ----J 2006
v-E --...
-El.
Ox
- hO.N
. h
*a
N o
--o
v
\
d,
E y
d), E y *a,
L .
h
(d E hC. C
E \
u
u-i N.
, -,
p
C.
,
Sx
\
C)
f) might..., - mightn't?
g) have..., - haven't...? has..., hasn't...?
h) had..., - hadn't...? i) need..., needn't...?
(pron:
j) should..., shouldn't ...?
k) would..., wouldn't...?
stem
not
verbs
subject
example
1) a) Sachin could play well, couldn't he?
b) Sachin could not play well, could he?
2) a) Ramesh will help you, won't he?
b) Sudha will not / won't help you, will she?
(id) .
Fd)
(d...?)
(d?)
u ?
h.
p,
l.
Ah here comes Bhargavi. Hi Bhargavi,

We are talking about the party. You are
making all the arrangements, aren't
you?
party
(C _N. _O,
-J-*
--o. p-xFo y h-o
?)
Bhargavi: I am. I am getting the money from

Suma, aren't I?
suma
(h-o.
L ?)
Suma:
_ s B-
Bhargavi: That doesn't matter as long as I

don't spend.
( s a d---- ---)
as long as- so long as = C J---,
l-A.so long as - 'not' o-p
-. As long as p-j -a.
Suma & Anu: Thank you.
-- --- --*a- lessons

(question tags j --*a--C) -- --C -.
\-J Sx, don't, doesn't, didn't a
question tag N l.
Bhushan: You get up quite early, don't you?
(y - Ev--h, )
(y ?)
(O
10 , y -u
Ev--a, ?)
But our school started at 7.30, didn't
it? so I got used to getting up early.
school 7.30
(
C ? E -----C.)
Get used to = ----. I have got
used to the hot weather here = (\
-- --). Sx h--
1) 'Get up' Regular doing word verb
not d. Question tag, 'don't
you?' 2) 'Begins' second regular doing
word verb not d, question tag,
'doesn't it?' 3) 'started' past doing word
verb , not d, question tag, 'didn't it?' (Didn't pronunciation - d)
Spoken English
C)
3) a) Ameet has scored

good marks, hasn't
he?
b) Ameet hasn't (has
not) passed, has
he?
N--N
practice
h M. SURESAN
question tags d form -. Question tags E
- - EKb- C.
(No not in the stem)

b) I am not a fool, am I?
( ^-o , ? (not in the stem)

d 'I' N- h----LqC
a) Stem not , question tag aren't I?
(verb, 'am+' )
b) stem not , verb 'am+'
question tag, 'am I?'
Sx Eo verb farms a question tags

\ ho. h--. Fo
stem not o-p.
a) Shall..., - shan't...? b) will.., - won't..?
c) can..., _can't...?
d) could..., couldn't...?
(couldn't - pronunciation e) may..., - mayn't?
(d)
(d?)
books
Revathi:
Jyothi:
Santhi:
u innerwear word --
hC. Innerwear correct --p-
(usage hC), --C n-a. \---C n u- under-
o. x *N.
Underwear
Innerwear
(---) ---.
(--o-) --E ----?2) q -\-p-, -E--x -_ -\-x -v-- ---E 'Q' '-l-A ----
-E -f--. -- Q -~ -v-
\-. --v--E, - --Tx- -~E -- --N-?
-vQ-E-, -Nu--
---:
1) Underwear - (Underware
) -h
- - h- - J
h --d Underwear .
-- -u- -x ---..
1)
1) Spoken English
-v-o: 1) -- ---h-- ---Tx--
Answers:
Ganesh: Hi, Mahesh, you went to a movie
last night, didn't you.
Mahesh: I told you (that) I would (go), didn't
I?
Ganesh: You told me, yes. But I didn't think
you'd go.
Mahesh: When I say something, I am serious, aren't I?
Ganesh: But I am not serious about movie
matters, am I?
Mahesh: I feel happy when I go to a movie
with my friends, don't I ? Why didn't you come?
Ganesh: I was very busy yesterday. I am
the fan of the hero of the movie.
Yesterday aren't I? I am sorry I
missed the movie.
Santhi: Hey, you are joking at me, aren't
you?
Revathi: I am not at all talking, am I, Jyothi?
Jyothi: I am reading the novel, aren't I?
Santhi: I am mistaken, aren't I? You are
good people.
Revathi: I am the serious type, aren't I ? I
don't like jokes at all.
Jyothi: I am interested only in studies,
aren't I ? I don't know how to joke,
do I?
Santhi: You never joke at others? do you?
Revathi: I don't know about Jyothi, but I am
always serious.
---:
English --C-* --*

--L----.
-P-K-, --f-
Spoken English books market

English conversation by Grant Taylor; Spoken English
for you by G.Radhakrishna Pillai and
K.Rajeevan.
O O jokes h-o, ?
- -x , Jyothi?
---o.
?
--f, ? O *-x
.
serious type ? -
jokes a.
studies interested, ?
- joke , ?
O- - O jokes u,
?
Jyothi N -L--.
v p serious.
Eo vA y E 2)
--} ?
Mahesh: , h-E p. ?
Ganesh: p-. F y h----.
Mahesh: --
--G- serious
, ?
Ganesh: cinema N- v serious , ?
Mahesh: friends E--h -h ? Eo y ?
Ganesh: Eo - busy o. -y
-Rx- cinema hero fan ?
-E ---o.
1) Ganesh: Hi Mahesh,
-v-o: Spoken
---:
That's right, do you, don't you?
Bhushan: Your college begins at 10, doesn't it?

so you can get up late, can't you?
college
Dhiraj:
l.
O -B-- ?
I am ready. Thank you for making all

the arrangements. You are taking
trouble. aren't you?
trouble
(E-y--E l. F y
B--o ?)
Dhiraj:
examples
a) I am Andhra, aren't I? (stem
not
b) I am not an American, am I?
(stem
not
2) a) I am getting good marks, aren't I?
(No not in the stem)
b) I am not troubling you, am I?
(Not in the stem)
3) a) I am an Indian like you, aren't I?
J-Eo
Santhi:
Revathi:
do you, don't you?

Anu:
2) Santhi:
Revathi:
Jyothi:
wear.
2)
--v- E- --E English ~

Q Q - -, Thank you
You Thank U -x. -
-v- n a English word Queue.
Please queue up --, Please Q up
, fancy .
People queued for the tickets.
-v-o: 1) Spoken english ,
written english
---- -N--J--.
2) having been - -s- -h-C?
3) Spelling
mistakes
-J-----E
- --y-.
.--.--, -J-T
simple , l---E - -, - --. Jh

sentences ---a. Written English
l-A, Jh grammatical ,
Cl xd- i , u- -a.
2) Having been = o--x
Having been deceived by him once, I don't
trust him any more
-J --E- -T-- o--x

Eo Sx t.
Having been selected he is happy
select
o--x -
o.
3) Spelling mistakes _- - syllables N->* spelling -*-. _. Syllable a o -.
Construction. Dx con, struc, tion --
- syllables o. devide
E spelling -*-. p
_-.
[-
II
Sunil: Hi Ramesh, the Megastar phoned
me last night and asked for a few tips
on acting.
( Eo-vA -d
J# Eo -
-[.)
Ramesh: Oh, did he?
(?)
Sunil: And what is more, he wanted to see
me about a future movie of his.
Unfortunately I am very busy you
know. So I couldn't give him an
appointment.
( , [ --o h E J# o -------o-E o[. F ]-]'d--h G@ ? -
. question tags , lesson

E Ramesh responses E short questions
- OE response questions . N
conversation --y-Eo-h.
Question tags N- -]
sentence d h-. -E-d O
n h-C. - O-Eo-
n ? E. N \- p
N t--E-C op[E,
au/h L-T N--i--p-[-E
[.
j -- Ramesh response questions Fo t-E N-- L-h-o ! Sunil Megastar phone
[, ---[-[ N.
responses O practice .
] 4 J 2006
(J p .
50 -.)
... !?
--- y----.)
Appointment n u. F
appointment \[ N] n =
-E , Eg--[.
Ramesh: Oh! Is that so? I didn't know (I
haven't known) that you
are so great.
Preethi: Does it?
(?)
responses
subject
d,
--] sentence E
d form h.
verb
costs II Regular Doing Word

response 'does', coffee
'it'
'Does it?'
\[
Pramod: Two or three ministers consult me

whenever they have problems.
(]l _ v -
d
]-E
Prema: Though she is not healthy, her husband does not help her.
( u --- h
[.)
(, y p--E
L]).
Sujana:
O,
Doesn't
he?
(?)
Sunil: Only the megastar knows

my greatness.
verb does (not) help response

'does.
Kumar: The actor who played
Samson fought with a
real lion, you know?
(-d- p-]
)
Ramesh: Does he? That's news to
me. But I have a doubt,
my dear Sunil.
(u- v
[
E-i
x-[,
)
Sudheer: Did he? (?)
j sentence verb 'fought'.
C Past Doing word d, did
hC. Subject 'actor' ]
'he' hC.
Am, is, are, was, were,
(? C h
N.
C.)
'That's news to me = C -- LE N.
conversation practice .
Sunil: What's it?
(C?)
Ramesh: Are you mentally sound?
(F A-n-N- E.)
mentally sound = A-n-N [[
mentally unsound = #a
Sunil: Is that your doubt? Call the Megastar
and ask him himself.
( F . -d-
\)
Ramesh: Should I? (Do) you want me to be
another fool like you? Come on.
Cut all that stuff about his calling
you and taking your suggestions.
You look a real fool.
(? F ^[E-----? . d F [, F -
B--[- #a [ dd. y E -
o.)
Cut = , d-d , stuff = C, [.
Sunil: Do I? (?)
j -- ] Sunil -
Ramesh responses -E-.
Did he?
Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't
known)
Does he?
Should I?
-- question tags form

L, conversation v J# -o. Conversation lively , effective
--- question tags [ -
uj h o v-C-h.)
Prasad: O, do they?
shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, have,

has, had etc. combinations
verbs
responses
Eo-
(, ? t-u -
a response)
Pramod sentence E verb 'consult'. C 1st
Regular Doing Word- d response 'do'
hC (Ministers ] 'they'). \[
x 92
question tags
not tag not [-C O [].
Pramod: Most ministers are my friends.
.
Charan: I can bat better
than Tendulkar.
Sravan: O, can you?

Can't you bowl
better
than
Pathan?

Tarun:
Spoken English
Tarun: It was very cold the whole of yesterday in Hyderabad./ Hyderabad was
very cold the whole of yesterday.
Kumar: Was it? It wasn't so cold here.
Tarun: I went about in sweater the whole
day.
Kumar: Did you? It was cold here too, but it
wasn't so bad.
Tarun: Even in such cold,/ Though it was so
cold, I had a cold water bath/ a cold
bath.
Kumar: Did you?/ Had you? But why?
Tarun: I ran out of gas/ The cylinder was
empty/ The gas was exhausted.
When I called the gas company, they
said it would take two days/ I had to
wait for two days.
Kumar: Don't you have a geiger?
Tarun: Do you?/ Have you?
Kumar: This place is not so cold./ It is not
so cold here, is it? So we don't
need a geiger, do we?
Tarun: I am going to buy a flat soon. A
modern construction with all amenities.
Kumar: Are you? What's the price?/ What
is the price likely to be?
Tarun: Around Rs. 20 lac.
M. SURESAN
(?J
o -?)
responses practice .
v]l -Eh responses question
tags . practice
O - form --. v-Ao-.
Prasad: O, are they?
Suraj: In the US, a cup of coffee costs a dollar, that is, about Rs. 50/-
Answers:
([-\ o
u --.)
(vx -C o-.)
\[ verb 'are'. d ministers ] they .
( a-u---i N
response hC.)
C F -].
L- Fox o .
? ]-E?
u --C.
h [--V [-]-o.
Kumar: F U ?
Tarun: F?
Kumar: C L-v- ] ?
]-E U - ].
Tarun: Eo ]-E -- o x
y ---o.
Kumar: ? ] a.
Tarun: 20 -.
Tarun:
Kumar:
Tarun:
vo:
It is not
short form it's not/ it isn't.
pronunciation
q-/ d
--a? ? Short forms writing
spelling Jh-h? -
spelling Jhh I would- short
form I'd. He has - He's, I have - I've
Eo j]-- L
C.
Kumar: ? \-[ .
Tarun: Eo y AJ.
Kumar: ? \[ h L
u x ...
]-j---E a-J-L?
N, _[
: It's not = q not;
It isn't = d -L. d writing - h. N
contracted forms (short forms) N--
a-J-h.
I'd = ; He has = he's =
I've = . Eo contractions ] spoken
forms d writing -C.
---
II
Laxman: Hi Ramu, may the new year bring you
all happiness.
(h -q F *a
d-E ---o.)
Ramu:
So may it to you, Laxman.
(F --E J)
Laxman: Thank you.
Lessons
May --
Eo-E --o . j
Sentences May - . N
Wishes , Greetings (G---)
. h-o , Laxman,
Ramu wish --p, Ramu, Laxman
wish --p May --o.
-sx May p Sentence
-C, Sentence May
v -C. May v u
sentences, blessings ,
Q-y--- .
-x--- 93
Ravi:
--v 6 ----J 2006
Please go ahead. What is the matter?
( p)
-- 'May' -A Permission
---E -o . - jn
x permission E, - -N
x permission F -----o-p, May,
question form I/ we .
1) May I sit here?
permission
2) May I use your phone?
phone
permission
3) May I know your name? / May I know who
you are?
(E-\ a-a?)
(O
-a?)
4) 'May' in statement forms some times is used

and formal way.
(O --/ -O-- ---a?)

C Jh -J-*--.
5) May in the beginning of a statement is used
4) How long may I keep this book?
for expressing wishes and blessings.
(F h Eo V----a?)
May official/ formal permission y--E-
statement form (you u)
. Superior status o-} C
x x- h- y, OJ xa n May -.
Now practice the following in English.

a) Anil: Good morning, Sir.
Murthy:
1) You may go now.
OJ x-a.
(permission
y)
O high
school teacher, Sir. -N-t-Lo -J
----E a.
--y - h-o- --E-. ---
-y- -E-o --- --.p- -h-o-?
When may I know the result?

Keshav: Hi Jagan, when are you starting for
Delhi?
(Delhi
Jagan: In a few hours from now. The train is
at 3.30
Train 3.30
Keshav: I am going home now. I may not be
able to come to station to see you off.
May you have a very happy journey!
-lo?)
( Cl -.
(E- hoEp. F O\-L-y-E station a. F v

- -E J.)
Jagan:
May you have a happy time in your

new course! When do your classes
begins?
course
classes
)
Keshav: They begin the day after tomorrow.
(F h
L. O
.
y -
p -----
(x)
-- 'May' v u sentences Fo wishes -- -E-
. --N ..
u May you live long!
O - @N--E.
(*-@! Q-q )
u May your business prosper!
O u G-%Cl L! (J, Qq)

u May you celebrate many more birth days like
this!
2) You may use my phone if you want.
-v-o: B TC, NJ-TC,
d V - ----E!
x @N-L.
u May God bless you!
Eo Q-y-C--!
F 'May' - C.
Lessons ---oC. May, probability E -C, -Eo uh-h-E
! a, ---a n.
u 'May' - p l.
Srinath: May I come in? ( E a?)
Ravi:
Please do.
Srinath: May I have a few minutes of your
time?
(O h B-a)
Spoken English
---:
< E-TC, h
*J-TC.. --- ----E
---- (------C,----C, --E -)
-x- -- ---C-- --L----.
-, -\-
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
B TC = the wire bent

NJ-TC = the leg broke
< E-TC = The ant drowned.
h *J-TC = The book got torn.
-- -u- -x ---..
-v-o: Idioms, usage -J-* -N--J--.

---:
Idioms
Sravan:
Bhavan:
-- ---a. Sx h-.
-- wait -a O.
O front room a.
Interview --y O
x--.
result -L--a?
v O expect
-.
Answers:
Anil:
Good morning sir. You were our
teacher in the high school. I have
come to see you.
Murthy: I remember you, Anil. (I am) happy to
see/ meet you, though after a long
time. What are you (now)?
Anil:
(I am) going to the states for higher
studies. I got the visa the day before
(yesterday). I've come for your blessings.
Murthy: You have my blessings always. May
you have a happy journey and may
you study well and prosper
there!
Anil:
Today is my birthday too, sir.
Murthy: I am very happy. May you live long in
health and happiness!
Anil:
Thank You, sir.
Murthy: You are welcome.
(May you have a happy journey = Wish you
a happy journey; may you live long = Wish
you a long and healthy life)
(j
Anil:
j --
(O, -Lh phone ---a)
-J hpermission y.
Sir.
o,
u- ( E \-{
o visa
) orders y--E statement
*aC. O Qform May .
q
a.
1) You may not leave office before 5
M. SURESAN
(- O * -}-l) Murthy: F Q-q-p . F v
order
JT, y\- CN j -E
2) You may not smoke here
Q-q (May ).
(OJ-\ smoke --) order.
Anil:
V birthday . Sir.
3) You may leave office only after five.
Murthy: . y -- -(O y -x-a) order
-u- -E --o. (May
( x-E order).
).
-Fo May --: -J v- Anil: - thanks, Sir.
l.
Murthy: *C.
1) 'May' expresses probability (J -)
b) Sravan: -L - a?
2) 'May' expresses doubt ()
Bhavan: . a.
Sravan:
E-\- interview attend --E
3) May in the question form, especially with I/
a. Sravan. interWe is used for asking for permission in a very
view p--a?
formal and polite manner.
Bhavan: h--. ... O uo
'May' for permission is used to ask for per - interview C.
mission in a more polite and formal manner
Sravan:
p -o C .
than 'can' and 'shall', with I/ We, and 'will',
interview p a? (May
and 'would' with you (in the question form)
).
u May you live to be a hundred.
Bhavan:
in place of 'shall' to express orders in a polite
--, -x
o usage o . -
o p, p h-E
o n-E, p o \\
n-E --,
p idiom -C. -- hC
d C usage -C. use .
word sentence use .
O vocabulary, idioms, improve --
Vocabulary O books (Norman Lewis's Word
Power Made Easy N) -- ----. Idioms O active use -
-)
b) Sravan: May I come in (sir)?

Bhavan: Please do/ do come in. Have a seat/
Please sit down.
Sravan: I have come to attend an interview
here. I am Sravan. When may I have
the interview?/ When may be my
interview?
Bhavan: Wait a minute. Let me see... Yes. Your
interview is at 2 in the afternoon.
1.30 sir. May I
Sravan: It's already
have the interview now itself ?
Bhavan: That may be possible. I'll call you
again. Till then you may wait outside.
You may sit in the front room. You
may not leave here till 5, even after
the interview.
Sravan: When may I know the result?
Bhavan: Well, you may not expect it before
tomorrow evening.
(p)
h_ English Newspapers, The Hindu

N, *o *o story books v-G*
l novels -, u English news
magazines -. Vocab books x words, their meanings -h, but we
don't know how to use them. So read, read
and read- that's the best way to improve.
idioms,
words
language
dictionary
Commercials/ Ads
Modern expression
English
-N--y v--o O ho
O
-h. C----y
n-E o p
.
-
hC. O-o-p-x
x-.
---
II
Brahmam: Hi Vishnu, any idea where Siva
might be?
(P \--a i )?
Vishnu:
Not in the least. You call Ganesh.

He might know.
Ganesh
phone
( -L--.
. -E L--a.)
Not in the least= .
.
y)
(. C d-
,
EoN N s E E )
Brahmam: So how do I get at him now?
Brahmam: Any idea who else might know

Siva's whereabouts now? I want
him urgently.
Siva
(F
--\--o p--x --o o?Eo -- - -).
Try his home. Here's the number.

But they might all be out.
phone
(Rx-
. --C --.
x- x --a).
(Try= v-Ao* . : out:
x --; In = x )
Fo might combination o verbs o
sentences . I mean, j --- -EN.
Might combination verbs English ---. -E might combination a verbs -J-* ---
u/ -----.
Might Combination Verbs:
a) Might be ('be' form);
b) Might+ 1st Regular doing word - might know,
might come, might like, etc.
1) Might, present
future
expresses doubt
and uncertainty
F,
F,
F, -F,
()
(-Cl-).
- -a, a E 'a
.
a) Might be - C 'be' form; n: -a.
-v-o:
--Tx-- - --x--- -
--- - --y-.
-.---y-f, -<-
---:
Spoken English
exercises regular
practice
English paper
English story
vA- ho
.
-
. *o *o
-. p x---
ju x- v-Gh.
-v-o: i) --Tx--... consist, collapse, cultivation... -O--E -- --L?
continue
books
-a (),
x-a, Might come = a.
-- sentence -J l.
a) Any idea where Siva might be?
P \--a o ?
-
phone
ii) A. How do you go to home?

B. I go home by rickshaw.
. -E L--a.
c) He fears it might affect his heart...
s A--aE... E .
d) You might be able to contact him there
F- \ --a/ ---a.
e) But they might all be out
- x-a.
d , might, present , future
*a--E N-Eo -E Might
be/ Might + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word)
He might be at office now Ringup

his office. You might be able to contact him.
office
Phone
(-Ep
-a. \. y-Eo \
d--a).
Contact: -/- --J communication
Vishnu:
come, etc) Might see =

Might go =
u-i,
--C.
(J Eo d-- ?)
Get at = ---/- -d--
Vishnu:
b) Might + 1st Regular doing word (see, go,
b) You call Ganesh. He might know
Brahmam: Has he a cell? Let me have the

number
cell
Number
Vishnu:
He hasn't a cell/ He has no cell. He
fears it might affect his heart if he
carries it in his pocket, and his ear,
if he hears from it- because of radiation.
heart
(-E
-----a
N-Eo
Might
a) You might try his office phone number if you
are unable to get his home.
Phone
Office phone try
-:
-E
.
b) You might call the helpline

case of trouble.
trouble,
help line
O-o
.
-x--- 94
Manager:
Supdt.:
-\-,
in
phone
Supdt.:
, helpline= n x
--E -Lq phone)
Sentences might -/- -- y--E
u - l--x, jn
x --L-y--E u---.
--o, -
a a E --o.
E, O-----, E-x
business \C, sir. \
customers a - C ,
sir.
Manager:
In case of=
-q budget adjust
--a-?
budget prepare -.
O-\-J C - Eg Ba, sir.
Answers:
a)
Prabhu: We are playing the match today, aren't
we?
You might call the helpline

n Might , --o
May L ox -hC .
Might, may o \ -Eo uh--hC. May ---p- \
uu - ----o--.
1 a) Sunil may come this evening
v F a.
b) Sunil might come this evening
Sunil -a.
o (b) \.
Sunil may come o- F a \, Sunil might come o-p--o.
2 a) It may rain ({ a) doubtful
Sentence (a)
b) It might rain (Highly doubtful)
-- --o might . It expresses possibility/ uncertain-
ty/ doubt in the present or in the future.

(A) India might win the coming cricket series
with Pakistan, atleast Inzamam says so
--o cricket series --a.

- -o.
India may win L chances
h \ o-.
Rajasekhar (Senior Manager):

Manmohan, the power bills are going up.
Can't we make do with two air conditioners
instead of four?
bills
(Manmohan,
3 AC machines
o.
l--a ?
\- -
Manmohan (Manager):
That might not be much use, sir. Power bills
may be less, but the staff might not work so
efficiently.
current
sir)
Manager, Sr Manager
Might
'What do you think of this method?'
(- --- --a. Ex
a _-- E, sC
-n- E-----a,
-E- .
a
.
u----i
( l-A -J-* O-----o?)
'It might not increase our profits, sir'
(C - ---a).
a)
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma:
Prabhu:
Varma: Pitch
-V match --o, ?
. { h-?
{ h p- -a ?
a.
iii) Seminar -s-x how can we intro L ---?
duce ourselves?
... --a?
-.-s-, --*-M-o
?
Players help ------:
a--E!
i) consist = - d \ -
Prabhu: bowlers Gopala Rao O
collapse = q \ -
try -a. -E
pitch -cultivation = Ld--- \ -
L--a.
ii) A. How do you go to home J-
How do you go home? - correct.
Home
'to'
B. I go home by rickshaw, ...
iii) Good morning, every body, I am... (name)
presenting this paper on... (subject).
My name is..., presenting this paper on...
-u
d-?
Spoken English
--C 8 ----J 2006
-- -u- -x ---..
b)
Manager:
furniture B h furniture -a----o.

Superintendent: C * idea, sir. Office
* hC.
-
, sir, --Eo-
paint -- *, sir.
Varma: Yes. But (I'm

afraid) it might
rain.
Prabhu: In case/ If it
rains
when
might
the
match we?
Varma: (It) might be this
M. SURESAN
weekend.
Prabhu: What might be our chances of winning?
Varma: Ah... we might win...
Prabhu: What's the doubt?/ Why the doubt?
Varma: The pitch might not help our players.
Prabhu: You might try Gopala Rao among our
bowlers. The pitch might favour him.
b)
Manager: I want to get rid of all the furniture in
the office and get a new set in its
place./ I want to replace all the old
furniture by a new set.
simple, better.)
Superintendent:
That might be a good idea. It might
be good to have the walls painted
too, sir.
(That might not be a bad idea, after all.
sentence
(C
\ u--J-- -u
lx x--, hC :
not bad= very good.)

Manager: That's what I think too. But it might
cost a lot.
Supdt.: If I might say so,
We shall have more business,
sir. We might have more customers,
sir.
Manager: Can we adjust this in this year's
budget?/ You feel we can adjust it in
this year's budget?
Supdt.: I've prepared the budget, sir. You
might just look at it and decide.
(OO -----
---
II
Charan: Hi Dheeraj, long time, no see. How's
every body?
(----C,
o?)
-- 10 ----J 2006
2) I thought (that) you might be interested in

them.
F h --aE -o
Past
3) I expected (that) it might go on -
Dheeraj: Fine. Thank you. How's life?

(-. y o?)
Charan: Getting along. ( J-T--C.)
Well, what brings you here? (
----E P. Past
might past --C j
Past -aF, --aF n.
n, Might, may past form. Compare.
a) I think he may help me
a?)
Question English common. bad
manners .
Dheeraj: I thought I might see you at the book
fair yesterday, but I didn't
(Eo book fair- h v-z y
(-- h-E ---o

Present/ Future)
Charan: I was out of town yesterday. In fact I

had been away for 3 days. I returned
only this morning.
-x--- 95
u N- o
-- - N-J. p Sx
N-J-ho. Might L. -E-,
h--.
I feared/ was afraid that he might come here.
For asking for permission with I/ we in the

Might () R
question form.
A
May
R
Most
E
very
Shall
formal
L
Y
Can
slightly formal &
U
least formal formal &
very polite S
E
& least polite & polite polite
D
y o movie B\-h--E -o.

Priya:
movie Fd ---E -o.
hero, heroine F favourites .
Namrata: F phone wait ho,
x y phone ----aE
p .
Priya:
--. - -.
bore dC.
C might 2nd use. It is used as the past form
Answers:
Mallesh: F-o-x--*a-\?
Mallesh: How long might you be here?
(-- h---E -o
Past)
E present N h--op
hC.
b) I thought E past N -L--p
might E past form (May ) h-C-.
c) ----\---h---E -f.
a)
----a--o. F )
b)
Can, shall, may
b) I thought he might help me
I think
may
of May.
Namrata: Eo
Jagan:
days. I might stay for two or three
Might I come in?
days more after that.

Mallesh: Then you might stay at our place for
two days. My brother might come in a
few days.
Jagan:
a) I went there because you told me that he
(Eo } . V-
. - AJ-a.)
Dheeraj: I bought some books at the fair yesterday. Look. Here they are. I thought
you might be interested in them.
(Eo Eo h- o. . F
interest --aE B-a)
Charan: When is the fair closing?
(p -hC?)
Dheeraj: It closed yesterday.
(Eo --C)
Charan: I expected it might go on for a few
more days.
(Eo V-- -E P-.)

Dheeraj: So did I.
(-- -o)
Charan: One of the salesmen told me that it
might go on for a few days after the
date.
(- -J-Eo -V- -T---aE
salesman o)
Dheeraj: I thought of visiting it the first day
itself. But feared that there might be
too much of crowd. Yesterday there
was no crowd, and not many books
either.
( l---o F
\ -E --f. Eo
-, \ h- )
j - might combination o
Verbs -E-. p--- Might -J-* ---oC Might, Present
F, future F uncertainty E/ doubt E
-L---h-E.
a) He might pass = pass a. (Doubt)
b) They might agree to it = } p--a.
- - -u- future.
c) She might be at college now
p college -a. Present.
p j - might combination
verb o sentences l.
1) I thought (that) I might see you at the fair.
fair --y ----aE -o Past
Spoken English
might be there.
y ---\ -aE p--x ---\-

x. (Past)
b) He feared that they might reveal his secret
-uEo x -------E
--f (Past)
3) May , Might - --u-, formal
permission ---E -.
Might I come in?
(More formal than 'May I come in?')
'May I come in?' - - formal , Polite
permission ---E -?
'Might I come in?' - C \ formal ,
polite C, permission ---E.
'Might I use your phone?'
O phone -J -a?
'Might I come a little late tomorrow?'
h late a?
permission ---E -
-. \ May _ T-.
-- ---o-? Can,
Shall, May, are used with I/ We in the question form for asking for permission. p
--o 'Might' too is used with I/ we in
the question form for asking for permission.
But there are differences among them.
Jagan:
Course 15
V---a.

V-- y.
Mallesh: p
-y
x vM. SURESAN
V---a
! ou -Cl--Vx
h-.
Jagan: course --y u------. Course period training
center ---a directors.
Mallesh: W classes --y h?
Jagan: programme course begin
y- -hC. --
F clear p-a.
Mallesh: OK. -- phone touch
.
Jagan: O ou p a?
Mallesh: Eo h- -o. F
phone p. -- v-V
----E.
Jagan: expect , O l-JE V
--aE.
-v-o: Get, got -J-* -N--J--.

Rama has come to Guntur.
- -u - tense?
-- -n --N-? has come --E --!
I shall have written a letter -- I shall write a letter -E --! ---p- -i -J-* --p--Lq--?
I shall be going -- --N-?
-.--, ---L
---: get , a--, -- x, , ,
etc. got, get past tense and past participle.
He got going - x get - v a. ( English
x---E, --E C -i- v E -L--Lq- ----
.)
Rama has come. Has come \ present tense. ux
C past action, time not stated ( JT, time, day, year
----) *-hC.
Bus is come
-- -u- -x ---..
My course may last/ may go on for 15
It might be possible only after the

course. Our directors might ask us to
stay in the Training Center during the
course.
Mallesh: What will you do/ are you going to do

after classes every day?
Jagan:
We shall know the exact programme

only after classes begin. I might then
be able to tell you clearly about it.
Mallesh: OK. Till then let's be in touch over

phone.
Jagan:
When might your brother come?
Mallesh: I thought he might come yesterday

itself. But he called to say that he
might not come for another two days.
Jagan:
I expected very much that I might

meet both of you.
b)
Namrata: I thought you might take me to the
movie yesterday.
Priya:
I thought that you might not like the

movie. The hero and the heroine are
not your favourites.
Namrata: I was expecting your call though my

sister told me you might not call.
Priya:
Don't worry. The movie wasn't good.

It bored even me.
The bus is come = Bus

come. The bus is come
I shall have written a letter = (Future
letter
I shall write a letter = (Future
*a C E; F DE-o better, the bus has

p .
time F --- -E.
F)
; p -L-) letter h.
-- --u -- -- E -hC .
Shall be doing it = Future h ()/ x, O, /
h L.
-v-o: I want to see a doctor, He wants to meet a doctor,

consult a doctor-
-O- -n --N-?
---:
It is better to consult a doctor = Doctor
Consult =
It is better to
- -.-s-, -Q--V-
v-C- .
v-C-
I want to see a doctor =
He wants to meet a doctor =
Doctor
------o.
------o.
doctor
-- j---
Ramana: Excuse me, how do I go from here
Livewell Hospital?
Livewell Hospital
(\-o*

x-?)
Strangers h x --J--p-,
Excuse me good manners v
x %dE J{---E
-.
'Excuse me' -s: f o-x h p-----p, h x \
restaurants ,
-\-j a-Lq
*a--p, etc.)
Manohar: Are you a stranger here?
(OJ-\- h-x?)
stranger = h-
(E-\- Jh h)
Manohar: Where exactly do you want to go?
(O -d \---xL?)
Ramana: To Vantage Company somewhere
around the Hospital.
Hospital
Vantage
Company
Manohar: Don't worry. A number of buses go to
thatway: 125K, 15M, 62, etc. Take
15M; that takes you directly to the
Hospital. Facing the hospital is this
Vantage Company.
bus
125K, 15M, 62..
15M
Hospital
Hospital
Vantage Company).
Ramana: (Do) you suggest I take an auto.
(Auto
_ o
( --. j x
o.
\. C Ao
---
-C.
B--? ( x-?)
Manohar: That'd be very expensive. Don't

worry. Buses on this route, especially 15M is very frequent.
(C -- \---C. -. route buses frequency

\.)
frequency = , Eo-x C
Ramana: OK. Thank you. I see 15M coming.
I'll take it.
(15M
hC. --\-).
-- h v- J --, L--E--J Jp J* E
-h C ? expressions l
p.
1) How do I go to Livewell Hospital?

2) somewhere around 3) buses go that way
4) Take the bus 15M
5) facing the Hospital
6) take an auto.
simplest
expression: How do I go?
simplest question.
could you let me know/ please tell
me how to go/ how to get there?
- - xL -
C u --i,
C -,
O n \-- x h -? E
u- -.
-v-o: My
brother was come-
---
u -p --o. -E VIth
- beform+pp -E --p. - -v - u d -!
--.%-Dy, -V--
form of verb
---:
My brother was comewas come

was
+ past participle
passive
voice
sentence
beform + pp - verb form, subject
verbs
verbs)
Lessons
explain
He is come/ He is gonesentences correct,
E B p
-C n -f DE
n , d C
? D
( -JE, EE E vo
a
v C C
F .
Spoken English
-a.
Can you/ Could you direct me/ guide me..
conversation
a)
Nizam college
How do we go to/ get to Nizam College,
please?/
Could you tell us/ let us know how to go to/
to get to/ We can go to Nizam college,
please?
b) What's the best way to get to Nizam college,
please?
- u,
.
-- x-?
c)
Ramana: I am totally new to this place.
How do I go there/ get there please?
12 ----J 2006
d)
E - -a.
- ----aE --N-*-p-.
Bus \. Get into the bus,
bus C = get down from/ get off the bus.
\-o* bus/ auto x.
Take a bus/ an auto.
number bus
-
B.
/ x/
Auto
Take/ Get into bus no./ Take an auto.

Train
Take a train.
x =
Raghu: I can manage. Thank you. I'll be back

in an hour and a half or two. Where
can I find you?
Manage =
To the left/ right; on the left/ on the right.

verbs
to the left/
Turn/ go
to the right
on the
right/ on the left
He is on my right.
Subash: Let's meet for lunch at Eatwell's. Food

is good there. Take bus no. 22A, get
down at Samir plaza stop. Walk along
for a few yards and there you find the
eatery. I'll be waiting for you there.
lunch
eatwell
restaurant
food
22 A bus
samir plaza stop
eatery
(restaurant)
( -j-o).
( x---.
j
---. -o,
--x a-h. -- -E-o\- ---- (-p- -F-\----E?)
(--
-x--- 96
--,
. \
-C.
\,
_
CT Cl h
-Eh-C.)
\
.
uh, x N -
.
The school is on the left of the shop.

(Shop
School
practice
-j
C)
N J p--E .
.
Tej:
Lx x? \-o*
?
Nikhil: s . y bus
J Sx h -L.
How do I get there ?

-a. go by bus/ go by
/ auto / train
x -.)
Eox simplest: Take.
11.30 train x. - - -
---x \
directions y -J-* .
J p. expressions N ;
O practice :
auto/ go by train (Bus
take the 11.30 train; you will be there by 6

tomorrow morning.
(at 6=
by 6
1 a) walk down/ walk along/ walk up the road =

Road
b)
Turn to the left/
to the right.
take a turn to the left/ to
the right.
turn left/ turn right.
-.
-j/ -j A-=
-
J--;
= J---x = J--F -F)
catch E -a x/- -x
n, F Eo-- take C best.
D -
Ao x= go straight/ walk straight
d) post office -: walk on upto the
Raghu: Is Ramesh's very far off/ a long way off

from here?
e) Walk on upto the post office and then turn
c)
post office.
left. Post office * ---j A-.

C\ x -s-x..
( --------o Eo?) a) p x. Go east/ Walk to (towards)
( x x \- - ?)
Subash: (Do) you want to see him today?
2.
Raghu: Yea, because I am leaving tomorrow.
(. Rx---o ?)
the east.
b)
Subash: Sorry I can't take you there today.

Let's go tomorrow.
( E-o-\- B-x-.
----)
Raghu: I'll be busy tomorrow. Just tell me how
to get/ go there. I can go on my own.
busy
on my own
=
Subash: OK. Walk down the street. Turn to the
left and wait for Bus No. 4. It's quite
frequent. Get off at Head Post Office
stop. Walk along in the direction as
the bus goes, turn to the right and
then left. The fourth house on the right
is Ramesh's. You can't miss it. Just
opposite the place is Golconda super
market.
street
Bus
Post Office stop
Bus
road
you can't miss it
=
super market
( -
.
x p. x--.
)
(
. -j A.
-- --
\.
_ C.
x j h *,
j AJT Sx ---j A.
-j -- x -C.
C ----- . -
\
C.
-- -u- -x ---..
C\-j-o, A-=
north, etc. -E-.
Turn (to the) South/

Turn to the South =
turn South.
c) Road
~ -j A--C=
The road turns
(to the) South

d) Road
A--C=
The road takes a
bend.
e) Road
building=
The building is at the bend of the road=

You find the building
hC)
(F
building
E--
at the point where the road takes a
bend.
o = a point.
* \- 2 .O.
f) Road
g)
It is 2 km from the point.
directions p--p h=
land marks .
a)
\- _J h
the nearest land mark to the place.
b) Hyderabad central is a famous land mark

'Hyderabd Central'
-J L- h.
c) How do I find your home? Any land mark?
O x ----? j h?
Tej:
y B-x-?
Nikhil: --V - - -
busy o.
--E x
\- L.
Tej:
Eo --h
p. - M. SURESAN
\.
Nikhil: ~ -j h Bus stop hC, ?
13 number bus \. \- 6 stop
C. --E-E Gulab Restaurant Stop
. \ 27 bus \. Urdu
School stop _ C. Urdu School
*, p -j, \o* ~ j A. \ F h
- . *
x --C.
Tej:
-C?Nikhil: F 45 E-N--.
Answer:
Tej:
How to go to/ how do I go to Malliks?/
Malliks place?
Nikhil: O, it's a long way off. You need to walk
some distance after changing two
buses.
Tej:
Can you take me there?
Nikhil: I am very busy today. The place is distant but is easy to find.
Tej:
Give me/ Let me have some land marks.
I'll manage.
Nikhil: Walk South and you get the bus stop,
don't you? Take bus no. 13. Get off / get
down at the 6th stop from here. That is
the Gulab Restaurant stop. Catch Bus
no. 27 there. Get off at Urdu School
stop. Walk up to Urdu School, that is,
walk (to the) east, and then turn South.
There you have a land mark- Hanuman
Temple. The third from the temple is our
friend's.
Tej:
How long will it take?
Nikhil: At least 45 minutes.
-- j---
II
Ranjan: Hi Sajjan, what brings you here so
early in the day?
(, -- a?)
Ranjan: Ok, I'll give you another route. Drive

along, take the 3rd right, proceed till
you see a Ganesh temple with a large
Sajjan: Just to see you, Ranjan, long since we

met you know.
neem tree behind it. Go on further
(, Eo --E, --E
-- V---C-?)
sales Tax Office there. You can't miss
Ranjan: That's right/ so it is, of course. What's

(what has) happened to you all these
days? You forgot me. Didn't you?
booth. The 2nd house from it is
(d. EoV---u y?/

C F? o Ja--,
?)
Sajjan: I could say the same about you,
couldn't I?
(Eo -J-* -a ?)
Ranjan: Ok, Ok, let's not quarrel. Happy we've
met atleast now, aren't we?
(x, ---l. pj ---o ?)
-x--- 97
--E 14 ----J 2006
along. Then turn left. You find the

it because in front of it there is an STD
Bhushan's. So, distant perhaps, but
easy to locate, isn't it?
5) Close by = near by = close to = near =
route
h. x, -
road -j A. x --
. l dC. h -x, - -j
A. \ sales tax office C.
C miss - y. - E
STD booth -C. \--E-*
x Bhushan C.)
-- lesson - J
---E, J p--E -C-*
- ?
\ l: cross roads, behind,
in front of, proceed, go further along.
Now Practise the following aloud in English:

Pavan: Arjun,
(\-) _-, J--x

a) You know the collectorate, don't you? The
electricity office is close by/ nearby/ close
to it/ near it =
collectorate
Collector, Director, Commissioner
' - ate'
electricity office
6) Proceed =
a)
road
proceed straight along this road.
b) Proceed to the east =
c) If you proceed for a KM, you will see the
place =
F
--?
(
Jh J u--- n
-
E _.
hC.)
x/ --x-.
Ao x
p -j x
--O- h
O E-hC.
Need not walk further
O --o Building ?
--y--C?
Pavan: Net Centre O -j. --C
-j Building A.
Arjun: C Telephone Engineering Company
xC. x p E \.
-E p C.
Pavan: - -- -\---?
Arjun: -C X--- . Ny-\-o*
x- Nt--- Bus \.
Pavan: bike C.
Arjun: Rx, -j AJ-T y booth -Eh-C. E
- -Ex. E \ building
l . \- _
Maths lecturer x.
Arjun: Net Centre
Pavan: OK Thank you.

Answer:
Pavan: Arjun, What's in the building beside/
Sajjan: You can very well say that. How about

disturbing Bhushan now?
correct. Bhushan
1) Cross Roads/ road junction =

X roads
x
E - h.
--L = DEo
(y-C
Rx-
\ center F, F- .
l?)
chowk D- . center J-.
you can say that/ you can very well say that
2) behind = . DE -u -= y-C correct.
C backside/ at the back side -.
Disturbing Bhushan - Rx- l?
E english backside = buttocks
F Eo trouble --E-E )
(-). back ---, at the
Ranjan: (I) Like to, but I'm not for going so far
back of J--C.
off now?
(d E, -p- a J-nA )
Sajjan: far off? His place is/ He lives close
by, doesn't he?
( -o-? \- _
Rx-x?/--\- _ ?)
Ranjan: That was till 2 months ago. He moved
to surendranagar.
(-C ---- -- -A. --

Surendra nagar x -.)
--x --= move; shift - -J-.
2 months ago, correct, 2 months
back J-)
Sajjan: That's news. The fellow didn't even call
to tell me of it. I wish to see him urgently about something important. How do
I go to him?
(C -L-. N
phone - p-.o-p ui N -J-* ---L. ?)
Ranjan: I'll tell you. Listen carefully. You have a
bike, haven't you. Drive straight along
the road. At the next cross roads, turn
left. Take the third right turn again.
bike
road
Drive =
Motor
Centre
(pC v-h N. F
C,
?
x. (
- x.) y a
-j A. Sx - j -B)
Sajjan: You are confusing me. Why don't you

come along too.
confuse
(y o
--?
h-o. -y-
Spoken English
a) The car is behind/ at back of the bus.

(At the backside of the bus
3) In front of =
space
behind/ at the back of
opposite.
before
Before
Time
space
The
School comes before the cloth shop Correct,
cloth shop
building
.)
- --E (
-s-).
DE
C
\ -.

' n, E C
E
.
\
n?
-

n F
E .
a) - - sJ--dC. There is a
Coconut tree in front of our home.

b)
Post Office
Their place
is/ comes before the post office.
4) Beside =
The Collectorate is beside
the swaraj Maidan.
Collectorate = Collector's office. Collector,
director, Commissioner, etc, 'ate'
x x
- =
(y i \
Jh x
u--- n hC).
a) The Cloth shop is beside the Post Office beside
'next to' better,
\.
b) The cloth shop is next to the jewellery on

the left of/ on the right of it =
shop
shop,
(Beside, besides. beside = by the side of =
\ d

-j/-- j
7) farther, further: farther,

far
Comparative;
far:
next to yours?
.
i) farther: \ .
Mumbai is farther
from
Vijayawada,
than
from
Hyderabad.
Arjun: Are you talking of the Net Centre?

Pavan: The Net Centre is on the right of your
place. I am asking you about the building on the left of your place.
Arjun: That
M. SURESAN
j j--
- N---- * \ .
ii) further: . I can't walk any further:
-\ () --.
(\ farther= further ?)
b) Don't talk any further: x-.
c) Walk further (farther) along:
-.
- -.
Nv --\--.
Lesson No 96 , Lesson ,
J ----, -- J p-
y---. O conversation
Practice .
-v-o: Main verbs (tell, drinks), -- ----a
-- -u- -x ---..
(). That's why it

() always closed.
Pavan: Where does the owner live? Do you

know?
Arjun: He lives in Sriram Nagar. If you are
going from here take bus No.9
Arjun: Drive along this road, turn right and go
on for some distance; you find a milk
booth. The house behind it is his. The
building next to his is called Addala
meda. Our Maths lecturer's place is
closeby.
Pavan: OK. Thank you.
I didn't tell him=
--E p-
--E--p p-.
(never = p / )
eg. I didn't tell, I never told

I might tell, I might have told
I did not tell, I have not told.
I might tell him:
- --op-
--- n -\--?
--E p-a (h-)
Helping verbs
helping verb
main verbs tense, helping verb tense
x,
yA
d
eg: He does not know this:

'does' present tense
verb
'does know' present tense.
I did not tell him - 'did' past tense; so verb
did tell- past tense.
d,
(future)
I might have told him =
.-A-A, ---
Telephone
work is outdoors
is almost
I never told him =
-- -y
C.
\ -- \ n
--.
Besides = also, , E-- n.
I lost my pen besides my book. Book
pen -d-o)
Engineering Company. Most of their
helping verbs (do, did)

tenses
(present tense, past tense)
---:
to
Pavan: I have my bike.
d) Go further down the street:

road
e) You need not walk further than the statue
belongs
--E p -a (p- past)

: 'tell' y -J pC
pL. 'say' and 'tell' --C--
N-J-.
I did not tell him =
--E p- (,
E p J-T
week, etc)
I have not told him =
time,
time, date, year,
E p-.
iII
-- j---
Varun: Hi Tarun, Congrats on scoring a hundred percent in Maths.
-- 17 ----J 2006
Tarun: I want to do a PG course in IISC,

Bangalore.
( \ Maths *a- congratulations. Cent percent

p - C. A / One hundred percent C p-- -.)
Tarun: Thank you. Congrats to you too. You
scored the highest in English, didn't
you?
(jy
Bangalore
IISC
-E)
PG course= Post graduate. (MA, M.Sc
Master courses PG courses

. BA, B.Sc, B Courses=
Bachelor/
degree/
Post =
graduate
y-.
graduate
y-.
courses
Post graduate =
(F Congrats. F English -J \ \ a ?)
Varun: That's a good idea. You are good at
Varun: I am happy about it. My marks in Maths
(F Sciences h-C --d C

* idea .)
aren't bad either, though didn't get a

hundred percent. When I joined the
course a few months I was not that confident about Maths. My hard work has
paid off. The marks in this exam have
given me confidence.
( -- C. Maths
* Marks a - -
-. course join --p
- -t Maths N-.
exam marks t -L-T- .
Aren't bad either = C -
*aC. English not also .
either hC. Confidence = t; paid
off= * C/ L-T-*C.
Shankar: May I Know what you are?
Sciences.
Tarun: I think the time has come for us to apply

for the entrance exams of these cours-
Shankar: Studying...?
( entrance exams v---K-~ apply -Lq time *a---.

-- entrance exams Fo
December .)
-x--- 98
college in the degree course/ I am in

the 10th Class/ I am doing my X
class.
= Join a School/
college - join in .
b) course - = studying a course.
\-p taking a course.
How come you don't know this?

Varun: Dad wasn't happy with any of those colleges, so he admitted me into / to this
college.
( o-O a-. -E \
Jp-.)
School
about the entrance exams. The last

date for sending in the filled in applica-
---o?)
Varun: Upto the 7th Class in Teachwell School
(Eo papers v K-~ ads

a. -Jh-- applications -Lq
*--J-C a 12)
Tarun: Then we had better get ready. Ok, then,
see you.
Varun: Bye.
Students, Studies, courses --C-*-

- C? Eo expressions
(7 class Teachwell School , 8th
J-Q-Ll.
* 10th Learnwell School )
students - marks, pass, fail, score
Tarun: How do you like being a hosteller?
, fees, study,
(Hostel -C F?)
h-h--? - simple , -
Hosteller = resident = Hostel
B C.
. Being= , Being a 1 a) y-\ o?
hosteller = Hosteller .
Where are you studying?/ Which School/
and from the 8h to the 10th in Learnwell
3 a) She is taking lessons in music/ dance, etc:

Music, dance
She is learning music/ dance =
She is doing taking a course in music/
dance.
took, learned, etc
b) I want to take this software course
software course
4 i)
study well/ do well at studies.
a) 'How is he studying?/ Is he good at studies?
'O, he is doing very well at studies/ He is
studying very well; he is hardworking.'
P~ -C/ a--
F
-=
School.
Varun: O, I do like it. That's a kind of experience. Valuable in its own way. The only
problem is food. Where did you do
Intermediate?
(d . --- E N EC. (valuable= N-j)

u. -y -- \ C-?)
Tarun: Here itself. Why didn't you go for
Engineering after Inter?
(\. y- Engineering -?)

\ --E Here only E
J- Here itself j expression.
Varun: I am not interested. Moreover I want to
be an MBA. Why didn't you?
interest
. --
MBA -E --C. J y-
Engineering -?)
Spoken English
--C.
C =
( ready *C. --S}

)
Tarun: Where did you do your schooling?
(y
Varun: Yesterday's papers carried the ads
tions is the 12th of next month.
FC -L--- ?
p.
J--C.
E -a.
I am taking the exams
place?
O x -o College -, \
-- join u--?
How come= , purely conversational
expression. O conversation -
:
How come you are here? = --\--o?
c) She is taking a course in Software

Software course
---
(say either, 'Take an exam' or 'sit an exam'.)

am appearing/ is appearing/ are
appearing for an exam
taking
Do an exam
She is going her final year B.Tech exam at
the end of this year.
2 a) School/ College
Tarun: How come you joined this college, when
Inter exams
p-
--.
-E-: K~ n a) give
an exam, b) write an exam E - C
- Ox C- correct .
( o)
Dinakar: I am doing my II year Inter/ I am at
year.
-C *
o
(I am taking/ will take the Inter exams at the

end of this year/ I am sitting the Inter exams
at the end of this year/ I sit the exam.
Appear for an exam expression
Dinakar: I am a student
es which are usually in December every
you have so many colleges in your
b)
(O h- ----a?/
O h-?)
College are you studying in?/ Which School/
ii)
-----o.
(d- -)
- = be good at studies, clever/
bright at studies (, L-N --.)
b) She is good at maths, but rather poor at

Physics =
Physics
poor.
college
5 Class
attend class (es)/ attend college.
6 Poor at studies = dull at studies.
7
exam (examination
exam
exam
test
a) exam:
(qualification) - X class
certificates
Inter, B.Tech, Msc
degrees
- --t \ --a, F
h
--/
--
K~ =
u -
);
-. x--p
b) F class? = what class are you in?/ Which
,
:
class are you studying? what class are you
Nu-|
F,
doing?
F --E ---i u-i
O --. Iam studying in... School/
K~.
College. I am in the I year Inter/ II year
b)
Test: exam F, -F
degree, etc. Studying , doing \
Nu-n subject n -u--J.
o
, -- x subject a E Ega) I year Engineering ---o
--E Ey- K~ test. Test ,

I am doing my I year Engineering.
exam \ -a. b) Which year of medicine are you in? are
sEo d test marks Nu-|- you studying/ which year?
-u Jh- -----a.
(C medicine E Lh)/
8 K~ : Take an exam/ sit an exam.
Which year are you doing?
a) K~ ---o
Medicine -q ---o?
I am taking an exam tomorrow.
College are you a student of?
-- -u- -x ---..
-q-
B.tech *J -q
K~ hC.
K-~x \ a- get/ score/
secure. O x secure
Cl u -- *C.
M. SURESAN
Rama Rao: How much/ How many marks did

you get/ score in last week's
exam?
(--- K-~ / -Eo

\ -a--o?/ a
F?)
Bharadwaj: Dad, I can't say I got/ scored very
high marks.
(--\- a--o-d/- -*ad

p-)
Rama Rao: Why isn't your score high? Why
aren't your marks high?
(\ marks a---/-?)
OR
Why Couldn't you score high?
Why couldn't you get high marks?
( \- a-----?)
OR
Why did you score low? Why did
you get such low marks.
(- -\-- a--o-/ \ Marks a?)

- -j Marks a----?
Why could n't you score better?/
Why couldn't you get better marks
than this?.
iII
-- j---
Neeraj: Hi Suraj, ages since we met; what's

wrong?
( --E - V--C.
?)
b) exams
busy taking/ attending exams (Busy writing exams
english
writing
an exam/ exams
lesson
c) exams
exams are fast
approaching = exams
(Approach -
h- x BJ -
v-,
--
Suraj: I was very busy till yesterday with my
?)
exams. Thank God, its all over. What a
aho =
relief! No more exam nerves
O--h-o =
(Eo exams x - busy
v
v
\ - =
o. tu --.
/ x)
! K-~ -- -.)
exam nerves = K-~- -C --
Relief = (l Ah O * C*-d)
, , K-~- -.
N-. exam nerves K-~- -)
K-~ * --- get over
Neeraj: Happy to hear that. How did you do in
exam nerves, get over = C--N-.
the exams?
How did you do in the exam?
(! exams?)
exam -? C u -E- L
Suraj: Well, I hope ( E P-h-o)
english exam --E
Neeraj: What were your marks in the earlier
'write' E forms -. - -
exams?
, 'do' E forms
( exams marks a) Eo K-~
-a?)
I did well in the exam yesterday.
b) ---J -
I didn't do so well/ I haven't done so well
-x--- 99
19 ----J 2006
(-sEo d)
---o E-o
c)
I did much better than I had expected.
Vinod: You know, Vikas topped the school

with his one hundred percent each in
Maths and Science.
Meghana: I'm surprised. She usually does very

well. She never scored below 85%
in the previous exams.
(\x -J-o \ \
Maths Science 100])
(E a-u , . (previous - vN-) K-~x

p 85] _-.)
x less than 85% -- --
-C ----J-)
Exam fail , pass = He/ she
Pramod: That's brilliant/ really brilliant.
( p-/- E- p C,
- K~ B)
Vinod:
Every teacher likes him for his performance in the exams.

teachers
(K-~-x --- B-x

---J
- d.)
N: do, fare, perform - - ----E-- K~ N-- J n u
-- N---Eo-- .
How did you do in the exam?

Suraj: In most of them just above sixty percent. In one or two others I scored quite
high - above 90%
(-x 60] Cl \.
papers v 90%
\ -\- -a.)
Neeraj: Why just above 60% in most of the
papers? Weren't you saying you had
done well in all the exams?
(--x 60] \ v
--*aC? -E --N ?)
Suraj: I thought so, but when I saw the marks
I understood I had fared badly in them.
One can never be sure in these matters, you know?
marks
(- -o,
--p
J --E n--C. N-x -D d p-,
)
Neeraj: What about your performance this

time?
(J ?/J J A?)
Suraj: I think I fared very well. I am satisfied
with my performance.
( - ---o. %h C)
Neeraj: Well, wish you all the best. How about
a movie this evening then?
(v E---l?)
Suraj: That's be a real pleasure.
(, -)
-- expressions -E. Fo exams , studies
-C-*- O -Lq s \- . d, -
*a--p-x , practice .
Busy with exams exam nerves How

did you do in the exam? I did well What
were your marks? above 60% above 90%
you had done well I had fared badly
..your performance this time?
a)Busy with exams, busy preparing for
exams, busy studying for exams exams
exams
O-Eo-
---- (BJ )
n,
-.
- u
Spoken English
d)
a) How is YSR doing/

faring/ performing
as the CM?
YSR
CM
--
He didn't do well at all.
e)
paper --
( -- -- n)
He did poorly/ very poorly in the exam.
He did badly in the exam.
do
-
, K~
-E. O j --
-E---- . ' *a x
'do' E -E . C
practice u.
p--p, K~ n
fare .
...I had fared badly... I had done badly
b) The Sri Lankans did/

fared/ performed very
M. SURESAN
badly/ poorly in the
last cricket series.
Sri Lankans
poor
c) Her performance in the movie was disappointing
*v- EJ-*C.
d) He did/ fared/ performed well in the movie
How did you fare in the exam yesterday?

I fared well
b)
Prakash: How did you fare in the exams?
( ?)
Akash:
Well, I think. I got 97%
Prakash: Oh, you didn't fare badly after all.
Congrats.
(vt, - --o-.
h a- = not bad = very
good)
c) Hold the exam any time you like, he is sure
to fare well
O d *a--p d- K~,
*a- h.
K~ d = Hold an exam/ exams
--C :
i) what about your performance this time
ii) I am satisfied with my performance.
p--p, K~ n performance . C h
u.
a) Eo exam?
How was your exam yesterday?
b) His performance in exams is usually brilliant
exams
brilliant =
--
v----i, A---h.
i (vGu 'vG \---)
e) He is doing very well as a teacher

Teacher
Do/ fare/ perform
'do'
f) I hope to do well in the exam
exam
expressions.
Marks
a)
What are your marks?/ What marks did you
get? What is your score?/ How many marks
did you get/ score?
b) marks
Your score is/ your marks are, not satisfactory.
c) With such a low score/ such low marks, you
can't get a seat in that college.
college
seat
- h-o.
Ox u -,
\- -,
h- P-h-o.
-p- ---Eo
O
?/-Eo?
%h--
\ \- F
.
Meghana: Congrats Sumana, on your high

Score in Physics.
marks
(Physics
congrats.)
Sumana: You didn't fare badly either. You got
just one mark below mine. So my
congrats to you. Poor Jamuna! she
got below 50%.
*a-

Subodh: Hi Pranav, exams
prepare
--o?
Pranav: K-~- -p , --
.
Subodh: -F F-p * marks h-?
Pranav: * marks h, F
\ marks a---E - J.
Subodh: -J-- J?
Pranav: O class x K-~--p?
Subodh: Eo --.
Pranav: y?
Subodh: , F Chemistry
paper v --d . N
papers 80 j--a. Chemistry
v 60 - -a.
Pranav: O cousin Sucharita - - C?
Subodh: ---. --
exams - - - -C.
Eox 100 , \
v \.
Pranav: F p performance. Girls, -
-----.
Subodh: p-.
Answer:
*v -.
-. h .
a) -- Eo exam?
-- -u- -x ---..
--
o? (-n--
?)
failed the exam/ passed the exam.
O exams , marks -C-* :
F *
(F \ . \
Mark v \.
-s -F - --G----.
50-- \ -a)
(Above - \-/--a; below=\)
Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you preparing for

the exams?
Pranav: I always have/ suffer from exam
nerves, until they are over.
Subodh: But you always get good marks/
score high.
Pranav: I do, but I wish to score even better
marks. (Even =
Subodh: Who doesn't wish it?/ Who doesn't
have the wish?
Pranav: When are the exams for your class?/
When are you people taking the
exams?
Subodh: They were over yesterday./ Yesterday
was the last of them.
Pranav: How did you do?
Subodh: (I) did very well, but I did poorly/ fared
badly in chemistry. In the other
papers I may get/ score above 80%.
In chemistry I may get about 60.
Pranav: How did your cousin Sucharita do?
Subodh: (I) think she did well. In the earlier
exams, however, her performance
was very good. In all the papers, she
got just one or two marks below 100.
Pranav: That's good performance. I suppose
girls study better than we, boys.
Subodh: We can't say./ Difficult to say.
iII
-- j---
--E 21 ----J 2006
100
-x--- W
(E p- -*a English
- . -
x---LT, --LT
- C.
Anand:
OE question form ,
not , not - -a ?
eg: Am I a doctor? Am I not a teacher? etc.
N 'be' forms Eo sentences,

v , questions ,
not , not -- .
G_- O friend , O cooperate
x- .
Questions , questions.
1) 'Wh' words (what, when, who, etc.,)
aN.
We can be good speakers of English

if we have regular practice.
(Regular practice
English
statements

x-x )
Santosh: Yes, we frequently read so in these

Spoken English lessons.
English lessons
(
-
h/ --)
C 100 lesson . -s for a
change (*o--p-/ -h ) *o
Language game . j --- E sentences :
eg. Why are you happy? What is your

brother? When was he a teacher?
2) 'Wh' words
I am happy today.
(F--V - o)
Santosh: Why?/ Why are you happy?
(?)
Anand:
Because this is the hundredth lesson

in spoken English. You are happy
too, aren't you?
spoken English
100 lesson
(C

d. F - C, ?)
Santosh: Ofcourse I am, but I am not satisfied.

There's a lot more english to learn.
Anand:
Can he be a leader?
c) Deepti and Divya were my school mates;

They were eager to learn English.
I too am anxious to learn more.
e) We can be
a---E
C,
{-
)
Anand:
b) Why are you happy? You are happy too;

So is my cousin Harsha; They are fluent.
d) They would be ever ready to...
Santosh: My sister appears very serious about

learning more English, and so is my
cousin Harsha.
(
sister english
serious
cousin
Deepti and Divya were my school

mates. They were eager to learn
English. They would be ever ready to
read English newspapers and books,
speak english, listen to others speak
english, and so on. They are fluent in
English now. Whenever they had an
opportunity, they used to speak
English.
schoolmates.
English
English newspaper, books
English
English
(Dh, Cu
x
a---E --%--
-x. p
-,
xx--p
, -
NN --E--p -l.
x p English -
x---. - J---p-x
English x--x)
Santosh: To tell you frankly, I am not at all
pleased with my English. I shall be
happy if I am able to speak and write
better.
Spoken English
S} OE
not
-N.
eg: Are you not happy?
Were they not students?
N.
(To meet me
--
happy
C ---
-C )
b) They were not satisfied with their salaries.
(with their salaries
-x
x @- C x
C -C)
not satisfied
c) Will they be pleased if I give them the books?

(If I give them the books -
x h-Lh C x ---h--C C )
O 'be' forms --a sentences
-T-- x-a. n v
correct ax - - u.
III game -:
-- O practice sentences
Eo- verb, 'be' form . 'be' form
'action words' \--\ meanings
- -- , ---:
I am happy today
( -, %h .
a---Lq-C - C)
( a--- --% C)
-N.
questions.
eg. Are you happy? Is she your sister?
I a) I am happy; I am not satisfied; I too am anxious to learn more; I am not at all pleased;
I am able to speak; I shall be happy.
Anand:
a) He is happy to meet me
sentences -E N
Ox verbs Fo 'be' forms v
? , -- 'be' forms
- T?
p game.
\ sentences 'be' forms (am, is, are,
were, shall be, can be, would be, etc,) \
o 'happy' O LT --Eo-E sentences practice
. statements v questions, exclamations practice .
Not, never (p /- ) practice .
-- .
I am happy- \ o 'be' form 'am' \
o happy , j n a-x O
L- .
---, happy , a) sad, sorry,
proud, tall, short - ~--
- L (n--) j o
-a.
b) j %h, N x
n a-x -a ?
-N Eo senO --
\--. \
O questions \
Answers p. l _
L game M. SURESAN
-. O Eo sentences --L-
-. O au hC. ' Eo
sentences --L- E.
O : 'be' forms \ L
C - .
1) , (proud, good, bad, wicked) -L
.
2) (feelings) -L (happy, sad,
tences
jealous, etc).
3)
~-
(tall, short, fat, etc,)
-L .
4) Past participle forms (satisfied, pleased,

trained)
5)
%h, } n- a
(Actor, doctor, teacher, cook, lawyer,
speaker, etc). --p, singular a/ an -E .
- countable singular p
'a/ an' L .
6) '-ing' forms (going, singing, walking)
j -Fo . n O--ox J h, -. p
O -hC O English x---.
I am a teacher/ an actor/ a cricketer/ an
English x-- .
employee/ a landlord/ a doctor, etc.
II An extension of the game, game h
Sx Ox not/ never L -a -a sentences J-Eo L:
?
eg: He is happy. sentence
I am not happy; I am not a teacher, etc .
-Ta ?
-- -u- -x ---..
a) They were all happy.
\ 'be' form 'were'

feel -a . , 'be' form
Eo -L - d, feel Eo --L L . d, felt hC.
p,
They all felt happy (They were all happy)
b) She can be here in 10 minutes.
\ 'can be' 'be' form - a n

\ 10 EN-- - E .
n \- 10 EN-- --
E p p- sentence
n
She can reach here in ten minutes.
c) They shall be here for an hour.
Rx-\ - L. n 'shall
be' 'be form , 'shall stay' EF, shall remain E --F n .
p sentence They shall stay/ remain
here for an hour.
d) He could be helpful for us:
\ be form
n --J --. Could be 'be' form action
word --- help a .
sentence a-a?
could be
He could help us.
O Eo sentences --
- *a--p-x. - -
Lp--E sentences frame
J-*-- statements v ,
questions ( 'wh' questions,
non 'wh' questions ), Negatives (not,
never) practice .
iII
-- j---
Damodar: Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you the

whole of yesterday. What were you
doing?
(
%--, Eo y -E---,
h-o?)
Krupakar: Busy playing the game - making as

many sentences as we could - with
my sister and prabhakar.
(
Sister, prabhakar
Game
Sentences
Form
Busy
--- Eo
O- Eo
h
-)
Damodar: What game was that? (
Game?)
Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth
lesson of spoken english. It's a simple game - forming sentences, as
many as we can by adding suitable
words after 'be' forms and action
words - sentences to be not only
statements but also questions, both
types, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions,
with not and never too...
4) How well Rupa sings that song!

5) The teacher never made a joke
Eo Sentences -- .
y j Ja Sentences extend
.
eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college
stores.
2) When did Naresh meet you to give you
the book.
3) She does not like me because I do not
like her.
4) How well Rupa sings that song from the
movie, nuvvu naaku nachau.
5) The teacher never made a joke while
teaching.
sentences O O friends etc.,

. I, We, You, he, she, it and
sentences .
practice
they
Renuka: Urmila, why don't you lend me the

book. I have to prepare for the exam
the day after tomorrow.
exam
prepare
Urmila: Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken it
away. She has to prepare for the exam
as well. You are a little late.
( h h h-? x
Lq C.)
-x---
101
-- 23 ----J 2006
'be' forms. Have to be, has to be,
must be, should be.

(Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you and
hC. He,
has to be hC.)
-O--Eo- n L E. C J c
(command) a, NC (duty) a,
necessity (-) a.
they subjects
have to be
(F --j --- -\--L.

- p-. necessity.)
C -E-.
Pramod: I am happy to have got the job, Sir.
she and it subjects
When have I to be here to report for

duty, Sir?
(Job
*a-- C.
--E/ Duty Join
--E -p -- \-?)
(Have to be \ duty E C.)
Report
Have to be, has to be, should be, must be

=
L,
present
F,
future
E.
Vinod: Let me go. I have to be at home in ten
Prasanth: You have to be here by 9.30 every-
minutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.
day.
(o xF. 10 EN-x x
L. - o hC)
(9.30 -x \---L- y.
You have to be here till 5.30 in the

evening. (
I have to prepare
5.30 L
commands.) Your colleague
too, has to be here at the same time.
(F -uT .
\ command.)
has to be
Pramod: I will start work now itself sir,
(- Simple game C. sub + verbverb 'be' form a, action word

a, E y a-
- Sentences statements
v , Questions,
Exclamations . Questions
Questions 'wh' words 'non
wh' words . --, not
never )
Damodar: Was that so? O I missed the game.
How many sentences were you able
to frame?
game miss
Sentences
(?
u. OEo
?)
--L-
Krupakar: We didn't count, but we were able to

make a good number. We have
understood that we can improve our
english by this kind of practice more
than by reading books on spoken
english.
(\d- F .
Spoken english O books -
practice y English
x- h-E n-iC)
j -- ---od, practice x
confidence -- , English
- x- ----C. vA-W
Friends game practice .
Lesson Cl game
l.
O verbs . -C
'love' N. O -JE, EE vo x , EE -
hC. --E-N - walk (--)
N. -JE -, E-E -
- . J game
verbs sentences . statements v , questions, exclamations , Not/ never O
L--Eo verbs o- Eo.
eg:
1) Vineet bought a book
2) When did Naresh meet you?
3) She doesnot like me (at all)
Spoken English
(Sorry,
exam
prepare
Renuka: I thought of buying the book yesterday, but I had to take mom to hospital,
so I didn't find the time. I must get the
book somehow. Otherwise I'll be
doing very badly in the exam.
book
hospital
N h B-R}-C.
y-E.)
(Eo
-E --o, E
B}Lq
t
*aC. ---. -
h a--L . - x
exam - -------.)
Urmila: I must pay the fees today. Today is the

last date. I should go to the bank and
get the money.
fees
Bank
Renuka: That's true. We must submit exam
applications by tomorrow. That's the
rule.
Exam applications
submit
rule.)
Urmila: The applications should have the signature of the parent or the guardian,
shouldn't it?
(Application
parent/ guardian
(
V.
-dL . --- -*--J

xL, s a--L.)
(E.
uL.
L, ?)
Renuka: Yes, that's the rule. Further we must

mention the amount paid, and
enclose the fee receipt.
clear
fee receipt
Urmila: OK then. Bye. I must hurry.
(--, s dD
-E- --L.)
---L,
(h . -y--L.)
-E sentences -E-.
1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3)
I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) We
must submit 7) The application should have
the signature 8) We must mention.
sentences
verbs: have to + 1st
RDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1st
RDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW
Have to/ has to, had to, must, should

rule
Fo NC,
v, p-E--J
-Lq - .
-- -u- -x ---..
because I have to be thorough with
Suman: Hari too has to

be at home in
ten minutes. He
doesn't like to
miss the serial.
Isn't it so, Hari?
my job.
(J 10
EN-- x M. SURESAN
L. -
serial miss d-.
J?)
Hari:
That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye.

(
E. -y--L)
Suman: Don't forget tomorrow's exam time.

You have to be at the centre by 9.45
( exam time -*--. O-\

9.45 -x L)
\ . Present F, future F
'L n have to be/ has to be
. Order / Command x, NC x
( Duty), - (Necessity) x
Lqh, p Have to be/ has to be
.
a) O 10-x office L.
You have to be at office by 10 (Command)
b)
( p v-G-h.
- E ~o -L (\ have to be - necessity). I understand I have to be at
office for atleast 6 hours. (F 6
- office -E
. \ have to be NCE
C .)
Kranthi:
y F uo
-j \--L, n--?
Shanthi: Yes, Madam. --, -
x \---E madam.
Kranthi: Watchman p, -E-h v-h
L E; pass ox v
--F.
Shanthi: Ok, Madam. -E-\ 8
-E h.
Kranthi: OK. vh. meeting C. \
1.30 L. a J files
Fo ready --L. L-?
Shanthi: Ready , madam.
vA uT 10 * 5 Office L
Answer:
Every employee has to be in the office
Kranthi: You have to be here till atleast 2 in the
from 10 to 5 (Command)
afternoon, understand?
c) I have to be at office by 10.
10-x
office
L.
Shanthi: Yes, Madam. I Understand too, that

(Duty =
NC)
d) She has to be at office for a minimum of

Six hours.
not only today, but also tomorrow I

have to be here during the same time.
Kranthi: Tell the watchman that he has to be a
(-- F 6 ---j Office L

= Duty/ NC)
little more careful, that only those who
e) I have to be at the station at 2 or I shall
Shanthi: Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that he
miss the train.
station
- L.
-. (C necessity,
- )
train miss
f) He has to be here atleast by tomorrow.
have passes have to be here.

has to be here till 8 o'clock.
Kranthi: Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. I
have to be there by 1.30. By the time I
return all the files must be ready.
Shanthi: They shall be, madam.
Otherwise he will miss the chance.
iII
-- j---
Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you the

whole of yesterday. What happened?
(Eo -E-. JTC?)

Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be at
home attending to some repairs for
the house. Dad was out of town.
busy
repairs
d) Action word: have to + 1st Regular

Doing Word, has to + 1st Regular Doing
Word. (Have to go, have to do, has to
go, has to do etc,
}L, L
n)
---oC
a)
j J-n- x -----p,
(x
o.
-----p have to be/ has to be;
---E x Lq *aC.
have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.
o- x .)
eg:
a) Attend = College/ School/ Class
1) I have to be at home by 8.
, functions/ meetings/ marriages
8 -x x L. ( -o --.
p-)
b) attend to = E -d- / u-
2)
He
has to be here by 10. Otherwise we
; 'I am attending to the repairs'.
can't start.
c) Attend on = A---, - -u
(-E-\ 10-x L. -l-)
,
When I was ill, my sister, attended on me.

Hitesh: You remember we have to go to
Naresh's for his birthday party. It's
already 5. Shall we start?
(Naresh birthday party
x-E h-C? p- 5 --C. ---?)
3) They have to see the doctor today. The

appointment is for today.
doctor
appointment
'have
to'
has to
( -x
_---xL.
a) \
V
(
) Eg--o E -o.
-L-?)
(y--L J.
-x---
- -x-F, E--
xF j -Lq--p/
-Lqp had to .
1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour
his father's word.
x-o E--d--E X-
- -x-Lq- -*aC.
2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years
o-x - Lq *aC.
3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driving the wrong way.
102
4) Pramila had to submit the application the

day before yesterday. She submitted it
yesterday, so she had to pay a late fee of
Rs. 10/-.
c) Before you build a house, you should submit the plan for approval.
plan
submit
Should
past form 'had to'
have
to/ has to
sentences
(x d ,
--E
L)

,
. C
a.
a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM

field
present/ future
b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM.
Players
field
Past.
have to/
should
has to, should
have to/ has to
powerful.
Nt-C---x v--
L.
a.
C
9
Lq *aC
C
u -E: E--, ---
--p,
--.)
You have to do it
( q ---a-?
C E o birthday? DE
English .)
Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his
18th birth anniversary.
birthday
AnniversaryMallesh: We are all the same age then, give or
take a few months.
(18 x-L. C E 18
-.
J{-q-)
4) He has to return my book today. He said

he would.
( ---V h a-L.
h--o.)
b) - -x-F, j E--
( -
-xF (Rules) -Lq--p/ Lq--p have to/ has to .
q o-o-.)
Hitesh: Ok. Let's start.

Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't
forget our exams from the day after
tomorrow. Because of the change in
the exam hours, we must be at college 10 minutes before nine.
( y AJT a-L.
x * exams E -*. J v College
10 EN- \ 9 -x --L-.)
-- lesson have to be/ has to be
- ? -J h
a-.
a) I, We, You, They subjects have to.
b) He, She, It has to.
c) be form: have to be/ has to be (L
n).
-v-o:
1)
- 'please
n N-J-.
2) --E n
a Tx i
?
>E, -
sound horn'
---:
b)
( wrong direction drive --

250 -- --J-- dLq *aC.)
Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him.

gift
Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't be
late.
late
Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's age
now?
-- 25 ----J 2006
1) Please sound horn
horn T- E
n. --o , J
-Eo x---, horn
Th, J , --E
JhE p--E h.
2) '- o--
_-
--L-TC 'unassertive'. 'assertive'
Et--- , d, 'unassertive'
- n -a.
Spoken English
1) You have to show the ticket on demand.

Keep it safe until the journey is over.
[
Ticket
Tp
( \
-) L. v h--u-
v-h -. On demand = Tp-]
2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow.

(kumar
fees
dL.)
3) The boss has asked us to be at office half

an hour earlier than usual. We have to be
at office at 9.
(Boss Lo - office
t-o . 9 -x office
L.)
Have to/ has to p present/ future situations Jh-h. past p-- had to . lesson v
-- Mallesh ---o?I had to be at
home (Yesterday - past) E. Ex
Lq *aC. d a) ---j- Jn-x-E, E--x-E, -
---xE \-j Lq h, had
to be, j -Lq-h had to + 1st
Regular Doing Word (RDW) .
1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friend
was coming.
(Station
friend
8 Lq *aC, x
h-o d)
2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada last

Sunday to attend a marriage.
(-- C- A N--, Rx
}Lq *aC.)
3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; he
had no money, so I had to lend him the
amount.
(N Eo fees Lx-Lq *aC. E _

s-. -E - -- -yLq *aC.)
-- -u- -x ---..
(vO o application submit

-LqC F E-o C, -E 10
- late fee Lx-Lq *aC.)
Sx lesson x o - J
:
Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him.
Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late.
'should'
- l. C
have to/ has to - _ C. DE
'be' form should be = L n;
You have to do it =
OJC L = You
\ you
have to do it , you
should do it o force
\, -
d p.
should do it.
M. SURESAN

Prema:
p -----L?
Preethi: / 9 --x airport
Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,
L. Passport, visa, docushould know, should do, etc.) = xL,
ments ready --L. -x
L-L/ --L, L, etc. n-)
--- ---L.
should p -Lq j B
Prema: - *x- - -J-*, J Lq EE -J-*
-L . j - a.
C.
Preethi: Airport entrance ticket -\---E O
a) You should be here at 10 everyday.
friends pL y. x lounge
y W -C- -\- ---L.
a-L.
b) He should understand that we are his well
wishers.
Prema: OK.
Answer:
E v-G--- N
n L.
c) You should refer to the dictionary when
you are in doubt.
Prema: When have we to start? / When should

we start?
Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at
F-j o-p Dictionary

L. ( j E)
E-- v jD, E-D -L-
should -a.
the airport by 9. We have to have our
a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph
Prema: We have to have / should have three
along this road.
( road O 20 -O-x -Eo -N-*

---.)
(Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour)
b) Passengers should be at the airport half
an hour before the flight departure.
(N -l---E -
v- airport L.)
flight = N--/ ~ -,
Departure = -l-
passport, visa and other documents

ready. We should be able to show
them when they ask for it.
hundred to four hundred rupees in
change in case of need.
Preethi: You should tell your friends that they
have to buy the airport entrance ticket.
They have to sit all the time in the
lounge.
Prema: OK.
iII
-- j---
Vipula: Hi Klupta, what's new?
must
1) The application must be in the candidate's
own handwriting =
2) No column must be blank =
j --
( N-? C p - ho --J )
Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.
( . J-T--C)
Vipula: Is your application for the job ready?
(job
Application
ready
Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have
plenty of time, haven't we?
time
Plenty of =
Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days
are left, you know. You must hurry.
-Lq
?)
?/
( ? --Lq-
)
?
C,
-s
y-h-J L
S --.
L.
--aL.
L.
- C must
pEJE.
Must be - be form = L;
3) We must write =
4) You must enclose =
5) must reach =
Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, must

write, etc,) =
etc.)
Lesson
have to/ has to, should
must
must
(must
be) /
(must + 1st RDW)
xL, L,
- _ C n,
--. j -- N
E--, p-E--J -Lq-O
-Lq-O
-E- . CN .
( x---o?
V C?y--L)
left = NT-LC
Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will
be ready by tomorrow afternoon.
application
ready
( o vA
h. u-o-E-x
C.)
-x---
Jh
a) Voters must show their ID cards to the polling

Officers =
Voters polling officers
cards
(ID cards = Identity cards)
b) Students must get their own geometry box to
the exam =
Geometry box
Jh
L. (E-)
103
--v 27 ----J 2006
K-~ Nu-n x
a--L. (E-)
Karthik:
lab 9 x L. N
u? s ready C-?
Sravan: x --. t a-
L . a -E K
d pC.
Karthik: - 9 x lab L,
*a-.
x?
Sravan: ----? \ o
PyE. bike O l.
b)
police officer:
time
?
Shopkeeper: 10.30
Police officer: 10.30
shop
Shopkeeper:
C.
x
-u-E
--L--? -u-L- O-J-p.
showcase C. Eo
-dL.
You must finish the work

Vipula: Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't you
know that the application must be in the
candidate's own hand writing? It must
be complete in with all particulars. No
column must be blank. If a column does
not apply to us, we must write in it,
Does not apply / Not applicable' No
dashes either.
fill
Application
(*o--x x-. O o
(E) N?
uJn y-h-J L. Eo N--
Jh L. column S
--. Jh-E column
j- Does not apply/ Not applicable E L. Dash N
--.)
Candidate (uEf-- u, bank b
u \ -) = uJn particulars (u- \ -, r silent, *J ,
size z ) = N-. blank = --S.
Does not apply/ Not applicable = Jh-.
No... either = 'no' - F, not F also
--. --p, No/ not either
. Column = = Application
--E
l-P-* S n)
Klupta: I don't know how to fill in properly.
(J- J E .
Properly = v-L = J_)
Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too
that you must enclose all the certificates. The application must reach the
office on or before the 31st January.
fill
certificates
Application, office
st Jan
Certificate -
(O o . Eo
--aL.
,
--F L.
31
--- \
-)
Klupta: I must hurry up. ( y-L)
Spoken English
Varun: When will you

be
back,
Kuber?
Police Officer: Even if the Governor comes,

you must close shop by 10.30.
Don't forget.
game practice
Infinitive
lesto + Ist Regular Doing
sons
Word. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc,
p *o
.
-- --
N-J
OE
N- .
1) x, , -L-/ --,
n.
To go now will be the right thing
p x j-C C.
x-E, -E, ----E n
I want to go = x-E ---o.
3) x--E, --E, -L---E n
2)
a) He is getting ready to go
x--E ----o
she is going out to buy a book
h --E hC.
game. infinitives --T*
sentences form Eo --L-T Eo,
Eo varieties Eo statements &
p
questions, negative sentences (no/ not/

never
dialogue form
eg:
1) She wants to sing
2) To smoke is not good for health.
( smoke
3) She has came to borrow a book from me
, O-
-E --C
Police officer:
(, p
AJ--h?)
Kuber: Only after 5. Till
then I must be
M. SURESAN
at office. I must
close the accounts before I leave office.
office
Office
accounts
close
kuber, must
duties
(office
(5 y. --
C--,
L.
L)

--
p- --o ?
Lq , -Lq N/
duties) N must -o -
Must expresses duties.

Udaya:
May I go now Madam?
Sandhya: No. You must stay here for another
hour; understand? You must finish
the work I have given you and then
only leave.
(-x-a?)
(. L Ny-\.
E-*a E Jh y xL
y. --L?)
\ Sandhya Fo commands/ orders
= c. cL-y--E must
.
p --o must uses:
1) Rules (E---) 2) duties (N-)
3) commands/ orders (c-)
a)
Karthik:
Sravan:
y ready ? -l--?
h . -V V--dL.
-E s a--.
Karthik: d--?
Sravan: * V Rs 10/- J- dLq
C.
-- -u- -x ---..
Sx O shop 10.30 y
* --,
L-?
Shopkeeper: police officer - ---E
a. C h-u-
shop J-* ---E c a,
sir.
Police officer: Governor
shop
*a vA 10.30
d-uL. Ja-.
Answers:
a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start?
Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me
get the money.
Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow?
Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of
Rs.10/- per day.
Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the
delay? You have the money.
Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait
till mother comes back. She has told
me that I must wait till she is back.
Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go?
Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is
here. We can go on his bike.
b) Police officer: What is the time now?
Shopkeeper: Past 10.30
Police officer: Don't you know that you must
close shop by 10.30? you must
close it now.
Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I
must keep it in.
Police officer: I must not see the shop open
after 10.30 again; understand?
Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came
here to buy something. He
ordered me to keep the shop
open until his purchases are
complete, sir.
(Purchases =
-)
-u-E *C)
( _ h B---E *aC)
4) Where do you want to go now?
p \- x-E ---o?
5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to
join?
Hemanth: I have come to consult you.
Vasanth: To join our college will be the
best.
Hemanth: But to join your college will be
expensive, won't it?
game
practice
-N
-v-o:
-y --*------E h ---.
'Lest you should forget that I have
reminded you'
Lest
should
u j--L -?
? h
i) pE p F E- -.ii) y ---E .
-O--E Tx- pL?
iii) old boy close friend n -d?
- -, Jz
---: 1. y Ja---E h
DE correct English - I have reminded you
lest you (should) forget.
'That I have reminded you;
2. Start early lest you should be late
u - - y -l.
3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) get
drenched
--- - B\-x.
-a.

B,
-a.
No 1, No 3 sentences
should omit
No. 2
should
lest you be late
Lest = so that not.
i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it.
(It is from me =
ii) I knew that you would think so.
iii) Close friend
old boy
correct,
p-E p)
y---.
iII
-- j---
Subodh: Pramod, we must travel by some

morning train to avoid hot sun. So
let's have our tickets booked by an
early morning train.
( -- train xL,
-- -. -E
l-- train tickets book -.)
--C 29 ----J 2006
b) We must carry enough cash.

cash
L-
B---xL , (
sC )
c) If I want to avoid the queue, I must be

there atleast by 8.
(Q
E-- --, -\ 8
x L)
d) I must check up with him and see that

every thing is ready.
Pramod: And as it's going to be a long journey,

we must carry enough cash with us
as well. We must be careful about
spending too, not at every place can
we find an ATM of our bank.
( v d T-
s B---xL. C vh a dL. Eo-x bank
ATM ---a)
(ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank
card
s - p)
Subodh: We must carry food too. The food on

the train is very expensive and not at
(Fo l o x
---L)
j u--Eox must, necessity (-Eo J-n- vsx - N--, ----N) -C.
u -E--LqC:
Have to/ has to, should, must-
n, --x _-
o .
-F , Rules, duty, commands, necessity express --E
.
all good.
( A--E i B-xL.
Train K )
-- must *a expressions
l.
-x---
1) Must expresses rules.
have to/ has to expresses command,
duty, necessity, etc., more powerfully than
p - E--h-.
o kx L.
2) I see prasanth's name on the book.
It should be his.
should.
Must
x Eo-- \ d
hC, commands F, duty F, necessity
F, rules F.
'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or
- O v C. C -Ej
L.
practice the following in English
Kesav:
-E -L.
x--Lq u-i N -C.
I should goGangadhar: x Lp- J. -
xL;
phone h p
-\- x E
Do d p- I have to goKesav:
xL. y h?
d p- I must go.
Gangadhar: N \- B--xO should, have to/ has to, must
C. -xL . N
.
wait h C p-.
should.
We must be careful
Must travel, must carry, must be careful.
-p--- --o
104
must --.
(E-- --
C)
Candidates must report for the interview at
9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006.
(2nd Feb 2006
interview
L)
2) Must expresses commands
must
(c-L-y--E
(OJC Sx --)
3) Must expresses duty.
I must be at office until 5.
(C office L)
Sx j - CN must o expressions
-E-.
a) We must carry enough cash.
cash
a) You should be punctual

punctual
b) He should not talk like that
train
L *C).
(- x--- x--
*C)
should o, have to/ has to, force \.
d command y--E, N-
E p--E, E-- force --E have to/ has to .
a) I have to take my sister to the hospital
(more powerful
than, 'I should take')...
b) He has to do whatever I want him to do
B---xL. -
B-xL
b) We must travel by some morning train.
should
should
(y
You must not do it again.
L-
O-Eo- mild (\ force).

u C h J, C -E \ .
V u-n-
xL.
c) We must be careful.
C o u--- C u-Lq.
v-h L.
j ux must, necessity (--Eo)
--C ? sC -,
-- --Eo L--
must .
a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning
of the movie.
y xL,
ning miss .
movie begin-
c) They have to finish the work by the

evening
(-v-E-x -} E Jh---Lq).
b), c) should -a have to/ has to
. have to/ has to force
.
d) He has made mistakes and has to face the
consequences.
(p d L --N--Lq).
-v-o: Learn past learned, learnt E o. past

. she learnt english ? She learned english ?
passive voice English was learned -a? English was
learnt ? burnt, burned, dreamt, dreamed -J-<
N-J---.
. %g-U--b, E--
---: Learned, learnt- past tense , past participle O x
j -a Fo , passive . N, burned,
burnt, dreamt, dreamed N- j, voice j -a.
learned E L- (j subject) n --,
learned (pronunciation - E \ -) v .
For commands, duties, necessity and

rules.
must
have to/ has to
should
stronger
strongest
least
than
form
strong
should
Commands, rules
must
Must

x. u Nx v-h
L .
Gangadhar: y -
---L
(u-i N:
N
\- Kesav: Ok. Ok. M. SURESAN
p--E
ho.
K d c--, -L*C.
-C. C C-u-, Answer:
C--Eo ---od -C. - Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently.
u c--, E-- L----
There is an important matter I have to
shall, should T-- good
talk to him about./ I have to talk to him
manners. Must, manners L- --x c-
about something important.
-- - -. Duty, necessity -- Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A short-E -sEo d j -a).
while ago I called him and he told
Should, must-
- ----F *a - N-Eo
---E . N perhaps
(-) opposite.
Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?
(v \--o i ?)
Manoj:
-- -u- -x ---..
He must be at home. He is expecting

some guests.
guests
(x L J.
---h-o)
Pramod: Who are the guests? ( guests?)
Manoj:
participles
Spoken English
Kesav:
His cousins from the states on a short

visit to India.
cousins - India
(-J- o -E
-a. Cl V---)
Pramod: That should keep him busy for another two days then.
(-x V
*a- busy )
\
must be at home, should keep him
busy-
Fo *a- ---C/
--C - N--. p-E-J -
N-- must, should .
1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on.
She must be quite rich.
me he wouldn't be going anywhere.

Kesav: Then I must rush. Are you coming with
me?
Gangadhar: My wife wanted me to take her
somewhere. I must go home at
once, she must be waiting for me.
Kesav: Then go. We must be careful about
things connected with them.
Gangadhar: You must be speaking from experience.
Kesav: Ok. Ok. I'm going.
J game practice . J
*a game infinitive practice --.
J sentence verb , infinitive u
me, us, you, him, her, it, them d practice
.
eg: a) I want you to go;
b) She wants him to sing
c) What do you want me to do?
d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time.
practice
sentences
-N
Eo
-- .
iII
-- j---
Sravan: Hi Pavan, how was the movie yesterday?

( movie
Pavan: Not very good, but not so bad either.
Eo
C?)
( -, )
Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it?
suggest =
Pavan: I leave it to you.
leave it to you =
One of all time greats: All time great -
p p--x- / --p-N J---x/ J---N E n.

a) Sankarabharanam is an all time great.
b) Tendulkar is an all time great.
all time great meaning and use.
hall
Was showing:
(--?
*-)
(C F d
ho. F d)
F-C--
Sravan: The other day, I happened to watch

an old English movie. 'The ten commandments' on the TV. A real good
movie - one of the all time greats.
TV
English movie, 'The ten commandments
movie.
(o-p V
-- 31 ----J 2006
*v -
()
Kranthi:
The movie is excellent. You must

see
it. I feel like seeing it a second time.
Prasanth: Where is it showing?
Pavan: Why didn't you tell me?
(- p-?)
Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was showing. I just turned on HBO channel and
there it was.
HBO
channel
movie
Pavan: Was it very good?
It is showing in Chitramahal.
(C *v--- -C)
=
theatre
showing
Last week it was showing in Chitradarsini. I
don't know where it is showing now. Some
other movie is showing in Chitradarsini.
*v -
best sequence in the movie .
( *v C h Eo-)
(C \ -C?)
Kranthi:
. E p
p- p - x --.
(All time great - p p)
--C
( C *v--Jz-E --C. \
- M. *v--Jz-E movie
--C-p)
b) Most of the shots in the movie were shot in

Kashmir
(
Role=
= part.
a) SV Rangarao could act any role with ease
(SV
(with ease)
b) His is the most important role in the movie
(
act a role = do a role = take on a role
(
a) Nageswara Rao acted the role of Narada in
Bhukailas \ Nageswara Rao did the role of
Narada .
*v - Eo-- Qt- B
---v
- v-j --
-L-)
*v -EC A u-i v)
v -)
( M C --h--E -J
Ap.
E--*C)
-x---
( ?)
105
(-y-- v )
Answers:
Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at
home yesterday?
Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going
better to do. (I went to a movie, having
- nothing better to do.)
Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing?
Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi.
Sruthi: Was it good?
Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)!
Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the
cast?
Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The
actors were all great./ The cast included all great actors.
Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/
How did they perform?/ How was their
Sravan: You can say that again and again.
(Sx-Sx -pa. .)
It ran to packed houses for weeks
together those days
Houseful
( Vx -
-*C)
Tendulkar is an all time great
Pavan: Who were the cast?
(--?)
Sravan: The movie features Charlton Heston
as Moses and Yul Brynner as the
Pharaoh.
Charlton Heston, Pharaoh
(Moses
Yul Brynner
MosesPharaoh Egyptian-
;
Jh)
-.
v-
Pavan: Any special feature of it?

movie
Sravan: The cleavage of the sea. It's a grand
shot. I have yet to see such a shot in
any movie. It looked as though the sea
really parted by a path. That's the highlight of the movie.
Shot
-v-u-?)
(v <

-- E-- -.
E- v --- u
-pd -. movie- v-- -{ .)
Pavan: can we get a CD of it?

CD
Sravan: Definitely
(E
--?)
(p-)
E J .
lesson movie -C-* vocabulary
(-) --- ? -- -
; movie, TV -C-*-N.
1. Movie
2. Watch a movie on the TV
3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing
5. turned on
6. ran to packed houses
7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight
English
movie.
Cinema
English
cinema hall,
hall
The cinema
English
film
That cinema is good
hall
- --*v --

--*vJ *v .
E v. --*-vEo
E
a.
- F, -o *v -E
.
See / watch a movie = movie .
( am seeing / is seeing / are seeing a
movie . Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing Lq
h am watching / is watching / are watching
a movie correct)
TV = on the TV. We are watching an interesting programme on the TV. (in the TV )
Spoken English
Ran to packed houses: Houseful

Packed house = houseful
Run to packed houses = houseful
movie
run
movie
The movie has run for the past four weeks.
C.
b) He acted the role well

(
Live a role =
Do justice to a role =
Comic role =
Tragic role =
Perform =
He performed well =
His performance as Sri Rama deserves all
praise.
performance?
v -)
Laya: They couldn't
v
@N
act well./They
-.
v
didn't do well.
-Eo E .
u
v
,
Sruthi:
So I need not
p-- 4 C.
-v
see it.
Ey--
J game . M. SURESAN
*a- 100 V -C =
-. I know what to do.
It will certainly run for a hundred days.
movie Ko -J{---
( ) \ O -LqIt's a big draw.
x - O p--L_-Eo sentences
(X-- a---_C.)
a) This movie will be a big draw
p--_. Variety L. , no ,
(Deserve = | LT .
( movie d--h/ C Ko
questions, dialogue form L. n corHe deserves an award
-J{-hC.)
rect L.
( --A |)
(It will run to packed houses)
eg:
a) Hema forgot how to open the box
Comedy = --i-/--u-v---i-
b) *v j Eo- - --p--, C
(box - Ja--C)
/movie /
big draw .
b) She did not know where to sit
Tragedy = --i -/-*-v/-
The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw
(\ a- M-)
a) Missamma is a comedy
(Benhur Eo- u -{.)
c) Do you know when to start?
b) Devadasu is a tragedy
Movie Eo- = sequence (yq) Big
(p -l- ?)
Comic role = u v;
draw, high light n -N = u
sentence pattern -E-:
Tragic role = --J- v
--{.
a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles
Sub. y verb, y 'Wh' Word, y
caste = -, movie /drama.
(u--v- -vt-- v -Cl--)
infinitive . dialogue .
a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in
the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.
(-O-----g - -u--, %--g, g v-x -)

b) He is cast as a villain in the movie
( movie
villain
c) The cast of the movie has chitrakumar as
hero and chitrasri as the heroine
(
EC
(N) v)
*v- -*-v- , -*-v-vQ --

---)
d) Feature o .
b) Some artists are suitable for tragic roles

(
comedian
--v h.)
u-- =
(O---'-O-\ -
Relangi was a great comedian
comedienne
u- =
(N--),
, O \ \---L.
Practice the following in English.

Sruthi: Hi Laya,
y Eo v x
?
. - Movie x
\---C?
v
x . *v- u-A.
'Eo x- *v , G-vA
?
vv,
v v.
bore d?
F - E.)
--?
p-- o. F movie *v -- p-x.)
.

*o--v Ep-h.) Sruthi: x ?
Laya: x p -----.
*v Eo- =
Sruthi: -\----o-.
a) The movie, Ninnu Nenu Pelladanu features

Natesh and Abhinetri in the lead roles
(
Lead role =
movie
b) The movie features all great actors
(
c) The movie features him in a minor role
(
movie
Shot =
sequence.
a) That's the best shot in the movie=That's the
-- -u- -x ---..
Laya =
Sruthi:
movie,
Laya:
Sruthi:
Laya: My God,
Sruthi:
Laya:
Prem: Do you remember when to start?
(p -l- c ?)
Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.
(. F \---x y p-.)
game practice Eo sentences - .
-v-o-: -Fq --x-O- -
'I PROMiSE
TO PAY THE BEARER THE
SUM OF TWENTY RUPEES'
-E ---C.-D-E -n --N-?
-.--.-. -p-, --u- ---.- Currency notes O
sentence - C N--E T -C. Currency notes K--C
Reserve Bank of India. E C-J Governor
of Reserve Bank of India. C-J -a
O sentence - T- -o -J-j
(bearer) . 20/ (- --)
Lx-h-E.
iII
-- j---
Priya: Hi Divya, We really enjoyed the movie

yesterday, didn't we?
movie
enjoy
Divya: Certainly. Chitrasri's performance as the
heroine was really superb.
Heroine
Heroine
Superb:
Priya: The movie will be a runaway success.
(Eo
, ?)
(E-
*vX s)
- \---
u \ -.
( *v N-- -C)
Divya: It can't be otherwise with that kind of

story line, brilliant action and clever
direction
( , * , Lj z-y C N --E )
Priya: The main characters brought out the talent of the lead pair.
(u-i v v vA-
L---a)
Character: ud \ -;
, u u = n
Q/ --/ y. F \ n
, - E- v.
Lead Pair = v -u
/ -/ *v ----.
Divya: They have been a hit pair - chitrakumar

and chitrasri. Their combination has
been successful.
hero,
heroine
hit.
(R}-lJ *v--, *vX

l xC N----i
--)
Priya: They are teaming up again in the next

movie 'premikulugane vundam'
(-o *v 'vN---
x L ho)
Divya: They show themselves at their best

when they are cast opposite each other
(x / ----- h
x vA -h)
c) No one has the formula to make a movie a

runaway success -
*vEo -u-K-A A y N- - v -J-l .

Formula v. Flop, Runaway success
uA-.
3) Story line
N- *v z-
B. DE - Plot
a) His movies have the same basic story but

the story line differs
C flop ? --
-*a v suit -E
G-v.
team up.
b) The movie failed because of its weak story
Srikanth: v-j J--,
The three boys teamed up to decorate the
line
v -- --.
room
/ N-- d--- --x
CE --J---E x _ d b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, Eo TV 'N
C N--iC.
N*v . !
p-f.
c) Weak story line is the cause of most
8) Cast opposite: (-u heroine) Sunitha: C p .
failures
-, j-.
(hero) - h p they are
*v -dE x s-A-Vinitha:
C . hero,
cast opposite each other .
o.
heroine x? Rx-l-J
a) Vikram is cast opposite Sada/ Sada is cast
*v -.
opposite Vikram/ Vikram and Sada are
Sunitha: . x --- *
cast opposite each other in Aparichitudu
vA ---.
-J-*-- Vikram, -/ , Vinitha:
p Rx-l *vx
Nv - / Nv, J -
u
--h-o.
-x--- 106
-.
*v - , F N-
d) The movie flopped/ flopped at the box

office/ The movie was a flop, because of its
thin story line
E - / N- x *v
s-AC. Thin \ n weak E.
E n oE/ aE.
4) Character: / -/ *v v.
F- v F- *v
o role E-F part E-F -a.
-, -- *v N-- a)DNTR
played the character/ role/ part of
-y-)
Karna in the drama
Her action in "Aunantara, Kadantara?" is
- NTR g v / -.
really memorable
b) One of the main characters in the movie is
(-, -? *v
Lord Venkateshwara played by Suman
---EC)
*v u-i vx Suman
Divya: Ok. I must be going Priya. Meet you
* --y--yN v.
tomorrow. Bye
c) He played his part well
( xL. -h. Bye)
v -.
Priya: Bye
Play - , \ -.
Lesson --*-v- -C-*
? p J-Eo 5) lead pair= u- -. (the
hero and the heroine)
l. Fo x---o-p
a)
NTR and Anjali Devi are the lead pair in
- Conversational English
Lavakusa
-C. N .
- *v Rx-l-JD u-i
1. Superb 2. A runaway success 3. storyline
s/ = j--
a, p h a, J
/ v/ C-*C -j
s- Superb .
a) It is a superb hattrick by Irfan Pathan =
hattrick. Hattrick
p -C s--i
-- -x - N
Ch, u vx, D Player
, hat-trick .
b) The movie is superb=
c) Tendulkar's was a superb century

Century
2) A runaway success
-F-, uA *v v v-, .
c) They have proved a hit pair
N----i .
6) Hit pair
*v-E N a/ N----i/
v~- G- C (-
hero, heroine v x)
a) They make a hit pair
-, - -u
yJ--i N
a) The movie was a runaway success.
*v N--j N---iC.
b) Missamma was a runaway success.
hero, heroine.
a) They are teaming up again in the next
movie
o *v Sx Rx-l L -h-o.
Nqt A y N----iC
-E KA.
b) Surya and Asin are

cast opposite each
other
x J -
-h-o.
9) Debut:
d----J G-
u / -- M. SURESAN
-J *vx / ---J -v- (Y %u
v- DEo -v )
Debut- pronunciation - u \
-.
---J -v-
Make a debut/ Have a debut.

a) She made her debut in this movie.
--C L-*v. *v --J -*C.
b) His debut wasn't very successful
N-- .
u u,
N- \- -. \-J N
- -.
Debut
He made his debut in politics in 1999

1999
--- v .
Now Practise the following in English:
7) Teaming up
s.
Spoken English
(Hero, heroine).
b) The lead pair in the movie is Rajanikanth
and Jyothika
Rx-l-JD N----i . x
-* *v-Fo hits E.
*v p C.
Team up: movie N-- ,

E --E-j -C Lh, They
Yasvanth:
He made his debut in..
Priya: I think she made her debut in nee

kosame. She hasn't had a failure in her
career
(
4. characters 5. lead pair 6. hit pair 7. teaming up 8. cast opposite 9. debut

1) superb=
Movie
- 2 -v--J 2006
b) They have teamed up again
Sx x L -h-o.
-- -u- -x ---..
a) Yasvanth: Hi Srikanth,
heroine
F favourite hero,
J N- ?
Srikanth: d-. x
- ?
Yasvanth: y x G--EN . -
-?
Srikanth: y- i
p, -R}-l -L
- d v-i C
*v. Jh s-A-.
Yasvanth: x x *v s-A--E
---o.
Srikanth: -p-. -x-C N- --- i
. x *v -u-i
N C-*C? hero -v --p--* flop C
?
Sunitha:
u heroine *
Jh a-C.
Answers:
a) Yasvanth: Your favourite lead pair has not
been very successful this time,
has it?
Srikanth: The movie has a weak story line.
They have acted well.
Yasvanth: You are their fan. What else can you
say?
Srikanth: Whatever you say- the movie is
atleast that good because they have
acted in it. Otherwise it would have
been an utter flop.
(utter =
Yasvanth: The movie is a flop because of their
action. That's what people say.
Srikanth: I don't agree. They are a hit pair.
Their last movie was a runaway success. The hero hasn't had a failure
since his debut.
Yasvanth: This might be his first flop. I feel that
he doesn't suit the role/ the character.
Srikanth: He suits any role. He can do any
role with ease.
b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, yesterday I watched the
movie, 'Emitivichitram' on the TV.
What a movie it is! / How good it is!
Sunitha: I saw it long ago. I think it was last
month, in Vizag.
Vinitha: Isn't it good? What are the names of
the lead pair, I think they made their
debut in the movie.
Sunitha: Yes. Even in their debut they displayed their talent.
(Display =
Vinitha: They are acting as the lead pair in two
or three movies.
Sunitha: The heroine especially has won
recognition as a good actor/actress.
Jh)
v-Jz-)
iII
-- j---
Hemanth: Hi Vasanth, I didn't see you the

whole of yesterday. What was
wrong?
We celebrate Deepavali every year in the

month of Kartheekam.
Vasanth: The Deepavali effect you know. We

enjoyed the festival the day before
Yesterday. We were so tired yesterday. We were resting almost the
whole of yesterday.Fortunately yesterday was a Sunday.
Charlie (over phone from the US): Hello

Sampath, this is Charlie from the states. How
are you?
(
,
--E 4 -v--J 2006
v-A --q -K-h-- -D---S --.

Eo y --. Festival enjoy h We enjoy a fesN?
tival.
D-R v. o
- -----J Eo L-. Eo -
o. %-d- -h Eo C-.
Hemanth: So you celebrated it with all enthusiasm. We did too, but we were off the
fireworks by about 10. We were in
bed by 10.30pm
q- ---o--o-.
--o. F --
a 10 - . 10.30 -x
-o.
Enthusiasm - u-.
u \ -.
* ' size z, = q.
fireworks = -/ --
Vasanth: We were enjoying the fireworks till

almost eleven. Dad was liberal this
time. We let off Rs. 800/-work of
crackers sparklers this time.
11
-h o. o
J s a. 800 - a
worth - (bird )= -N- o.
crackers = v
= --, sparklers = px =
L-N (-, y-h etc) let
off = -- a = Let off fire
works)
Hemanth: So it was a grand affair after all.
Some how I feel spending so much
on fire works is a waste
h-O - ---o
.affair, \ = N.
Vasanth: It's just once a year. A few hundred

rupees shouldn't matter much.
-q--E -J .
- u )
- -- -J * M -x-o. -- --o-?)
Sampath: Fine, Charlie, thank you, how are

you?
(
Charlie: Same here, thank you. Can we have a
chat over the net ? Matter of 20 to 30
minutes
(
20, 30
Sampath: Sorry, Charlie. It is morning here you
know. I am very busy celebrating Sri
Ramanavami.
(
Lord Rama.
X-o h. xx,
xx, O----xx . -v-u ---o- --M.- --u---. -F- -- --o-? )
-- --- -h.-p, --
-X-- -j--u ---.
Pandal = CJ
--- x--- putup = p -/-E-Jt-
as well =
EN- d-a.)
?
(Green gram = /--p (-p)
jaggery = x
offering = ju
-K..X---N --v- - feast = N / -
-x---
107
-G-@ o
p--\ .)
Charlie: What's Sri Ramanavami, sampy?

What's its significance?
Deepavali,
Chavithi,
Christmas vals.
Vinayaka
Ramzon,
festi-
Fo
In a mood to celebrate = in a celebration mood

=
Pakistan was in a mood to celebrate =
Pakistan was in a celebration mood
- --J -nA.
-h - (x N-Eo) --
C.
mood
Let's not stop him. He is in a celebration
mood
Vasanth: Well, we all had new clothes. Told

you, dad was quite liberal this time.
He was in a mood to celebrate. He let
us buy whatever clothes we liked,
and sister had the greatest luck. She
had a pair of ear rings.
--- - o. E l.
a =
--- Ah =
Ah L-T-)
=
Sparklers, crackers
Let off fireworks
fuse
( Light the fuse =
explode / blow/ go of =
(with a loud sound/noise)
Explode
blow =
'go off' =
Feast =
Dishes =
Chat over the net =
significance =
Significance of a festival =
festivities
a) The festivities of Dasara last for 9 days
h d -\o. p o - o. --d -- --d--Fo -B-a.

mood o. -J- Lx
%-d- --. t *aC
.
l-l -x -.
x x u y.
u --N-?)
-- J--C.
Sampath: It's an important festival for us in
N (--) - N
India. We celebrate the birth of lord
-/ v
SriRama on the occasion.
- -
Hemanth: We had new clothes too and of
(- C u-i
To--q
vu
=
course the feast too. Mom prepared
. X- d V
- vu.
wonderful dishes and delicious
--)
=
sweets.
Occasion = -- \---L.
h d a-o.
-, vision - = s.
- 9 V --.
--E t * -, Charlie: How do you celebrate it?
b) The Festivities are keeping us busy
--?
*---i y-q C.
-- ---Lo -G-@ ---.
Feast / N.
Sampath: We offer worship to Lord Sri Rama
q = The enthusiasm for a fesdishes = (size - z )
by performing Pooja. We do it at
a festival.
C C - *aC.
Now Practise the following:
a)
Sunil:
Anil:
\-o* h-o, E?
X---N CJ *. \
- C.
Sunil: R} ?
Anil: -- h-o?
Sunil: x C. h -p,
Charlie: Well, have a happy time, then call you
B\- .
later.
Anil: . y y CJ * ( - .Sx -- h.)
j -- -J- -. DE - Sunil: -x. .
C-* Eo expressions -J-* --.
b)
= festival
(-X----N -- --N-? --E -v--- --- = celebrate a festival.

We enjoy a festival=
-- - -- M. SURESAN
.
--=fireworks.
-- = crackers;
L --= sparklers
J G-v- xN. N N A ?
Opinion- G-v.
differ - C-h.
- -J-* . -- s expressions Eo --
J.
Festival = , --- = celebrate
b) Last year it fell on a Wednesday
Have a happy time...
Hemanth: Opinions differ. Well what about

the other things?
Vasanth: That's good.
-q - C -C/C-
V.
home and in temples too. We do it

special pandals put up at street corners as well.Then we eat a good
feast too with special dishes.
Greengram soaked in water and
jaggery water are the offerings to
tival
We celebrated Deepavali with enthusiasm
D-R q- --o.
V--
The festival is / falls on a day.

a) This year the festival falls on a Sunday/ is on
a Sunday.
Prem:
Syam:
? F u---C?
Eo -- a-- A LC. E Ah d C.
Prem: L?
Syam: -, x - -. -d
_--h d d.
Prem: ?
Syam: - .
Prem: . N Ao?
Syam: -Fo Ja-.--a-J
vA 12 C.
Answers:
a)
Sunil: Where are you coming from Anil?
Anil: From the Sri Ramanavami pandal. The
decorations are really beautiful.
Sunil: Shall I go and see too.
Anil: What have you been doing so far?
Sunil: We have just finished the puja at home,
come in and have some vadapappu and
panakam.
Anil: Ok. On your way back from the pandal
come to my home.
Sunil: Ok
b)
Prem: Hi Syam, What is wrong with your
hand?
Syam: While letting off crackers yesterday,
one of them went off in my hand. It had
a short fuse.
Prem: Are the burns very bad? (burns =
Syam: The palm and two fingures. Doctor

bandaged / dressed the injuries.
Prem: Is it paining a lot?
Syam: Not so bad now.
Prem: It's your right hand. How could you eat?
Syam: I forgot all that in the pain by the time I
came back home it was 12 midnight.
p- --Tx- -- -u- -x --.- URL:

http://www.eenadu.net/
spoken/spoken.htm
iII
-- j---
Navya: Hi Sreya, any idea when we are starting

for the picnic spot tomorrow?
( Picnic --p -l-

o idea ?)
Spot =
Sreya: None, dear. Divya must be able to tell
us. She is making the arrangements.
(L-. Cu p--.
px hC )
Navya: I called her home. Her mom told me
she was out. Must be busy with
arrangements.
(x Phone . ---Rx-E
xt pC. busy -L
J)
Sreya: Let's ring up Kavya. Divya is taking
kavya's help. So Kavya should be
knowing about Divya. She should be
able to tell us where Divya is.
Phone
(
u
l. Cu, u
B--C. d Cu J* u
L-a. Cu J* -u p--L.)
2) Kashmir must be quite cold now
p Qt L L. (C
Bhavan *a - N)
3) He should be on the way
-- J L. (C *a -
N.)
-sx must, should .
-sx have to/ has to .
p lesson E d-- dialogue
-J . must , should
o expressions.
time
(l--x x---p -J
x---o
h---L.
p o----?)
1) Divya must be able to tell us.

2) Must be busy with arrangements.
Meghana: I want to apologize to him. Won't you

come with me?
3) Should be knowing.
4) Should be able to tell us.
Ox (1), (2) *a - N--

---o.
(3), (4) J- n-x x *
P N-- ---o . D
must ,should -.
Navya: Kavya should know at least the time of

starting.
(Start
-- 6 --v--J 2006
-x--- 108
u L--
L)
(-- ~- p----o. y ?
Apologize = --j \ -.
* ' size Z n ~-
Apology = -> = ~-)
Maithri:
(Sympathy =
Sympathize with =
size
Z
=
A. ' \ - =
-j
-A.
. -A . innocent
- \ - = ---j).
c) You ought not to talk to your father like that
O o x--- y (j
v-h )
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
ENGLISH:
Prabha: Hi Subha, file no. 10
\-C?
-o-. - L-L. Eo
v C table O C.
Prabha:
\?
(y l . Sx
Subha:
5
EN- v Manager C- x.
\ L, t --
\ L J.
x .)
Let's hurry then. I ought to be back

soon. None to attend on my sick
mother.
Subha:
Sreya: That's right. Let's ring her up.
(d
Phone
l )
Navya: Let's wait. They will call us and tell us.

We must be there for the picnic after
all.
(h . x Phone
h. picnic J-- L
.)
We ought toers
respect elda) Bharat: Why did India lose the match?
(India
Sreya: OK. I must be going. Bye.
( xL J.
--C?)
Lakshman: Ask Dravid about it. He is the captain. He must know.
Bye)
Navya: Bye
Eo lessons must, should n, - ---o-. E J v -El.

Must, have to/ has to, should1)
n - _ .
2) commands (c), duty
(NC), necessity (-), Obligation
--. warnings (a-J)
--.
3) Must, should *a --o,
- N-- p--E .
Bhavan: Hi Sravan, When are you leaving for
Kashmir?
(F-p Qt- -----o?)

Sravan: The coming Friday.
(a v-)
Bhavan: That's just two days off. You must be
busy making arrangements because
you are going to be there for a few
weeks. Kashmir must be quite cold
now. Carry enough warm clothing.
Pavan is also joining you, isn't he?
( --V. px busy
- *a-; Eo ----o. Qt L -Lp. Pavan F h-o
?)
(Carry enough warm clothing = LEo a d B-x.)
( N vN- .
captain . - L-L.)
Dravid, captain d, N
-o* P-
Kumar: How is the financial position of India?
( financial position = Jn J-nA

-?)
Saradhi: How do I know? The finance minister
should be able to tell you.
( . -F N Finance
p---)
uses have to/ has to .
Minister
Maithri:
Hi Meghana, what brings you here?
(---a?)
(F L.)
Regarding? (E N)
Meghana: I wasn't very polite to our lecturer

yesterday. I am sure my words hurt
him
(Eo lecturer x u- vJh--. Eo *a --J-----o.

hurt = ---.
Maithri:
Prabha:
x -- t- N-o
?
Subha: F L-L C. t- N-
C y ?
Prabha: F- o?
Subha: Office F, F - L-T-ho.
M. SURESAN
Prabha: Weak E--h-o.
a) ought to be ('be' form) = L
doctor E L y. F u
b) ought to go, ought to respect, ought to
N vh B--L ? O
know- ought to + 1st RDW- action word=
E L
xL, -N-L, ---L, etc.
?
n must, should, have to/ has to Subha: - office J--C.
ought to -. ought to o-p Prabha: Doctor _--- B--xL ?
c, E--, N, ----x Subha: B--h--o.
FA v --- nA, ---
--. jA u- (Moral ANSWER:
obligations).
Meghana: I need your help.

Maithri:
-- ought to
-. Ought to
o , must,
should , L,
L n hC
.
u-i
C. n
l
Meghana, not the first time for you

to be rude to elders.
(l--x-x -u-
F J .)
You ought to know manners. (F
manners L-L/ y manners
---L.)
j --
ought to
--T* :
1) You ought to know manners
y manners ---L.
(L--- -o- P~- F -- jA u.)
2) I ought to be careful how I talk to elders
l--x x---p v-h

L. (v-h u)
3) We ought to remember who we are talking to
-J x---o h---L.
(v-h u)
4) I ought to be back early to attend on my sick
mother
s o t ----E y
AJT L. ( jA NC/ u)
Meghana: Yes, I ought to be careful how I talk
Sravan: Yes, He should be on the way because
C ought to -C-* N, Sx
to elders. I ought to respect elders.
he has to be here this evening.
.
(. l--x x---p
(. -vEx \--L
v-h L. l--x - a) l--x -N-L
d J -L.)
You ought to respect elders.
N-L.)
-- Must be, should be
b) --- --A L.
Maithri:
We ought to remember who we talk
Expressions -E-.
You ought to sympathize with innocent peoto when we talk to elders. So what
1) You must be busy = y busy L.
do you want me to do now?
ple.)
(Bhavan *a - N)
Spoken English
-- -u- -x ---..
Prabha: Hi Subha, any idea where file no. 10

is?/ Do you know where file no. 10 is?/
Where is file no 10?
Subha: Ask Sekhar about it. He should know /

must know. The file was on his table
last evening.
Prabha: Where is Sekhar?
Subha: He went to the manager's room 5 minutes ago. He must be there now.
Prabha: Why are you so weak?
Subha: The work at office and at home is very
tiring/ is tiring me.
Prabha: You look very weak/ run down. You
ought to see a doctor immediately. You
ought to take care of your health. Your
husband ought to help you in the work
at home.
Subha: His office work takes his whole time.
Prabha: He ought to take you atleast to the
doctor.
Subha: He said he would take me today.
iII
-- j---
Dinakar:
Where did you buy those fruits yes-
--- 8 -v--J 2006
b) She doesn't need any body's help
terday? They were quite fresh and
J \-x
sweet.
X She needs every body's help
(Eo x \ o?
B o N)
Fresh - . (Opp: Stale/ rotten stale. Ey
o (u -N); rotten - J-T-, Rx--. stale - d, rotten -- Ad- . These rotten movies
(h movies)/ rotten fellow E-E Ad,
NENE N-T-- jokes - stale jokes.
--J (vA-J) - (L)

c) Animals need oxygen
--
oxyzen
-.
d) He doesn't (does not) need any more money

e)
-E--- s \--.
- ( L?)
What does she need?
f)
Rs.100/-
a) She has to be there X She need not be there
Padma:
_ * u-i -
- (L) . p,
(C ---L) X y -------
Phone -Lq - C.
fruits now?
O-Eo- verb, need/ needs ?
c) Have I to go? X You need not go
Kamala:
y worry -- . Phone
sentences need ---E, j con(-----o? po
(
X \-x)
number
- , \
versation * B sentences (3) and (4)
x -- F?)
[a) You must go - y xL.
C.
Rx x.
need --E l.
Dinakar: Yea. I need some to present to my
b) You must not go - y x--
b) Krupakar: -p -l-L J.
3) You need not go that far
uncle. You bought them at Sarvam
c) You need not go - -}-----
x-\x.
Dayakar: - x-\-x
Super Market, didn't you?
b) , c) . N should ,
4)
You
need
not
spend
so
much
Krupakar: -E?
(. uncle x present
have to/ has to hC.]
a
d
.
Dayakar: o Eo h- t-o.
l----o. N y 'y
Need J* --o points.
h--L-\ o. N
Super Market o ?
1) Need independent \- L
p - .
Madhukar: No. That's very far off. You need
n - hC.
Krupakar:
N
-. . -E
not go that far. If fruits are what you
2) Need + 1 st RDW (- not )
L.
need, there's a good fruit shop
-x--- 109
I RDW p-E -\-x E n.
nearby. I bought them there.
Dayakar: y -\---Cp. .
Madhukar: Why are you asking? Do you need
\ - .
He doesnot need more than Rs. 100/-
b) I must know it X You need not know it
ANSWERS:
You need not spend so much

Dinakar:
How costly are they? Perhaps you
3)
bought them at Rs.70 a dozen.
( K? dozen 70 -
v o ?)
Madhukar: No. You need not spend so much.
They are quite cheap there.
( d-----. N
shop )
Dinakar:
Will you show me the shop?
shop
-h?)
Madhukar: You don't need my help, old boy.
verb need go need + 1st regular

doing word
3) She need not go
verb need spend need + 1st regular

doing word
4) Need + 1 st RDW (not
not go

-a.
Need + 1st regular DW

M. SURESAN
not
verb
I RDW
(Need not go =
,
d n
hC)
x-\-x)
C.
Need not spend = a d-\-x
You find 'Sufala' fruit shop. That's it.
(\ verb - need be - C be form -\-- (not )

C need -.
-C need independent a.
C need + 1st RDW ( not ).
OK, bye
[ You need not go =
Madhukar: OK.
- need o expressions \ o . Need n,

-- lesson .
You don't need to go

[ She need not sing =
-a.
She does not need to sing
-a.
N:
1. Do you need fruits now?
Karuna: Must you go now?
2. I need some
(y }? p?)
3. You need not go that far.
Aruna: I need not go. It's enough if I call
4. You need not spend so much
( x-\--.
5. You don't need my help
Phone
h .
Karuna: You should go tomorrow at least
J . need - -E,
L n a - E.
(F j xL y)
Sumana: No, she need not go tomorrow either
1. Do you need fruits now?
( x--\--)
Fp x --? (?)
Karuna: She has to be there at least the day

after (tomorrow)
2. I need some
Sumana: No, I tell you, she need not be there

on any day.
Eo -/ L
3. You don't need my help
F----/ \--
j -s--Eo- need -/ L,
'\-- uA--
a) I need your help
F -- (L)
Spoken English
sentences
(p \ -\-x)
conversation must/ should/ has to
- n j L/ L -E.
Need not be --op- opposite meaning
hC --\-x n-. C u.
-- -u- -x ---..
phone number. I must/ I need to

talk to her urgently.
Kamala: What about?
need
don't/ doesn't need to go
Need + infinitive (to + 1 st RDW)
You need not be here
\--. --j R}
\ A. shop --C)
)
have to/ has to uA-
Walk along this way and turn right.

(
Dinakar:
4)
a) Padma: Hi Kamala, let me have Karuna's
must/ should/
Padma: You need not know it./ You don't need

to know it.
Kamala: Why do you need her number?
Padma: I need some important information
from her. Tell me (her number). I need
to phone to her.
a) You don't need to go now
Kamala: You needn't worry. You don't need her

phone number either, she is in the
p }-Lq - --.
b) She needs to be there at least for an hour
F j \ -.
c) I need to go home now
- x-Lq - C.
next room. Go talk to her.

b) Krupakar: He must start now, mustn't he?
Dayakar: He need not go.
Krupakar: Why?
Dayakar: I told him to get some books. They

ENGLISH:
a) Padma: Hi Kamala,
h Karuna Phone
Number h? urgent
x--Lq - C .
Kamala: E J*?
Padma: y ----
Kamala: F-- number?
are (available) here. I don't need

them even now either.
Krupakar: I need them. Let me see them.
I must see them.
Dayakar: You need not see them now. See
them tomorrow.
-v-o:
O o n-Fo.
1) EE -a
Rama could have done that work

Rama could haven't done that work
- Eo n--o
. Would, could --
Fo .
He might have done the work
O u--? ----a?
He may have done might / would
may n n--o -.
. , L
--:
Rama might have done that work.
DE n,
EE
--L-- . E E.
E
Rama has done that work.
2)
, (F )
Rama wouldn't have done it.
-LqC , F
He shouldn't have done it.
- EE --L-- F .
DE
E -LqC (E
-)
Rama should have done that work.
1. Rama could have done that work

Rama
2. Rama could haven't done that work
correct form, Rama couldn't have
done that work.
Rama
----
Rama could not do it.
He may have/ might have done
-a.
iII
-- j---
Ranjit: Sanjai, we need to be careful.
You don't need it any more.
( v-h -Lq - C.)

Sanjai: What about?
(E J*?)
Ranjit: About the way we are spending money.
( s a ho N.)
We have to manage with this money till
the month end.
( s - -L.)
We need an extra Rs. 500/- for the
book I need.
(FC - .)
- need J ?
lessons need -- Eo -o. J-Eo l.
Need independent ; verbs
L .I. Need independent , -
--, ---- n hC, ?
1) We need an extra Rs. 500/-
c) They will need it when they are there.
- 500 - ---- (L)
-x---
--v- 10 -v--J 2006
2) You do not need it any more.
110
F -C ---.
x-\--o-p x-C - -C.
d) Kumar needed some money yesterday.
Kumar -E-o - --s ---iC.

sentences Eo- need verbs
combination independent .
j E--, c--, NC,

*C E Lq -h/ Lq h, must/
should, have to/ has to . DE uA- --\--/ --\-- o-p,
need not .
a) You must do it
(y C L)
You need not do it.
Need I go there now?
(y C --\---)
b) She has to be here at 10.
(10 \ L)
She need not be here
( ---i h--E - Rs. 500

-).
Sanjai: That's true. But you need not worry. I

called Dad yesterday and told him to
send us Rs. 1000. He is sending it.
We'll get it in a day or two.
worry
phone
(E, E y
--\--.
u Eo o
-o. - - -V-x
(--s) hC.)
Ranjit: I have to pay for the tuition I am taking.

tuition
fees
( B--o
dL ?)
Sanjai: Do you need (to) continue the tuition?

(Tuition continue
Ranjit: I need not continue.
--?)
II. Need
verbs

L
. p
verbs L E-------E n. use
\ not hC,
- question form
C.
( u.
h
-E n
F ---E
-L (---Lq- - C).
(verb: need send;
M. SURESAN
(verb - need + be)
p s - - B
need verbs com hC, u not .

h.
c) Need I go there now?

look at the following sentences:
a) I need your help
F --
b) She needs some dresses.
--.
a) He should do it
b) He should not do it
c) He need not do it
-hC , (a), (b) Commands. (c) opposite of (a). have to/ has to N-
h . Have to/ has to not Jh need
not meaning hC.
(p -- -x-Lq - ?verb need go.)

b) Need you take so much trouble?
She has to be here
y trouble B-Lq - ?
verb- need take.)
III. Need not , must, should, have to/ has
to opposite E --o.
\ L.
She doesn't have to be here
She need not be here
\ --\--.
N-?
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
Varun: Lx- ----Lq - C.
Tarun: ?
Sudheer: Worry --- . - -\E -v
Varun: - _ * information - .
h. Phone h.
Tarun: E J*?
Sumanth: F -\-x-. h.
Varun: a A-A ho. \ z N
ANSWERS:
- help L.
Tarun: E-j- y Lx _---x-\---. \ 1) Tarun: Hi Varun, What news?
E--h-. -F --.
Varun: I need to meet Mallik immediately.
Varun: o ---L ?
(immediately = )
Tarun: y worry -\--. \ F ---i Tarun: Why?
h.
Varun: I need some information from him.
Varun:
Lx _--* Introduction letter Tarun: What about?
B-x--\-- ?
Varun: We are going to Tirupathi next week. We need his help
Tarun: ---. \---Rx--y Eo \- p
in the matter of darsanam.
t \- xL y. Cl d.
Tarun: If it is for that you need not go to Mallik. My uncle works
Varun: ---. .
there. I can help you.
(2) Sumanth: Hi Sudheer, F - . F -Varun: How do I meet him?
o. -y E--.
Tarun: You need not worry at all. He will give you all help you
Sudheer: E J*? F E ---i, p-
need.
h.
Varun:
So I need not take any introduction letter from Mallik.
Sumanth: bike -\-----o. Bike p. second hand -\, hC -\? Tarun: No need. Once you go there you should be and you
should go wherever and whenever he wants you to. He
Sudheer: C F _-o sd C ? y --J-is a bit short tempered.
L-T, h better .
(Short tempered = y p y)
Sumanth: bank loan -, hC -. Loan a-- F -.
Varun: Don't you worry. OK.
-- -u- -x ---..
Coffee
y Coffee --\--.
: b) , a)
opposite .
Jh-hC.
a) Need I go there now?
(verb - need come)
L.
b)
c)
Command. c) Command
should
-----)
----.
Lq- --- -.)

(verb: need take-
Coffee
c) You need not make Coffee for us.
c) I need not take advice from him
sentences
bination
Questions
b) She need not come
(1) Tarun: Varun,
Spoken English
b) You must not make Coffee for us
b) She need not send any money now.
\ -p- ------.
dresses
a) You must make Coffee for us
y x-----.)
a) I need not be there now
Eo
a) You need not go now.

(verb: need go; =
-\ -p- x --?
(- )
Sanjai: Then stop it. You need to understand

that if you continue to attend tuitions,
you don't have the time to study.
tuitions
time
sentences
( \ --\.)
C -E-.
2) Sumanth: Sudheer, I need your advice. I have been looking

for you, I see you here now.
Sudheer: What's it about? If you really need my advice, you
have it/ I will give it.
Sumanth: I want to buy a bike. I need a bike very badly now.
(need badly =
- -).
Shall I buy a second hand one or a new one?

Sudheer: Depends on the money you have. If you can afford it,
have a new one.
(afford =
= d----/- h-)
Sumanth: If I want to buy a new one, I have to take a bank loan.

I need your help for that too.
Sudheer: Don't worry/ No need to worry. I will find out and call
you this evening.
Sumanth: You need not. I'll call you.
J game practice :
He gave me advice sentence
subjects
different verbs
frame
logue form
- E Eo sentences, different
, not , question form , dia Eo
--L-T Eo .
eg: a) Saritha showed me her chain.

b) Sunil did not give me the book
c) Why did they offer him the job?
d) Mukesh: Are you paying me the money now?
Ganesh: I am not promising you anything. I will try.
Mukesh: Send me the money tomorrow atleast.
iII
-- j---
Harihar:
Hi Subhakar, do you know Murthy?
(F Jh ?)
Subhakar: Of course. We Went to school
together. We were the same class.
We used to sit on the same bench
too. We were together for three
years at school.
(-L------? school
--o. Classmates.
bench O --x )
Harihar:
Subhakar: That's right too. We cant' do two

things at the same time. We have to
choose between the two.
(D E. -J
. o--L.)
Harihar:
Bye then. Time for me to go for my

Physics tuition class.
(Physics tuition
xL , h.
Subhakar: Bye
I happened to meet him on train.

He told me about you.
dialogue
.
expressions
(--E train --o. F

J* p.)
2) We used to be close
1) We used to sit on the same

bench.
Subhakar: We are still in touch with each other.

He joined a college in Hyderabad,
and I stayed on here.
- ---E used to .
j dialogue used to
-E-.
1) He used to help me
3) He used to help me
(p -J-- touch
o. Hyderabad college , E-\ -)
Harihar:
--C- 12 -v--J 2006
4) He used to be very good at studies.
2) We used to be close
5) You used to be the opener
3) He used to be good at studies
6) I used to play
Eo-- -x
- - ( C--
N He used to study well )
Quite a nice fellow, isn't he?
4) You used to be the opener
( * , ?)
Subhakar: Certainly. We used to be close. He
used to help me in studies, especially in maths. He used to be very
good at studies
(E. Eo-- x. - u maths

-. C--)
Harihar:
He told me you used to play cricket

very well. It seems you used to be
the opener for your school team
(y cricket ---E
p. O school team y
opener --- ?)
Subhakar: Yes. I used to play, but not as well
as Murthy has told you.
(E, --o, Jh
p- )
Harihar:
Why aren't you playing now?
Subhakar: I used to find a lot of time to play at

school. Now my concentration is
on EAMCET. No time for games
now.
(school time -C .
p EAMCET O concentrate ho. Games time
- )
I used to play shuttle regularly, but I
gave it up after I joined college.
Dad wont' let me play any game
now.
shuttle
college
--E. F ,
J y o
p-- )
-v-o: 1) - ---V Office

---o- ----Eo
'He is going to office

for the first time'
correct
- -E
--C--. --C
--? -D-Eo- N- -- h?
2 ) ''Phonetics'' a- - --* h
-*--. . ----, --Mx
is going to office for the first

time =
office
This is the first time he is going to
office
2) Oxford, longman's Dictionaries
J (V )
h-o. n ax,
--N.
j
ques
,

. O used to
-a. J-Eo .
a) --p punctual -
He never used to be punctual?
b)
y - B----?
Did you use to take his help often?
(N verbs used to question -

F not F did use -C.
-- l O -
He didn't use to help me much.
[Used to present/ future actions
of being
]
states
She used to sing well

7) I used to find a lot of time.
expressions Fo used to
-C-*- . p used to
- --.
used to be form used to be;
Action word: used to + 1st Regular Doing
word
e.g: used to play, used to sing, etc.,
--, v p-
o nAE F, u (action) F --C.
used to , - n use
.
Subhakar we used to sit on the same
bench
bench O x (A regular action

of the past)
6) I used to find a lot of

time
time J-C
d 'used to' expresses a habitual state of
being or action.
Pramod: Your teacher at

M. SURESAN
school was at
our place this
afternoon. She's dad's cousin
O School teacher *aC

uo. N o cousin.
Cousin > ' \ -, > size
z .
n = h E _ d--
English cousins. Children of your parents
(
brothers and sisters are all your cousins.
-: - ---C
(It used to be so);
O u -, -x --
O cousins - cousin sister, cousin brother
English . N )
W -
(He used to play every day);
Prasanth: She used to like me a lot she was a

very good teacher.
C
They used to quarrel with each other.
-v-o: -x--- -Jh -a---E -

275 -u ---- (patterns or structures)
---E --Tx- -u- ---
--G-v-. - 275 -u-- -- -v-q--- --L----.
.---, -N----
--: O-oC correct. - fundamentals Lh p O
p u - (sentence patterns) practice -a. T
vocabulary --L ,
slots fill -. Thanks for the suggestion.
-- -u- -x ---..

ENGLISH
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Sumanth:
Ananth:
Prasanth: Didn't she use to say, 'understand?'

at the end of her every sentence?
(vA sentence * ( teach

--p, 'understand?' -C-?)
Pramod:
That she used to. I observed too.

Most teachers, I think say that.
( -C. E. Teachers -C
---.)
Prasanth: I never used to find our Maths
teacher say that. He used to say,
'Isn't it?' quite often.
( Maths teacher p N--E . p,

'Isn't it?' -.
- y
Ev--?
u y- h-o.
late -E college hours E-NC *
a
- -u --N?
vA - C E. -u
- E. -E -u -E.
u --p--- time uC
_ _ 8 uC.
-v --E. p
C- ho.
j -u - d .
Hi Sumanth, why are you up so
early?
How is it you are up so early?
How is it you got up so early?
Pramod: Though I was n't her student, I used

to go to her for tuition.
( student -,
_- tuition -x--E.)
Hi Sumanth,
ANSWER:
( d--C/ G-
N * teacher)
(x --J- x----x)
-a.
Spoken English
opener
--E
(she used to sing well);
--: 1) He
111
Used to
(p - ?)
Harihar:
-x---
5) I used to play
Used to
conversation
tion
not
never
get up =
How is it =
be up. 'be up'
natural)
Ev--
Eo-- simple,
Sumanth: Of late I have been getting up early.

I used to get up late till 3 months
ago- till the college hours were
changed from 8 AM to 1 PM
Ananth:
Why did you use to get up so late?
Sumanth: I used to study till late in the night.

So I used to get up/to be up late.
Ananth:
what used to be the time when you

got up/when you were up?
Sumanth: It used to be nearly 8. How happy I

was!/ How I enjoyed it!
Ananth:
I used to get up at 6. Now I get up

at 5 itself.
Sumanth: What ever you may say. I like getting up late.
-- j---
Ii I
Himakar: Who do I see here? Dinakar? Oh
what a surprise! When did you
come?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
C
-E-.
expressions
I used to find ...

I used to eat out
He used to be quite active here.
He used to get up quite late
I am used to it.
I could not get used to the food
He was used to keeping awake late
He will be used to it.
lesson used to --
(, ? C-? au- --C!

p--a?)
Dinakar: Yesterday. The first thing I thought I

would do was see you and here I am
(Eo, d--
o. a)
conversation
Eo
Himakar: Real pleasure seeing you. So how's

Bangalore?
(Eo E - C. . v p- - f
Bangalore C?)
n-, u- (Habitual status of being/habitDinakar: A beautiful city. I went there in the winual actions in the past) -- --E j exprester. I used to find the cold difficult to
sions from 1 to 4 E --- .
bear, but now I am used to it.
1. I used to find the cold difficult to bear
(-i . -\- L--
L d- d E--C.
x. L d-- d C.
2. I used to eat out
-F p -----)
A-o.
Himakar: What about the food?
(- ---?)
Dinakar: No trouble now. I cook for myself. I
used to eat out in the beginning but I
could not get used to the food. I started cooking, and I am happy now.
-x---
(p sC . --o. x x A--E. -F
-- -----. -
--d. p sD .
(Eat out = Restaurants A)
-- 14 -v--J 2006
112
No. 5 to 8 . 5, 7 and 8
5. I am used to it
7. He was used to keeping awake late
8. He will be used to it
5, 7 and 8 expressions used to be
forms (am, was, will be)
-E-.
-, used to y 'be' form F,
Regular doing word F -- .
Used to, y, It F, ing form F h-o
. 5, 7 and 8 C.
'be' form (am/was/willbe) + it/...ing form
(Expressions 1, 2, 3, 4 C. (Used to + be
/ Ist Regular Doing Word)
Used to + be/1st RDW
v p- o nA/ J-T E. -D p--- C.
3. He used to be quite active here
'be' form + used +

it/ ...ing form (expressions,
5, 7 and 8 C)
\ _ -.
4. He used to get up quite late
C N--E -
any time past,
1) Past v p- o n-, J-T present or future -L-Himakar: He is OK. except for his odd hours of
- v . Present, future h-C.
duty. He has to work late night shifts.
M. SURESAN
p .
(hC , used to +
It's troubling him a bit.
2) Used to y 'be' F, Ist Regular Doing
be/ 1st RDW - past
(--u- --- p o.
Words (used to + go / Walk) Sleep, etc) F
J-N)
-vA ---x -E--- ---Eo --s-C
h. C last lesson --o. a) Kesav: How do you find Delhi in Summer?
---C)
Sx .
(N Delhi C?)
Dinakar: He was used to keeping awake late at
1) -p -E 5 V -C
Eswar: Quite hot. But I have been used to
Used to
night here. He used to get up quite

late here. what's the problem?
(F -\ K u.vA 12 y
duty Ev--, -x
9, 10 y Ev , D E
u. -v- --E
P-h-o)
Dinakar: Best of luck for him
We used to have school only for 5 days a

week.
2)
_-J h--.
He used to visit me frequently

3)
-o-p d--C
She never used to like him
4)
Eo-p-j sC d ?
Did I ever used to trouble you?

5)
\ --
He used to spend the whole of day being

here.
6)
-- -
6)
She used to be beautiful

used to --o ?
conversation
expressions...
p j
-v-o: -C -- j- Pronunciation ---?

Bear, Owl, yacht, Menace, Cheer (v), Cheers (n), Cop, Cheerful (adj),
tyrant, martyr, Chaos, Career
.
-. -P-, --C-\
---: 1) Bear=-; 2) Owl= -(--), 3) yacht= 4) Menace=
('\ -) 5) Cheer=*; Cheers=*.(' size z)
6) Cop= (-- v Ap, ---d)
8) Cheerful='-*- '* \ -. 9) tyrant=j- ('j \
-) 1) 10) martyr= (' \---)11) Chaos=
(' \ -) 12) Career=J ('J\ -)
-- -u- -x ---..
the heat for past three years.
( C. F -x
- f. p C
u ).
(have been (be form) + used + to the heat

(noun)
(E-j a noun. E it /
that / this etc. N -a)
b) - night shifts (vA-- duties) -
He is used to night shifts.
c) v - h. --E
He used to be very helpful to me
-* B
Spoken English
(, - -- -.)
c) Ram: Your boss seems to be an angry man.

(O boss -d -Eph-o?)
Rahim: I just don't bother. I am used to his
anger.
( \--. -----
-E.)(am used to - his anger)

d) Bhavan: His wife appears to be the nagging type.
u -.
( o? \ _
-)
Himakar: But there he has to get off duty too

late, after 12 mid night, and so he
can get up only after 9 or 10 in the
morning. This is his problem. He
hopes he will be used to it in a course
of time
--E--)
b) He is used to long walks / taking long walks

in the morning
She used to be beautiful
Himakar: You know our friend Bhaskar, don't

you? He works in a Call Centre there.
(F \ -. -\ Call
Centre E--h-o)
Dinakar: How is he? He used to be quite active
here
(\ p vA - \ - -E. u
Ev ?)
future, past E-j -a.

a) I am used to coffee in the morning
(Coffee - noun)
( l coffee -)
I am used to taking coffee in the morning
l coffee B\- -.
(\ am used to y, taking, ... ing form
This kind of hard work is new to him, but

he will be used to the work in course of
time.
d) boss -- - -
He is used to the insults from his boss.
e) Pratap: How are you able to carry such a
load?
( -_o?)
Sekhar: What a question? Weren't we

(were we not) used to carrying
heavier loads of books at school?
( -v-o --C? School -
o -o h-
--- ?)
d be used to - , h
--. be used to y noun form (this
food, the heat, the insults etc) F, '... ing' form
F hC. be used to -s-Eo- d, present,
(-d - C u .)
Sravan: He is so used to her nagging that without it he feels he misses something.
( - -L-A od -- . - -
f)
(is used to -nagging)
Now practise the following:Sekhar:
y *o-p J--h--N ?
p- -----o?
Pramod: office join ---y
C . *o *o -
bike O x ---i---
x, T_C.
Sekhar: p slim N .
Pramod: N-i @N-E---- x
weight J-TC. E.
Sekhar: Bike urgent E -
.
Pramod: ---E . F v-Ao- L.
-C, V h --. , y Delhi
-o ?\ A F ?
Sekhar: u . ----f.
b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, K Sundays
busy -o?
Bharat: --? Busy life ---f. p E--- .
Dishyant: promotion h BJ
C ? p h?
Bharat: p E - -. j
p Eo V u. y E
---.
Dushyant: . Correct o t,
o . p
. business W 8 --
\ E--h.
iII
-- j---
Balaram: Hi Damodar, how's your new bike?

bike
Damodar: I have used it for just a few days. I
feel it is heavy for a man my size. So
I find it a bit difficult to handle it.
(
Size
handle
(F h
C?)
Cl--V-- -o
C EpEo.
u
hC. -E Eo
h d C)
Balaram: Could it be a wrong choice?

selection)
1) I will get used to

2) You will get used to handling it
3) He has got used to holding its weight
4) I got used to it
Lessons
be used to
be used to
be used to
noun
'...ing' form
1) She is used to the rudeness of her mother-inlaw.
--
-
.
y p
E,
F,
F h-E.
h-J ----E - -C.

(\ rudeness, noun)
(F (- jC
-?)
2) They are used to working for low wages.
-x---
\ @- E-- x---.
( hO . x- h --Lq-O )
113
b) Having been poor till now, he is yet to be

used/ yet to get used to/ yet to become used
to, the comforts of rich life
-- H-- --x, E @N
-- - ---/ N -E
h/ ---E N s-C o.
I got used to it
Damodar: (I) Can't say anything now. I think I
will get used to it as days pass.
(p p-. V Dl
-------o)
3) This street boy is used

to the cold of the winter.
OC-- Q--
L------f-.
\-J, noun ,
is hC.
M. SURESAN
j conversation
get used to , -- be
used to n, --
. 'be used to' -s-Eo-d
j tense form get used to a:
Balaram: I think so too.
( --o)
Damodar: Once it begins to move I feel very

comfortable riding it. Only when I
have to stand it do I feel the weight
(- -j
C. Eo Stand Lq *a-p --E--hC).
But I enjoy the ride.
( EO --K -
C)
Balaram: Don't worry. You will get used to handling it. Look at Arjun. He is Shorter
than you and his bike heavier than
yours. I See him handling it with
ease. He has got used to holding its
weight.
( --. y y- E - -. b-
F d, bike F E . E Eo
handle h.
- f)
Damodar: Yes That was my Experience of my

cycle too, when I had my First Cycle,
I Was just 7 or 8 years old and the
cycle felt heavy , but I got used to it.
Cycle
Cycle
(
-
. J
op, x E-N-x p
Cycle --E-C. F -
f E -.
Balaram: I ride a bike well, but I have yet to get

used to the traffic of Hyderabad. I
think it will be a few more weeks
before I can drive comfortably in
such traffic.
Traffic drive
( j--
- -. Eo --E drive ----)
OK. I must be going. Bye

(Oh,
Bye)
Damodar: Bye
Conversations
Get used to
expressions
Lessons
be used to
E xL
o
-E-. --

-C-*
N- --o. -- Get
used to -E-:
Spoken English
- 16 -v--J 2006
a)
b)
O be used to, got used to, became used to

n, --. Sx v-...
1) be (get/ become) used to y noun F,
...ing form F h. Ist RDW . n
---, h----, sC ---.
2) be (get/ become) used to tense j
-a, , u J -Eo-d.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
Sneha: Hi
Maithri:
ivB, C \ h @N?
h E---. --j-C. d F friends --x
Sneha: J O A?
In the beginning I could not adjust to the
Maithri: - h -u C. -C
hostel food, but I got used to it as time went
marketing job ? \ market Bon/but I am now used to it
-o-- - ---. \
hostel food C , F V
market - Jh h.
--Cl --j--C; E Sneha: ? h time
d-a - --E.
----f.
Maithri:
Tx
L-x --O y-.
How long did it take for you to get used to
- Tx- - -.
the climate of Kashmir?
nE - u.
Qt ----E ------E- time Sneha: d--a.
dC F?
y -j C.
c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working for

long hours here unlike in his previous job
\ \-- E----E
--------, ----o job
.
d) People in government jobs find it difficult to

get used to working in private organisations.
private
vy u--x E- x
nx E-E d
C.
j (b), (c), (d) x `be used to' -a.
b) How long did it take for you to get used to...?

= How long did take for you to be used to....?
c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working
= I think he hasn't been used to working
d) People in government jobs find it difficult to
get used to working- People in government
jobs find it difficult to be used to working in...
become
be used to, get used to
used to
a) I've got used/ I've become used to/ I've been
used to this kind of treatment from the Boss
Boss
(treatment=
a.
Eo
ju,
n. \- n -Jo
, -N-, -- ,
y , \----- N:
N boss o (treat )
hO .
-- -u- -x ---..
ANSWER:
Sneha: How is the new life here, Maithri?
Maithri: I don't find it new/ different any more;
especially with friends like you around.
Sneha: What about your husband/ hubby?
Maithri: He finds it a little problem/ He has
some trouble. Hence a marketing job,
isn't it? He hasn't yet got used to/ He
has yet to get used to the trends of the
market here. The market here is
entirely/ completely/ totally new to him.
Sneha: Moreover the language here is different, so he may take (some) time to get
used to it.
Maithri: Where English is known/ Where people know English, he hasn't any problem. He is used to communicating in
English. The problem is with the local
language.
Sneha: At the most he may take a month to
get used to the circumstances/ situation here. That's all.
----- --u- ----:
a) Sekhar: You used to be good at

running/used to run well/used to be
a good runner when you were
young. Why aren't you able to walk
even a short distance?
Pramod: After I joined this office, I got a vehicle. I am used to going on the bike
even for short distances. So I walk
less now.
Sekhar: You used to be very slim.
Pramod: True. Because I am used to this kind
of life and my weight has increased
too/ has gone up too/ I have put on
weight.
Sekhar: Stop using the bike. Walk for things
not urgent.
Pramod: I don't feel like. But I must try. That's
nothing, of course. If I walk for 2 or 3
days, I will be used to walking you are
in Delhi now. Are you used to the food
there?
Sekhar: No problem. I am used to it. / I have
got used to it.
b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, you are busy on
Sundays too/ even on Sundays,
what's the matter?
Bharat:
What can I do. I am used to this
busy life. I feel bad/ out of sorts if I
don't have enough work.
Dushyant: If you get promotion, you will have a
lot of leisure. What will you do then?
Bharat:
I will be used to it then change a
problem for only a few days. After
that we are used to it.
Dushyant: Yes, that's right. My parents brought
up my brother in all comfort. But
look now. In his business, he now
works for more than eight hours.
-v-o: 1. Leave letter h-o-p, (Head mas- -v-o: Am, is, are + V3 = --
ter
address h
--- () - --s-Teachers) Kindly grant me,
- n --? -- -L?
E p, may I
-.-_-, --
request you E cor- ---: am/ is / are + v3 (past participle)
rect -, -.
combination o verb passive voice
C. n ' E hC.
2.Respected --T--a,
Yours sincerely / Yours 1) The poem is written by John = John
faithfully --C ---T--L?
poem --C -E n -L.
The poem has been written/ was written by
-G-.-vQ-E-, -y
John C - better form.
---: 1. correct. May I request you C
am/ is/ are + pp (past participle - v3) - C habith formal.
2. Respected Sir, correct . Sir, E ual action v L. -- action
-Ch . Respected sir j English , has been + pp/ was/ were + pp
. Leave letter - j C--J , time state --, -Eo d.
address --p yours faithfully, p-E-J. 2) He is gone - C He has gone
Yours sincerely J-.
n-. --- p-.
iII
-- j---
Jagan: Mohan, when did you last meet kumar?
Jagan: I see him the other day when he was

talking to someone.
( p --o, *-?)
Mohan: Just yesterday. He was going home
from office.
office
(Eo.
hop)
Jagan: Do you meet frequently?
(O -?)
Mohan: We used to. Of late, however, we
havent been seeing each other that
frequently. His writing stories for the
magazine keeps him busy.
( --x. u
- - . vA- busy )
Of late = lately = u = recently.
of late/ lately , late n
late = u
(--op- -J- x- Eo )
Mohan: He has a number of admirers.
(-E G--Ex C
o.)
admirers = G--Ex = fans.
Admire = J vA- a--
Jagan: He deserves
verbs
including habits, facts of science, universal
truths
1st column
verbs
I
RDW, II column
verbs
II Regular Doing
Words
( E |)
deserve = | LT
-x---
Mohan: He writes well. He

has written about
40 stories and
short stories so far.
2)
(p h- -,
---- )
(C-
p )
c) They have just gone out -
x p-h W \-?
---x -p- ---x.
IV He has been writing for

long.
have been + ing / has
present
been + ing.
perfect continuous tense
Do you meet him frequently?
( h. p
40 , -E- )
50- a -q
Jh h---.
Jagan: Has he been writing for long?
( h-o?)
Mohan: He started writing at the age of 18
itself. He had written for the school and
college magazines before he took to
serious writing
(18 x v-G---.
serious B-
school, college magazines )
Jagan: Any idea of bring out a collection of all
his stories?
(Eo - --a --o ?)

Bringing out = v-J-, collection = (
N-)
Mohan: A publishing company will soon publish
it. It will be out this June, I think.
( v--- y- E
v-J-hC. June v-J-h--)
Jagan: My best wishes to him.

tenses
lesson
(C -
----
h, -E-)
\
situation.
3. Being it is one of the finest products of Wipro, today it is
known to every customer/ consumer.
4. Being she was disgraceful in public by him, she has decided not to talk Ravi from now on.
5. Been/ Being beaten by his master Ravi didnot come to
class today.
6. Been our companion for 6 months, she is not coming to us
as she has became a famous TV anchor today.
7. Miss Savithri Been practising the violin since 6 months,
now she has improved.
p --o -
a) I am reading the paper - p
b) She is singing - p
c) They are walking - p
v, u
year and a half
---C-o
AP
E v L-hC.
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:

Prabha:
o disturb hC.
o-p disturb .
Prabha: -- ---x phone
C.
Subha: --- -.
Prabha: --E-. N p-
-Cx phone C.
Subha:
ANSWER:
Prabha: Sujana disturbs me often.
Subha: She never disturbs me.
Prabha: She has phoned four times so far
DE-E
( JT,
v-i
--o -
.
III. have (for, I, we, you and they) + past participle/ has (for, he, she, it) present
perfect tense.
1) for past actions, time not stated
time
2) for action going on from then till now,
today.
Subha: She hasnt called me so far.
Prabha: She has bought a car. She has
phoned about it to me 10 times.
L-E -)
(p* p J-T -)
O
sentences-
--
corrections.
1) Being their faithful servant, he cheated them -
C p. n
. t--i --- x C p .
t--i servant p, Inspite of being
their faithful servant.... j- n hC.
2) Being she is very intelligent - C Wrong construction. Being
: i) a) Being o having been o n ,
verb group of words -. ( group is verb
x, ---x (, u having
C ) \ correctionbeen o-p). h been .
Being very intelligent, she succeeded....
b) being/ having been y verb o group of words .
3) \ , j sentence ,
i) Being : We dont like his being here
--\ -d -. (being = )
ii) Having been: His having been a collector was helpful to us.
( collector -uC )
sentences being p , Having been
E -hC ?
Being / Having been = o--x / x
a) Being weak, he is unable to walk
8. Been/ Being it was very hot sunny they didnot attend the
Spoken English
o ,
verb forms present simple/ present

indefinite tense .- verbs
column o verbs I, we, you and they
, column E verbs- sings, writes, etc
- he, she, it ---. Question , not
1st column verbs do hC. II
column verbs does hC.
2. Being she is very intelligent, she succeeded in dealing the
-D-E-E
Congress has been ruling AP for the past
h.
o \.
1. Being their faithful servant, finally he cheated them.
-C
Do you meet him frequently? verb - do meet. do meet

meet
meet,
meets,
sing
sings
write
writes
come
comes
watch
watches
-v-o: Tx- Being, Been passive voice

N ----- ---. : C u--x
Eo ---E --T-* Been, Being
v J_ , -.
meeting yesterday.
J* Sx Sx
tenses revise
smoke
He smokes (Habit)
4) The sun rises in the
east - universal truth.
Regular
Regular
actions
Doing Words
M. SURESAN
present simple
Tense.
5) Writing for the magazine keeps him busy.
II. am + ...ing / is + ...ing / are + ...ing for
actions taking place now. This tense is present continuous tense.
tense
3)
a) I have read some of his novels,

Time
b) He has studied here for the past one year
When do they come here everyday?
Mohan: He will be completing his fiftieth novel

next year
just, just now
( -q- \ C-)
He comes here everyday.
114
3) for actions just completed.
v p- J -
.
1) -\- W h
Jagan: I have read some of his stories. They

are quite good.
(
Eo C.
o)
--E- 18 -v--J 2006
-- o--x, ------o.
b) Having been weak, he was unable to walk
-- o--x ----- ().
Being one of the finest products of Wipro, it is known today....

4) Being disgraced in public by him, she has decided not to talk
to him.
5) Having been beaten by his master, Ravi did not come to class
action past
having been
Being
today.
beaten
-\-
--d,
-.
6) \ , though / inspite of L.
-h-C.
Inspite of having been our companian for 6 months, she ....

today. (
been
7) Having been practising the violin for the past six months,...
8) It being a hot / sunny day.....
-- -u- -x ---.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-- j---
II
Sravan: Hi Bhavan, when do you start for your
class?
class
Bhavan: Usually at 10. Today I am a little late.
- p v---C?)
The boys (they) are coming

Dn x
h-o E p --o action
--C.
Hemanth is playing cricket - Dx verb
is playing - is + ...ing p --o, E
p --o action --C.
d am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing - they talk
(- 10.30 )
(O
y p -l--?)
(- 10 . h u
u)
Sravan: And when does the class begin?

(Class
Bhavan: Usually at 10.30.
Sravan: Perhaps you donot have the class on

Sundays.
(Sunday classes
Bhavan: Thats true. The teacher does not hold
classes on Saturday either.
teacher
classes
Sravan: Does he teach only for five days a
week?
?)
(E.
d)
-- 20 -v--J 2006
II (b)
verb - are + coming - are + ...ing.
about actions going on now.

am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms of verb
- present continuous tense.

Are you coming? - verb, are coming -
h-o (p)?
E--
-x---
a) I am leaving for Guntur tomorrow
b) My sister is coming here next week

next week
time
is comfuture action
ing
c) My Parents (they) are starting for Kasi tomorrow
115
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
h-o.
(Tomorrow, future ( ----E)
--C ?)
E
p x,
--C.
When does the class begin?

(
-E 5 V
class
pC?)
Who is singing? - verb, is singing -
Am I talking toomuch - verb - am talking - am

+ ing -
Bhavan: Yes, we like it

that way too.
\ x---o (p)?
(
--)
, time
h.
Past action, time known ( JT
time W, -q,
Lh p actions) Past
doing word
a) He has gone out (has gone- has + pp; --x No time mentioned)
b) He went out an hour ago ( E
time ho d - went - past doing word.
u am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing, future
actions
( d)
M. SURESAN
Look at the following
sentences from the dialogue above.
1) When do you start for college?
2) When does the class begin?
3) You do not have classes on Sundays.
4) The teacher does not hold classes.
5) Does he teach only for 5 days a week?
lesson
I Regular Doing
Words (come, go, sing
I, we, you and
they
II Regular Doing Words
(comes, goes, sings
he, she, it
regular
actionsnot
question
I
Regular Doing Word (I RDW) - do + Ist RDW
II Regular Doing Word (II RDW) does + Ist RDW
conversation
pick up
sentences
1) When do you start? - verb - do start
(Question
start (in a statement)
2) When does the class begin? - verb - does
begin (in a question) = begins (statement
3) You do not have classes on Sundays - verb do have (not
have (not
4) The teacher does not hold classes - verb does hold (not
holds (not
5) Does he teach only for ... ? - verb - does
teach (question
teaches (statement
II Compare the following pairs of sentences:
(compare =
pairs =
I (a) I go to college at 10
b) I am going to college
II (a) The boys come here in the evenings
b) The boys are coming.
III (a) Hemanth plays cricket
b) Hemanth is playing

N,
N),
N,
N) J* --o. OE
v p- J - .
OE ,
--p
-C,
j
-C.
o :
d) =
a) I have bought the book

b) I bought it yesterday
time d have bought - have

+ PP. (b) yesterday E time ho,
d - bought - past doing word]
[ (a)
Past doing word - came, went, walked,

cooked, liked, loved
N not F, ques E did + 1st Regular Doing Word

- ?
tion
a) He came yesterday X He did not come yesterday (Not
-)
) =
d) =
a,
sentences
(I (a), II (a), III (a)) verbs, I
RDW and II RDW
regular
actions
I (b) verb - am going - am + ...ing college
action
? N
h.
C
ho, E p --o
--C.
Spoken English
C d
did come)
Question: Did he come yesterday? (Question-
) =
-o (p)?
did come)
E time p, are coming

---E n---C.
u Eo verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
form : N a) - -C* love, hate, like, dislike, feel N b)
mind -C-* know, understand,
remember, forget, think N; c) appear,
Tomorrow
future action
belong, comprise, contain, consist of, need,

am + ing/ is
seem
+ ing/ are + ing forms
N. Ox
.
u have + past participle/ has + participle

present perfect
formpast action, time not stated
a) They have seen the movie (verb - have seen
movie
- have + pp
DEo
DE -,
?
x
L )
p--C
They saw the movie yesterday

verb saw past
doing word.
simple past tense
(x Eo
uEo
)
---:
--, --
Oy u ---o L-?
p - E--.
-J x N F o
p V?
Suman: next monday -l---o.
Pavan: Eo h--L- a. E AJTa---o. o
--.
Suman: EFo-V ------.
Pavan: F ?
Suman: L- . p
o.
ANSWER
Pavan: Have you met Santhan recently/ of
late?
Suman: I saw him about a week ago
Pavan: Did he tell you/ talk to you that day
about his going to the US
Suman: He is leaving next monday.
Pavan: He has given me some books. I want
to return them. He hasnt (has not) met
me for a week.
Suman: I think he is meeting/ is seeing/ will see
you today.
Pavan: How do you know?
Suman: I met him a week ago, didnt I? He told
me then.
game practice
Suneetha gave the book to me.
(F h *aC)
subjects, verbs
,
, dialogue form Eo
---- .
sentences
question
not
b) I saw him last night X I did not see him last

did see)
night (not
c) They bought a car a year ago X They did not
buy a car a year ago. (not
did
buy)
did + 1st RDW:
Questions
Did you see him last night?
Did they buy a car a year ago?
eg: a) They distribute sweets to children

b) Harish did not show his book to me
c) Does he tell his secrets to you?
Raghu: Has he written any letter to you?
Ramana: I wrote one to him yesterday.
Raghu: He made a call to me yesterday. He
gave his address to me. Do you want
it?
Ramana: Give it to me.
3) None of the sentences is correct. The correct

sentence is:
If you have two pens, please give me one/
please give one to me.
-v-o: O Nu-JnE-E.
u -----o. -d
English spell --E Pronunciation
Audio Casettes , Foreign Accent C* --- cassettes J* -L---. q i \x --?
.----J, --@-
---:
C d
C d
-v-o:
Where we have to use to

1. I) Naveen told Ramana. II) Naveen told to
Ramana. Which is correct ?
2. I) After the meeting, please come to me.
II) After the meeting, please come me.
3. I) If you have two pens please give me.
II) If you have two pens please give to me.
Which is correct?
Please tell me proper usage of to. Generally we use off as switch off, Turn off, power
off like that in order to stop some thing. In
your article you had told that how did the
marriage go off. Tell me the usage of off
also.
1) Naveen told Ramana is correct. Tell
is not followed by to.
2) Please come to me - is correct, come is
followed by to before a place/ person.
Pavan:
Suman:
Pavan:
The uses of to: It has a number of uses. We

use to before a place, a person, after a number of verbs. Please refer to the earlier lessons
of spoken English on prepositions, for the correct uses of to, off, etc.
How did the marriage go off? In this sentence
go off is a phrasal verb, and off is a part of it.
Go off- the set of words here, as a whole
means, take place.
1) Pronunciation Audio Casettes, CIEFL

(Central Institute of English and Foreign
Languages)
Casettes
book shops
BBC,
CNN TV Channels
Newscasts
2) Books
Oxford/ Langmans
Dictionary pronunciation follow
British/ AmericanPronunciation
x
. l
u
N.
N--E-h
O--- --.
h.
-- j---
II
Dinesh: Hi Ramesh, I hear (that) you have
bought a new bike.
bike
(y h
L-C)
o-E No/
Ramesh: Yes, I bought it the day before yesterday. I took it to the temple yesterday, and had the pooja done.
(, o o. Eo
B-R} -)
Had the pooja done = - -
Dinesh: Wish you a happy ride on the new
bike
ride =
bike, scooter
ride
Ramesh: My brother hasnt seen my new bike

yet. He has been away in Chennai for
the past four days. We expect him
tomorrow.
brother
new bike
(

x. ---V- j o
o. -h----o.)
Dinesh: Have you shown it to our friend

Kapil?
(- -?)
Ramesh: Yes. I showed it to him yesterday
itself. He liked the colour very much.
(-) yK,
- O x
(Eo -. -E
*aC).
Dinesh: Do come down this evening. Let me
have a ride on it.
-x---
116
-- 22 -v--J 2006
(v . J o
--F Eo.)
Ramesh: Oh, certainly. (p-).
a) I bought it the day before yesterday.
(o o d
bought - past doing
word)
b) I took it to temple yesterday and had the
(O Eo -x
, E h-. F
-l----o.)
Response = p. Phone N -j
h - response
Dinesh: We were at my cousins to attend a

function
cousin
function
Ramesh: Any idea of buying a new bike?
bike
(y-o h
o?)
x)
-----
Dinesh: I have used my bike for only two

years. I havent had any trouble with
it, so I dont find a reason to change
it.
bike
trouble
(
x -E-p---.
y-.
-- C
a--E E---)
PRACTISE
Interviewer:
Candidate
Interviewer:
O Nu-|- N?
(uJn): B.Tech .
O B.Tech degree p B-o?
Candidate: B.Tech exam June 2004
. Result Aug 2004
*aC.
Interviewer: p--*
-- O-?
Candidate: software company
Programmer o.
Interviewer: p- O ox experience?
Candidate: -q--o.
Interviewer: , O- F ----o?
Candidate: O -F job - J
-- C.
Interviewer: Thats OK. O
certificates
a?
Candidate: a.
Interviewer: o -E-y.
Spoken English
Dinesh: Bye then, see

you
this
evening.
(, v
l).
lesson
have +
Phone
+ past participle (PP)_
(DEo present perfect

) past action time not stated
. --
.
You have bought a new bike = y h
bike o. past, p--C
p . Verb: have bought = have +
PP D past action, time stated (
JT, p J-TD time L----)
p past indefinite / past simple tense
. Past doing word (came,
went, sang, danced verbs ).
-- E -- .
tense
THE
Past
past
a) I have seen the movie; I saw it yesterday.
M. SURESAN
FOLLOW-
ANSWER:
Interviewer: What are your qualifications?
Candidate: I have done B.Tech.
Interviewer: When did you take the B.Tech
Degree?
Candidate: I took the B.Tech exam in June
2004. The result came in Aug
2004.
Interviewer: What have you done since
then?
Candidate: I have been a programmer in a
software company.
Interviewer: Howmany years of experience
have you had so far?
Candidate: About a year and a half.
Interviewer: Look here, Why do you want to
change your company?
Candidate: I have had the wish/ desire of
doing a job in your company.
Interviewer: Thats OK. Have you brought
your certificates?
Candidate: Yes, I have.
Interviewer: Let me see them.
(-x x * p-- bike . action from

then. p * p--- J-T E.)
c) I called your home three times yesterday
O Eo -x
p v-i p . j con.
a) I have used my bike for only two years
Eo B-R}
j -s-x time L-
actions d bought, took, called
doings words .
past participle/ has
-- J-T

pooja done
I havent had any trouble

Ramesh: Thank you. I have called your home
three times yesterday, but there was
no response. I wanted to show the
bike to you.
phone
bike
u have + pp/ has + pp

actions
versation
sentences
b) I havent had (have not had) any trouble with

it so far
trouble
(Till now)
action
have + not + pp (havent had)
c) My brother hasnt seen my new bike yet.
(yet=
brother
bike
verb - has + not + seen)
d) Have you shown your bike to Kapil?
bike
Have
shown)
e) He has been away in Chennai for the past
four days
(E-x -p---
) \
p---
J-T
--
-.
(F
- (--
( V- V *
p--- j o o. has been
- be form - state of being -o
n)
doing word.
u So, have + pp/ has + pp- verb form C
b) We have finished our breakfast; We finished
-sx .
1) Past action, time not stated ( JT,
it an hour ago.
time pE E)
( time p, d have
finished. an hour ago, E 2) Action from then till now (p* p-- J-T E)
time ho, d finished.
c) The police have arrested him; They arrested u have + pp/ has + pp (pp- past participle)just, just now, p hhim last week.
- -a.
(\ have arrested (time not stated); a)
-p - x=
time p p C.
-x have seen (have + pp).
yesterday E p--x, saw - past
arrested (past doing word because time is

stated)
difference English very important. So

have + pp/ has + pp , Past doing
o careful h--d--L.
game
I know that he has gone.
He has just gone out

b) Train
The train has just arrived.
c)
They have just had their meals.
p *aC=
Rx-p -=
p O -LqC.
I know that he has gonesentence model

sentences
Model: sub + Vb + that clause
I Know that he has gone
examples:
She says that she knows Telugu.
He does (not) know that it is mine.
a) questions b) dialogues
practice
B-E Eo
Eo
x-E .
J-Eo
That he has gone= x-E
(that \ n = E.)
That he has passed = pass u
English that begin u x Ox

-a.
verb (6 forms of verb h-o ?)
a) Does she think that I am a fool?
Eo that clause .
Kumar: Do you know that Ganesh is here?
\ ... that he has gone- that begin u b)
Kesav: I dont. How do you Know that he is
x has gone verb C. d, C,
here.
that clause.
Kumar: Your sister has said that he is here.
-v-o: He is a student of learn well school E -O .

He is a student at learn well school E L . N-J---.
--, j---
---: A Student of, Student at- correct. A Student at Learn
well School formal. -u--J- student of a School/ College/
University \ - C.
-- j---
II
Gunavanth: Where have you been since the
morning?
--v 24 -v--J 2006
l. Let's go
.
Let E F
( * \--o?)
E n C.
Yashwanth: I have been working on the comLet him come = E F.
puter in the next room.
Let me go = o xF... .)
(\ C computer j \ j Conversation sentences :
-o.)
Gunavanth: I have been trying to get you since
the morning.
(l * F x--E vAo-ho.)
Yashwanth: Why didn't you call my cell?
cell
phone
Gunavanth: That's what I did. But I've been
getting the response, 'switched off'
-?)
(Let us ring him up = phone
a) I have been working on the computer since

the morning.
b) I have been trying to get you since the morning.
-E- v-h, \
c) I have been getting the response...
3rd use- (Action
starting in the past and going on till now)
d) He has been staying at his cousin's.
have been + ing/ has been + ing use- Action
e) I have been thinking of meeting him.
starting in the past and going on even now
( C. Eox
'switched off' -hC.)
-x---
Yashwanth: Well, what's so urgent?
(- -?)
L C ? C correct.
a) * p--- : have + PP /
117
has + PP
I have been enquiring

Gunavanth: Ravi is in town for some course in
software. He has been staying at
his cousin's for the past two days.
He wants to meet us.
software
course
cousin
(N x o.
. v-V- x
x h-o. -Lo-lJo -------o.)
Yashwanth: In fact I've been thinking of meeting him. I want some books from
him.
( -E -------o. _-o* Eo
h- L.)
Gunavanth: Why do you need them?
(--N F--\-L?)
Yashwanth: You know, I've been doing a special course in computers for the
past two weeks. The course has
almost come to an end. I've to
take an exam in it next week.
That's why I need them.
(F , -
computers special course
h-ox. C --C.
a K~. h-
L.)
Gunavanth: Perhaps that's why he has wanted

to meet us
( - Lo
--------o-.)
Yashwanth: I have been enquiring all book

shops here for the books. They
aren't available.
book
shops
(- h- E-\ Eo
--o. N -
.)
Gunavanth: Are you sure Ravi has them?
Yashwanth: I bought them here a year ago and

sent them to him.
(C E E -
.)
Gunavanth: That's O.K. Then let's ring him up

and ask him to see us.
phone
Spoken English
special
course
b)
in
have been + ...ing/
has been + ...ing.
computers.
a) Tendulkar has played cricket for since his
g) I have been enquir-
O-Eox
verb
have been + ... ing/

has been + ... ing form
M. SURESAN
p--- J-T action

-C. p- --,
N- E-x L-.
b) Tendulkar has been playing cricket since his
19th year.
\ verb, has been + ...ing 19

* - o-E. Continue C.
d 1) have + PP/ has + PP - p
ii) have been + ...ing/ has been + ...ing -
( u N. o-p-,
usage Spoken/ Written form
O l -. \
p-Lq--p have been + ...ing/ has been +
...ing, better)
a) I have worked here for ten years now.
b) I have been working here for ten years now.
nineteenth year
ing.
(19 * p--- ).
--? --L-. sentence
v ----? D L-.
a), b)
n N.
vu.
b)
continuity
C .
Have been + ... ing/ has been + ... ing form
verb
Present Perfect Continuous
Tense
C
-C.
I have been trying to get you since the morning.
l* F v-Ao-ho (Phone -).

sentence .
v-i, --- action
have been + ing -o. (l *,
).
O , I, we, you and they , have
been + ... ing , He, she, it has
been + ... ing . (This is for an action
starting in the past and continuing even now.)
The congress party has been ruling AP for
the year and a half (AP
past
E -q--o-
v-i
L-h-C. ---C-o ,
---C .)
j conversation * B sentences
Present Perfect Continuous - -E.
c) I have been getting the response...
(...
response

Govind:
y-\ ---o?
Nu -@
Govind: - ---o--\?
Krishna: -x
Govind: F marks o?
Krishna: Eo subjects 80] \
score h-o --. Maths
E 90] _-.
Govind: \
y O Lxv
-o?
Krishna: . -o* hostel o.
(Stay )
Govind: friend Ravi q
hostel -o. F
?
Krishna: . -- -
teacher _-J tuition -o.
Govind: --E ---E J--p
* h-o. o-p -?
Krishna: . y blocks .
Krishna:
ANSWER
Govind: Where are you studying?
Krishna: In Suvidya College
Govind: How long have you been studying
there?
Krishna: For the past/ last two years/ for two
years now.
Govind: How are your marks?
Krishna: I have been scoring more than 80% in
all subjects. In Maths, I haven't
scored less than 90% so far.
Govind: Do you live with your parents here?
Krishna: No. From the beginning I have been
staying in the hostel.
Govind: My friend Ravi too has been staying
in the hostel for the past one year. Do
you now him?
Krishna: Yes. I know him (I do). We have been
going to the same teacher for tuition
Govind: I have been visiting him frequently
since he joined there. Haven't you
ever seen me? (ever Krishna: No. We live in different blocks.
p-j)
*, (lEo* ) hC.)
d) He has been staying at his cousin's.

cousin
Past
(x
x h-o
v-i, .)
e) I have been thinking of meeting him
(N _ N oE -*a-
?)
( -
---.)
f) I have been doing a
Have + PP/ has + PP
(-E --------o )
f) I have been enquiring
(N-Jh o p--... )
(-- lesson have + PP (Past Participle)/
has + PP use ? C E ?
1) Past action, time not stated.
2) Action just completed.
3) Action starting in the past and going on till
now.
-v-o: Pronunciation -C-* - p Tx- C--. a--- a u. Eo N

- -hC. -p Tx -C-* --F, u-x-F
-J v-- L-----.
.-.%-g, ---Lx
---: 1) h - j --p E pronunciation *-h o
. - lessons - N- \- C.
2) Spoken English -C-* CDs, Casettes l l bookshops -. Central Institute of English and Foreign
Languages (CIEFL) x Pronunciation Casettes, CDs -N--.
-- j---
II
Kasturi: Hi Mayuri what's new?
--C 26 -v--J 2006
Mayuri: You know what happened to me yesterday? I went home from Charitha,
( N-)
Mayuri: I met Charitha yesterday. She had a
piece of good news. She told me she
had bought a new apartment.
(Eo J- --o. ---i N pC. h apartment

o-C.)
News - uncountable. A news .
News p singular . A good/
a bad news J-. Good news/ bad news
. a piece of good news/ a
piece of bad news -a.
Kasturi: That's good really.
and by then my husband had left for

office. He had not taken the lunch box.
He had forgotten it in his hurry.
(Eo J-T ? J
_-J-* --x. p-
Office Rx-. Lunch box B--x-. - -*--.)
Look at these sentences picked up from the
conversation above:
1) She told me
a) She told me she had bought a new apartment
Mayuri: She told me (that) she had got bank

loan for buying the apartment. The
bank released the loan three days ago.
b) She told me she had got a bank loan
( x --E bank *a-E

pC. v-V N-
.)
-x---
Kasturi: Where are you coming from now?
There are two past actions in sentence (a):
118
Had + PP is always used

for the earlier of two past actions-
---oC:
( pC)
2) That she had bought an apartment (apartment
o-E).
past actions. ,
(o-E) p y J-. JT action had bought (had + PP form)
-E-.
had + PP form, past actions
J-T past action .
J-T x, /
J E had + PP .
a) The teacher knew that he had not done the
home work
home work --E teacher L-C.

(--- earlier/ first past action)
b) Where had you worked before you joined
here?
(y p \* h-o?)
Mayuri: I went to the station to book tickets to
Tirupati. But by the time I reached the
reservation counter, they had closed. I
was late by only five minutes.
A--A tickets reserve --E station x. E x--J,

reservation counter -. 5 EN -u x.
Kasturi: Why didn't you start early enough?
Mayuri: I had some work, and when I finally
went there it was 2 o' clock. You know
that on sundays reservation closes by
2.30. I started on my scooter, but on
the way I found it had run out of petrol.
I had it filled and then went to the station. That delayed me.
-C. y -l---J
j jC. F --. C--,
Reservations 2.30 d-h-E. Scooter
O -l. J x petrol --E . Petrol * x--J
u --C.
out
of
(petrol/
money
etc.)
--.Have it filled = -, \
Kasturi: A similar thing happened to me yesterday. The train had left before I
reached the station. So I called my
office and told them I was not coming.
My delay was due to traffic jam.
(--E-o - J-TC. station - train Rx--C.

office Phone ---E
p. traffic jam x u
C.)
-v-o: 5-15 -q- -qo x-

Spoken English d C- areas focus
L. E -C-*
Books,
Cassettes,
C.D.s
\ --?
.-.-.-V, j-y-
---: NCERT x- (Central schools/ central syllabus follow schools
) books - ---. 5 15
x- x concentrate -Lq
areas: spellings, sentence structures,
Conversational Skills.
NCERT books
Fo
--.
Spoken English
c) By the time I reached the reservation counter they had closed.

d) I had had some work and when I finally...
e) I found it had run out of petrol.
( -l--?)
Run
I had had some work

sentence (b)
(\ - O-\ E--.)
\ past - - - -A
--d had worked)
She told me
(that) she had got a

bank loan - loan
c) I had not known him till you introduced him to

me.
h) ... he had not taken the lunch box
*aE pC. loan

J past action
d had got.
i) He had forgotten it.
Sentence c) By the time I reached the reser-
In all the sentences above look at the verbs:
vation counter, they had closed. ( --p x -). - d
1) He gave me yesterday what I asked for
had closed.
2) He gave me yesterday what I had asked for.
f) The train had left before I reached the station.

g) ... by then my husband had left for office
a) had bought (had + Past participle (PP) of

buy)
b) had got (had + PP of get)
M. SURESAN
d) I had had some work and when I finally went
c) had closed (had+ PP of close)
there it was 2 o' clock.
d) had had (had + PP of have)
\ E C , x y
d had had (had + PP)
e) had run (had + PP of run)

f) had left (had + PP of leave)
e) I found it had run out of petrol
Petrol - (J action)
d had run (had + PP)
f) platform -J train R}--C.
i) had forgotten (had + PP)
C , d had left (had + PP)
j verb form -E- : had + Past
g)
'E---}--J,
Participle (had + PP)-verbform
Rx--. (Had left- C )
C past perfect tense -C. p DE
- l.
h) He had not taken the lunch box - Lunch box
B\-x- C d had (not)
a) She told me (yesterday) that she had bought
g) had left ( had + PP of leave )
h) had (not) taken (had + PP)
a new apartment
h apartment o-E pC Eo.

v-h -E-:
Angad: Hi Vaali.
Chennai x-E y
Eo l p?
(l lie )
Vaali: . l p-. -E p. F x---y
x--E L-C. programme a-oE p.
Angad: x-E -o. -E
h y ya -o.
h y--E O p-f.
Vaali: I am sorry. -F Programme
a-o N h---o. d
F Phone .
Angad: x-E .
taken
i) He had forgotten action
C J
past
Angad:
Vaali:
Sentence 1
n: --TC a. \
--, y ,
-J J-T-x n hC. Eo.
Sentence 2 n: - - -TC
Eo a. (y- Eo, -
-p)
Sentence (1) , (2)
-E . D had + PP -.
J-Eo examples .
a) He had not slept for two days. When I know
that I felt pity for him
V- Ev--. C L-
L--f.
b) Who had opened this before I saw it?
- J- DEo?
had forgotten - had + PP

Vaali:
O J- -- L-.
C
LT,
--
J .
In English, had + PP is very important.
confusion
communication
Look at the following.
x-?
wait ho Phone call -.
OK. -xL. h.
Angad: I thought that he had gone. So I

thought I could give him the book later.
He was/ felt angry that I had not
returned his book.
Vaali:
Angad: Bye.
ANSWER
Angad: Hi. Vaali, why did you lie to me that he
had left for Chennai yesterday?
Vaali:
I am sorry. I thought he would tell you

about his change of programme.
Because I had thought so, I didn't call
you (So -
Angad: I had known that he would not go.

Vaali:
No. I didn't lie. He had told me that he
Why didn't he go? (Why did he not

go?)
only after I had talked to you. He told
Angad: He didn't get the phone call he had

waited for.
me that he had changed his pro-
Vaali:
gramme.
Angad: Bye.
would go. I knew that he had not gone
OK. I must be going. Bye.
-- j---
II
Soundarya: Hi What a fine dress you've
bought? Where did you buy it and
how much did it cost you?
Aiswarya:
(s --- -C - F v
\o? ?)
Thank you for the compliment. I

bought it at Vastraloka for Rs.
3000/-
(-uq -- -- ----
d Y- o.)
Soundarya: Certainly worth it. I wish I had one
like it.
(*a- hC. \
-C ---E -hC.)
I wish I had one like that. xop BE J . She wishes
-- 28 -v--J 2006
verbs sentenceses
1) I had been thinking of buying it for a longtime.
I had the opportunity yesterday.
2) She had been working as a teacher when
she got married.
3) We had been studying in the same college
until we completed the degree.
4) She had been staying with us until she got
the job.
Last two lessons
had + past participle
( past perfect tense ) uses
(x / x-u--p- --
Eh C.) \- verb had been+ing.
(a) J-T x , C
Had Past participle is used for the earlier of
y, ? - (had + pp)
two past actions.
( J-T x, o-p (b) E v-i E
continue uC d had been + ing.
--o !
Let us recall it once again.
a) He had been driving at 100 kmph when he

hit a lorry.
100
she had a car

(
- -C.)
\ had, past --p- p J -C.
-x---
119
( KE -d-p-
vj- h-o.)
-.-O. -
b) The British had been ruling India for over
Aiswarya: Time you bought one, Soundarya.
(p- -LqC y)
\ bought - past form
Time you bought = p E -LqC.
Time you learnt manners .

manners
manners
(y
a--L)
( F
L-;
p a---LqC.)
had + PP form
Aiswarya: Yesterday. I had been thinking of

buying it for a long time. I had the
opportunity yesterday when dad
gave me the money. I got it for my
birthday the day after tomorrow.
Soundarya: Who is the other dress for?
( v -J?)
-.)
e.g.
a) He was unhappy that his friend had gone.
(x -v- Rx---E --f)
b) She had worked as a teacher before she got

married.
(Rx -- E C)
c) We know that he had passed.

(
Had + PP
had been + ing
Past
Perfect Continuous tense)
continue
had been + ing form
- u-E L-C)
O
---E ---. p
---E
(
(C ->- ---u. -
- l.
C - y---o.)
J-T --x vSoundarya: Has she returned from the states?
i E J
( d-q * AJ--*a?)
p N-Eo
Aiswarya: Yes, last weekend.
h.
(. -)
Compare the following sentences.
Aiswarya: That's for my cousin Sowjanya. I
am going to present it to her.
Soundarya: Wasn't she a teacher here?
(\ -- C ?)
Aiswarya: Yes. She had been working as a
teacher when she got married. She
then joined her husband in the
U.S.
(x-u-p- \ - E
h-C. y x- _-
Rx--C.)
Soundarya: We had been studying in the same
college until we completed the
degree. Later she took a job and I
went for M.Sc.
( l --vU -Jh u--

-- ---x. y
u- JC. ... Rx--.
Aiswarya: She had been staying with us until,
she got the job. Her father who had
been working else where, had a
transfer here, and she went back
home.
(
--u a _ C.
-- -\ E ho
x o -\- v-q u-J Rx- Rx--C.)
Soundarya: She is quite nice.
(-- * t)
j -- had been combinations -
Spoken English
a) had been walking... felt the pain.

b) hadn't been having any pain till this morning.
a)
b)
had been + ing
p L-T-- h o.
l- -- p -.
p vd
We had been studying...
Soundarya: When did you buy it?
(p o?)
(. -p O- --v- a.
vV y T_--C. p-* V u
)
\ ....
two centuries until it

became independent in
1947
(1947
yvu
-- -vG--x
- -l- -* L-h-o.)
\-
b) She had been working as a teacher untilwhen she got married.
M. SURESAN
Doctor: What's your complaint?

Subash: I have a pain in the side, doctor. I
have had the pain since this morning. I had been taking my morning
walk when I suddenly felt it.
(l * \ p C.
l -h-o-p p --*aC)
Doctor:
a) She had worked as a teacher before she got

married.
(Rx -- E C.)
verb- had + PP
-i two actions first action, 2nd action

continue Eo had been + ing
.
C 'be' form . ( E
J o N-Eo -\--)
Subash:
I remember that you came to me last

month with a similar complaint.
a) He had been here till his father called him.
(x o L -E-\ o.)
( had been - , y his father
called- -)
b) Abdul Kalam had been a space scientist until
he took over as President
(
-Z-A u y-J - p
j-d (o)
c) I thought till this morning that he had been

here.
(l -E-\ o-E -o)

had been, had been + ing -Lq B. D
(O - x-- *a
, English time of action, time

d h)
of state of being d verb forms
Yes, doctor. You gave me some
*a --. correct
tablets and I felt all right after two
verb forms -- -n-, -A- Jdays. Since then I hadn't been having
Bh.
any problem till this morning.
-- , ---iC Eo , \- PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING

-o? h-o?
Tarun: Best of Luck.
Varun: vh --- o. -Answers
- a-p- j---
Tarun:
Hi
Varun,
long since I saw you. Where
E--ho.
are
you
and
what are you?
Tarun: --- -- j--- Varun:
I
am
at
present
in Mumbai. I had been
E--.
working
in
Hyderabad
when I got the
Varun: v-v- E- h -
opportunity
in
Mumbai.
.
Tarun: How long had you been working in
Tarun: j--- -\ o ?
Hyderabad when you got the opportuVarun: . j o o 6 .
nity in Mumbai?
Tarun: p--\-?
Varun:
I had been working as a programmer
Varun: -v--, ( - -)
when I got the opportunity.
x, -v- a. x-----p- -v- Tarun: Hadn't you (had you not) been some
where before you were in Hyderabad?
- ---- *aC. _
L j---- -d- -F Varun: Yes. In Chennai for six months.
Tarun: Where now?
d--E.
Varun: When I was talking to my friend, I think
Tarun: C. p v-G-h-o.
it was last month, his friend came. As
Varun: x.
Tarun:
friend got an idea that we start a software company in Hyderabad.

Tarun: It's good. When are you starting it?
Varun: In two or three months.
Tarun: Best of luck.
game
sentence
sentences
Not
Question
Dialogue form
. C
Oj-Eo
. G_- ,
,
,
.
They laughed at
him \ .
sub
verb Preposition Noun or pronoun
a) She looked at me.
b) They did not come for him
c) Why do you stare at her?
(Starea) Prem: Why do you look at your watch (so
often)
Karim: I must talk to my uncle immediately
Prem: You wait for a few minutes.
Karim: I have waited for half an hour already
E )
we had been talking for an hour, this
-- j---
II
Pramod: Hi Prasanth, when are you starting
for Bangalore?
(p -l---o?)
Pramod: It's for him and for his dad to settle.

Meet you at the station tomorrow.
Bye.
Prasanth: Tomorrow by the evening train.It

arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10
(v Train. C-\- J--*a, 6.10 -l--C.)

Pramod: I'll be at the station even before 6 to
see you off.
(F O\-L-y--E J-
station )
See off= O\-L-y
Prasanth: O that's good of you. Thank you.
( C. . -j-
*-F, L-TCF
h, that's (that is) good of you,
That's Kind of you . good/
Kind very a-a)
Pramod: You remember our friend vinod is
there too. He is into software.
( v N \
o. d- (uq) o. 'into' u
n \ --o.
He was into business for some time
- u- o/
u )
(C , x o a---Lq
N. Eo station h.
h-J)
Prasanth: Bye.
Conversation
expressions.
look at the following
1) starting for Bangalore
At home, at college, at school, at that place,

at the village, at 6.00 pm, at 12 noon, at a
stage/ a certain stage/ at that stage, (stage =
2) by the evening train
13) Outside the family circle

14) The reason for
b) Goods arrived by lorry =
4) before six
5) good of you
6) into software
7) close to
8) talked to him over phone
9) the day before sivarathri
10) his father is angry with him at his postponing his marriage.
11) differs with his father over who he should
marry.
12) Particular about
to his. I talked to him over phone this

morning, He said he would be at the
station to receive me' (Bangalore
office _. --
V Phone x-.
station ho.)
Pramod: He was here the day before
sivarathri it seems his father is angry
with him at his postponing his marriage.
(o P-vA -V \-o. Rx-- h-o-E

x o o-dC)
It seems- E--/ E--
x K a.
c) He travelled by train =
Train
Words like for, by, at, before, of, into, to, over,
with, about, outside etc. are prepositions.
v .
5) Top E (scooter, bike, cycle, horse) - on.
prepositions J* lessons
--o.
a) He goes to college on bike.
Prasanth: He differs with his father over who

he should marry. His father insists
that he marry his uncle's daughter.
He is particular about marrying a girl
outside the family circle. That's the
reason for his coming rarely.
(-, x o, JE Rx
--- N G-v----o. x -o u
-JE Rx ---E d---o. _ d---x--JE
--E d-- o. -\-
)
Spoken English
The correct use of prepositions is just a matter of practice.
Sobha: Yesterday, by the morning train.

Subha: While going you went by car. I thought
you would return by car again.
Sobha: The car was under repair. I came back
because I had to come back urgently.
Subha: I am very angry with you
Sobha: What for?
Subha: You have been at home and haven't
called me even once.
Sobha: By the time I came back, the house
was dirty. I was busy cleaning it. Sorry.
b) She moves about on a scooter -
scooter
O AC.
c) Travel was on horseback in the olden days =

6)
Vx v- v O.
x = go to a place;
-- -l- = leave for a place,
depart for a place; be bound for a place.
a) He is going to Delhi tonight.

b) She has left for Kolkata
c) This train is bound for Chennai
(j o -C)
d) The train is ready to depart for Lucknow.
7) J, N = for
x--oDl, --oDl a) This book is for Ramesh =
prepositions ----. ---
h .
- : O . b) I am taking a lot of trouble for you =
\ 'O L
O E trouble B---o.
vo -- . ~,
. English preposition 8) a) Angry with = uh O
b) Angry at/about = N--E .
. preposition, y
i)
My
father is angry with me = O .
preposition C h
*. - y preposition ii) My father is angry at/about my low marks.
h n J--C. -E (*a \ \- - C)
prepositions N- vh -. 9) Particular about = N d--
Eox confusion . h-.
--Lq N: -, English ,
Many members of TRS are particular about
--.
KCR's resignation =
Eg: To Mumbai = j
KCR @- N C TRS
1) -, v-, time ,
u d----o.
n a preposition, at.
N C---p -Eh -.
English
ANSWER
Subha: Hi Sobha, when did you come back?
15) It's for him and for his dad to settle.
-u prepositions -, h-,
- x
n, nA, time, lA
L-- E
--C-- lessons
. \-J M. SURESAN
y prepositions h.
u-i N. preposition \
- rule -O. x-, - x
----C.
Subha:
By the evening train

Prasanth: Yea. My office in Bangalore is close
, Vizag * p
AJ--a-?
Sobha:
Eo, l- train
at the theatre, at the station etc.
Subha:
-x-p car --}--, x h2) to = , -J, j - to

--o.
Hyderabad, to Vijayawada, to Tirupathi to my
Sobha: Car repair C. E-\-
father, to the CM, etc.
Lq a-.
3) J*, v* = from. from
Subha:
F
O C.
Hyderabad, order from the CM, etc.
4) By- p o --- - by bus, by car, Sobha: ?
by train, by ship, by lorry, etc - Dn - Subha: Eo* x \-J
phone --
x E.
Sobha: a--J x J. x
a) I go to school by bus =
clean h busy -o. Sorry.
School bus h.
3) arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10
16) At the station
-x--- 120
2 --Ja 2006
vo: Spoken
English, Grammar a---E -, \ h

N- p--.
>. -, -
---: O oC *o x---x
O English a -- \
\--. *o x--x--*
a-x vt- English
x------o, O x-- j serious practice h.
- N- spoken English
books Rapidex, English in 30
days h- . -x
English news paper - v-G. n --, interest
o -- -. * dictionary (English to Telugu) _ E j O n - -. *o *o story books, *o
classes English nondetailed books
TV
English news
English
Spoken English
practice
-. n --
N-. O *-N
L- x -.
h
O
-
x O
Vx - EhC.
-- j---
II
Yamini: Hi Salini, when exactly do you expect
Malini?
(LE *a- p h----o?)

expect = qpd 'qp \ - =
P-/ ---/ --
Salini: At 11.30. I am sure she will be here
atleast by 12.30
(11.30
. F 12.30 x \--E *a- --o)

sure = u = *a-
I a) at 11.30
II a) by 12.30
b) at the age of 22
b) by then
c) at breakfast
c) by chance
d) at a distance of
d) by your watch
e) at 50 to 60 KMPH
e) fast by/ slow by 5 min.
f) good at calculations f) by 11.45
---E
prepositions:
a) from the US
b) leave for
c) age of
d) in a short time
I) At
\--\ .
Yamini: So she is returning from the US. When
a) at 11.30. *a- time n
did she actually leave for the states?
at .
( US * AJ--h--o-.
i) I show 6.15 ---C.
--p--RxC -J-?)
Salini: She left at the age of twenty two, two
years ago. By then she had completed
her software training here.
( 22 x-p, x . p- \ software training Jh-C).

Yamini: I was at breakfast when you called to
tell me that she wanted to see me. I am
surprised that Malini still remembers
me and told you to phone me.
( o ----o N
p--E F --p
v-d h-o. LE p- o
h--d--o-, -E
F p-- a-u C)
--E 4 --Ja 2006
The first show begins at 6.15
ii)
classes 4.30
time
Vx 700 ix
v --.
Planes today can travel/ fly at more than
700 miles per hour.
good at/ clever at/ bright at Maths
A L-
ii) English
I did not know this at that time.

iv)
iii)
At what time do you expect him?
( \
At what time
--=
poor at/ bad at English
p h-----o?
a-- -u/ E-=

slow at learning-
when,
ii)
iv)
better)
y a--=
-o \x 10 - h=
Our next building is taller than ours by 10 feet.

iii)
E DE 10 -=
This differs from that by Rs 10/- (This is
costlier than that by Rs 10/-)
f) Good at calculations
\ L
i) Maths ---=
Our classes end/ close at 4.30

iii)
ii) Planes
iv) He is taller than his brother by 4 cms

brother o 4 cms .
--. p
1) From: -D-E-E '* n .
at, by
Kumar: Srikanth is coming from Chennai today

Kesav: How do you know?
(F )
Kumar: I had it from his brother. ( h
brother * L-C)
Kesav: You know, Srikanth and I are from
Nellore.
quick at learning.
II) Now let us look at by
(F , X, l x
x). \ From J C
n .
-x--- 121
Sankar: Where are you from? (O ?)
Sukumar: I am from Vizag (C Vizag)
\ Sentence from n . O
? E n= n- Where do you
come from? O-\-o* ho E , O- E. I come from
Hyderabad C Hyderabad E.
( -s-Eo-d \-J O-\-o*
h vA W -, where do you
b) at the age of
come from? -a. Where are you comi) 6.30 x \ =
-J -ing from v, O p \-o*
I will be there by 6.30 (I will be there at
p
h-o? E.)
6.30= 6.30 correct, by 6.30= 6.30
i) Children in India are
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
F, -----F)
put to school at the
ii) 20 x Tendulkar tests v-G- Sasikanth: y-p---N-\?
age of 3.
Ravikanth: 9.30 x \--. x correct
=
- xLo M. SURESAN
8.45 -l--.
Tendulkar began playing tests by his twen School
Sasikanth:
8.45
breakfast .
tieth year
-.
Ravikanth:
time
o, breakfast
iii) 2003 ~-C-J --=
ii) - 11 Chess grand master
Jh
h.
He became a lakhier by 2003.
u
Sasikanth: h y?
b) By then= p-
He became a Chess grand master even at
Ravikanth: Bus, Office 10 .O
i) I went there at 11.30. By then the match
the age of 11/ even at 11
. -E 45E. - -lhad begun=
.
c) at break fast = breakfast h-o-p.
-\- 11.30 x. p- match Sasikanth: bike h. Traffic jam at lunch; at dinner; at bath, etc... v--iC.
x E.
40-50 kmph h E-\ii)
x--J Eo x B--}=
correct 9.30 -.
i) x -h-o-p jokes --o.
By the time I reach there, they had taken Ravikanth: Eo -- X L-.
They had jokes at their meals/ lunch/ din lift a. --o 10
him away.
ner etc...
EN -o.
c) By chance= --= by accident.
ii) o h-o-p phone TC.
Sasikanth:
X
drive h.
i) -- -o= We met
He heard the phone ringing when he was
a) By 12.30= 12.30
x= 12.30 -=
12.30 F, ----E. C time
, date , month year time
Jh-hC.
I will be there by 6.30

Salini: She is that type. She never loses
friendship.
(.
friendship
--).
Yamini: We met only once, that too by chance,

a year ago. After that we have met just
once or twice. Good of her to remember me.
(p -q -- -o --J. y
--x- \ ---. E
* o -----)
Salini: What's the time by your watch?
( watch time
?)
Yamini: It is 11.15
Salini: Mine shows 11.20. My watch is fast by
five minutes or your watch is slow by 5
minutes. Doesn't matter. She will be
here in a short time.
( watch 11.20 -hC. watch 5

EN- j -h-L, F
watch 5 EN- -u -h-L.
---. Cl--x E-\--C.)
Yamini: How is she coming?
Salini: She is driving. When she last called
me she was at a distance of 80 Kms.
Suppose she is driving at 50 to 60
KMPH, she will be here by 11.45 at the
most.
( Car hC. Phone

--p 80 Kms C.
50/ 60 Km
h--.
11.45x \ C.)
Yamini: You are good at calculations.
last lesson prepositions discuss

(Ja-) . Let's (let us) know
something more. (J- --).
j Conversation We have used the two
prepositions 'at' and 'by'. Let's look where we
have used them:
Spoken English
by chance/ by accident (accidentally).
at bath.
- at that height = h E
.
d) at a distance of = ...
i) N-- j-- 300 Km
C
Vijayawada is at a distance of 300 Km from
Hyderabad.
ii)
--x -E-\-
Being at such a distance (= so far off) he

cannot come here frequently.
e) at 50 to 60 KMPH
50/ 60 Km
at
. , EN--E p-p .
i) 70 Km = at 70 KMPH; Second
1230 - = at 1230 feet per
second etc.
by mistake=
--.
ii) By mistake I posted the letter to him

instead of to his sister=
-- x x-L , h
post .
iii) - x C =
He did it by mistake.
d) By your watch=
watch
v.
i) watch time 8 C.
It's 8 by my watch.
ii)
watch
time
?=
What's the time by your watch?

e) Fast/ slow by=
---x by '
N-Eo --C.
i) o o x l=
My brother is my elder by two years.
ANSWER
Sasikanth: When/ At what time are you here

usually?
Ravikanth: By 9.30. I start at home at 8.45
Sasikanth: I am at breakfast at 8.45
Ravikanth: By then I finish my both, breakfast,
etc.
Sasikanth: How do you come?
Ravikanth: By bus. My home is at a distance of
10 km from office. So I start 45 minutes earlier.
Sasikanth: I come on bike. If there is no traffic
jam, I reach here exactly at 9.30,
driving at 40 to 50 kmph.
Ravikanth: I met Srikanth by chance yesterday. He gave me a lift on his bike.
So I was here earlier than usual by
10 minutes.
Sasikanth: He is good at driving.
-- j---
II
Vighnesh: Hi Manikanth you appear very
happy today.
a) India became independent on the 15th

August 1947.
( V y - E-h-o)
b) The college closed preparation holidays on

the 2nd March.
Manikanth: You are right. Dad called home this

morning. He is coming on the 10th,
that is, the day after tomorrow.
c) India became a republic on Jan 26th 1950.

Sentence
date
month
(January)
Vighnesh: So he will be here on saturday.

That's good. Will he go back to the
states again?
Raghu: He came here in February.
-- 6 --Ja 2006
p--p
p y C p .
(l o . on Jan 26th o. Months (),
x 10 C h-o) -q- (years) in.
( E- \- h--o-.
Sx states h?)
Manikanth: Yes, he will be leaving again in a
month. He has to be back there in
April.
(. y Rx--.
v- \ L.)
Vighnesh: Will he settle down there?
a) Ramu:
When did Saran come here?

(February
[every October / November
a)
Ramu: When is he going to complete his

research project?
Manikanth: No, but he will be there for quite a

longtime.
(Gf
( -Ka -v-d- p Jh
---o?)
( -q--E---, 2007)
Ramu: When did he begin it?
b) There are only 28 days in February, except
once in four years.
( -O -yu --Ja 18- -C. -J--E E--Kq-

.G.. *aC. q - 7-
v-C. -v
-_ - -.)
February
(--x -J p
.)
Look at the following expressions from the

conversation at the beginning of this lesson:
a) This morning
b) on the 10th c) on saturday
d) in a month e) for quite a longtime
f) on the 4th of April g) on the 10th of April h)
on 18th March /the 7 th May i) in the 4th week
j) during your stay Days (sunday, monday,etc.)
on
dates (the 10th, the 18th April)
months and
years
in
,
-Eo -E* .
hC ?
Spoken English
dC
DE n time * E.
- time *, - V *,
E /-q / *
- since .
- in August)
C { f.)
in .
Last year
28 V
( -q *aC.)
That year in )
c) He will return next year
x-x----- 122
--
i) India has been independent since 1947

(1947
( a -q AJ--h)
in )
next year
d) He goes to Ooty every year
*)
ii) I have not met him since last January
January
* -Eo q--)
Compare the following:

a) India has been a republic since 1950.
b) India has been a republic for the past/ for the
last 55 years.
a)
1950 * Republic C o.
since, point of time - -o.
b) 55 x (Period of time) E uC
d for -o.
a) He has not seen a movie since January
b) He has not seen a movie for the past / for the
last two months.
During the training period...

c) There are 12 months
in a year. (
(vA -q -- -)
in .
This week, that week, next week,
every week, last week in . (Week
p in)
-q-
12 --)
(Every year
d) He was born on 10th

September 1984.
10th September
d.)
(
1984
Imp...
a) I saw him here three times last week
M. SURESAN
i) On before dates and days;
--D- -p
'the'
( -Eo\ -x )
(Last week in )
For
L.
On the 10th June; on the 15th of August, etc.
c) Salaries are paid on the first of every

month. [on the first on]
-E-
-... (for - E.)
January
Dheeraj:
Neeraj:
Dheeraj:
-\ o.)
3. a) Deepavali comes in October or November.

October
November
month
in
Dheeraj:
Eo F
iii) Any degree course is for three years
( degree Course -x-

C.)
-u-C (Period of time) for .
a) He has been here for the past two days
b)
Neeraj:
Fo-o l-----E ----o?

y July d,
September d --d.
F -- --l school June 12
.
E-l --o . F date of birth \
. p L-C.
12 d V y p
. 2002 * d V--p
h-o . J .
J -. x
V- \u --hC. Sx a --
-.
ANSWERS
(v-V- -E-\ -o)

b) The train stops here only for 5 minutes
( j \ 5 EN- v -C.
(y o )
uC n a-d during .
f) During your stay =
i) During his visit here, he did not meet me
(- -- u--- o q--.)
ii) During the training period, you do not get
any salary
(P~ F @ )
(vA C @ Lx-h)
\ every 1st d on .
Neeraj:
ii) (I waited for two hours for you yesterday.)
Now practise the following
i) (He was here for a week.)
d) Salaries are paid every 1st.

iii) During the show there was some disturbance
( v-z
time
- L-TC.)
F
-Eo
iv) During his tenure as President, he visited

many foreign countries.
b) Deepavali comes every October/November.
(u-~- -O-- N
. Tenure - u = -O -)
(D-R
F
hC). \
-E-.
a)
e) For quite a long time:
in before months and years.
dates, days, months, years

Next (a), last (), every (vA) this
Manikanth: Best of luck for you. During your
(), that () E-h p dates and days
stay there you can meet dad. He
on F, months and years
will be happy to be of help to you.
in F .
(Best of luck)
1. a) He will be here on Sunday. ( C-
(y-\ o- o Jo
\ .) Sunday on -Eo
---a. F -
-E-)
h.
b) He will be here next Sunday (a (next)
Vighnesh: Thank you. As soon as I go there, I
Sunday -\ - next Sunday
shall get in touch with him.
d on ]
(u. \- x- - 2. a) I met him on the 26th Feb.
touch .)
( o v-J 26 --o). C
At, by time -C-* prepositions.
On -Eo -E-.
in, on, during, for, from, to/till, since b) I met him last 26th. ( 26 q-o)
time --E -C-* preps.
last x 'on' )
(prepositions)
August 2005
b) There was an earthquake that year
(O- _---p h?)
Vighnesh: I have my visa interview on 18th

March. I have got admission into
MBA in one of the universities in
the US. The course will begin on
the 7th May. I propose to leave in
the 4th week of April.
Since =
a) We had heavy rains last year
Vighnesh: When will you people join him?
( \ Rx v 4 E p
. Rx-- \ d- >F. 10 Rx--C. -y- -V- --o --h.,
t a -q h y h.)
( August dClast C d in
)
Last year, next year, that year, this
year, every year in
Raghu: I think in another year; that is in 2007.
(. -o-x-- \ )
Manikanth: I have told you my sister is getting
married on the 4th of April. The
bridegroom is a software engineer
there. So she will be leaving on the
10th or so of April. Dad will leave a
week after that.Mother and I will
join him next year, after I finish my
studies.
on
d) The child was born last August
Raghu: In 2005
(\ n?)
c) The child was born in August 2005.
Dheeraj: Why do you think I am older than

you?
Neeraj: You were born in July and I was born
in September.
Dheeraj: But we joined school on 12th June.
Neeraj: Till last week I had thought we were
the same age. I then saw your date of
birth some where I knew it then.
Dheeraj: My birth day is on the 12th this
month. Do attend it. You have been
attending (coming for) my birth day
since 2002. Don't fail this time.
Neeraj: I'm afraid I may not come/ I doubt if I
can come - My sister has been waiting for me for the past four days at my
village. I can come back only next
Monday.
-- j---
II
Viswanath: When does the temple near your
place open?
(O _ temple p -h?)
Lokanath: In the morning or in the evening?
-- 8 --Ja 2006
Viswanath: A few days ago our friend Trinath

met me. You know he had been
away for long. He said he would
meet me the next evening, but he
did not come.
(lo, -v?)
( v vA, ClV
---o. -V ----o. E .
* \ .)
Viswanath: In the morning.
(lo)
Lokanath: It opens at 5 in the morning and
closes at 12 noon.
Lokanath: Trinath is unreliable.

iv) She is at leisure in the evenings
(l 5 - -h. uo
12 h.)
Viswanath: In the evening?
(vA E-- .
Unreliable = ------E)
Viswanath: Well then. Meet you again.
(*C. Sx --.)
(v?)
Lokanath: The temple is open from 4 in the
evening till 8 in the evening.
(v * 8 J
C.)
Lokanath: Bye.
time -C-* prepositions

Ja-ho Eo lessons *. This les-
The Sun is exactly above our heads at noon.
son too deals with prepositions of time.

ii)
Viswanath: I thought it opened from three in

the afternoon.
Ramana: Well, let me see; that is the 4th Feb,
-x--- 123
of the 4th Feb I left for Guntur. So I

didn't take the walk that morning.
(... V D . d.
C
x.)
Bhanu: When did you return?
uo o-- - x
He went out at 12 noon/at noon.

c) In the night or at night -
(uo * J*
---o.)
isn't it? That's right. On the morning
-v BJ- C.
(leisure = measure su '
\ -)
b) at noon: J_ uo 12 noon.
DE noon v at noon, the
.
i) uo 12 u Ah O
-- j -a. ,
the -E-.
(p AJ--a)
Ramana: I returned on the evening of the 5th
in
( D v).
y
She is very busy in the mornings
The morning, the evening, the afternoon
in hC. j conversation
--V, C morning, afternoon, evening on -E-.
1) on the morning of the 4th
2) on the evening of the 5th
3) on the after noon of Sunday.
We met him on a Sunday afternoon
Lokanath: On festive days it is open till 2 in the

afternoon. For example it was
open at one on the afternoon of
Sivarathri and closed late at night.
( Vx uo
J C. --- P-vA
V uo -- J*
-*, vA -u .)
Viswanath: I visited the temple on the morning
of Saturday. I went to your place
Ja-/
N -
i)
etc.
( E- x.
O a. y -
x.)
Lokanath: On the morning of Saturday? Yea, I
went to my sister's. She was planing to go to Delhi on the evening of
Sunday. I was there to help her in
packing.
lo? .
x. C-
Mx -----
l- ----E
Viswanath: Do you go to your sister's frequently?
(O \u Rx- h?)
Lokanath: Almost every evening. They live
very close to our place.
( vA v.)
M. SURESAN
b) at 12 noon
c) till 8 in the evening
e) on the afternoon of Sivarathri

f) at night
g) on the morning of Saturday
h) every evening
j) the next evening
My sister was away shopping.
(Eo x o, v
\u shopping RxC.)
Spoken English
iii)
-u
\.
in the night
at night
--.
i) vA-o -- -
(this night, today night
)
i) F-V vA N-- ho
2) Programme
night. (during =
u-C)
3)
ii) We move about more during/ in the day than
iii) He worked day and night to educate his chil-
night
in hC; noon, mid day,

at hC.
Bhanu: You come here in the mornings; why?
(\- lo --h?)
Ramana: You see me on my morning walk up
to the river bank
(C f l --p
F E--h.
(Today morning .)
V u-o -Eo --o
I met him only this afternoon
at night
-- \ A- vA-.
V l -jC
The programme began this morning.
It is better to study in/ during the day than at
night, mid night
l-- BJ--.
).
V vA = tonight
I am leaving for Vijayawada tonight
d) in the day =
i) My mother gets up at 5 in the morning
iii) She is very busy in the mornings.
evening
He came home very late at night/in the night.
The morning, the evening, the afternoon, the
E Eo v E-N-C- -.
-E: English vA -,
-u evening . 9
evening .
(today morning/ today afternoon, today
vA l-- a.
a) In the morning, in the evening, in the

afternoon
ii) I saw him in the park at 8 in the evening.
Lokanath: Yea, I was at home last evening.
This morning, this afternoon, this evening.
\ ho : morning, evening,
dren
night, noon E \- . Fo
x- C-N---E vA---x/ --v-
(parts of the day)
-- E--.
-- morning, evening etc.
day and night preposition .

J-T N J* p-, (part
of the day) , the d, E -p e) At midnight = vA 12 -.
i) You can wake me up even at midnight if you
'in' .
want my help = u--v-
-- l 8 ---C
o -a.
The college starts at 8 in the morning.
ii) The train arrive here at midnight
uo - --C.
Train \- vA 12 hC.
The college closes at 2 in the afternoon
t C hC.
( Eo v Nyx
.)
vA - \E d
i) last evening
Viswanath: But I saw you at home last

evening.
V , V uo, V
v
It's difficult to be awake/keep awake so late

in the night/so late at night.
expressions in the conversation above:

a) In the morning or in the
evening.
He goes to bed late in the night/late at night.
vA -u Ev--
ii)
d) in the afternoon
too. You were out.
(E-
\u
v
x
x.)
deal with =
4)
(Today afternoon )
V v x-h
They will come this evening
(Today evening )
, Eo-vA = last night, Eo v =
last evening. (yesterday night, yesterday
evening
).
That, this, every, last, next
Ox j morn--- in,
ing, evening, afternoon, night

on
O-.
1) He came to me that morning (on

2) I sent it to him that afternoon (on
)
)
3) The doctor checks him up every morning

(
vA-V
)
doctor
-E K-~-h.)
(on/in
4) He left for Bangalore that night (on
5) He goes out 9 every night and comes back at

11.
(vA-vA Nt-C- ---Rx 11 --

AJ--h) (In/ on/ at O-)
6) I wanted to meet him the next morning but I
was busy.
(On the next morning
Bhanu: But I didn't see you on the morning of

Saturday.
-- j---
II
Karthik: Kousik, have you seen Mallik?
--v 10 --Ja 2006
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow - verb, do submit

submit
(= submit) =
Lx ?)
Kousik: I haven't met him since the day before

yesterday. Well, What's the matter?
(
o* --. N?)
Karthik: If you happen to see him, tell him to

call me or meet me. I need to see him
urgently.
(E y h o -j
p. -.
E --Lq -
C)
Kousik: What is so urgent about it?
( -?)
Karthik: He has two books of mine with him. I
need the books for my assignment. If I
don't submit the assignment tomorrow, I lose marks.
--.
p
3) If I do not go now - Verb, do go (=go)
x--.
4) If I see him - verb, see =
-E
h/Lh
5) If I go to his place - verb, go=
Rx-
R
6) If I go now - verb - go,
p h
7) If he sends me the books- verb, sends books
verb o group of words

. (C u. h-. \* clauses deal
h)
So a CLAUSE is a group of words with a verb.
Some more examples of clauses (Clauses
J-Eo ---)
-x--- 124
Kousik: Phone him or go to his place.
( phone u,
Rx- })
(-x . --x. y AJT h-E xt

pC. E- y xL.
t hospital B--x--E. p
x-- t sC -C.)
Kousik: If see him I'll definitely tell him about
the books.
(-D . p ,
---x- E ---a.
books h )
(s Lx-*--p F h---h. s
Lx-*--p when you pay the money -
I shall be happy 7)
--h
. -----p If he sends
me the books, h-
d --E (condition)
h- . If clauses p
conditions --. conditions
L clauses conditional clauses .
conversation E clauses (1) to (7)
Fo conditional clauses. \ conditional clauses Fo 'if' begin -o. conditional clauses, if ,
Eo -- v a.
1) Though she likes music (verb - likes, though

-
--p-)
2) When he was here (verb- was)

3) He knows that... (verb- knows)
4) After he had done it.. (verb - had done)
verb
clauses
1) If you happen to see him -
y E J-T
Tell him to call me -
Phone
---E p
a) Unless he pays the

money, I will not give
him the book
( s Lxh p,
h
y.
Unless - p,
Unless you study well
=
M. SURESAN
y C-N p...
conditional
Spoken English
conditions
es - conditional clauses.
claus-
If I see him - conditional clause --E

Lh --. -L C future
(N-uh) L clause. verb
- 'see' future tense . Present tense C
-E-. ? Conditional Clause
Future Lj, - E verb future
tense .
conditional clause shall/ will .
clause
Vidur: Hi Sasir,
S} ho. conditional clause, future

N-Eo p , verb future
tense . conditional clause
shall/ will . j p conditions
present tense verbs v h.
a) Doctor Eo K-~-* y -L-h
The doctor will give you medicines, after he
examines you (will examine
b)
admission
c)
(s Lx--- F v . s
Lx--- s Lx-- Before
you pay the money - conditional clause)
c) You come here, - only after you get the per-
)
R} y NvA B-- =
I will take rest after I go home (I will go home
b) Before you pay the money, you cannot get
)
-C Lh ----
If he knows this, (if he will know this
will be happy.
d)
prize
), he
h, ---- =
If I get the prize (If I will get the prize

?) I shall be glad.
(Permission - -A C y _Imp: will/ shall -- conditional claus . -A C y- Only after es , sentences N clauses Jh-.
mission
you get the permission - conditional clause)
h \ o y? PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH

shops A-. --.
(-- F h- -)
Sasir: C s. y x. Ny-p x-Look at the following expressions from Sasir: EC Books 'n Books o. \
, F h -\--a.
\ copies . R the conversation above.
Vidur: Bye.
-.
1) If you happen to see him
ANSWER
Vidur: y ph h. E-
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow
R} s a----J u ya.
Vidur: Hi Sasir, where did you buy the book? I
3) If I do not go now
have searched/ enquired at a number of
Sasir: Gsa N p. -
4) If I see him
shops, but I could not get/ find it.
_-o Rs. 200/-. y v
5) If I go to his place
AJ--Ta-x- p Fh.
Sasir: I bought it at Books 'n Books. There
6) If I go now
Vidur: Book -\E x-, o-
aren't (are not) many copies either. If
7) If he sends me the books
-T B-*a Fh.
you go now/ at once/ immediately you
j expressions Fo groups of words Sasir: h --p, a gift
can buy it.
( p) . j groups of words
coupon Ja-.
Vidur: If you lend me the money, I will buy it. If
vA x verb -E-.
I go home now, get the money and go, it
Vidur: Gift Coupon B-- --C?
1) If you happen to see him -\ verb, happen
might be too late. (By the time I go
Sasir: y gift coupon B- p F II
(To see = to+1st Regular doing word- DEo
home, take the money and go to the
Part of the book free .
infinitive . C verb . hC )
shop, it might be too late)
n, -E y h. (If - --x-). Vidur: Thank you.
Kousik: Don't you worry. You will get them.
conditional clause)
- ,
If you happen to see him
o group of words Eo-E

.
(E h books N h)
conversation (at the beginning of
Karthik: If you go to his place, you can see
this lesson) * B clauses J-Q-Ll.
him.
Clauses Fo if begin --o
(y - --h E y -- 1)
if begin u clauses , if
-)
clauses .
Kousik: If I go now, how can I meet him? He
2) If '--x- E n .
will be back only an hour later.
(p h --- - 3) j 7 clauses if clauses.
If clauses p - L---h.
- y AJ--h)
Condition .
Karthik: That's what I mean too. If you wait for
another 45 minutes, and go to his
place, you will find him. If he sends me
the books, I shall be happy.
d) You get the books when you pay the money
h- ,
IMP:
clause
( h- _o.
assignment N -.
submit --, \
.)
Karthik: I've called his home twice already. He

is out. He will be back in an hour, his
mother told me. I have to go home
now urgently to take mother to hospital. If I do not go now, mother will be in
trouble.
7) If he sends me the books -
Sasir: Before I give/ lend you the money, let me

tell you one thing. All the money I have
is Rs.200/- If you (can) return it by the
evening, I will give it to you.
Vidur: As soon as I buy the book, I will go
home, take the money from dad and
repay you.
Sasir: When you buy the book, don't forget to
take/ collect the gift coupon.
Vidur: What happens if I don't take the gift
coupon?
Sasir: Unless you take the gift coupon, you
cannot get the II part of the book free.
Vidur: Thank you.
Sasir: Here is the money. Hurry up. If you don't
go now/ unless you go now, you may not
get the book.
Vidur: Bye.
-- j---
II
Neeraj: Shall we start? Unless we start now, we
cannot reach college on time.
( ----? p --Jp college time -)

Suraj: Have you taken the money? Before
you pay the fees they won't allow you
to attend classes.
(s B--o? s Lx---
Eo classes x-F-)
I will pay the advance provided you begin

the work
y E v-G-h advance h.
If, unless
If = unless... not; unless = if ... not
if o clause , unless clause aa; ? If o sentence not d.

eg. a) If you work hard, you will pass
(d- C-N, y --)
Neeraj: I have the money ready.
(s
I Clause:
b) Unless you work hard, you will not pass
ready)
(y d- C-N p, pass )
Suraj: Have you all your certificates? They
a)
if clause o sentence not .

will grant you admission after they
b)
n, unless clause o sentence not

check up your certificates.
x hC ?
(certificates Fo o? F certifi unless clause o sentence not
cates Fo J-Q-L-* y- x
admission h)
-, n a-x if clause o
sentence not omit pa.
Neeraj: The certificates are all ready, but I have
yet to fill in some columns in the application.
a) Unless we start now, we cannot catch the

train =
p ---J p
-.
train
b) If we start now we can catch the train
-x--- 125
--C 12 --Ja 2006
---J, train --.

if, sentences if, unless -Eo -
Ja practice .
1) He was an LIC agent when I last met him.
Before you pay the fees = Fees
Lx--;
Subordinate clause - when I last met
n Jh--, d C subordinate clause.
him.
II Clause:
--E *-J ---o-p...
They will not allow you to attend classes =
Eo classes E-y DE n
h-C, d C main clause.
Exercise 1
Now,
conversation E C sentences main clauses, subordinate clauses Jh-.
1) They will grant you admission after they

check up your certificates.
(mean-
ing not complete).

He was an LIC agent.
LIC agent
(complete meaning)
o.
Main clause
2) I know where he is hiding.

subordinate clause - where he is hiding
--\ \E o,
(incomplete mean-
ing)
Main clause - I know
2) They will accept the application after you fill

it completely.
Exercise 2
3) I will complete it if you help me.
Sriram:
complete meaning.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
y Kumar - -*--J -p ?
--.
Sriram: -o o ----E p?
Raghu: v-V x -E p.-
p-.
Sriram: y h-E -Pho.
Raghu: --A?
Sriram: film hero _-J B----o-.
l fans ?
Raghu: E- -?
Sriram: next month * busy, p
---- y Eo -.
Raghu:
If you work hard, you will pass

(certificates
l. F application
Eo columns size z
, Jh Lq C)
Suraj: They will accept the application after
you fill it completely.
(y Jh E y F
tion B--)
applica-
Neeraj: I will complete it if you help me.
4) If I go on helping you, your dependence on

me will increase.
4) Conditional clauses
shall/ will . (
future tense -
conditional
future
5) I may make mistakes if I do it on my own.

Answer:
clause
---o-p-.)
O conditional clauses
J* last
lesson ---oC.
Main clause
M. SURESAN
Very Important:
(y -h Jh-h)
Main clause:
nh- clause.
Suraj: Fill it yourself. If I go on helping you,
Subordinate clause = n Jh-E clause,
your dependence on me will increase.
Conditional clause. -- --Fo
You will never be independent.
subordinate clauses ? - n
(y fill u. F -h complete - --d.
, O --- \---C. If he comes - h - (conditional clause)
y y-v -.)
n h--. d C subordinate clause.
go on doing something = E h Look at the following sentences from the
= continue
conversation above:
Neeraj: I may make mistake if I do it on my
own. That's my fear.
( h p a ,
)
Suraj: Don't worry. Complete the application
and show it to me. Hurry up.
( --. Application Jh-

. y F)
In the last lesson, conditional clauses
J* ---oC
1) A group of words with a verb is a clause.
(Verb
clause)
o p
2) A clause stating a condition is a CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:

clause,
conditional clause.
- L
3) Conditional clauses begin with if, unless,

before, after, when, where, provided, etc.
(Conditional clauses
j - v-
G--a)
Provided = if =
Spoken English
i) Unless we start now, we cannot reach college

on time.
Eo clauses o? h--.
sentence the number of clauses =
The number of verbs in it. sentence
Eo verbs Eo clauses.
In the sentence above, there are two verbs.
1) Start
2) Can reach.
1) Unless we start now =

- conditional clause, so subordinate
clause.
--
-J E
2) We cannot reach college = college

- clause meaning h-C
. d C main clause.
ii) Before you pay the fees, they won't allow
(will not allow) you to attend classes.
Here again, there are two verbs = pay, will
allow.
sentences
two
(to attend - infinitive; verb
clauses
(complete meaning) (incomplete meaning)

1. They will grant you after they checkup your
admission. verb, certificates... Verb checkup
certificates
will grant.
admission
2. They will accept after you fill it completethe
application. ly... Verb - fill
verb - will accept.
application
(F
(x F
h). J-Q-L-* y..)
(Jh
y..)
(x
B--).
3. I will complete it. if you help me... verb verb - will com- help
plete.
(y
( Jh h...)
h).
4. your dependence If I go on helping you ...

on me increases. verb - go (helping verb - increase;
'ing' from - verb
--
(O --- ) (F - h
\---C).
...)
5. I may make mis- If I do it on my own...

takes. verb - may verb - do.
make.
( p (- - h...)
-a).
So there are two clauses.
d
.
Answer:
Sub clause
-E: j *a
subordinates
al clauses.
clauses
sentences
Fo condition subordinates
- o. clause
.
I saw him yesterday . This sentence has only

one verb - saw. So it is a sentence with just
one clause, and it is the main clause and it
is the sentence.
subordinate clauses C
tences :
sen-
Sriram: When did you see Kumar last?

Raghu: A week ago. (a week back
Sriram: Did he tell you (that) he would meet

me?
Raghu: He just told me (that) he would be out
of town for 2 days. He didn't tell me
anything more.
Sriram: I hope (that) he will come soon.
Raghu: What's the matter?
Sriram: He said (that) he would take me to our
hero. We two are his fans, you know.
Raghu: What's the hurry?
Sriram: He will be busy from next month. If we
can't (can not) see him now, we cannot
see him afterwards.
-v-o: Not
only did
He..... But also
.... subject
verb h
vo -C
?
u-Lx u,
L--
---: Sentence not only
v-Gh, question -- verb
L.
a) Not only did he insult me, but also
hit me.
b) Not once has he helped me.
-J
-.
[-
II
Prabodh: Hi Subodh, (do) you know where
we can get good mangoes?
( ! # N x
\[ -- ?)
Subodh: Where else? At rythu bazaar.
Every one says that the quality is
good, and the prices moderate.
(-\[? j x. u ]E, ] - E vAx .)

else = ( n).
where else = -\[
who else = -?
when else = -p[
how else = -N-]/ ?)
14 Ja 2006
pretext = vd q \--- =
put on weight = --\[/ [
Subodh: Tell your wife that you are not a diabetie. Let her know that eating
mangoes within limits wouldn't
harm you.
(y ]---uC --N E
O N[ p. J-N- N
[x A[ x v-]O ]E
p).
Diabetie = a person suffering from diabetes/sugar complaint
harm = E
Prabodh: I keep telling her that but she
doesn't listen.
He thinks he is great.
d) [ u h-]E P--[-].
He does not hope (that) he will get the job.
e) - E --[
o.. P#.. E#..!
Prabodh: How about Sakala Supermarket?
(J \x?)
( . F N].)
Subodh: Wish you a sweet time with the
].
Subodh: The quality may be good there, but

the prices are prohibitive. I am sure
(that) it is not the place if you want
reasonable prices.
Why? What's the matter?

(\[ [x u -a F
] v J---EN. j
] - C j --]E
#a- p--.)
prohibitive = (]) [f-.
prohibitive = --E [f- ].
Prabodh: Perhaps you are right. I expect
some guests tomorrow. I thought
(that) I would serve them mangoes.
(u-a. A] h---o. x N
[x [-E -o.)
Subodh: Go ahead. They will know that you
are a good host.
(F J. y # A]u a--E ---.)

host = A]u a-[
Prabodh: It just gives me a pretext to enjoy
mangoes. Otherwise my wife
wouldn't let me. She fears that I
may put on weight if I eat mangoes.
( N x A-] A-]
v. - N[
o N x A-F-].
j---E N[ .)
N- / E . situation conversation C - h-C.

]-E say, know, think, hope, expect, suspect, doubt, (be) sure, assure, admit, deny,
allow, agree (N Eo. N
o.) a Main Clauses That clauses join [ practice .
Vimal: -- o -h y?
Kamal: ? ]?
Vimal: p, a- u ]E.
Kamal: a u ]E y
p-?
Eo D L-C. #
vd -E p.
(y Au N-[x A-E
Kamal:
-E --o. Eo
--o. j)
x 126
[-[ x
p # h advanced level conversation
E
J
practice l. v-h follow . Last
We do not think (that) he needs our help.
x
lesson the things we have learnt.

f) y L-N- E ---o?
-
A clause is a group of words with a verb.
Do you think (that) you are clever?
o-E
A main clause has complete meaning.
p[ look at the table - subordinate clauses
---o[.
A subordinate clause doesn't have comin the conversation at the beginning of the
Vimal:
[
[
plete meaning.
lesson
-
The number of clauses in a sentence =
C.
The number of verbs in it.
M. SURESAN
MAIN CLAUSE
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
That begin u
-h-E d
clauses- that clauses.
P-ho.
1)
Do
you
know
Where
we
can
get
good
mangoes.
that clauses that
Kamal: --E
(F ?)
(# N x-\[ --?)
meaning E E.
J AJ--h-[Conversation \
2) Every one says
a) That the quality is good.
?
clauses that clause
(vA-x )
(u --]E)
Vimal:
[
a-h-E n - C .
b) (that) the prices are moderate.
o[ .
- / E
(] - -E)
Kamal: [
/ p-/#a-
3)
I
am
sure
a)
That
is
not
the
place.
o E o-p[x,
h
a.
(
)
(C
]
E
)
/ / etc. /
h!
b) if you want reasonable prices.
E -o, P-#,
Answer:
(F j ] -)
--E-#, L-,
Vimal: Are you meeting/
-LqC that clause 4) I thought
That I would serve them mangoes.
Will
you
meet
v .
(--o)
(x N-[x d-E)
Sukumar today?
a) [ h[ E,
5) They will know
That you are a good host.
Kamal: Why? What's the
.
(
)
(y A]u aE)
matter?
I know that he will come.
Vimal: Tell him (that) we
\[ [. [--h[ 6) She fears
That I may put on weight.
have the match
= he will come
( [C)
( ---E)
next week/ That the
[ h-[E =that he will 7) Tell your wife
That you are not a diabetie
match is next week.
come.
(O N[ p)
(y ]---uC --N ]E)
Kamal: Have n't you (=
=I know.
Have you not) told
8) Let her know
That eating mangoes within limits wouldn't
b) N [ --d-E
him (that) the
C.
harm you.
match is next
N [ --d/-
( n -E)
(J-N- N--[x A E -]E)
week?
d--[-C.
She likes the mango.
Vimal:
I
knew
the
date,
only
yesterday you
O -E . senN [ d--[--]E
tell
him
too
(that)
we
have
to practise
tence [ [ sub. clauses [[.
that she likes the mango.
from tomorrow.
main clauses jo a.
C = she says/ is saying.
Kamal: I think he knows the date. He
j sentences Eo- main clause ],
She says that she likes the mango.
referred to it/ talked about it two or
subordinate clause y a. c) [---[ [ p E.
three times yesterday. He thinks
E
rule ]. C ], C -j y].
[-p = he is great;
(that) we have good chances of winEvery body knows that he plays well.
[ p E = that he is great.
ning.
That he plays well, every body knows.
He thinks that he is great.
(refer = (\[) vh-N-[)
conversation that C---a.
daily conversation p, Vimal: I am glad (that) he thinks. I strongly
He thinks that he is great.
, P, -#, #a- (be sure)
hope too that we will win.
Vimal:
mangoes. Bye.
Spoken English
u x ...
Kamal: Do you say (that) Hemanth will

return in time for the match?
Vimal: He has told me (that) he will come
back tomorrow itself.
Kamal: If he is there we can be sure (that)
we will win the match. Bye.
-- j---
II
Brahmam: (Do) you know when the train
arrives here?
(Train
Vishnu:
\---p h ?)
I do not know exactly when, but I

am sure that it arrives between 8.30
and 9.00 in the morning.
(*a- p L-, E l
8.30, 9.00 u h--C v
*a)
Brahmam: That suits us fine then. Find out
where Eswar is. Ask him whether
he is coming with us or not. Tell him
we have to reserve tickets.
(C u. y \-o . h-o
\. tickets reserve
---E p.)
Vishnu:
(I have) no idea how I can meet

him. I called his home twice but
there was no response. He hasn't/he doesn't have a cell phone.
8. (that) He doesn't have a cell

( cell E).
9. Whose number it is (C J ).
10. (that) he has no cell ( cell E).
Ox subordinate clauses no. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7
and 9 . Fo 'Wh' words (When,
Where, How, How many, Why and Whose)
begin - -o ? Fo When,
Where, How 'Wh' words begin -p-, questions . lessons
a--oC h-C-. Question
'Wh' word y verb , y subject
h. Clauses No. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9
'Wh' word y subject , verb
y h-o. -E Fo (sub +
verb) form subordinate clauses.
n : questions
.
-x--- 127
(-o --- L- .
-x x phone , E
h--. cell phone
.)
Brahmam: How can we know how many berths
we have to reserve?
Vishnu:
Hi... I remember. He and his people

are away in Eluru. They will be back
tomorrow.
(... p h-*aC. , x
x x. AJ--h.)
Brahmam: I now understand why he hasn't met
us.
( -o- --- p
n -C).
I think I have his cell number in my
pocket book. Let met see.
(E cell no. pocket book

--. F.)
Vishnu:
I am telling you he doesn't have a

cell.
cell
E --o ?)
Brahmam: Then whose is this cell no. here?
( \
Vishnu:
cell no.
-JC?)
I do not know whose number it is,

but I am sure he has no cell.
(C J L-, E
cell -C v *a)
In our earlier lesson we have seen the uses
of that clauses. There are some more subordinate clauses.
daily conversation
frequent
Real life
situations
main clauses
join
-.
O \. E
--C
p l:
Let us look at the subordinate clauses in the
conversation between Brahmam and
Vishnu:
1. When the train arrives (Train p--h).

2. Where Eswar is (Eswar \--o.)
3. Whether he is coming or not
( h-o ).
4. How I can meet him
(-Eo ----).
5. (that) We have to reserve tickets
( tickets reserve ---E).
6. How many berths we have to reserve
( Eo berths reserve ).
7. Why he hasn't met us
(Lo ---).
Spoken English
a)
- 16 --Ja 2006
-\ --o L- =
I do not know where he studies.
b)
c)
time waste
h -n----
lesson beginning
conversation
clauses 5, 8 and 10 that clauses.
J*
-- ---o-.
I do not understand why he wastes time
EXERCISE:
s h -J L-

ENGLISH.
No body knows how he gets/ is getting all

that money.
Hi Durga, Lakshmi \- R}
?
Please tell us when he will come/ comes/ is
Durga: F --- p, .
coming.
Vani: * s ---E p
e) function v-G-h x L- =
?
They do not know who will inaugurate the
Durga: _ s F?
function.
d)
Vani:
-p--h p.
Whether he is coming or not

Look at the difference between 'wh'
subordinate clauses and 'wh' questions.
Question
Subordinate Clause
(With Wh words)
(With Wh words)
1) ... when the train

arrives (train
1) When does the

train arrive? (Train
p-h... sub clause

No. 1) Not a question.
2) ... Where Eswar is(
y \--o
subordinate clause
No. 2) - not a question.
3) ... How I can meet
him- (
-o ---) subor-
dinate clause No. 4

4) ... how many berths
we have to reserve
(
berths
Eo
)
reserve
subordinate clause
no.6
5) Why he hasn't met

us
(-o-
---)
Subordinate
Clause No.7
p--hC?)
question
2) Where is Eswar?
(y
o?)
\-question
3) How can I meet

him?
(-Eo
----?)
question
4) ...
how
many
berths have we to
reserve (
Eo
berths
reserve
L?)- Question
5) Why hasn't he met
us?
(-o-
---?)-
She does not know whether/ if he has gone

or not.
b)
C J )
Subordinate clause
No. 9.
6) Whose number is
numit?
ber? - Question
u
,
u
. L--
J ---.
x-
x .
h
-C.
.
fees
Vani:
what you are talking.

Durga: She may have money, but how do you
know/ how are you sure whether she
d L-
We do not know whether/ if she has paid the

fees (or not)
(C J
wh words
begin
subordinate
clause
wh word
begin
Question
English
wh word subordinate clause
main clause
join
sentence
form
-E x
p- =
~ t _ s - --J-_--C? y x---o F
He hasn't told them
L---.
where he is from.
Durga: _ s-a. F F-h
g) C
F ?
teacher explain
Vani: E ---o-p Eo -
- =
h-E promise C.
M. SURESAN
Our teacher hasn't
Durga: F p ?
explained to us how we should do have to do
Vani: F N--Fo ---a?
it.
Durga: Sorry. \ R}D L-.
h) C -Jx -J L-
\- L-. p-- h
Whose house it is no one knows.
L-.
-E: \ where, when begin u
Vani:
AJ-h h?
clauses conditional clauses
condition ---. -E will/ shall Durga: OK.
-sEo d .
ANSWER:
clauses O conversation
Vani: Hi Durga, (Do) you know where
practice u.
Lakshmi has gone?
p lesson beginning E clauses E
Whether he is coming or not = Durga: Tell me first why do you need her?
h-o .. ask him - Eo . Vani: I've told you that I need money from
- N pd L--her.
, p whether F, if F . if Durga: Do you know whether/ if she has money
\ conditional clause if (
or not?
n) .
Vani: If Lakshmi doesn't have/ has no money,
a) x L- =
who else has? You do not understand
Question
6) Whose number it is
(
f)
will give it to you or not?

Vani:
c) Chief Guest
a C
p-- o =
No one is able to say whether/ if the Chief

guest has arrived (or not)
d)
C K-j-, -j- C F ?
Do you know whether/ if it is expensive or
cheap?
whether/ if
life situations
-Lq B. C real
conversation
- . Practice .
When I met her- I think it was yesterday, she promised to give it.
Durga: Did you tell her how much you need?

Vani:
May I know why you need all these

details?
Durga: Sorry. I do not know where she has

gone, where she is and when she will
return home/ will be back home.
Vani:
Will you let me know when she returns?
Durga: OK
-- j---
II
Sridhar: Who do I see here? Giridhar! what a
surprise! (I have) been thinking you
are still in Dubai. What brings you
here so suddenly?
(? TJ- a-u !
Ny - o--o. ox ---E
--?)
Giridhar: Because dad wanted me here
urgently for my sisters wedding
engagement. Though he wanted me
yesterday morning itself, I could be
here only last night. I tried my best,
but I could not get the ticket for the
earlier flight.
sister
(
EPa--n-E o
o t-o. o
Eo lo \----o-p-, Eo
vA v \----L-.
flight v-Ao* ticket --.
-x--- 128
Giridhar: You and I have known him since our

College days. He was our junior at
college by two years. He is Eswar. He
is a software man in the US. As he
has to be back in the states by the
month end, he is in a hurry.
Sridhar: It is Eswar. Is it? A good choice. A
nice young man.
Giridhar: Since my sister too a B.Tech, he
hasn't demanded any dowry. yet the
marriage is going to cost us a lot, as
they want the marriage to be a grand
affair,
sister
B.Tech
d, o
--. E Rx
a---C, x Rx -o d)
A Grand affair = p N-/- J
N. Affair: \ - =
N.
--E- 18 --Ja 2006
Clause 7: as they want the marriage to be a

grand affair
x Rx ---o d.
O -E . Fo - L
clauses . O-Eo-E, because/ as/ since
-j v-G--a. O-Eo n
----x/------/--d E.
1) x }.
Because dad wanted... engagement sentence

clause
conversation
clause
writing
because
clause
begin
main clause
Wedding engagement =
flight =
,
v
-
-a,
,
.
Rx -E-Pa--n/N.
-- a--.
(~ - )
Sridhar: When is the engagement?

(Engagement
Giridhar: The day after tomorrow. Dad has
none to help him, so he asked me
here urgently.
p?)
(x o --E
, -E Eo-\-
t-o)
Sridhar: Happy to hear that she is getting
engaged. Congrats to her. But why
this hurry?
sister
O
EPa-n ---o-
- C. -~. -N-?)
And you haven't told me who the

bride groom is, what he is, where he
is from, and whether he is in India or
abroad
(Rx----, h-, ,
India , N-x
y -- p- )
Giridhar: O you are too impatient. It is not even
minutes since we met, you shoot
question after question. Will you let
me talk?
(F p-. --E
EN--- -. vo
vo --J---h-o. o x-E-h?)
Sridhar: Ok, Go ahead.
(
...F)
Spoken English
J-* N.
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH

Vasanth:
Hemanth:
y Eo ?
-E v-Ao-*--p --. -u-x h-
I haven't gone out because it is hot (as it is
x x --Lq *aC.
hot/ since it is hot)
Vasanth: Phone E p-?
Sridhar: When is the marriage?
2) As he did not start on time, he missed the
Hemanth: , F y-h-. y-
Giridhar: The 17th this month. only 12 days
bus
-?
left.
( 17. 12 V NT--o) Time -l-- d bus --. Vasanth: cell out of order ---x
(\, as , because/ since -a)
---. Eo l -Last Lesson wh words -u subp * C J E -x.
3)
Since/
as/
because
he
knows
English
well
he
ordinate clause . - -- subHemanth:
Land
phone * -?
is
successful
ordinate clauses p l.
Vasanth: bill Lx----x C disconnect C.
Hemanth: Ao-p-o*,
h C. -Rx Ev-. Bye.
Although Ganguly
ry...scored a centu-E:
Since/ Ever since he came here, he has

been good to me.
because/ as/ since clauses, since clausPractice them thores
oughly.
Study the following

subordinate clauses
from the conversation
above:
1) Because dad wanted
me here urgently
2) Though he wanted me
M. SURESAN
here yesterday itself.
3) What he is, where he is from and whether he
is in India or abroad
clauses;
wh suborwhether clause.
dinate clauses,
last lesson
4) since we met
5) as he has to be back in the states by the
month end.
6) since my sister too is a B.Tech
7) as they want the marriage to be a grand
affair.
subordinate clauses
daily real
life situation
(N
J*

*-JC
OE
--o )
Fo
-- . N -
x, -p-, N-/-- JTp *,
o clauses
Eu conversation -Lq J-n-
o. -E practice them well and fill
your conversation with ideas.
Look at the clauses No 1, 5, 6 and 7
Observe that they begin with because, as,
and since.
clauses because/ as/ since
clauses
because = as = since =
---
x.
Clause 1: Because dad wanted me here
urgently
urgent
Clause 5: as he has to be back in the states by
the month end.
states (America)
o o
\ --o--x.
AJT -Lq---x
--
Clause 6: Since my sister too is a B.Tech

sister
B.Tech
d.
English d, N
--o.
Now look at clause 2:
Though he wanted me here yesterday itself
Eo E\ -E --o-p-.
Though = although = even though --p, C conversation common.
a) -u --o-p- y Ev--h
Though/ although/ even though he goes to
bed late, he gets up early.
bus
b)
Though he ran, he could not catch the bus.
c) Although/ though/ even though Ganguly
scored a century, his team lost the match
century
team
---Ah--p-,
M
-C.
-----
d--p-,
Look at clause no. 4 now.

since
Since we met since
n as/ because
E . \
n, J-T--p *, time *
E.
Since we met = ---o-p*
ANSWER
Vasanth: Why didn't you come yesterday?

Hemanth: Though I tried to come, I could not
(come).
I had to be/ to stay at home since /
as/ because my uncle was coming.
Vasanth: Why didn't you phone me (that) you
were not coming?
Hemanth: I called you, but you didn't respond.
Why didn't you phone?
Vasanth: Because/ as/ since my phone is out
of order. Ever since/ since it fell
down yesterday morning it hasn't
been working well.
Hemanth: Why didn't you phone from/ use your
land phone?
Vasanth: As/ since/ because we had not paid
the bill they disconnected it.
Hemanth: Since/ Ever since I ate masala dosa
in the morning I've been drowsy. I'd
go home and sleep. Bye.
vo: 1) -O -
Lesson
The Wife and
husband have a good understanding
for each other
grammatical
Man and Wife
2)
Yours faithfully
a) If not even minute since we met (Giridhar
)
---o-p--*/ --E EN-o -.
b) Since India became independent 58 years
have passed
----E yvu *a 58 x -.
c) Hi Arun, it is ages since we met
(--J )
---o-p-o*/ --E
(ages) u.
d) Since the time he came here, he has been
troubling me
-\ *a--p < sC LT-ho.

since because/ as n
x confusion C d, since
(p * n) ever since E
.
---:
o. F
-L-!
*
E
h-! DE n NJ.
o *-d-s, -
1) Husband and wife/ wife and husband

accepted usage Man
and wife
correct,
formal.
husband and wife.
2) Yours faithfully;
expression, formal letters
(Dear) Sir/ Madam
formal letters
I am/ I remain.
Your faithful servant
xxx.
servant
faithfully
yours,
(faithful)
faithfully yours,
faithyours faithfully
fully yours
faithfully
,
p.
--C
\ - oC
,
E C -
T-
. DE :
v-yu
v x,
C ,
O Nyv-j/ O Eo N-
o--o-x p--o O
n C.
JC. C
--. \
N E E -L-.
-- j---
II
Shantan: Hi Vineet, Sunil was here yesterday.
He suggested we see a movie but
dropped the idea. He suddenly
remembered he had to take his
mother to temple.
(F Eo \ o. E--l--o F - - -o. }-t B\-x-E

o-d h-*aC)
Vineet:
Though I wanted to see you both, I

could not come. My bike had troubled, so I took it to the mechanic. He
took an hour to repair it.
j n),
He has agreed to what I have said.
3) Whether / if clauses
(
/ n)
I don't know whether/ if he has come
(-a M)
4) Because/ as/ since clauses
(-x/d
n)
As the book is expensive, I cannot buy it.
(h K-jC x -)
5) though/although/even though clauses
Though it is raining he has gone out
({ -h-o-p-, ---x)
(Eo NtLo ------o F 6) Since
/ ever since clauses
---. j - -u
(
p
* n)
*aC.-E --E_- B-x.
Ever since he came here, he has had health
-J -----E --- --
problems
B--o)
(
\- *a--p --< - )
Shantan: How much did it cost you?
(-C)
Vineet:
He billed me Rs.200/- But I offered

him only Rs. 150/-. He accepted it.
-x--- 129
( .200 -/-
- G . j
a. B\-o)
(vA -E -J-*
--)
Vineet:
Fo h-o . OE -sEo dstraight main clause join h O conversation -C.

Practise .
That's true, but my mechanic is n't

that type.
Shantan: Every one thinks so about their

mechanics
OK. Will Sunil be coming here today?
Now look at the following clauses from the

conversation at the beginning of this lesson.
Shantan: He hasn't even called me since he

left me yesterday. I don't know if he
will come. As I am going back to
College tomorrow, how about a
movie this evening?
5) ... but my mechanic isn't that type.

6) ... Since he left me yesterday.
7)
As I am going back to college tomorrow.
( 4, 6 , 7
Clause No.4
That's a good idea. When are you

starting for your Engineering College
in Anantapur?
Sailesh:
Ramesh:
C.
--- -E
Engineering College p--h-o)
Shantan: Tomorrow After noon
Sailesh:
( ---uo ----o-)
Vineet:
Let's call Sunil then

(Sunil
- l)
Shantan: Let's go to his place -
Ramesh:
(--l)
Vineet:
Sailesh:
OK
p--- -- o
Subordinate
Clauses.
Ramesh:
1) That clauses
(He says that he saw you yesterday)
(
Sailesh:
E n)
2) Wh clauses
(p JT, ----o, -
Spoken English
so
l?
Clause 4:
They demand what is more than right
because we bargain for less.
We bargain for less, so they demand what is
more than right.
Clause 7:
Though / Although / Even though he suggested the movie he dropped the idea.
As I am going back to College tomorrow.
Though / Although / Even though He is

weak, he works hard
As I am going... tomorrow, how about a

movie this evening?
clause
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l...
I am going back to college tomorrow, So how

about a movie tonight.
(or)
He is Weak, but works hard.
Though he is rich, he
is not proud
Though / Although / Even though
, -K~-x
\- J -?
F --A - x F \- J --.
\- -- --p *
--A- C. \-
\- a. J
--- - ---?
y -aq J x---?
E h. -u--q -aq ---E v-Ao- Eo, F
--.
tuitions p busy. E o --- d .
Answer books AJT *a-p * o ----E v-
Clauses
But Clause
Though Clause
(or)
, But
a-a.
Clauses
Because / As / Since Clauses

'So'
Clauses So Clause
Because Clause
He is rich, but he is
not proud
( - N-N---o)
2) ... So I took it to the mechanic.
3) ... but I offered him only Rs.150.
L- clauses .
-Eo pC.
clause
No.
6
- * E pC.
(Eo o-CL Rxp *
Clause
No.
7
-Eo p-C
- -. -h
look
at
Clause
NO. 1
M. -- R}-o
...
but
(he)
dropped
the
idea
d v E---l?)
Vineet:
Dx but B though -a . ( though (--p-), but -- n

--p-, sentence structure C)
1) ... but (he) dropped the idea.
4) ... because we bargain for less.
(. F h)
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l
Let's go to his place...
(Ox L-j--x. j E-
\----. \-
h d)
Smart = L-j/ * d- \ E
bargain = = -/
(d. -F - -E --
)
Clause
He suggested that we see a movie but

dropped the idea.
(- o d- E--h.)
Shantan: These mechanics are smart guys .

They demand more than What is
right because we bargain for less.
Vineet:
-- 20 --Ja 2006
a-a .
O -E .
(-- -----j-p, - y- --) M. SURESAN Though Clause But Clause a-p though E clause - but .
Clause No.3
but though /
Because / as / since clauses , so clause
a--p because / as /since E clause
although / even though practice .
so hC.
Clause No.2, ... so, I took it to the
Though she is beautiful, she is not proud
mechanic
clause
My bike had trouble, so, I took it to the

mechanic.
\ 'so
a .
because / as / since
My bike had trouble. So I took it to the

mechanic.
She is beautiful but she is not proud

(
-- --- --op- -- y --)

o Clause -E-.)
(Though, but
Because She is good, every one likes her
Because / Since / as my bike had trouble I

took it to the mechanic.
(or)
She is good, so every one likes her.
(
-- --* -uh --d -- -- --G--Eh)
as / since / because

Ramesh:
(or)
o- -u-Eo -J-Q-L-l
Clauses 4, 7
Ao-* --.
Don't worry. - busy --p, Eo --- _ F
h.
Sailesh: Thank you
Answers:
Sailesh: Ramesh, I did well in the exam. But
I got low marks. Why?
Ramesh: You are not getting good marks
because your hand writing is bad.
Sailesh: My handwriting has been like this
once?
Sailesh: I will do that. I tried to meet the
Maths Lecturer Yesterday. But he
was not available.
Ramesh: He is always busy with tuitions. So it
is difficult to meet him.
Sailesh: Ever since he returned our answer
books, I have been trying to meet
him, but could not.
Ramesh: Don't worry. Though he is busy, I will
tell you a way to meet him.
Sailesh: Thank you.
(In the sentence above, change but into
since I joined School.. But I got/used
although/though/even
to get good marks at school. How is
as/since/because into so, and vice versa.
though,
it I don't get such marks in College?

Ramesh: Why don't you talk to the lecturers
and
-- j---
II
Anand: Before you start, check up your luggage.
-- 22 --Ja 2006
3) Whether/ If clauses -
, -Eo, vo-n-Eo L-N.
(-l J--)
Achyut: I will do that after I complete packing.
(C l-- h- y h)
Anand: OK, then, I am leaving. I will collect
from the shop on my way those books
you need. I will be at the station twenty
minutes before the train arrives. I will
have the lunch packed for you at the
station.
-x--- 130
4) Because/ as/ since clauses -
- clauses- OE
a-a.
so clauses
5) Though / although / even though clauses-
--p- n L clauses - OE
but, yet, still clauses a-a.
(But = yet = still = F/ --p-)
6) Since ( / - * E
L clauses. Since ever since
-a. from the time E -a.
-- --o conditional clauses. (if/ unless/ before etc.
v-i will/ shall -EN)
3) ... before the train arrives
c)
train
a
N conversation
es .
claus-
class
-. J a-
y
He begins the lesson as soon as he
a) India was under British before it became
enters class; he doesn't give us even the
independent
time to breathe.
yvu -- vG -
C.
(even =
d) As soon as he saw the police, he ran
As soon as he saw the police..

( ho. J F\--Lq h
Shop B-. Train --E
j EN- Station h. F
lunch pack h.
Achyut: Thank you. Call me as soon as you
c)
at the beginning of
this lesson.
2) after I complete pack-
M. SURESAN
time
*aC
a) By then he had finished his lunch
p-
{ T y x Sx d
Sx v-G-)
d) \- - Job
4) .... as soon as you reach the station

6) ... for there isn't much time left.
c) for clause:
You must hurry for there isn't much time
What were you, before you became a lec-
time
turer?
a) He can play well for he is tall
ANSWER
Spoken English
Eswar: Hi Govind, did you meet Sriram

before you started?
Govind: No. He called me after I (had) started.
Eswar: I have to meet him. I need some
information urgently from him.
Govind: He told me (that) he would be coming here, but when exactly, he did not
say.
Eswar: Sekhar too is coming here. I have to
take to Sriram before Sekhar comes
here.
Govind: If Sekhar comes here before Sriram
comes I will take him away. You can
then talk to Sriram.
Eswar: I appreciate you for you too are
smart/ clever.
Govind: That's because of my friendship with
you.
left
\ --x y y--L.
_ x -.
b) Let's stand in the shade of the tree for
it is very hot here
\ o--x
d F Ea.
c) I need water for I am thirsty
C d Fx L.
O next lesson J_ - n ---

C table study h--.

y -l--
Sriram - -o ---o?
Govind: . -lJ y
.
Eswar: E -L, *
- urgent L.
Govind: -\- hoo F p-h p-.
Eswar: Sekhar \---h-o.
a- Sriram x-L.
Govind: , X h -Eo
- B--h. p y
X x--a.
Eswar: F L-N----o, a-o.
Govind: F friendship x L-N--
a.
n -x, d E
.
O -. Lecturer -? (
u--E)

What were you () O u N?
before, after ----o . OE
O before, after clauses. before, after
(h. d --)
before, after clauses . ?
clauses vh practice .
Anand: Bye
time , -,
, J 4) As soon as clauses
p--- --o subordinate
E --. N O -h
DE n E.
clauses, y xh...
C
.
a) Call me as soon as you reach the station
1) That clause : 'E E L-C
station J / - Phone
2) 'Wh' clause: What, When, Where, Who, 1) Before you start y l
u.
Whom, Which, Why and how v-b) v-Gl
-uN uh, - J-* N- 2) After I complete packing
L-N.
We will begin as soon as he comes.
l-- h-u
Eswar: Hi Govind,
for
because/ since/ as
Take clauses 1, 2 and 3.
Achyut: Bye. See you at the station
Jh---/- A--.
--E Rx--.
came here.
e)
lunch
b) By then he had gone
He had no job/ He was jobless before he
ing
5) ... by then I shall be on my way to the station
(y -L y.
)
train
stopped (resumed -
3) ... before the train arrives
time left?
Rx y
- / --E / p-
station x--J .
They resumed the game after the rain (had)
1) Before you start
ing in ten minutes.
station
5) By then I shall be on my way to the station
station
in the conversation
be on my way to the station. My pack-
Anand: You must hurry for there isn't much
M - J--.
The train arrived after I (had) reached the
lowing clauses used
reach the station. I think by then I shall

ing is almost complete. I will be start-
b)
Now look at the fol-
away
TENSE
PRESENT
VERB FORMS
a) am, is, are
b) am, is, are
I RDW
a) have, has
may
II RDW
b) have
can
do
a-Fo.
, has
a-Fo
does
PAST
a) was, were
b) was, were
a) Past doing
b) did
a-Fo.
FUTURE
word
a) had
b) had
might
a--Fo
could
---
a) Shall/ Will
b) Shall/ Will
a-Fo
I RDW = Ist Regular Doing Word (come, go, eat, etc)

II RDW = IInd Regular Doing Word (comes, goes, eats, etc)
Past Doing Word = came, ate, went, etc.
Table verbs tenses . C O correct h-- Fo .

vAD confusing C.
-- j---
II
Sugandhi: I thought (that) you were not in
town.
Now look at the clauses in the conversation at

the beginning of the lesson.
Subordinate clause
(y x --o)
Supushpa: True; I phoned you yesterday that
we were going to our village, but
we dropped the idea because we
had relatives coming suddenly.
(E. Eo F
h- J h-o-E,
F -Lq *aC, sudden
d x).
Sugandhi: In fact surekha was about to start
for your place yesterday. I told her
(that) you were away and she
stopped. She said (that) she did not
know about your plan to go to your
village.
( Eo O -lJC. O E G T-C. O ho A
LC).
Supushpa: We were sorry (that) we missed a
few days of quiet at our village.
(v T----J, Cl--V
x-J v- p--E
-f.)
(quiet = v-)
Sugandhi: Why didn't you tell your relatives
that you would be away?
(O--E O --
p-?)
Supushpa: They were coming with an alliance
for my elder sister. The boy is a
bank officer.
(x \- B-h-o. s u -)
Alliance = -q = (marriage alliance)
= Rx ;
political alliance = - N/
.
Eg: UPA (vh v C-- o
N) = (United People's Alliance.)
Sugandhi: Then of course you must welcome
1. (that) you were not in town

2. (that) We were going to
our village
PRESENT TENSE
a) am is are
d) have, has
b) am is are
combinations
c) I RDW
II RDW
e) have, has
combinations
f) can could
--
PAST TENSE
a) was were b) was were
combinations
--
d) had
c) past doing
word
f) could would
e) had
combinations
FUTURE TENSE
shall, will forms
( -h-o-E)
But we dropped
coming.
the idea.
d--h-o--x
4. (that) you were away
O x E
5. (that) you would be
away
O--E
-
-o
I told her
--- p
Why didn't you
tell them?
x
p-?
6. (that) he would talk

to the boy's father
s v
x---E
h-o
(Main clause - meaning complete; sub-
ordinate clause - meaning incomplete).
Spoken English
III. a)
y ----E ---o?
Do you think (that) India can win the

match ?
(b)
b)
India
Did you think (that) India could win the
match?
IV. a)
I think (that) he may not help me.
b)
.
---------o?
O x--p h----- N-.

practice d ----.
Ravikanth:
Sreekanth:
Fn - o?
-h C. Eo \-
-E --- --p-.
----aE --o Ravikanth: y-C -E-\ Eo
o-?
Sreekanth:
--E Eo \ --x
----aE -o.
h.
Ravikanth: -- h. x
-hC Eo \ o-E.
E v
-x--- 131
o E-\- -E.
Sreekanth: O.K. t-?
Father told them
o- x
o.
He knows (that) she has come

p u-i N: j sentences
Main Clause Verb, Subordinate Clause
Verb -E-. Main Clause Verb past
tense , subordinate Clause Verb
past tense . :
Main Clause Verb
Sentence 1
Sentence 2
Sentence 3
Sentence 4
Sentence 5
Sentence 6
Thought
were
- Past tense
- past tense
Phoned
were going
- Past tense
- past tense
dropped
had
- Past tense
- past tense
told
were
- Past tense
- past tense
did tell (told)
I thought (that) he
might not help me.
V. a)
would be -Past
- Past tense
told
(future from the past)

would talk - Past
- Past tense
(future from the past)
In all the sentences above, the

main clause verb is in the past tense, so the
subordinate clause verb too is in the past
tense. That is the rule we have to follow in
conversation. If the main clause verb is in
the past tense, the subordinate clause verb
too must be in the past tense.
past tense verb
2) Main clause
subordinate clause
will, shall, can,
may
would, should, could, might
conversation
---:
p

- h. C
-Lq .
I. a) ---V h--o
He said (that) he would come the next day.
(b)
b)
He says (that) he will come tomorrow.
II. a)
Does he know (that) they will come
(b)
b)
Did he know (that) they would come.
DEo a:
-h---o
-p- a:
x-h-E -E---- ?
ANSWER
Ravikanth: Do you understand what he has
said?
-j-
--h--o
Sreekanth: It is clear - he says that he did not

come here yesterday.
I say (that) I shall be

happy if he passes
Sub Clause Verb
x-h-E -E--p ?
--Fo
Main clause, subordinate clauses
(--o)
I phoned you
3. because we had relatives
address.
( o x address B-E
s o x---o).
Sugandhi: That's good news (-h)
Last lesson * *a tense table
hC . -J h -.
I thought
F phone
.
Supushpa: Father told them that he would talk

to the boy's father and took their
Main clause
(y x--E)
them.
( x y-A--Lq)
--v- 24 --Ja 2006
b)
j
--h-E o
M. SURESAN
I said (that) I should be happy if he passed.

Main Clause
said, knew,
thought
past tense verbs
subordinate clause
would, should, could,
might
Main clause verb past tense
subordinate clause verb
past
tense
I a)
He knew (that) she had come.
b)
He knows (that) she has come.
II a)
She thinks (that) she is beautiful
b)
She thought (that) she was beautiful.
III a)
I hope (that) he doesn't know about it.
b)
I hoped (that) he did not know about it.
So, remember: If the main clause verb is in
past tense, the subordinate clause verb is
also in the past tense. Main clause verb
future tense
present tense
subordinate clause
tense
*ap
--x
C.
*a-E - ()
*a-E - p
-h E --C
-h E --C ()
N -L-E P- =
N L--E P-.
a)
F ,
(n -)
a.
Eo a-E =
I know that he came yesterday
b)
O Eo h o-E ---o =
He says that you bought a new car yesterday.

absent
c)
I will tell your father that you were absent
yesterday.
a)
b)
Main clause - present,
subordinate clause - past c)
Main clause
- future, subordinate clause - past.
Eo y
E O o h
Ravikanth: (Do) you mean he was here yesterday.

Sreekanth: I remember well that I saw him
here yesterday.
Ravikanth: Let us tell others too. They will
know that he was here yesterday.
But he told me an hour ago that he
had not come here yesterday.
Sreekanth: OK, but who will believe it?
vo: 1. ? -J
--?, -F- J l -?,
F l h?, -- J
_- h-C?, J \
E--C?, Eo
x--lE o? OE Tx-
pL?
2. I alone can do it. I can do it alone.
u N?
3. She was tired with riding.
She was tired of riding.
-.
- >. u-, --v-
1. ? = Who (whom) does
she know? (whom p
). -J = Who knows her?
F J l h? = Who do you go
to?/ Who will you go to? (x
conversational English whom T_-C). Does/ Will she come to you?
(does -/ will future ). Who
does/ will she come to? Who did she stand
by?/ Stand next to?/ Whose side did she
stand by?/ Who did she stand beside?
Why did he tell you not to go?
2. I alone can do it =
I can do it alone =
v --.
(- -)
C
-J (- ) --.
3. She was tired of riding, correct.
-- j---
II
Madhav: Hi Mahesh, come in. Have a seat. I
called your home twice yesterday, but
you were out.
( a, Eo -x O
, y )
2. If the main clause verb is in the present or the

future tense, the subordinate clause verb can
be in any tense.
rules
Last lesson
j
--o .
C .
Main clause verb past tense - subordinate clause will, shall, can, may .
-- - would, should, could,
might h.
j points Fo conversation v-h
-L. ( h--E practice --Dl
---- vo - correct x nA -)
Mahesh: I was away at college to apply for my

certificates.
apply
(Certificates
- -
x.)
Madhav: When are you going to get them.
(p--h?)
Mahesh: The clerk told me that they would be
ready in two days.
ready
(Vx
h p.)
-E
Look at the following sentence in the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
1) I called your home twice yesterday, but you
past tense)
were out. (Called, were 2) a) The clerk told me that they would be ready
told past tense
in 2 days. (Main clause
sub-ordinate clause
verbsentence
would be) - sentence
-x--- 132
--C 26 --Ja 2006
, d
a.
d)
vA-V u --E x-o
e)
V -\--o- ----
They said that he did exercise everyday.

He was not happy that I was there yesterday.
d English x--p v-h h-d---Lq N-.

Main clause verb past tense , sub ordinate clause -EN. will, shall, may , can,
Ist RDW, IInd RDW, have, has, do and does.
Would, should, might,
could, past doing word, had and did.
O N:
a) He tells me that he sees her here everyday.

- Main clause verb tells - present tense;
Sub clause verb sees - present tense.
n: -E-\ vA-W h-E -o.

b) He tells me that he saw her here yesterday
Main Clause Verb - Tells- Present tense
Subordinate clause Verb - Saw- past tense
n: -E-\ Eo -E ---o.
. p--- N-Eo d
MC (Main Clause) Present tense , SC
(Subordinate Clause) tense a. , future tense .
I will tell him that you are present
I called ..., but you were out
(y a-E -E h.
MC Verb - will tell - future tense,
SC verb - are - present tense.)
I will tell him that you were here yesterday
(y Eo \ o-E -E h.
Clerk - Pron.
(bird
Madhav: And when is your interview?
b) The clerk tells me

that they will be ready
in 2 days
')
yu p?
Mahesh: On the 22nd. I received the call letter
yesterday.
Call letter
Call let(22
ter - Interview, exam
. Eo
*aC.
a
)
Madhav: I met Madhu yesterday. I told him
about your interview. He knows about
the company. He says it is a good
company and pays its staff well.
(Eo E-. F yu
A p. -E F J*
. C * Company E, *
@-L-h-E )
Mahesh: Happy to hear that. Dad doesn't bother what pay I will get. He first wants
me to join the company, as experience in the company will be of great
value for my career.
(. @ N -o
l d-----). Company
experience C N-u-h
N-jC d x u h
.)
Madhav: You will certainly be lucky if you get
the job. People do talk lot about the
company. Wish you all luck.
(F u h %-d- --.
company p- .)
Mahesh: Thank you. Any tips you wish to give
me?
(FNa --/- --
i o?)
(interview)
Madhav: Let's meet this evening, when I am at

leisure
(v l. p BJ)
Mahesh: Bye.
In the last few lessons we have been discussing clauses. We have seen the following.
1. If the main clause verb is in the past tense,
the subordinate clause verb should also be in
the past.
Spoken English
Main clause present tense, future tense

sub ordinate clause
tense
-a n -, n-Eo-d.
b)
main
clause verb, tellspresent tense
sub clause
Subhash: Vinod,
-\-. Eo -\-E
M. SURESAN
a, E.
verb will be
Vinod:
*a . Eo -\
a) n v-V- ready --E clerk
o-E.
p. C past ()
Subhash: o- -- n
b) n v-V- ready --E clerk
--.
Vinod:
Eo ----E
-o C p (present)
o.
2) He says that it is a good company, and pays
Subhash: o .
its staff well.
v 57 u o-p-o \ main clause verb, says- present tens---aE.
es, subordinate clause verbs, 1) is 2) pays.
Vinod:
Eo
-- v-o- o-E,
(Company *-F, s-C @
F-y-Lq h- y-E v-Ao-hh-E -o p present )
ox p .
3) Dad doesn't bother about what pay I will get
Subhash: Phone l- \ -E Phone
Main clause- Dad doesn't bother about. Verb
.
does bother- present time, so subordinate
Vinod:
p- -x p---
clause - will get.
y -E ------o-E.
j sentenceE verb in the Main clause, Subhash: - ----E Pl.
past tense ( didn't bother E a--) p sentence --C?
vo: 1) Inurn - -- --L?
Dad didn't bother about what pay I would get.
2) To be Form tense
- didn't (main clause), would get - subordinate
--T-L?
clause.
ANSWER:
Subhash: Vinod, I will find out whether he
came here yesterday or not.
Vinod:
I know surely that he was here yesterday.
Subhash: Then I do not understand why he did
not meet me.
Vinod:
He said he would meet you today or
tomorrow.
Subhash: I told him a week ago that he could
meet me (on) any day between 5
and 7 in the evening.
Vinod:
He told me too, that he was trying to
meet you and give you the books he
had to give you.
Subhash: He doesn't have a phone, even if I
want to phone him.
Vinod:
I have already told him twice that you
have been wishing to see him
Subhash: Let's hope we will meet him atleast
tomorrow.
1.
ordinate clause
--p
will, shall, can, may
sub
would, should, could, might
sentences practice
, subordi
1) am, is , was
2) are , E were
3) have, has , had
4) do, does -- did .
a) Eo -\--o-E
nate clause
I knew that he was there yesterday.
y-\--o - p-
No one told me where you were.
c) She was proud that she had so much of gold
(-- -E y--C)
n ----
{--K o. I as apple a?
As E Eo N- --T--a?
. E-- -, --
---: 1) Inurn L . d
E a- N out of the question.
2) To be form C form of the verb. to be/
be forms am, is, are, was, were, shall be
etc.,
be form, am, is,
are
Tense
Be forms
Spoken English
lessons
explain
to be
infinitive.
tense
present
Past
To be =
3) As
want, intentioned
Dictionary
As
o.
x D -Eo d
C.
. .
DE
--

-C. \-J
-C.
.
-o nx
N
J
. O ----
-. -o n:
, :
a) He works as hard as his father
(father
b) talks as his father does.
d- E h.)
3) As = want, As = intentioned
b)
-Eo h d-E O
MC Verb - will tell - future; SC Verb - were past tense)

conversation
practice
(x o x--)
(d)
2. as
because/ since
a) As he is tall he can bowl well =
bowl
b) As it is hot, I dont want to go out =
_ ---x
--.
-C d, - x---- .
3. As '
a) As a doctor, I advise you to eat less Doctor
b) As a player, Ram has no equal =
Ram
4. As
1) He is not as good as you think =
Eo T_* A---o.
v---,
:
-- .
--- y---o *- .
n v o As . DEod
N-N follow -. I as pen, I as
apple- n .
-- j---
II
Look at sentence 1.
Jagan: I met our schoolmate Prasad yesterday.
(Eo, \--- -v-- - -o.)

Sekhar: Did you? Long since we saw him. How
is he? What did he say?
(? --iC -E .
o? -o?)
Jagan: He said he is doing Engineering in
Hyderabad.
(j-- >-F-J h-o-E

p.)
Sekhar: I think he is in his second year.
( -.)
Jagan: No. He said he is in his 3rd year.
(. p, -f -- E)
Sekhar: Remember? At school the teacher
once said that truth wins, he then
picked up an argument with her. He
told her that was correct in the olden
days, and that truth had no place in the
modern world.
(h? \ u
-h-E p--p - -E
He said (that) he is doing Engineering.

Main Clause, He said; verb - said past tense.
yesterday
(C
J-T -)
Engineering - C
(that) he is doing
Subordinate Clause - Verb - is doing - present tense.
So, in this sentence the Main Clause verb is

in the past tense and the Subordinate
Clause is in the present tense.
Rule
rule
(present
v -- . F \
Jh-. - p- --o
--o) N-Eo Eo -v -- p. pC past. E N
--C -E MC verb past
--p- SC verb x present
tense C.
-x--- 133
v SC Verb past tense --; He said he was doing Engineering

E sentence -C n?
Engineering h-o-E was doing =
n hC, p E ?
F - p Engineering h-oE ! -E verb present tense
Sentence No. 2 :
He said (yesterday) that he is in his 3rd
year.
(. * x-Ja Fx
ud-J -E C-N--p *
h.)
\ MC verb past tense d, SC

past tense - rule Jh. - rule v sentence
a---: p sentence:
(N*-v-i ?)
u-L 'u \ = -- Go o)
(Peculiar =
Jagan: Yes. He doesn't believe others easily.
( -- - t.)
-- ---oC Main Clause
(MC), Subordinate Clause (SC) J*:
1) MC verb, past tense , SC verb
(-J
teacher
pC u -h-E).
MC verb - said - past tense
MC Verb - said, Past tense; SC verb - is

present tense.
verb
He said (yesterday) that he was in his 3rd

year
3rd year
(was),
-C. n,
F, p
,
hC. F p--p (Eo) p
III year . -E \ 'he is in his
SC verb - wins present tense

Rule
He read that boiled water is free from bacteria.

MC- He read - read
()
past tense
SC - that boiled water is free from bacteria

Verb is present tense.
SC verb present tense
(MC verb past tense
,
o-p) p
j-. - C-N--p
p-j J-T Fx v-. C fact of science. Y v-i u. -E \ MC verb
--p- SC verb present

C.
Euu- (universal truths) N- .
MC verb, past tense --p-, SC Verb
present tense C.
SC verb
past tense
(won) L.
a--- The
teacher once said
that truth won
- M. SURESAN
C n: E L-C (
p ----E) -- n hC. C
- ? u p
-h-E. n - Truth wins
E present tense . d \
SC verb present tense C. MC Verb
past --p-
'Truth wins', 'Goodness is rewarded'
eg: Galileo discovered that the earth goes

round the sun.
(N, u d A---E M-L

E--d) Subordinate clause- universal
truth --C d, MC verb past tense
--p-. SC verb present tense.
MC verb past tense , SC verb
past tense - rule Jh-E x:
If the subordinate cluase states
1) a universal truth
(Eu u)
science (Y v L-
2) a fact of
(* L C), Justice prevails
N)
(u-E j u- gener3) a generalisation (Truth wins, etc) and
alisations .
4) a regular/repeated action continuing
N-, MC verb past tense --p-, SC
into the future
Verb prsent tense C.
rule N---.
MC Verb past --p-, SC verb present
Practise the following in English
Answer:
Sasikanth: Do you know, Vinai now is a big officer in a bank?
Yashwant: I knew it long ago. Isn't it I who told you last week
Sasikanth:
j p rule no. 1, MC - past tense,

SC also past tense rule Eo Eo sx Jh-. -N p l:
Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue above:
1) He said (that) he is doing Engineering.
2) He said (that) he is in his 3rd year.
3) The teacher once said that truth wins.
4) ..... from the day he read that boiled
water is free from bacteria.
Spoken English
-s J-Eo.
Sentence No. 4 .
past tense
tense
past tense
2) MC verb, present or future tense
SC verb, any tense.
tense
can't achieve anything without hardwork
Jagan: Yes, I do. I remember too his drinking

only boiled cooled water from the day
he read that boiled water is free from
bacteria.
Sekhar: He is a peculiar type, isn't he?
3rd year' correct.

d x, n d a-
MC verb past tense --p-, SC verb
present tense C.
MC verb past tense SC verb past
tense - rule Jh-E -s JEo o.
Sentence No. 3 :
The teacher once said that truth wins.
(Rule
C. u - Vx E,
vh v- u-E E.)
-- 28 --Ja 2006
F . N p l bank officer E?
Yaswanth: -p . F pC. --,
-u- * -->--- Mumbai oE?
Sasikanth: . h-*aC. Eo- C.
bank j v- E.
Yaswanth: V -- ->-- position --E
v--f. p --. d- --E- D C--E. d- K-~ u. j-a.
Sasikanth: . --, C C-N n --E C-. -J Eo h- Ot- -E n ----E , -.
Yashwant: j-h .
that he is in a good position in a bank?

Sasikanth: Yes, it is you; I remember. I read in the papers too,
Yesterday, that he is the vice president of the bank.
Yashwant: You know that he worked very hard to be in that position now. He always used to say that we can't
achieve anything without hardwork. He worked hard
and passed exams, and he came up that way.
Sasikanth: That's right. Moreover, he always studied things to
understand them. Once, to understand all objects
fall to the ground at the same speed, he let fall a
book and a pen on the ground.
Yashwant: He will come up further.
-- j---
II
Akhilesh: (Do) you know when the matches
begin?
(Matches
Let us now study the SCs having who,

whom, which, whose and that, and the MCs
(Main Clauses) they are joined to.
p ?)
Avinash: Hemanth is the man who can give

the information.
(F - y--L-TC
Hemanth)
Akhilesh: I wish to know the date of the match

which they play here.
(\ match date ----E

C). I am not interested in the
matches at the other venues. (-x matches interest )
Avinash: Hemanth is out of town now.
( p x )
Akhilesh: Who is the person that can tell us
about it?
C vA SC E Eo join MC L
- N o sentences n easy
n ---. ( -sx English
MC, SC, order, - reverse
(uA-) -C C , -C
..)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
Avinash: Here is the phone number which you

can call for the information
MAIN CLAUSE
1 ..... the man who can give you Hemanth is

the imformation.
interested in it =
be
I wish to know
-h-E uh
y-\--
o
F - y- uh
2 ..... the date of the match

which they play here
Rx-\
match
------o.
about it =
(y- --?)
Avinash: Cricket is a game which does not
interest me
interest
E (-h -L-T--E)
game cricket = cricket interest )
8. a) ... the one whose voice is She is =
F\--- -
phone -Lq
5 ... a game which does not Cricket
interest me
Cricket
h L-T-E
I think =
cricket =
h ---x -E--hC
... When I see
= --p
... (that) they are mad
= x *a--xE
(3 SCS -E-)
4 ..the phone number which you Here is.

can call for the information =
7 ... people who show interest in

Cricket
3 ..... the person that can tell us Who is?
Akhilesh: Why don't you call?
MAIN CLAUSE
6 ... the only one who is not You seem to
..... E J* p---uh
(F\--- -
u-Lq number C)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
= ....
( Eo J* p--L----?
(o
- 30 --Ja 2006
good
is
game
b) ... the hero whom I like He is =
d-
hero
NOW SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING:
(C-- who, whom, which, etc., a

clauses - simple x-.)
eg: The book which I bought yesterday is
here = I bought this book yesterday.
1) He is the man who tore the book.
2) They are the people whose houses look
beautiful.
3) We are the students whom they admitted.
4) These are the books which are interesting
but expensive.
5) Those who play cricket think they are great.
6) This is a problem which is easy enough to
solve.
7) Can you show me a man who dislikes cricket?
8) This is a question to which no one knows the
answer.
9) A man who is poor should not waste money.
10) These are all sentences which we can
simplify.
Akhilesh: You seem to be the only one who is

not interested in it.
( interest E--N y-\- o).
Cricket...does not interest me
Avinash: When I see people who show interest

in cricket, I think they are mad.
(cricket
interest o--x -p x a-x-E--hC)
-x--- 134
Akhilesh: OK, OK. Tastes differ.
(, , \-\-J \ G-*).
Let's not argue about it. (EJ*
C-l ).
-- sub ordinate
clauses J* --o . conversation subordinate clauses
. conversation o sub ordinate clauses - we can carry on conversation. O----- sub ordinate
clauses - *C. C
--- -, --L-x OE - -n--yL . -E OE -. u ---i--p .
study l:
Look at these following SCs (Subordinate
clauses) in the conversation:
1) ... the man who can give the information
2) ... the match which they play here
3) ... the person that can give the information
4) The phone number which you can call
Subordinate Clauses
, N L
Main Clauses
n ---Lq
N--.
( Clauses M. SURESAN
n N-E C - questions Eo-
- ).
Sx h--: O-----
SCs conversation -
conversation, simple , direct ,
interesting C. E OE
--- - - conversation
correct n ----E.
N -, n a *o *o
sentences :
1) Hemanth is the man who can give you the
5) ... a game which doesn't interest me.

6) .... the only one who is not interested in it
information =
7) .... people who show interest in cricket.
Hemanth can give you the information.
j SCs Eo- who, which, that h-o

. OF .
8) a) She is the one whose voice is good.
b) He is the hero whom I like.
a), b)
2) I wish to know the date of the match they

play here =
I wish to know the date of the match here.
3) Who is the person that can tell us about it? =
SCs a) the one whose voice is good
b) ... the hero whom I like
Who can tell us about it?

4) Here is the phone number which you can call
whose, whom
for the information =
SCs
You can call this phone number for the infor-
, who, which, that o

(Subordinate Clauses) -a
mation.
Spoken English
5) Cricket is a game which does not interest me =

Cricket/ The game cricket does not interest me.
6) You seem to be the only one who is not interested =
You seem to be the only one not interested =
You alone seem to be not interested/ uninterested (alone = only =
you only
you alone, better.)
7) People who show interest in cricket = People
interested in cricket.
8) She is the one whose voice is good =
Her voice is good.
9) He is the hero whom I like =
I like that hero.
Who, Whom, Whose, Which,
that clauses
(simple)
direct
conversation
simple
direct
natural
v. --p-

,
-a!
p
,

()
C.
-v-o: ought be, dare be, need be
N --T--L?
.Jqf, j---.
---: 1) Ought be - ought be
implies an obligation - it more or

less means, 'must be'. But 'ought'
always expresses a moral obligation - some thing a person is
expected to do as a moral obligation.
eg:
a) you ought to be respectful to elders. (Morals
require that you should be respectful)
b) Humans ought to be kind to animals
c) A youngster like you ought not talk like that
to elders.
2) Dare: Meaning and use no.1. Be brave
enough to do something. He doesn't dare
(to) talk to another woman in his wife's presence = He isn't brave enough to do it. In this
sense, 'dare' is usually used with 'not'. He
dare not do it = He doesn't dare to do it. 'He
dare not do it' is more common.
ANSWERS:
1) He took the book.
2) Their houses look beautiful.
3) They admitted us
(C
conversation
v)
4) Those books are interesting but expensive.
5) Cricket players/ cricketers think they are
great.
6) This problem is enough to solve.
7) Can you show me a hater of cricket? hater
=
'who'
clause sentence
(
y -p - *a
p-E-J a. F
O----- --- *C.)
8) No one knows the answer to this question.

9) A poor man should not waste money.
10) We can simplify all these sentences.
Meaning and use no.2. Used to warn some

one against doing some thing/ tell someone
strongly not to do something. Eg: a) Don't
you dare talk to me like that again! (= I warn
you not to talk to me like that again.) b) How
dare you to talk like that to me?
Meaning and use no.3: To persuade someone
to do some thing. Eg: They dared him to
climb up the mountain = They persuaded
him to climb up the mountain.
Imp: 'Dare' is used mostly with 'not' if it is used
with the meaning of 'be brave enough'
3) Need be: 1) 'Need' is used as a 'main' verb,
as well as a 'model'.
eg: a) I need some money - here 'need' with the
meaning of 'being in need' is a main verb.
b) He needs her help - needs is a main verb.
2) Followed by not, it is used in the following
manner.
a) You need not go now. (It is not necessary)
b) He need not come here again (It is not necessary)
-- j---
II
Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has
achieved what he set out to achieve.
He has got the 5th rank in the
entrance exam
(F -h. N -oC
C-. vq b- 5th rank
a--o)
Susanth: Thanks for the encouragement. I am

on my way to college. See you.
(F vq--E uq.
ho, Sx l)
j --E -E-.
1) Vishal has achieved
2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed
Prasanth: That's news to me. I haven't known

it. Vishal's is an achievement
indeed. I am eager to see him and
congratulate him.
3) I am eager to see him
( L-. p y G
L-C. NC p N-. E
--E congrats p-E --%-
C)
7) He was a bit ashamed
Susanth: I met him accidentally this morning.

He told me of it then. He was accompanying his dad to some place. His
dad was very happy.
(V -E - --o. p p--.
x o L \- h-o.
- o)
4) I met him accidentally

5) He was accompanying his father
Kiran: The great cricketer is coming to

town. I am eager to see him and take
his autograph.
6) I admire the way he worked hard.

8) What's your target.
9) I can't afford it.
high frequency
(A - x) N Eo.
O n, - l.
1) achieve - '<, '< \ -.
n: C- DE past tense, past parEnglish conversation
words
ticiple - achieved.
a) Our
freedom
fighters
Independence for us:
achieved
y-vu-- y-vuEo
C-.
b) People who work hard achieve success
-x--- 135
--E 1 --v- 2006
d- E---x N C-h.
c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of
test centuries
b) My target is to be a computer professional
~u computer professional
.
~u -El-P-- = Set a target
~u C- = achieve the target/
p v- x--h-o. -E
, -vB---E -%- C.
4) accidentally = by accident = --
a) Newton discovered the law of gravitation accidentally/ by accident =
u -- u--{ l
E--d.
b) As I raised my hand, it hit him accidentally =
u-h--J, -- C -
T-LC.
clear the target/ hit the target.
J- ~u target
)
9) Afford = j -/ - n.
a) I cannot afford a car = - n
.
(shooting
b) He can afford a number of such build-
c) I stepped on his shoes accidentally =
ings =
-- O ---d.
--, ----
JN d Road v-,
v-- accident .
x j o n -C.
c) With the exam tomorrow you can't
afford to go to bed so early =
K-~--d-E y Ev-
- F .
O N-. daily conversation OE -- \. Practice
.
People who work hard achieve success
EXERCISE
Ram:
Prasanth: Which father won't be? I admire the

way Vishal worked hard to get such
a good rank.
( v - ? N
rank a----E f v
a---o)
Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was
a bit ashamed of not getting one of
the 1st three ranks.
(Vishal
v - .
ux D -E
_--f)
Tendulkar
test centuries
5) Accompany =
(past tense, past participle - accompanied)
a) The President's wife accompanied him
on the tour =
-J-
-J--j L---x.
\
C-.
2) Achievement:
-j
C-* N.
a) C*C p
N-
His achievement is
really great.
u-~ u-- u
RxC.
M. SURESAN
b) Anand's achievement makes India proud
(Chess ) C-*
y L-T-hC.
Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: - ' \ -. DE n
E- E: Eo ---oto take the exam next year, aren't
p, Eo \--p--E indeed
you? What is your target?
. C conversation -
(F - J? a -q
C.
y vq b --Bhavan: Do you like it?
o ! F ~u ?)
(FC *a?)
Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks.
But I am not sure. Our college isn't as
good as Vishal's
( 10 ux -C
~u. F t .
N x *C
)
Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college,
then?
(J - -?)
Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't
afford that.
( *aC E \ p.
I like it C- h- -u.)
Indeed , t-Ej j p--p, t-----Eo L---p
(E-? ? - -t L-- n Indeed )
Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him
for an hour.
( V u-vAE --E
- x-)
Prakash: Indeed?
(\ fees \.
J--)
Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You
will get it.
(E-?)
--t (disbelief) uh---.
3) Eager: -%- (-v )
Kiran: I am not coming to college today.
(n uC. F h-Dl vAo.

u a--)
Spoken English
Sravan: (I like it) verymuch indeed
(F-V - --.)
Kishore: Why?
b) His dog always accompanies him =
\ p - hC.
c) The client accompanied the lawyer to
the court =
client court
lawyer
x.
U--u, U--u L
-*, --o-p, u
--J-*, C accompany -C.
The fluit accompanied him =
E -C.
6) admire = a--. (J pEo,
achievement , G-- a--)
a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice
MS Subbulakshmi
p -o?
n . -\
?
Ram:
?/ E-? O o l
Shopping Complex owner ?
Shyam: C complex. C ?
-C---L-T s.
car - ~u.
Ram:
O o s --a-?
Shyam: C C-*C ? o
C-*C.
Ram:
Eo -- Venu --o. o bike E-a-E
p.
Shyam: o s- a car --N- % .
Ram:
F lA a---o.
Shyam: Bike
ANSWER
Ram:
Hi shyam, when are you buying a car?
Shyam: I can't afford even a bike. How can I

buy a car?
a--.
b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great
achievement =
Tendulkar
C-* -
a--.
7) ashamed = _--.
Ram:
\ \- _---o.
b) The father is ashamed of his son's
behaviour
v-h- v _----o.
_-- ?
DE uA- Jy- to be proud of.
8) Target = ~u. (Pronunciation= T)
To be Ashamed of
a) The company has set a target of 20%

increase in sales =
company
~u t-- 20]
Indeed? Isn't your father the owner of

a big shopping complex?/ Doesn't he
own a big shopping complex?
Shyam: That is/ belong to dad. What I earn is

my money. My target is to buy a car
a) He is ashamed of his low marks
--)
Hi Shyam,
with my money.
Ram:
You can buy it with your father's

money, can't you?
Shyam: That is not what I have achieved. It's

dad's achievement.
Ram:
I met Venu Yesterday by accident/

accidentally. He told me his father had
bought him a bike.
Shyam: I am not eager to enjoy a car bought

with dad's money.
Ram:
I admire your policy.
-- j---
II
Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has
achieved what he set out to achieve.
He has got the 5th rank in the
entrance exam
(F -h. N -oC
C-. vq b- 5th rank
a--o)
Susanth: Thanks for the encouragement. I am

on my way to college. See you.
(F vq--E uq.
ho, Sx l)
j --E -E-.
1) Vishal has achieved
2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed
Prasanth: That's news to me. I haven't known

it. Vishal's is an achievement
indeed. I am eager to see him and
congratulate him.
3) I am eager to see him
( L-. p y G
L-C. NC p N-. E
--E congrats p-E --%-
C)
7) He was a bit ashamed
Susanth: I met him accidentally this morning.

He told me of it then. He was accompanying his dad to some place. His
dad was very happy.
(V -E - --o. p p--.
x o L \- h-o.
- o)
4) I met him accidentally

5) He was accompanying his father
Kiran: The great cricketer is coming to

town. I am eager to see him and take
his autograph.
6) I admire the way he worked hard.

8) What's your target.
9) I can't afford it.
high frequency
(A - x) N Eo.
O n, - l.
1) achieve - '<, '< \ -.
n: C- DE past tense, past parEnglish conversation
words
ticiple - achieved.
a) Our
freedom
fighters
Independence for us:
achieved
y-vu-- y-vuEo
C-.
b) People who work hard achieve success
-x--- 135
--E 1 --v- 2006
d- E---x N C-h.
c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of
test centuries
b) My target is to be a computer professional
~u computer professional
.
~u -El-P-- = Set a target
~u C- = achieve the target/
p v- x--h-o. -E
, -vB---E -%- C.
4) accidentally = by accident = --
a) Newton discovered the law of gravitation accidentally/ by accident =
u -- u--{ l
E--d.
b) As I raised my hand, it hit him accidentally =
u-h--J, -- C -
T-LC.
clear the target/ hit the target.
J- ~u target
)
9) Afford = j -/ - n.
a) I cannot afford a car = - n
.
(shooting
b) He can afford a number of such build-
c) I stepped on his shoes accidentally =
ings =
-- O ---d.
--, ----
JN d Road v-,
v-- accident .
x j o n -C.
c) With the exam tomorrow you can't
afford to go to bed so early =
K-~--d-E y Ev-
- F .
O N-. daily conversation OE -- \. Practice
.
People who work hard achieve success
EXERCISE
Ram:
Prasanth: Which father won't be? I admire the

way Vishal worked hard to get such
a good rank.
( v - ? N
rank a----E f v
a---o)
Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was
a bit ashamed of not getting one of
the 1st three ranks.
(Vishal
v - .
ux D -E
_--f)
Tendulkar
test centuries
5) Accompany =
(past tense, past participle - accompanied)
a) The President's wife accompanied him
on the tour =
-J-
-J--j L---x.
\
C-.
2) Achievement:
-j
C-* N.
a) C*C p
N-
His achievement is
really great.
u-~ u-- u
RxC.
M. SURESAN
b) Anand's achievement makes India proud
(Chess ) C-*
y L-T-hC.
Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: - ' \ -. DE n
E- E: Eo ---oto take the exam next year, aren't
p, Eo \--p--E indeed
you? What is your target?
. C conversation -
(F - J? a -q
C.
y vq b --Bhavan: Do you like it?
o ! F ~u ?)
(FC *a?)
Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks.
But I am not sure. Our college isn't as
good as Vishal's
( 10 ux -C
~u. F t .
N x *C
)
Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college,
then?
(J - -?)
Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't
afford that.
( *aC E \ p.
I like it C- h- -u.)
Indeed , t-Ej j p--p, t-----Eo L---p
(E-? ? - -t L-- n Indeed )
Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him
for an hour.
( V u-vAE --E
- x-)
Prakash: Indeed?
(\ fees \.
J--)
Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You
will get it.
(E-?)
--t (disbelief) uh---.
3) Eager: -%- (-v )
Kiran: I am not coming to college today.
(n uC. F h-Dl vAo.

u a--)
Spoken English
Sravan: (I like it) verymuch indeed
(F-V - --.)
Kishore: Why?
b) His dog always accompanies him =
\ p - hC.
c) The client accompanied the lawyer to
the court =
client court
lawyer
x.
U--u, U--u L
-*, --o-p, u
--J-*, C accompany -C.
The fluit accompanied him =
E -C.
6) admire = a--. (J pEo,
achievement , G-- a--)
a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice
MS Subbulakshmi
p -o?
n . -\
?
Ram:
?/ E-? O o l
Shopping Complex owner ?
Shyam: C complex. C ?
-C---L-T s.
car - ~u.
Ram:
O o s --a-?
Shyam: C C-*C ? o
C-*C.
Ram:
Eo -- Venu --o. o bike E-a-E
p.
Shyam: o s- a car --N- % .
Ram:
F lA a---o.
Shyam: Bike
ANSWER
Ram:
Hi shyam, when are you buying a car?
Shyam: I can't afford even a bike. How can I

buy a car?
a--.
b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great
achievement =
Tendulkar
C-* -
a--.
7) ashamed = _--.
Ram:
\ \- _---o.
b) The father is ashamed of his son's
behaviour
v-h- v _----o.
_-- ?
DE uA- Jy- to be proud of.
8) Target = ~u. (Pronunciation= T)
To be Ashamed of
a) The company has set a target of 20%

increase in sales =
company
~u t-- 20]
Indeed? Isn't your father the owner of

a big shopping complex?/ Doesn't he
own a big shopping complex?
Shyam: That is/ belong to dad. What I earn is

my money. My target is to buy a car
a) He is ashamed of his low marks
--)
Hi Shyam,
with my money.
Ram:
You can buy it with your father's

money, can't you?
Shyam: That is not what I have achieved. It's

dad's achievement.
Ram:
I met Venu Yesterday by accident/

accidentally. He told me his father had
bought him a bike.
Shyam: I am not eager to enjoy a car bought

with dad's money.
Ram:
I admire your policy.
-- j---
II
Ramesh: Hi Naresh, you are late by half an
3. Would have missed
hour. I have been waiting and waiting.
4. Would have been
(y - -u a.
F -E o)
5. Would have brought
Naresh: I would have been here on time, but
6. Would have won

7. Would have watched
my train was late.
Verbs no. 1 and 4 are would have been.
(E-\- j --, E
train u C)
form.
Ramesh: I would have gone away, but I

thought I would wait for another half
an hour. That's why I am here.
Otherwise you would have missed
verbs form
C 'be'
2. Would have gone - would have + past participle (of go)

3. Would have missed - would have + past par-
me.
Naresh: That's good of you. Thank you. I

wouldn't have been late but for the
train.
-x--- 136
h--
Next, would have + past participle

I would have gone =
ticiple (of miss)

5. Would have brought - would have + past par-
( Rx----. F -
l---o. - \ o.
y o --E --N
)
--- 3 --v- 2006
x- (F x-)
I a) Would have been b) Would not have been -
F -.
-C- E
India would have last the match=
ticiple (of bring)

6. Would have won - would have + past partici-
India
-- (F --, L-*C)
C.
II) a) would have + pp -
She would not have attended the marriage=
ple (of win)

7. Would have watched - would have + past
verbs 1 and 4 - be forms.
N -Eo
LN .
Verbs 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 Fo form
o? Would have + past participle.
N action words . N - L
(He would have gone=
Rx *a -C-. (F *aC)
He wouldn't have seen me=
participle (of watch)
They would have won=
verbs.
x L* x (E --).
-\ - --E=
I would have been there at 2. (F )
But for = -x
You would have missed me
x--,
x-).
b) wouldn't have + pp=
o -- . (F )
(state of being)
E JT E
--.
E J-C
F J-TC.
He wouldn't have gone=
x-
, F x.
O imaginary past forms. Eu @N- N
-s \ . -E
practice l.
Vocabulary practice
affect:
d \ -. n v
L-T-, v LT .
a) Rain or the lack of it affects crops=
{, C---- O v
LT C.
b) Climate affects our health
C * . Thank you. Train

xp -u u---E-)
Ramesh: Where is Jagadish?
(-D \?)
Naresh: I would have brought him along, but
(E B---a-- F
o)
busy
Ramesh: OK. By the way what happened to

the cricket match?
(C . Cricket match iC?)

-- N a-
)
(by the way =
Naresh: Don't you know? India won the match

by four wickets. It would not have won
the match but for Suresh Raina and
Dhoni.
(L-. 4 Nx L*C. Suresh Raina, Dhoni -

India L-C )
Ramesh: Happy to hear that. I would have
watched the match yesterday, but I
had important work.
(. Eo match
F u-i E C)
Now, look at the following sentences from
the conversation above:
1) I would have been here on time.
2) I would have gone away.
3) You would have missed me
4) I wouldn't (would not) have been late
5) I would have brought him along.
6) It wouldn't have won the match.
7) I would have watched the match.
The verbs in the sentences above are:
2. Would have gone
Spoken English
But for my help, he would not have
have been, 2) would

ticiple) conversation
--x , pass
u . ( D,
pass u.)
British ---, India -G-%Cl
C C=
-- u O vh-C.
passed=
have + pp (past par-
he was busy.
1. Would have been
verbs
v-h -E* n
--L. -
verbs 1) would
M. SURESAN
-.
V -x --.
N C, F . ()
N C , E C,
N JT C, E --,
N JT C , F J-TC
- W o-x
--, x--. L- would have been, would
But for the British rule, India would have progressed a lot.
E -s- imaginary past (-- E-E )

. C ---- JT
, JT C ,
C, C ... --.
sentences
EXERCISE
have + pp verbs.
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar,
Look at sentence No. 1:
Sudhakar: College
- \o?
* ho. -
a--. F Maths
I would have been on time
lecturer E----J - x time J_ --. (E )
-.
Sentence No. 4:
Damodar: t, v \--oI wouldn't (would not) have been late
-p?
u u---E- (E u)
example: E--D prime minister Sudhakar: \ o. US Rx---.
F Visa . Visa C (E )
E ----E F -
Sonia Gandhi would have been the prime
minister.
topic a.
, would have been n D/ Damodar: * lecturer.
- E / (C N)
Maths paper
Wouldn't (would not) have been = C
answer ---E-.
/ - (E o) Sudhakar:
She wouldn't have been here
t -* \
\ C (F C)
a--- .
He would have been the CM
Damodar: y h -h---o.
CM - (F )
Ex--x.
D would have been/ wouldn't have been Sudhakar: p time --C .
n, -.
II show .
c) Our parent's opinion affects our decisions=
d)
Lx--v G-v- Eg--O v --.

x--B -O ---o
G-v-- v-N hC=
The way we talk affects other's opinion of us.
Affect
simple
v-N ---
p , a--- E.
-----x -uEo
a--.
Our food habits can affect our health.
ANSWER
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, where have you
been all along?
Sudhakar: I'm returning from college. I would
have come half an hour ago, but I
met our Maths lecturer. I was talking to him.
Damodar: Where is his brother, our friend?
Sudhakar: He is here. He would have left for/
gone to the US. But he hasn't got
his visa. I would have asked him
why he hasn't got the visa, but he
changed the topic.
Damodar: He is a great lecturer. But for him I
wouldn't have answered the Maths
paper so well.
Sudhakar: But for his help his brother wouldn't
have got such high marks either.
Damodar: I thought you would come a little
earlier. We would have gone to a
movie.
Sudhakar: It is too late now, isn't it? Let's go
the 2nd show.
-- j---
II
Karuna: Sumana, where were you yesterday?
I couldn't see you anywhere.
(, Eo \ o? \
E---)
Sumana: I was at Valli's. You would have met
me if you had come there.
( Lx Rxx o. y-\-
a o -----EN)
Karuna: I would have taken you to a movie if
we had met.
( --- Eo E-
B--}-Eo)
4) If I had thought of it earlier, I would have

called you.
5) If I had got you over the phone, we would
have seen the movie.
sentences
1) Would have + PP Verb
main clause,
2) if clause
would have + PP
In all the sentences above,
observe the form of the verb in the 'if' clause:
Sentence 1: ... if you had come.
verb - had come (had + PP)
v-h -E-: j
o.
.
Sumana: Which movie did you think of?

movie
Karuna: Neetone Unta
-x--- 137
x---o-N-?)
--
( C. C - E
pC.)
awful = / -
Karuna: That's OK, Then.
lesson
Would have been,
2) Would have + Past Participle (Would have
gone, Would have seen, etc)
verbs
1)
J* --o ?
1) a) Would have been = C 'be' form /
- (E / )
i) He would have been here = -\
- (F -)
( - E p )
ii) She would have been here yesterday
=
iii) He would not have been the Prime
Minister
PM
Eo \ (F )
(
F o)
b) Would have + Past Participle (PP)
DE
n E J- E ---E;
D not h E J-C , F
J-TC E.
i) I would have met him =
-Eo -----; F ---.

ii) He wouldn't (would not) have passed
Pass
would have been, would
have + PP, verbs
last lessons
u- , F u.
j --
-o .
lesson v--E conversation
sentences -E-:
1) You would have met me, if you had come
there.
2) I would have taken you to a movie, if we had
met
3) If you had told me earlier, I would have waited for you.
Spoken English
- p
-C.
-\ , C --E-a-E.
If I had been there, I would not allowed it.
(-\--, C J-TC)
3. If you had told me.
(If clause verb - had been; main clause verb -
verb - had told (had +
would have + pp).
PP)
(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb would have + pp)
3)
-\- x- , x
----.
friend
--
If he had not gone there, he would not have

met his friend
4. If I had thought of it.
prize
(had + PP)
M. SURESAN
j 'If clauses' Eo-, verb form

:
had + PP d \ would have been/
would have + PP main clause , if
clause had + PP verb hC . C
p h----Lq N: p n
C.
If clause pC JT o-x-, Main
clause N JT C E. (Main
clause, if clause order a.
, y)
If clause
(had been/ had + pp)
If clause
(had been/ had + pp)
1. If you had come you would have met

me. [
there
[
].
a
)]
o --
y-\-
(y EN (---)
2. If we had met = I would have taken

[
you to a movie. [
moive
]
]
--E
Eo
(F -- B--x-Eo
(F B--x-)
)
3. If you had told me I would have waited

[
earlier [
]
y ----Eo
p (F p- (F -)
)]
4. If I had thought of it I would have called

earlier [
you. [phone
]
].
Eo
E (F -- (E -)
)
5. If I had got you over We would have seen

phone [phone
the movie. [
y J- (F E --x (E
--)].
-)].
OE : If clause N JT
Main clause N JT C. If
clause N --. -E main clause
N --, E.
(\- x,
friend
---o.)
(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb would have + pp).
-s--Eo- , If clause verb:
2) If he had participated, he would have got the
verb - had got (had + PP)
(y--. l
)
2. ... if we had met. verb

- had met (had + PP)
5. If I had got you over phone.
Sumana: Don't worry. We didn't miss much.

miss
Suguna has seen it and says it
is awful.
Important: If clause
verb- had been/ had +
pp, Main clause
verb- would have been/
would have + pp
combination
sentence right
Some more examples:
1)
If you had told me earlier..

verb - had thought
(F )
(
-d--o--o. y p F
x -Eo.)
( -E F
o. E
C-
*aC. -. E --E-*C. y Phone J- E--x--x.
Eo-,
Sumana: So I have missed a movie. If you had

told me earlier I would have waited
for you at home.
movie chance
Karuna: If I had thought of it earlier, I would

have called you. I got the idea about
5 in the evening. I had nothing else to
do. So I felt like seeing a movie. If I
had got you over the phone, we
would have seen the movie.
Phone
idea
--- 5 --v- 2006
had been/ had + pp, main clause verb:

would have been/ would have + pp.
combination of
verbs
_E , prize a.
( _--, prize ).
u. -sx
.

Yamuna:
chain p o?
Kanchana: E V--C.
Yamuna: ----p -
.
Kanchana: ----p-- - y --EN. -J --.
Yamuna: show room
chain . s
--o. ---Eo.
Kanchana: op ---Eo, birthday ---.
Yamuna: F birthday o-.
Many happy returns of the day.
A L-
a--Eo-.
Kanchana: - p-. - B- d-.
Yamuna: party h?
Kanchana: *a-. ---E-a.
ANSWER
Yamuna: When did you buy this chain?
Kanchana: Long since I bought it.
Yamuna: I haven't seen it before.
Kanchana: If I had worn it earlier, you would
have seen it. I am wearing it for the
first time now.
Yamuna: I saw a chain like this a month ago
in a jewellry show room. If I had
had / If I had got the money, I
would have bought it. I would have
worn it immediately.
Kanchana: If I had not waited till my birthday, I
would have worn it too when I
bought it/ soon after I bought it.
Yamuna: Oh, today is your birthday. Many
happy returns of the day. If I had
known it, I would have brought you
a present.
Kanchana: That's why I didn't tell you. I don't
like gifts.
Yamuna: Would you give/ throw at least a
party?
Kanchana: Sure. I came to invite you.
-v-o: sentence a (words) ---: -

parts of speech
(sentence meaning
?
)
Jh--
Beauty (root word)

Parts of Speech
beautiful (adj), beauteous (adj), beautifully
(adv), beautify (vt),
beautification (abs.n)
beautician (n).
ly
adverb
part of speech
-E-j * h
C
-?
--v-
NE h-d-
j
l-o?
.%gf, --o h-Lx (--- ->-x)
parts of speech nEo

d ---a. -hC
. O-ox word endings
d, suffices d parts of
speech -hC.
OJ-*a ----x, ful -u Fo adjectives; - ious, eous, *
aN adjectives; -ly * a
90 adverbs, costly N---. -fy, -ise suffices (* a
l) Fo verbs. -sion, -ssion, -tion, ation, -ment, -ness, -ty, -th * aFo nouns. * grammar h----j-
N--. English fluent x-----E parts of speech thorough
--L--\-- ? ---i--
lessons parts of speech h-d lA
N-Jh.
-- j---
II
Gagan: Why was your little daughter crying so
c) If he had not been careful, he would have
long this morning?
lost the money
(O t l - -h?)
v-h ---, s -d---.

(v-h o, s )
Jagan: Her mother did not give her the sweet it
d) If he had not met her at the party, he would

not have fallen in love with her.
wanted.
(C -T
--v- 7 --v- 2006
sweet
( party -----,
vN---- ---o vN-)
xt y)
Gagan: She should have given it. Then you

should not have let the child cry so
long.
Very important:
If clause: had been / had + pp
Main Clause: would have been /
( a--LqC. - --
would have + pp
---LqC .)
combination u h---L.
Jagan: If the doctor had not advised us against
Now, look at these sentences in the conver-
it, we would have given it.
sation at the beginning of the lesson:
(Doctor
1) Then she should have given it.
y-lE y- ,
a--x)
2) You should have seen the doctor much earlier.
Gagan: Why, has she been ill?
-LqC (F )
(F-)
3) should not have been = -LqC (E
C).
4) would not have been = -C- (E C)
conversation N verbs should have +
pp, should not have + pp form o .
2) would have been =
She should have bought the sari =
<----LqC, -. (* -
C.)
O should have been, should have + pp
N-.
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha,
y Eo E-
a-LqC. E * E
*a -LqC/ y-LqC () (F
miss u.
y-)
Rajitha: a-o, cousin --.
2) You should have seen the doctor much ear x- ao.
lier
Hiranya: B----LqC.
Doctor -LqC. (-)
1) She should have given it
(, s ?)
Jagan: Yea, she has been ill for a few days
now. Only yesterday I took her to doc-
-x--- 138
tor.
(Cl--V- x -. Eo
doctor _- B-x.)
Gagan: You should have been more careful.
1) should have been =
He would have done it
You should have taken her to the doctor as soon as she fell ill. You should
not have neglected it.
(s-f O doctor _- B-}-LqC.-~--LqC )
3) You should have taken her to the doctor as
is much better than she was yesterday.
3) You should have taken
soon as she fell ill.
Jagan: True, but she has improved. Today she
4) You should not have neglected it.
doctor
_- B--}LqC (B--x-).-
5) You should have been more careful.
(E . E J-nA -
C. Eoo V C)
Gagan: If the doctor had seen her earlier, she
sentences
verbs
l.
ticiple (of give)]
( doctor , -C )
Jagan: That's true. (E)
2) should have seen [should have + past participle (of see)]

3) should have taken [should have + past participle (of take)]
Gagan: Wish her a speedy recovery.
4) have neglected [should have + past partici(y ---E ---o.)

ple (of neglect)]
Spoken English 137 , -,
5) should have been.
N- --o:
J, verb forms j -x,
a) Would have been uh, N
a) should have been b) should have + pp.
-/ F / E. a) should have been C 'be' form .
Wouldn't (would not) have been
DE n:
uh/ N - / C i) --- uh/ N / E.
E o/ C E.
ii) not (should not have been) , --E
b) Would have + past participle (PP)
uh/ N E.
N J- E -- E. i) - Ny-\ -LqC (F )
wouldn't (would not) have + past participle
(PP)
N J-C , E
J-TC E.
2) would have been/ would have + PP
main clause combination, If clause
had been/ had + Past Participle verbs .
\ question
100] a. (
100] )
answer
ii)
Spoken English
-~- -LqC M. SURESAN

(-~-).
C :
1) Karuna: Oy Eg B-, O
o x--LqC.
(Before taking the decision, you
should have consulted your father)
Kavya:
Karuna:
\ v-h (F-).
-E-.
Should have been, would have been
b)
with us to the movie. Really you

Rajitha: If my cousin had not visited me
wait -o, E p- K
--C.
car
(*a-
come. I spent time talking to
her.
Hiranya: You should have brought her along.
late
--LqC
Rajitha: If she had not been in a hurry, I would

have brought her along.
Hiranya: If you had come we would have
enjoyed still more. But if yesterday
had not been a holiday we would not
He should not have bought the car.
have gone to the movie. Has your
--- E --=
cousin gone/ left ?
You should have done it.
iii) I should have been there at that time, I
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha, you should have come
(come), I would have definitely
been too late by then.)
a)
ANSWERS
AJ--*a- -LqC.
(I would have waited, but it would have
They should not have been there yesterday.
Hiranya: Bye.
been in town).
returned.)
Kavya:
C xL, xL E ------, l L a--x.

Hiranya: y enjoy x.
Eo holiday x-x
. O cousin R}--?
Rajitha: Eo Rx--C. E
V--LqC. NtLo J -Eo. . h. Time
C.
missed a good movie.
(You should have waited until he
2)
would have taught him a lesson
o x x--o.
(I would have consulted him, if he had
x Eo \ Lq x (F
o)
b) She would have been more careful
,
question C--,
neglected it
you should have been here half an hour ago.
time -\ -LqC; Cl pa) If she had been here, I would have consulted
-E.
her
p
sentence (a), sentence (b) a:
\ , - v-C---.
a)
She
should have been more careful
( \ - v-C--)
\ vh -LqC (F-).
b) If he had answered one more question, he
would have got 100%
4) You should not have
1) should have given [should have + past par-
would have recovered earlier.
Rajitha:
her to doctor
Rajitha: She left yesterday itself. She should
--E E-h=
have been here/ should have stayed
you should not have done it.
here for another two days. I would
, should
have been, should have + pp l.
Would have been, would have + pp

1) He would have done it =
- (-)
He should have done it =
-LqC
(NC/ --i, - c sx) (-).
2) She would have bought the sari =
<--, -.
have introduced her to you all. OK.

Time is up. I must be going, bye.
Hiranya: Bye.
Spoken English 137
Column
Table
column
column) heading
If clause (had been/ had
+ PP).
column
column) heading
Main clause (would have been/ would have +
PP)
-
E

( --j
v
-(
E L.
-- j---
II
Surendra: We missed you at the picnic last
weekend.
( picnic y
E E--*C )
Mahendra: So did I miss the fun too. I now feel
I should have joined you. I shouldn't (should not) have stayed back
for the meeting. What a bore it was!
But for the dinner at the end of the
meeting, it would have been
unbearable.
-- --o
Imaginary
past forms:
I a) Would have been
(-/ E / )
b) Would have + Past participle (PP)
eg: Would have gone, Would have seen,
etc)
( E J- F -- E.
Not J-C , E J-TC E)
II
a)
Should have been= -LqC/ -Lq
( -d--o.
F / )
O a--Lq-E p-o. Meeting \ b) Should have + Past Participle (PP)
-Lq-C-. s bore
(eg: should have gone, should have seen,
d! Meeting y dinner etc.)
-, Eo J-----u-C( E) --LqC F -.
.)
Not ( E) -----Lq-C, F
fun (\) = ; But for -/ ---/ --)
. unbearable = J--u E.
Surendra: I thought of pressing you. But I

thought that it was an important
meeting. So I didn't force you.
-x--- 139
(Eo ---------o, F
u-i meeting -o. -E - -.)
press = Ah , ----d = force
Mahendra: But you should have told me earlier. The time you gave me was
short. If you told me earlier of it, I
would have thought of an excuse to
skip the meeting. I would have
been happy.
(y (picnic J*) h
p-LqC. y K \
time a. h p
, meeting _-d--E
-*---E. - -E)
Excuse = . Lame excuse = -.
Lame =
Surendra: You were out of town for me to tell
you earlier. So I couldn't.
Mahendra: OK. That's past. How about a
movie this evening?
(OK,
C --C . y
v E---l?)
Surendra: I am game for it.
2. I shouldn't have stayed back

4. But you should have told me earlier.
5. I would have thought of an excuse
d) If clauses.
Rules:
1) Main clause verb past tense, subordinate clause verb - also
past tense.
1. should have joined -
(N--- j rule )
subordinate clause universal truths, facts
of
LqC (y). E --.

2. I shouldn't have stayed back -
\ ---Lq-C- F o
3. Would have been unbearable -
J--u C E u--C
(Dinner x)
Look at the verbs in the clauses above:
3. Would have been (unbearable)
p-LqC p-
5. Would have thought

6. Would have been.
Fo Imaginary past situa -E . 4, 5 lesO J . N conversation

y ---i--p- x---p correct
--- d . \
Practice h -j, correct
-. -E lesson Imaginary
past forms J..
repeated
O N- main clause verb past tense

--p- sub clause verb, present tense
L.
2) Main clause verb, present/ future tense, sub
5. would have thought -
points
Fo p h-- O
con-
versation and communication, perfect
-*--- F -*--.
6. would have been happy -
(O h--ho):
C.
Sub. clause: If you had told me of it earlier.
-E
.
*a N-
h d d C N- O S}
h ho.
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
Clause - A group of words with a verb
Main clause has complete meaning.
Subordinate clause has no complete meaning.
Examples of subordinate clauses.
Practise, practise and practise.
vo: Past tense
sentence
regular verbs
2nd
form
simple past
3rd form
past participle
regular verbs
simple past tense
3 forms of verb
past
form, P.P. form confusion
P.P form
Past modification, prepassive voice
modification
h, D-
--Th C
-C,
E
-hC?
--T
--p u
, -o
o. h--x
--
p-- E -. N
N- -.
>.N.u, N--o
Main clause verbs- would have been, would

have + pp
subordinate clause verbs- had
been, had + pp.
This lesson is a revision of the points of the

earlier lessons:
practice
5, 6 lessons
4. Should have told
generalisations,
clause verb - any tense.
4. You should have told me -
(y E J* p
verb- had told - had + pp)
2. Shouldn't have stayed back
science,
actions of the present continuing into future-
_-d--E -*--
1. Should have joined
M. SURESAN
Exceptions:
-E.
6. I would have been happy.
Spoken English
c) before.., after.., soon after, as soon as, since,

because, though, although, even though
begin
clauses.
Main clause: I would have thought of some

excuse to skip the meeting
(meeting
verb: would have thought
- would have + pp)
3. ... it would have been unbearable
b) 'that' clauses.
If you had told me earlier of it, I would have

thought of some excuse to skip the meeting.
1. ... I should have joined you
EXERCISE
a) who, whom, whose, where, when, which,

why and how.
Look at the following clauses in the conversation above:
Verbs
tions
sons
Let's look at the verbs of imaginary past

situations above.
Reminding you -
All clauses beginning with
Govind: Sir,
assignment submit
Lecturer:
v-V time y,
-.
v-V? y o submit LqC. v submit .
Govind: o y - Eo -E, Sir,
Lecturer: y Eo submit , marks list
- office a---E.
marks lists Fo o submit -LqC . F \ x
-u--C.
Govind: \-V time y sir.
Lecturer: time submit .
I would have been happy
- F .
( ready .)
game for = l
--C- 9 --v- 2006
----: Regular verbs past tense,
past participle,
past tense,
ple
.
past partici-C
E -L---E, verb form ,
-JE, EE E question \. Answer
h C past simple. Answer - C past
participle. eg: like B. DE past
tense, past participle - liked. She liked the

sari.
liked what?
like
answer sari
liked, past simple.
The teacher liked all over the college,
liked what
like
/ liked whom?
like
answer
(EE
C?)
E hC d \
\
(EE
C?)
(-JE C?)

? -E \ liked past participle.
ANSWER
Govind: Sir, please give me two days time to
submit the assignment.
Lecturer: Two more days? You should have
submitted it the day before (yesterday). Submit it by the evening.
Govind: If I had not had a fever/ had not been
down with a fever, I would have submitted it yesterday itself.
Lecturer: If you had submitted it yesterday, I
would have given the marks lists to the
office yesterday. I should have submitted them the day before (yesterday).
The whole delay is because of you.
Govind: Give me just a day's time, sir.
Lecturer: Submit tomorrow by this time.
The teacher liked all over the college
h G--E----o
E n. F Jh n
-.
d C
college
teacher...
sentence
example: a) He repaired the car.
b) The car repaired yesterday..
n,
a)
repairedrepair
Car
b) The car repaired... - car
repair
answer
The car repaired yesterrepair
day...
car, ...
sentence
Past participle
Eo
? .
Eo
.
C?
d
n, Eo
- n --Jh
. h x
-p-
-.
' E n hC.
The paper bought by millions =
~-C v- - vA
(- ~- v vA .)
The book read by millions = ~-C v- - h (~- --C C h)
j be form \ past participle h
verb, passive.
The book is liked by all- verb, is (be form) +
liked (pp) -
h G-E--C.
(-C). p- be form \ past simple .
-- j---
II
Rama Rao : Why do you keep so much money
at home, son? It isn't safe.
( s -x ?
~ ?)
Kumar
: I know it isn't safe, dad, but I

haven't found the time to put it in
the bank. Moreover such a lot of
money in my account in the
bank... That's worrying me.
( o C ~ E.
E s bank -E j
- . \
... D worry).
Rama Rao : Let's put a part of the money in

term deposit. That gets us a higher interest.
term deposit
( s
\ f hC.)
l.
Kumar
: How about investing in shares?

(Shares
invest =
Rama Rao : I am not for it. It is risky.
Risk
Kumar
: O.K. Dad, as you say.
-?
d- d)
(d .
C x.)
(.. F d )
You see the whole conversation above is
about money and banks. Most words used
are banking words.
bank
Rama Rao : I have the time, so let me deposit

it then. I'll (I will) open an account,
and let's have an account opened
in mother's name too. Then you
can put the money in three different accounts. That'll solve your
problem.
time
--- 11 --v- 2006
j ---E --
-C-*-N . E J* N-
--.
1) Bank --/-v--G- =
Open an account. Account A/c E
h- .
2) Bank s -/-----/-E-y- = put money in/credit money
C ,
into/deposit money in, the bank.

deposit
3) Bank
He is quite rich. He has a lot of bank
deposits.
-x--- 140
Ey =

B--- C.
balance Siva: A?
, J-NA s --E Vasu: Eo \x - J-TC.
R}x -p -- -s Advance ----C. DE
-h-x.
- f, service charges -a.
Siva:
-N?
DD= Demand Draft= ----y-Lq
Vasu:
~
j, bank d h-E DD B-,
DD E -J s d x , Siva: Eo u - --LqC.
x-\ bank s B--a. DD Vasu: -. Eo sudden \-
xLq *a -u x-.
E x A/c credit --a.
(Cheques, DDs, crossed, uncrossed E Siva: o--?
N Cheque/DD --j- j Vasu: o -J Lx-Lq *a ~
- DD B. --- C
U U Account Payee E C
. p bank s -
crossed cheque / crossed DD - Crossed
F B .
Lx- Cheque / DD C--x
A/c h. uncrossed Siva: p ---o?
Vasu: o -J cheque a. C
bank s dh,
cheque T t--F, AJT E V ----o. p
balance -, C AJT -.
Siva: y -? F bank Ey- x*
B --y.
Vasu: ! -----? o Cl
Lx C.)
s Fo term deposits o.
On line transfer = DD/Cheque x L u,
y y. u- .
-u , computer, electronics Siva: - o.
-o l u. h \- j
Answer
-J- j , - - h- i (Eo ~- ) ~x Siva: Hi Vasu, What's new?
x - u. s - x A/c Vasu: There was a theft/burglary in my neighnumber \ -
- , ~x C
bour's. When they were out, thieves
x A/c x bank branch
entered the house and took away cash
- C. x withdraw - -a.
(theft = -. burglary =
u Eo bank ,x Eo x .
N --d, o x
Term deposit/Fixed deposit: p - - . Burglar p , EKg (fixed term)
- -)
( * Eo -qj) bank Siva: How much?
s - withdraw - DE Vasu: One lakh
bank a f, SB A/c O f o \.
Siva: Why didn't he put/deposit it in the bank.
J-T Dl --f \---C.
Vasu: He would have deposited but they had
Current Account: u n- -
to go suddenly somewhere, and could
V Eox- B- O ---C.
not go to bank.
f ---a.
Siva: Is he rich/well to do?
Interest = f
(well to do = s-o-)
Payee = s -
Vasu: Yea. He bought a DD the other day, for
Debit = withdraw s,
a lakh rupees to make some payment/to
Cheque/DD y a s,
pay someone. Otherwise he would have
Account a (B-)
lost it/that amount too. He always
2) Credit Card:
He
deposited...
He would
would have deposited...
bank
account open
account

h, t

v-Gl.
p s accounts
--a. F u BJ-C.)
Kumar
: That's an idea. You apply for the

ATM cards too. You need not go to
the bank every time you want to
withdraw money.
idea.
ATM
Cards
apply
E-.
Ey--o.
4) ,
B
y, Account
o Ey = balance.
5) Bank s B- = withdraw
Bank
He withdrew Rs.
10,000/- yesterday=
M. SURESAN
Eo . 10,000 B.
( C
O

.
p s B----o-p-x
bank x-\--.
You credit money into the bank and withdraw

money from the bank.
withdraw
draw
Rama Rao : But we have to use cheques till we

get the cards.
cheques
(Cards
I don't draw money on Fridays and

Tuesdays.
\-J
.
a---
: Credit some of the money into my

account. Open SB accounts in
your name and mother's name. I'll
sign as the introducer. Let's go.
( s -u. F
, t SB Accounts vGl. J- -
. l .)
Rama Rao : What about the Rs. 45000/- brother Ramu wants for the bike? We'll
take a D.D. and send it to him.
(Bike
45000/D.D.
Kumar
: D.D. means delay. We have to
send it by post and even then he
can't have it immediately. Our
bank has online transfer facility.
Let us send it that way.
post
(DD
-\---E t ---o .
-N.
h-E
B l.)
-u.
L. p- B-. bank online transfer

u C. online -
l. facility = u)
Spoken English
E-
(v-, -- s B.)
u
n, vy ENh --- uh--
s - .
Bank transactions = Bank --O. (s
B---/-- N)
s withdraw/draw --E E-v =
SB Account = Savings bank A/c =
.)
Kumar
withdrawal form
s ----E v =
credit chal-
lan.
s withdraw --E cheque

. A/c O cheque book
, pay self E s withdraw
--a.
--J y-Lq s cheque
x-h, x cheque x A/c credit --. cheque bank O -
cheque s credit --E u C. -E bank OC cheques
uh- --O- F, J---E x
_ * B-. \ y--.
ATM= Automatic Teller Machine = Bank
x--- , Bank business
hours , Bank Card y,
s -. Cards .
1) Debit Card: Account o balance
The Cheque amount has been debited =

cheque
balance
OJ-*a
h O
B J-TC.
---j *a cheque credit
h F, C uncrossed cheque ,
t B----E bank y pre-
Siva:
Vasu:
senting the cehque.
J Account o Balance o \
h-E --J cheque h, cheque
bank x T- balance E, return
-h p Cheque bounce ---C.
Cheque bounce C cheque -*a
x-. *a x O case
da. P~ \.
Bounce cheque , dishonour
C .
O -u bank transactions -
.
Siva:
Vasu:
Siva:
deposits money into the banks and

never withdraws.
What's he going to do?
He gave/issued a cheque to some one.
He wanted to credit this amount into
bank, so that even if he presented the
cheque there would be enough balance,
and the cheque would not be
returned/dishonoured/bounce.
Now
there isn't enough balance. So he is
worried
that
the
bank
might
dishonour/return the cheque.
Can't you help him? you draw from your
deposits and give him the money.
Me? (Do) you think I am Kubera. The little money I have is in term deposits you
give him; I'll stand guarantee.
I just joked. Don't worry.
-- j---
II
Praveen: Congrats on your high score. Keep
it up.
\ \
vq.
C-*--
Naveen: Thank you. But I left out two questions. If had answered them, I could
have scored still higher.
questions
answer
C--. E
, E \
\ a---LE.
Praveen: Don't worry. Your marks are high

enough. Better luck next time.
Worry
. F \ p \- o . a-J F %d
-L E -J.
Naveen: Thank you. But for your help I couldn't (could not) have scored so high.
Thank you for all your help.
uq.. F
\ \ aLE
.
Score = marks. Score high = \ marks
a--. High score = \ \
Now look at the following sentences from the

conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) I could have scored still higher marks.
2) I couldn't (could not) have scored so high
3) Many couldn't have passed
4) The college wouldn't have become so
famous
5) He would have put you in some other college
6) You would have faced problems
7) I should have been at college by 10
Look at the underline verbs in the sentences above:
1) Could have scored 2) couldn't have
scored, 3) couldn't have passed 4) wouldn't
have become 5) would have put 6) would
have faced 7) should have been.
We know the uses of verbs No. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Now let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, and 3.
We see that the verb form is could have +
past participle.
Could have been / could have + PP are two
more imaginary past forms.
Praveen: You are welcome. It is your hard

work more than my help that got you
these marks.
-x--- 141
o F % FEo
\ *a--dC.
Naveen: The college is a good college too.
The teaching is good. Had it not
been for the teachers, many could
not have passed.
Teaching
College
Teachers
pass
*.
-C.
\ p-x
--ux
- -C
.
Praveen: True. The college can be proud of

its Lecturers. The college wouldn't
have become so famous without
them.
college Lecturers
College
fame
Naveen: If I had not advised your father, he
would have put you in some other
college and you would have faced
problems.
E.
y-. x-x -,
C (F C)
Praveen: O.K. I must be leaving. I should

have been at college by 10 for the
certificates. I am late. Bye.
College
certificates
10
- -xL.
B----E - -LqC.
-u-iC. h.
Naveen: Bye.
In the last few lessons we studied the uses
of Would have been, Would have + Past
Participle, should have been, should have
+ pp.
a) would have been =
would have + pp =
wouldn't (would not) have been =
/ ()
J- F --.
C
(F C)/ (F o)
Wouldn't have + pp = ( E) J-C
(F J-TC)
b) should have been = -LqC (NC)/
-Lq (NC) E /-
shouldn't (should not) have been =
-LqC (F C) / -Lq--
- (E o)
should have done =
-LqC (NC) F -.
should n't (should not have done)
--Lq-C - --F -.
D v- imaginary past forms
J* --o N-.
Spoken English
2) I couldn't have scored so high
If he had been there, he could have got a

share. (If clause verb - had been; Main
clause verb could have got)=
\ marks a-------E (F
a---L--/ --a--o.)
3) Many couldn't have passed
--C pass ---- (E -u)

.
But for my help, he couldn't have got the
job.
- u ----. ( x --L-).
But for the timely rains, we couldn't have
had such a harvest=
- { -N *
-----x
( { --x --L)
(Harvest = d = /- )
-\ o-x-, --L--.
(, --)
a) y\ EN a, F .
1000 , . 10000 y--L =
If you had come a minute earlier, I could
have given you not just Rs 1000, but even
Rs 10000.
(y\ EN u u,
O y----.)
b) British G-%Cl --L-
India could have progressed a lot if the
British had not ruled it.
c)
o E-- -Eo Jh -L--=
She could have been the PM

could have been =
--L--C/- ---L
(E / )
a) She could have been the Prime Minister=
N v--vA --L- (E )
[could past ability E --C
--/ ---Eo
--C hC ]
b) Mrs Sonia Gandhi could have been the PM
if she had wanted =
PM
PM
c) I could have been there even at 10if the
train hadn't been late.
train
Train
d) How could she have been here?=
--o-d-, --L-.
(--, )
\ C- --L---,
O o- a--- O
o- EEo College a-.
p ---y d---\--q-aC.
- 13 - --v- 2006
u -. (
x )
\ --L-C? ( E )
Krishna: She should have been here at 10.
( \ 10 -LqC) (F )
Would have been/ would have + PP, main
if clause verb, had been/

had + PP -E -- --o,
hC . Could have been/ could have
+ PP, main clause very E
clause verb
jFo
l.
\ \ a---L--- (a-)
could have + past participle n,
E -j --L--x, --- E.
couldn't (could not) have + past
participle n (-j) E--- E --L- E.
x car x- z ---L--x
=
If they had not taken the car, they could not
have had the darsanam. (Could not have +
pp of have - had)
e)
~ Jh --Lo gas L-
=
I could have completed cooking in a jiffy, if
there had been enough gas
-had + PP
in a jiffy =
could have been/ could have + pp, meaning and use
a) would have been, would have + pp

b) should have been, should have + pp
combination, If clause verb - had been/ had
c) could have been, could have + pp
+ PP
verbs
--E u.
IMAGINARY PAST FORMS
(
, --L-C?)
(-E )
y--- \
-L-C a, --L-TC, C)
E
--E --U-J--,
--L.
d)
vo-
a---L---.
(Two questions C- 100 100 a-- M. SURESAN
--.)
j sentence If clause verb had answered
Vishnu: How could she have been here when

she had a class.
class
e) If I had not given her a lift, she couldn't have

been here on time =
lift
time
lift
f)
PM
Manmohan Singh, PM
If Sonia Gandhi had agreed to be the PM,
Manmohan Singh couldn't have been the PM.
could have been/ couldn't have been
sentences.
conversation
could have
verbs
1) I could have scored still higher marks=
If Nannaya had not died he could have completed the Mahabharatam.
If I had answered two

more questions, I could
have got 100%=
VERB FORMS
been
Would have
Past
participle
been
Should have
(NC)
Past
participle
been
Could have
(Ability)
Past
participle
MAIN CLAUSE
-/ ---x F /- .
not C / ---x
F C/ --o
E J--C/- - - E---
F ---/- --.
Not E J-C/ -- E
E J-T-C/- -.
-LqC F /-
Not -LqC , F C/ -o
E --Lq-C/ E -LqC
E ---/ ---
Not ----E-C/ -----EC
J-T-C/- -.
--L/- ---L- F /-
not --LC /- ---L,
E --L-T-C/ ----L
--L/- ---Lx, E--/---
Not --LC/- ---Lx/
-F -C/- ---L.
IF CLAUSE
(verb-forms)
Had been
Had + pp
Had been
Had + pp
-- j---
II
Pramod: Prakash didn't attend our party yesterday. What might have been the
reason?
(v Eo Kd . --i
a?)
Prabhat: He might have been out of town or
he might have forgotten. When did
you last tell him of the party?
( x - a. -
Kd N J-*---a. -
y Kd N *-J p
p?)
Pramod: I think last saturday
Prabhat: Wait for an hour. The bank might not

have been open by now. It is only 9.
(. Bank p J-----a.
p Nt.)
Time
Pramod: O.K.
We have seen so far the three imaginary
past forms:
1) would have been/ would have
ticiple (PP),
past par-
2) should have been/ should have + pp, and

3) could have been / could have + pp.
--/ -.
Should have been =
1) He would have gone
Would have been =
/ - F
Would have + pp =
( E- -)
(D A. y y-- h
-LqC. -E Ja-
.)
-x--- 142
Might have been =
--a/- --
. a/ ---a .
Might have + pp = ( N) -JT -a/------a .
.
/ -.
Prabhat: That's it. He is very busy. You should

have reminded him of it after that.
So, he might have forgotten.
--E 15 --v- 2006
J- / - F
-LqC F
Should have + pp = -LqC (-)
Could have been = --L-C/ --L--
(--C/ --)
Could have + pp = --L--/ ---.
j -- not Jh, E opposite n
h--E , lessons
--o .
x- (F x)
2) He should have gone
x-LqD (F x-)
3) He could have gone =
x--L-- (E x----)
4) He might have gone = Rx---a
*a- L- x, E.
He might have gone

Pramod: I myself have been very busy this
week. Otherwise I might have
reminded him.
( -
h--E.)
busy
o.
In this lesson we
the fourth imaginary
past form:
Prabhat: He was talking to me of going to

Mumbai. So my other doubt is he
might have left for Mumbai.
Might
( - x J*
x-. d

- x--aE.)
Would
Pramod: I now feel that we might not have

missed him if we had reminded him
of it.
( -J h--
E miss u-x E p
-E--hC.)
Prabhat: Any way, past is past. What do people say about the party?
(--- --C. party
J* ----o?)
Pramod: They are all happy. A good number
still feel that the party might have
been a greater success if Prasad
had been there to entertain us with
his jokes.
( ---f. jokes
N L-T---E Prasad
party N---i
- --E ----C --Nh-o.)
Prabhat: What about the expenses?
Pramod: We have yet to get the bill. It might
have come to around Rs. 10,000/-.
We have paid an advance of Rs.
5000/-. It might have cost us more if
it had been any other hotel.
Prabhat: True. It might have gone beyond our
estimation.
(E -- N*--a.)
Pramod: Let's settle the bill at once.
Spoken English
have
been;
Might have + past

participle (PP)
M. SURESAN
have been, have + pp states of being

actions
O-Eo-
N
*
,
Should
uA
C.
Could
F might have been, might have + pp
. C -Eo --C. j - might have been, might have + pp
verbs o sentences -J l.
1)
2) He might have been out of town

3) So he might have forgotten
Ja---a.
4) I might have reminded him =
- h---a.
5) He might have left for Mumbai =
- Rx a.
6) We might not have missed him =
-E
miss
Eo j-- C, N-- --a

()
It was very hot in Hyderabad; so might it
have been in Vijayawada (Vijayawada too
might have been hot)
( i -a?)
(x ---a).
2)
F -a (-E y-T
)=He might have helped you (if you had
asked him) ().
3) She might have become the PM
PM
u--a.
4) They might not have seen him
x-E ----a.
Imp: Might have been, Might have + pp, main
clause verbs
'if clause' combination verbs - had been, had + pp.
, DE
u x .
7) ... the party might have been a greater success =
- N-- --/-u-a.
8) It might have come to around Rs 10000/-
- \ a u-a.
10) It might have gone beyond our estimation
-- N*---a.
11) The Bank might not have opened by now =
Bank
J-----a.
Now Practise the following, using all

the four imaginary past forms you
have learnt so far.
Rahul:
y Eo j-- x, -
----L---N.
Kousik: -. Eo \- Rx
-E ------a.
Rahul: -----o-?
Kousik: j--
. ---*.
Rahul: y --Lq-.
Kousik: --\ *a- o-E Lh o. j-- l- --aE G-v.
Rahul: - C F?
-o E -L---N.
Kousik: o- --
---?
Rahul: Sx p ----a N--i
L-C ?
Kousik: C E. cousin
x-a. -\.
Rahul: ? y sekhar
phone u.
Kousik: Ok.
ANSWER
Rahul: If you had gone to Hyderabad yesterday, you could have met Sekhar.
Kousik: I doubt. Even if I had gone there I
might not have met him.
(Even =
Rahul: Why do you think so?

Kousik: If he had been in Hyderabad, he
would have called me. I didn't have
any call from him.
Rahul: You should have phoned.
Kousik: If I had known definitely that he was
there, I would have phoned him. But
my opinion is that he might have
reached Hyderabad late in the night.
Rahul: What might you have lost, If you had
a) If you had taken his book, he might have

been very angry
phoned? You could have known if he
y h B--
p--a.
Kousik: He might not have had the time to
b) He might have made her very happy if she

had married him
Rahul: At least you would have known/ found
. 10000 ua.
9) It might have cost us more =
s-x --, -E-x ----?

D, might have been, might have + PP
N-.
have been, might have + past participle.
1) What might have been the reason?
Party
(a --N?)
, j sentences from No 1 to No 11
Fo -o ---o , 1)
-a, 2) ---a, 3) Ja--a, 4) h-a, 5) x-a, 6)
Miss ----a, 7) N---i
a, 8) u-a, 9) \ a
a, 10) -- N-a,
11) J-----a.
d o/ J-T N- (
-a/ J-T- n) -p-i , , J-T, -
p-d- L---p verb forms - might
are going to study
d) If it had not been money, what might have

stopped him from coming
-E x-, --d-a. (d---).

c) If the mob had not become violent the police
might not have opened fire =
b u -, police p
J --a. ( bu - p JT a.)
was there or not.

meet me.
out when you might meet him again.
Kousik: That's true. But my cousin might have
gone. I'll ring up and find out.
Rahul: Why all that? you call sekhar
Kousik: Ok.
-- j---
II
Mrinal: Hi Kripal, how did you do in the exam
yesterday?
(Eo
Kripal:
exam
2) Would have got (would have + PP)

3) Could have done (could have + PP)
4) Should have thought (should have + PP)
?)
Well, Of course, but I could have
5) Could have prepared (could have + pp)
done better.
1) I could have done better.
( . F --L--.)
--L---, E ----.
could C \- past ability (
n u) ----C. ,
Mrinal: Why? What was wrong?
2) Could have prepared better.
-(iC?)
Kripal: The noise from a workshop nearby the
exam centre disturbed me a lot. I
couldn't concentrate.
(exam centre
_-o workshop
o disturb C. concentrate
---.)
Mrinal: Sorry to hear that. Sorry that you

couldn't get a better centre.
(- * centre- y ----- N-J-ho)

Kripal: If I had chosen some other town, I
would have got a better centre. I could
pp n .

prepare
u-,
---.\ prepare -LT b) without my recommendation, he couldn't
(n u ) prepare ---.
have got the job.
v-h -E-. Could have been/could ( recommendation - Job --Lhave + PP --p, -L - - . (--L-T ability x).
L n uE (ability) vu C.
\ wouldn't have got -a.
I would have got a better centre
n Cl -C. -
o-p... would have + pp --p
, E. \ J-T --
vu.
O regular English x-,
h O ni-C. -s
-x--- 143
have done certainly much better.
( j E
- * centre a. p
- L E)
Mrinal: You should have thought of it before
indicating the centre.
(K~ vEo - ,
N -*--LqC)
(indicate= -- ' \ = *-)
Kripal:
That's true. I chose the place
(C E. u
vEo --o.)
Mrinal: What about your cousin? She took the
-n u-E (ability) vu .
N J-T -E \ vu.
\ verb, would have + pp
n - PM u- E -.
(ability vh C-\)
b) The train would have run over the boy.
exam too, didn't she?
did very well and is sure of selection. If
( v O train Rx--, F x. \ Could have+ pp ---, j

meaning . ability vh \
d.
I had taken help, I could have pre-
2 a) He would have escaped.
pared much better.
p-- (-- vu p-- d--f)
cousin
-N?
exam C ?)
Kripal: She is very good at the subject. She
( subject a.
C, *a- select C.
BE
prepare u--.)
Mrinal: OK. All the best then. Don't worry.
You'll get the Job
(F
Job
hC.
Worry
).
Kripal: OK. Hope so. Thank you.
( Pl.
Thanks)
Would have been/would have + past participle (PP)
, could have been / could have +

PP o N-J--E C
- - Sx ho. v-h E-.
Look the following sentences from the
conversation above.
1) I could have done better
3) I could have done certainly much better
4) You should have thought of it
5) I could have prepared much better.
1) Could have done .. Could have + past par-
Spoken English
p--L--, p------, d-f ability *\--.

would have been/would have + PP,
could have been/could have + PP
L \. C --oC ---. not --EC -.
would have been/would have + pp -p ability vh . Could have
been/could have + PP --p ability vu.
!
He couldn't have done it without my help.
( - --- --L--
. x)
\ wouldn't have done it ...
- - n
J .
a) Without the boss's orders he wouldn't have
Look at the verbs in the sentences above:

ticiple ( PP)
b) He could have escaped -
He was able to do it.
2) I would have got a better centre
could have been / could have + PP, should

have been/should have+PP
Kavya:
----o-C h-E?
x. C ----C -.
Kavya: - \ a
coach --.
Lasya: -. y-p Car prize
--L---EN.
Kavya: . better luck next time
Lasya:
Answer:
Lasya: Hi kavya, you are again in the news,
congrats.
Kavya: I don't think much of it/I don't think it's
a
great
achievement.
If
had
won/defeated my rival with a greater
He would have escaped...

1 a) He would have become the PM.
because my uncle advised it.
(O
-- 17 --v- 2006
done it .
(Boss orders
ability
C - .
vh .) d could have+
margin (If I had had greater lead over
hC.
-,
correct ,
-*---
j
C.
d OjEo sentences
my rival) I would have been happier.

(Rival =
Lasya: If You had played more carefully you

could
practice
.
.
vuJn)
have
won
by
greater
margin/lead.
M. SURESAN
Kavya: If I hadn't had a pulled muscle in my

leg, I could have played well. Oh my! It
practise the following

Lasya: Hi Kavya,
Sx h x a.
Congrats.
pained me a lot. That affected my

game.
(affect =
Kavya:
- pE --- .
vu-Jn-j \ L ----Eo.
Lasya: y h v-h , \
---L---E. *-J EN-x
h v-h -LqC.
Kavya: L-- dE --, J_
--L--o. F p. -x
s-AC.
Lasya: y p- Coach F
--.
vo: Eo --E
He did not
yesterday
v pulled muscle
- d---/-G-----)
Lasya: If you had told the coach of it earlier,

she would have helped you.
Kavya: Who expected it?
Lasya: True, It is unexpected.
Kavya: If I had won by a wider margin, my
coach would have been happy.
Lasya: Every one, of course you could have
then won a car too as a prize.
Kavya: O.K.Hope for better luck next time
ii) was (be form)+ come (Past Participle of

come)
verb, beform + Past participle
verb form correct.
was/were
past forms
-,
DE
. Eo
*a - --E He
s
E
o
d
E
E
was not come here yesterj n . O not Ja was not
day a?
.--,~t- come/were not come C K . n
J . x, had come betHe was not come yesterter, clarity C. Had come
day - sentence verb:
correct .
Was come - C C
x - I went there at 3 yesterday. He had not come
by then. \- - x. p-----L.
(*a -) was come/were come;

i) was (be form) + come (1st Regular Doing
am/is/are come verbs --- -
word). - C p verb form English
, - be form \, 1st Regular *C. n clear d.
Doing word p .
come
here
-- j---
II
Vipula: Hi Charitha, have you seen Archana
anywhere?
(J, y a---o ?)
Charitha: Yes, she was here till 20 minutes
ago. She was getting ready to go
home. She must have gone.
(. j EN---- \
C. }- l-iC. p-
R}- C)
Vipula: (Are) you sure?
(*a- ?)
Charitha: Yes. I saw her about to leave 20 minutes ago. It hardly takes her 10 minutes to walk home. So she must
have reached home by now.
(. 20 EN- ----- . Rx- ---E

10 EN- d. d -
C)
-x--- 144
--- 19 --v- 2006
4) She must have been very angry with me
(O C)
5) She must have told you of it
(F p C)
You must have seen that the verbs in the
sentences above are:
1) Must have gone (Must have + past participle
(pp) of go.)
2) Must have reached (must have + pp of
reach)
3) Must have waited (must have + pp of wait)
4) Must have been (be form)
5) Must have told (must have + pp of tell)
So the verb forms in the conversation are:
Must have been/ must have + past participle
(pp) Must have been/ must have + PP is also an
imaginary past form like the other four imaginary past forms we have seen in the lessons past:
[1. Would have been/ Would have + PP
2. Should have been/ Should have + PP
3. Could have been/ Could have + PP
4. Might have been/ Might have + PP]
-E- ! Imaginary past forms, 1, 2

and 3 opposite meanings h-o.
Imaginary past form 4 doubtful o n.
Imaginary past form 5 (Must have been/
must have + PP)
*a N
---Eo L----hC.
a) Mohan: Did Madan pass?
pass
( x L-- N.
Madhav phone .
-- ).
Kumar: Yes. He was
u?)
Manoj: He must have passed. Otherwise he

would not have applied for the job
pass
erwise) job
pass
Pavan: He must have got the news from

Madhav. Madhav called him this morning. He must have been happy about it.
u . -- (oth apply ----.

u d apply ).
()
D must have
--.
been, must have + PP

Manasa: Congrats
, F prize *a-?
Lalasa: p F?
Manasa: - l.
Lalasa: u p-C.
Manasa: u ---, F correct u. -*--LqC y.
Mohan:
Did
he
tell
you
so?
, would
(F
p?)
Lalasa:
, ... . yC College
have, should have,
notice board -.
could have a
Manoj: He would have told me if we had met.
imaginary past forms
Manasa: - V- College
( --- p-).
Eo- n, uA- .
Mohan: Who told you then?
h-E.
Lalasa: y x-L phone --
( F p?)
Might have been/
M. SURESAN
-p. p-C
Manoj: My brother told me. Madan must have
might have + PP
F.
N--E h, C -Eo uh---hC
told my brother.
Manasa: Correct. Eo --- FC J-T-, E---a.
( brother p. Madan broth-- Congrats LEo.
Now, the imaginary past form we are
er p-).
going to study in this lesson is:
Lalasa: Thanks again. l -LqC y.
b) vA { J C. roads
* breakfast miss u---E-Na) Must have been (be form)
.
-.
b) Must have + past participle (action)
It
must
have
rained
last
night.
Otherwise
the
a) Must have been=
Manasa: Don't worry. F Prize -
roads would have been dry.
( *a-) C/
treat (N).
/
c) Something must have gone wrong, otherANSWER
She must have told you of it

Vipula: I told her I would meet her here at 4.00.
There was a traffic jam because of a
procession. So I couldn't be here on
time. She must have waited long for
me. She must have been very angry
with me at the delay. She must have
told you of it.
( -E-\ -T- ----E

p. T x traffic T u-iC. -x time
\ ----.
a-L. F p
C.)
Charitha: She did tell me that she was waiting
for you, but she didn't appear angry.
She said she would call you after
reaching home.
(F h-o-E pC. F
---. x J--y
F Phone h-C).
Vipula: Yes, my cell is ringing. It must be her.
(. cell -C. --L)

p--- Imaginary past forms:

1) Would have been, would have + pp
2) Should have been, should have + pp
b) Must have + past participle=
wise he could have been here an hour ago=
( *a-) E J C/
E- .
Must a Imaginary past forms ,
N Imaginary past forms -- u. N l:
Verb 'go' different Imaginary past forms
a different meanings d- :
- J C,
\ --L--.
d) Kumar: Kesav was talking about your foreign trip.
( F
-o)
No.
4) Might have been, might have + pp.
- Opposite meanings hE . verb No. 4, might

have been, might have + pp, -Eo L---hC . last lessons
--o.
Let's now look at the following sentences
from the conversation at the beginning of
the lesson:
Sentence
Verb form
1 a) He would have been there
would have been
b) He would have gone
would have + PP
2 a) He should have been there should have been

b) He should have gone
3 a) He could have been the CM
b) He could have gone
should have + PP
could have been
could have + PP
4 a) He might have been there might have been
Meaning
--\ -
- x-
\ -LqC
x--LqC
- CM --L--
x--L--
\ -a
Nature
E (Opposite)
x- (opposite)
(opposite)
x- (opposite)
F (opp.)
F x- (opp.)
----a
(doubt)
1) She must have gone.

b) He might have gone
might have + PP
(R}- C)
x----a
(doubt)
2) She must have reached home by now.

5 a) He must have been there
must have been
( x C)
3) She must have waited long for me
b) He must have gone
( - C)
- xa
must have + PP
Lalasa: Who told you?

Manasa: Just guess
Lalasa: Lasya must have told you.
J* x--
Verb: Go
3) Could have been, could have + pp
Spoken English
foreign trip
Manasa: Congrats Lalasa. It seems you have

got a prize.
-\ *a
()
- x () .
Manasa: Your guess would have been correct

if I had met Lasya. You should have
thought better/ guessed better.
Lalasa: Then... ah... I know. You must have
seen it on our college notice board.
Manasa: I haven't attended college for the past
two days.
Lalasa: You phoned my sister this morning
when I was away, didn't you? She
must have told you.
Manasa: Correct. If I had met you I would have
congratulated you earlier.
Lalasa: Thanks again. You should have come
to my place this morning, you would
not have missed a good breakfast.
Manasa: Don't worry. Your getting the prize is
itself a treat.
-- j---
II
Udai: These books are really wonderful. Where
are they sold?
( h- E -o. \
---N?)
Vijai: Where else? At Books, Books 'n Books.
Name the book you need, and it is found
there.
(-\?Books, Books 'n Books .

F\--Lq h p, C F-\
--C)
Udai: Yes. Now I remember. Certain varieties of
books were offered by them last month at
discount of 15% to 50%.
(. h-*aC. x
Eo h- O 15% *
50% discount a)
Vijai: Such discounts will be given next month
too. They have all varieties of books.
Infact all books in our college library have
been supplied by them.
( discounts a y--o. x _ Eo h --. college

library o books Fo x supply -)
No.
verb
verb form
5. have been supplied
Vijai: OK, let's start for college now.

(college
have been (be form) +

PP of supply
6. is going to be held
is going to be
(be form) + PP of hold
7. is closed
is (be form) +
PP of close
8. has been declared
has been (be form) +

PP of declare
-E- , j verbs Fo 'be' form

+ past participle (PP) o . (be
forms h-C-. -J h
---. am, is, are, was, were; * 'be'
a shall be, should be, will be, would be,
can be, could be, may be, might be, must
be,
been
have been, has been,
had been, will have been, would have been,
shall have been, should have been, can
have been, could have been, may have
been, might have been, must have been
'be' forms.
N Fo
1) Where are the books sold?
\ t---?
2) ... It is found there
\ ---C.
3) Certain varieties of books were offered at
discounts
Discount
Eo h-
--f.
offer
4) Such discounts will be given next month too
Discounts
y---.
5) ...all books in our college have been supplied

by them
-x--- 145
Udai: A book exhibition is going to be held in

town next month. A wide variety of books
will be on display and sold at discount.
(a h v-z C
x. h- v-Jz--
, discount h)
--v 21 --v- 2006
Eo h- x- - --f.
6) A book exhibition is going to be held
h v-z Ey-----C.
(Future)
h----Lq N: Verb, 'be' form + pp

C Passive voice. , Spoken
English course -d-- ---oC
English Verb 6 Forms -E, x
'be' from + pp, passive voice E, N 5
forms active voice E.
English Passive voice \
d E J* ---Lq -
- C.
English passive voice u newspapers reports \- E--hC. (-
passive voice -- E--hC d,
lesson v-- E conversation active voice .)
English passive voice, E D
L---p, p d-p \ -.
When was this road laid?
-l- .)
Udai: Vijai, what are you talking? Don't you

know that college is closed today?
( x---o?
E L- F?)
college
Vijai: Really I don't know. But what for?
( L-. ?)
Udai: The college cricket team has won the
finals of the cricket tournament, and our
classmate Vinai has been declared Man
of the Match.
college team cricket tournament finals
friend
Vinai
Man of the Match
L-*C.
v--
.)
Vijai: So no classes today. How happy I am!
May our college win many more matches.
( classes -o-.
- ! college
matches L.)
All the verbs above are 'be' form + past participle.
7) The College is closed =
Important: Verb, 'be' form + past participle
8) Vinai
has
been
declared the man of
the match
p C PASSIVE VOICE
C. j list E 8 verbs
passive voice o-x-? (English
verbs past tense, past participle
. -x be form \ oC past
tense , past participle -
a. h--. English
be form \ -p- past tense
form . d be form \ a--p
past participle v.)
Verb passive voice , verb be
form + pp - n ' E
h-C. :
1) The college has been closed

college
--C
Man of the match
v----f.
M. SURESAN
y---. - u
- Road p--? F
Road p --C ?
x, o --? E ?
English C Common.
English
Passive
voice
Conversations
Passive voice
i) When was this road laid?
- (English - college -C. p --d)
2) The man was killed yesterday (Passive)
Eo --f. ( C
L-, So passive)
3) He was elected MP
o---f (--o--o--C u )
4) Students will be given bus passes
bus passes y---.

(-J-h C u )
Active voice verb L E p J-TC
-Eo d tense (verb form) J-x, passive voice verb form --C.
Students
ii) Has the food been cooked.
t t t t t
lesson * English conversation

h N --o. \ *
h vh -.
j conversation sentences :
1) Where are they sold?
2) ... and it is found there.
3) Certain varieties of books were offered by
them...
EXERCISE
C sentences passive voice verbs,

active voice verbs, identify /
h--d; passive voice verbs
- v-Ao-.
Tarun: When was your college closed?
(O
college
p )
4) Such discounts will be given next month too.
Varun: On 15th March
5) ... all books in our college have been supplied by them.
Tarun: And when will it be reopened?
6) A book exhibition is going to be held in town.
Varun: In the 3rd week of June
7) ... the college is closed today?
Tarun: So no classes will be held till then.

When will the admissions start?
8) ... our classmate Vinai has been declared the

Man of the Match.
Look at the verbs in the sentences above.
No.
1.
verb
are sold
verb form
are (be form) +
past participle (PP) of sell
2.
is found
is (be form) + PP of find
3. were offered
were (be form) + PP of offer
4. will be given
will be (be form) + PP of give
Spoken English
(p -h?)
( -- classes --o. Admissions p v?)

Varun: As soon as the college reopens.
(college
J-* .)
Tarun: Any idea when the results will be

declared?
(L- v- ?)
Varun: Only the Inter Board and the University

can say that. They are usually declared
in the 1st week of May. This time too,
they can be expected about the same
time.
(Inter board, University v p-. - May -- N ---. J
Time ----E P--a)
Tarun: Seats in your college are said to be in
demand
(O college seats T \--)

Varun: That's why they are offered on merit,
so only merited students are admitted
into the college.
(- vA - seats h,
d vA-- Nu-no a--)
Tarun: My cousin wants to join
cousin
-----o)
Varun: Well, let him apply

(apply
-)
ANSWER
Active
passive
Telugu Translation
was closed?
--C?
will be reopened? ---C?
will be held
Ey-----?
will start
--
college reopens
AJT v--C
will be declared v-----
can say
p--
are declared
v-----
can be expected
P----a
(possibility)
are said to be
p---
y---
are admitted
a---
wants
---o
let him apply
apply F
Passive voice - (--)
--, \-J n -- d
-E-.
are offered
-- j---
II
Laxman: Now that the building has been painted it looks beautiful.
(Paint
building
x
E--hC.)
sation above.
1) has been painted (has been - be form + past
2) is painted (is - be from + PP of paint)
(v p- h)
3) was painted (was - be form + PP of paint)
Laxman: When was it last painted?

paint
Now let's study the verbs in the conver-
participle (PP) of paint)
Bharat: It is painted regularly.
(*-J p
--C- 23 --v- 2006
(This is in a question)
?)
Bharat: I think two years ago. The painting is

done once every two years.
(x -. -x--J
--C)
Laxman: So it will be painted again two years
from now.
( Sx -x h--o-)
Bharat: Certainly. The house was built
decades ago. Still it looks new
because it has been maintained well.
Every care has been taken to keep it
in good condition.
(*a-. x -l dC.
h-C Ep-hC -
Eo -- d.
-Eo * nA --E Eo
v-h B--)
-x--- 146
4) is done (is - be form + PP of do)

5) will be painted (will be - be form + PP of
2) They play the game twice a week (I RDW -
paint)
6) owns - II RDW (Active Voice)
active - Regular action) = Weekly tests are

held (are held - passive voice - Regular
charge)
11) will take - will + I RDW (Active Voice)

Verbs No. 6, 7, 10 and 11 are in active voice.
The rest of the verbs are all be form + PP
regular actions
p-
am + pp / is + pp / are + pp L .
Active time -E past actions ,
J-T action , p complete
action have + pp / has + pp .
OE passive p- have been + pp /
has been + pp h.
10) think - I RDW (Active Voice)
passive voice o--o-.

-d -- translate h '
combination n h
-Eo-.
Important: Active voice o vA verb
passive form C.
I RDW (see, take, etc) and II

RDW (sees, takes, etc) regular
active voice verbs
actions
regular actions
passive voice verbs
I RDW / II RDW
am +
past participle, is + past participle, are + past
participle.
1) The building has been painted (has been +

pp) - Passive (--C)
= They have painted the building. (Active)
()
= l)
Laxman: Who owns the
building?
(-JC
L
--i-N,
build-
ing?)
Bharat: My cousin's.
M.
He is an engineer in the states.
--N
.
SURESAN
Verb No 2: The building is painted regularly
( cousin C. US Engineer)
Laxman: But who takes care of it here?
(\ Eo --?)
Bharat: His father. He was also an engineer very famous. Unfortunately he is not
in good health now. Only a few days
ago he was discharged from hospital.
He had been treated for knee trouble.
(x o. engineer . C. -%-d- -h
u p J--. Cl
V - L *q --E
pvA * a.)
Laxman: A nice piece of work, this building. I
think I'll take it for my office.
(GLf- --d.
DEo B--.)
office
ha-: Verb, 'be' form + participle

, PASSIVE VOICE -C. O E . j conversation
verbs, passive voice o . (F
- passive --
-E- . - passive voice
--, -- -u- C
d x -.)
Spoken English
.
(Regular
J action, passive form

ho is + PP .
(Building paint
---C v
p-)
Verb No 4: The painting is done once every
two years.
(-- vA -x ---C
C is + PP regular action ?)
Regular actions Passive
N am + PP / is + PP / are + PP hC.
1) I am seen here every evening -
May
Ey--h (-)
Time
L-
past actions
Passive
verb = was + pp / were + pp

1) YSR
-q Eo-x
-u
CM
Eo-
YSR was elected CM in the elections last
(o---f) (was + pp)

2) Tov- - x y
u .
Thousands of houses were destroyed in the
fire last month (were + pp).
Pavan: Hyderabad
news paper \ * --C? (Publish )

Pavan: j-- *.
Arjun: \ print --C?
Pavan: N--, N--o.
Arjun: W Eo copies t--- ?
Pavan: Eo ~?
Arjun: p v-G- Eo?
Pavan: 1980
Arjun: V- Cl late deliver
-C ?
Pavan: . x v u.
Arjun: Newspapers -- \
vu -.
Pavan: E! C -!
Arjun:
Arjun: Where else is it printed?

Pavan: Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.
Arjun: How many copies are sold every
day?
Pavan: Some lakhs.
Arjun: When was it started?
Pavan: In 1980
Arjun: It has been delivered a little late for
the past four days, hasn't it?
Pavan: Yes. Some problem with their machinery.
Arjun: Politics get a lot of importance in
papers/ politics are given a lot of
importance.
Pavan: Correct. We read them only for that.
vo: uT CM --p a
has/ has been relieved
Relieving Certificate is/ was/

E --- h-. C d?
? NJ.
everyday
-y, x
E -)
---: a) uT C * (-u DEE
(vAW ~- copies t--- =

t---)
d Regular actions passive , am
+ pp / is + pp / are + pp active
voice I RDW / II RDW .
official language
with effect from such and such a date
relieve
Mr X has been relieved of his duties in
this office with effect from 4th April 2006.
-x -Lq-h
b)
uT D
relieve
u E
Mr X was relieved of his duties here on 4th April 2006.
1) The doctor checks me once in two months
Regular).
K-~
The exams will be held in May.
Arjun: Where is this paper published from?
3) Lakhs of copies of the Eenadu are sold
K-~----
ii)
Practise the following in English, using

passive forms where necessary.
vAW ---C ( h).
(Doctor
Hall tickets will be issued from tomorrow.
ANSWER
E-\ vA v ---.
two months by the doctor.
future actions passive will be +

.
i) Hall tickets * h (y---)
pp
EXERCISE
2) Pooja is done every day
(II RDW - Active) = I am checked once in
LC =
year.
---
3)
His hand has been burnt
Passive voice
of treat)
y--f =
ets to students.
action)
9) had been treated - (had been - be form + PP
Hall tickets
(passive) = The college has issued hall tick-
3) The school holds weekly tests (II RDW -
8) was discharged - (was - be form + PP of dis-
Nu-n
Hall tickets have been issued to students
week (is + pp - passive - regular)
7) takes - II RDW (Active Voice)
I am seen here every evening..

(Decade =
2)
active) = The game is played twice every
c)
D, V, N p-
is relieved, has been relieved
He is relieved of/ He has been relieved of his duties here.

has been relieved, better.
-a.
DE n relieve
J-T-E. \
-- j---
II
Damodar: Hi Divakar, you know my favourite
hero was awarded Padmabhushan.
( G - t--
G *aC.)
was awarded (passive) = y--f.
Award= -' \--- = (G, --, -\-- --N)
v -/--y.
Award = -A, -\, G
n o.
Divakar: The title was conferred on many others too.
( -- G a.)
Title = j = G.
Confer = -JE G-, -\-
\-J-.
They conferred on him the title = -
- vA d.)
Prabhakar: Will you stop it. You and your
heroes. You are both silly
( -? O, O heroes.
O x--- o.)
[
[
You must have observed that most of the

verbs in the conversation above are in the
passive voice because every one of them is
a 'be' form + past participle (PP)
The verbs are:
1. was awarded (was + pp of award)
2. was conferred (was + pp of confer)
3. were awarded (were + pp of award)
4. was (not even)
considered (was + pp of consider)
5. were given (were + pp of give)
6. will be honoured (will be + pp of honour)
-x--- 147
7. are given (are + pp of give)

In the last lesson we have seen that we use the
passive verbs am + pp/is+pp /are+pp for regular actions
E x G- \-J-.
Was conferred (passive) = y--f.
Damodar: I am happy that only deserving people were awarded the title.
(| L-T--x \-Eo
-Eo L-T-hC.
Deserving = -N = | L-T.
Deserve = = | LT .
He deserves the award = award
B----E - | C.)
Divakar: You say all this because your
favourite hero got it.
(F G- - *aC d
x---o.)
hC !
why you talk like that.
PASSIVE
1st Regular Doing

Word (give, take, like,
etc)
am+pp/is+pp/ are+pp
He
am given/taken/liked
etc.,
Padmabhushan-
2nd Regular Doing

Word (gives, takes,
likes. etc)
is given/taken/liked
etc.,
are given/taken/liked
etc.
The verbs (in the conversation above)
3) ... people were awarded
Damodar: Yes, I do feel so.

Divakar: Just wait and see. My favourite hero
will
be
honoured
with
Padmavibhushan next year.
(h . a -q G - t-N-- hC.)
will be honoured (passive) = \-J---.
Damodar: Such honours are given only to the
talented.
4) ... hero was (not even) considered.
J------.
(y) y-f.
h--. Active
past doing
word (gave, took, liked, talked, etc)
-- - u
time Lh.
1) She took the book yesterday
Eo h B-C.
2) He liked the movie (last night)
*v - *aC.
3) They gave us the information (last week)
(vA o--J \ GhC. are given (passive) = y--C.)

Divakar: True. Your hero will not get it,
because he lacks talent.
(E. C O , -
Spoken English
-C y--f.
5) ... you were given
( --o.)
--E--:
ACTIVE
from verbs No. 1 to 5 are: was+past participle
( -- F *a-x x--o. were given (passive)= y-f.)
English.
Spandana : Hi Chandana,
fan p ready
?
Chandana : ... Eo C repair uC.
Spandana : ?
Chandana : ... h Eo u-o-E hC.
Spandana : Eo Lights Fo -a?
Chandana : C h-C Eo.
workers Ko
REGULAR ACTION
(F G-- ---E -\--E (was+pp) / were+pp.

-F J--- d y J-T-- (time L-) actions
x---o.
passive was + pp / were + pp -.
Consider = 'Eq = J---
1) ... hero was awarded Padmabhushan
was not considered (passive) =
t-- y--f.
J------.)
2) ... the title was conferred
Divakar: You feel as if you were given the
G v ---C/--y--C.
award.
Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
t-- y-f. (-J- C

p d -E passive. Government
E pa. E vu
.
English Oj- passive *C. O -E
Spoken English 144 lessons
\ passive voice -.
passive - -o. passive voice (English )
pEJ p - -
*C. p English conversation
simple , - C.
The title was conferred
Damodar: Your favourite hero was not even

considered for the award. That's
--- 25 --v- 2006
was
C.
awarded
Padmabhushan.
Answer:
Spandana : Hi Chandana, is the fan ready?
Chandana : It was repaired yesterday.
M. SURESAN
C Simple -, He was awarded Padmabhushan

? was + PP/ were + PP
N Sentences l.
2) The title was conferred on many others too =
Many others got the title too / Many others
received the title too/ Many others had the
honour/ Distinction.
p--a .
1) He was awarded Padmabhushan
Spandana : Was it painted too?

Chandana : Yes. Everything was completed
Yesterday.
Spandana : Were
the
lights
also
fixed
Yesterday?
Chandana : That was completed too.
The Workers were sent away too.
Even the payments were made.
Spandana : Good
3) Were awarded (Passive) = got the award

(active)
1. Sachin is to play the cricket.
4) ... Hero was not even considered = They did
2. Sachin has to play cricket.
not even consider him for an award.
3. Sachin was to play cricket.
They
(\
-L-- d
passive a)
5) ... you were given an award = \
you got an award, simple ? passive
avoid ---a.
6) Will be honoured = will receive the honour
a.
passive avoid
7) ... honours are given to the talented (PV) =

Only the talented get such honours (Active
Expression)
past doing word active
passive equivalent was + past participle/

were past participle.
Past actions at a time Known.
- Rx-a.
N-- passive -- was
+ PP or were + PP . u EE
--L---, p d- i,
u --, p passive .
--C.
Spandana : Very good.
-D-Eo
Active Voice
simple pa. He
got
Payment
ACTIVE
Past
word
gave,
etc.,)
PASSIVE
Doing Was+PP/ Were+PP

(took, Was taken/ Were taken
liked Was given/ Were given
Was liked/ Were liked etc.
4. Sachin had to play cricket.
j u- n N-J-. 1,2 3,4 u

n L-T o L--.
N-- -, Et
1) Sachin is to play cricket
=
* Lq C, NC/--p-/---o v-/--o p-/--px

v -- .
2) Sachin has to play cricket = L. J
c x/duty/E - x-E --L--.
3) Sachin was to play cricket -
Lq C. . Dhoni was to
score 66 not out. (E 66 -
y d E).
Rama was to go to forest - -N
h , p--* JT E.
4) Sachin had to play - Lq --C
--L--.
-- j---
II
Ram: You are late again. You are expected to
be here by 10, and it is now 10.20.
(O Sx u --a. OJ-\ 10
L. p 10.20 C.)
Sita: Sorry sir. The bus was late. The bus is
supposed to pick us up at 9.45. It was 10
minutes late. Some trouble on the way.
(Bus late
C. 9.45 Lo \---Lq bus 10 EN- -u-iC.

J E- trouble *aC.)
Ram: OK, OK. Let's get down to work. Only a

few files were cleared yesterday. Many
more have to be cleared today. We are
required to clear at least 15 files a day.
27 --v- 2006
1. You are expected to be here by 10.
(OJ-\ 10 ---. \ are

(----) C must
\ B-v, h
--Eo yE-d expression.
English language
manners
vu \. -E c---
must - - --,
-K E--, bossy -E.
Must -Lq -Eo--x expect,
suppose, require verbs passive forms
.
expected
(, , E v-Gl. Eo- Eo files

v Jh . - - files clear
L. V F 15 files Jh
L.)
-x--- 148
(iii) Trespassers will be prosecuted =
I.
l-O-J
P~-| (P~----)
E--, E-l -L-
-u passive voice .
N sentences (conversation ) l.
3) Only a few files were cleared (by us) = Eo
files v Jh = We cleared only a
few files.
Verb: Give
ACTIONS
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Regular
1st RDW (give)
Actions
2nd RDW (gives) is+PP=is given
Past actions
Past doing
was+pp=was given
time known
word-gave
were+pp=were given
am+PP=am given
are+PP=are given
II. Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,

might, must
1st RDW
form
verb - (shall give, should give, will give,
would give, can give, could give, may give,
might give, must give, etc)
passive form
shall, should, etc,
be
past participle
passive
You are expected to be here..

Sita: When
are
we
1) You are expected to be here by 10. (passive)

The superiors (
expect you to be
here by 10 (Active) = you must be here by
10. (Must
avoid
expected to com-
C--)
plete them, sir?
(--Eo-F
Jh -Lq-p, sir.)
h.)
2) The bus is supposed to pick us up by 9.45

(passive) = We (office staff =
suppose the bus to pick us up by 9.45 (active) =
The bus must pick us up by 9.45 =
must
avoid
sC)
Ram: They should have

M. SURESAN
been sent last
week itself. But we have been given
some more time because we did not
have the necessary information.
( ---LqC. E _
information -- x, - -h time
a.)
Sita: That's ok, sir. I won't take much time. The
files will all be on your table a little after
lunch break.
tLo
9.45 -x \---L. \-
h.
5) We are required to clear files (passive) = The

require
us
superiors
to clear files (active) = we must clear files.
must avoid
(C--)
(\
(--)
h).
6) When are we expected to complete them

(passive) = When do our superiors expect us
to complete them? (active) = When must we
complete them?
sentence
must
(

( sir, --\ time -B. Lunch time
)
q- files Fo O table O
-s JEo l.
.)
(i) Smoking Jh El. Smoking is strictly
Ram: Go ahead. When you say something, I
prohibited (passive)
know it will be done.
(O-\-J -o --o-, C --E .)
(ii) Strict silence should be maintained in the

library (passive). (You should maintain strict
silence in the library) = Library
Ezl
Let's continue our study of the passive

forms. The sentences with verbs in passive voice in the dialogue are:
1) You are expected to be here by 10.
2) The bus is supposed to pick us up.
-L.
use passive forms where necessary
(conversation O----- passive

3) Only a few files were cleared yesterday.
practise .)
4) Many more have to be cleared today.
Venkat: Hi Prabhas, y---j F x
5) We are required to clear.
d--.
6) When are we expected to complete them?
Prabhas: \ dL?
7) They should have been sent.
Venkat: \p -\-o. \ boss
8) We have been given.
x d--.
9) ... it will be done.
Prabhas: y -L-\?
Let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, 5 and 6:
Venkat: v 5 . Sx 10 \
are expected, is supposed, are required,
L.
are expected.
verbs -u passive official and Prabhas: E h---?
formal -s x --. Official lan- Venkat: E -C? x
-v-E h---?
guage passive voice
--- --.
Prabhas: ---i, ready.
Spoken English
4) Many more have to be cleared today (by us)

= We have to clear many more files today =
files clear
L.
7) They should have been sent (by us) = we

should have sent them =
-LqC
(p)
8) We have been given (by the superiors) =
They have given us =
time
a.
9) It will be done (by you) = You will do it =
y h.
passive voice --
o. N ---- C active
verbs - passive equivalents .
Active * passive , passive * active
a exercise (u-) practice -. h O English (spoken
form) free , fluent x--.
x---- O EE doubts *a
x------.
pE J-n-x impersonal (uh-
E) occasions (-sx) v
. passive forms ---
v --. - --L-x
Passive n ---L-?
-L
\
Jh C
-,
Ja
-C.
eg: They will give the book [verb- will givewill + 1st RDW- active]=
The book will be given (by them) [verb- will
bebe form+given (Past participle)- Passive]
verb, can do- can + 1st
He can give it RDW
passive
can + be
+ pp of give = can be given.
should
give - active passive- should + be +
given (PP of give)
\
d
-yL
DE
d j p verbs Eo- passive form,

shall, should, etc... -Eo- \ be d
E--\ past participle Jh C passive
-C .
They may give it - (active)
It may be given (by them) - (passive)
III. have + pp
end
active verbs
have
past participle
been
passive
Eo-,
-C.
They have given the books - verb have

given (active)passive have
given
been
have been given.
DE
d-
They have given the books (Active)

The books have been given (by them) (Passive).
ANSWER
Venkat: Hi Prabhas, you are not supposed to
keep your things there.
Prabhas: Where else should I keep then?
Venkat: Anywhere else except there. The
boss keeps his things there.
Prabhas: How long are you expected to be
here?
Venkat: Till 5 in the evening. Again at 10
tomorrow morning.
Prabhas: Can the work be completed tomorrow?
Venkat: How can the whole work be completed tomorrow? It might be completed
by the evening of the day after.
Prabhas: If help is needed, I am ready.
vo: 1. W --
() W -d --.
2. F @ --\.
u- Tx- p
L---.
.y, jy--
---:
1. I tuck my shirt in. In shirt

English
2. I am heavier than you by 5 Kgs/

I weigh 5 Kgs more than you/
I weigh more than you by 5 Kgs.
-E 29 --v- 2006
-- j---
Ravikanth: Hi Prakash, who is this book meant
-I
Now let's take a look at the verbs in the
for? I found it here.
passive form, used in the conversation
( h J ? -\
-E-*-C.)
at the beginning of the lesson.

1) who is this meant for?
(verb- is meant- passive)
Prakash: It was left here by someone. I don't

remember.
2) It was left here..
(--Eo \ CL x.
h-- J)
3) No name is written..
(verb- was left- was + pp -passive)
(verb- is written- is + pp -passive)
Ravikanth: Who does it belong to?
4) I was asked..
(C -JC?)
(verb- was asked- was + pp -passive)
Prakash: No name is written on the book. Only

the bill of the book is found in the
5) Was invited...
(verb- was invited- was + pp -passive)
book. No name in the bill either.
Last lesson p-x E -J-x

J-T p d --, d- -,
E- vu --, Passive Voice
- -C. active always
preferable.
Passive voice questions practice
l:
1) Who is it meant for?
(h O . h
o-d Bill C. E .)
(C J l-P---C?
-x--- 149
Ravikanth: Ok. Let's no more worry about the

book. Were you, by any chance, in
Old usage -
for whom is it meant?)

2) Where are these shirts sold?
Let's remember once again:

1) Passive voice to be used only
when absolutely necessary.
2) Question structure to be followed
in passive voice too.
3) In most cases where whom was
used in the past, we now use
'Who'.
(N \ t---?)
college last evening?
When was the letter posted?
(, h J* C-l. Eo
v -y-o college
o?)
Prakash: I was asked to be there for the selections for the debate team. Someone
was invited to select the college
(verb- have been picked - have been + pp -
reserve member.
passive)
(college debate team selections
o-\- t-o. College team

select --E -J L- . o
reserve member B--o.)
Debate = h %y.
Pick up = choose. ---.
7) When will the contest be held?

(verb- will be held- will be + pp -passive)
8) you should be included
(verb- should be included- should be + pp passive)
j d- *a transformation principles
8 verbs in passive J---o
?
a) Active RDWs , passive, am/ is/
Ravikanth: Where will the contest be held?
( \?)
(Contest = d = )
are + past participle.
Prakash: It is going to be held this month end

at Rajamundry.
b) Active
PDW
passive, was/ were
+ past participle.
(--v -x C)
c) shall/ should/ will/ would, etc + 1st RDW
Ravikanth: Wish you should be include in the
active
final team.
(final team
3) How was he killed?
6) I have been picked up
team. I have been picked up as a
, O shall/ should, etc

Ja, past participle Ja passive.
be
y-E J)
etc + 1st RDW active

lllll
-J --f?
-Eo?)
M. SURESAN
5) What were you told?

=
6) When was the letter posted? =
post
Post
Active voice
passive
tion
verb
subject
Helping verb
main verb
subject
y p--f? (F --p?)
h p
--C? (p
?)
,
ques
,
y h.
,
u
hC. C - u -ELq N.
principles of changing verbs
- --
-- easy.
patterns
h--
ANSWER
(am given, is given, are given etc)
2. Past Doing Word
2. Was+pp/ Were+pp
(gave, took etc)
(was given / were given)

can/
could/ may/ might/ must etc + 1st
verbs N- shall/ should/ will/ would...

\ be d, E Past Participle a.
RDW
shall be taken (shall + be + past participle) / will
(shall take, will take, would take etc)
be taken, etc.
Shall have/ should have/ will have/
3.
verbs
would have/ can have, etc + past
will have, etc
participle (would have taken, could
ple
have taken etc)
been taken, etc)
Spoken English
h.
Lavanya:
(would have been taken, could have
1. am + pp / is + pp / are + pp.
gives, takes, etc)
Now practise the following in English use

passive forms only where necessary:
N- shall have/ should have/

\ been d, E past partici-
PASSIVE
1. 1st RDW/ 2nd RDW (give, take, etc/
2) Four were killed and ten injured in the accident yesterday.

3) Dowry has been abolished.
4) Four new rail lines were laid last year.
5) Candidates will soon be informed of the
date of interview.
--
-v--d
passive
h-?
Bhramara: . NTL C.
Lavanya: C p h--C?
Bhramara: u-o-E -Jha.
Lavanya: Invitations Fo post -u?
Bhramara: Yes - . O
addresses -Lq-N Eo o.
E O-p Jh--?
Lavanya: Eo addresses L. N
-h.
Bhramara: N O Jhh Fo L post
-a.
ACTIVE
ANSWERS
1) He has been elected the new president.
shall be/
passive.
. n
-\-J h---.
- -d ---.
C passive forms :
1) - u-~- Eo--u.
2) Eo accident -- E--.
-C C --f.
3) -o E-C- .
4) -q -- h jy -jx .
5) Date of Interview y- u-n- L-- --C.
--
should be/ can be, etc + past participle -
from active to passive
3. shall/ should/ will/ would/
4) Who were you seen

by?
(By Whom were you
seen - old use
=
d) shall be/ should be/ will be/ would be,
Prakash: Thank you.
Last lesson
EXERCISE
( --f?=
--Eo?)
Lavanya: Has the work been completed?
Bhramara: Not yet. some more work is left.

Lavanya: When will it be completed too?
Bhramara: It may be completed by tomorrow
afternoon.
Lavanya: Have all the invitations been posted?
Bhramara: Yes, most of them. But then there
are invitations for which the
addresses have to be written by
you/ you have to write the addresses. When can you complete it?
Lavanya: Some addresses are yet to be
received, once they are received, I
will write the addresses.
Bhramara: If you complete them, all of them
may be posted together/ we may
post all of them together.
-I-I
-- j---
Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in
your clothes today. Are they new?
(v, - dx -F-
o. N h?)
Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I
don't look smarter than you, in spite of
my new clothes. Any way, I thank you
for the compliment.
(N h. --p-, F
smarter / -{-- E- . j-, F a--o- thanks.)
Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prabhat. They aren't mere flattery.
( E- -p-Jh- Eo a-o, - -a /
h )
Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really
I don't like these clothes very much.
Dad bought me them from
Hyderabad. I wear them because I
don't want to offend him.
(- N- .
E d d-.
o OE j-- * a
. - ------E --)
-x--- 150
-- 1 - 2006
--Eo-F vocabu. p j sentences E

-Fo appearance
(E- B) , d- (u x d-) -C-*E -h C
? -Fo daily life situation spoken english d
practice .
lary
Underline
1) You look quite smart in your clothes. Look
--J E--/ -. smart = -{--, /

E--. -o d
suit p smart. tip top
o smart.
b) Sulochana: Are you coming for the picnic?

Picnic
Sunayana: I'am afraid I can't because dad
isn't well
(y-h-o
?)
a) The army officer is really smart in his uniform.

Army officer,
Uniform
(o x - d
-E, p)
I'm afraid/ we're afraid expressions
b) The students were all smartly dressed for the
O conversation .
college anniversary = College J{--q 3) In spite of: --p. (though/ although/
-s Nu-n-- -{---i hx
even though/ but/ yet . o.
O----E--- C. -E
Dress and clothes: Dress --C -x.
v-h practice L.
-x --N clothes. -x d- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit dress/ dresses . He is
ed ( p- o-p-, y
always dressed in good clothes sen. Conceit= y)
tences dress d E
= Though/ Although/ Even though she is
d -- n . --C
great, she is not conceited ( p--,
p-.
y )
-o d Neat -J-
= She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited
p smart.
= pC, E y / Jy-)
c) She smarted up for the interview
b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= y oInterview \ h-C.
p- (y ) -- ------o.
-{-- o.
I don't want to offend him
7) Offend=
a) I don't want to offend him=
(q, ) p-.
o p- d -.
b) The book has been banned because it
offends the sentiments of the minority community =
i-J _ - p-C
C d h-Eo E-C-.
c) You offend me if you talk badly about my

favourite hero=
G- o J*
x- o p--*--x.
8) tire= n, - L-T-/ - -. , bore d/ N-T-
n C. C p \ -
C.
a) The movie is tiring= E N--E--*C.
b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talking of his greatness =
_- }
d . p- J* x
N-T-h.

Nimisha: Hi Lipta,
Lipta:
h--d? -{- o! \---o?

?
F-p thanks. E -
combination?
Nimisha:
-pJh p-o. t?
-h---o-.
Nimisha: \, -\-o p-.
Lipta:
-. - *aC .
p Eo N-T- d-.
Nimisha: -\--E
?
Lipta:
? o-- -p-ho F L-. - gift
*aC --.
Nimisha: p--a.
N-T--C?
Lipta:
Pranav: I don't see why you think they aren't

good. They really suit you well.
(N -E y ----o n. N F
p.)
Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy.
(E-. -)
Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't
have the patience to choose what
clothes I wear.
(F-p d --.
d -- )
Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some
charm about you that makes your
appearance attractive.
stylish
( y h
E-h. F -{ C. C Eo
-{-- hC)
Pranav: Enough. You are tiring. Let's talk of

something else.
( . N-T-h-o. N-i x-)

v v v v v
dialogue above.
1) you look quite smart in your clothes
2) .... I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in
spite of my new clothes
3) Anyway I thank you for the compliment.
4) Mine are sincere compliments. They aren't
mere flattery
5) ... because I don't want to offend him.
6) I don't see why you think...
7) ... you are always well dressed
8) still you look stylish
9) Enough. You are tiring.
In the lesson, lets learn a few items of
vocabulary. Vocabulary
simple
hC .
n E ?
Spoken English
Though/ Although/ Even though he has a

fever, he is able to walk.
= He has a fever, but/ yet he is able to walk.
4) Compliment =
Smart --i
; Stylish,
trendy.
x Cl
fashion
v
\. d neat ,
-J- --, h fashionable p-N,
M. SURESAN
stylish, trendy.
Smart
a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him=
(Clever).
n L-j, -j.
v L-j--
-.
y o
b) It was smart of her to give such an answer
- L-N- *aC.
-sx smart L-N
y -*-- h o n hC.
c) Don't try to be smart with me=
_ F LN .
A smart restaurant = a fashionable
restaurant=
Food prices are high at this smart restaurant.
fashionable
2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid
x A--- \).

n -- --/
. F s I'm afraid
*A-h-o- n .
I'm afraid I am not smarter than you=
smart
Fo
--E *A-ho.
-d E N h p-E I'm afraid E / I'm afraid
v-Gh.
a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed?
pass
Susanth: I'm afraid, no.
Pass
(v
u?)
(v
--E /
-d p)
p-, G--/ a-, G--C-.

-J-j a --F, -J-j
L G-----F compliments.
-J-j a--, G--C-, to com-
pliment.
a) My compliments to you on your high marks in
the exam=
marks
K-~ F a-o p
G---.
compliment y on hC.
Lipta:
O.K.
ANSWER
b) He sent his compliments to the actor on his

action in the movie=
p -
G--- .
c) Everyone complimented Dhoni on his wonderful play =

d) He complimented her on her taste in the
choice of her dress = Dress
E vA-x a--o.
-
G--*E - E--.
h o -
o p, E flattery
-- E-------E, x-x
j v- --E h.
-h flattery.
Nimisha: Hi Lipta, new dress? How smart you

look in the dress! Where did you
buy it and how much is it?
Lipta:
Nimisha: I am sincere in my compliments.

Don't you believe me?
Lipta:
5) Compliment
flattery. Flattery
a) He flatters the minister to get his help.
v- vA-x -h -x.
6) sincere= -pJhi, *h--Cl-.
a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =
F E- (-p-Jh)
------o.
b) No politician is sincere about servicing
people. = politicians
c) She is sincere student=
-v-- *h--Cl-.
-- *h--Cl- NuJn-E
I thought you were flattering me/ I

thought it was flattery/ I took it for
flattery.
Nimisha: But you haven't told me where and

how much you bought it for.
Lipta:
vA , Eo ---.
b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =
Thank you for your compliment. Is

the combination really good?
I didn't buy it. I got it some how. I

don't want to tire you by telling you
of it.
Nimisha: (Are) you jealous that I too will buy

it?
Lipta:
Why such words? You don't know

how much you offend me. I got it as
a gift unexpectedly.
Nimisha: You could have told me so. What is

there in to tire me?
Lipta:
That's OK.
-- j---
II
Devanath: I bought this shirt for Rs 350/-. A
good bargain, isn't it?
( shirt 350 -- o.
* ?)
Raghunath: I'm afraid that it is too much for it.
I have a similar shirt. It cost me
just around Rs 250/-
-- 3 - 2006
Sentences E passive verb forms p- verb forms (passive) .

1) ... I have been cheated =
T---f = --.
--f =
F _ * .
2) Were charged =
3) is called =
(y K \ d---.
- shirt C. Eo 250
-- o.)
Devanath: You mean I have been cheated?
----C/ -h.
4) Wouldn't have been cheated =
-T----
o = ---o
-T-----o-. verb, list

j verb No 1 class - have/ has/
had/ would have, etc + PP - Passive, DE
active C? u been B-.
5) ... had been asked =
( ---?)
Cheat = / -
Cheater
-- / o-T .
6) a) can be returned/ exchanged =
Raghunath: If its price is Rs 350/-, you were

charged Rs 100 more. Where did
you buy it?
(y-ox C 350 --j, 100

- \ d. \
o?)
Devanath: At the Fitwell readymade shop.
Raghunath: It is often called the cheatwell
shop. Didn't you know that?
(Eo cheatwell
F L-?)
shop
AJT y---/ a--- = AJT a/

a--
b) has been used =
Devanath: How can it be, after it has been

used?
( a--, - ?)
Raghunath: Then stop worrying about it. Be
careful in future.
( -Eo J* --.
Future v-h )
Devanath: The shop fellow should be taught a
lesson.
shop
Cl pL.)
Raghunath: In that attempt, don't be cheated

once more.
( v-o Sx -)
Devanath: No; I will take you this time. You act
smart in these matters.
(J Eo B-h. Oy N-x
L-N----N)
Raghunath: It will be taken care of, don't worry.
( --. --)
Observe the use of passive forms in the
conversation above:
1) You mean I have been cheated?
-T---/ -
9) will be taken care of =
6) Verb b)
-
C. C
B--.
-x--- 151
(j -- C passive translation
-, E \ oC normal
() -)
All the verbs above, you notice, are in the be
form + past participle (pp), so they are all in
the passive voice.
hC ? --
lessons p points:
passive voice
ticiple, form
7) Verbs no 6 (a) can be

returned, No. 7 should
be taught, No. 9 will
be taken.
Practise the following in English.

Express the passive equivalents of the
following:
a)
X--hE ~ Q -h.
b) D-R V buildings D- -J-h.
c) *o x- - ---d. (passive pL).
d) road repair -J---.
e)
shall/ should/
can/ could/ may/
might/ must etc + 1st
RDW
passive form
M. SURESAN
have/ has/ had/ shall have/ etc + past paractive voice verbs
Verb No. 6 (a) can be returned/ exchanged

(Active)
etc
Verb No. 7: Should be taught (by us) -
, E y a
u been d-.
past participle
DE active-C ? =
have/ has cheated
ANSWERS
a) Srikalahasti is called Dakshina Kasi/ The
passive - We should teach him (the shop fel-
1) (Do) you mean I have been cheated.

passive.
select -o , time
J application } x- .
f) h X Class text book prescribe a.
g) C L.
h) select LqC
i) road p -LqC.
j) C - -a.
(by me)/ Passive - I can return/ exchange it
Passive form: have/ has/ had/ shall have,
low)- Active.
(Do) you mean that the shop fellow has
cheated me?
Kasi of the south.

b) Buildings are decorated with lamps on
the day of Deepavali/ on the Deepavali
Verb No.9: Will be taken care of (by me) Passive - I will take care of it (Active)
day/ on the occasion of Deepavali.

c) Children can be made happy easily
d) Only half of the road has been repaired.
In the case of the verbs above, we have
e) I would not have been selected, if my
(Do) you mean the shop fellows have cheat-
seen the active equivalents of passive
application had not reached in time. (This
ed me?
forms.
is imaginary past, isn't it?)
shop people (-x) -, p

\ pas-
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop =
Eo
7) The shop fellow should be taught a lesson
by whom (J ) C \ L--. -sEo d -hC F =

by you E. d Active- You begin
u, If you had asked me -C.
passive by whom/ by what (J
/ E ) C ---L.
Passive J --x, by so and so, -x C omit h. C -E*
practice h, passive conversation effective C.
... I have been cheated?
6) How can it be (returned/ exchanged) after it

has been used.
The shop fellow charged you Rs 100/- more.
5) ... if I had been asked.
Spoken English
has been used.

verb No. 1, verb No. 4
Passive
active
has been used
been
It has been used (by me)=
I have used it (active)
DE active- past doing word

? -p- sentence, active --C?
4) I wouldn't have been cheated.
9) It will be taken care of
(by you) = (Passive) = If you had asked me

(Active)
--v-h B----C/ vh B-.
sive, were + pp.
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop.
8) ... don't be cheated once more
C verb No 4, verb No 1 C,
passive . DE active- had been asked ,
u been B--. If I had been asked
2) you were charged Rs 100/- more:
2) You were charged Rs 100/- more
5) If I had been asked -
p--L = pL.
8) don't be cheated =
(y p--LqC. --o .)
(o--, y shop hE
Lh p--. Eop AJ-T
-y--E--F a-----F ?)
I wouldn't have been cheated = He/ they (the

shop fellow/ the shop fellows) would not
have cheated me.
form of the verb

Imaginary past form .
--C/ .
7) should be taught a lesson =
Devanath: You should have told me of it earlier. Then I wouldn't have been
cheated.
Raghunath: I would have, if I had been asked,

and if I had known that you were
going to that shop. Can't it be
returned or exchanged now?
4) I wouldn't have been cheated =
cheatwell shop
(v). \
Passive- is called, d DE Active,
I RDW/ II RDW ? (Past lessons E
tables ) p DE active - people
call it the cheatwell shop.
N v-h -E-.
Passive sentences , j
sentences ' E -J- --C?
C L- ? eg: I have been
cheated (--) -J- C clear
L- . --x -sEo
d ---L. -sx, Shop fellow
E ---a. p, Passive *
active a--- shop fellow sentence begin h. \?
If I had been asked - passive C.
f) The book may be prescribed as a text

book for X class.
g) This should be/ must be/ has to be done
at once.
h) He should have been selected (Imaginary
past)
i) This road should have been laid long ago
(Imaginary past)
j) This can be done easily.
-- j---
II
Spandana: Oh, Chandana, what a relief? I'm
off. I'll be seeing you only after 10
days.
(Chandana,
relief !
-o. Sx 10 V y Eo
--.)
relief= Nh / Ah-O--* l
C*--x-
Chandana: What are you so excited about?
(Are you) on a holiday or what?
(E J* q- o?
-O h-o o?)
On a holiday= -O x
Spandana: Happy that I am (on a holiday). I
am going home, sweet home. All
these days I have been dying to be
back home, and I've the chance
now. I've packed up and am leaving.
(-- h-o-E - C.
--ho. --p--p h
--, p--*a -.
-xEo l--o, h-o.)
Look at the following words and expressions from the dialogue between
Spandana and Chandana.
1) What a relief! I'm off; 2) excited; 3) on a
holiday; 4) I've been dying to be back home;
5) I've packed up; 6) I am eager; 7) envy;
8) anxious; 9) can't wait; 10) how impatient
you are!; 11) laze about; 12) the nine month
grind; 13) get even with you.
Learn and practise these expressions
when you speak. Your English will be
very effective.
1) relief:
DE n --C
( * ) --. (u-, * ) N-, -x a
. What a relief!. s, !
d- i E h-, u *
Nh C, --E- , relief. (Also,
He is dying to become a minister=
vA E ------o
He is very eager to become a minister= He
is anxious to become a minister= He can't
wait to become a minister= He is impatient
to become a minister.
Fo n-Eo-h.
v---E %- oE/
------o-E.
- -sx n l.
relief from headache, fever, etc.)
i) Dying - --J --o
I'm off= I am off= I am going= Rx--o h-o-p, x---o-p - .
Dying to do something= -----.
xh \ nEo hC.
He's off. If you want to tell him anything,
hurry up=
Rx---o. o p-- p.
-x--- 152
--E- 6 - 2006
2) excited= you are excited when some thing

good happens to you/ when you are very
happy about something.
The child is dying to see its mother=
LxE --E Gf --C.

ii) eager= %- = anxious.
a) The hero is eager to see/ anxious to see his
son also as an actor= hero
actor
-
-E %- C.
5) I've packed up=
x l-- v-E, x --E, etc.

a) Pack up and get out= x l-E Rx.
b) He was packed up and is about to leave=
x l-E x--E l o.
c) Time for us to pack up=
--x l- time *aC.

7) envy= Ey ' \ -= {u, -J-o
h - a \--x
C, p We envy them.
(x {u).
a) She envies her sister because she has more
jewellery=
sister
{u C.
b) I envy your health=
F u C, -x {u.
11) Laze (about)=
F -
What a relief! I'm off

Chandana: I am eager to go home too, but I
can't get leave until next month.
How I envy you!
( --x-E %- , E
a - -. Eo-h
{u !)
Spandana: I called mom and told her. She is
anxious to see me back. So is dad.
Still two hours for the train and I
feel it's too long. I can't wait any
longer.
(t phone p.
o -E %- C. o
. Train --E
-C. -!)
Chandana: I see how impatient you are! So
would anyone be when they have a
chance. How are you going to
spend the days?
* ---o-p,
----o-p
L , q.
a) They were excited
when their favourite
hero talked to them=
x G- hero
x --J-*--p M. SURESAN
x ---f.
b) He felt excited when he got the prize=
prize *a-p- q-
- o.
c) The movie is exciting/ It's an exciting movie=
movie.
-hE -Eo L-T
d) Nothing exciting about the movie. It's dull=
movie q----i--D-. -h-- C. (Dull= unexciting)

e) Exciting news= -h- N.
b) The patient is eager/ anxious to see the doctor=
T doctor --E % -C.

eager E n, anxious o
n -- ----.
(O . -E ----.
NtC E vLo C, NvA C . N-T-. A, Ev--, TV ,
E----x D --C.)
Chandana: Next month I am likely to get my
break. I'll get even with you then.
Bye then. See you.
(a hC break. p
F ---. Rx )
Spoken English
b) I haven't been on a holiday for the past one

year=
-C NvA/ N -.
Expression No 4: I've been dying, No. 6: I
am eager, No.8: Anxious, No. 9: Can't wait,
and No. 10: How impatient you are.
O-Eo-
n % , %-
, ----, y--.
Dying= -s Dying , E
n --E .
\ dying ----.
lazy
(-J) .
a) I like to laze about on the weekend=
E--- -J -
d .
b) He wastes money and time. He Lazes about:
Time,
s % h. -J .
c) Don't laze about. Do some work =
-J , E-.
12) The nine month grind:
grind
-- C n.
c) The mother is anxious about the child's condition
a) We grind wheat into fine powder (flour) for

making chapathis =
Lx Gf J-nA (u) J*
----C.
\ anxious eager . n
. anxious , worried a.
- -B h.
grind past tense, past participle- ground.
d) The MD (Managing Director) is anxious

about the loss in the profits of the company.
Company _- J* MD -
--o= l --o.
Anxiety= - (- )
e) She wants to see a psychiatrist about her
anxiety=
- - N J*
- juo v-C-----C.
3) On a holiday= You are on a holiday, if you
( -----o n
iii) Can't wait= * p --.
have break from your work for a few days.
. -j -
E
*
Eo
V
NvA
,
(wait -n ---)
h. ---o 10
N
,
You
are
on
a
holiday.
a) He can't wait to go to the US=
V?/ ----o?)
Holiday= , Holidays= u
-J- p--p l ---o.
Spandana: Just laze about. I don't want to do
Nu-n N-
anything. This nine month grind
b) He can't wait to meet his lover= v-Lo
has taken the life out of me. No a) They are on a holiday/ they have gone on a
p--p --- E o.
holiday= (EoV) E * N/
leisure. I am fed up with work. Just
impatient= n, p --,
NvA . x A- N- iv)
eat, sleep, watch the TV and go to
-- (opposite of patient)
-.
movies. That's what I am going to
do.
a) He doesn't want to wait. He is impatient to

go=
- / -E -- Rx---E
-----o.
b) He ground the wheat into flour =
-- ()
L x-=
.
.
E \ grind n v, %.
Nine month grind - NtC v
flour = flower
pronounce
wheat flour =
c) I need at least a week's break after this grind
vy - F NvA
-.
d) Put him through the grind =
o d- E--F.
e) Every trainee has to go through daily grind of
six hour =
vA trainee (P~ -) V - v Lq C.
13) get even = Ba--/ J--.
a) In most Indian movies the hero gets even
with the villain =
Indian movies *-
O Ba--.
b) In the 1st match India defeated Pak; but in

the next match, Pak got even with India.
b) He was impatient at my replies=
------ p p-/ -
v-Jz-.
O expressions NN n,
. OE O conversation practice
. n-- C. N
A l.
hero, villain
India
match
--iC.
Pak,
match
c) Next month when I go on a holiday, I get

even with you =
a holiday *a--p F J-----.
-- j---
II
-- 8 - 2006
Vikranth: Any idea when Vijai is coming?
E v-h -E--.
(N p--h-o ?)
Now look at the following sentences

from the conversation above.
Prasanth: Not in the least. I don't know where

he is now.
1) Any idea when Vijai is coming?
( M. \--o
L-)
Vikranth: I do not know what he wants from
me. He suddenly rang up yesterday to tell me he was coming. He
didn't make clear why he would
see me.
* L-. o-d Eo Phone

h-o-E p. o-
--------o pd
p-
Prasanth: I don't see why you didn't ask him
2) Not in the least. I don't know where he is

now.
3) I do not know what he wants from me.
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me.
5) I don't see why you didn't ask him when
exactly he wanted to come.
x L- .
N 'wh' words C
--E )
7) I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his
8)
I don't know why =
C 2
1 a) why did he go there? I want to know
9)
Did you atleast ask him how he would be

coming =
b) I want to know why he went there.
9) Did you at least ask him how he would be

coming.
10)
about our work.
( correct p--h
y -- n
. - --C.
N\ wait E O
x M )
Vikranth: I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his meeting, but he would-
-x--- 153
I don't see how you could be so indifferent =
Ex-~u --L- n -
whether to wait for him here or to go

a)
h j -?
when exactly he wanted to come.

We have work now. We don't know
-ph-o F--o p? =
Has any one told you when he will be coming?
meeting.
8) I don't know why
d)
(Whether
choice express
6) We do not know whether to wait for him

here or go about our work.
11) I didn't know which phone he was calling

from =
sentence
sentences
L :
sentence question d why

.
b) sentences L o d
I want to know why he went there .
E
did he go?
2 a) where did he buy it?

I wish to know
Who knows what he has in his mind?
n't. I don't know why.

Prasanth: Did you atleast ask him how he
would becoming?
(F h -?)
10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent

11) I didn't know which phone he was calling
from.
12) I am not able to say whose fault it is.
Vikranth: No.
indifferent. you could have fixed a
.)
could not ask him all that. I was

about to. But then he disconnected.
'wh' clauses
very common.
daily conversation
- x---p
, -J, , -J, , --E sentences - . C
English xp C. -- j x I don't know where he is now
C B = -\--o
M. Where he is --\ o.
( -- . Phone d-.)
Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?
-?)
Vikranth: I didn't know which Phone he was

calling from. I saw the number on
my cell and called. He called from a
public Phone.
( Phone * x---o
L--. Cell number
phone . C Public
Phone)
Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it
In most sentences above, they are clauses

beginning with 'wh' words (why, what,
when, where, which, who, whom, whose,
and how)
Vikranth: Look here, Prasanth. Not that I
let us take the clauses which begin

with 'wh' words in the other sentences:
1) Any idea when vijai is coming =
N p--h F-o
3)
idea
I do not know what he wants from me =
question structure (wh+verb+subject/wh

word + Helping verb + Sub +Main verb)
'wh' word
statement
statement structure. statement
subject
verb
wh word
clauses
wh word
sub+verb
structure
v--i, --. N
-E
-p,
p
h.
a
-E \
Eo-
L.
eg: p--\--o M.
O-- L C. english word
order -J sentence word
order --
opposite C.
C. -d j sentence
begin h? I dont know
I dont know when he will be here. (when will
he be here
* L- .
is.
4)
(C J - p--
o)
5)
have to do now.
(p a-- o)
Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.
(.. ax)
Prasanth: What a relief!
He didn't make clear why he would see me
a) I don't see why you didn't ask him =
y- -- n .
, ---, n -)
b).... when exactly he wanted to come =
p correct ----o
to go about our work =
E-O
?) .
-J-E -h--C C* N
= who he is going to invite (whom - old fashioned) is his business.
b)
- -J ?
who knows what he has in his mind?
(see =
6) We do not know whether to wait him for or
(s a !)
J * h advanced level of
conversational skills l. -
a)
- -o- -----o pd
-.
We are unable to decide what we
Spoken English
C J p
p-----o.
j underline M. SURESAN
clause Fo
'wh' word clauses. u N

N 'wh' words v----o, questions E -E- L. - N
A clause is a group of words with a verb.

(verb
group of words
clause
time for his meeting us.
( Ex-~u --L- n
. Lo --
time Eg-* a ?)
Phone
whose fault it is =
clauses J*
o . -J h -.
Prasanth: I don't see how you could be so
(Sx y-
phone * ho M-.
12) I am not able to say
who knows
question mark.)
(\
c)
question.
-E
-h \- F ? =
Do you know where the book is?
(Sx -E- where the book is = h

\ C? E n. 'h \
E
sentence L sentences p----C? I wish to

know where he brought it .
-C practice L conversation free, fluent
u -sx n --LqC 'wh' words v--uN p
questions --\---F, wh word v-u clauses statement structure
-E.
exercise: practise the following in English
Vilas:
y- AJ--h correct p.
Kailas: p--h correct idea
Vilas: kumar F p- -E time E?
Kailas: phone ----o.
-\--o M.
phone h--o. --
phone - n --.
Vilas: . phone Sx y-p p. p -l-
Eg--?
Kailas: Eg---- -p-h
L---?
Vilas: kumar phone
decide u.
Answer:
Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correctly when you will return.
Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself
have a
correct idea when I will return
Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time
it will take?
Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where
he is. He said he would call me. I don't
see why he hasn't phoned me.
Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you
can come back again. Have you decided when we should return.
Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will
return
Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.
()
-- j---
II
Saran: Congrats Varun. I really felt very happy
when I heard that our team had won the
match yesterday. I shall be delighted if I
hear more such news.
( team Eo L-*-E N-,

--f. h
N --h.)
Varun: Thank you, sir. We are glad that we
always have your encouragement.
(O vq - -p
-)
Saran: Boys, I was telling you all along that you
should not lose confidence.
Clause Verb o group of words.

x---p sentences
Oj- clauses T_-- sentences
- -J n u-x-.
xV C-L---? Infinitives .
Infinitive ? -- ,
x N-J- -? Sx h--ho.
-E-: Infinitive , to + Ist RDW
(Regular Doing Word)- to go, to come, to
walk, to learn, etc.
infinitives.
Fo
Infinitive
(Sx thanks. -h---. h-Dl , -L

team -x .)
2) I shall be delighted if I hear more such news

= (delighted
= - )
n-
1) E--u-E (to go = x-E)
(O - o , t- 2) E-- (to go = x)
N-y p---E.)
3) E----E (to go = x--E)
Varun: Thank you again sir. In fact we didn't

expect that we would win. But we
played to our capacity. The other team's
mistakes helped us.
3) We are glad that we always have your

encouragement =
We are glad to have your encouragement
4) I was telling you all along that you should not
lose confidence =
a) I want to go =
x-E C.
I was telling you not to lose confidence
b) To go now is not safe =
5) We didn't expect that we would win the

match =
p x ~ .
c) He stood up to go -
4)
Pp -- - C.
I am thrilled that I have seen such a beautiful statue =
I am really thrilled to have seen...
examples O practice .
Infinitive x , -
Nj sentences -Eo
practice .
... expect to win
x--E * E--o.
-sx l-l clause ,
Infinitive -- -a.
6) I warned you that you shouldn't take things

lightly and that you should be aggressive =
I warned not to take things lightly and to be
aggressive.
How we can do it is the matter of this lesson.
-x--- 154
1 1 - 2006

7) We.. that we have such encouragement and

advice from you =
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in
English. Use only infinitives.
Komal:
Syamal:
We are glad to have your..

Saran: I warned you too that you should not
take things lightly, and you should be
aggressive.
Varun: True sir. We are delighted that we have
3) We are glad that we
you. We are thrilled that we have won
(E-. vq,
O -h-o- - -
C. d- i match L--E
-- C.)
Saran: My only desire is that I should not hear
about the defeat of our college team in
any match.
Varun: You can be sure that we will always do
(--h vo hE
O ta)
Saran: I was a bit hurt when I heard some of
the lecturers talking low of our team.
( lecturers team
J* \- - x--E -f).
Varun: Let them sir. They will be surprised
when they hear our team too can win
matches.
x--E-y, sir, team

----E ---o-p
a-u--).
Saran: OK boy, keep it up. ( --F).
English conversation, simple , direct
- -E --* h
o. lesson C -J l.
Spoken English
Syamal:
Komal:
We are thrilled to have won this difficult
hear more such news.
match
M. SURESAN
always have your encouragement.

4) I was telling you all along that you should not
9) My only desire is that I should not hear about

the defeat of our college team =
match.
6) I warned you that you should not take things
lightly and that you should be aggressive
7) ... We are delighted that we have such
encouragement and advice from you
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of our

lecturers talking low ... to hear some of our
lecturers ...
Komal:
11) They will be surprised when they hear our

team... = They will be surprised to hear...
Komal:
So, you have seen how an infinitive can

make your speech shorter, simpler and
direct.
8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult

match
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the

lecturers talking low...
11) They will be surprised when they hear our
team too can win matches.
All the parts of sentences underlined
above are clauses, aren't they? We are
now going to simplify them by using
infinitives in their places.
n infinitives sentences
.
clauses
j infinitive replace x
\ that clauses. (that begin u
clauses ) OE u infinitive
replace , short -a.
.
1) y exam fail u-E N -- =
I shall be sorry if I hear that you have failed
the exam =
simple --
infinitive x.
to hear
ANSWER
y xLq *a-- -f =
I was sorry that I had to leave so early =
I was sorry to leave so early
3)
v v- x --- =
I am very happy to hear that

you are going abroad/ about
your travel abroad.
Syamal: I am happy too that to know

that you too are coming.
Komal:
Mom and dad will be sorry to

know about my trials. It will
be difficult for them to be
without me.
Syamal: Mom didn't like to hear it first,

but I convinced her.
Komal:
I will promise to mom and

dad to return early. Soon they
will get used to it.
I shall be sorry to hear that you have...

2)
1) I really felt happy when I heard our team had

won the match.
I really felt happy to hear that our team had
won the match... to hear about our team's
success.
Syamal:
My only desire is not to hear the ... of our

college teams
5) ...We didn't expect that we would win the
9) My only desire is that I should not hear about

the defeat of our college team
our best sir.
8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult

match =
lose confidence.
this difficult match.
matches
...to have your encouragement and advice.
team had won the

match.
2) I shall be delighted if I
such encouragement and advice from
We are delighted to have such encouragement and advice from you =
1) I really felt happy

when I heard that our
(-N-t-Lo a-J- , Fo L B----F, - -F.)

aggressive= -, -
Komal:
y foreign --o-E NE
C.
y y \---ho-E L --ho.
vo O o-E
Lh t, o E
---. x
d
C.
o x-E-y t
d . F a-p.
t x y
AJT a-h-E h.
x y C --j-C.
o v
p-T-- -
*a-E N--E.
v-Aoh.
( get used = be used =
----)
Syamal: Dad was happy to hear that I
got this opportunity.
Komal:
I'll try too.
I'd (I would) love it if I had a house in such

a peaceful place = I'd (I would) love to have
a house in...
-- j---
II
Sampurna: Here is the book you asked for yesterday
(Eo y--T h C)
Prapurna: Happy it's here. Where did you find
it?
p (present day) (usage) whom

-Lq who -h-o.
Who? = ?; whom? = -JE?
a) Who did this? = C ?
b) Who sees such movies? =
(. F \ E--*C?)
Sampurna: It was among the books you kept in
the shelf.
(shelf
E- h?
O- ?
c) Whom do you know? =

d) With whom did you come?=
t- y d
hx C.)
y -J a?
So we know the difference between who and
whom, don't we?
Modern English
who
correct
Prapurna: Oh I forgot to look for it there.

Nirmala wanted it.
(\ - -*-. Et-
C Lq *aC.)
Sampurna: Which Nirmala?
Prapurna: The girl I introduced to you, the
other day, on our way to the shop.
shop
( oV
h-o-p
F J- t.)
The other day = o--V
Sampurna: Isn't that the girl you call the college beauty?
college beauty
(y
t ?)
? -JE?
-h-o.
n--
.
Study (J-Q-L-) the following:
1. OJ-\ -JE ------o?
a) Whom do you want to meet here?

(Old fashioned and incorrect.
b) Who do you want to meet here?
(Modern usage and correct.
right).
2.
a) Whom do you know here. (old fashioned
and wrong)
p)
p---
O-\ ? =
Prapurna: That she is. But that's also one you

find to be very simple and humble
too.
-x--- 155
(. t
simple, EJy .)
humble= y
Sampurna: She is the one who all like, you
said.
( a--C t-
o y?)
--E 13 - 2006
b) He is a doctor. He charges high fees.

fees
ju. \
-:
B--.
He is a doctor who charges high fees.

c) She is a great doctor. Everyone likes her.
doctor.
p
-:
vA-x E d--.
She is a great doctor whom everyone likes.

'whom'
correct,
whom
who
She is a great doctor who everyone likes.
d) He is the person who I consult before taking
a decision.
consult
whom
who correct.)
whom
who
-p
.
-Eg- B---
C o. (\
---
-C.
ui N: --x
--. E
--o.
p - D - x-
--u.
(The books which you kept - old usage) =

shelf
3) The girl I introduced to you
d h-x C.
F J- t
(The girl whom (wrong)/ Who (right) I introduced to you)
4) ... the girl you call college beauty? =
college beauty
the girl whom (wrong) / who (right) you call
college beauty?)
5) ... but that (she) is also one you find to be
very simple and humble =
simple
(she is also the girl whom (wrong)/ who
(right) you find simple and humble)
6) She is the one who all like =
y
(
E-Jy E- t
d- t =
She is the one all like (who
\--,
whom
p)
Who do you know here?
Prapurna: She is getting married. Who do

you think she is going to marry?
(y- Rx ---C. -JE

---o?)
Sampurna: Who do you take me for? Am I an
astrologer? How do I know unless
you tell me?
(--o----o? u-
N? y p-- hC?)
Prapurna: My cousin Sravan.
Sampurna: Do I know him?
( ?)
Prapurna: Yea. You met him last summer.
Software engineer in the US. He is
the guy we sent pickles to, last
month. Don't you remember?
summer
(.
y--E
. h, --
pickles = -- )
Sampurna: I remember him.

English conversation whom, which - interesting .
u questions. O questions
N- p-*aC. conversation, modern - OE \ - --- u.
I. Whom = -JE, -J (to ) C --J
.
1. Whom do you want to meet here? =
OJ-\ -JE ------o?

2. Whom do you know here? =
O-\ ?
3. Whom did she consult? =
-JE v-C-*C?
j questions N*v E--
-? Fo questions. -JE --E
English whom . j N
whom questions -/ begin
Jh old fashioned. English J_ x--o--- questions -.
-j questions -T N
NE--hC speakers of modern English .
Spoken English
b) Who do you know here? (Modern and correct)

3.
a)
JE v-C-*C?
a) Whom did she consult? (Old fashioned

and wrong)
b) Who did she consult? (Modern and correct)
Now observe the following:
1.
Who did you go to the movie with?
(Old form and incorrect with whom did you
go to the movie?)
2.
Who did you get the information from?
(From whom did you get the information?
wrong -old usage)
3.
Who are you talking about?
(Old form and incorrect: About whom are
you talking?/ Whom are you talking about?)
questions
whom
who
correct.
a)
Who were you talking to yesterday?
(with/ to whom were you talking
b)
Who is he marrying?
(Whom is he marrying?
c)
Who are you helping?
(Whom are you helping
II. Who, whose, whom and whichquessentions
tences
sentence
? \
--. D
b)
7) Who, do you think, she is going to marry? =
doctor
She is a doctor everyone likes.

everywho/
one
whom
present usage.
O E -J }?
O - J * *aC?
vA-x d-
.
-JE Rx --------o?
(-JE o whom )
8) Who do you take me for? =
--oE ---o?
'Jo o-p-)
M. SURESAN
Eg B--- v-C uh
.
He is the person I consult before taking a

decision. (the person who/ whom I consult
who
c) Secretary
student
He is the student they have elected secretary
(student who/ whom
who
d)
teacher
He is the teacher I admire.
(who/ whom
who
III. Which
Which
sentences
(whom
9) He is the one we sent pickles to =
(to whom
-- --.
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in English
Vasanth:
Hemanth:
Vasanth:
Eo y x---o---J?
y o chess P-
---C-p.
p-)
* game -. a-
x-o--oC
.
x --.
y -JE J* x---o?
Hemanth: . game n
)
a.
-- d . game
GE
---.
Vasanth: y a-- x --.
C v-h h---L
.
-a.)
d----x --.
. -JE E
--N .
Hemanth: E _- -l?
p
x. E

- -E
Vasanth: E a- p
.
lawyer. -ho.
Eo y -J x---o?
eg: He bought a car. It is blue.
x l.
car o. C blue
)
The car which he bought is blue.
ANSWER
-JE Rx ---o?
b) I gave you a book. It is my sister's.
Vasanth: Who were you talking to, yesterday?
(F h a. C sister C)
)
Hemanth: Sasir, you played chess with the day
The book which I gave you is my sister's.
y--J h-o?
before.
Modern conversation j sentences
x whom , which Jh C-- Vasanth: He plays a good game. He is among
)
those I admire.
h-o.
OE
Hemanth: Quite smart/ sharp. Difficult to
a) The car which he bought is blue =
---E ,
understand the game he plays. He
car he bought is blue.

---E b) The
plays such a game.
The book I gave you is my sister's
.
sentences lesson v- Vasanth: He is one you can learn a lot from,

a) I saw a man. He was taller than six feet.
and I like a lot.
-g, v-g J-T -- .
E-E . ---
Hemanth: Shall we go to him tomorrow?
1)
Here
is
the
book
you
asked
for
yesterday
h ( o). sentences Vasanth: His uncle is a lawyer everyone prais(The book which you asked for - old usage)
l.
es. He is coming tomorrow. We will
= y Eo--T h C.
I saw a man who was taller than six feet
go the day after.
(----o \ h- E-E ) 2) It was among the books you kept in the shelf.
-- j---
II
Tarun: No bus is coming. No auto (is) in sight.
So what are we going to do?
(Bus D . Auto E- . l--?)
Kiran: Let's start walking. If we chance upon an
auto on the way we'll take it, or else I
don't mind walking the whole distance.
( l. u Auto J-
E l. h --E -u- .)
On the way = J
Chance upon = -- E--
Tarun:You talking of walking! That's surprising
since when did you start liking walking,
buddy?
(y -l---o! a-u! p-* O d L-TC F?)

buddy = v Nv-E -C N
(American)
Kiran: Stop it. I've always liked walking. I avoid
walking only in hot sun or when I don't
have the time.
-x--- 156
-- 15 - 2006
eg. a) To walk
(-) is good for health

(-u-) = walking (-) is good
for health
b) To get up so early is not easy = getting
up so early is not easy =
y Ev-- .
c) I hate to get up late =
-u Ev-- E-d- - =
I hate getting up late.
d) He likes to swim in cold water =
Fo-x -E-d =
He likes swimming in cold water.
-E Infinitive x '-ing'.
j sentences N u
-Eh. sentences a), b) x Infinitive ,
'-ing' form independent sentence subject .
, c), d) x Infinitive , '-ing' form
hate, like verbs y .
a), b) x independent --p
infinitive '-ing' form -E
- p-j a.
6) I shall appreciate your walking =
2) I don't mind walking - verb mind

walking, '-ing' form. Mind
E y
u-
p.
She will appreciate your help =
I don't mind walking =
F -Eo J{-hC.
- -u---.
Mind y p '-ing' form hC.
- noun hC.
appreciate + help (noun)

Appreciate
Tarun:Ok. Let's stop arguing. Come, let's enjoy

walking. As you said I shall appreciate
your walking the whole distance.
(x. C- enjoy
l. y-od h
-/ Eo a-.)
Appreciate = --/ a--
Kiran: Come on. Let's start. I hate backing out.
(, -l-. \ _
d .)
Tarun:You waste time talking. Show it in action.
Start walking
(- time % h-o. u
. v-G)
Kiran: Ok. I am off. Whoever first stops walking
shall stand the other a drink, ok?
(C -l-. -
x --L--J drink p-L, ?)
stand a drink/ a dinner/ party, etc. = drink,
dinner, party, etc
p-)
Tarun:I am game for it.
(- l.)
J
verbs
English
lesson
clauses
simple
natural
verbs
conversation, bookish
Spoken English
'If' clause
a -u--- / a N
d--. Expenditure, noun .
'-ing' form : I don't mind spending the
b) I shall appreciate if you help me.

a), b)
appreciate + 'if' clause.
7) I hate backing out -
money =
-- -d - =
a) To waste time/ wasting time is never

good
s a--d -.
Mind \ 'if' clause hC.
I hate to back out (hate + infinitive). hate

Infinitive, '-ing' form
b) To walk alone/ walking alone at midnight

is not always safe =
He doesn't mind if I use his bike =
l--vA- -J
- ~ .
(c), (d)
sentences
Eo verbs \
bike
y ,
-a
- -.
\ waste
y C
h Eo p, y
hC.
a) He wastes time talking about others =
-- J* x-
h.
time waste
b) He wastes money indulging in luxuries =
\ '-ing' form / noun/ 'if'

h. infinitive v .
Sentence No 3 'avoid' y 'ing' form
F, noun F hC. infinitive . [avoid
= (j E) - ]
d
8) You waste time talking waste

'ing' form
'mind'
clause
N-x _ % h.
\ infinitive .
Laxman: Hi Arjun,
N-?
J-T--C. F A
h ?
infinitive, '-ing' form
a) I avoid walking ('-'ing' form) =
Laxman: detective novel. --N Ja -. Eo
F-d ---?
- -.
verbs, expres- M. SURESAN b) He avoids Govind because he owes him Arjun: Correct. y- -N -
sions \ Infinitive
time waste --? -
money.
v F, '-ing' form v E
* novels o ?
( Govind p-o d -
-. C verbs \ -.
Laxman: E. F OE ---E \
p- A---o)
1) Start 2) begin 3) like 4) dislike 5) love
d---. Serious novels -
\ avoid = -JE - / --6) hate 7) remember 8) forget 9) propose, etc.
avoid h. concentrate
.
1) He started to sing/ started singing
- .
Why are you avoiding me? =
---d
Arjun:
-- d C. o - o?
v-G. E d-- 2) She began to run = she began running =
\ avoid y Govind C noun .
--C.
-dC
Avoid y '-ing form'/ noun h. infiniLaxman:
D
v-Ao-. E d-----3) She likes to dance = She likes dancing =
tive .
.
u -d
c) she always avoids classes (noun) in the
Arjun:
S} v-Ao.
4) She loves to cook = She loves cooking =
after noon =
d
uo --- p .
ANSWER
N--- 4) dislike Sentence 4) Stop arguing - stop y Laxman: Hi Arjun, what news? / what's new?
6) hate 7) remember 8) forget and 9) pronoun/ ing form v h. infinitive .
Arjun:
Just getting on. What's that book in
pose (vA--C-). verbs \ infinia) He stopped singing - -
your hand?
tive, '-ing' form h .
stopped + singing ('-ing' form)
Laxman: Some detective novel. (Some= ).
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation between Tarun and Kiran
Eo
.
Infinitive 1) Let's start walking.
C-L-- conversation 2) I don't mind walking...
,
-E. 3) I avoid walking
y '-ing' form 4) Let's stop arguing
Eo Eo
(vC-) 5) Let's enjoy walking
u--J- N-- C.
6) ... I shall appreciate your walking
Eo Eo -sx infinitive '-ing 7) I hate backing out
form (going, coming, walking N)
-. N sentence d --E 8) You waste time talking
-----. Infinitive (to + 1st RDW) Look at sentence No 1. The verb 'start' has 'ing'
o nx , A, a-- after it.
(to write, to eat, to learn) . n 'start' y infinitive , '-ing' form
'-ing' form a.
a E .
a) I shall appreciate if you walk
eg: I don't mind the expenditure =
She likes dancing

( . - p d.
o-p, time -
v -.)
Avoid = !/ -
y - --h/ a--.
appreciate + your walking ('-ing' form)
Arjun:
b) He stopped the song in the middle =
You don't like reading such books, do

you? / You don't like to read such
books, do you?
u -
stopped + the song (noun)
'stop'
infinitive
Arjun:
Sentence No. 5
'Enjoy' too is followed either by the '-ing' form
or a noun, but not by the infinitive.
Let's enjoy walking - enjoy + walking ('-ing'
form)
a) I enjoy music =
U-Eo
enjoy
enjoy + music (noun)
Laxman: True. But I love reading / I love to

read these. I avoid reading serious
novels. I cannot concentrate so
much.
Arjun:
b) She enjoys reading books =
h- - -d
enjoy + reading ('-ing' form). enjoy
infinitive
Correct. Why do you waste time

reading them? Aren't there better
books than they?
It's all a matter of habit. Begin reading

them/ Begin to read them. You begin
liking them./ You begin to like them.
Laxman: I tried but I could not like them.
Arjun:
Try once again.
-- j---
II
Raghav: Hi Madhav, how are you? You appear
much better than last week. There is
surely some improvement in your
health.
2) ... and I gave up smoking.
( o? _
E--h-o. *a F u V-o-dC)
5) ... I couldn't help feeling...
Madhav: You can say that. I feel much better

now.
(E. p -o, ---)

You can say that = y pa =
y d
Raghav: What's that due to? I don't recollect
seeing you earlier as fit as you are
today.
( ? p--o
u ----p -x
h-.)
recollect = h a--.fit = u
Madhav: Thanks to my doctor. He insisted on

my giving up smoking, and I gave up
smoking, though I found it difficult in
the beginning.
( d x. smoking
--E d--d. x
d- i--p- .)
Thanks to my doctor = doctor x.
'x n Thanks to a, *
J-T, J-T. He died, thanks to
the doctor's negligence - E-, doctor -Ex~u x
Raghav: So (do) you deny smoking anymore?
(, y smoking -o?)
deny - -/ -
3) So (do) you deny smoking any more?

4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some
thing...
6) I now practise swimming too.
O -E- . j sentences E
verbs Eo \ '-ing' form . C
conversation -- - simple
express --E -----C. O conversation practice .
1) I don't recollect seeing you = Eo
h .(Remember =
h . Recollect/ recall = vAo* h a--.)
a) I remember seeing him somewhere = --E
-\ -x h-hC. ( vo
)
b) Let me recollect where I saw him = \
h a-F ( vo).
c) He recalled later that she owed him money =
- ox h a--o
( vo)
-x--- 157
Madhav: Do you think I'm a fool to go on doing

something that costs my life?
( v-E E L-T E h--E -o ^-?) I don't
as I might, I am unable to remember if he

came here that day =
--, E
d )
Raghav: Happy to hear that. Whenever I saw

lighting a cigarette I couldn't help feeling you were burning out your life
(. y p cigarette
d- , y F vLo
---d---o-
p-C-)
Madhav: I now practise swimming too. Every
morning I go swimming.
(p
W ho)
practise
ho.
Raghav: Good. Though late you've given up

smoking. Better late than never.
(C. uj smoking -o. - o

u .)
Better late than never = C English -. n: E
- -o u
*C E.
[[[
lessons infinitives,
'-ing' forms J* Ja-ho . We have
seen how certain verbs are always followed
by an Infinitive/ -ing form /noun/ an if clause,
or just by an '-ing' form.
Now let's see some more verbs followed by
the '-ing' form/ noun.
Look at these following sentences from the
conversation between Raghav and Madhav.
1) I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as
you are now.
b) Dushyanta denied seeing Sakuntala or loving her =
u- -- F,
vN- F ---o.
denied + seeing or loving - '-ing' forms.
c) She denied the truth in his statement =
U a--a a--d p.
-d
z - x v
E x E C.
denied + truth - noun.
p.
d) The minister denies his statement =
vA
--o (----o).
e) The minister denies the media reports =
O h vA --o.
denied + the reports (noun)
4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing something... =
C h --E ^-o---o?
to go on = ( E) h . go on
y , h n 'ing
form' v hC.
z - v
p.
:
DE y
u--.
hC.
h.
W
hC.
v-Ao-*
c a-----o, --V \--a, E.
Recollect y noun . '-ing'
form v .
I recollected the events of the day = V
-- h a-o. events =
-- - Noun.
2) ... and I gave up smoking = smoking
-o.
give up = -/ --- (-,
--x- E)
give up y '-ing' form F, noun F
. (noun Sx h a-..
j noun.)
a) I gave up smoking = smoking --o.
smoking '-ing' form
b) I gave up cigarettes = cigarettes
cigarettes - noun.
-o.-
J-a-v u --Eo
C--.
-
- Noun.
d) He was a fool to give up the job =

job
Job - noun.
---o-- ^.
3) (Do) you deny smoking anymore?

=
smoke
-,
--.
U u--hC.
C-h
So,
-?
deny + smoking. '-ing' form.

deny =
ing' form
-/ -. DE y 'F, noun F hC. That clause

hC.
a) He denied stealing the pen = pen
T-L----o.
denied + stealing - stealing '-ing' form.
verbs
v-h
practice
EXERCISE
b) In spite of the doctor's advice, he goes

on smoking = Doctor
smoke

Mithun:
-E x--?
p N.
M. SURESAN
Sachin: p. _ books
c) He goes on talking, whether others listen to
o. N a-- friendly
him or not = pC - No
L.
N---, x-- .
Mithun: ---E L y
a) goes on + arguing ('-ing' form)
h----h ?
b) goes on + smoking ('-ing' form)
Sachin: h- B- AJ-T-y- c) goes on + talking ('-ing' form)
. F xo * friend.
d) They went on shouting and throwing stones
Mithun: y x- - hat the police = x -h o, Police
-L-y-\---. (give up )
O x y- o. (Past)
Sachin:
xo B-o h--L-y-
Went on (past of go on) + shouting and
u h-.
throwing ('-ing' forms)
Mithun:
l-J L--.
go on y 'with' noun hC.
lo,
h o.
a) She went on with her studies in spite of disturbances = Disturbances
o-p-
--T-*C.
c) Harischandra gave up his throne for the sake

of truth :
Throne =
b) She practises music =

(practises + music - noun)
a) Though defeated, he
goes on arguing
b) They go on with their work whatever the trouble =

trouble
-.
o x E x --
a) Went on with + studies (noun)

b) go on with their work [with + work (n)]
5) I could not help feeling... =
expression
I cannot help going now =
help
cannot help
-- ph v-h -E-:
.
p x
,
p. (\
L
n-E \
n 'p E).
I could not help feeling = -- p-.
cannot help \ '-ing' form F,
noun F hC.
a) She cannot help the expenditure if she wants

to learn music =
(expenditure =
noun).
a p.
Spoken English
b) She cannot help spending this money, if she

wants to learn music =
(Spending
'-ing' form).
c) They cannot help the trip if they want to have
a darsanam =
(cannot help + the trip (noun))
d) They cannot help going on the trip if they
want a darsanam =
(cannot help + going on the
trip (-ing form))
Practise
6) Practise
noun/ '... ing' form
I practise swimming =
practise
(practise + swimming - '-ing' form)
a) She practises running everyday =
practise
(practises + running - '-ing' form)
Let me recollect where I..

'Try to remember' , h
a--- v-Ao, n p-p C - ? Try
fear death but I don't like dying of

cancer. (
cancer
-- 17 - 2006
ANSWER
Mithun: Why do you talk to him? He never listen to anyone.
Sachin: I can't help talking to him. He has my
books. Until I get them back, I have to
be friendly with him.
Mithun: Why do you go on giving him books,
when you know that he is that type?
Sachin: I don't deny his not returning the books
he takes, but his brother is a good
friend of mine. (I don't deny that he
does not return the books he takes...)
Mithun: If you give up talking to him you need
not lend him books.
Sachin: I don't remember his brother delaying
the return of books.
Mithun: They are very unlike each other.
U a---
a
-- j---
II
Pranuthi: Hi Sumathi, (it's a) pleasure seeing
you, though after a long time. How's
everybody?
(- y Eo --o- . --?)
We have been discussing the use of the

'-ing' form for some time now, haven't we?
We have seen so far the verbs which are
followed by the '-ing' forms.
( ~. Eo
C)
v , Eo expresy '-ing' forms --.

C conversations ~-h --E
---C.
expressions Eo --.
Pranuthi: What's (What has) kept you away so

long?
Now, Look at the following sentences from the

dialogue between Pranuthi and Sumathi above.
Sumathi: Everybody is OK. (It's) nice seeing

you too.
(Ny-Eo--V o --/
-/ iCEo V?)
Sumathi: You know I'd been very busy preparing for the civils. I sat the last exam
the day before (yesterday). It's off my
mind now. Oh, what a relief!
(F - civils (= IAS, IPS,

BJ o.
o *J exam . -C. !)
etc., exams)
Pranuthi: I think you delayed taking the exams.

You should have attempted them last
year itself.
(y u . y
-q- --LqC.)
(last year itself = -q-)
-x--- 158
--v 19 - 2006
verbs
sions
1. (It's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a

long time.
2. (It's) nice seeing you too
3. I've been very busy preparing for the civils
4. I think you delayed taking the exams
5. It's not easy preparing for the exam
6. ... there is no knowing what happens..
7. Civils are always worth trying
8. ... candidates have difficulty making it to the top.
9. Sometimes the results are long coming.
1. It's a pleasure seeing you, though after a
long time.
2. It's nice seeing you
too.
pleasure/
nice
'-ing' form
\
\
-E-.
O
--,
pleasure
meeting
you, nice meeting
you
--J
M. SURESAN
-E.
a) He delayed taking a decision =

taking - '-ing' form
b) They delayed coming to an agreement =
Eg
b) She had a lot of difficulty understanding what

he had said =
pC n --
d- -C.
difficulty y '-ing' form hC.
p -a--- u .
(\-\-p difficulty + in + ing form
, delay y noun -aE.
hC. F p-C , 'in' C--h-o)
c) The government delayed the project =
9) ... the results are long coming =
vy project u C.
long + coming ('-ing' form) = -u---.
d) They delayed the completion of the bridge =
a) He was long/ He took long buying a house =
Bridge -Jh----Eo x u .
x u .
(c), (d) delayed y, project, comb) I won't be long coming = u
pletion, nouns .
. (long + coming -ing form)
5. It's not easy preparing for the civils =
c) He took long deciding what to do
civils prepare .
Eg------E time B--o.
Preparing- 'ing' form)
C modern English conversation
a) It is easy convincing mother = t acommon.
-p = It is easy to convince moth- d) She wasn't long/ didn't take long marrying
er easy y '-ing' form a,
the young man she loved. vN-*----E
infinitive a.
Rx --- u -.
b) It wasn't easy operating the machine =
expressions Eo \ '-ing' form
machine - E--- =
p . practice .
B-- u .
It wasn't easy to operate the machine.
EXERCISE
Pranav: Hi Ramana,
It's a pleasure seeing you

Sumathi: True. But I felt I needed time. It's not
easy preparing for that kind of
exams, is it?
(E. F h time --E-*C . / -F time --E--*C.

exams prepare
-.)
Pranuthi: So how did you in the exams?
Sumathi: To my satisfaction of course. But then
there is no knowing what happens
until the results are out.
( %h . L-
---- O L-/ p)
Pranuthi: Happy that you leave fared well.
Civils are always worth trying.
(y -- . civils
p v-Ao---_.)
(worth trying = v-Ao---T)
Sumathi: They are, undoubtedly. But they are
quite tough. Even brilliant candidates
have difficulty making it to the top
ranks.
--J -sx pleasure, nice

y glad y '-ing'
form -E .
Glad meeting/ seeing you. (J---i--p,
introduction p)
Glad knowing you - (C- introduction
p expression.
( --Eo y, --J,
J- -s '-ing' form , infinitive a.
Pleasure/ nice/ glad seeing you/ knowing
you/ meeting you = pleasure/ nice/ glad to
see/ to know/ to meet you.
civils prepare busy o/

BJ--- o.
\ busy \, x busy
o-p C '-ing' form .
a) She is busy making arrangements for the
dinner =
dinner
p-x BJ--- C.
(*a-. exams
d . L-N- u-n j
ranks a----E d-
---.)
tough = d
(exams N.)
quite = Jh/ .
brilliant = L-j. ( n =
v----i)
b) They are busy inviting people to their daughter's marriage =

busy
Pranuthi: Still there is nothing wrong in hoping

for the best, you see. Sometimes the
results are long coming.
a) I was busy with the arrangements for the

busy
meeting. (meeting
arrangements - noun.)
( *E P-- p-.
\-\-p results --E time
-C)
b) She is busy with the exams =

[busy with + the exams (noun)]
J J J J
Spoken English
x-t Rx---- x
o.
c) I was busy the whole of last week moving to

our new home.
x -
BJ--- o/ x - J--C.
busy with y noun hC.
p-x
K-~- BJ--
- C.
4. delayed taking the exams. Exams
a- u .
--o p -.
\ cheating , to cheat a.
6. There's no knowing what happens.
-- -J L-/ L O-.
There is no knowingEnglish conversation
frequent
There is no knowing = No
one knows/ No one can know.
a) That will happen, no doubt, but there is no
knowing when =
C
--.
C --C,
. E p-C p-.
b) There was no knowing why he did it at all =
C --C -J L-.
3) I'd been busy preparing for the civils =
c) It's always easy cheating an innocent man =
c) Ram: When is Laxman coming?

Syam: There's no knowing when he will
come.
7. Civils are worth trying= civils
worth =
worth
'-ing' form
noun
(L-)
v-Ao---_.
--T/ N/ N .
y
F,
F
hC.
a) The movie is worth watching =
E --_ (watching - ing form)
b) It is not worth spending so much time =
time
c) This second hand car is not worth Rs. 1 lakh
second hand car
(Rs 1 lakh = Noun)
d) The book is worth its weight in gold =
*a- N C.
~ - N
h E - N---C.
(worth its weight - noun)
8. Candidates have difficulty making it to the top
rank
L-j u-n o
-E d- --.
difficulty + making ('-ing' form)

a) I had difficulty finding the address =
address
p h BJ

Ramana: ? W
A-- h. }-\--Lq
p-x time --C.
Pranav: -----E time p
--?
Ramana: u. -----E \
EN time - d C.
Pranav: Ld guests --h?.
Ramana: C -J L- x-p--h?
Pranav: Exams h-o . prepare
?
Ramana: h room B-.
p -a.
Pranav: * idea. C --_.
Ramana: o J-* AJT E
h. o u -
AJ--h- P-ho.
ANSWER
Pranav: Hi Ramana, you appear busy doing
something or the other.
Ramana: What can I do? We have some
guests or the other everyday. I spend
the whole time attending on them. I
am busy arranging for their stay.
Pranav: When do you find the time for study?
Ramana: That's my problem. I have difficulty
finding a minute's time for study.
Pranav: When do today's guests go away?
Ramana: There's no knowing when they go
away.
Pranav: Exams are fast approaching. It's not
easy preparing for them.
Ramana: I want to take room some distance
from home. I'll then be free from the
disturbance.
Pranav: A good idea. worth trying.
Ramana: I'll do that after my father comes
back. Hope he won't be/ take long
coming.
-----E d- -C.
-- j---
II
Chandan: Have you seen Pradhan, by any
chance?
(y-o
Pradhan
?
By any chance = i-/- -o
-n-* n.
Nandan: I think yes. I saw him driving some
where an hour ago. I could have
stopped him, but I didn't like to.
(---. car
\- x . E
-a -F d --C.)
(driving = car x)
1) I saw him driving an hour ago =
car x .
2) In fact I see him drive down the road at this
time every day=
vA W time x
x h.
Nandan: Not just today. In fact I see him drive

down our road everyday at that time.
4) ... that's why. I find Pradhan becoming more

and more active nowadays=
D. p v
E-h-o.
6) I have noticed you having a dig at him=
y--E d- -E-.
Look at the verbs in the sentences
above: 1 & 2. saw 3. heard 4. find
5. observed 6. have noticed.
-E-: j verbs Fo /
E-, N, -E-, J-Q-L n o .
Nandan: O... perhaps that's why I find him

becoming more and more active
nowadays.
-x--- 159
(D A. - u
active -E-ho.)
nephew (= son of a brother or

a sister) yoga classes
Fo x, cvC-
-C-*-N.
O y p '-ing' form F, 1st
Regular doing word (go, come, etc) F,
that clause F hC. E--h-/
h- , -E-, J-Q-L-
J-T-, -/ - N
J-T-- n hC.
( see, hear, find, observe, notice- O-EoE verbs of sense perception .)
( cvC sense organs- eyes,
nose, ear, tongue, skin O
C-*-N.)
x y
_ -E-. ---o, ' _--?
E. Yoga classes . F
-E-*-- -.
y-od _ u F,
--o _--?)
Nandan: Come now Chandan; Yoga might
not have slimmed down, but he hasn't certainly put on weight. Be fair to
him.
Nandan: No, certainly not. I have noticed you

having a dig at him whenever you
find a chance.
(---v --. - J---p-x

E --d-h-E -p -E-.)
have a dig at= d--/- L
Chandan: Nothing of the sort. I like him a lot.
( . d.)
Nothing of the sort =
'-ing' forms -Lq u-i -s x,
J-Eo verbs o. verbs \
p '-ing' forms F, 1st RDW (go,
come, walk, etc) F h.
the conversation between Chandan and
Nandan:
Spoken English
4) find:
a) The teacher found him working hard =
d- E-- (-)
.
teacher
b) We always find him sleeping =
p Ev--- h.
c) The engineer has found the machine going
out of order often=
machine - engineer
.
find \ 1st RDW . That clause
a.
5) observe:
a) The invigilator has
observed the student
taking/ take a slip out
of his pocket=
-* slip
- B invigilator -E- .
M. SURESAN
see, hear, find, observe, notice,

watch verbs \--x '-ing' form/ 1st
RDW/ that clauses (Eox) h.
O y -u 'that' clause -
better. '-ing form'/ I RDW effective
C.
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
ALOUD IN ENGLISH:
Namratha:
F--p - d --
h. d fashion
p .
Charitha: . d
-- x
-E-.
Namratha: OK,
N -.
y--o v No?
Charitha: -----o?
I noticed her humming
( -?)
put on weight= / ----\
( nephew _ -E-)
(y pC E. vA-W
time --- --E
p No.)
Chandan: Do you mean he hasn't put on

weight?
active
5) He observed his nephew losing weight...
Chandan: You are right. I heard Pradhan say

that he would go at that time everyday to attend yoga classes.
(Chandan, . E T_-- F, v --.

N- h u .)
come now = Informal conversation
come now= .
fair= -J-x u
time h-E Pradhan p

No.
( . vA-W time
car j h E--h
/ car x h .)
Chandan: He observed his nephew losing

weight after attending the yoga
classes. So he thought, 'why shouldn't I as well?' and joined the classes.
But I notice him gaining weight. He
is more active as you have said, but
has he lost any weight?
car
3) I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that

time every day... =
Chandan: Is that so? He said he would see me

today.
(? Fo-V -----o.)
--C 21 - 2006
1&2) saw: a) I see him always watching /

watch the TV /
I see that he
always watch the TV =
--p TV / h- h-o/
--p TV h E--- .
b) 11 - - /
police -x / 11
- - h E-- police =
The police saw him coming out/ come out at
11 a number of times. A number of times the
police saw that he was coming out at 11.
c)
restaurant -E--d o-xC.

\ A -x =
He seems to like the restaurant a lot. I saw
him eat/ eating there quite often.
hear y '-ing' form / I RDW

h. \-\-p that clause a.
3) heard: a) I heard her sing / singing =
-- No.
b) We heard them quarrelling / quarrel about
something-
x E N- x--- No.
c) She heard him say / saying that he was
going to buy a house =
x ---o-E
h- / h- NoC.
(Invigilator= K~
rooms --N
-- teachers)
Observe y 'that' clause hC=
Namratha:
-C. E-
cinema music director
-E-. E-x
- a.
The invigilator observed that the student
Charitha:
E-- -Ewas taking out a slip from his pocket.

.
F p -----b) I have observed him bunk/ bunking classes
.
quite often:
classes _-d -E-. Namratha: E-- y-
N.
c) She observed him looking/look at her =
Charitha:
Y U CD N
-j -E-*C.
-E-. (watch )
6) notice: -E--/- %-d
Namratha:
%d -L --E Pl.
a) Suddenly I noticed them going/ go out
together=
x L - x - - C.
b) I often notice her talking / talk to him=
- x-
-E-h./ -E x-
C.
c) The police have noticed him visiting/ visit one
house in the old town at midnight=
uh l-vA old town

x -E-/ x --C.
verb 'watch' (-E-)
a) She watched him water / watering the garden
patiently =
_ F--d -E-*C.
b) They have watched her dancing/ dance for
an hour=
ANSWER
Namratha: I see Sunitha wear/ wearing the
same style of dress/ dress of the
same cut always. No change in the
fashion of her clothes.
Charitha: No. I have observed her wear dresses of different style once or twice.
Namratha: OK. Why talk of her now?/ Let's not
talk of her now. Have you ever
heard Sunitha sing/ singing?
Charitha: Why do you ask?
Namratha: She sings very well. A film music
director observed her sing/ singing.
Very soon she may get an opportunity to sing for movies.
Charitha: I noticed her hum/ humming
(E-
but I
didn't think that she was a good
singer.
-/ -- -)
- u x A--.
c) The thief watched the inmates of the house
going out/ go out, waited for some time,
broke the lock and entered the house =
x-x (inmates) - x
-E-. -T l--d E
v-P-.
Namratha: We can soon hear her sing/ singing

for movies.
Charitha: I've watched her listening/ listen to
classical music CD's.
Namratha: Let's wish her best of luck.
-- j---
II
Anand: Hi Milind, congrats on your new bike.
How much is it?
bike
congrats.
Milind: The on road cost is Rs. 47250/-. How
do you find it?
(Road
Anand: I feel happy with the one I have. My

impression is that the new ones are a
bit difficult to handle, because of their
pickup.
bike
bikes
Anand: I find it quite sleek. Congrats on your

choice of colour. She is gleaming and
is a real beauty. What do you feel about
its performance?
colour
Milind: Nothing of the sort. Ride one and feel

for yourself. You'll get rid of your bike,
I'm sure.
bike
drive
bike
(h
o-
-C?)
OC--a--p- 47,250 --jC.

C?)
( o -hC. F
-
G---. C v---,
C. -E-B -- --E-h--C?)
Sleek = -, polish -x =
sleek. u vehicles . A sleek
bike/ a sleek car, etc. Vd E-E-- - Ny C sleek
hair. English -- 'she' . 'I
bought the car last week. Isn't she a real

beauty? =
-- o.
E C ?
Milind: I feel it is a good buy. It gives 75 kmph,

and carries a two year warranty. What
do you think?
Litre
75 km.
warranty
(* ---o.
hC. E-- x
C. -?)
-x--- 160
-- 24 - 2006
(o
C. p--ho
y V- x
h
E E-vA- d- E G-v)
(-.
-- -. F
C-L---)
Nothing of the sort = -/ - .
get rid of = -L--- --x h
English J G-v L l-A
Eo \. --, p-,
y-----o? G-v-
-- o. N
p l.

dialogue between Anand and Milind
1) How do you find it?
2) I find it quite sleek
3) What do you feel
about its performance?
4) What do you say?
5) Can't say
6) ... I have a feeling ...
7) I think you are right
8) My impression is that...
M. SURESAN
9) I'm sure.
ii) I am unable to find out where he has gone
\---x -------o.
iii) Find out where she was hidden the money
( s \ * \)
Be careful, you find her difficult to deal with
vh. N deal F d
E---a). D find , find out .
Let's come back to 'find'.
2) I find it quite sleek =
polished E--hC/
E--hC .
a) - movie - %h -- = I don't find
it satisfactory (%h E-.)
b) That's OK for me, but my friend doesn't find
it acceptable=
C %h- C/ *aC. friend

v ---u E-- .
D find -Lq -s, B.
3) What do you feel about its performance? =
E E-B E--hC?
find = feel about = E--/ E--.
j pd-i N L-------p,
--l d-x E p - x
d --, --L--x p- d--- j expressions .
1) How do you find it? C E J-j J Gv ---- ---i vo.
(p-.
E -What do you think of/ about it? / what's your
C. u *a J* opinion? How do you find it?
L-. F y---, _
\- NE--hC.
_ .50,000 h\ --o.)
Can't say - D p---p/ Yamuna: You went to the movie yesterday.
How did you find it? =
G-v -p .
Eo y movie E--*C F?
I have a feeling = I feel = -E--hC,
(- simple, how was the movie yesrather on the high side = h \. On the
high side = \. rather = -d
EN
terday? a, F How did you find?
h \, --E . The movie is
- --.)
rather dull = E h N. She is
Ganga: I found it very good/ very exciting.
rather short = h d. rather costly
( -od, q---- E--*C.
= h K.
( -)
*--F --d- i F, y,
Mom to saw it. She finds it good too.
C --E, fairly .
( t C.
The movie is fairly good. E y.
---C)
C. The movie is rather dull. She is
\ 'find' -\- n-E
fairly tall. (y-. ). She is rather
. Find out= -\-/ -short (h d).

.'Find' E----- E---/Milind: You can't get any other brand at that
- E n.
price for that mileage.
a)
Where
did you find the book? =
( i@ a v
)
F h \ E--*C?
Kundan: What do you feel about the food in the

hostel?
(Hostel food
Madan: I feel/ find it OK. Can get on.
E--hC?/ C?)
Spoken English
J -- -E C.
jFo --E--*-N, --p- G-v-
J* ---E, p--E .
( *a ---o-E p, I am/ he is/ they are sure/ certain
E )
\-J G-v-Eo *a- uh--; - x a, N-Eo
J* Jh -- ----x
a. --p, I can't say .
5) I can't say.
Kumar: What do you feel about Mallik? (Do
you) think he is good?
(Lx- J* ----o?
*--?)
Kesav: Can't say. I've known him for just two
days
b) Murali: Do you think he can do the job?
( E ----?)
Pramod: Difficult to say. He hasn't done this
type of job before.
(p d / p. E ---p ---.)
So, can't say, difficult to say-
pd-i G-v -o-.
Now practise the following aloud in English
Mahesh: Hi Ganesh,
Ganesh:
Mahesh:
(feel/ find
j * p AJ--a?
Eo.
I feel it/ find it OK= I feel (that) it is OK/ I find
\ - o?
(that) it is OK.
.)
4) What do you say? = y--?/ O-- Ganesh: j-- y-o E-? C J G-v-Eo -----E
*C. , j-- --\ y-----i vo.
- d. v} x EWhat do you say / does your father say?
-hC.
C \- N ?
Mahesh: \ Nu--- \-- -?
What do the students say / feel about/ How Ganesh: p-, F N J-Q-L-do the students find the new teacher?
. \ -E.
= h teacher J* students G-v Mahesh: --*aC F Gv?
N? ----o?
Ganesh: o Vx \ T-L x-
(6) & (8): I have a feeling/ My impression that:
business p x--. Education
6) I have a feeling = -E--hC.
vu y--d-E--*C.
(----E--hC. l---a = -)
I have a feeling that Rs. 50,000 is too high

for a two wheeler =
Cyv --E 50000 ---\---E

-E--hC.
a) She had a feeling that the doctor wasn't
treating her properly =
d J ---E --
C/ E--*C.
b) Why do you have the feeling we don't like you?
y d--E -----o?
N What's you feeling? question
I had been searching for it. I couldn't find it=
answers -.
E- -- o. E--8) My impression is that... o/ -p-
/ --.
G-v... E n.
(y
-. G-v- b) Find out= -\-/ ---.
i) The police have find out important information a) Dhiraj: Well, you have seen the arrange - --Lx-N. y
ments. What do you feel?
-h- F L-L.)
about the thief=
(p-xFo -) -E--hC?
Milind: Why don't you go for a new bike? For
J* police u N- Niraj: OK. But my impression is that you have
one like mine?
--o/ ---o.
taken too much trouble.
(h bike B--- -?)
Anand: I Think you're right. My opinion is outdated. You change bikes often. You
must know.
correct
bikes
c) His impression is that he was not treated

properly.
(p-/ p?
V-- ).
How do you find it?

Anand: Can't say. Long since I bought a bike. I
don't know much about the recent
brands. But, if you don't mind, I have a
feeling that nearly Rs. 50,000/- is rather
on the high side for a two wheeler.
bike
( C. F y K \ trouble
B--o--E--hC/ -p- G-v
y K \ trouble B--o---E.
Answer
Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, When did you return from
Mumbai?
Ganesh: The day before (yesterday).
Mahesh: How did you find/ feel the summer/
heat there?
Ganesh: I found it worse than in Hyderabad.
My feeling is that though Hyderabad
is hot, we don't sweat here. We feel
the nights are cool.
Mahesh: Did you find educational facilities better there than here?
Ganesh: (I) can't say/ difficult to say. I didn't
pay attention to it I have a feel that
they are better here.
Mahesh: Why did you/ do you feel so?
Ganesh: All those I met there during my stay
talked only of business. My impression was that they didn't give importance to studies.
-- j---
II
Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't
you?
F Sekhar h-o ?
(sentence *x don't you? C
question tag. ? -
columns OE
J* --o. ? ?
? ? n- hC.)
Meena:
Of course. Isn't he that police officer? He helped us a lot when we

had an accident last year?
h ----? (= ofcourse).
police officer ? q accident --p
.
Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a
good friend of his. He has phoned
me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I
went and invited him.
cousin Govind
friend. Sekhar
Phone
- *
\ a-E
. - Rx dinner
L-.
Meena:
You've done a good thing.

Mr.Sekhar had a doctor friend in the
hospital. That doctor friend attended
on us immediately, because of
Mr.Sekhar. Mr.Sekhar had been a
stranger to us till then. Surprising he
took such an interest in us.
* E . hospital doctor friend o.

x ju .
--, - - L-.
-N--- interest
B-- a-u.
Prasanth: Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that
day. He saved our lives. But for him
there is no knowing what would
have happened to us.
V -x
a. vLo -.
- ---u-
L-.
Meena:
My brother has just sent us a basket

of mangoes from his garden. We
will serve Mr.Sekhar those mangoes. We will serve him to Jangri.
I made it yesterday.
ou/ t p
* N---x -. E
- fl. - vT
fl. Eo .
Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He
saved our lives. Let's do our best to
satisfy him.
- A--u-E-j |.
v -. Eo %h----E Eo v-o l.
Meena:
OK then. I will be on the job.
E O .
J
Oj---- conversation simple easy

*a- G----. C
Eox u --a . D
-Lx h d- i sentences x-
n ----L . -E J
* conversation h extended
sentences practice l. p-* advanced level conversation/
Spoken English practice h-o--o-.
Spoken English
--v 26 - 2006
Clause
with a verb.
hC ? A group of words
sentences *o *oN
N N sentence h
lC conversation effective - *C.
: He is the same teacher. He taught
us this lesson. He taught us it interestingly.
sentences - *o-N, -
o. F -- He, repeat
s-d . n ax C sentence .
He is the same teacher who taught us this lesson interestingly.
( interesting pC teacher).
j sentence ? ---o
sentences , 'who' L-.
p sentence uC. so,
advanced level conversation , who,
which, that, whose , p--p 'whom'
--a.
l?
His brother who came here yesterday has
Eo *a
brother
p x.
c) This is the book. I gave it to him yesterday.
C h. C -- Eo a C
s-d C? u-
- 'which' -. (a) , (b) x
- d who . h h
? -E which L.
sentence groups
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot

when we had an accident last year.
Isn't he the police officer who
-:
helped us a lot when ...

2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
has phoned me Sekhar is here =
This is the book which I gave him yester-
My cousin Govind who is a good friend of his
day=
has phoned me ...
Eo ----*a h C.
d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me.
-x--- 161
Conversation
1st group
* B
l.
just left.
\ \-C. C o E
v-Ao-*C.
\ 'which' join .
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately.
L-,
Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend who
attended on us immediately at the hospital.
This is
. the book which I
the dialogue above.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
when we had an accident last year.
2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
has phoned me Sekhar is here.
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospital. That doctor friend attended on us immediately because of Mr. Sekhar.
4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
saved our lives that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes from his garden. We will serve them to
Mr. Sekhar.
Let's try to reduce the length of the each
group of sentences above. We can do so by
joining them with who, whose, which and
that.
But before that
O n, - l:
a) The man who wrote the book is my friend.
h o-
n j-. F - . : h --
o- --E --.
DEo sentences -- n
--a: The man wrote the book. He is
my friend - C ? The
man who wrote the book is my friend, C
?
The man wrote the book. He is my friend
C N- E-hC N-.
-E The man who wrote the book is my
friend - C NE-hC.
b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just
left.
brother Eo a. p x
2 sentences , .
Here is the dog

which tried to bite
me.
e) This is Hari. His parents are here.
J. E LxM. SURESAN
-v-L-\--o.
-. This is Hari whose parents are
here. \ Lx--v--o- J.
\-\-p who/ which that
.
Now practise the following aloud in English
(OEo who, whose, which and that

L- sentences .)
Pramila:
y Eo h a. C C?
Pratyusha: Eoo h v-R _
* a, Eo J
y--C?
Pramila:
v-R h v _ *
*aC. C F-*aC.
Pratyusha: v English novels
C t-?
Pramila:
. t- u
English essay writing Ist prize
*aC.
-v-o: i) Future perfect tense N -T-L?ii) Vocabulary & word power

--L?iii) Helping verb
y to infinitive ?
plain (bare) infinitive ?
.V, j, --C-
---: i) Future --E
h - E future
perfect . shall have +
past participle/ will have + past
participle
a) In an hour from now, he will/ have reached
home =
--E-/- --
4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He

saved our lives that day.
Mr. Sekhar who was really God sent helped
us that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of mangoes. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar.
Join the sentences: My brother has just sent
us a basket of mangoes which we will
served to Mr. Sekhar.
who, whom, whose, which and that

L sentences N- o.
ANSWER
Where is the book which/ that
you brought yesterday?
Pratyusha: Are you talking of the book
which/ that I brought from
Pravalika.
Pravalika gave you the book which
Pramila:
she borrowed
that book) from Prasuna.
Pratyusha: Is Pravalika the girl who always
reads English novels?
Pramila:
Yea. That's the girl who got the
Ist prize in English essay writing
competition.
Pramila:
( *aC)
x J -- x
--C.
b) They will have come back by this time
tomorrow =
time
-- x AJ--a
. (
AJ-T-- --C)
ii) You can improve your vocabulary by

regular reading - of English newspapers, books, etc. That's the only way.
iii) Help
-
y to infinitive/Plain infinitive
j correct.
a) He helped me to get the tickets = He helped

me get the tickets - both right.
-- j---
II
Kedar: Isn't it Nikhil who called?
Nikhil
Phone
Kailas: Yes. Our mechanic repaired my bike
last week, you know. Nikhil wants him.
bike
mechanic repair
Nikhil
. --

.
-.
Kedar: Why? (Is) something wrong with his

bike?
bike
Kailas: Obviously. But my surprise is he got it
repaired it only the day before. It has
trouble now again. Few mechanics are
honest. Few know their job well.
o J?
-. F au N
Eo o repair . Sx
p E trouble. E-B o
mechanics . E L-
mechanics .
Obviously - evidently = clearly = -h/
E-h/ h n u C.
Few = /
A few - Cl-/ o.
C . Few Mechanics are honest,
fewer (mechanics) still know their job..
(-J fewer y mechanics p\-. mechanic E-B

. -o \ (Fewer) x E
. expression practice
for effective conversation.
-x--- 162
--C 28 - 2006
Kailas: He is certainly a good one. His boys too

are well trained.
mechanic.
E *
vx P~ ox.
Kedar: I have a number of friends. He has

repaired their bikes. They are all happy.
He repaired my cousin's bike six
months ago. It has not given him any
trouble since then.
friends
bikes
repair
cousin bike
repair
trouble
sentences
effective
sentence
practice
Who, whom, whose, which and that
practice
conversation
sentences
repetition
-C
-
h -%h --.
. p*

y-.
L

a
ho
L.
C \
h
K *o *o
h C. p
advanced level of conversation
o E h-.

dialogue above.
1) Isn't it Nikhil who called?
2) Our mechanic repaired my bike last week.
Nikhil wants him.
3) He got it repaired the day before. It has trouble now.
4) His shop is next to the
fast food joint. It is very
close to his rooms.
5) ... he is out with
another customer. He
is buying a bike. He
wanted this mechanM. SURESAN
ic's opinion.
3) He got repaired the day before. It has trouble

now.
Eo o repair ---o.
p-C trouble hC. \ sentences E -L? h d
'which'. .
The bike (it) which he got repaired the day
before has trouble now.
repair
trouble
C.
--o
bike
Kedar: But What happened to his mechanic?

His shop is next to the fast food joint. It
is very close to his rooms.
mechanic
centre
Shop. Nikhil
rooms
Rooms = Bachelors
rooms
Room
Singular
Kailas: It seems he is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted
this mechanic's opinion.
customer
bike
mechanic
F
-u?
\
x
_.
-x l
(
.
E
BE CE
n)

-
-o.
x. -
G-v ----
-E B--x.
Kedar: So what are you going to do?
y ---o?
Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and
told him of it. He is sending his boy. He
will fetch the bike to the shop. The
mechanic will attend to it.
mechanic Phone
p. x
v-E . B--h
mechanic Eo repair h.
Kedar: Our mechanic does his job well. His

knowledge of mechanism is sound.
mechanic
Mechanism
h.
x - o --
*.
Sound = good; Sound Health sound knowledge knowledge
sound sleep sound financial position -
* u
*
* Ev
* Jn J-nA.
Spoken English
O--Eo-F
L *o
l.
1) Isn't it Nikhil who/ that called?
C - conversation -Lq/
NE- expression E" L-*C? n E"
L-*C? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called?
- not . \ who/ that -
j a. v-E h-
N- who , that v hC.
Which hC.
shop, centre _. C
C _. fast food joint - C correct
English,
English E
--o .
p -, j -F. which ,
h d.
His shop is next to the fast food joint which
is close to his rooms.
C _- o fast food joint \
eg. Isn't it the book that / which you want?
(F -- h C ?) \
who, which etc join -Lq ---.
2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants
him
mechanic bike repair

, Nikhil L.
\ who/ that sentences
---a-, . effective
.
Nikhil wants our mechanic who/ that
repaired my bike last week.
bike
L.
repair
mechanic Nikhil
= He is sending his boy who will fetch the

bike.
7) Our Mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound.
mechanic
Mechanism
h. -
* c C.
sentences N-
-a 'who', 'whose' .
a) Our Mechanic who does his job well has
a sound knowledge of...
Mechanic
c C.
Mechanism
b) Our Mechanic whose knowledge of

mechanism is sound does his job well
= Mechanism
Mechanic
* knowledge o
h.
8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their

bikes. They are happy.
shop.
5) He is out with another customer. He is buying a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opinion.
customer x. customer
bike -o. - -E G-v
L.
Combine the above. Use 'who' - -
d.
He is out with another customer who is buying a bike and wanted his opinion.
GBike o customer
v --- (-E) -
x.
EXERCISE
who, which, whose, that
Preethi: Hi Prema,
Prema:
practice
doctor
(C x
v-E -h-o. bike

B-h.
Fetch= Rx B---
bring = o * B---
4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is

close to his rooms.
He is sending his boy who will ..

6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike
to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it.
7) Our mechanic does his job well. His knowledge of mechanism is sound.
8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their
bikes. They are all happy.
9) He repaired my cousin's bike. It hasn't given
him any trouble since then.
who, which, whose and that
sentences
6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike.
)
O t- o?
o. \
_- B--x.
*a E--.
h - o.
Preethi: -p ju d .
prescribe
E--h. uC Eg (diagnosis)
p-E doctors --
(whose )
Prema: to Eo treat E
doctor --\. area N
Doctors t-E -x.
Preethi: u x vl - L
O.
Prema: .
C friends o. x
bikes repair . x - o.
'Whose' -. n, J bikes
repair ... o-x hC.
- .
I have a number of friends whose bikes he
has repaired, and they are all happy.
9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months
ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.
- \
?
which
--a-
My cousin's bike which he repaired six

months ago hasn't given him any trouble
ever since.
repair
p* trouble y-.
Ever since = p*
N x practice --.
cousin
bike
ANSWER
Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother?
Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who
practises by the temple. The medicines which he gave had a good
effect. He is better now.
Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us.
The medicines which he prescribes
work. He is one of those whose diagnosis does not go wrong.
Prema: He was the only one who did not
treat my brother till yesterday in this
area. The others in the area have all
treated my brother.
Preethi: You must take still greater care of
him.
Prema: That's our worry.
-- j---
II
Neeraj: What's wrong Suraj? Your head looks
rather odd. Let me see. Ah... it's your
haircut.
( -? F N*v --C. F.. n-iC... y

--o hair cut)
-E N Cl
(rather - --d
\ Ep-*--p rather . - lessons DFo Ja.
. Odd- / N*-vi (\ n) Odd Number =
u Rs. Two thousand odd =
- *x (, a N p)
Suraj: You are talking about my hair cut! My
barber is an expert hair stylist. He
always gives me the latest in hair cut.
Any thing looks odd if it is the latest
hair cut
barber
latest hair cut
(y
J* x-- E-. o?
h. hj
p
N ---C.)
Hair stylist - barber

Neeraj: It does perhaps. But I still feel you
should have gone to my barber. Every
one likes him a lot. His shop is just
across the road from your man's
barber
(--. y
_---x--Lq--C --E -----o.)
Suraj: Look here My barber gave me this hair

cut. I am satisfied with it. I don't know
your hair stylist.Why should I go to him
at all?
barber
(.
.
%-h C. O-
-- 30 - 2006
hC.)
deal with/deals with (Present)
dealt with (Past tense & past participle)
Neeraj: There are two or three books here. I
find them interesting. Shall I take
them? I promise to return them promptly within ten days.
(\ h- h L-T-N o. E B-?10
Vx p AJT ahE -ho.)
Suraj: Who's (who is) stopping you?
E-o --o?( B E.
- F F, E-o x. ---- , E)
O conversation practice .
Neeraj: Thank you.
lesson
what, whom, whose
a-o who,
, N--E h s-dE- d d Sentences
Sentence -- a-o. J-Eo
N- p...

conversation above.
1) My barber is an expert hairstylist. He
always gives me the latest in hair cut
barber
Hair cut
latest fashion
2) You should have gone to my barber.
Everyone likes him.
hair dresser
E-.
h.)
(
_-J y x--LqC.
vA \ Eo d---.)
He is just across the road from your man's

shop.)
3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satisfied with it.
(O s --
Sentence group No. 7:

This book is different. It deals with the
future of Kashmir=
This book which deals with the future of
Kashmir is different.
Sentence groups
who (whom
Who)
lessons
o.
--E
--
2) You should have gone to my barber.

Everyone likes him.
barber
(vAx -JE d
_-J
y-x-LqC. - DE
vA-x d- barber _-J... E
. p -JE --E whom
who -.)
You should have gone to my barber who

everyone likes.
3) My barber gave me
a hair cut. I am satisfied with it. My barber gave me a hair
cut which I am satisfied with.
-s x
C- -j--C.
which
M. SURESAN
The author is a great historian who...
show me - You didn't show me the books you

bought yesterday.
last sentence
which
correct 6) These are the books I bought them at a discount of 30% to 40% each. = These are the
books which I bought at a discount of 30% to
40% each =
These are the books I bought at a discount
of 30% to 40% each.
sentences
which drop
-E-).
*J
d.
--
8) The author is a great historian. All scholars

respect =
The author is a great historian who all scholars respect=
The author is a great historian all scholars
respect.
last sentence correct)
(who
9) There are two or three books here. - I find
them interesting =
There are two or three books here which I
find interesting =
There are two or three books here I find
correct).
interesting. (which
o
p- Sx .
1) t--i uh- h-o =
( -J-j t-- uh-
h-o.) =
I am looking for a person who (whom

I can trust (trust =
I am looking for a person I can trust.
she wants is
2) The man who (whom
here = The man she wants is here =
)
=
t).
-x--- 163
-L--. - xL _-J?)
Neeraj: Come, Suraj. Don't be cross with me.
There are more interesting things to
talk about, aren't there? You bought
some books yester day.You didn't show
them to me at all.
( p-l. - -h---i
N---o ? Eo y o
h - )
Suraj: These are the books. I bought at a discount of 30% to 40% each at the book
fare. They are interesting books.
( h--LN. v-B-C 30 * 40
T_ o)
Neeraj: What are they about?
(
Suraj: All of them are fiction. But this book is
different. It deals with the future of
Kashmir. It's interesting. The author is a
great historian. Great Scholars respect
him
fictions Fiction Kashmir
deal with =
subject/
etc.
Eg: Zoology deals with animals =
N E J*?)
(Fo h-.
.
Lp.
(Lp-*-N d)
C v . C
Nuh Ja-hC.
-u/ h/
Ja-.)
u--
(Y -- J* Ja-hC/ u-
Spoken English
( barber %-h
C.)
4) I don't know your hairstylist. Why should I
go to him at all?
hair dresser
(F
(C )
L-. ---xL -E--_?)
5) You bought some books yesterday. You

didn't show them to me.
(Eo y Eo h- o. E
--.)
6) These are the books. I bought them at discount of 30% to 40% each.
(O h-. OE \-Eo 30
* 40 Discount o)
7) This book is different. It deals with the
future of Kashmir.
Kashmir
(- h -v-u-i--C. C
-N-x--*-C.)
N-
8) The author is a great historian. All scholars

respect him.
(- p Jv. ----E
-N-h.)
9) There are two or three books here. I find
them interesting.
(OE h- -h- o.)

Sentence groups No 1, and No 9 ---E, who and which p-E-J -Lq.
Sentence group No 1
My barber is an expert hairstylist. He
always gives me the latest in hair cut=
My barber is an expert hair stylist who gives
me...
My barber gave me a haircut I am satisfied
with.
it
(with
4) I don't know your hair stylist why should I go
to him at all.
Why should I go to your hair stylist who
(whom
I don't know at all?
Why should I go to a hair stylwho
ist I don't know at all-
y Sx ).
-:
)
(C a.
C--
-E-).
5) You bought some books. You didn't show
them to me =
You bought some books which you didn't
3)
---o - \--o.
F Eo *a pen \?=
Where is the pen which I gave you yesterday? =
Where's the pen I gave you yesterday?
4) -o h =
This is the book which I've been searching

for=
This is the book I've been searching for.
practice
who (whom),
which
sentences join
conversation
modern
d v-h
--
h
C.
-a.
,
EXERCISE
Answer:
Saran: Who was the man I saw you with yeswho

terday? (whom
Saran:
Eo F o -?
Varun: friend Tarun. Majority students
support student leader .
Saran: vA- u C \ - photo . -E
.
Varun: u interesting ,
- -Ah--N .
Saran: C -E- . Lecturers
d- student -.
Varun: -? * book reader.
C books serious books.
h --E *a.
Saran: students -
h
?
).
Varun: My friend Tarun. He is a student leader

majority of students support.
in
Saran: I read his article
some paper. I saw his photo in it. That's
why I am asking.
(vA-x u)
Varun: The articles he writes are interesting

and thought provoking. (Thought provoking =
-- -Ah)
Saran: I've observed that. I think he is a student

the lecturers like too.
Varun: Why doubt? He is a book reader too.
The books he reads are serious ones.
This is a book he has advised me to
read.
Saran: Such students are rare, aren't they?
-- j---
II
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes
from is closed. What shall we do now.
( - cakes
C. l?)
bakery
4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
friends
( x o cakes l---Lq)
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends
we are going to have for the party?
to
time 5.30
5) The time we are left with is rather short
( NT-L
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with

the cakes we have at home.
time
\)
6) Two of the guests we have invited have

called...
L-*
guests
phone
7) ... The two girls you like so much.
(y d- --l-t-)
, j sentences Eo
/ clause (English *J clause) n
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end
h:
of the street is open.
1) cakes bakery = ( bakery
(OC * o bakery J*
cakes C n) =
l)
The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is
from which we buy cakes E clause 5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are
F modern English spoken form
left with is rather short. Let's hurry.
.) x from which
( friends to time 5.30
expressions -.)
p- 4.30 --C. 2) x o cakes =
NT-L time \ . y )
With the cakes we have at home
(F party a
J--?)
friends
-J N
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have

called to tell me they aren't coming.
(modern for with the cakes which we have at

home - which present day English
Rajita:
( L-* x l ---E
Phone .)
Who are they? (x-)
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like

so much. One is down with a fever and
the other doesn't like to come alone.
(y d- l--t- u,
u. -J- y, --J- J d )
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(C E--. --
L?)
cake
/ NE--)
3) ... The friends we are going to have =
friends
(modern for
'the friends who/ that (whom =
we
are going to have Spoken English
who/ that drop
whom
-o
J-.
NE-- )
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes

cakes
here.
(\ x
J_ )
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No helping it.
-x--- 164
friends
time =
The time I told our friends to come at (the time
at which I told them to come - at which
expressions old fashioned The time I told our friends to come at
to
d .
.)
called =
guests
phone
(Two of the guests who/ that (whom
we invited have called - who/ that
old
fashioned -
L-*
.
)
\
(\ -Rd Lq. p)
Eo lessons who (whom -)
p )
which short sentence - practice
7) ... y d- l--t-
ho .
= The two girls you like so much (The two
N. -sx who (whom
girls who/ that (whom ) you like so
) & which sentences join --p
much- old fashioned. Who/ that drop
who (whom) and which E C- join
-h-o.)
-uaE hC ? C - j -E-* N
-E j conversation sentences short sentences - Ja xp
modern spoken form whom n .
study .
C p -Lq-h who/ that .
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police -E-C -E=
( cakes bakery C)
He is the man who/ that the police suspect.
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we
better.
have at home.
( x o
He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that

cakes
l---Lq)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are

going to have for the party? =
party -o
J--?
friends
-J N
drop -ho). which .

b) \- d- pen C=
This is the pen which I like a lot (old fashioned). Which
spoken
English
= This is the pen I like a lot (which
p u
.
Spoken English
c)
Oj-Eo -sx, English x--p, whom Jh -.

-JE n 'who'
--
'that' --o. which drop
This is the channel I watched the pro-h-o.
gramme on. \ -E--_ N,
preposition 'on' C----.
Whom who , that -
C-p. which . N
d) room u jC. =
-, we can join two/ more sentences
This is the room in which he was murdered
into one E j examples .
(in which- old fashioned)
a) vA x a- ---=
Modern: This is the room he was murdered
in. ('In' sentence * -E-)
He is the leader every one admires.
e) y x Ah -jC=
(Who everyone admires ).
The knife with which
b) vA-x -_ *v-C=
Channel
programme
C=
This is the channel on which I saw the programme. (old fashioned). On which
you cut the fruits is

sharp. (with which old fashioned)
That is a movie every one must see.

(Which every one must see
c)
Modern: The knife you

cut the fruits with is
sharp. ('with' fruits
y -E).
v-
car
)
K-jC=
The car he travels by is expensive.

(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
M. SURESAN
\ 'by' preposition ---.

-, the car he travels by E by .
This is the pen I like a lot
(C h--- y-E-
u d C. F
4)
40, L)
(... tu. bakery J C.)
Thank god = A- = - u--
-J
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests

we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg
more.
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bakery is open.
1 -W- 2006
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't

tasty.
Praneeth:
Eo Ao fish * .
Vineeth: \ Ao.
Praneeth: y - x, y p
x restaurant .
Vineeth: \ complain --E
Ep--?
Praneeth: - . Eo
Eo B xLqC.
y ------N x f
p.
Vineeth: V B\x. l.
Praneeth: _-o s .
J s- y V
-----o.
Vineeth: y- complain C.
Praneeth: restaurant
x -h.
-v-o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet.

ii)
-d ~ l-Eo vA--C-.
- u- subject, object,
verb ---. (, Tx-x)
iii) simple, complex, compound
J* J - C-.
--, ---
---:
i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
subject - the uses of adversity.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?

Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
to, and talk so much about.
Vineeth: I haven't found anything to complain about there.
Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
taken you there yesterday. You
would then have known the quality
of food they serve.
Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
enough. Whose money do you
wish to use to prove your point.
Vineeth: It's you who complained.
Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restaurant.
verb - are
sentence
Verb, 'be', form

'be' form.
object
object
.
- 'are',
ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity

a) subject - Einstein b) verb- propounded
c) object - the theory of relativity
- subject - Einstein, verb - vA-C-, object - ~ l.

iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence
x - N-J-h o, clause
N-J-*--p-x E .
-- j---
II
Pranai: Are you going to meet Sekhar today?
\
(y V - -----o?)
clauses:
1) If he comes here=
Vinai: If he is in town, I will meet him.
--E 3 -W- 2006
-E-\-h (If clause)
2) They will discuss the matter with him =
( x , ---)
Pranai: He is in town, ofcourse. He has been
here since yesterday.
N x-- Ja-h.
(Main clause)
b) If he walks fast, he will reach on time.
( y h, --E --)
E clauses.
1) If he walks fast y h
( x o. Eo * \ o)
Vinai: If I had known it, I would have met him
yesterday itself.
('If' clause)
(C L- Eo -----E)
2) He will reach on time =
Pranai: If you want to go, I will tell him you want

to see him.
--E -- (main clause)

j sentences , main clause
verbs: will discuss, will reach - N
(y x---, - y -------o-E .)
Vinai: If you do that, I will be happy.
(yC h --h)
Pranai: I'll ofcourse. But if I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
(-E h. F F n
--E -----E v-Ao-.)
Vinai: Why wouldn't you? (?)
Pranai: You are very hopeful of his help, but
I am afraid he is not the helping type.
( y
o, F )
Vinai: If I had his power, I would help everyone that came to me.
7) If I could, I would.
(--L-T, h =
-, )
future tense. 'If clause verbs - comes, walks

- present tense.
8) If you take me to him, I shall be grateful.
verb combination o sentence p

N J - C. (probable)
Sentence No.1 a - D,
x-- Ja -- C.
Sentence No. 2 y --a, --E ---a.
J-C
(probable) d j
sentences E
9) If my boss grants me leave, I will take you.
(y- _ o B---R, %-Vc-E)
probable
( boss leave h, Eo B---)

\ Sentences No 1, 3, 8 and 9 Fo
-- 'probable present'
situations- sentences L N-
J - C.
Sentence No 2 situation, Imaginary past
- DEo . C
-- N, a, J . sentences
o.
. C
lessons
--o.
Now, look at the sentences No 4, 5, 6 and 7

and notice the verbs in the 'if' clauses and
the main clauses in them.
situation,
present
(-o h _--a vA-x - h.)
6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you

to him.
M. SURESAN
If I could, I would
Verb Combination: If clause - were/ past

doing word.
Main clause, would/ should/ could/ might.
a) If I were the CM, I would make you the
Finance Minister.
( p CM , () Eo Finance
Minister h. ( - )
b) If he were here, I would consult him.
-\ p ,
( - )
consult
h.
Look at sentence No 5:
If I had his power, I would help every one
( h - p ; ,
-J h. If clause verb - had - past
tense, main clause verb - would help.)
eg: If he consulted me, I could advise him
( Eo-p v-C- J-T

(C -) -- y--. =
o v-C-, y .)
Sentence No 6
If today were a holiday - -y- -
(E y .) I would take you to
him ( _- B---.) = y
, Eo- _- B x --
.
Sentence No 7
4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
-x--- 165
Pranai: If I didn't know him so well, I wouldn't
tell you all this.
( J* L---,
F- p)
Vinai: Thank you. Then I won't go to him. But
unfortunately he is the only man who
can help me.
( o---o. F --. y - Eo -
_- B--x--. -?)
Vinai: If I could, I would, but the matter is
urgent. If you take me to him today,
I shall be grateful.
( J-n /- ---L-T -. F
urgent. Oy-V o- _-
BR, F %-Vc- .)
verb combination.
C vh a. d DEE probable present .

Look at the following:
a) If he had studied well, he would have
passed.
b) If he had come here, I would have told him of it
a)
b)
n: CN , (--), pass
u- (pass -)
situation, -EC (past) J-TC. J-T-C. C , J , ---E.
n: -E-\- *a , F N
p--E ( , p-)
C past. a--EC.
situations, --
Imaginary past .
(probable present, imaginary past)
situations L sentences --
lessons N- N-J .

the dialogue between Pranai and Vinai:
1) If he is in town, I will meet him.
(Probable present)
Pranai: Ok. Let me see. If my boss grants me

leave, I will take you.
2) If I had known it, I would have met him yesterday itself
( h. boss leave h,
Eo B---.)
- Conditional Clauses
Ja, hC . j - L
clause conditional clause .
conditional clauses
. examples.
(C L-, Eo --o Imaginary
a) If he comes here, they will discuss the matter with him.
(-E-\- h, -xN - Ja-h.)
Spoken English
5) If I had his power, I would help every one.
Main clause - will/ shall/ can/ may
( - _- x. -%-d- -h
--- -\.)
Pranai: I know another friend of mine who can
help you. If only today were a holiday, I
would take you to him. Can't you wait
till tomorrow.
sentences
If clause - Present tense,
(-
y-, -E -- vo )
past)
3) If you want to go, I will tell him you want to
see him.
(y x---, N - h
Probable present)
4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
( y-, -E ---- vAo-)

5) If I had his power, I would help every one.
h , --J h.
6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you
to him.
(y -, Eo-
_ B--x--)
7) If I could, I would- --L-T, h.
j sentences vh -E
- --. -E sentences
E situation , improbable present (-E
vh) . C . E y English conversation .
F English frequent -.
-E Spoken English C - u.
Sx h--. sentences N-
p (present ) --EN.
Sentence 4: If I were you = y-
(p) y- --- y J-n-A, I wouldn't try to meet him =
-E -- vo .
1) C present situation --p- 'If' clause
were -E-.
2) 'I' singular --p-, plural verb were
-E-. (N -sx I was )
vh -E EE p-p p, 'If'
clause, were F, past doing word (came,
went, sang, tried verbs) h.
eg: a) If I were CM = E-p CM ,
(E-p CM u -- )
b) If she were here. ( p--\ / O-x)
c) If I bought a car = (E-p car
J-nA .)
Sx h--. situations
N vh (present) , If clause
, past doing / subject, singular
, were .
If I could, I would. -L-T (F ), I would (h E - d

- )
\ p J-nA (present situation)
J* x---o-p-, 'if' clause 'could'
-E-.
main clause would -E-:
p C :
Improbable Present:
'If' clause - verb - were/ Past Doing Word,
Main clause verb - would/ should/ could/
might.
Now Practise the following aloud in English
Raghu:
~ t p--\ E
v-Ch.
Ram: . N - Lh
h--\-.
Raghu: - F cell phone u.
Ram: cell , F _--- ?
Raghu: F cell iC?
Ram: C C.
Raghu: C cell y -d--.
y v-h , cells ?
Ram: v-Ao-h.
Answer
Raghu: If Laxman were here, we would consult
him.
Ram:
If he knew about this, he would immediately come here.
Raghu: Call him over your cell then.

Ram:
If I had my cell, I wouldn't come to you.
Raghu: What's happened to your cell?

Ram:
I have lost it.
Raghu: This is the third cell you have lost. If

you were careful, you wouldn't lose
them.
Ram:
I will try.
-- j---
II
Ramesh: Look at the car parked there. How
nice the car is, but how poorly kept!
car
car,
(\-- . *
E -u ---o!
poorly kept = badly maintained =
J ----)
Naresh: That's right. It's a very expensive car.
The owner doesn't seen to care a bit
about its upkeep.
car.
owner
car
(. K--
E
J* d---ox )
Jagdeesh: If I were the owner, I would keep it

cleaner than I would keep my own
home. You wouldn't see even a
speck of dust on it.
car
( -E-j, Eo v
-. t
EO E-- O) (speck of
dust = t-)
Ramesh: If I had enough money, I would first

buy such a car.
car
( L- s,
)
Jagdeesh: Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they

had the money?
car
(s
?)
Naresh: OK. Leave the car alone. Are you

attending Mahesh's birthday party this
weekend?
car
Mahesh birthday party
leave alone =
(

O-h-o?
-)
N .
Ramesh: I hear it's going to be a grand affair.

But I'm afraid I can't make it. I am taking mom to Hyderabad that day.
grand
(
---E No.
F . V t
j--- B--h-o)
-- 5 -W- 2006
Main clause verb: would/ should/ could/ might.

'If' clause verb: were/ past doing word (went,
sung, took, gave, etc.)
\ u -E--Lq N- :
1. Subject singular , verb, were
2. Sentence x-C p N- - i,
verb, 'if' clause past doing word.
points, p h---L. -, main clause would, should,
could, might.
N: vh -E N-- C
hC. (- . -E
Eo v-h)
p O o \ -E-o
J-T, ---? (
---) (saw.. would)
a) If you ate that kind of food, you would ask for
e) Ny-p u--vA , d--
it again and again = y- p
h? = If you were the CM, what would
A J-T (A - ), Sx
you do first?
Sx --. (y A- - f) Thank God he isn't here. If he were here, he
Sx Sx --- -)
would know our secret = -\ --
sentence 'if clause' verb 'ate' past
*--C, u tense --p- p N-o hC.
hC. (were.. would know)
b) If I were a mouse, the cat would eat me. =
If I were you - y- C com -j p (- ?) Lx mon expreso AC. (Note the use of were with the sion - O -
singular subject 'I')
conversation c) If he were here, I could consult him.-E-p
E .
\ , -Eo v-C---/ a. O, improbable pres(-E-\ p )
ent express senNow look at the following sentences from
tences. N-- i)
the dialogue between Ramesh, Naresh and
Jagdeesh:
probable present, ii)

imaginary past.
M. SURESAN
2) If you had told me earlier, I would have

brought enough money =
O p
, L- s a--. ( - ).
situation p past.
verb combination . Main
clause - would have been/ should have
been/ could have been/ might have been
OR
would have + pp (past participle)/ should
have + pp/ could have + pp/ might have + pp
a) If she had been here yesterday, he would

have talked to her =
EEo-\ o-x-,
x-- ( -)
b) If they had taken him to the doctor, he would

have been alive.
(x-Eo doctor _- B--Rx--x-,

A -)
If you were the CM...
Naresh: What about you, Jagdeesh?

Jagdeesh: If I didn't attend, he would be disappointed.
( x-- E--
-x--- 166
--)
Ramesh: If he had told me earlier, I would have
postponed mother's journey.
(
p t vEo -o.) What are you
going to do Naresh? (y --o, )
1) If I were the owner, I would keep it cleaner

than ..., you wouldn't see a speck of dust on
it.
owner
(E-p E
j, Eo -
v y E-O t
. F E owner .)
Naresh: No idea as yet. If I have my interview

on saturday, I will come to the party on
sunday.
interview
( p-. E-
, C- h)
2) If I had enough money, I would buy such a

car =
car
Jagdeesh: If we present him something, he will

be happy. Let's buy the present
now.
3) Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they had

enough money? =
car
( j -h
----. p j
l.)
Naresh: That's right. Let's go. If we start now,

we will be able to finish off before it
gets late in the evening.
_ p L- s (E
_--), .
s (p
?
4) If I didn't attend, he would be unhappy =
x-- (h) E---h.
(-E- C future - , if clause
) --
verb - did attend = past tense)
Fo improbable pres -xE 'if' clauses

p N--O vh (In the present)
J - . If clause N- J-T,
Ramesh: If you had told me earlier, I would
L u---, Main clause N-.
have brought enough money. I don't
J-Eo examples .
have the money now. (O
p s a--E.. p a) If wishes were horses, beggars would ride =
J- v-j, d-x yK h J-
_ s .)
v-u - . (were.. would ride)
Jagdeesh: Don't worry. We have enough. You
b) - J-T (E -), *acan pay later. (y--. _- pass - = If he studied well, he
o. y y ya.)
would pass. (studied.. would pass)
All: Ok. Let's go. (l )
c)
o v- Lxh (- ?)
lesson Improbable present
- -o --.
vh -E N-- p clauses
If
everyone
paid taxes properly, India could
verbs . Improbable
be
rich
(paid..
could be)
present situation L sentences If clause,
d) What would your father think, if he saw you
main clause verb combinations N last
here? =
lesson . S} -J h -.
(. l
. p ---J vA
u u E T---a.)
Spoken English
sentences
ent situations -
OE J* -- N- --o
. -\-J l.
Probable present: vh J - o
-s- -C.
dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
1) If I have my interview on saturday, I will
come.
interview
party
(
- E-
h.)
C J - C. Interview E-
-a, p sunday party a.
situations.
a) If he studies well, he will pass =

pass
Probable present.
C-N
- (J - C) d
b) If he studied well, he would pass =

pass
Improbable present.
- J-T,
p - d)
p
-. (
c) If he had studied well, he would have passed

pass
Imaginary past.
() C-,
.( --) d
u--
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH
: Hi Suma, Eo E--x. y x
2) If we present him something, he will be
Eo Bxo.
happy --j h --h.
-: Eo t shopping x. x-C u a.
, O *a Eo B--x-Eo.
2 sentences talk of a situation probable
-J x?
(--a) in the present or in the near
o. y h E-
future.
Sx h.
a) If he knows this, he will feel happy = C
K-~--o. K-~ --E

Lh, --h.
.
b) If you walk a little faster, you can catch the
train = h y h train ---. : N- phone -u.
-: Phone - --E. cell
(probable = --a)
C. land phone out of order.
In the sentences above, Main clause verb : Eo ---.
will/ shall/ can/ may. If clause verb - am/ is/
are/ RDWs (go, goes, etc) and other present
forms.
a) If he talks to us, we shall be happy
b) If she comes here, I can help her
c) If they write to him, they may get some information =
-E h (h) x--j a.
Fo probable present.
II. p Imaginary past L sentences
from the dialogue .
1) If he had told me earlier, I would have postponed my journey =
p
v ----. ( - past )
ANSWER
Rama: I went to a movie yesterday. If you had
been at home I would have taken you.
Suma: I went shopping with mom. If I had not
gone, I would have come to your place
and taken you to the movie. Who did
you go with?
Rama: With my brother. If you are coming, I will
see it again this saturday.
Suma: I have exams. If I had no exams, I would
be ready to come.
Rama: Phone me and let me know.
Suma: If I were on Phone, I would call you. I've
lost my cell. Our land phone is out of
order
Rama: I will meet you then.
[-
II
Pratap: The top hero on the telugu screen
and our favourite is in town for the
celebration to honour him and we
have this rotten class to attend. I
wish I were at the theatre.
( \--q- _---E
h---[, G----[
x o[. p[
E L x xL.
C-- --E--hC.)
Rotten = J-T--
Eo p[ AdE --T-h.
Sundeep: I wish too, we didn't have this
class now. I'd rather we were in
his presence than in this boring
class.
] 7 W 2006
p[ ---o-
were/ Past Doing Words
vh -E (-) N
L--h.
conversation correct [-E C
u. e.g.-
'If clauses'
1) If he were here, he wouldn't allow this.
\[ (-E-\[ p[ [) C
-E-y[ (-E-\[ p[ [ d C
--C). - 'If Clause' he- singular,
verb- were- plural.
2) If I were the Chief Minister, I would appoint
you the finance minister.
p[ u--vA (p[ u-vA

]) , Eo Jn vA E-N-h.
3) If he came here now, his mother would be
happy.
1) Compare sentences (a) and (c):

a) I wish to be in the US.
V j C!
( x p[ -
]E--hC. N d
x o ]_
-?)
Pratap: This is the second time for us to
miss the chance of meeting him.
When he came here last october for
the silver jubilee of his movie we had
exams. How I wish we hadn't had
those exams. We could have seen
him at least then.
c) I wish (that) I were in the US.
[ p[ \ h ([ p[
\[ [), xt --hC.
([[ xt - ]).
4) If she were here I could tell her of this.
\[ ( p[ \[ ]), F
N p [a ( ],
p-).
(Eo - p-[
C -J. d--
#v --q J-T--p[ K. K- - -C. p[
- [---.)
Sundeep: We should have thought of all this

before joining this college.
(Fo -@ -#-L.)
Pratap: OK. OK. Now let's hope that our hero
will be here in the evening. I only
wish his programme were delayed.
We could then see him towards the
end of his celebrations.
( v -[E
Pl. u-v u
[. #x Eo
- C.)
Sundeep: Let's hope so. I wish I were rather
at the function than here. But
there is no helping being in the
class.
( Pl. \--o { -C. F x

[ p].)
No helping = p]
[ lessons 'If clauses' were
(Singular Subjects )/ Past Doing
Words (came, gave, took, etc) ]-s
2) Compare sentences (b) and (d).

b) He wishes to be a collector.
[ -d L/ y-E --o[. J - C (---]E

p).
\[ wishes y 'to be'.
They wish (that) today were a holiday.

p-[-p[ I wish ], 'Oh' begin
-a.
I wish I were at home now!
Oh, I were at home now!
p[ x -LqC/ x C. (p[ -\ o. \-[-[[

d ])
dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
1) I wish I were at the theatre.
p[ C-- C
(x ).
2) I wish we didn't have (past tense) the class
now.
x p[ -
-C ( C- x-x)
3) I wish we hadn't had
the exams.
p[ (in the
past)
K-
-C C M. SURESAN
p[ ]. - N ]-E had + past participle.
x 167
[ p---p[, -d-
( , ]N-). p---p[ [ -d
[ -.
\[ wishes y he were.
(c), (d) x were [[ BE J L--x C .
( @ x! K-,
N-x Ox J . \ x _-d--E
]. \[ -
-! o J# -
\[ -E ].)
(V j --C. @ - K \. a-x
-] [-. \ x
]-.)
p---p[ ( ) -J-
-C. (p---p[ J [[ - )
\[ wish y 'I were'.
d) He wishes (that) he were a collector.
Sundeep: All this because of this college. It's

very strict about exams and attendance. We can't cut even a single
class. I wish I hadn't joined this
college. But for my father, I wouldn't have joined here.
Pratap: How I wish today were a holiday! Too

few holidays in this college.
Lecturers rarely go on leave here.
No class is let free.
-J- -E J. (C J
C --a) \[ wishes y 'to be'.
today.
x V j -C --o.
Have you seen Suma's dress today?

p[ 'If clause' were (singular subjects )/ Past Doing Words [
vh E (present improbable) N- L--h.
were (singular subjects )/ Past Doing
Words (gave, wrote etc) J-Eo ]-sx
[. ]-sx (If clause
) N vh -E N-- L-h. OE [:
a) I wish to be in the US.
( -J- -----o/ --o.)

b) He wishes to be a collector.
( -d- -----o[/ --o[.)

Compare the sentences above with the following:
c) I wish (that) I were in the US.
d) He wishes (that) he were a collector.
sentences (c), (d) I, he, singular --p 'were' -E- ]-s
C p ].
Spoken English
Jayaram: What a beautiful building this is!

Who lives in it?
( ] GLf! ]?)
Janakiram: The forest officer.
(-O- C-J)
Jayaram: How I wish I were a forest officer!
( -O- C-J
p[
A n p[
- -O- C-J [ !)
D Singulars 'were' ]s.
]-s- Past Doing Word
[.
a) I wish to travel in such a car.
v -E J.
\[ wish y to travel.
b) I wish (that) I travelled is such a car.
- travelled (Past Doing Word)
(p---p[) - v h-E J/ v h C! (-).

c) He wishes (that) he owned such a house.
x (p---p[)
-C E ---o[.
d) They wish (that) that they had a holiday
u x ...
4) How I wish today were a holiday.
V -C!
5) I only wish his programme were delayed.
u-v ui -C (x
y xa).
6) I wish I were rather at the function than
here.
\[ o {- [[ d .
Very important:
BE J- L----E
:
a) I/we/you/they wish I/we/you/they were...
OR I/we/you/they + Past Doing Word (went,
came, etc).
b) He/She wishes he/she were... OR He/she
+ Past Doing Word.
(\[ Eo x wish ] 'oh'... E v-
G--a.)
Prema: V v ? -
C ---! ...!
-C o .
C a-].
Prema: v Fo t d hC.
h yv h C.
Hema: yC p-- -C.
Prema: t-C ni -C. o
d -Eh \ [s [E .
Hema:
Answer:
Prema: Have you seen Suma's dress today?
How nice it is/ I wish/ How I wish/
Oh, I had a dress like that!
Hema: I saw the same kind of dress in some
shop. I didn't like it much.
Prema: The trouble is mom selects all my
dresses. How I wish/ I wish/ Oh, she
gave me the freedom to select my
dresses.
Hema: I wish you didn't agree to it.
Prema: I wish my mother understood it. Her
fear is that if I selected my dresses I
would spend more money.
-- j---
II
--v 9 -W- 2006
Sharmila: I bought this book on Physics

Yesterday.
(Eo Physics book o.)

Urmila:
1) I wish I were not here =
Oh, this one! I wish you hadn't

bought
it.
(? --y-C - C)
Sharmila: Why? (?)
Urmila:
I have bought it too and I find it utterly useless. It is very badly written.
( h-Eo o. . --.)
utterly = totally, Jh
Sharmila: Oh, I wish you had told me earlier of
it. I wouldn't have bought it.
(y p C / p-.
h-Eo Eo .)
Urmila:
--o (
lessons ).
(Ep \ ----E-hC/ --
-C)
p--\ o
2) He wishes he were consulted =
( p x v-Ch --E
---o / v-Ch --E --o.)
p x v-C-
3) She wishes she bought such a necklace=
( p necklace -\ ----C)
p -\-- -
C -E-.
a) were/past doing word (came, went, etc)
hC. -j E- B-E-
--E --o).
o-p B.
- present
b) had been / had + past participle - past
Now look at the use of had been, and had +
Sentence (a)
Sentence (b)
1) He is buying
He has bought
Sharmila and Urmila.
(opast)
1) I wish you hadn't bought it - verb
(-o)
2) He took
He had taken
past participle in the dialogue between
had+past
participle
She wishes to buy such a necklace
p B
o-p
(PP) - past (
necklace
C)
(
)
B
- (past))
When I showed it to our lecturer she
(y- --
-\-a - C
l p E/ -E -
said I had made a mistake in buying
--C/----LqC
-J-* p- were/ past doing word She wishes she bought such a necklace =
this book. I wish I had known you
--o) .
were going to buy it. I would have told
( necklace -\ -- E --o. Sentence (a)
l -E JT / J-T 2) I wish you had told me
you not to. Can you return it and get
EhC.)
of it earlier - had+pp - E p- had been/
the money back?
M. SURESAN
F J- nA / - p .
past- -
had + PP (Sentence (b) ) -.

( DEo lecturer . a) She wishes to have such a necklace
p--LqC.
3) I wish I had known you were going to buy it
She bought such a necklace

h E - -E
C. y ---o-E -Lh
-C. -lE p-Eo. C
AJ-T-a s a---?)
Sharmila: I wish I could. But no shop would
agree. At the most they may agree
to an exchange.
( h AJ-T*a s
a---L-T- . F
shop
( necklace ---E --C

-\ - C)
b) She wishes she had such a necklace -
p- ?
h j h y-E p--a)
(At the most = )
Urmila: The author doesn't appear to know
how to write a book useful for the students. I think the poor sales would
1) The mother wishes that her

son were here.
necklace - -C p---- necklace .)

l(C Eox repeat E ...
I wish I were, She wishes she were
expression correct meaning and use - L--.)
p h N .
Observe carefully.
-x--- 168
Study the following:
Compare the sentences (a) and (b) below:

a) He is buying car. I wish he took an expert's
2) He wishes that he were

selected(p --- j
--E ---o/
-j --E E
J.)
3) She wishes she did not see
advice.
( -o. -j E-
B *C)
B- .
( p \
--E Lx -C.) (p \ )
him.
(expert)
(
b) He has bought a car and it is giving him
--\ --- -E
--C. p ---o)
(past ) L- -C lE
p Eo.
4) I wish I could - AJT a-L-T (p)
---C...(past could have +pp)
5)... poor
sales
would
make him wish he
son had been present at the
had not written the
function last night.
book =
-vA J-T function
----- (-- - \- - - t- C E Lx past)
-- h -- He wishes that he had been
- -- - - E- h)
selected jFo past -C( - (-- ) --j -- *N d, had + past
-----o--)
participle form.
(
(had been selected)
She wishes she had not seen
DEo, I/ we / you / they
him last monday.
wish /He / she / it wishes

+ were/past doing word -
( - --- --E / -- -Lq-E -C)
That's the difference between the use of
advice.
were/ the past doing word, and the use of

trouble
The mother wishes that her
trouble. He wishes he had taken an experts
( -\-o, C
- had known - had+pp-
had been / had + past participle-
present
had
been/had+past participle
- past
.
OE practice
O conversation . N -s
.
make him wish that he had not written

Prabha:
the book.
(Nu-n- -- h
-- L--x .
t \- ... h
--- --E
- --E-h-C)
Sharmila: So what do I do now?
( ?)
Urmila: Exchange it for
Prof Bhoutik's
Manual of Physics.
(
DEo a
Prof Bhoutik
Manual of Physics
a)
lp -E N- ----E 'If clause'
were/ past doing word
-
Spoken English
j -C?
college holidays .
E-\ student --- C.
Prabha: F x F college . Eo
--J-- -C.
Subha: y o --
-C.
Prabha: college N \--d. hostel --E- . Hosteller
---E J.
Subha: E- --E free -E
J. p- - E- miss
u. Fo --Lq-E --
Subha:
(C
past
had+pp)
o.
Prabha: C p. x \
L.
Subha: I wish you hadn't asked for my dad's
Answer:
Prabha: Let alone this College. I don't feel like
Prabha: (How) I wish today were a holiday

Subha: No holidays at all in this rotten college
- rotten =
J-T--, Ad \-
--).
I wish I were not a student
here.
Prabha: I joined this college because of you.
I wish I hadn't (had not) followed you
advice.
(C
past
had+pp)
being in the hostel. (feel like =
-)
-E
Oh, I were not a hosteller!
Subha: I wish to be free to see movies. We have

already missed a number of movies. I
only wish we had seen all of them.
Prabha: (There is) no helping it
(p)
we
have to be here for two years more.
II
-- j---
-- 12 -W- 2006
Nandan: Santan, I'm afraid that something is
( y h - -*C.)
seriously wrong with me. I'm unable
to concentrate on studies.
( --o-d-E--hC. O
%d d-----o.
C.(I'm afraid.) (\ E n
.)
concentrate = vD--J--/-v-l--.
Santan: I've observed that. Of late you haven't
been as serious about studies as you
were in the past. Your scores too have
been low. Something wrong with your
health, perhaps.
Look at the sentences (a) and (b) below.

a) It's time for him to start for college. The time
has come for him to start for college.
college -l--Lq time C./--*aC.

b) It's (high) time (that) he started for college =
Time he started for college
Subhash: Time I repaid the money. I borrowed
(It's, high, that
o , -- )
College p -l--Lq--.
( -l-- E n)
He should have started for college before
( -E- C. O F
- o vl u -E--.-\- _. F u
o --.)
Of late = lately = u.
O late = 'u-i .
now =
college
time
--C.
Sentences (a) (b) -E-.
(y K-~- ----E -
* p Lq-C.)
(verb - were)
sentences E construction practice
. O Spoken English, natural C.
Exercise: Practise the following
aloud in English
from you already. How can I borrow

again?
Prabhas: Don't make me angry. Tell me how
much you want.
Subhash: Rs. 10000/Prabhas: Have it. come home to me.
Nandan, Varun conversa- - -G-@ o?

tion E sentences
home.
Subhash: . t x .
-E-.
x Lq- -i- C./x -Lq -i- Prabhas: y d -p- - -LqC.
Nandan: My health is OK. I eat well and sleep
'Shall I do that then?' (shall
*aC.
u .well. No illness at all. Had there been
I see the doctor then?)
d) (It's) time (that) he were at home.
Subhash: E O -G-@ o. --vA anything wrong, I would have know.
-Kb- K \.s ho. 'You had better do it!
= x ---/--p -LqC,
( -u-E.. C.
(C better.)
-.
Prabhas: - Subhash .. \ F
Ao, Ev--o, s-. j
yC *C
n you had better do it
.
c) It's time/the time has come for him to be at
Prabhas:
It is better for you to do that
\-j-Dl \ -*h!
Sentences (b), (d)
L-C ?)
Santan: Still we can't say. It's time (that) you
saw a doctor.
verbs
-E-.
Verb in sentence (b) = started - past doing word

Verb in sentence (d) = were - plural verb,
( p. Ny-
-d -v-C--LqC.)
Nandan: Shall I do that then?
though the subject 'he' is singular.

sentences vu- were, past
.
.
e) p Rx -E ---LqC.
doing word
( ?)
Santan: You had better. Exams are round the
corner, time we started serious preparation.
(It's) (high) time he got married/he were married
( -- E)
He should have been married before now.

f) Time he learnt manners.
-x--- 169
manners a---/---l j-p- -- manners M.

g) Time (It's high time that) he consulted a doctor.
( *C. K-~ _---a-h-o.

-v-- p dLqC.)
Nandan: It is time my father were here. He told
me a week ago that he would come
here in two or three days. If he were
here now, he could take me to a doc.
(o p- -\, p -Lq--. V- h-E

-- p. E- --
--o -d _- B--x-.)
Doc = present day English short
form for doctor.)
Time you were free from all worries to
( - * p -- -K~ -v - ---LqC y)
1) It's time you saw a doctor.
y -d -v-C--LqC/
u .
Prabhas: Time you took her to a doctor.
am looking for money.

Prabhas: Look here, Subhash. Time you knew
you have a friend who can help you.
Subhash: Just don't worry. I will get it some
better.
He had better not go there now.
think .
\-j-Dl, \ -*h.
b) The hotter the sun is, the more tired one is.
\--j Dl, - \---C/ \

---.
C sentences English
practice .
1) l x---Dl, - --C.
2) -v T, --E--hC.
ANSWERS:
1) The older you are/ you grow, the more is your
experience.
how.
Prabhas: Time you stopped hiding things from
2) The more you drink it, the more you feel like
drinking it.
me.
(Verb - saw - past doing word)

2) Time we started serious preparation.
-K~- -J- -v p -G--Lq-C/--u C.

o p \---Lq-C/--u C
(Verb - were)
4) Time you were free from all worries to pre-
Spoken English
well.
charges in the hospital are high. I
3) It's time my father were here.
Santan: The earlier, the better.
Subhash: What shall I do? Mom is not at all
He should have consulted a doctor much
(Verb - started - past doing word)
prepare for the exams.
( h.)
Prabhas: What makes you so busy?
-v-o:
Santan: Call him and tell him of your problem.
Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
ANSWER:
Subhash: That's what I am busy doing. The
earlier.
you had better do it
E -a.
--\- } *C.
- o-- o-E p - sentences .
----LqC --y. -o-. Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
Santan: The earlier, the better.
L?
The earlier, the better= y h
Subhash: l. a-.
*C.
Prabhas: _ -Lq -i- *aC.
type of sentences practice .
u . -p - ?
Subhash: E- F _ Bo s --, bowl --.
p AJ-T-y-LqC. Sx = The taller a person is, the better can they
bowl.
B?
-sx -E--LqC.
Prabhas: p-.
1)
The
use
of the comparative.
pa ?
2) The inversion of the verb.
Subhash: -C-- ---
a) The more angry you are, the less do you
Prabhas: B\. .
p -d v-C--LqC, .
Now look at the following sentences
from the conversation between
Nandan and Santan
M. SURESAN
pare for the exams.
-- -u- -x ---.
What is the difference between "found" and "discovery"?
-d , -N---
---: 'Found' means to establish (n-). NTR founded the TDP. (NTR
TDP E n- .)
2) Found is the past tense of 'find'. ---, -E-,
n. I found him working very hard = d- E-- -E.
3) Discovery - the act of finding or learning about something for the first
time N--j o ---J ---, n --, E.
Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation changed out understanding
of nature. u-- -y--{ hE -\- (-J-o -- /n -) v%-AE J* --- p *aC. Find
out discover n--hC.-
-- j---
II
I. Prasad: Your clothes look nice. Are they
new?
(F d -o. N h?)
Pramod: Yes. They are. ()
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot.
Madan: But it doesn't to me.
( O E----)
VI. Balu: I must start at once, or I'll be late for

office. (
office
-- - -l-L. --
u----C.)
(N K-j----)
Pramod: Yes. They did.
Prasad: You look quite smart in them.
(y dx -{-- E--h-o)
Pramod: Do I? Thanks for the compliment.
(? F -h
Giri: So must I. I've to reserve tickets for

my journey.
tickets reserve
( xL. v--E
--L)
Balu: Have you the key to lock the room?

Giri: I have.
thanks)
Balu: Will you lock the room then?
Pramod: We shall.
Giri: I will. Don't worry.
Ravinder: Yes. I have.

Srikanth: Do you know where he is?
Ravinder: No, I don't.
Srikanth: Will you meet him again?
Ravinder: No, I won't. I've important work.
Srikanth: Do you expect him here today?
(V h-----o?)
(--)
Ravinder: I'm afraid no.
j short conversations ?
O -E . -u daily conversation informal situations
questions, a answers j-Fo.
II. Srikanth: Have you met suman?
Carefully observe the questions and the

replies in the dialogues above. you find the
responses (replies) very brief and expressed
in a word or two.
(j passage E --Fo xh
-- \ --
-E-.)
III. Naresh: The shop hasn't yet opened today.
(V
shop
1) Ramu: Do you take coffee?
English speech
practice
-J--x-- N
--- LT L.
N --:
- study the short responses in the short
Prasad: Then shall we start?
-- 14 -W- 2006
conversations at the beginning of this lesson.

1. Prasad: ... Are they new?
Vanaja: Yes, he did/ No he didn't (did not)
(\ response, -C x, yes, EE,

yes, they are new EF . correct conversation j response: Yes, they are.
Answer , No, they aren't. \
, No --F, No, they are not new
E Jh -, standard spoken
English .
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot.
Prasad: Shall we start?
-x--- 170
- time J--C)
sentence shall, will, can, could, may,

might, need h, responses
repeat -, Yes, not , No
, not Ja.
a) Kavya: Will you buy the book?
Navya: Yes, I will/ No, I won't (will not)
b) Kiran: Can he walk?
F,
F )
Mahesh: Yes, it hasn't. It is usually open by

this time.
Eddy: Yes, she does/ No, she doesn't (does

not)
3) Sarala: Did he meet you yesterday?
Pramod: Yes, they are.
Pramod: Yes, they did. (Yes

Yes, they cost me a lot
--)
Somu: Yes, I do/ No, I don't (do not)

2) John: Does she sing well?
Pramod: We shall. (short response) (We shall

start
Shyam: Yes, he can/ No, he can't.

c) Ram: could you understand that?
Das: Yes, I could/ No, I couldn't.
4) Have, has, had sentences
es
respons-
h.
May I come in? - Please do.

Naresh: So it is. But I don't know what's
happened today.
short responses English conversation/ spoken English
Passage II
--y-Eo-h.
a) Yes, I have (met

b) No. I don't (Know
c) No I won't (meet
d) I'm afraid no
expect
Mahesh: There they are coming to open.

But I think it will be some time
before they start selling. I can't
wait.
(C x ---E h-o.
t v-G---E time
-C. wait -.)
IV. Bhaskar: Why did you come so late yesterday?
(Eo -u a?)
Bhavani: Did I? I was here on time.
(-? E-\
time
Bhaskar: But you weren't. I noted the time.

It was 8.15.
Bhavani: But it wasn't 8.15. It was only 8.05.
(p 8.15 . 8.05 v)
Bhaskar: Even that makes you late.
V. Chetan: Madan, we have been here before.
(, \- a.)
Madan: But we haven't. You are mistaken.
( . y ----o)
Chetan: But I'm not. Some how the place
seems familiar to me.
( ----. -
v -- d
E--hC)
Spoken English
, u
-
v E
xh .
j conversation passages \-\ ,
--x G_- CN practice .
short responses O n--C. Look at the following exchanges.
I. Balaram: May I come in?
\ come in E F, please come in

E F reply -- -E-.
II. Ramana: Australians play well.
Kamala: Yes, they do/ No, they don't.
yes, they play well/ No, they
don't' play well
play
English
natural practice.
E,
(p y -u--?)
Bhavani: So it does. (-x)
Spoken English
questions
non 'wh' word quesM. SURESAN
tions
what,
when, why, where, who, whose
questions)
responses
Rajaram: Please do. (Have a seat)
o.)
E-. D
--- -
III. Teacher: Can you sing, Radha?

Radha: Yes, I can, Maam/ No I can't/ I'm
afraid I can't.
dialogue
repeat
E response sing
-- -E- .
(I'm afraid; \ afraid n E
. N--i p--E -f/ d--- I'm afraid .)
short responses v spoken English --yEoy-.
short responses E conversation bookish
, A--*-x C.
short responses
-E-.
(. V i L- )
)
(\
)
vh- )
Passage III: a) Yes, it hasn't. (opened

b) So it is. (open
c) Nor can I (wait
)
)
)
Passage IV: a) Did I? (Did I come late
?) b) But you weren't (here ) c) So, it
does (So it makes me late )
Passage V: a) But we haven't (been a-) b)
But I'm not. (mistaken a-) c) But it doesn't
seem, to me (familiar repeat )
Passage VI: a) So must I ('Start' repeat
) b) I have ('the key' repeat )
c) I will (lock it )
j passages Fo G_- 3, 4 x practice
. Short responses ----.
Short responses C---E C
form n -. v-LN:
a) Are they students? DE short response x students , Yes, they are students
E Jh , yes, they are
h. -, No, they aren't (are not)
. \ easy short response a-p sentence verb --L.
Eo-d response C. sentence
'Are' C d, So they are E
response.
Ramu: Yes, I have/ No, I haven't/ I'm afraid

I haven't.
b) Balu: Has he come?
Somu: Yes, he has/ No, he hasn't/ I'm afraid
he hasn't.
5) Kesav: He had seen me before he went out.
Kumar: Yes, he had/ No, he hadn't.
EXERCISE
Now practise short responses for the following aloud.
Srinath:
Eo y E ---o?
() .
Srinath: -j ---?
Srikar: --, C.
Srinath: phone h?
Srikar: h. F x o C
- .
Srinath: y E last time ---o-p
Oy N p----o.
Srikar: p. N F p ,
h---.
Srinath: hC. -J Eo Sx p F
u- ?
Srikar: -. p- h.
Srikar:
ANSWER
Srinath: Did you meet him yesterday?
Srikar: No, I didn't/ I'm afraid I didn't.
Srinath: Will you meet him at least today?
Srikar: I won't. I have work.
Srinath: Will you at least call him?
b) Ramarao: Are you a student?

Balaram: Yes, I am/ No I'm not. Sentence
verb, Are, response
verb 'am'
tense
L.
c) Sentence 1st Regular Doing Word (go,
come, sing..), 2nd Regular Doing Word
(goes, comes, sings..) and 3rd Regular
Doing Word (went, came, sang..)
do, does and did
*a--
p, -C-*
.
a) Venu: Have you understood it?
Srikar: I will, of course. But I doubt if he is in

town.
Srinath: When you met him last, I think you told
him of it.
Srikar: I did. I told you that I had told him of it
too. Hope you remember it.
Srinath: I do. But would you mind repeating it?
Srikar: No, certainly not.
-- j---
II
p
l.
Bhanu: Hi Sarat, how do you feel now?
(, p- C?)
Question tags
form
--v 16 -W- 2006
DE Question tag form

L.
(*a- _ C, Jh --- 1) verb L sentence * (she
---p-)
was here, was ...)
Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you?
2) sentence not . d verb y not
( F- C, ?)
verb L n't L.
Sarat: Certainly much better, though not allright.
She was here.
Sarat: Yes, I do. I look week, don't I?
She was here, wasn't ...?
( F- -E-h-o, ?)
Bhanu: That you do. The Doctor has treated
you well, hasn't he?
(. Doctor Eo ?)
Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly. Otherwise I
couldn't have recovered so quickly,
could I?
3)
sentence subject, 'she'

Question mark
wasn't she?
dL. p
sentence
h, question tag she was
here, wasn't she?
-x--- 171
Bhanu: You will resume duty next Monday,

won't you?
Sarat: Bye, then.

Bhanu: Bye.
lesson English y----

short responses . short
responses J* J- ----
Question Tags J* ---L. C--
---o-Eo -J h---.
- N p, E *,
, , , ?
English - question tags
.
eg: He is a great actor, isn't he?
=
p , ?
Sentence * o 'isn't he?' question
tag .
- sentence *-j,
question tag, ? ? ? ?
-T- j . p-.
English question tag, sentence subject
d, verb d sentence, sentence
J---C.
eg: 1) she is here, isn't she?
( \ C ?)
not
tag not (n't)
.
eg: She wasn't here,
was she? sentence
not
tag
not
is. Question tag: isn't she?
x,
.)
Sarat: Yes, I do.

hasn't he?
M. SURESAN
Kedar: You have to, ... at least for the present.
(, . vh--E-)
? --hE d n--
Eo Short responses y-a,
\- Short responses - -L-T English O --d-ox.
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly
L-h- ?
-.
C ?
E .
--E --o? N F
?
3) Bhanu: You will resume duty next week,

won't you?
Subhakar:
Madhukar:
Subhakar:
Kedar: I did. But I doubt whether I could have

got it for a lower price.
Madhukar: No. I can't.
f) He could pass, couldn't he?
.
y a-p-?
p--. F ... y -E
Sarat: I hope I will
x-----?
4) Sarat: You are going straight to office,
,
Madhukar:
aren't you?
),
)
Subhakar: y E _ x-a-?
Bhanu: Yes, I am
h.
Madhukar: x-.
sentence
a
short
response,
a) They study (I RDW) well, don't they?

sentence E verb form , tense d Subhakar: F u- \-----o?
(They do not study well, do they?)
C E -E- ! Short respons- Madhukar: . \ xo .
b) She sings (II RDW) well, doesn't she?)
es , I'm afraid ..., I wonder ..., of course ..., Subhakar: - Fd
?
(She does not sing well, does she?)
certainly, I doubt whether ..., E
Madhukar: . -J vo u.
c) They came (PDW) yesterday, didn't they?
a; \ I , we, you, they, he, Subhakar: OK. .
she,
it a. Look at the following:
(They did not come yesterday, did they?)
ANSWER
Kesav:
Did
you have enough money to buy the
Madhukar: Do you think he wouldn't come if I
regular doing words, (I RDW, II RDW)
book? ( h - L-
called him?
past doing words v do,
s-?)
Subhakar: I doubt/ I'm afraid, so.
does, did Question tags h. N
Of course, I had.
Madhukar: He respects me, doesn't he?
practice L. N verbs Kedar:
Kesav: You seen to have got it cheap. (FC
Subhakar: Ofcourse, he does.
will, would, shall, should, can, could,
*a--xC)
Madhukar: Then why do you doubt his commay might, must verbs question tags
Kedar: No, certainly not. (-)
ing? Do you know him well?
repeat -.
Kesav: Why? Did it cost you a lot?
Subhakar: Yes, I do.
a) She will come, won't she? (won't = will not)
(- K--,)
Madhukar: Can't you persuade him?
b) They would help me, wouldn't they?
Kedar: Of course, it did. (- )
Subhakar: Yes, I can, but must you talk to him?
c) I shall go, shan't I? (shan't = shall not)
Kesav: You should have bargained. ( LqC) You would have got it for a lower Madhukar: Yes, I must
d) He should know this, shouldn't he?
Subhakar: Then you can as well go to him.
price. (F--o \ aC)
e) She can sing, can't she? (can't = cannot)
rare)
i) He must go, mustn't he?
hC)
Pramada: Is your knowledge of English good?
Spoken English
( F u-i h -
l--?)
Sentence
verb, 1st Regular doing word
(come, go, sing, etc), 2nd Regular doing
word (comes, goes, sings, etc), Past doing
word (came, went, sang, etc)
question tag
do (I RDW
does (II RDW
did (Past doing word)
Kesav: Then have I to go without such an

important book?
She wasn't here, was she?
(\
( --o (p--E --
I'm afraid.) F shop )
EXERCISE
2) Bhanu: The doctor has treated you well,
subject - He, verb - comes.

Question tag - doesn't he?
verb
comes, II RDW
question tag
'does'
Sentence 2
learnt at school. (y school

a--oC J-*----o-)
Narmada: No, I haven't ()
: - responses \ yes,
no -, yes, I can; yes, it is; No, I
haven't E sentences o helping
verbs repeat -E .
1) Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you?
h) The people might like it, mightn't they? (very
(-E-\---h ?)
: Sentence 1 , subject - she. verb -
Pramada: So you haven't forgotten what you
the lesson.
g) They may help you, mayn't they? (very rare)
2) He comes here, doesn't he?
Kedar: I'm afraid so ... at least in that shop.
()
(Sentence
(y . (Get well soon - C

s--f--x ---E -
C.) -. F ?)
Bhanu: Yes, I am.
Narmada: Yes, it is
Now observe the following short responses
Bhanu: Get well soon. I'll make a move then.

You don't need anything more, do you?
Sarat: No. Thank you. You are going straight

to office, aren't you?
question tag
h ...
(*a-. E y --L----E ?)
(y a - Sx office h
?)
(resume = Sx v-G-. Resume pronunciation Wu (Wu size z
). spelling Vu (Vu size
z ) E pronounce h biodata/ cv E
n. Job applications ---C)
Sarat: I hope I well ( P-ho)
aL. y
Pramada: Can you speak English?

Narmada: I can, of course.
(x---)
Kesav: I need two copies of the book, one for

me and another for my cousin. Can I
get them?
copies
cousin
( h
L ,
--?)
Kedar: I wonder. (-)
Kesav: You mean you got the last copy?
Subhakar: You feel it lowering yourself, don't

you?
Madhukar: No. I don't. But his brother will be
there.
Subhakar: Don't you like him?
Madhukar: No. I don't. Just try once to get him
here.
Subhakar: OK. So I will.
( y-, y a--oC, \
*J copy ?)
-- j---
II
Gowtham: How was the movie yesterday?
(Eo E C?)
Uttham: I didn't like it one bit at all. You saw it
the day before. How did you find it?
( (\ -j) a- .
y o . F E--*C?)
Gowtham: I didn't like it either. It had too much
of violence and sex.
(- a-.
x NA-O-J , %
C.)
Uttham: So have most movies nowadays. But

unfortunately there are people who see
them. No wonder that only such movies
are produced. (
Eox . -%-d- N- E-- -x

o. -E E
(EJt--) a-u .
Gowtham: The story line is very thin and

dances and fights are a plenty in all
of them. (
dances, fights
-Eox \,
\)
lessons short
y --o .
p
-, (no) -,
--.
responses
lesson
(yes)
spoken form
a) Prakash: He appears to be worried.

Vikas: Yes, he does.
1st sentence
verb appears
Vikas's response, 'yes, he does'
appears (2nd RDW) = does +
appear.
he does
'yes'
d,
E hC
-,
-E \,
y.
b) Sunil: You see movies quite often, don't

you?
Kiran: Yes, I do.
Sunil
verb, see. see (1st
RDW) = do + see.
response, Yes, I
do.
negative response
Kiran's response
No, I don't.
(do + not)
x
-E
-. p,
C?
c) Ganesh: You went to a movie yesterday,

didn't you?
(y Eo E x,
Uttham: So they are.
?)
Mahesh: Yes, I did/ No, I didn't.
-x--- 172
--C 18 -W- 2006
(,
x/ , x-)
Ganesh's sentence verb, went (Past
doing word) = did + go. -E response,
yes , Yes, I did. no No, I didn't.
He/ she/ it
Yes/ ofcourse, he/ she/ it
must/ should/ has to
No
response
response
needn't.
must/ should/ have to/ has to
opposite- needn't (needn't = need not) you must do it
you need not
(needn't) do it
Ramesh: Has he to start the work now?
.
,
(h--
(y-C--L $
(yC --\--)
(-E-p E v-G-?)
Naresh: Yes, he has to/ yes, I'm afraid he has
to/ ofcourse, he has to/ so, he has to
(OR) Oh, no, he needn't.
1) I didn't like it either!
2) So have most movies nowadays!
3) So they are!
4) So they do!
5) No, it doesn't.
Prakash: So what? So is mine.
( ? C foreign watch)
j dialogues . Dialogue (a)
- , Klupta response, I am
also happy E -. dialogue
(b) Mine is also a foreign watch E
-. F spoken form -.
So response -C also
--.
a) --, o
--=
He studies well, so does his brother.
- His brotha. com-
(His brother too studies well

er studies well too
mon
b)
)
school , x \u
School JC.
He joined that school, and so did his sister.

II a) Akash: Sunil doesn't study well.
I am not going - Nor am I
(F J -)
Eswar: Nor does his brother/ Neither does
his brother/ His brother doesn't
either.
Gowtham: Our heroes and heroines just dance

in the movies. They act little. (
heroes and heroines
dance
E-x
h. x - C
)
Uttham: So they do! The weak story line offers

them no scope for action. (
x
-. x --- x
\- )
Gowtham: No it doesn't. Nor do most of the

audiences seem to expect anything
other than that. (
-.
v~-x -C - -x )
Uttham: What do you think of Hindi movies?
(C E-- o--?)
Gowtham: (Do) you think they are better? All
Indian movies are alike. Perhaps
the music in them is better. (
-o
-----o? -B *vFo -B. D E-x
U h --?)
J_ -)
negative
Spoken English also () n
j N C. Sx .
- --F, E too/ as well b) Sasi: 'The mother didn't come' ( Lx )
--F, not -E --
Anil: (x )
lessons --o.
Sentences (b), (c)
question tags
o, (Don't you?
and didn't you). E \ response
y--E, - x
-- helping verbs (do, did)
M. SURESAN
o.
Verbs 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go,
sing, etc), 2nd Regular Doing Word (comes,
goes, sings, etc), Past Doing Word (came,
went, sang, etc)
responses
do,
does and did
- h. C
v-h h--d--L.
N verbs N- (will, shall, would,
could, etc ...) N E--h . d,
short responses .
Now look at the following.
d) Srikanth: The milk is too hot to drink.
Vikranth: Yes, it is.
eg: a) He knows English; he knows Telugu too/

he knows Telugu as well. (
He also
..., spoken form
not
also
not either (n't either)
\
.)
Lq h,
.
He doesn't know Telugu; he doesn't know

Tamil either.
(- , Tamil )
I didn't like it E Gowtham ,Uttam
a-, n - I didn't like it
either -E-.
N--Fo : So have most movies
nowadays! so they are! So they do! No, it
doesn't
2) So have most movies nowadays.
(, , Vx E-x
E p--)
Yes, it is C \ - a short
response. milk au L- 3) So they are (-- -)
Uttham: We don't hear people saying that a
T (, ! n
(C yes, so are they ) C
hero's action in a movie is good. All that
ax) , p response: Yes, so it is!
(
, ---o,
we hear them say is that the hero has
e) Vinai: Isn't he more than 6 feet tall?
)
danced well in the movie and that his
Vijai: Yes, so he is!/ ofcourse he is!
4) So they do (yes, so do they) - so they do
steps are good. (E- hero action
(ofcourse = -h C )
p---ox ,
-E v~--- N.
f) Jayanth: Is he paying us today?
-E---D n ax.
N hero dance -F,
(V
L
x
o?)
5)
No, it doesn't C - --
'steps' -o-E.)
--o short response.
Ananth: No, I'm afraid he isn't.
Gowtham: That's true. All that they care about
t t t t
g)
Ram:
Must
I
take
the
exam?
is the hero's ability to dance. (E
Now
look
at
the
following.
(
exam
L
q
?)
x - dance hero vA
I
a)
Santhi:
I
am
happy about the results. (LRaghu: Yes, you must./ Oh no, you needn't.
v)
N
- o)
Must, should, have to/ has to N- h
Uttham: So they do! OK. Let's hope for better
Klupta:
So
am
I.
vh -. Response, 'yes' days for our movies. ( x--C.
u-. - p , Yes/ b) Prabhat: Mine is an imported watch.
*v- * V- -h-E
(C imported/ foreign watch).
ofcourse you must/ should/ have to .
Pl.)
Spoken English
brother
Negative Sentences
response
Nor did the children/ neither did the children/

The children didn't either. (The children also
did not come
Not also
-).
III a) Ramana: I didn't like the movie.
(--E a-)
(F *aC)
b) Raghav: He has passed. ( pass
u)
Sumana: But I did.
Sekhar: But I'm afraid his brother hasn't.

brother pass
(F
-)
. sentence p--E uA--i response y- 'But' begin
h.
three types of response -J l.
I. Both positive
Prem: My watch shows the correct time.
watch correct time
Syam: So does mine.
-hC)
(C )
II. Both negative:

Radha: I am not going
(-x )
Sneha: Nor am I/ neither am I/ I'm not either.

III. Statement & response opposite each other.
Hitesh: He is quite happy.
( -- o)
Nitesh: But his brother isn't.
\ -E--LqC So, nor, neither,

v--u responses verb ,
subject y .
eg: So do I, nor do I, neither do I. C u.
order J response J-.
-- j---
II
Archana: You were late to class yesterday.
Rachana: But I wasn't
(yes, it is
-- 20 -W- 2006
E )
b) Sailaja: Bhramara's necklace must have

cost her a lot.
Archana: The day before?

Rachana: The day before? yes, I was. But so
were you too.
(o? -u-iC. F\- !)

Archana: I am not usually late. You are rarely
on time.
( - u -. y
- --E--h)
Rachana: So would you be if you had to come
from a long way off and depend on
city busses.
( O x -- city bus O
-Lq-h -u -t)
Archana: But I wouldn't. I would start early
enough to avoid being late.
( . u -
-l--)
Rachana: You can't do it (y -)
Archana: But I can (--)
Rachana: You often tell me that you don't get
(v necklace Kj -L/-K-j-C -C.)

Viraja: Yes it must have/ So it must have
(, Kj L)
C) Rahul: One of your shirt buttons has come
off.
Sasir: Yes, it has/so it has.
a)
b)
Jalaja's response: yes it is/ so it is

Viraja's response: yes, it musthave/ so it
must have
c)
sasir's response: yes, it has/ so it has

O-Eo- yes begin u response ,
so begin u response h-o
! correct , so bigin u
responses, ( so it must have/so it is), yes
begin u responses \ *a,
a-uEo uh---h. (, d n yE-x) d p--
\ p so begin u
response better.
Passages a), b) and c)
(j *a-N)
p---E, ' responses
. J-Eo --- .
-x--- 173
d) Lasya: Divya speaks English well.
(Cu
English
x--C)
Priya: Yes, she does/ so she does.
)
Vinod: But I've been.
Suresh: a)
-/-- l.
Yes, it is/so it is!
b) lC But it isn't
(-a)
opposite responses 'but' v-Gh. Do the following examples:
N h--.
1) h bore
p opposite responses , neither, nor, a) -/--, bore! b)
n't either (not either) --.
2) -:
( English not h also sentence a) -/--, E- -:
E lesson - (Not only, b) :
but also N--)
3) -- feel --o:
a) Lakshmi: Snakes don't fly
a)
E--h-o-/- -,
( )
E--h-o:
Lalasa: Neither do cats/Nor do cats/cats
b) , y fresh E--h-o
don't (do not) either. (x -)
4) E--h-o:
b) Manasa: Suseela wasn't late
a) -/--, E--h-o:
(Q -u )
b)
Rajita: Nor was I/ Neither was I/ I wasn't
5) F Coffee d--E :
either.
( late )
a) , d :
b) -d
:
6) Eo Eo -:
a) :
b) Eo -:
7) Eo y u a:
a) , -u- a:
b) -u :
8) h C:
C last lesson .
a) EC. b) o:
u h----Lq N not c) -:
also .
9) x teacher :
Summary: p
a) C: b) :
the points we have
10) Fo \ o:
learnt
a) : b) :
a) Questions
Answers:
state1) This book is a big bore

ments
a) Yes it is/so it is, b) But it isn't
px
Yes, it has/so it has

up before 6 in the morning. Its possible for you to start early?
Lasya: In fact she speaks better than most of

us
( p -, J--
-E, u F -l-)
( \--C
x--C.)
Archana: But I would, if I had to start early
(- -l-Lq h -y h)
Rachana: You sleep like a log, and you want
me to believe that you'd get up early.
Priya: Yes/of course she does/so she does
(, --?)
e) Prem: Australia has the best cricket team in
the world.
(v- Australia h cricket team C)

(y \- Ev--. o tSyam: Yes, it has/so it has ()
-... y y h-)
Yes, it is/so it is.
M. SURESAN
j dialogues responses Fo pC
Archana: My policy is sleep while you sleep,
(
\
is
subU-J responses. pC ---E

work while you work.
negative responses ject d, time of action of the verb d
(Ev---Lq-- Ev--, E-verb -- N O .
l.
Lq E--, -l-A)
So it is, response, yes, it is o
a) Bhanu: You know Tamil well. Can you
Rachana: You can say all this, but action is difstress \ (\--p-/- au uh--explain
this?
ferent.
(F Tamil . C N-J) ! ox)

(---Fo , E--Lqp E-b) p--E negative response
Suman: But I don't.
)
hox C 'but' begin h.
(F L-)
lessons questions ,
a) Keval: She appears fat
b) Kesav: You go there everyday. Why don't
question tag o sentences short
Kesav: But she doesn't
you take me there today?
responses --o , ?
b)
Kumar: She is not beautiful
(y W \---h. y a) Answer, yes , short response,
Krishna: But she is
?)
i) yes,I/ we/ you/ they do/ did/ have/ can/ could/
c) p negative statements negKedar:
But I don't
may, etc.
ative responses Neither, nor, n't either
(W) x. ( V-
ii) yes, he/ she/ it does/ did/ has/ can/ could/
a)
may, etc
Anand:
I'm not hungry.
Dialogues a), b) responses
b) Answer, no short response,

p-Eo - -. \ negative Vikram: Neither am I / Nor am I/ I'm not either.
i) No, I/ we/ you/ they don't/ didn't/ haven't/
response, 'but' v O - (Neither, nor begin h-o-p, verb ,
can't/ could't/ may it etc.
subject y -E-.
E .
ii) No, he/ she/ it doesn't/ didn't/ hasn't/ can't/
c) Madhav: You can't understand this, I'm sure.
couldn't/ mayn't etc.
p practise , conversation
--o short responses, p- -E (Question ) ---/---
E. C lessons .
p J- N- l.
a) Vanaja: Sujana's dress is good.
Jalaja: So it is
Spoken English
(NyC n ---E t)
Mahesh: But I can/But I'm sure I can.
(F n ---/ F n --- t C)
d) Anand: I haven't been here before.
( -p \-
Exercise: Now, practise the following aloud

in English, using short responses
2) He plays well
a) Yes, he does/so he does, b) But he doesn't
3) I feel very tired
a) Yes, you look so/you do look so
b) But you don't look so/But you look fresh
4) He looks very angry
a) Yes, he does/so he does
b) But he doesn't
5) I know you don't like coffee:
a) Yes, I don't/so I don't, b) But I like coffee
6) I didn't see you yesterday
a) But I did
b) Neither did I see you/Nor did I see you/ I didn't see you either
7) Why did you come late yesterday?
a) Yes I did/So I did, b) But I didn't
8) Vanaja has bought the book
a) Yes, she has/so she has.
b) So have I
c) But I haven't
9) They are not afraid of the teacher
Translate each statement into English, and give

the response, both positive and negative.
a) But I am
Example:
10) I have been here long before you
Ramesh:
-- v .
Table lC. DE
English p:
b) Neither am I/nor am I/I'm not either

a) Yes, you have/so you have
b) But you haven't
This table is very big.
-- j---
II
Himesh: Hi Mahesh, congrats.
Mahesh: What on?
(?)
Himesh: I hear that your score is better than all

the others' scores in the class. (class
score
-J- F--\
No)
---E
Mahesh: Thanks a lot. But I feel happy that I've

got very good marks, and not
because my score is better than the
others. I don't like comparisons.
thanks.
marks
*
*a-- -----o-F,
- \ *a-- .
L- d ).
(Comparison = L, compare a)
- 22 -W- 2006
Mahesh: OK. OK. We've had enough argument. Let's talk of something different.
(, , x. --E J-j x-)

h--, --, v--, --
La x/ xx -
--i !
The minute we see two or more things/ people of the same nature, we compare them.
Comparisons are very common.
We usually compare the qualities of people
and things.
Degrees of comparison grammar exercise

-, h- -,
practice --x v- .
~-- h. --J N n -E -i-p,
, ~-- L 'Adjectives'
precision (*a-y) -s-E T-x
E. -u , ---, , L--E v a-.
T--- E n a , adjectives.
Himesh: They say you are the cleverest in the
ui N-:
Comparison adjectives .
class. Doesn't it make you happy?
1)
adjective positive
-u ', '-? vo-
( Eo class --u- Lj
degree
C. tall (), short
adjective.
,
-. C Eo ----?)
(
d
)
high
(kh), large (l-j), etc.
.
a)
Kumar
is
tall
=
Mahesh: I am certainly happy to get a high
Fo
positive
degree. positive
score, even a higher score than I've
Answer: -j-- (tall) d, tall, adjective.
degree h/ E Eo --C.
got this time. But I don't care whether
b) Tendulkar is a great cricketer =
DEE L o, -- .
my marks are better than those or
--\ p cricketer.
others or not. ( * marks
a) Chandra is tall (positive degree - a--)
-. p--*a marks
- cricketer? vo, great cricketer b) Surya is not so/ as tall as Chandra (positive
\ E answer d, 'great' \ adjective.
degree - -ho v, u)
. - o \, \
Positive degree E adjectives , + er/ + r
C - ----).
a--x, - more a--x
Himesh: But Mahesh, comparisons are quite
comparative degree - (--N
common, aren't they? When we talk
\ n).
174
of two or more things or people having
2) Your score is better than all the others'

scores =
marks
marks
(Better - good
comparative.
Best, - good
superlative)
3) I am happy to get a higher score.
(higher - comparative)
4) ... whether my marks are better than those of
others
marks
F
-o.
Mahesh: So they are. But I don't see why I

should feel happy when my marks are
higher than the others' marks. I am
happy If I get marks that I deserve.
I don't like to be compared with others.
marks
(E. ---
\
h - -- n . |- -o
marks h )
Himesh: Then why do we have competitive

exams? Why ranking in exams? Isn't
the purpose of competitive exams,
choosing the best candidates? What
is it if not comparison?
competitive exams
(-
Spoken English
N , C...)
5) ... my marks are higher than others' marks

marks
higher comparative)
(-
N \.
positive, comparative, superla-
Eo
tive degrees
pa l.
AP is the biggest state in South India.

superlative.
AP
(The biggest - superlative
'The').
~ -
Z.
C
u l
AP is bigger than any other state/ all other

states in South India - bigger - comparative.
~ --E Z/ Eo
Z lC.
He works harder than...

c) It is a foreign car.
eign car 'foreign'
---- car? Answer:

d
C adjective.
for-
d) Dravid is the Captain of the Indian team =

Dravid
Captain.
Indian - adjective.
(-B) d
e) A dark room =
room?
Answer: dark room; so dark - adjective.
(< C). -
f) A clever student:
student?
Answer- clever, so clever - adjective.

tall, great, foreign, Indian, dark,
clever - adjectives
verb
jFo
(-, ~-- L
).
- --C
J-/ -- E L
ADVERB.
a) He walks slowly - verb - walks = -h.
Mahesh: Oh, Himesh, you are talking about
-h Answer - slowly.
some thing entirely different. All that I
d slowly, adverb.
say is my marks make me happy and
b) She sings well - verb: sings = -C.
not my being better than others.
-C? Answer - well ()
(y x---o. ---Nso, well - adverb.
, --Eo-aN marks
adjectives L ---, adverbs
v--F, ---o -_
L E N-- -h.
o N )
a) Kumar is taller than Kesav=
Himesh: But you said you were against comparisons. How can you escape com. \ ,
parisons? When you buy something,
-ho C Comparison of an adjective
for example, a shirt, don't you com( L).
pare a number of shirts, their quality,
b) He works harder than Karim = K
their price etc. before you settle for
\ d- -- C Rx-l E
the 'cheapest and the best'? (L-
L comparison of an adverb.
uA---E y o-. a
daily conversation comparison (La
* p---- @N-? j
) - --C. d
h --p, shirt -,
degrees
of comparison (--x,
two shirts , u-,
J
- ) p.
- a-, 'A _ A *
E correct --L-- p
shirt --E l---?
conversation precision (*a-y)
(settle for = j h - l--/
p---o correct p-.
--)
(J
K-~ --ox?
u-nx h-- -- ? C a -
?)
same similarity we compare them.

Comparisons are only natural.
(,
, a C y----i-
N- ? h--xF, uh-x-F j u --
a - ?)
---J
Comparative
Comparative
than any other
+ singular/ than all other + plural
a) Chandra is taller than

Surya (Surya
Chandra
(tall +
er
comparative
degree of tall)
p-Lqp -E--Lq
y
.
Eo Positive, , 'big' p-a.
N
No other state in South India is as/ so big as

AP.
AP
b) Surya is braver than

Chandra
M. SURESAN
brave
+ r - comparative degree of brave =
(v
u ju-h
ju-)
c) Kashmir is more beautiful than any other

state in India.
( Z -o Qt -iC)
(more + beautiful - comparative of beautiful)
adjective * + est/ st Ja, E-

most Ja superlative degree -C.
a) Chandra is the tallest in the class.
Chandra
(Class
tall + est - superlative of tall)
b) Surya is the bravest in the class.
(Class
brave + st - superlative of brave)
-J-o
u u ju-h
c) Kashmir is the most beautiful state in India

(Kashmir
u --i Z.
most + beautiful - superlative of beautiful)
h-- -h-o-p/ --
-h-o-p -s-Eo-d Eo,
positive, comparative, superlative degree x
E--j p-a.
(~ - Z
lC .)
Positive -E- -Lq N: 1) No
other v-Gh. Positive degree big
, so F, as F, E y, as
-E-L.
class -J C
Superlative degree
---. -
superlative - tallest. E- 'the' L
.Sumanth is the tallest (boy) in the class.
~-x L -iC. C Comparative
---. -i - comparative - more beautiful. Comparative yp than, any
other singular/ all other plural L
(than any other bird/ than all other birds). The
peacock is more beautiful than any other bird
(singular)/ than all other birds (plural).
Dictionary dictionary
---- . DEo positive ---.
p L? No other dictionary begin
L. Positive degree 'useful' ,
, so/ as ... as L. p sentence,
No other dictionary is so/ as useful as this.
Look at these sentences from the conversation between Himesh and Mahesh.
v-:
1) ... you are the cleverest boy in the class.

cleverest adjective.
est
superlative degree.
superlative
the
2) Comparative degree
than any other +
singular/ than all other + plural.
\
C d C
h----Lq N
p- L.
DE * +
p
,
1) Superlative degree
, the.
y
3) Positive degree:
Positive degree
v no other .
, so/ as, y as.
The Eenadu is the largest circulated Telugu

Daily. (The + Largest - superlative)
-- j---
II
Pavan: Why all this excitement about football?
What's there in it?
Suman: I wish there were more encourage-
( football J* - q-? - -C?)
ball is a mega event and India is no
Suman: You know, it's the most popular game

in the world. Yes, people watch this
game more than any other game.
tion India is not able to have eleven
ment for football. The world cup footwhere in it. With such a vast populaplayers.
(football
\ vq
-C. vt--i world
cup matches --, -E
n C. o
---C x -u.)
(v- \--C G--E

v -. N --o
\-- C h)
Pavan: But we don't see many playing the
game in India. I often see more people
playing cricket than football in India.
(- \--C football
cricket -- - -Eh-C.)
Suman: That's true. No other game is played
so much as cricket in India. But it is
surprising that in a poor country like
India people are more interested in
cricket than in football. Cricket is a
costlier game than football. Football is
much cheaper than cricket. All that it
needs is a football. It is not so expensive as cricket- cricket equipment
costs a lot more than football.
Pavan: OK. Let's watch this evening's match.

Bye.
( v match l. Bye)
lesson degrees of comparison
J* --o ? --J-Eo-a--- -N -J ~-h:
1) Three degrees: positive, comparative and
superlative.
2) Degrees
of
comparison
adjectives
K--\
h) There are more football fans than cricket

fans in Bengal =
x cricket G----o football

G----\ comparative degree
i) Cricketers are the richest sportsmen in India
v--x u -- v-x.
- superlative degree
j) Indian cricket control board is the richest in
the world =
-- v v f v- u
E--iC superlative degree
a) formation of comparative: By adding + er/
k) ... but they are not so highly paid (as cricketers are) =
(cricketers
Hockey players
adverbs
er to, or more +
b) formation
of
superlative:
By
adding, + est / + st
to
(E - cricket -- N
game . N-N- --
- v football cricket
\ h -. Football o
cricket Kj v. Football, cricket
a \ game. -Lq--x football. -D-E cricket a-. Cricket
- football K hC)
g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than a

football. cricket
football
comparative degree.
before the adjective
-x--- 175
--E 24 -W- 2006
the
adjective/
adverb or most +
before the adjec-
M. SURESAN
tive/ adverb
Some irregular formations:
Good better best
well
bad worse worst

ill
Lx-) Lx-.
? -sEo d degree
--C, practice x hC.
po -Eo d, degree select
-.
English --o, l-J-o \
E/ CE La-- sentence constructions , -E/ l-JF v La-p sentence construction
C.
u-i : -E/ l-JE v
La--p, superlative .
Cricket is a costlier game than football
Now look at the following sentences:

a) Suman is not so/ as tall as Pavan.
\ l-J -ho.
sentence adjective 'tall' - positive degree
-E-.
Positive degree sentence:
A is not so/ as (adjective... tall, short, etc.,)
as B.
b) India is not as/ so rich as America- Positive
(America is richer than India)- comparative
posi-
(, America o
tive/ America -o-i-C)
c) Kedar does not play as (so) well as Kesav

(Kedar,
d) Bhavan is as tall as Sravan-
( v )
Positive degree.
e) Sravan is not taller than Bhavan

(Sravan
)
comparative .
( N- L).
Of Bangalore and Hyderabad, Bangalore is

the cooler.
(Bangalore, Hyderabad x Bangalore \
x C)
(Imp: j sentence comparative y
than ? --p, comparative
'the' -E-.)
Of the two, this is the better. comparative.
( -x C )
u O conversation
effective x h.
This is good, but not so (as) good as
the other. (Positive)- C C, F
.
This is the best of the lot- superlative.
(comparison of more than 2
Pavan: In Bengal football is more popular than

cricket. Most of our great footballers
are from Bengal, particularly Kolkata.
There are more football fans than
cricket fans in Bengal.
3) a) Superlative degree
'the'
*a-
L
b) comparative
than any other + singular/ than all other + plural
L.
c) positive, no other begin -C.
(- cricket football 4) -sEod degree Eg--G- \. p football v. -F --E degree *
--- -M, u --
degree a exercise --.
x. Bengal cricket G---- Now, look at the following sentences from the
football G----\.)
fan = G-E
a) It's the most popular game in the world.
Suman: Cricketers are the richest of Indian
v- u-C v-G- o v.
sportsmen. The players of other
games do not earn as much. And our
cricket control board is the richest in
the world.
( v--x cricketers u E. v-- -C--. cricket control board

v-E Eo cricket boards
E--iC.)
Pavan: That's true. Hockey is our national
game, but hockey players are not so
highly paid, unfortunately.
(. Bv hockey. F
-%-d- -h x- s Lx-.)
Spoken English
(superlative degree)
Look at sentences (c), (e), (f), (g) and (h).

comparison
cricket, football.
superlative
Ox
N-- v
-E O
h) There are more cricket fans than football

fans in India
c) I often see more people playing cricket than

football.
N-- La--p superlative

. j u-Eo comparative
-E-.
e) ... people are more interested in cricket than

in football - comparative degree.
f) Cricket is a costlier game than football =
football
cricket
K-j
Football is much cheaper than cricket.

Comparative degree.
o x C
practice

Pranav:
! h--
h-o?
.
Vinai:
- C E -*-ho.
c) I often see more people playing cricket than
Pranav:
v
cover --o - h . C,
football =
C h---Eo--
football --x- cricket -x \
.
E--h.
Vinai: F _-o h p?
e) People are more interested in cricket than in
Pranav: p-. Eo- C p-E.
football.
Vinai: lecturer .
f) Cricket is a costlier game than football.
Pranav: -o-\ t-?
g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than footVinai: J.
ball.
b) People watch this game more than any other

game - comparative degree
d) No other game is played so much as cricket

in India - much - positive degree
u-h)
sentences a-E
Cricket is more popular than football in India.
N-- La--p, comparative

y than, E y N (foot
ball) , -E-. (... than any other/
all other .)
N sentences ( N--
La--p) than y N
(than any other/ all other ).
Answer
Pranav: Why are you looking at those two
books?
Vinai:
I am just wandering which of the two is

the better.
Pranav: Look at that book... the one with the

red cover; that is the best of all/ the
best of the books in its class/ category.
Vinai:
Is it as good as the one you have?
Pranav: I told you. That's the best of the lot.

Vinai:
I'll consult our lecturer.
Pranav: (Do) you trust him more than me?

Vinai:
Ofcourse.
-- j---
II
Rupa: Hi Hema, did you meet your classmate
yesterday?
classmate
( , Eo y O
L-?)
Hema: I did. We met yesterday after nearly five

years. She looked a little older than she is.
(---o. x y Eo
---. o l-C
E--*C.)
Hema: Long since I saw him.
( VC)
Rupa: Perhaps you saw him prior to his leaving
for the states.
states
( y-Eo
-?)
x-
Hema: Yes.
, lessons degrees of
comparison N- ---o .
Rupa: Are you the same age?
lesson J-Eo N- l.
(OJlJC ?)
Eo Eo x comparative, positive
Hema: No, I am slightly older than her (she).
degrees I, we, he, she, they , me,
But now she looks older than me (I).
us, him, her, them confusion
h C. Look at the following:
( l. p
a) (Comparative):
l E--hC.)
He is taller than I/ me (?)
Rupa: What is she?

b)
( u o h?)
Hema: She is a government officer.
Rupa: That's it. She looks older than you
because of her responsibilities.
(Officer )
(D A. u- x
F h l-C E--hC)
Hema: I have responsibilities as well, as the

President of the local women's club.
women's club president
(nE
u---o.)
-x--- 176
-- 26 -W- 2006
t- E-d- E-o
\ d---C ( t-
sister \ d).
b) My sister likes my younger more than me =

sister
t-
\ d.
- *o =
He is younger than she/ her (?)

c)
clever
They aren't cleverer than us/ we (?)
d)
He is older than she/ her (?)
In the sentences above, sentence
(a)
I
(b)
she
her
us
we
(d)
she
x -
a) My sister likes my younger brother more than I.

sister
- l =
*-x
, me
-a -:
, , , (c)
, , , her
E.
Correct sentence n v,
(a) taller than I, (b) younger than she,
(c) cleverer than we, and (d) older than
she L.
c) He likes the mango more than she =

mango
l-J
d. F - -E-
--\ d.
d) He likes the mango more than her =
- , N - -E-d .
d --p h vh -.
Positive .
a) I don't like my brother as much as she =
brother
b) I don't like my brother as much as I like her.
brother
Positive Comparative Superlative
Old
Older
Oldest
Elder
Eldest
d--f
d-.
d .
He was junior to me...

Rupa: But your responsibilities are not as serious, are they?
( F u u-- Bvi-N ?)
Hema: I wish I were in such a position.
(o nA -
E--hC)
Rupa: Why so?
Hema: A government officer's position is certainly superior to that of a home maker,
isn't it?
position
government officer position
Rupa: But I prefer being a home maker to
being a job holder. A home maker is in
no way inferior to an officer.
( %
o
pC .)
(E v u-T
%- - d. % officer
o \ .)
Hema: Let's not talk of superior and inferior any
more. Everyone is great in their own way.
(\ \- J* x
l. J p x.)
Rupa: Ramu is coming this evening.
Hema: Who? Your brother?
Rupa: Yes. He returned from the states a few
days ago. He is coming to stay with me
for a few days.
(States
* V
AJ--a. v-V --E
h-o.)
Hema: I've often wondered is he older or

younger than you?
( L-E N F *o,
l?)
Rupa: He is my elder. Doesn't he look so?
( o l/ o.
E--?)
Spoken English
a) Imported cars are superior to Indian cars
x o NQ x
b) A Collector is inferior to a Chief Secretary
Collector
c) He is senior to the others in the group
u u-Jz o
\ ()
% -q/ -- l.
d) He was junior to me at College =
College
Class
e) Even prior to his marriage he knew the girl.
-.
(-E R} y t )
N- conversation at the beginning of
the lesson -E-.
a) I am slightly older than She/ her
b) A government officer's position is certainly
superior to that of a home maker.
c) A home maker is no way inferior to an official
d) He is my elder
American English
elder
older brother
brother
N:
--.
EXERCISE
Pratibha:
a) He is taller than I (am)

=
Old has two comparatives and

two superlatives
Old
Older, Oldest
( _ o--E -o -\ E n hC
English .)
(b), (c), (d) :
b) He is younger than
she (is)
c) They aren't cleverer
than we (are)
-n ? \--/
\
. d
n --, n
h .
M. SURESAN
d) He is older than she (is)brackets

verbs (a)- am,
(b)- is, (c)- are, (d)- is
omit
h.
-u
h.
spoken English sentences
comparative than y me, us, him,
her, them p y-----i-C. C l p J--- .
u, comparative than y both,
all N --p, we, they
us, them \- NE--h-.
a) He is cleverer than all of us/ all of them.

b) He is cleverer than both of us/ both of them.
they, we
--x
1) a) Janaki is older than Lalitha

(Lalitha
b) Rama Rao is the oldest man in the village.
o lC)
---?
y,
Positive degree
as
I, we, he,
she, they
me, us, him, her, them-
( v h-o.)
J-Eo comparatives o. y
than . to hC. comparatives,
Superior (p), Inferior (\), Senior
(, -- l), Junior (-
-- *o), Prior (time ) OEo y 'to' v . than .
\ NE--h-o. OE p
J--- .
a) He is as tall as I am/
He is as tall as me (both are correct)
b) She is as old as he/
She is as old as him. (both are correct)
c) They are as clever as we/ they are as clever
as us.
(\ v as clever as us )
Eo Eo x than I/ we/ he/ she/
they , than me/ us/ him/ her/ them
n . p -s-Eo-d
C a--L.
( v - -J l)
j -- J*)
c) This house is older than yours =
F o x C
d) This is the oldest building in the town buildings
(c), (d)
2. Old
Comparative, Elder;
Superlative eldest.
xE
Eo- C C.
h J*

O n - l
E v. -, --
(-- --) v . C
--E C x v
.
a) Sri Rama was the eldest of the sons of

Dasaratha.
Same family
--E x X ---J
C .
b) Dharmaraja was the eldest of the Pandavas.
---J t-V l
Elder : Important: Elder y than
F, to F . Comparative --p-
C N .
a) X- ~ t- o l
Sri Rama was Lakshmana's elder.
(Elder than/ to Lakshmana
b) My uncle is my mother's elder -
t l.
c) My brother is my elder by two years
brother
elder
(o) o x l.
N.
O l-J --, y
E?
Pratima: -- E . F
- x
_ E-h.
Pratibha: E-l-J --?
Pratima: question? y -!
Pratibha: E
Slimming machine
o-xC ?
Pratima: . F -. F
_o machine E- -jC.
Pratibha: y
F Eo-
. O classmates -.
Pratima: . E-o class \.
-q -q l
.
Pratibha: . F
J.
Pratima: - E-\- *aC.
ANSWER
Pratibha: Who is the taller of you two? You or
Anitha?
Pratima: Actually she is taller than me (I), but
because she is fatter than me, I look
taller than her (she).
Pratibha: Who is the taller of us two?
Pratima: What question is that? You certainly
are taller than me (I)
Pratibha: Anita seems to have bought a slimming machine. Have you seen it?
Pratima: Yes, I have. But it isn't that good.
Sunita's machine is superior to it.
Pratibha: You and Sunitha are close. Were you
classmates at College.
Pratima: No. I was senior to her by a year. I
am senior to her in age too by a year.
Pratibha: She knows this place better than you.
Pratima: She came here prior to my coming
here.
-- j---
II
Sekhar: You are up so early. What's the matter?
( y ?)
\-/ )
(be up =
Venkat: Yes, I am. Infact I got up earlier than

you by half an hour.
(, . F -
-E-)
Sekhar: But, why? (?)
Venkat: Our lecturer is holding a special class
today. He insisted that everyone of us
turned up for the class.
( lecturer special class

--o. vA \ p -E
d p.)
Insist = Eqd 'Eq \ - =
d--d/ N d
Sekhar: I don't know about you. But I am fedup
with these extra classes.
(F A L---F,
v extra classes N
C.)
be fed up = N--E--
Venkat: Why so?
-- a group of words
o ).
DEo J* -- -o. p verb E group of words
J* --.
Clause
with a verb. (verb
A group of words without a verb is a

PHRASE.
-s h----Lq
N-: CN verbs .
i) Infinitive (to + 1st RDW - to go, to come, to
sing, to walk, etc)
ii) '-ing form' (walking, singing, going, coming,
etc.) (- ing form
'be' form
be
form + ing form
verb
am
coming, was going, will be dancing, etc.)
,
-C.
N-
u N--- Jd
N- v-yEo -Jn-h.
b) He is totally with his friend on that issue =
a) The teacher insists on silence in the class
N- Jh E
o- --N-h.
x Ezl N- teacher d-
o. (Insist + on + silence (n)
C.
-C.
English phrasal verbs, verbs y
prepositions a x p--: sit on a
chair, get into a bus; put on shirt, put off an

event, etc.
-x--- 177
( N U--J-. N
-. d .)
(-i v d-.
Lo --a.)
Venkat: Who is forcing you? I find our lecturer's
classes interesting. Infact everyone
does. They feel the classes worth
attending.
( E --.
p-x extra classes x x
-d-----E.)
Sekhar: OK. OK. Have a good time in your
class. Do by all means attend all classes and get good marks. I shall be
happy.
(. . - R} class .
Eo classes \ Rx *
\ a. -h.)
Venkat: Don't be cross with me, buddy, I just
like to attend the class, and you don't.
That's all.
(p- Nv; class

x d, Fd . .)
(buddy = friend)
Sekhar: OK.
Venkat: I am off
phrasal verbs
Now look at the following expressions

the lesson.
1) I got up earlier than you

2) You are up so early
3) I am fed up with these extra classes
4) They rob us of our leisure
5) I am not with you
6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
7) You are left with little time
8) I am off
The word groups underlined are all
phrasal verbs:
1) I got up earlier than you =
get up
get up
wake up
F
- Ev--
.
n -.
\- --
\ .
n,
When do you wake up everyday , When
do you get up everyday \ .
5) I am not with you there =
( ho),
Bye.
Spoken English
1) Insist =
b) I insist on starting immediately
---- d-
Rx--- N--- p--o E, E Lx--v tA
v .
Leave alone C English conversation
- NE- . n = C--,
disturb - , J x
C-- E.
(Insist + on + starting (ing form)

Insist
form
- j (Nouns/ ...ing)
-, that clause a.
c) The teacher insists that the students

remain silent. Students silent
(... that the students remain
silent - that clause
-E
d-.
?)
I am not with you there
:
(Eo- ------o? lec- 1) Phrasal verbs o verb, E y-
turer classes -h--
preposition - N. (sit on a chair,
. -, x -J
jump over the wall etc.)
--- E--hC.)
2) verb + preposition x p- phrasal verb
Sekhar: When you attend special classes like
n-E, E verb, preposition n-E
this, you are left with little time to study.
\ N.
( y special classes h
eg: He put off his trip.
F -----E time N-)
(--- v-Eo --o.)
Venkat: You talk as though you didn't waste
\ phrasal verb - put off. . put ntime at all.
E, off n-E, E L put off E -p E n-E ( ) \
(y- time waste -x x- . phrasal verbs n-
-?)
practice
x, J-
Sekhar: Don't talk as if you were a sincere stu-- x -h. N
dent.
spoken English --p
(y Cl -- Nu-Jn
- C. Eo l.
x-.)
Venkat: Far from that. All I wish to say is we
lose nothing if we attend extra classes.
c) He is with her upto the point of marrying

her, but not without his parents consent
6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
(N BJ h.)
Venkat: I am not with you there. They are useful. I like them.
There are some other expressions in the

conversation between Sekhar and Venkat.
They are not phrasal verbs, but useful
expressions. Learn them as well.
d--d Know how to use it.

Insist y on h, E y noun F
'...ing' form F hC.
iii) past participle (done, sung, seen, etc.)

verbs
be form + past participle combination, verb (passive voice)
have/ has/ had/ will have/ shall
have + past participle
verb
C simple and useful expression.

be with some one = p---E
N-/ Jo -Jn-. ( pC
n -- )
a) I am with the government in ending child
marriages =
Sekhar: They rob us of our leisure.
Sekhar: Not me, any way. Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
--- 28 -W- 2006
N- F --N-.
a) Please leave me
alone. I am studying. =
d) He insists that we follow his orders.

He insists on our following his orders. E
c --E d----o.
(He insists + that clause = He insists on +
ing form -E-)
o-C-.
---o.
(Don't disturb me.)

b) Leave
movies
alone. Get going
with your studies
2) As though/ as if =
M. SURESAN
E N
C- (p ?) A
.
c) Leave alone which party is good.
Let's talk of something else - Kd
*- N C-. N--i
x-.
7) be left with/ leave with: N- (time,
money, food, etc. N)
a) There is a little milk left in the glass = glass
h NT-.
b) His work at office leaves him (with) little
time for his family
E
time
office E - ---E h
N-a.
c) Hurry up. We are left with just an hour to

finish this whole work =
y F. hE Jh----E v
NT-LC.
d) That leaves you with the only option of

going =
} Eg- F NT-LC.
8) I am off = R}-o.
Phrase= to be off.
x *a--ip, x---op . I am off. Rx- n .

Fo conversation daily life
NE- expressions. N practice
O---p-x . N simple
expressions. d
-. It shouldn't be
difficult.
DE n, -x, F .
You talk as if you didn't waste time at all =
time waste
time waste
y
? (y
\ 'as if' clause
-x x--h)
verb -E. did
waste (didn't waste) - past tense . D
important. C-p --- d, past
tense hC. singular subject were
hC.
a) He feels as if I were responsible for his
troubles -
E d- --i-x
(F ) ---o.
b) He behaves as though he could not get on

without servants
servants
- ----ox v-Jh-h.
c) She talks as though she were born rich =
d- E---L d-x x--C.

C common expresDE n, - pC correct E.
3) Far from it:

sion.
Pranav: Is he a good player?

(
-- * ---?)
( )
( h-oC, --E
from it .
Prabhat: Far from it.
far
'Is Vijayawada a cool place?
(N-- x v-?)
far from it. ( )
expressions practice O conversation - . simple
effective C.
-- j---
II
Navya: I'm afraid I can't stay here any longer.
(E \ ---E--hC.)
--v 30 -W- 2006
Now look at the following phrasal verbs in

the conversation between Divya and Navya.
1) The food here doesn't agree with me.
Divya: Why? What happened?
2) I threw up all the food I had eaten.
(? iC?)
Navya: The food here doesn't agree with me.
(\ J-- )
Divya: Anything again?
(S} o u?)
Navya: Yea. Last night as I reached our rooms,
I threw up all the food I had eaten. The
food in the restaurant upset me.
(. Eo-vA room AJT ,

restaurant Ao --C. \ A Ap-C)
Divya: So you want to pack up
3) So you want to pack up.

4) I can't get on any more.
5) Does it mean you want to give up your job?
6) You can't be so silly as to throw a good job up ...
7) There's no use keep on telling me.
8) If only you went through what I have been
through.
9) You have made up your mind.
j underline Fo phrasal verbs. Let's

now know their meanings and uses.
1) The food here doesn't agree with me.
(d R}----?)
Navya: Yes. I can't get on any more with this
kind of food. I am afraid of permanent
damage to my health.
(. food -
d . u y- s-A---E C.)
( C, -u /
u -----o.)
b) Sudheer: How are you, Sumant? Long

time since we met.
( o? --E
V--C)
The phrasal verb here is agree with. we

know the usual meaning of 'agree with'.
Dn, J --N-/ U--J-.

(The father doesn't agree with his son on the
type of house they want to buy -
x
N- x -G-v )
, \ expression: The food doesn't
agree with me - \ agree with n 'J- (does not suit) E.
a) The climate here doesn't agree with me -
-x--- 178
Prakash: (I'm) getting on well. No problem.
\ -- --.
b) Hot stuff doesn't agree with her
Sumant: Just getting on
( J-T--C.)
c) Stop talking and get on with the work.
a) Pratap: I had a lot of difficulty getting the

MRO's certificate.
(MRO _ certificate a--
d- -C.)
Pramod: I have been through all that/ I
have gone through all that =
-Fo --N-.
I know how difficult it is =
C d .
b) He is going through a difficult period in his
life =
- E -T-.
5) Does it mean you want to give up your job.
Phrasal verb - give up =
-,
C--, ---, -.
a) She wants to give up her job and start
business =
u C- u ----C.
d --N-h-o.
c) I don't want my son to go through the difficult I have gone through =
---N-* d s --N -d -.
go through - E
C.
a) Did you go through the paper today?
The food here doesn't agree with me

Divya: Does it mean you want to give up your
job, just because the food here is not to
your liking? Come now, Navya, you
can't be so silly as to throw a good job
up as yours and go away.
(\ A J--- v *
u C- R}----? Fo
-* u C- R}--
L-N--\ -E--)
Navya: There's no use your keeping as telling
me to adjust with the food here. I've had
enough of it. I have to go.
(\ A l- E y - x v- .
. -Rx---Lq)
Divya: I still don't understand why you wish to leave.
(y R}---E ----o
n --)
Navya: If only you went through, what I have
been through, you wouldn't be here for
a minute, job or no job.
( -- F y-\-~
\ )
Divya: So you have made up your mind to
leave.
\ h .
j expressions Eo not agree with
-E-.
n- N
\ .
2) I threw up all the
food I had eaten =
b) He hasn't given up smoking in spite of his

doctor's advice =
Doctor
c) He gave up his rights to the property =
hj \ ---o.
d) He gave up his attempts =
v-o -.
M. SURESAN
Ao- A -o.
\ phrasal verb: throw up = A - = vomit. vomit o throw up
C better, vomit h u. throw up
C u--J. Spoken English throw
up .
a) She was sick after eating the cake. she
threw up = cake
A-
dC. A -C.
(sick = 's E n. Sick
/ A L feeling E
- )
b) The child is throwing up the milk=
\-hC.
3) So you want to pack up =
verb, to pack up.
\ phrasal
Dn v--E/ R}-E l--. (d l--)
( }-E Ea----o--o)
Navya: That's it. ()
a) He has packed up =
Divya: You can cook for yourself and avoid eating out.
b) When are you packing up? =
R}--- l o.
y p--h-o?
(y ---a-. p
A -a)
Navya: That's impossible for me. ( x )
Divya: Ok
phrasal verbs J* ---o

. p J-Eo l. hC
Phrasal verbs n, practice x, x hC. j * dictionary j / u verb
n --p E- verb, E y
a preposition n -hC.
Spoken English
l-o-p- smoking -.
c) We are waiting for him to pack up =
6) You want to throw a good job up

phrasal verb - throw a job up = job
throw up
\
- A -. (
- n --o . u/
- N --- throw up.)
a) Who will throw up such a good job? =
* u --?/
---?
a) He keeps on smoking though his health is bad =
u ----, smoke h .
b) Though the teacher punished him, he
keeps on talking =
Teacher
E P~-*, x--
4) I can't get on any more =

phrasal verb- to get on =
(= He continues to talk) = He keeps talking.
T--/ -/ l---/ J-T-- n -s-Eo-d 'get on' -.
I can't get on any more =
------o.
a) Pranav: How is your new job?
(F h u C?)
paper
C-?
N-
report CM
-Lq C.
9) You have made up your mind.
y Eg----o. \ verb - make

Eg----
up ones mind -
a) Please make up your mind whether to go

or not =
} l Eg---.
b) I have made up my mind to buy that car =

car
- Eg---o.
lesson *a phrasal verbs, lesson *a phrasal verbs, spoken English
common NE--. OE
practice . -x *o-*o sentences O conversation , n- C.
EXERCISE

Mahesh:
wash basin _---}--J,

A ---o.
b) He threw up a good job and a good family
Naresh: ?
and took to drinking. =
-, Ramesh. Eo *
* u, Fo --E Mahesh: A
---- E complain h
---d.
o-?
7) There's no use keeping on telling me to
Naresh: l------o ?
adjust with the food =
\ coffee -. --o A l---tE Mahesh: x
\ Ao --E--hC.
x v- .
Naresh: - .
Keep on doing something =
C -, E J-n-A.
E-E --E h .
.
present day English keep y
on --. He keeps on talking
--p--p h E ho.
Rd
b) The CM has to go through the committee's

report.
c) Don't keep asking me silly questions =
*a *a vo -
8) If only you went through, what I have
been through.
phrasal verbs, 1) to
go through, 2) to be through.
Dn, ---N-* d,
y---Nh E. \,
ANSWER
Mahesh: When I went to the wash basin the

poor fellow
was throwing up.
( )
Naresh: Who?
Mahesh: Who else? Ramesh. He has been
complaining since yesterday that this
food doesn't agree with him.
Naresh: But we are able to get on with the
food.
Mahesh: He takes too much of coffee. That's
why even if he eats a little too much,
he feels sick.
Naresh: He keeps as drinking coffee. Until he
gives it up, his condition will be like
this.
-- j---
II
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes
from is closed. What shall we do now.
( - cakes
C. l?)
bakery
4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
friends
( x o cakes l---Lq)
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends
we are going to have for the party?
to
time 5.30
5) The time we are left with is rather short
( NT-L
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with

the cakes we have at home.
time
\)

called...
L-*
guests
phone
7) ... The two girls you like so much.
(y d- --l-t-)
, j sentences Eo
/ clause (English *J clause) n
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end
h:
of the street is open.
1) cakes bakery = ( bakery
(OC * o bakery J*
cakes C n) =
l)
The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is
from which we buy cakes E clause 5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are
F modern English spoken form
left with is rather short. Let's hurry.
.) x from which
( friends to time 5.30
expressions -.)
p- 4.30 --C. 2) x o cakes =
NT-L time \ . y )
With the cakes we have at home
(F party a
J--?)
friends
-J N
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have

called to tell me they aren't coming.
(modern for with the cakes which we have at

home - which present day English
Rajita:
( L-* x l ---E
Phone .)
Who are they? (x-)
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like

so much. One is down with a fever and
the other doesn't like to come alone.
(y d- l--t- u,
u. -J- y, --J- J d )
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(C E--. --
L?)
cake
/ NE--)
3) ... The friends we are going to have =
friends
(modern for
'the friends who/ that (whom =
we
are going to have Spoken English
who/ that drop
whom
-o
J-.
NE-- )
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes

cakes
here.
(\ x
J_ )
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No helping it.
-x--- 164
friends
time =
The time I told our friends to come at (the time
at which I told them to come - at which
expressions old fashioned The time I told our friends to come at
to
d .
.)
called =
guests
phone
(Two of the guests who/ that (whom
we invited have called - who/ that
old
fashioned -
L-*
.
)
\
(\ -Rd Lq. p)
Eo lessons who (whom -)
p )
which short sentence - practice
7) ... y d- l--t-
ho .
= The two girls you like so much (The two
N. -sx who (whom
girls who/ that (whom ) you like so
) & which sentences join --p
much- old fashioned. Who/ that drop
who (whom) and which E C- join
-h-o.)
-uaE hC ? C - j -E-* N
-E j conversation sentences short sentences - Ja xp
modern spoken form whom n .
study .
C p -Lq-h who/ that .
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police -E-C -E=
( cakes bakery C)
He is the man who/ that the police suspect.
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we
better.
have at home.
( x o
He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that

cakes
l---Lq)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are

going to have for the party? =
party -o
J--?
friends
-J N
drop -ho). which .

b) \- d- pen C=
This is the pen which I like a lot (old fashioned). Which
spoken
English
= This is the pen I like a lot (which
p u
.
Spoken English
c)
Oj-Eo -sx, English x--p, whom Jh -.

-JE n 'who'
--
'that' --o. which drop
This is the channel I watched the pro-h-o.
gramme on. \ -E--_ N,
preposition 'on' C----.
Whom who , that -
C-p. which . N
d) room u jC. =
-, we can join two/ more sentences
This is the room in which he was murdered
into one E j examples .
(in which- old fashioned)
a) vA x a- ---=
Modern: This is the room he was murdered
in. ('In' sentence * -E-)
He is the leader every one admires.
e) y x Ah -jC=
(Who everyone admires ).
The knife with which
b) vA-x -_ *v-C=
Channel
programme
C=
This is the channel on which I saw the programme. (old fashioned). On which
you cut the fruits is

sharp. (with which old fashioned)
That is a movie every one must see.

(Which every one must see
c)
Modern: The knife you

cut the fruits with is
sharp. ('with' fruits
y -E).
v-
car
)
K-jC=
The car he travels by is expensive.

(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
M. SURESAN
\ 'by' preposition ---.

-, the car he travels by E by .
This is the pen I like a lot
(C h--- y-E-
u d C. F
4)
40, L)
(... tu. bakery J C.)
Thank god = A- = - u--
-J
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests

we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg
more.
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bakery is open.
1 -W- 2006
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't

tasty.
Praneeth:
Eo Ao fish * .
Vineeth: \ Ao.
Praneeth: y - x, y p
x restaurant .
Vineeth: \ complain --E
Ep--?
Praneeth: - . Eo
Eo B xLqC.
y ------N x f
p.
Vineeth: V B\x. l.
Praneeth: _-o s .
J s- y V
-----o.
Vineeth: y- complain C.
Praneeth: restaurant
x -h.
-v-o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet.

ii)
-d ~ l-Eo vA--C-.
- u- subject, object,
verb ---. (, Tx-x)
iii) simple, complex, compound
J* J - C-.
--, ---
---:
i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
subject - the uses of adversity.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?

Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
to, and talk so much about.
Vineeth: I haven't found anything to complain about there.
Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
taken you there yesterday. You
would then have known the quality
of food they serve.
Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
enough. Whose money do you
wish to use to prove your point.
Vineeth: It's you who complained.
Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restaurant.
verb - are
sentence
Verb, 'be', form

'be' form.
object
object
.
- 'are',
ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity

a) subject - Einstein b) verb- propounded
c) object - the theory of relativity
- subject - Einstein, verb - vA-C-, object - ~ l.

iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence
x - N-J-h o, clause
N-J-*--p-x E .
II
-- j---
Sharath: Hi Vasanth, I look forward to the study
tour we are going on, this weekend.
( * x--o study
p--p E ---ho.)
tour
Vasanth: So do I, but am a bit worried about

mother. She has taken ill suddenly.
Dad is away on camp and will be
back only this weekend.
( -- C. E t
o-d s C. o camp
* - AJ--h)
Sharath: So you are worried who will look after
her if we start before your father
comes, aren't you?
( O father --E --J O t --

-E F ?)
Vasanth: Exactly. But I've called my elder sister
and told her of the situation. I told her
to come here two days before our
departure.
In this lesson too, we continue our study

of phrasal verbs. We have in the last two
lessons seen some of them commonly
used in conversation. Let us now look at
some more of them.
Now look at the following expressions at
the beginning of the lesson between
Sharath and Vasanth.
1) I look forward to the study tour.
2) She has taken ill suddenly.
x - Lx--v- L .
5) I am happy you are making it after all.
He came up with the idea that we could get
b) In features she takes after her mother, but

in traits she takes after her father. =
6) He can be a handful.
the accommodation by bribing the TC=
7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
TC
b) In traits he takes after his dad.

8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.
9) He put up at his uncle's place.
( h-ox. \
u. ----o.
x--\.)
Sharath: I've seen him. He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
-x--- 179
Sharath: So he did. My cousin and he are room

mates.
cousin,
mates.)
Spoken English
room
seats,
A.
--L-/ .
-, x L o/
- x .
8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.
N o-x Eo vu-~--u/
E--.
a) After weeks of absence, she showed up
yesterday=
y, Eo E--*-.
Look
forward
to=
-/ %-
---. Look
forward to y
noun F, ...ing form
F hC.
---L-TC/
b) Kumar shows up at the least expected

moment =
c) I doubt if he can make it to the place on

time=
----E -E -
vu-~---.
j-,
-C.
M. SURESAN
a) He is looking forward to the match=
Match
p--p _- E
---h-o. Participating- 'ing' form.
(Look forward to y 1st RDW . He
is looking forward to meet you p)
2) She has taken ill suddenly.
To take ill= to fall ill=
s--
( -- s C)
a) He took ill after eating the food on the

train=
jx Ao--x -E s C.
b) If you go out in the cold you may take ill=
L AJ-T s -a.
3) Who will look after her ...?
To look after= to take care of= to care for=
(-, x-, A--

/ --
team finals
time \ ---- ---.

d) Election ---L-=
He made it to the seat.
6) He can be a handful =
u -.
-j, u x Lx-v- u , he/ she is a handful
. Handful o x- Lx--v
-cx d .
To be a handful=
a) Purnima: Can't your sister lend a hand

with the cooking?
sister
F -?
.
(lend a hand =
He lent me a hand with tidying up the home=
etc)
-u
a) When I fell ill, my sister looked after me=
(. . j--
Rx--p ---o. --p Eo-V x u x o.
y rooms -E ---o)
a) He made it to the IAS=

IAS
t LxE, x vE
L C.
c) In being tall, he takes after his grand father
Accommodation= 1) Train/ bus
b) The team made it to the finals, after all=
1) I look forward to the

study tour.
b) He is looking forward to participating in the

match.
Vasanth: Yea. I know. I met him when I went to

Hyderabad. He put up at his uncle's
for a few days. He said he would be
taking rooms, and moving into them.)
---a-
He can be a handful
Vasanth: Only in features. In traits he takes

after his dad. Quite mischievous.
(ox Eo o-x Vinod E-. civils prepare -o. --- Hyderabad

o)
seats
(y ----o- )
To make it to= expression --i-C. n j ---.
match p--p E --h-o. Match - noun.
Sharath: By the way, you know, Vinod showed

up suddenly yesterday. He is preparing for the civils exam this year. He
has been in Hyderabad for six months
now.
A j
- -E-a.
5) I am happy you are making it after all.
( o x. a O \ L
?)
(, -x. ~--Fo x
o. x--\.)
features = -R-, .
traits = ~-,
y.
berths; 2)
Sharath: I am happy you are making it, after

all. I was afraid you might not come.
Vasanth: I am coming, of course. But the trouble is my sister's son. He goes to

school. He can be a handful.
a) Children usually take after their parents =
-j j -
h ---
(F, -i y-h-o .
y --E -f)
To come up with=
4) I called dad and he came up with the idea.
Vasanth: I called dad and he came up with the

idea.
phone
4) I called dad and he came up with the idea.
3) ... who will look after her if we ...
(. \ Phone p.
-----E V
--tE.)
Sharath: That's a good idea. ( C)
( o
*aD idea)
--C 2 -V-j 2006
h o-p sister -C.

(u C)
b) There is none to look after the child=
Gf ----E --.
c) He is an important guest. Look after him
well=
x Jl -a-
.)
Chitra: She can't. Her two children are a
handful for her.
but he hasn't showed up so far =
C- \ -o Sekhar,
p--- Sx E---/ -.
d) He hasn't showed up for the class.
class
9) He put up at his uncle's place (for a few

days).
uncle
x \-L- o.
To put up = ( Cl V-) ,
Hotel, lodge x.
a) They put up at the nearest lodge, after getting off the train =
Train
lodge
C-, station A _- o
--/ C.
b) As she had nobody known to her in the

city, she put up at a hotel.
-. l x- ----C
b) The boy is a handful for the teacher =
teacher x l u. N-
d .
[Handful = 1) Eo v/ Cl-C v.
2) A-E no.
- L----x- ---
hotel CTC.
-E-:
-J A - = put some one up:
a) I put my friend up in our spare bed room =
a) Only a handful of students were present =
Cl-C
students
v a.
b) He has a handful of grapes =
A-E v~ x-o.]
7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
O \u L , x-s?
b) In traits he takes after his dad
~-x x o L.
u-i AC, v-h .
c) Sekhar promised to be here last sunday,
To take after = to resemble =
friend
room
x S o
A a.
bed-
b) He put me up in his uncle's place =
x uncle x A Lp-.
N common phrasal verbs conversation. practice .
t
tt
II
-- j---
Bhagat: Hi Jagat, why are you putting on a new
shirt and a new pair of trousers?
( , h shirt, h
---o. N?)
Jagat: Not certainly. I can't sit through the two

and half hours of loud songs, dance, sex
pants
and violence that an Indian movie is.
(C v . -B E o , u, %,
h - x .)
Jagat: Today is my birthday.
( d--V).
Bhagat: Many happy returns of the day. But
why not a word of it to me earlier? I'd
have had the pleasure of presenting
you something.
(Oy d--V -x --E

J. F Oy N \ -. F-j -*a
----o ?)
Jagat: That's precisely why I've put off telling
you of it until now. I am against receiving birth day gifts. First of all, I am not
for celebrating my birthday.
Bhagat: But so many watch them.
(F -C E h.)
Jagat: Sorry. Anything but that. I can't put up
with the boredom.
(C-p -o --.
N- J--.)
Bhagat: OK. Thanks for the treat at least.
(F
dinner
h-o.
Thanks)
Let's continue our study of phrasal
from the conversation above:
1) ... Why are you putting on a new shirt and a
new pair of trousers?
2) ... Why I have put off telling you of it.
3) ... I am against; I am for/ I am not for/ I am all
for.
4) I've come across very few that don't cele-
-x--- 180
c) You come across the likes of Gandhi rarely
b) She is particular about this sari =
verbs. Look at the following expressions
(*a- -x F --
p . d--V -
y-J- d .
d --V- - --- d .)
-- 4 -V-j 2006
brate their birthdays.
-
< --C/ < d--C. p phrasal verbs N--E-l:
1) Why are you putting on a new shirt and a

new pair of trousers?
To put on =
(d) --/ -\-.

J- wear. p---p d -/ -\- v to put on. J- = to wear.
a) If you are going to the marriage, put on the
new clothes =
Rx h-o-x- h d .
b) He is putting on a sweater because he is
going out in the cold weather =
sweater
L ---o.
h-o d
J-. He wears expensive
K-j d J-h--.
Wear =
clothes =
I don't see eye to eye with ..

Bhagat: That's rather odd. I've come across
very few that don't celebrate their
birthdays.
(
C h N. d--V
-x ClC .)
---E-
Jagat: Well, I don't mind your taking me as

one of those few.
5) I don't see eye to eye with.

6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone.
7) Are you going to give us a treat?
8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances,
sex and violence.
9) I can't put up with the boredom.
expressions meanings, use --- --Eo n

--.
Bhagat: I don't see eye to eye with you on this.
1) Precisely = *a- (N
What's wrong in enjoying yourself on
-p, p p (Olympic v-x) -the day you entered the world?
-x time *a-, x
( N- Fo --N---.
--C precise.)
v-- d V
2)
Odd
= Nj. Go o.
- ---- p?)
He
doesn't
like curd. That's odd. (--C
Jagat: Is it any achievement of yours if a year
-E d-. C N.)
rolls on? Time passes and it can't be
credited to anyone. I am all for a per3) Mind: n
son celebrating an achievement, but
-*, L-N E--i v.
not for the passage of time.
\ Mind u- .
( -q - C CDo you mind waiting for a few minutes? =
----. -*--C. C
h wait --E O-o u--?
J p-- . ( @N-
I don't mind it at all = u- .
-q p -- .)
Never mind = E J* d--l.
j C-*C Eo (-j sorry -N never
- Jh d, E
mind
.)
-*--E .)
4)
Achievement
= C N .
Bhagat: Then why did you put on the new
Achieve
=
C
-.
clothes?
a)
A
score
of
a century in cricket is an
( h d-- --o?)
(F. Cl--C --oE
y-- u---.)
Jagat: Mom was particular and sent me them.

So I put them on- just to please her.
(t d--dC. d C.
t ---d--E -o.)
Bhagat: OK. OK. At least are you going to give
us a treat?
Jagat:
(F No h?)
We'll have it, don't worry. ().
Bhagat: What about a movie after that?
( y E?)
Spoken English
achievement =
Century
d (C-* N).
b) Getting a good rank is an achievement =
rank
C- .
5) Time rolling = x
6) be particular about =
d-- ( N-)
a) I am particular about vegetarian food =
-- L (d--d)
D---x - E--h.
5) I don't see eye to eye with you.
to see eye to eye with =
--N-.
u expression --N-----E - not see eye to eye with E.
( pC - p------E \
-.)
a) The father and the son don't see eye to
eye with each other on the matter of the
son's marriage =
Rx N-
v -- -G-v---o.
b) He doesn't see eye to eye with his wife on

many matters =
N-x u--h- U- .
6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone =
E-- -- ( p-
-J-D-)
a) Indian independence
Mahatma Gandhi =
credited
to
b) The profits of the company are credited to

the General Manager =
company
General Manager
2) Why I've put off

telling you of it.
is
yvu *a
/ p- DC.
7) ... are you going to give us a treat?
To put off = to postpone
treat =
a) I shall be happy if
the exams are put
off until the next
week =
a) The movie is a real treat after a long period of bad movies =
( )
M. SURESAN
a-- K-~ --- .
b) Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do

today =
V --L-T-Eo
l.
Put off y till F, until F .
3) I am for/ I am all for/ I am against.
To be for/ to be all for = N--x
-/ Jh - /
N -Jn-.
a) I am for/ I am all for starting early =
y -l---E - o.
d .
b) She is for attending the function =
function
x--E - C.
c) He was not for his son joining politics =
--x --d
.
Against = uA-.
4) I've come across very few that don't
celebrate their birthdays.
To come across =
, --N-,
---.
a) We come across camels only in deserts =
- --x h --x N
E--h.
b) The doctor says he hasn't come across
such a case so far in his practice =
practice --
----o doctor.
case
----i/ x----i N
treat.
E--E *v
y *a E E
C. x--- C.
b) To give a treat = N y.
He gave us a treat on his birthday =
d--V -s NC-a.
c) The treat he gave us on his wedding
anniversary was grand =
Rx J{--q
-s -E-*a N p C.
8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances, ..

To sit through =
(_) *-J- a-.
a) He can't teach well. I can't sit through his

class =
class
J_ C--.
*-J- a.
b) (Do) you want to sit through the discussion? I don't have the patience.
( a *-J- o a--?
.)
Sit through, -u not -.
(a- n).
9) I can't put up with the boredom =
N J--.
To put up with = -/ J-
a) Sita was a great woman. She put up with
a lot of hardship =
p Y. d- J*C.
b) I cannot put up with the noise =
J--.
c) She has put up with all the trouble her husband gave her =
h--d --Eo-F J-*C.
II
-- j---
Badari: Shall we go for lunch? Don't you think
it is time?
(Lunch
l?
Time
C ?)
Kedar: It is only 11.30. I feel its too early.
(-p- 11.30- --v- --C. - y --R}--x---C.)

Badari: Hei, Both of us have forgotten. Hasn't
Amareswar asked us to lunch today at
his home?
(, l -*-.
--y Lo --E --?)
Kedar: That's right. So he has. This is the third
or fourth sunday this year he has
asked us to eat at his place. He seems
to keep open house on Sundays.
( E. L-. -q C C--,
C- Lo --E
-. --p C--
-JE L C)
Badari: That's correct. You remember what
happened last time. He kept us too
long after dinner. There was no bus at
that hour. No auto was in sight. So we
had to foot our way back.
(. F -- hC
? y -
a--d. time bus O-.
\ auto E---. \
* - *aC)
Kedar: Of course I remember. But that was a
good dinner that he gave us that day.
What if we had to walk back? That dinner was worth the walk.
- y-E- invite E
. Conversational
simple invite ask
-.
He has invited me to dinner =
He has asked me to dinner =
o --E L- / y-E-
(- u--J- y-E-
L- \ ?)
No auto was in sight
Auto
E---.
(in sight = %d / E-h)
\- not --- - .
Not a policeman was in sight.
\ police man E---.

-Fo practice .
(au N- E u Au
y- -E J--.)
Kedar: In that respect they are cut out for each
other.
( N- x -J-- J_
J--)
Badari: So they are. The way they serve us
makes us feel at home.
Kedar: I think I hear him calling. Shall I tell him
we are starting?
phone
h-o---/ E
phone - NE--hC. ----o-E p?)
Badari: Do. (p)
Here are some more phrasal verbs we hear
frequently in daily conversation. Like the
phrasal verbs we have seen in the earlier
lessons, they can make your conversation
very effective.
Now let's study them.
conversation between Badari and Kedar.
1) He seems to keep open house on Sundays
2) We had to foot our way back home
3) In that respect they are cut out for each other
4) ... They make us feel at home
5) That dinner was worth it
OE J* Ja--, J-Eo
n, use --.
He asked us to lunch today:
Lo
y-E-.
lunch
L- /
Spoken English
3) In that respect they are cut out for each

other.
be cut out for (something)/ be cut out to be
(something) be
'be' form (am,
is, are, was, were etc)
expression.
N- -J-- J--.
\

-a.
C *
n E
--E T n u, -- LT .
4) They make us feel at home =
x o L-T-h x.
( A-Lo ----o-)
To make your guest feel at home=
A-CE N- -----
a) He treats his guests well. He makes them
feel absolutely at home =
a) Are you sure you are cut out for the army?
Now let's look at the following.
ju --E T n u F-E
t--o?
1) He seems to keep open house =
p A-- Lxo. (Au

y--E --p l ---).
b) He is cut out to be a teacher =

His teaching is excellent = teacher
T
n u -E C. E
-C.
c) She is cut out to be a doctor. No doubt

about it =
Doctor
Doctor
-x--- 181
-E d--d E--hC.
--E J_ J--C. Eq-.
A-- h. x
x o L-T-h
b) Don't be hesitant. Feel at home. Ask for
whatever you want=
----l. O x -.
T B. (A-C
)
5) That dinner was worth it =
dinner
Lh -Lq l
-O-.
They are cut out for each other

phrasal verb:
keep open house =
( h-? E V \
C. h -C? - - l
v-.)
(worth n, use -- .)
Badari: The wonder is his wife is as hospitable
as he.
6 -V-j 2006
to
A----p x J
/ Au y-E p l.
a) Come Sunday, they
keep open house =
M. SURESAN
C- h-J, Rxx
A----Lq.
b) We keep open house. You can drop in at any time
A----p x J C.
y-p--- p a.
They keep open house on sundays. You are
always sure to see there some guest or the other
C-- Rxx Au p C.
AC \ -- u.
EXERCISE 1
Syamala:
< d--o?
Nirmala: classmate birthday -s
N hC.
Syamala: - < d
?
Nirmala: d. < ---
--.
Syamala: \ E-l-J . <
A-d -.
Nirmala: j vu s <
d.
Syamala: , d-V Eo-o?
Nirmala: Eo, E dinner v -Rd
---C.
Syamala: Wish you a good time.
ANSWER
Syamala: Why have you put on a sari?
Nirmala: Our classmate is giving us a treat on
the occasion of her birthday.
Syamala: Can you be in the sari all the time?
Nirmala: I like saris. So I can put with it for any
time.
Syamala: That's where we don't see eye to eye
with each other. I don't like saris much.
Nirmala: I am for saris only for special occasions.
Syamala: But didn't you say the birthday was
yesterday?
Nirmala: Yes, it was, but she put off the dinner
till today.
Syamala: Wish you a good time.
2) We had to foot our way back home =
* Lq *aC.
foot one's way = -/ walk.
a) As his vehicle broke down, he left it there
and footed his way to office =
---, o-\ CL,

office * x.
b) Foot your way as much as possible and
you will be healthy =
O----- h u
-C.
(you y, O, F, O n
v , general -j, -J-j
n -.)
Foot your way as much as possible sentence 'y/ O - h
, -j/ , h
u -C E n. :
You cannot extract oil from sand =
--* B. \ you
y/ O n-E J-N .
c) I can't foot my walk for such a long distance =
EXERCISE 2
Ganesh: Hi Karthik,
F- -
---x E--h-o?
Karthik: bike u --C. Eo
--- *a mechanic *a,
\--* -O-x *
a.
Ganesh: phone *a lift a-E ?
Karthik: y ----E
. x rooms x
F rooms a. vA E-\-
--a?
Ganesh: --o? C F x .
Karthik: Thank you. maths h-o?
od, O h maths lecturer
o?
Ganesh: p lecturer. -- d
ox maths lecturer J_ J--.
Karthik: .
ANSWER
Ganesh: Hi Karthik, you look so tired and
weak, why?
Karthik: My bike broke down on the way. I
walked it up to my mechanic, gave it
to him for repair and footed my way
for 2 kms here.
Ganesh: If you had phone me, I would have
given you a lift.
Karthik: I know you are the helping type.
That's why I came straight to your
rooms without going to my place. can
I stay here for the night?
Ganesh: By all means/ you are welcome. Feel
absolutely at home.
Karthik: Thank you. You seem to be doing
maths. By the way how is your new
maths lecturer?
Ganesh: Excellent. He is cut out for the job.
Karthik: Happy to hear it.
--.
II
-- j---
Akhila: How is your mother? Is she improving?
Akhila: If only she takes medicines properly ...
(O t C? --?)
( J B-- ...)
Nikhila: She is, but she is too weak to move about.
Nikhila: Oh, my! It's already 7.30. I have stayed
(--C E -x- F-/

-- C)
here too long. I'm afraid I'll be late for

the hospital. I must hurry. Bye.
Akhila: She is taking too many drugs perhaps.

May be that's why she is so weak.
(t! p 7.30 --C. K

\----o-E-\. --vA ui
-C. y xL. Bye.)
( K \ B---.
-x F- a)
Nikhila: On the contrary she avoids even the
medicines she has to take. She hates
them too much to take them regularly.
Hence her slow recovery.
--E 8 -V-j 2006
Varun: It's OK, but it is too big.
Too
- -- J.
1) Too -u 'also' () n
?
( . - uA-. B--Ramya: Has she come? ( *a?)
Lq J B-.
Priya: She has. (. *aC.)
v--l B--- y)
Ramya: Has her husband come too?
( h a?)
( C. F x u
\ x \ C J- lC -x u s
\ n.)
3) Too - u-u E-o
\ n C.
a) He is too clever for a boy his age =
Priya: Yes. He has come too.
-x--- 182
Akhila: Who is treating
her?
(/ doctor h-o?)
Nikhila: We put her in
Readycure
Hospital.
(Readycure
Hospital
M. SURESAN
a)
(. a)
Spoken English ' n also
- -. \- 'too' . 'Too' p verb y better. She too has come o She has come
too, better. -x
Not also --.
2) Too - l lesson
N
Too K/ A E - n
p--a.
q x-- L-N---.
(- N* L-N----o.)
b) She is too tall for a girl her age =
t- K -- t.
c) She is too red for an Asian =
- - v .
Cl n :
4) Too
a) She is too young for marriage =
Rx - K \.
Sx \ = She is too young to
be married/ to get married.
She is too weak to move ..

Akhila: But isn't it too expensive and too far off
a place?
(E, C K K, ?)
Nikhila: It is. But mom's cousin is a doctor
there. So we admitted her there.
(E. E t cousin \
doctor. ---\ a)
Akhila: You must be spending a lot on transport to and fro. You must have spent
quite a lot already.
(A---E a d-L O.
p- a L.)
Nikhila: You can say that again the tests they
have prescribed as alone have cost us
a lot. The medicines are expensive too.
( y Sx Sx a. x
* K-~ -auC.
K)
Akhila: These days medicare has become too
costly. Only the rich can afford it. The
Poor have to make do with substandard treatment.
( Vx ju K-j--C.
o--x C -- C. E-x
\ ju J--d---Lq.)
make do = l--/ J--d--
Nikhila: Mom is too impatient. She wants to get
out as soon as possible. The doctors
however insist that she stay there for at
least four more days. She feels it too long.
(t K -- C. O-
y -vA * ------C. F doctors v F
V-----o.
v -C K \-- E--hC)
Spoken English

a) He is tall =
*.
b) He is very tall =
*.
c) He is too tall = K
\ x sC -a.
(K -- x, E- E-----, C--j x--p y
--, K T v-P---Lq -- s- a
h T u -\--a!)
Too A n \- x,
E v-- *-N ---a.
a) He drives too fast =
K drive h. -x
v -N--a.
b) She talks too much.
---i E- \ xC.
c) It is too costly =
C K K. (-x ---a.) DEo

C-- a.
i) It is costly = C K (a)
ii) It is very costly =
C K (--p- a.)
iii) It is too costly = C A/ K K
( - --a)
d) Sarat: You liked the suitcase. Why didn't
you buy it?
( suitcase d--f.
- -?)
Bharat: Oh, it's too heavy.
C K C. ( - . -x -.)
e) Kiran: How do you find your new home?
(O h J x C?)
b) He is too fat to walk fast-
- sentences uA--n hC.

- -u-E -n=
y --- .

the conversation between Akhila and
Nikhila at the beginning of the lesson:
1) She is too weak to move about.
2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps.
3) She hates them too much to take them
regularly.
4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a
place?
5) Mom is too impatient.
6) She feels it too long.
7) I've stayed here too long.
1) She is too weak to move about =
--- F- C =
She is so weak that she cannot move about.
2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps =
- --- K \ ( J-)
B---
n too .
a) You are a minute too late =
y \ EN -u--u.
(\ EN --a FE uC)
b) This passenger is one too many for the
bus. Bus is full. It can't take even one
more.
( \ v-- \. q E-C. \-J -)

3) She hates them too much to take them
regularly =
c) She is too young to understand all this =
N n --- *o x t.
d) In the past children were married off when
they were too young to understand what
marriage was =
x N n-E *o x- Rxx -x.

5) \-J too positive meaning C
sentences .
a) Pavan: Are you ready for this job?
u--E y l-?
Vinod: I shall be only too glad to accept it.
- v--p- --- Ed./ E-d -x ---i

B-. C sentence no.1
C .
4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a
place? =
C J--- K-jD, x--

?
It's too expensive =
K K--\ ( J--)
It's too far off (K \, x-)
5) Mom is too impatient =
Eo y-J-
/ -
b) He will be only too pleased to assist you=
t K -- C. (\ ---C)
6) She feels it too long =
F --- - .
c) She'll be too ready to leave the place =
\--* - Rx--C/ x--E-

--p l.
6) Too \- C n -.
a) It is too much for him =
C -- d / J---
v/ .
b) Working for such long hours is too much
for the boys =
Eo E-- x -E/
J--E v (x d.)
K \-E --C. (---)

7) I have stayed here too long =
- \---o
--- o.
C -- :
a) The box is too heavy for me =
the box is so heavy that I cannot lift it =
h-- -d.
b) The TV is too costly for me =
The TV is so costly that I can't buy it.
c) This question is too much for the little girl.
-- K-- O.
*ox p-- d- i v-o
--C.
II
-- j---
Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get ready
to go out.
Compare the following pair of sentences

(d a, ---x--E --y)
a) Swarna: Rajitha, get dressed and get

ready to start.
Kamala: What is Swarna saying, Rajitha?
(d a, ---x--E -y)
(yg -D?)
Rajitha: She is telling me to get dressed and
get ready to go.
b) Rajitha: She (Swarna) is telling me to get

dressed and get ready to start.
(d a-E ---x--E --E yg hC)
(d a-E ---x--E ---E

yg hC)
sentence (a) C: yg, >-
l-P* (direct) , >- p
N.
sentence (b) C: >, yg
o---, x -
p/ report .
sentence (a) direct yg >- o
--. d C Direct speech.
sentence (b) >, x yg- --
- report d C Reported
Swarna: Go to the market and get some vegetables. There aren't any left.
(Market
--R} -- B-.
x .)
Kamala: Don't you hear, Rajitha? Swarna is

telling you to go to the market and get
vegetables
(NE---, >? Market --R}

tE hC ?)
Rajitha: What do you mean? (--o?)
Kamala: You have heard what Swarna has
said. So do what she says.
(Indirect) speech.
(No yg pC. p-x

u.)
-x--- 183
Rajitha: Are you both telling me to go to the

market and get vegetables? Kamala,
are you telling me to do what she says?
Kamala: Don't stand there. Get going. Swarna

has told you to cook too.
Look at the following too:

1 Swarna (to Rajitha):
Go to the market and
get some vegetables
( Ea. E F. y-g -- -
--u----C.)
Get going= -l/ E-F, etc.
Swarna: Why are you still here? Kamala is
telling you not to stand there but get
going.
( \--o? Kamala p-C, Ea--lF, -l--E.)

Rajitha: Stop it. Don't think I am your servant.
Don't order me about, you stupids.
(. O servant --.
c-L-y-, ^-x?)
Swarna: Look, Kamala, she is telling us to stop
it and not to think she is our servant.
She is telling us further not to order
her about.
( , -E,
servant ---lF, c K--lF C.)
Kamala: Come now, Rajitha. Don't be angry.
We have just been joking. Please
don't think we are serious.
(Rajitha,
p-. J- joke
ho. serious o-E
-. J Eo---d--)
Rajitha: You've carried the joke too far.
joke
Kamala: You still look angry. Swarna has told

you to take joke and not to be angry
but enjoy it. Come laugh it off.
( E--h-o. yg pC
joke B--F, p--lF,
y enjoy u-E. y )
Rajitha: OK. I excuse you. I will have my turn too.
(. NtLo ~N-h-o.
hC -. p h.)
Rx v
?)
M. SURESAN
(Market
Kamala: Swarna is telling

you to go to the market
and get some vegetables
Rx tE yg C F)
hC d reported
Kamala report
speech)
(C
2. a) Kamala (to Rajitha) ... Do what she

(Swarna) Says.
(yg --pC u
Spoken English
Direct speech
?)
b) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala)

Are you both telling me to go to market
and get vegetables? Kamala, Are you
telling me to do what she says? (Direct
speech)
(
o Market Rx t--o?
, yg pC -- o?)
3 a) Kamala (To Rajitha): Don't stand there.
Get going. (Direct speech)
Ea,
-l)
Swarna is telling you to cook too
A C)
(p-. Joke B. y
--.)
(Market
Direct speech
(Reported speech -
Swarna: Come, come, don't be angry. Take a

joke. Enjoy it, girl.
(-Lo- -F, servant --lF, d *a-x c-L-y-lF >

C Indirect speech)
5 a) Swarna to Rajitha: Don't be angry. Take a
joke. enjoy it, girl
(
p-.
Joke
-C
3 a) Kamala (to Rajitha): Don't stand there.

Get going (Direct speechimperative
sentence.
Ea-,
-l) c C d
3 b)
Direct speech)
b) Kamala: Swarna has told you not to be

angry, to take a joke and enjoy it
(Swarna
pC p--lF, joke
-C--F Reported speech)
j sentences 1 (a) 2 (a), 2 (b) , 3 (a)
4 (a), 5 (a) - Fo direct speech o.
Sentences 1 (b), 3 (b), 4 (b) and 5 (b) - Fo
reported (Indirect) speech o.
C Kamala, yg Lo reported speech p: Kamala is telling you

not to stand there but get going. \
Kamala, yg --, to C to
stand there... \ direct speech
Don't (do not) E not C d,
reported speech , not to E hC.
a) Suseel: Make good use of your time,

Sumant. (Sumant,
Direct speech
F -Eo
Cy-E-
.)
Swarna is telling ...
(l o market Rx
t? , --
C --?
Swarna: And cook too. ( u)
(O
-- 10 -V-j 2006
yg Eo
--C)
b) Swarna: Kamala is telling you not to
stand there but get going.
( Ea--lF, -l--E hC
F Reported speech)
4 a) Rajitha (to Swarna & Kamala): Stop it.
Don't think I am your servant. Don't order
me about (Direct speech)
(, O servant --. O d
*a-x c y- Direct speech)
b) Swarna: She is telling us to stop it and not
to think she is our servant. She is further
telling us not to order her about. (Indirect
speech)
1) Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get

ready to go out.
Indirect, Suseel is telling Sumant to

make good use of his time.
C Direct speech C . 'Get dressed

and get ready to go out -
Imperative sentence - -JE c-/
u-Jn (request)/ E -E
sentence imperative sentence .
Swarna, >- d-- -a, ---x--E
l E --C/
chC. d 'Get dressed and go out',
imperative sentence -C. Imperative
sentence direct * reported (indirect)
a-, imperative , to
a-. ,
b) Suseel: Don't waste your time, Sumant

(Direct speech - Imperative - Don't =
do not
Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get

ready to go out -
DE
reported speech:
Swarna is telling/ asking (tells/ asks) Rajitha

to get dressed and get ready to go out.
get dressed and get ready to
to
So, impergo out
ative sentence indirect speech
'to'
-E-
, d. -.
a-,
E dh.
-- --o say y infinitive ( to go, to come, to sing )
E. Tell/ ask \ infinitive hC.
-E reported speech tell (somebody)/ Ask (somebody) + Infinitive hC,
Imperative Reported speech Ja-.
Look at the other pairs of sentences from

the conversation.
1 a) Swarna (to Rajitha): Go to the market and
get some vegetables (market
Imperative sentence)
Rx
B- C
DE Reported speech, DE--
x 1 (b) .
Swarna is telling you to go to the market

and get some vegetables
Kamala, Swarna
reported
'to'
speech
She is telling you to go to the market...
,
Lo
- -p
C
a-
C)
Reported speech: Suseel is telling

sumant not to waste his time.
4 a) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala): Stop it.
Don't think I am your servant.
Don't order me about. (Direct
speech-imperative with don't = do
not)
b)
- Swarna reported speech

Kamala : She is telling us to stop it, not
to think she is our servant and not to order
her about. (Reported speech beginning
with 'not to', because of don't in Direct
speech)
Orders, requests, asking

imperative sentence, direct speech
report
to
don't
not to
:
Eo
L
,
--p, v-Gh,
v-Gh.
a) Kamal: Krishna have something to eat.

Direct speech - imperative.
Kamal is asking Krishna to have
something to eat - Reported speech
b) Teacher: Don't read such books. (Direct
speech- Begins with don't)
Teacher is telling (the students)
not to read such books.
j examples - -- p
---o correct L- d
Indirect (reported) speech tense
-a.
j examples , Reported speech ,
is asking/ is telling has asked/ asked/
has told/ told -a.
That is how we change imperative into indirect speech.
II
-- j---
lesson
1st sample of direct
Direct
speech and reported speech
and reported speech
Quotations/ Inverted commas (" "),
sentence
verb/ verbs quoverb
tations
columns
Spoken English practice.
English
quotations,
.
- h-aC,

o
,
o
N.
\ h----LqC,

hC
x-. x--p
, E -- N
. Spoken English h----Lqx, uh uh p
direct speech. uh p N-Eo
uh x uh p/
report
,
reported speech.
Conversation/ Spoken English practice -p N h---L. Quotations,
reported verb
.
Reporting verb reported speech vG-- tell, ask, request, order,
advise, hope E -sEo d
-. English x---p
C reported speech d, ---Lq--x uh o N-Eo --J
pd NE--L C v. -,
lesson Swarna, Rajitha and
Kamala conversation C. practice l. -.
- 13 -V-j 2006
Rakesh: They were talking. Naveen told

Ramani to leave her book with him,
and to take his book and return it the
next day.
(x x----o. h-Eo
-*a, h-Eo B-E, -
>-y-E O - o.)
Mahesh: I heard Ramani's words. She requested him to let her have both the books.
( No. h B--x-E-y-E u-Jn-*C)

Rakesh: Naveen then told her to take both of
them but to make sure she returned
them the day after next.
(p h- B\-}-F,
*a- x (v-V y)
AJ-T-y-F, Naveen - o.)
Mahesh: I was sitting next to Ramani. So I
heard her. She requested him to
allow her to keep them for at least
three days.
( \ o. pC
No, F V-o
--E-y--E -TC.)
Rakesh: Then the teacher ordered them both
to stop talking.
(Teacher
xE x- -E
c--.)
lesson p
J-T -- p report h tell/ ask/
request/ order/ wish verbs I Regular
doing word/ II Regular doing word/ am+ing,

is+ing, are+ing/ have+pp/ has+pp (past participle) form
begin
h.)
j O J-T - , reported speech
h-o. Direct speech * reported
a--p, -sEo d C p
h.
DIRECT SPEECH
I, You
We, You
Me, You
Us
You
My, Your
REPORTED SPEECH
(--, y)
He, She
(--, --, O) They
(-, --o, F, Eo) Him, her
(Lo, / --t-Lo, ) Them
(O)
Them
(-, F)
His/ Her
She requested him to ..

Mahesh: Then both of
them requested the teacher
not to be angry
and to excuse
them that once.
-x--- 184
I. Naveen: Leave your book with me. You take
my book and return it tomorrow.
(F h-Eo\ . y
h-Eo B-E AJ-Ty)
Ramani: Please let me have both the books.
(-F B--Ey)
Naveen: OK. Take both of them but make sure
that you return them the day after.
(, B, x-
*a- AJ-T-a)
Ramani: Please allow me to keep them for at
least three days.
(F V-o --Ey)
Teacher: Stop talking, both of you.
Rakesh: The teacher was still angry. He

ordered them to concentrate on the
lesson, to keep their mouths shut or to
get out.
(Teacher
lesson
o, x
O %d d-F, E ---}-F --o-.)
Naveen then requested/ pleaded with
the teacher again not to be cross.

(OJ-l x--)
Naveen and Ramani: Don't be angry, sir.
Excuse us this once.
(p-- t-Lo \--J

~N- )
Teacher: Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your
mouths shut or get out of the class.
( O %d d. -- ---Rx-)
Naveen: Please, don't be cross, sir.
(- p-- )
Ez-l )
Naveen: OK. Sir. ( )
Teacher: Be silent, then (

II. Mahesh: Why was the teacher angry with
Naveen and Ramani?
(Naveen, Ramani O
*aC?)
(x-p p--lE, -J M. SURESAN

~N--E
teacher u-Jn- )
teacher
Spoken English
Observe: I) The conversation between

Naveen and Ramani, and II)
Mahesh and Rakesh reporting the
conversation between Naveen and
Ramani.
O -E Part I O,
--, Part II Mahesh, Rakesh
reported (indirect) speech p--.
C -E-. Part II ,
- -T vo: Why was the
teacher angry with Naveen and Ramani?
was
,
x -ho
N: O, - -
J-T-E, N-Eop Mahesh, Rakesh
vh-N-h-o-E.
J-T -- reported
speech a-, told, requested,
ordered E Past doing word v-Gh.
Our, Your
Mine, Yours
Ours, Yours
This (
These (
Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow
(-, --, O)
(--C, FC)
(---C, OC)
--C)
--N)
Their
His/ Her
Theirs
That
Those
That day, The
day before, The
next day
Then
- passage Report
(English G_-).
Kowmudi:
F birthday -s a o E BRx
dinner y.
Kavitha: y punctual -
uo 2:30 .
Kowmudi: J_ V -
h-,
.
Kavitha: a-p O xLo
B-!
Kowmudi: xL N d--.
y -- Eo
.
Kavitha:
N -C-.
y-J p.
Kowmudi: .
ANSWER
t Kowmudi asks/ asked Kavitha to take
her to a movie and give her a dinner on
her birthday next week.
t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to go
home to Kavitha exactly at 2.30
t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to
remind her at 2 that day and see if she
(Kowmudi) doesn't/ wouldn't come.
t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to bring

her sister along.
j p-Fo -sEo-d
-Lq p. E -Lq
- . u English x---op. p OJ N -E-:
O, --, imperative (c,
u-n-, -- L sentences- d
t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to

leave her sister alone or call her herself.
Now
Important:
reported speech, to + 1st Regular doing word

lesson
direct
indirect speech
speech
t Kavitha then tells/ told her to leave the

matter to her, and just to tell her sister
of it.
t Kowmudi said OK.
v-Gh
-x.)
O-, - J-T --,
,
- -d-
.
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
1. Naveen (to Ramani): Leave your books

with me. You take the other book and return
it tomorrow.
Naveen told Ramani

to
leave her book with him and take his book
and return it the next day.
2. Ramani (to Naveen): Please let me have

both the books.
She (Ramani) requested him to let her have

both the books.
3. Naveen (to Ramani): Take both of them

and make sure that you return them the day
after.
Naveen then told her to take both of them

but to make sure she returned them the day
after.
4. Ramani (to Naveen): Please allow me to

keep them for at least three days.
She (Ramani) requested him to allow her to

keep them for at least three days.
5. Teacher (to Ramani & Naveen): Stop talking both of you.
(C d)
The teacher ordered them both to stop talking.
6. Naveen & Ramani (to teacher): Don't be

angry, sir. Excuse us this once.
Both of them (Naveen and Ramani) requested the teacher not to be angry and excuse
them that once.
7. Teacher (to Naveen and Ramani):

Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your
mouths shut or get out of the class
He (the teacher) ordered them to concentrate on the lesson, to keep their mouths
shut or get out of the class.
8. Naveen (to Teacher): Please, sir, don't be

cross with us.
Naveen then requested/ pleaded with the

teacher not to be cross with them.
--E 15 -V-j 2006

Pridhvi: Hi Akash, I am very happy today.
Akash: Are you, really? Why so?
(? ?)
Pridhvi: My exam results are out and I have
passed with a very high score.
(
exam results a.
*\- pass u)
Akash: Congrats. That makes me really

happy. You owe me and Varun a treat.
(Congrats.
C o ---hC. y , NC-yL.)
Treat- N; Owe- .
He owes me Rs.100 = .100
He owes his greatness to his father =
Varun: Have you heard what he has said? He

has told us to decide and let him know
where to go and when to go and he
will take us there. He has told us too
not to bother about expenses. How
generous he is!
(--o No? p- \x
Eg* G Lo \ B---E o. a N
d----lE o. p -!)
Akash: He is back. Pridhvi it will be tomorrow.
We will to go the matinee show of
Chilipi and then have a dinner at
Shadrasa restaurant.
(%Cy a-.
%Cy, *L uo - Rx,
v restaurant dinner l)
( p-E x o )
Pridhvi: That's OK, then.
-x--- 185
Pridhvi: Who is coming here? Oh, it is Varun.
( h-? ... .)
Varun: I heard you both talking about results
and treat. What is it?
(OJ-l results, treat J*

x----o. C?)
Akash: Pridhvi has just told me that his exam
results are out and that he has passed
exam results
with a high score
marks
pass
Pridhvi
(
a-F, *
u-F p
p.)
Varun: That's great. Congrats Pridhvi. How

about a treat then?
Congrats.
treat ( dinner)
( p
N.
-N?)
Pridhvi: Akash has said that it really makes him

happy and that I owe you and him a
treat. I am ready. Just fix the date and
time.
treat (dinner)
(C E ----F, , F
y-F -- o.
ready. Date, time O Eg--)
Akash: Varun, you have heard what Pridhvi

has said. He is telling us that he is
ready, and to fix the date and time for
the dinner.
treat
date,
time
(, No-. %Cy
p. a
Lo
Eg----o)
Pridhvi: Mom's calling me. I'll be back in a

minute. You decide and let me know
where to go and when to go and I will
take you there and then. Don't bother
about the expenses.
( t
hC. *- AJ-h. p,
\ x O Eg-*
p. \- B---. a
J* d---)
C
statement. Just fix the date and time - C
imperative
3. Pridhvi (To Akash & Varun): You decide
and let me to know where to go and when to
go and I will take you there and then.
''You decide and let me know......to go..."
imperative.
statement.
Spoken English
(Imperative)
C.)
(d , x C.
C.) (statement)
Pridhvi (to Akash): My

exam results are out
and I have passed
with a very high score.
M. SURESAN
direct speech
sentence, statement form
statement
sentence.
lesson
report
imperative
etc.
sentence)
%Cy o
E j
C;
N-Eo p
(
a(c, u-n-,
-oC
L)
p p statement report -p (Reported speech a--p),
that v-Gh.
j %Dy o -, ,
report .
(Akash to Varun): Pridhvi has just told me that
Doctor: Take these tablets and you will be

cured by the evening.
( xq B-. vE-x
O C) (Imperative +
statement)
3. Doctor (To patient): Take a cold shower

before breakfast if you
want to keep fit.
passed with a very high score
INDIRECT (REPORTED)
t Rama Rao asks his son to wait there till he
comes back.
Vinai asks/ requests his father to come back
early. He says that he is hungry.
( AJ-a \ -E
- -o. N x o
y tE ---o, -L
E -o.)
t The patient has complained to the doctor that

she has a temperature and a severe cold.
The doctor advises her to take those tablets

and says that she will be cured by the
evening.
(Patient
tor
temperature, E doc pC. Doctor tablets B--E

*a, vE-x ----E o)
4. Sumathi (To Sumanth): You've wasted your

time and money and that's why you
are in trouble now.
t The doctor tells the patient to take a cold

shower before breakfast if he/ she wants to be
fit.
breakfast
doctor,
t Sumathi is telling Sumanth that he has wasted
his time and money and that's why he is in
trouble now.
(y time, s, % . -x y dx o) statement
(Sumanth s, time % -F, --x dx o-F Sumathi C.)
(u
Fox o )
breakfast
Imperative
(u -
Fox
T -o)
o -E
5. Teacher (To students): Imitate my pronunciation if you want to speak well.
t The teacher is telling/ is asking the students to

imitate her if they want to speak well.
(O x-- -a
--J-) Imperative
( x-- --J--E
Nu-n teacher C.)
his exam results are out and that he has
He says that he is ..
EXERCISE
-E-: Akash p (%Cy

o N-Eo) that begin ; N
p-Fo .
Look at the following table.
CFo
statements, imperatives.
1. Akash (To Pridhvi): That makes me really
Just fix the date and time. - I am ready -
( AJ-a \ .)
2. Patient: Doctor, I have a temperature and a

severe cold.
INDIRECT SPEECH
2. Pridhvi (To Varun & Akash): I am ready.
DIRECT
1. Rama Rao: Wait here till I come back.
(y ---o, L
t Pridhvi reporting Akash's words to Varun:

Akash has said that it really makes him happy
and that I owe you and Akash a treat
tAkash reporting Pridhvi's words to Varun: He
is telling us that he is ready, and to fix the
date and time. 'he is ready' - statement
that
'fix the date and time' imperative
to
begin
t Varun reporting Pridhvi's words to Akash: He
has told us to decide and let him know where
to go and when to go, and that he will take us
there.
'He has told.. to go'
imperative
to
'he will take us there' statement
that
begin
happy. You owe me and Varun a treat
-- Imperative sentences -, statements Reported (Indirect) speech a

) --o. J-Eo examples l:
(Report
Vinai: Please come back early, dad. I am

hungry.
(Imperative + statement)
Now look at the part

of the conversation
between Pridhvi and
Akash at the beginning of the lesson.
DIRECT SPEECH
I will take you there-
II
-- j---
,
d,
-.
\,
d ,
d
h.
Rajani:
h. --o d-- p
Sujani: Dozen --- l. \j l.
Rajani: y AJ--h-E --l.
Sujani: y-p--*a --. C
B...
Sujani: F, y market x-x-
Rajani: *a y y.
dozen N--x B- please.
Put the following first in English and then
report it (change it into reported speech. Use
reporting verbs only in present tense. is
telling/ tells/ has told/ is asking/ asks/ has
asked etc.)
DIRECT
REPORTED
Sujani: Rajani, If you are going to the market,

get me a dozen mangoes, please.
t Sujani is asking Rajani to get her a dozen

mangoes if she is going to the market.
t Rajani says she will, but is asking Sujani to tell
her how much she wants her to spend.
t Sujani tells Rajani not to spend more than
Rs.100.
t Rajani tells Sujani not to expect her back early
t Sujani replies that it doesn't matter when
Rajani comes back and asks her to take
Rs.100.
t Rajani tells Sujani to give to her after she
returned.
Rajani: I will, but tell me how much you want

me to spend.
Sujani: Not more than Rs. 100 a dozen. Don't
buy if it is more than that.
Rajani: Don't expect me back early.
Sujani: Doesn't matter when you come back.
Take this hundred rupees.
Rajani: Give it to me after I return.
-- 18 -V-j 2006
Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise. Be quiet.
p Past pC, p (NF, , Ez-l .)

-x v-Gh...
Vinitha: Give me those sweets then, mom.
He/ she/ they, told/ asked/ said/ ordered E
( - y-x yt.)
past tense
v-Gh . p h
Kavitha: You've already had a quite a lot. Be a
vh -.
good child.
-J-d ho x -xE Verbs Fo
(p- L- Ao/ A-o-C . Past tense forms ah.
* --t-N )
(\ -- y. Sx -)
Kavitha: That'll be one too many, child. No. Do
your home work first. If you eat any
more, you will fall ill.
Vinitha: Let me just one more piece of

Kalakand. I will not ask for more. (
\ -- y. E Sx -.)
Vinitha asked her mother to let her have one more

piece of kalakand and said that she would not ask for
more.
'I will not... more'- statement d, report -p that - begin h. will - would a .
v u-i--E F o)
d)
b) Ram: Come in Shyam and have a seat.
Ram told Shyam to come in and have
a seat. (Imperative, direct E come
report --p to come in
E infinitive h.-
N types of sentences report

--, Reporting verb told/ asked
past tense , report xE verbs Eo Verbs, past tense
aL; C N: -
Vinitha: Please... mom. Let me watch the TV

for some time. I will do the home work
later.
Direct
Reported
am, is, are
was, were
was, were
had been
1st RDW (come, go etc)
Past Doing Word
2nd RDW (comes,
(came, went etc)
PDW (came, went etc)
had + past participle

(had come, had gone
etc)
shall
should
will
would
tell/ tells/ is, am, are telling/ have, has told/

ask/ asks/ is, am, are asking/ have, has
asked.
can
could
may
might
must
M. SURESAN
Kavitha, her daughter conversation (at the beginning of the lesson) N

Eo d U, report .
Reported/Indirect Speech Ja, -G_ -vd
-v-o: Mean while, However, So that, In order to,

By way of - n, L--.
. --y--, CL.
Mean while
---:
1) vh--E, N-u -- u
( )
a) The guests will be here in an hour. Meanwhile let us prepare a good meal for
them =
A a-h.
* -l.
b) I will be leaving in 10 minutes. Meanwhile I want to call

my friend =
10 EN-x Rx--o. -v- --J -- ---o.

2) --- u..
y ------o.
(-) -b - E-O j x-q-*aC.
b) I met him five years later. Meanwhile he had

got married =
-E x y ---o. -
Rx --o.-
However
However n but (F, ). u but sentence -G. however sentence -G--a. ( p
However sentence u -a.

a) The book gives very valuable information.
However it is very expensive =
h N-j - hC. -F/ \.
b) I lent him my book, which, however, he

never returned =
h a. E Sx
AJ-T-y-.
So that
So that - E n.
a) He worked very hard so that he
might get a rank =
* rank h- l-
d- C-.
b) She started early so that she

might not miss the train =
j- -p---- l- -y
-l-JC.
a) Inorder to: In order to pass you must study

well = - u- -L.
b) In order to qualify for IIT entrance test you
should pass Inter in the first attempt
IIT entrance exam | --E --
v-o- - yL.
, In order to -v-A -- to a. C
simple, In order to u. -
*C. to . In order to \-x-.
By way of ( )
He received Rs.10 lac by way of dowry =
o 10 ~ - -Bo.
b) Drona demanded Ekalavya's thumb by way

of 'gurudakshina'.
v --~- --u -- -.
had to
Spoken English -- -u- -x ---..
have to
has to
x- J -xE
h.
Exercise:
* --t-N !
N--E -G-o, uA-- j N pLq-h, N-Eo however h)
should
Let us now try to report the

conversation at the begining
of the lesson between the
mother and her daughter.
(See above table )
---.
a) We agreed to meet the next week. Meanwhile I

had to leave for Mumbai on urgent business =
goes etc)
-- Imperative sentences ,
statements reported speech a-p Reporting Verb, present tense
.
report
(Indirect) speech p-a. ( told/
asked/ ordered/ said verbs ) op J-T - -J-d ---.
* --t-N . A.)
v u-i-- E C)
(--\ F. h- a-E - d. y K \ x--o)
mother and daughter conversation
Kavitha told Vinitha that she had already had enough.

She told Vinitha to be a good child and not to eat any
more. 'You have already had...' C statement. d,
that you had already had -C.
Subodh told Suketh to put it off to the next day and

added/said that he had some important work in the
evening (Eo ----V --E,
Kavitha: Come on. Get your books and start

doing the home work. You are talking
too much.
past tense reported verb
Kavitha: You have already had

enough. Be a good child and don't eat
any more. (p- L- Ao.
2. Subodh: Put it off to tomorrow. I

have some important work in the
--\.
evening. (
Vinitha: I will tell dad too that you aren't giving

me any sweets.
Vinitha asked her mom to give her those sweets (

- y-q tE NF x-t---TC) Imperative- to give
- infinitive.
, - v -E-o E- B- -L tE -E v E- B-x
----E ----.)
- E p)
The teacher asked Ram to show

her, his home work. Direct speech
E 'show' reported speech
to show -E infinitive
h. (Imperative sentence
(, E-)
Vinitha: Give me those sweets then,

mom ( - y-q -y)
Suketh told Subodh to come in and said that his idea

was to take him to a movie that evening ( -
( V-- / V y-q
--. y K \ y-q ---oE o ---.)
You must have observed that the conversation

between the mother and her daughter has only
imperatives (c, u-n-, --) and
statements. ( N-Eo L sentences)
Kavitha asked (Past tense) Vinitha not to make a

noise and be quiet. (-N-, NF- ulE, Ezl -E pC) Imperative d, to
make and be quiet --N infinitives.
1. Suketh: Come in Subodh. My idea is

to take you to a movie this evening (
a) Teacher: Ram, show me your home work Direct speech.
Kavitha: OK. Go on then.
Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise.

Be quiet ( , Ez-l )
Reported (Indirect) Speech
today. I'm going to tell dad you are

asking for too many sweets.
(t.. t... --O --E-y?

y --\ h.)
Reported
Direct Speech
. Suketh, Subodh -
report -p reporting verb, told, said
(\ \j \-j-x. . past forms L. -E Suketh, Subodh
--\ u. A, -xE Present tense verbs is, have
--u -h-C.)
E was, had past forms a.
Vinitha: Then give it after I do my homework.
u-i N
( --\ y y.) Direct * reported a--p, Imperative
Kavitha: You are not getting any more for
Sentences E Verb tenses v a.
(y- y-q y- --E o

h)
Direct
Vinitha: Let me have just one more piece of

Kalakand. I will not ask for more.
-x--- 186
II
-- j---
verb tenses
j N
--v 21 -V-j 2006

Manasa: Hi Lalasa, come in. Have a seat.
2) Reporting verb past tense

said/ was, were saying/ told/ was/ were
telling/ ordered/ was, were ordered/ etc
lesson
report
verbs
past tense forms
3) Imperative sentences
report
verbs
'to'
infinitive
tense
Eg: See the table.
(, a)
Lalasa: Thank you. I am dead tired.
( --)
Manasa: Have some coffee then. It won't take
more than a minute for me to make
it.
( h coffee B\. ~x h)
Lalasa: Sure, that'd be most welcome.
(p-)
Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why you
are so tired.
(coffee
-C. p p, --y
-----)
(brew = coffee N . J-T
vv- brew )
Lalasa: My boss is an evening walker. She
wanted me to walk with her to her
home for company.
( boss evenings -hC. - R}- o --C)

Manasa: So you walked. How far?
(-E y -. -?)
Lalasa: Oh, my! It is nearly four kilometers.
On the
way back I dropped in here.
(s, -O-x).
(AJT
)
--x
h-o-x -xE
Eo-E
ah.
p -E
d
h. d Ox
p v-h-.
DIRECT
-x--- 187
Manasa: Don't regret. You have had a good
exercise
(*A--, *
exercise
Lalasa: Try it yourself now. You will then

know what it means to walk four
kms.
(y * . p -hC
-O-x -
N?)
Manasa: Don't be angry. I said it just for fun.
Here's the coffee. Have it and relax.
(p-, ---o-.
C . T h NvA B)
Lalasa: Thank you. You make very good
coffee.
h)
Manasa: Choose good coffee powder. Have
fresh milk about. That's the recipe
for good coffee.
(* coffee .
a. * coffee C
v.)
recipe = --E v
Lalasa: Thanks once again.
lesson
imperative
sentences
statements
sentences)
report
---oC,
(c, u-n-, --
,
(
L)
N L
.
--o Eo u N-:
1) Report h-o-p says/ am, is, are
saying/ has/ have said, tells/ is telling/
are telling/ have told/ has told/ ask etc
present tense reported verbs
report
verbs tenses
p
xE
.
h-o-x
a-Lq E-
Spoken English
REPORTED SPEECH
1. Kanya: Stop
talking,
you,
Sirisha.
(Imperative)
1. a) Kanya is asking (present tense) Sirisha to stop talking.
2. Kavya: Sravya, I am
going to town
with
sister.
Please come
with us.
2. a) (Present tense reporting verb)

Kavya is telling Sravya that she (Kavya) is going to town
with sister and requests Sravya to go with them
b) (Reporting verb - Past)
Kavya told Sravya that she (Kavya) was going to town
with sister and requested her to go with them.
3. a) (Reporting verb - present) Suman is asking/ asks Kiran
to take the book and read the lines underlined on page
23 and says that he will find what he need.
3. Suman: Hi Kiran, take

the book and
read the lines
underlined on
page 23. You
will find what
you need.
ap \ )
(Thank you.
-- j---
b) Kanya asked (past tense) Sirisha to stop talking.
b) (Reporting verb - Past)

Suman asked Kiran to take the book and read the lines
underlined on page 23 and said that he would find what
he needed.
p imperative combination
statements v report
l.
Mallesh: Our friends will be here soon. We
are going to have a jolly time with
them.
( friends Cl--x \--.

- -a.)
jolly= .
A jolly fellow= - -
Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner
with us. We can go to a movie after
that.
(x h-E P-ho. y E---}a.)

-- statements ( N-Eo
L sentences) .
That'd be most welcome

La . Reporting verb present tense o-p,
reported part verb tenses . reporting verb past
tense , reported part verb tenses Fo past
--.
p C reported part ( x -
pC report ) imperative sentences, and statements.
p at the beginning of the lesson conversation report l.
DIRECT
INDIRECT
Reporting verb present tense
1. Manasa:
Lalasa,
come in, have a
seat.
2. Lalasa: Thank you.
I'm dead tired.
1. Manasa asks Lalasa to

come in and have a seat
2. Lalasa thanks Manasa and
says that she is dead tired
3. Manasa:
Take,
some coffee. It won't
take more than a
minute to make it.
3. Manasa
asks
(offers)
Lalasa some coffee and
adds (says) that it won't
take more than a minute to
make it.
4. Lalasa: Sure, that's

most welcome.
4. Lalasa assures Manasa

that it is most welcome
5. Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why

you are so tired.
6. Lalasa: My boss is
an evening walker.
She wanted me to
walk with her to her
home for company.
M. SURESAN
Reporting verb past tense

1. Manasa asked Lalasa ...
(No change, because the reported part is imperative)
2. Lalasa thanked Manasa and said
that she was dead tired.
Mallesh told Kamesh that their friends

would be there soon and that they were
going to have a jolly time with them.
Kamesh said that he hoped they would
have their dinner with them and that they
could all go to a movie after that.
Mallesh, Kamesh
statements
and that
Another point:
4. Lalasa assured Manasa that it

was most welcome
DEE
C
)
5. Manasa tells Lalasa that it is

brewing and asks Lalasa to
tell her why she is so tired
5. Manasa told Lalasa that it was

brewing and asked Lalasa to tell
her why she was so tired.
6. Lalasa tells Manasa that her

boss is an evening walker and
that she wanted her to walk with
her to her home for company.
6. Lalasa told Manasa that her boss

was an evening walker and that
she had wanted her to walk with
her to home for company.
j table study practice . -E: to come, to go, to see-

E infinitives . Infinitives report --p infinitives .
tense . d tense a . -- Imperative sentences , statements report (Indirect speech a) .
a) Imperative sentences report --E, - xE verbs to d E infinitives report h. Don't E , not + infinitive h.
b) Statements report -, report part that v-Gh. O J*
C-- --o.
j
o
L.
- -:
3. Manasa asked (offered) Lalasa to

take some coffee and added
(said) that it wouldn't take more
than a minute to make it.
(Oh, sure! direct speech

report
assures/ assured
--p
statements L report
Lq *a--p, statement
statement u and that . Table
-E-. statements
\--o-p statements , he/
she etc, added/ said further . p
Mallesh, Kamesh conversation report l.
Reported verb, past tense .
Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner

with us report
Lq--p,
Kamesh said that he hoped o . --

vv- ,
Kamesh hoped that --a. C simpler,
natural.
p
report
more than two statements
--u-a l:
Suresh: Hi Manish, I am happy that I finally got the book. I searched the
whole of the market finally I found
it in a small shop. This was the
only copy available.
four statements
report (Indirect speech)
tense, reported verb
\
OE
-E-.
l. past
--Tl.
Suresh told Manish that he was happy that he

had finally got the book, and that he had
searched the whole of the market. He added
that finally he had found it in a small shop and
that that was the only copy available.
--C 23 -V-j 2006

Bhavan: I called your home twice last evening,
but there wasn't any response.
( Eo v O
-x Phone , E
B-)
Mohan: We were all out at the exhibition.
exhibition
You see that there are a number of questions

in the conversation. Bhavan puts a number of
questions to Mohan.
We are now going to see how to report questions. (Questions
indirect speech
lesson
You know there are two types of questions:
})
u N- . p
u?)
Mohan: There are two matches. What match

are you talking of?
( matches o. u
J* x---o?)
Bhavan: Which of the two is this weekend?
1) 'Wh' questions - questions beginning with

'Wh' words what, when, where, why, who,
whom, whose and how.
begin
questions
O
u
.
'Wh' questions
eg: What is your name?

2) Non 'Wh' questions: 'Wh' words
v--E
eg: a) Is he your friend?
J 'Wh' questions report

(indirect speech a) l:
-x--- 188
\ --o?)
(d vq)

1. Do + 1st Regular Doing
Word: do come, do know,
do take etc.
Come, know, take etc.
2. Does + 1st Regular Doing

Word: does come, does
know, does take, etc
comes, knows, takes, etc
3. Did + 1st Regular Doing

Word: did come, did know,
did take, etc.

Came, knew, took etc.
(Past Doing Word)
(I RDW)
came, knew, took, etc.
(II Regular Doing Word)
came, knew, took, etc.
had come, had known, had

taken, etc.
(had + past participle)
Are you happy?
Bhavan: Who are our bowlers?

bowlers
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT
questions.
Mohan: At the stadium grounds.
o questions report --p, Eo p L

N-). See the table.
Bhavan: Where are we going to play the

match?
match
Direct speech
(do, does and did
Where is he?
( C u?)
team
b) Are you happy? etc.
Mohan: It's the match with the team of 'The

Nedu' group of publications.
( C ' v--
l):
Bhavan: I called you to know the details of the

match. When is the match?
-- j---
?)
Mohan: I don't have the list.
( G _ )
Bhavan: Then who is the list with?
list
J _-C?)
Mohan: It is with our captain Arya and the

coach Guruprasad.
( captain Arya _,
o)
coach
Bhavan: I want to see it.
( ----o)
Mohan: Why do you want to see it?
( -----o?)
Bhavan: I want to be sure that Manoj is on the
team.
( o E El-J-
---.)
Mohan: Don't worry. He is on the team.
(o. --)
Bhavan: OK.
--, imperative sentences ,

statements report (indirect
speech p) .
a) Imperative sentences (c, u-n-,
- L sentences)
p u. p Bhavan, Mohan conversation report l?

'Wh' questions, statements L o--? Direct speech E questions, reported
speech statements --E h-- ( sub + verb word order -C).
Direct speech
question
o
report
-p Eo statement structure (sub +
verb)
Question
verb
M. SURESAN
subject
helping verb main verb
subject
ah.
hC :
p
E y
h-C-. --
,
hC.
- u
1) Where is he? [Where + is (verb) + he

(subject)?]
2) What is he doing? [What + is (helping verb)
+ he (subject) + doing (main verb)]
p questions report --p

'Wh' word y statement word order
ah. verb + subject/ helping verb
+ subject + main verb order , sub + verb
h.
Kesav: Where is Shyam?
Karuna: I do not know
Let us report the conversation above:
eg: i) Get out (order)

ii) Please come in (request)
iii) Sit down (asking)
sentences (imperative) report -p verbs to d infinitives

h.
b) Statements ( N-Eo --L sentences)
Reporting verb
past tense
Kesav asks/ is
asking Karuna
where Shyam is.
Kesav
asked
Karuna
where
Shyam was.
-E-:
speech
Where is
Shyam,
report
where
Shyam is
reporting
verb past
where Shyam is
where
Shyam
was
--C.
Karuna replies
that she does not
know
Karuna replied
that she did not
know.
Direct
i) He attends classes regularly
ii) They do not come here often

iii) I had a tiresome journey
p,
Statements report
-s x 'that'
v-G* N p h.
Fo --C-- lessons .
Now observe the conversation between
Bhavan and Mohan at the beginning of
this lesson.
Spoken English
Reporting verb
present tense
(C
statement)
d,
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED
Reporting verb (present)
Reporting verb (past)
Bhavan tells Mohan that he

called his home twice the day
before but there wasn't any
response.
Bhavan told Mohan that he

had called his home twice
the day before but there hadn't been any response.
2. Mohan (to Bhavan): We Mohan tells Bhavan that they

were all out at the exhibition. were all out at the exhibition.
(Statement)
Mohan told Bhavan that they

had been all out at the exhibition.
Bhavan says he called Mohan
1. Bhavan (to Mohan) I called

your home twice last
evening, but there wasn't
any response. (Statement)
3. Bhavan (to Mohan): I called

you to know the details of
the match. When is the
Match? (Statement + 'Wh'
question)
to know the details of the

match and asks him when the
match is.
Bhavan said he had called

Mohan to know the details of
the match and asked him
when the match was.
4. Mohan (to Bhavan): There

are two matches. Which
match are you talking of?
(Statement + 'Wh' question)
Mohan says to Bhavan that

there are two matches and
asks him which match he is
talking of.
Mohan told Bhavan that

there were two matches and
asked him which match he
was talking of.
5. Bhavan (to Mohan): Which Bhavan asks Mohan which of

of the two is this weekend? the two is this weekend?
('Wh' question)
Bhavan asked Mohan which

of the two was that weekend.
6. Mohan (to Bhavan): It is with Mohan tells Bhavan that it is

the team of 'Nedu' group of with the Nedu group of
publications (Statement)
Publications.
Mohan told Bhavan that it

was with the Nedu group of
publications.
7. Bhavan (to Mohan): Where Bhavan asks Mohan where

are we going to play the they are going to play the
match? ('Wh' question)
match.
Bhavan asked Mohan where

they were going to play the
match.
j -E- Statements, 'Wh' questions L report , 'Wh'

report . Questions Eo-E reported speech statement word
a -E-.
Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of this lesson N Eo j -*-x,
reporting verb, present tense, past tense - report .
questions
order

25 -Vj 2006
-2
[ j]
x Fo x Lq ].
p Lo , x px Ja pLq hC. [
]sx [ ]lLo Th. vu pC,
uh o[E pC. x
Eo aL. uEo ]lA # ]lA
aE u v ElP#C.
B?
Visala: Where are you
starting off so early?
(Nv Lo L[. Cx -l-L.)
Where (wh word) + is (helping verb) + he

(subject) + going (main verb)?
Questions (a), (b) report --p[ N
p h question E wh word
, N question part statement
word order (verb + subject) a-L.
\[ 'that' ].
1 [.
[ --x
Question word
order report -p[ Wh word d
N Part statement word order
a-[ -E-.
Vinod: OK. I'll be back in time.
(\ ] ----o?)
(j --E AJ--h.)
Study carefully the conversation above.
You find a number of 'wh' questions in it.
] lesson --C:
Vinod: To our maths lecturer's.
( uq a- .)
To our maths lecturer's
lecturer's
's
'to' ]
# Rx- n
hC.
To my friend's =
friend
M. SURESAN
x 189
Which maths lecturer do you want to go to?
Visala: What do you want

from him?
( ]_ # -L?/-]?)
Vinod: I want to have tuition from him.
( o-x C ]_-
, ]-E \ o.)
Visala: How much does he charge?
( B--?)
( ]_ u ---o.)
Visala: Which maths lecturer do you want to
go to?
( uq a- ]_ x---o?)
Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in the town.
Vinod: I have to find out. That's what I am

going for.
( -\-L. ]- p[ o.)
Visala: When do you think you can come
back?
'wh' questions report [, (indirect

speech a[) C 'wh'
questions Jd --p[ question
statement form ah.
Question:
a) Where is he?
question word order ( -J)
Where (wh word) + is (verb)+ he (subject)
b) Where is he going?
question word order:
Let us now try to

report the conversation
between Visala and Vinod at the beginning of
the lesson. Note that we have to report both
statements and 'wh' Question (table -2).
2 Question structure
statement structure a .
Exercise: Lesson E N conversation between Visala and Vinod report
Reporting verb, present tense, past
tense . O practice
v ]. O C, O friends
-J--j G_- [ [ x x-[--ox practice .

Reporting Speech
Direct Speech
Reporting Verb (Present)
Reporting Verb (Past)
(p[ AJT -----o?)

Vinod: Why do you want to know?
( . x p-[.)
Visala: Who suggested him to you?
(y-] --------o?)
( J# F- p?)
Vinod: Most of my friends go to him, so I am
going to him too.
Visala: Vikram has invited us to lunch. We

have to start here at least by 10.
Reporting Speech
Direct Speech
1. Krishna: Where is your father?
(O o---\[?)
Sathya: Why do you want to know?
(] --------o?)
2. Madhavi: What are your goals?
Prasanth: What do you advise?
Krishna is asking/ asks Krishna asked Sathya

Sathya where her father where her father was.
is.
Sathya asks in reply why Sathya asked in reply why
he wants to know.
he wanted to know.
Madhavi asks Prasanth
what his goals are.
Prasanth questions her
what she advises.
1. They have been

able to keep their
promise
Structure: have been
above to + P.V.
vo:
2. He might have been

able to do the job
structure: might have
been able to + P.V.
3. She must have been
able to persuade him to
marry her.
structure: must have been able to + P.V. j
u Jh nEo, --Eo N-J---.

. --Dl, o
Madhavi asked Prasanth

what his goals were.
Prasanth questioned her
what she advised.
1. Visala: (to Vinod) Where are you

starting off so early?
Vinod: To our maths lecturer's
Visala asks Vinod where Visala asked Vinod where

he is starting off so early.
he was starting off so
early.
Vinod replies that it is to Vinod replied that it was to
their maths lecturer's.
their maths lecturer's.
2. Visala: What do you want from

him?
Visala asks Vinod what he Visala asked Vinod what

wants from him.
he wanted from him.
Vinod: I want to have tuition from

him.
Vinod tells her he wants to Vinod told her he wanted

have tuition from him.
to have his tuition from
him.
Visala asks Vinod which Visala asked Vinod which
maths lecturer he wants to maths lecturer he wanted
go to.
to go to.
3. Visala: Which maths lecturer do

you want to go to.
Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in

the town.
Vinod says/ replies that he

wants to go Mr. Ganak
(and adds that) he is the
best in the town.
1. They have been able to keep their

promise = They have kept their promise.
([xFo o. vA { J L
J-C).
vo: 1. Gup n N N-J#, EE
(x E--d---L- E--d-N] --T-h L---.
o)
2.
Past participle (V3) N-J#, --2. He might have been able to do the job =
L--.
Perhaps ()he did the job/ did not do the
B Nu--C, h
job.
: 1. Gup L-----
([ E -LT [a,
]. Guppy C -i .
[a -- [a .)
2. Past participle: Object o Verb Past par3. She must have been able to persuade him
ticiple E n hC.
to marry her.
a) The man seen here yesterday.
( Rx----E - a-p
(Eo \ [-- uh j -
L ] Rx --o[)
Eo \[ O/ / x uh.)
Compare: The roads are
wet. It must have rained
Spoken English u x ...
Vinod replied that he wanted to go to Mr. Ganak (and

added that) he is the best
in the town.
b) The money stolen from the bank.
during the night.
(u # T-L- [s.)
Past participle, verb ]. Be form
(am, is,
are, was, shall be, have been, etc.,) + Past
participle verb -C. p[ verb,
passive voice.
a) Salaries were paid yesterday.
(@ Eo y--f/ Lx---f.)
b) The college will be closed from tomorrow
onwards.
(@ # --[-C.)
Past participle adjective [.
jo Jg---E [.
a) The murdered man was related to her.
( uh d.)
PC--i
b) The ruined fort =
- 27 -V-j 2006
-- j---
Arjun: Hi Nakul, well-met. How busy are you

this evening?
( , ---o-
-C. v -y-i- busy ?)
Well met - expression conversations
practice -
n. How busy - C Practice
.
Nakul: Why are you asking?
(-----o?)
Arjun: I want to take you to a movie. Feel like it?
(E B-------o. --?)
feel like - E--
Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take

me to
Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema
Pellam'?
---oC: 'Wh' questions

Jd --p, 'Wh' begin , E
y a Vb + Sub/ HV + sub + MV order
Sub + Verb order ah. Eg:
a) Arjun (to Nakul): How busy are you this

evening?
report
i) Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul how busy he
is this evening. (Reporting verb - Present
tense)
ii) Arjun asked Nakul how busy Nakul was
that evening (Reporting verb - Past
tense)
DEo
C L- N---? Sx
sample l.
(E d h)
('\ }
l?)
b) Nakul (to Arjun): Why are you asking?

Reported speech:
i) Nakul asks Arjun why he is asking.
ii) Nakul asked Arjun why he was asking.
report
(a) & (b) questions
report
Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul (Present
tense), Arjun asked Nakul (Past tense)
begin
p j
--p,
-x--- 190
Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema

Pellam'?
Report: Arjun suggested 'Sarkar Mogudu Seema Pellam'
conversation at the beginning of the
lesson exercise
practice
Now look at the conversation below.
Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do you fancy classical music?
( -C?)
practice hoC Spoken English

d, - reporting verbs
}? p- 75
V-jC)
Nakul: OK. But what's the occasion for your
taking me to the movie?
(C-. o s E-
B----o?)
Arjun: O Nakul, why do you forget things so
early? I've got admission in Sanketic
college of Engineering, one of the best
in the state.
( y Ja-- y?
Z p--x j -A
Engineering college seat
*aC)
Nakul: Oh, sorry I forgot it. I will make it. Don't
worry
(-*---- ----o.
p h. --)
p--- Imperatives, statements,
'Wh' questions report .
'Wh' questions report J- practice
l.
TABLE 1:
tell, ask, question

etc.
bookish

n- variety M. SURESAN
wants to know/ wanted to know/
wished to know E
C.
, tell, ask, question p-.
Correct. F wish to know/ wishes to
know/ would know/ wants to know -N
p--p variety ,
C.
See table 1: report simple
E--hC. OJC practice h ---C.
(Y U---o N?)
d
fancy =
Sruthi: Why? Are you going to play any?
(, y-o NE---o?)
O-F, CD O-F
NE--.
Play - Two in one
Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take me

to.
Report: i) Nakul said it depended on the
movie he took him to (Reporting
verb - said - Past tense)
ii) Nakul says it depends on the movie
he (Arjun) takes him to (Reporting
verb - says - present tense)
Report
Direct Speech
Reporting verb - present
Arjun: Hi Nakul, Wellmet. How busy
are you this
evening?
Arjun, happy to meet Nakul

wants to know how busy he is
this evening.
Reporting verb - past

Arjun, happy to meet Nakul wanted
to know how busy he was that
evening.
Nakul: Why are you

asking?
Nakul wants to know why he

(Arjun) is asking.
Nakul wanted to know why he

(Arjun) was asking.
Arjun: I want to take

you to a movie.
Feel like it?
Arjun wants to take him to a

move and asks him if he feels
like it.
Arjun wanted to take Nakul to a

movie and asked him if he felt like it.
\ straight he wanted
\ Arjun tells Nakul - , I want he told
- 'I want' 'he wants' Nakul -.
a. a
C.
Spoken English
Preethi: Do you like to listen to some of MS

Subbulakshmi's?
(MS Subbulakshmi
U o
N?)
Sruthi: Have you any of Balamuralikrishna's

latest CDs?
(
CDs
Preethi: Don't you like MS? (MS
Sruthi: Of course I do, I have listened to
plenty of hers. I have yet to hear
some of Balamurali's
u *a ---S-%g U
o?)
F-d -?)
Are you interested in

cricket?
Sarala:
Don't you know?
( h -?)
Sruthi: Have you to search for it?
(C - y)
Preethi: Yes.
Sruthi: Go ahead then. Can I have today's
paper in the mean time?
paper
F. -- V
y.
O -E There are
many
questions in the conversation above.
There are all non 'Wh' questions.
'Wh' questions report
Non 'Wh'
questions report
'Wh' questions
What,
which, when, where, etc.
'Wh'
questions.
Non 'Wh' questions
Sankar: Are you interested in cricket?
Sarala: Don't you know?
Non Wh questions report
(Indirect Speech
1. Reporting Verb, is asking/ asks/ is quesif
tioning/ questions/ asked
Whether
Sankar is asking Sarala if/ whether...
questions word order (verb + sub2.
ject/ helping verb + sub + main verb)
statement order (sub + verb)
See table.

--o. p
l.
hC :
,
-u v--u
NE vo.
p) ?
y
F v-Gh.
F,
ah.
N p h.
REPORT
DIRECT
Sankar (to sarala):
Preethi: Will you wait for some time then?
Are you going to play any?

Nakul: How good is it?
Arjun: Why haven't you seen the posters?
(It's) seventy five days gone.
(Posters
(*a- d. --R
U h NL )
Reporting verb - present
Reporting verb - past
Sankar asks Sarala if/ whether

she is interested in cricket
Sankar asked Sarala if/ whether

she was interested in cricket
Sarala asks Sankar in return if

/ whether he doesn't know
Sarala asked Sankar in return if/

whether he did not know
Look at the following. We are going to report part of the conversation between Preethi and
Sruthi. Observe how we are going to report non 'wh' questions:
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH

Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do
you
fancy
classical
music?
Preethi is asking/ asks Sruthi

if/ whether she fancies classical music

Preethi asked Sruthi if she fancied
classical music
-E-: Report --p verb

sub + verb .
Sruthi: Why? Are you
going to play
any?
Sruthi wants to know (is askif Preethi

ing/ asks
is going to play any
Preethi: Do you like to

listen to some
of MS Subbu
lakshmi's
Preethi asks Sruthi if she likes

to listen to some of MS
Subbulakshmi's
Sruthi: Have you any

of Balamurali
Krishna's latest CD's?
Sruthi asks Preethi if/ whether

she has any of Balamurali's
latest CD's
+ sub, HV + Sub + MV
Sruthi wanted to know (asked

if Preethi was going to play any.
Preethi asked Sruthi if/ whether she

liked to some of MS Subbulakshmi's
Sruthi asked Preethi if/ whether she

had any of Balamurali's latest CDs.
--C- 30 -V-j 2006

Pramod: (It's) days since I saw you. Where
have you been?
Vinod:
Vinod:
Congrats. What prizes did you get?

Did you participate in debate?
( V-jC. Eo V--
--\--o?)
(G---, F --
a? _-o?)
I had been away at the NCC camp

and returned only this morning.
Hasn't anyone told you of it?
Haven't you called my home?
Pramod: I got prizes in three events - light

music, debate and mimicry. Won't
you see my prizes? Come in.
( x prizes a--o.
L U-, debate, mimicry .
a-o prizes ?
-L- .)
Event () n -.
\ n .. v,
x.
( NCC camp }. V
AJ--a. F p? --y -?)
Vinod:
Do you want
me to see
them
now?
Mom's calling
me
over
phone. I have
to be at home
M. SURESAN
urgently. Show
them to me when I come tomorrow.
-x--- 191
Pramod: Why didn't you tell me before leaving? Your college and home are so
far off that I couldn't get any information. Moreover I was busy too,
with our college cultural festivals.
It's days since I saw you

(} p-? O
O x -x N L--. - college \%A -q- BJ - --C.)
(p E --? t
hC.
xL. E -- -*a--p
.)
college,
Vinod:
Pramod: Do come down tomorrow. Just not
Did you participate in them? Did you

get any prizes?
to see the prizes but to give me your

company. Don't disappoint me.
(y-o _-o? F-o

----a?)
( p . prizes --E
E , h --. o
E----)
Pramod: I did ofcourse, and won prizes too.
(_-o.
a.)
--
Vinod:
OK. Bye then.
Type of sentence
(c,
u-n-, --
L) sentences
Method of Reporting (Reporting

Report
( NEo L sen-
tences)
eg:
Sushma: Sumanth,
where are
you?
4. Non 'Wh' question
eg:
(\,
Report
to
infinitive
h.
Kamala asked
-Lq Eo
that
to go away
hC)
v-Gh.
Report:
a) Srikanth tells Rani that his sister has come back
b) Srikanth told Rani that his sister had come back
Report
question
'wh'
word order (vb + sub/ Hv + sub + Mv)
(sub + verb)
-Lq
Eo
v-G* question
statement word order
Report: a) Sushma is asking/ asks/ has asked Sumanth where he is

b) Sushma asked Sumanth where he was
Report
question word order
Kesav: Kedar,
are
you coming?
lesson, (between Pramod and Vinod) has mixed sentences (Imperatives, statements,
'wh' and non 'wh' questions)
Lq , If/ whether F d j example

statement word order h.
Report: a) Kesav asks/ is asking/ has asked Kedar if he is coming.

b) Kesav asked Kedar if he was coming
Spoken English
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH

1. Pramod (to Vinod): It's
days since I saw you.
Where have you been?
Pramod told Vinod that it was

days since he had seen Vinod
and asked him where he had
been.
(1st sentence - statement, 2nd sentence 'wh' question.
Pramod tells Vinod that it is

days since he saw him and
asks him where he has been.
-x 1st sentence that , 2nd sentence where +

statement word order report .)
2. Vinod: I had been away
at NCC camp and
returned only this morning. Hasn't any one told
you of it? Haven't you
called my home?
Vinod says he had been away

at NCC camp and returned
home only that morning. He
asks/ is asking Pramod if any
one hasn't told him of it and if
he hasn't called his home.
Vinod said that he had been

away at the NCC camp and
had returned home only that
morning. He asked Vinod if any
one had not told him of it and if
he had not called his home.
Pramod asks Vinod why he didn't tell him before leaving, and
says that his college and home
are too far off to get any information. Moreover he was busy
too with their college cultural
festivals.
Pramod asked Vinod why he

had not told him before leaving
and said that his college and
home were too far off to get
any information. Moreover he
had been busy too with their
college cultural festivals.
(statement+non 'wh' question)

3. Pramod: Why didn't you
tell me before leaving?
Your college and home
are so far off that I couldn't get any information.
Moreover I was busy too,
with our college cultural
festivals.
-E-: Wh questions, statement combination \.

4. Vinod: Did you participate
in them? Did you get any
prizes?
Vinod is asking/ asks/ has

asked Pramod if he participated in any of them and if he got
any prizes.
Vinod asked Pramod if he had

participated in any of them and
if he had got any prizes.
Pramod replies that he did,

of course and won prizes too.
Pramod replied that he had, of

course and had won prizes too.
Vinod congratulates Pramod

and asks him what prizes he
got, and if he participated in
debates.
('Wh' question, non Wh question combination)
Vinod congratulated Pramod

and asked him what prizes he
had got and if he had participated in debates.
(Only non wh questions)

5. Pramod: I did, of course
and won prizes too.
(Statement)
EXERCISE: Report and practise aloud the rest of the conversation. Use both present and past
tense reporting verbs. Compare your answer with ours:
ANSWER:
Kamala is asking/ asks/ has asked Neelam to go away.
eg: Srikanth: Rani, my

sister has come back
3. 'Wh' questions
verb
lA)
Report:
eg: Kamala: Neelam,

go away.
2. Statements
-Lq -xE
p Imperative, statement, 'Wh' question, non 'wh' question L o passage

report h l. O -E . The conversation at the beginning of the
6. Vinod: Congrats. What

prizes did you get? Did
you participate in debate?
-- report -- o sentences ,
E report l-:
1. Imperative
-- j---
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTED SPEECH
Pramod: I got prizes in

light music, debate and
mimicry. Won't you see
my prizes? Come in.
Pramod tells Vinod that he got

prizes in ... , and asks him/ is asking him/ has asked him if he won't
see his prizes. He asks him to
come in.
Pramod told Vinod that he had

got prizes in ... , and asked him
if he wouldn't see his prizes. He
asked him to come in.
Vinod: Do you want me

to see them now?
Mom's calling me over
phone. I have to be
urgently at home. Show
them to me tomorrow.
Vinod asks Pramod if he wants

him to see them then. He says
that Mom is calling him over
phone and he has to be urgently
at home. He asks Pramod to
show them to him tomorrow.
Vinod asked Pramod if he wanted him to see them then. He

said Mom was calling him over
phone and he had to be urgently at home. He asked Pramod to
show them to him the next day.
Pramod: Do come
down tomorrow, just not
to see the prizes but to
give me your company.
Don't disappoint me.
Pramod tells/ is telling Vinod to

come down tomorrow, just not to
see the prizes but to give him his
company. He asks Vinod not to
disappoint him.
Pramod told Vinod to comedown the next day, just not to

see the prizes but to give him
his company. He asked Vinod
not to disappoint him.
--- 1 -d 2006
-- j---
Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleasure it is to see you! It's nearly a year
since we met.
-N- , x L_-).
(grove - x-oC)
Kundan: Yes, I smell them. How tempting their
very smell is!
(, y . -
Eo ---E! -q--iC
q-E)
(. hC. -{ ! tempting =
-J{.)
Kundan: How pleased I am to be with you

again!
Ranjan: Here you are. Have it.
(Sx F --E -
-)
Ranjan: What a smart fellow you've grown into

in just a year! (\ -q-
-{-- !) (smart = * -
p statement report L. ('that'

, exclaimed v-G--L)
( - !)
p conversation at the beginning of

the lessonE exclamations report l:
J-T p )
n exclamation word order:
The conversation above (table-3) is a mixture

of exclamation and statements.
( lesson v- o Conversation
Statements and exclamations L--o )
L--o- report .
exclamation statement Ja,
E statement report
Kundan: Haa.... how delicious it is! At my

place of work, we don't get such fruit.
How sweet!
2.
(--s... * ! E-
x -. Au
!
3.
h- -{-- --)
-x---
wh word + noun + Sub + verb
(D p -!)
(C, B).
Ranjan: Take some with

you when you
go.
192
(y-x-p Eo B\x)
Kundan: Thank you.

--, imperative sentences, statements, 'wh' questions,
'non wh' questions report
(Indirect
speech p)
Kundan: My job requires that I appear smart.

What a bore it is to turn out in these
clothes everyday! You don't know.
I have to get back again in a week.
(vA V -hx --y

N Fn . Sx -E- Rx-L.)
M. SURESAN
. p
exclama-
How sweet the song is!

'wh' word + adjective + Sub + Verb
How fast he bowls!

'wh word + adverb + Sub + verb.
(Noun: E-j a . AdjectiveEo L . Adverb - verb p E
wh word + noun/adjective/adverb + subject +

verb.
What a leader Gandhi was! = C Gandhi was
a very great leader E N p.
The Taj Mahal is very beautiful -
statement N explanation
p-
Ranjan: Here's something for a change, don't

worry.
(-p- h p --L-T---C --C-.

--)
- !
Kundan: What is it?

Ranjan: You are here just when I am about to
have a mango. Happy. Let me treat
you to some wonderful mangoes.
They are from our own groves! fresh,
fleshy and juicy.
(* time a, N
tions
(a-uEo p u/ -h
L - p u) report
l:
Let us first study the word order in an exclamation.
( exclamation word order-
A---o-p. * N x F
N F. N -. -N,
, oN. treat = n,
( - x -B) doctor,
patient ju . \ n
Look at the following exclamations:

1. What a leader Gandhi was!
STATEMENT
The day is very cold
( L V)
( L C)
2. What a beautiful Car it is!

( car !)
The car is very beautiful

( Car C)
3. How well she sings!
She sings very well.
( h!)
( -C)
4. What a building it is!
It is a very good/beautiful/big building.
( */-i/l d-!)
(C */-i/l d)
2
Direct Speech
The Tourist: How
beautiful the
scenery is !
DIRECT SPEECH
Report
Reporting Verb-Present
The tourist exclaims
that the scenery is
very beautiful.
Reporting Verb-Past
The tourist exclaimed
that the scenery
was very beautiful.
http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
EXCLAMATION
1. How cold the day is!
(--- 1 .)
Spoken English - -x ---. URL:
-J l)
INDIRECT SPEECH -REPORT

Reporting verb Present tense
Ranjan: What a pleas- Ranjan exclaims (to Kundan/on

ure it is to see you!
seeing Kundan) that It is a great
pleasure to see him..
How beautiful the Taj Mahal is! - a.

( ! C exclamation- Do statement h,
The Taj Mahal is very beautiful .
Direct SpeechE exclamation report , E statement a-.
Reporting verb Past tense

Ranjan exclaimed (to Kundan/on
seeing Kundan) that it was a
great pleasure to see him)
-E- -. What a pleasure it is to see you! exclamation statement form

a: It is a great pleasure to see him. Eo report . exclaims/exclaimed reporting verb-
- report -Lq exclamation

statement Ja, y statement
report --d that begin report L.
The Tourist: How beautiful the Scenery is!

-- - j exclamation - report L.
- - exclamation statement
h. (The scenery is very beautiful)
ANSWER to the exercise
DIRECT SPEECH
Ranjan: Here's something

for a change. Don't Worry
Kundan: What it is?
(--- 2 .)
(--- 3 .)
h.
eg: Direct Speech:

Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleasure it is to see you! It's a year since we met.
Report (present tense - reporting verb)
Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan exclaims
that it is a great pleasure to see him (and
adds/says) that is a year since they met.
Report (past tense- Reported verb)
Rajan surprised at seeing Kundans exclaimed

that it was a great pleasure to see him, (and
added/said) that was a year since they had
met.
Exclamation report full stop - ,
statement part h sentence
pa.
Eg: Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan

exclaims that it is a great pleasure to see him.
He says that it is a year since they met.
Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of
the lesson N Eo h (Statements
) Present tense and past tense reporting
verbs report .
(--- 4 -)
4
REPORT
Present tense Reporting verb
Past tense Reporting verb
Ranjan tells Kundan that there

is something for a change and
asks him not to worry.
Ranjan told Kundan that there

was something for a change
and asked him not to worry.
Kundan asks him what it is.
Kundan asked him what it was.
Ranjan: You are here just

when I am about to have a
mango. Happy. Let me treat
you to some wonderful
mangoes. They are from
our own groves - fresh,
fleshy and juicy.
Ranjan tells Kundan that he is

there just when he is about to
have a mango. Ranjan is happy.
He wishes to treat Kundan to
some wonderful mangoes. They
are from their groves - fresh,
fleshy and juicy.
Ranjan told Kundan that he was

there just when he (Ranjan) was
about to have a mango. He was
happy. He wished to treat
Kundan to some wonderful
mangoes - they were from their
groves - fresh, fleshy and juicy.
Kundan: Yes. I smell them.

How tempting the smell is!
Kundan (says yes) and that he

smells them. He exclaims that
the smell is very tempting.
Kundan (said yes) and that he

smelt them. He exclaimed that
the smell was very tempting.
Ranjan: Here you are. Have it.
Ranjan offers the mango to

Kundan
Ranjan offered the mango to

Kundan.
Ranjan: What a smart Ranjan exclaims that Kundan has

fellow you've grown into! grown into a very smart fellow.
Kundan exclaimed that he was

very pleased to be with Ranjan
again.
Ranjan exclaimed that Kundan had
grown into a very smart fellow.
Kundan: Haa... how delicious it is! At my place of

work we don't get such fruit
how sweet!
Kundan exclaims that it is very

delicious. They don't get such
fruit at his place of work. They
are/it is very sweet.
Kundan exclaimed that it was

very delicious. They didn't get
such fruit at his place of work.
they were/ it was very sweet.
Kundan: What a bore it Kundan exclaims that it is a big

is to turn out in these bore to turn out in these/those
clothes every day.
clothes every day!
Kundan exclaimed that it was a

big bore to turn out in these
clothes everyday.
Ranjan: Take some with

you when you go.
Ranjan asks Kundan to take

some with him when he goes.
Ranjan asked Kundan to take

some with him when he went
Kundan: How pleased Kundan exclaims that he is

I am to be with you very pleased to be with Ranjan
again!
again.
3 -d 2006
-- j---
Pratibha: Hi Mahima. How glad I am to see

you! How is everybody in your village?
( - o Eo , O x o?)
Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are
you?
Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you. What news?
Did the local body elections go off
well in your place?
(. Thank you. N-?

nE Eo-- J- O x?)
Mahima: Didn't you read about them all in the
papers? What did you watch on the
TV?
(
vA-x -- -Eo J*?

TV ?)
Pratibha: I did, of course. But it is different to
hear about them from one like you on
the scene.
(C-, . E -
n o F x _--*
N .)
Mahima: Get me some water first.
Pratibha: Have some coffee too.
(
coffee
report
sentence word order
statement word
order
report
sentences word order
statement word order
report
--p N Eo
-h-E --o. C
--p. -C
u
J*, E
-
aL
E ---o. C L---
u.
sentence , -C N--
spoken English --C-- lessons
N- L. -C lessons miss
u-- l- p S} NJ-ho. -E* h--.
---u \-o n
. E
u B-. DE \- * n . E
/ --E
- u Ja n
.
-p- English try :
Rama killed Ravana-
:
, y-
-
-
N

. d
-
n y--
uA n--E-h-o
.
ii) Where are they going?Where (Wh word) + are (helping verb) +
they (subject) + going (main verb)
M. SURESAN
question
4 word orders o:
i) Verb + Subject
ii) Helping verb + Subject + Main verb
These politicians, oh, God!

-E English sentences
-Lq C L. --J n
I'm happy they are all over. Oh, what
J--C. Word order ( -J)
have we been through! You just can't
u. C l p.
imagine.
English 4 sentences .
(Eo------E - C.
N -- y - 1. Statement ( N L sentence)C C/ C uL
)
n-
Pratibha: That's why I asked you to tell me
2. Questions: N -J vo
about them.
:
(- Eo p-C)
Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections.
Mahima: Many people didnot find their names

on the voter lists. Liquor flowed
freely. Money- lots of it- passed
hands. There were group clashes
and faction fights. We passed
through the worst of the tension.
(
-C x x G- .
u - JC. -l--h
s JC. _---
J-. tension -N)
Pratibha: We pride on being a democratic
Country.
( v-yu -E y-)
Mahima: These politicians, oh, God!
(
- - .
-!)
-- Imperative structures,
a) 'Wh' questions - What, Which, Where,

When, Why, Who, Whom, Whose and
how
Wh
'Wh' Words
vo-n Fo
--- d OE
.
b) Non 'Wh' questions- 'Wh' words

questions.
3. Imperative sentences:
-- L
4. Exclamations:
sentences.
a-uEo, -s--
L-N:
Let us now study the word order in each
of the four types of sentences and how
they can be changed into the statement
word order. (This is very important for
Reporting, direct speech).
1) Statement: Statement word order: Subject +
verb.
statement
Subject
mations report
a) He is a singer - word order-
Spoken English
Very important: Wh questions

Wh questions
subject
helping verb
questions
verb
p
h. p :
He (Subject) + is (verb) + ...
Kamala to Karuna:
Sita came here yesterday (statement)
Report: a) Kamala says to Karuna that Sita
came there yesterday (Reporting
verb - Present tense)
b) Kamala told Karuna that Sita had come
yesterday.
report
wh +
2) 'wh' question
verb + subject/ wh + helping verb + subject +
main verb
wh word + subject + verb
structure
--p,
,
ah.
3) Imperative sentences
imperative part
to
report -,
d infinitive h.
4) Exclamations report --p E
statement word order Ja,
statement that report v-Gh.
Exclamation: a) How well she sings!
( -!)
n DEo statement a:
She sings very well.
( -C.)
b) Exclamation: How tall he is!
F, Non
F
p, verb
-y-F hC .
-L. p correct.
Exercise: Report the conversation at the

beginning of this lesson.
3) Imperative sentences:
Fo c, u-n- L-N
eg: a) come in ( =you come in) = (Asking)
-v-o:
b) Please help me (you please come in- request)
What is the difference between ..
c) Get out (you get out) - order.
a) The Eenadu was published first from

Vizag.
subject 'you'
(O-Eo-
C-h)
. --
b) The Eenadu was published first in Vizag.

c) The Eenadu was first published in Vizag.
4) Exclamations:
What (Wh word) + a fool (noun) + you
(sub) + are (verb)
---:
c) How well he plays!

How (Wh word) + well (adv) + he (sub) +
plays (verb)
4 kinds of sentences word order
Statement
G. -, x.
ux The Eenadu was published from Vizag C d. N

J-. publish v-J vA- N- --
E n. vA- --- v -p-, \ * Nx -
d published from .
b) How good he is! - How (Wh word) + good

(adj) + he (sub) + is (verb)
Subject + Verb
Word Order in ..
statements, questions ('wh', non-wh), excla-
p) .
iv) Wh word+Helping verb+Subject+Main verb
a) What a fool you are!
c, u-n-,
, -
(Indirect speech
Method of reporting: 1) statement
( !)
n DE statement form:
He is very tall. ( )
iii) Wh word + Verb + Subject
y--F,
Ravana killed Rama

-
Direct speech
report
quesstatement order
report
tion
subject
verb
Imperative
sentence
to
Exclamation
statement
report
--p,
h.
--
.
h.
d v-Gh.

Ja
h.
question word order:

i) Where are they?
Where (Wh word) + are (verb) + they (subject)
D,
-x--- 193
b) They play well They (Subject) + play (verb) + ..

Statement
subject
verb
2 a) Non Wh question:
i) Is he a singer?
[Is (verb) + he (Subject) + ...]
verb, Are playii) Are they playingingverb
helping verb,
main verb
Are they playing? Word order:
Are (helping verb) + they (subject)+ playing?
(main verb)
2 b) Wh questions:
u x a
n J--
O -hC.
Rama killed Ravana
-
B)
n:
Question
Imperative sentence
1) Verb + Subject
You (subject
2) Helping Verb + Subject +

Main Verb
verb.
3) Wh word + Verb + Subject

4) Wh word + Helping Verb +
Subject + Main Verb
Exclamation
Wh word + noun/
adjective/ adverb +
verb sub + verb.
p) +
--
E--hC.
Question -
You p subject. \ sentence *
N-- .
verb .
--E 5 -d 2006
-- j---
Rohit: It is raining now. How shall I go?
2)
({ hC. x?)
Rajat: You have to, some how. Otherwise we
can't get the tickets and we shall be
missing the movie.
- , requests, permissions question form shall L.

a) Shall I help you? (- ?)
b) Shall we wait till tomorrow?
(-- --?)
(-j xL y. q
a-, E miss ).
Rohit: You're not ready yet.
(Ny ---)
Rajat: You have a friend at the theatre, don't
you? Take his help to get the tickets
(F Theatre friend o .
q B)
Rohit: Shall I go now and wait for you at the
hall?
(p -- Rx q B-E F
_ ?)
-x--- 194
c) When shall we start?
(tLo p -----?/
p ---L?)
First type of questions E shall report
--p, reporting verb, present tense
, shall will hC.
a) Pranav: 'Shall I ever become rich?'
Santhi: You will, of course.
DEo
report
l.
Pranav is asking/ has

asked Santhi, if he will
ever become rich.
Santhi assured him he
will.
reported verb past
tense
shall
would

hC.
M. SURESAN
Pranav asked Santhi if he would ever

become rich. Santhi assured that he would.
( -. -C- _- , Example:
Sankar: Shall I be happy if I accept the job?
F h. E-l ---a.)
Ramani: You will be, certainly.
Bike
B-?)
Rajat: How shall I come then?
( ?)
Rohit: Shall I come back and pick you up?
( AJ-*a Eo B--x?)
Rajat: Don't worry. I shall take an auto.
(y--. h.)
Rohit: I shall get going then.
Reporting Verb
Present tense
Reported Verb
Sankar is asking
Ramani if he will be
happy if he accepts
the job.
Sankar
asked
Ramani if he would
be happy if he
accepted the job.
Ramani assures him

that he will be, certainly.
Ramani
assured
him that he would
be, certainly.
Past tense
( -l-)
p shall -- -l-A:
Rajat: Do. (F.)
p--- Eo sentences Kumar: Shall I help you?
C Kumar ho offer. Reporting verb
report N .
present tense , Kumar is asking her
shall o questions report - Nif he can help her. -s
vh -.
(spoken English ) He is offering to help
Present day English usage shall
her --- h.
will -h-o.
reported verb past tense .
shall -Lq x, Eo-x will
Kumar asked Santhi if he should help her
-h-o. Shall, will --u - -p-
-C. --x, -
d-----. I and we
N-, shall should
questions v \- shall
hC.
- o.
Prasad:
When shall I see you again?
Shall I and we question form
- :
Pramod: You can see me whenever you like.
1) Indefinite future- *a --E/
Prasad asked Pramod when he should see
future --/ - E
him again. Pramod told him that he could
J_ L-E N-- J* question
see him whenever he liked.
h shall L.
Now look at the following conversation at
a) Shall I ever become great? =
the beginning of the lesson:

1) Rohit (to Rajat): How shall I go?
-j p-----?
b) Shall I be happy there? =
Report: Rohit asked Rajat how he should go.

(Reporting verb - past tense).
-\ - ?
c) Shall We need these books after we complete the course? =
q h- y - q --?
Spoken English
Rohit: Shall I go now and Rohit asks Rajat if he should go Rohit asked Rajat if he should go
wait for you at the at once and wait for him at the at once and wait for him at the
hall.
hall?
hall.
Rohit: Shall I take the Rohit is asking Rajat if he can Rohit asked Rajat if he should
take the bike.
bike?
take the bike.
Rajat: How Shall I come Rajat asks/ is asking Rohit how Rajat asked Rohit how he would
come then.
then?
he will come then.
Rohit: Shall I come back Rohit is asking/asks Rajat if he Rohit asked Rajat if he should
and pick you up?
should come back and pick him up. come back and pick him up.
It is raining now...
Rohit: Shall I take the bike?
Rajat: Do. As soon as I get there, I shall call

you and we can meet each other.
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
Rohit asks Rajat how he can go.

(Reporting Verb - present tense can
-)
Exercise: Report the whole conversation between Rohit and Rajat at the beginning of the lesson with the reporting verb both in the present tense and past tense.
Answer to exercise under lesson 193

REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
Pratibha: Fine too. Thank

you, what news? Did the
local body elections in
your village go off well?
Pratibha told Mahima that she

was very glad to see Mahima and
asked her if everybody was well in
her village.
Mahima says they are all OK. She Mahima said that they were all
OK. She thanked Pratibha and
thanks Pratibha and asks her how she is. asked her how she was.
Pratibha says she is fine too. She Pratibha said that she was fine
thanks her and asks her for news. too. She thanked her and asked
She asks her if the local body elec- her if the local body elections in
her village had gone off well.
tions in her village went off well.
Mahima: Didn't you read

about them in the papers
what did you watch on
the TV?
Mahima asks Pratibha if she didn't read about them in the

papers, and what she watched
on the TV.
Mahima asked Pratibha if she had

not read about them in the papers
and what she had watched on the
TV.
Pratibha: I did of course.

But it is different to hear
about them from one like
you on the scene.
Pratibha says/replies that she

did but it is different to hear about
them from one like her on the
scene.
Pratibha replied that she had

done but it was different to hear
about them from one like her on
the scene.
Pratibha: Hi Mahima, how Pratibha tells she is very glad to

glad I am to see you! How see mahima and asks her if
is everybody in your vil- every body is well in her village.
lage?
Mahima: We are all OK.
Thank you. How are you.
Mahima: Get me some Mahima wants some water.

water first.
Mahima asked for some water
Pratibha: Have
Coffee too.
Pratibha offered some coffee too.
some Pratibha offers some coffee too.

Mahima thanks Pratibha. About
the elections she (says she) is
happy they are all over. She says
Pratibha cannot imagine what
they have been through.
Mahima thanked Pratibha. About

the election she (said she) was
happy they were all over. She said
Pratibha could not imagine what
they had been through.
Pratibha: That's why I Pratibha says that's why she

asked you to tell me asked her to tell her all about
them.
about them.
Mahima: Many people did Mahima says that many people
not find their names on did not find their names on the
the voter list. Liquor voter list, that liquor flowed
flowed freely. Money- lots freely, that money- lots of itof it changed hands. changed hands and that there
There were group clash- were group clashes and faction
es and faction fights. We fights. They passed through
passed through the worst worst of tension.
Pratibha said that was why she

had asked her to tell her all about
them.
Mahima: Thank you. Now

about the elections. I'm
happy they are all over.
Oh what we have been
through you just can't
imagine.
Mahima said that many people

had not found their names on the
voter list that liquor had flowed
freely that money- lots of it- had
changed hands and that there had
been group clashes and faction
fights. they had passed through
the worst of tension.
of tension.
Pratibha: We pride on Pratibha says we pride on being Pratibha said we prided on being
a democratic country.
being a democratic country a democratic country.
Mahima:These politicians, Mahima expresses her disgust Mahima expressed her disgust of
politicians.
Oh, God.
of politicians.
(y/--u)
-- 7 -d 2006
-- j---
Darsan: How about eating out today?

(--\-o (hotel) --l?)
Vardhan: That's ok with me. I welcome the
change.
( t-. h p )
Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to?
( restaurant l?)
Vardhan: Let's try 'Vindu Vilas' today.
advice?
(o ---N-p? F -N-?)
Kumar: Buy it if you like. What can I say?
(F-d- i \. p--?)
-- Kumar report ---
N- -a
1) rules v.
2) Spoken form of English ( English
--) informal report ..
Compare the following
( N -N- --)
Darsan: Isn't that a long way off? Moreover it's
threatening to rain. I am afraid we
might get drenched on our way back.
(C ? { a-d C. AJ-a--p -h--). threatening to rain - {- . threaten

n C-J-. Don't try to threaten me =
o C-J---E v-Ao-l.
Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n' joy? It's
not far off.
(Eat'nJoy --x--. -- -
.)
Darsan: If I were you, I wouldn't even think of
it. The food there is rotten.
( -j y, E -J-* -*-.
Table -3
DIRECT SPEECH
(---- -1 ---)
-E-: Informal ( --
) report - .
--- : rules
v report practice -- spoken form informal
report practice
: p j -- past tense report
l:
(---- 2 ---)
English x--o-p report
M. SURESAN
-x---
Ad \ h.)
Vardhan: You say, 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way
off. Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good
food. So where shall we go now?
('N --. Eat'n'Joy
food --- --\---l)
Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel
Manpreet? (Manpreet h?)
Vardhan: That's ok for me. Let's start then.
(-d . -ll.)
-- Eo sentences
report a-o .
Spoken English - - report
--p Eo x strictly grammatical
report v-C- -E--
-- ---C. C report --E v-Ao-:
Samir: What shall I do now? What's your
Table -1
Direct Speech
Spoken form informal report

simple
, natural Ep-
Kumar's Report In present Tense

According to Rules
Informal (---)
I am telling him to buy it

if he likes and that
there is nothing I can
say / for me to say.
Kumar: Buy it if
you like what can I
say?
Darsan:
Which
restaurant shall we go
to?
Vardhan: Let's try

Vindu Vilas today
Darsan: Isn't it a long

way off? Moreover it's
threatening to rain. I
am afraid we might
get drenched on our
way back.
DIRECT SPEECH
Kumar: Buy it if I am telling him to buy it

you like. What can I if he likes and am asking
him what I can say.
say?
Samir: What shall I

do now? What's
your advice?
Vardhan: That's OK
with me. I welcome
the change
the conversation at the beginning of the lesson.

strictly according to the rules and informally,
with the reporting verb in the present form and
the past form as well. (---- 3 ---)
h.
Direct
--p
Speech E
O - --v-h -L.- N
informal report
-
vocabulary
() -.
C informal
report .
Exercise:
Report
Kumar's Report (Past Tense)
aloud the rest of the
According to Rules
Informal (--- ) conversation at the
beginning of the lesSamir asked me what he Samir was unable to
son. both a) accordshould do then and what decide and asked for/
ing to rules b) in the
wanted my advice
my advice was
informal
(spoken)
form, and also a) in
I told him to buy it if he I told him to buy it if he the present form and
liked and that there was b) past form
liked and asked him
nothing for I could say
what I could say
(---- 4 ---)
/ for me to say.
a) Present Tense
Darsan asks Vardhan how about eating out that day.
b) Past Tense:
Darsan asked Vardhan how about
eating out that day.
Vardhan: Why don't

we go to Eat 'n'joy?
It's not far off.
Samir is unable to
decide and is asking for
my advice.
Direct Speech
195
Darsan: How about

eating out today
simple C . -- told, asked reporting

verbs, he added, he further said
h sd C. K-~x (X
Class, Inter, Degree) reported speech - direct
speech Ja--p correct.
p -p--o-C Spoken English E,
written English . Practice h-oD
Columns . -E natural NEp spoken
forms practice l. Let us now try to report
Samir: What shall

Samir is asking me what
I do now? What's
he should do now and
your advice?
what my advice is.
Table -2
REPORT
Formal (According to rules)
If I were you...
food h- ----C).
(rotten - -n J-T--.
a) Vardhan says it is OK with him and

that he welcomes the change
Vardhan said it was OK with him and
that he welcomed the change.
a) Darsan asks which restaurant
they will go to.
b) Darsan asked which restaurant
that would go to.
a) Vardhan suggest that they try
Vindu Vilas that day.
b) Vardhan suggested that they
try Vindu Vilas that day
a) Darsan asks Vardhan if it is not a
long way off, and says that it's threatening to rain and adds that he is
afraid they might get drenched on
their way back
b) Darsan asked if it was not a long
way off, and said that it was threatening to rain and added that he was
afraid that they might get drenched...
a) Vardhan asks why they don't go to
Eat 'n'Joy and adds that it is not far off.
b) Vardhan asked why they
didn't go to Eat 'n' Joy and adds
that it is not far off
Informal (Spoken Form)

Present Tense
Darsan suggests that they eat
out that day.
Darsan suggested that they eat
out that day.
Vardhan is for it and welcomes
the change.
Vardhan was for it/ agreed to it
and welcomed the change.
a) Darsan asks about the restaurant they will go to.
b) Darsan asked about the
restaurant they would go to
a) Vardhan suggests trying
Vindu Vilas that day/suggests
Vindu Vilas
b) Vardhan suggested trying
Vindu Vilas.
a) Darsan feels it is long way off.
Moreover it is threatening to rain
and is afraid they might get
drenched on their way back
b) Darsan felt it was a long way
off. Moreover it was threatening
to rain and feared (that) they
might..
a) Vardhan proposes/ suggests
Eat 'n' Joy. it is not far off.
b) Vardhan proposed/suggested
Eat 'n' Joy. It was not
far off.
Table -4
REPORT
according to rules
Darsan: If I were you,

I Wouldn't even think
of it. The food there is
rotten.
Vardhan: You say

'Vindu Vilas' is a long
way off. Eat'n'Joy
doesn't serve good
food. So where shall
we go now?
Darsan: Why not the

restaurant at Hotel
Manpreet?
Vardhan: That's Ok
for me Let's start them
a) Darsan tells vardhan that if he Darsan Says if he were Vardhan

were he, he wouldn't think of it and he wouldn't think of it and calls
the food there rotten. He has no
that the food there is rotten.
b) Darsan told vardhan that if he good word for the food there.
b) Darsan said that if he had been
had been he, he woudn't have even
vardhan he wouldn't have even
thought of it and that the food there
thought of it and called the food
was rotten.
there rotten / he had no good
a) Vardhan Observes that Darsan word for the food there.
says that Vindu Vilas is a long way a) Darsan feels Vindu Vilas is a
off and Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good long way off, and Eat 'n' Joy
doesn't serve good food, so
food. He asks where they will go
where will they go now.
now.
b) Vardhan observed that Darsan b) Vardhan Felt that Vindu Vilas
said that Vindu Vilas was long way was a long way off, Eat 'n'Joy didoff and Eat 'n' Joy didn't serve good n't serve good food, so where
would they go Now?.
food. He Asked him, where they
would go.
a) Darsan asks why they spend not
go to the restaurant at Hotel
Manpreet?
b) Darsan asked why they shouldn't'
go to the restaurant...
a) Darsan suggests the restaurant at Hotel Manpreet.
b) Darsan suggested the restaurant...

a) Vardhan says that it is ok for him a) Darsan says OK and suggests
and suggests they start.
that they start.
b) Vardhan said that is was ok for b) Vardhan said OK and suggesthim, and suggested that they start. ed that they start.
10 -d 2006
1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again.
(, Sx y u -- a-)
Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5,
and here I am at 5.
( u --. y -C-
-t-o-. C- -\--o)
Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here 4.30
itself?
(4.30 \---E -y-?)
Sarath: I did, but then you said it was enough
If I was here by 5.
(E E y o E-\ -
C-- E)
2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have
some coffee?
(h coffee B--?)
Neeraj: I don't feel like it I've just had coffee.
(B---E---. p coffee
Bo)
Dheeraj: But you must take some thing. Shall I
get you a drink, perhaps some orange
juice?
(y-- -B-Lq. orange
-- j---
Malli?
( -E-o 'Lx E - --d- ?)

Malini: Nothing of the sort, Call me Malini.
That is how I like it.
( -. o LE - --.
d )
Nothing of the sort= - n DEo
- --s -a. Purely conversational. O conversation practice .
( h E . 500 h-. -?)

Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work.
I don't like the amount at all, but I
need money now, so I agree to do it.
( E - \?
d . p s -. -E
p--o.)
-- lesson Direct
speech - strictly according to rules, formal (v
v, v--C) report
M. SURESAN
REPORTING
DIRECT SPEECH
Formal (According to rules)
5) Subba Rao: How about Rs 500/- for the

whole job?
Reporting Verb Past tense

1) Hemanth: Sarath,
you are late again.
Hemanth observed that Sarath was Hemanth complained that Sarath

was late again.
late again.
Sarath: But I'm not.

You wanted me here at
5, and here I am at 5.
Sarath said he was, however, not Sarath protested and asserted

late, and that Hemant had wanted that he was there at 5, as
him there at 5, and there he was at 5. Hemanth had wanted him.
Hemanth: Didn't you

promise to be here at
4.30 itself?.
Hemanth asked sarath if he hadn't Hemanth reminded sarath of his

promised to be there at 4.30 itself.
promise to be there at 4.30 itself.
Sarath: I did but then

you said that it was
enough if I was here
by 5.
Sarath told Hemanth that he had Sarath agreed but reminded

said so, but that Hemanth had said Hemanth that he had told him
that it would be enough if he was that it was enough if he was there
there by 5.
by 5.
I don't feel like..
\ Informal reporting complained, protested, reminded, agreed

-E- . reporting - x -h
2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj,
would you like to have
some coffee?
juice --i y?)

Neeraj: Not n ow, please. Thank you, just the
same .
(p --l thank you.)
just the same =
3) komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this
evening?
( v exhibition
l?)
Vimala: Sure; I like to, very much.
(p-. - d)
Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30?
( 6.30 -l--?)
Vimala: That's OK for me. I'll be here exactly
at 6.30.
(--. E-\ correct 6.30 )
4) Hema: How do you like my calling you
-x---
--E, ordinary spoken form ( u-J ) -E -E.

p, --u- -v-- --o ----
--E--. O- Fo strictly
according to rules report h - --,
n - h s-C C. -E
j ---- - report
--. --L---J -J_ -n-i- --.
Let's try to report this conversation
(\ --- ---)
marks.
Now practise the following

Report the direct speech both
in the Formal and Spoken form.
Prameela: Let's show our teacher we are
clever students.
Vineela:
That is the thing we have to do.
Let's work hard and get good
Kalyan:
teacher that they were clever students.
You haven't done the homework.

Won't the teacher punish you?
Pavan:
What do I care? Let her.
Sangeeta: Let there be no delay, please.

Vignata:
ACCORDING TO RULES
Prameela suggested that they show their
196
Be sure I'll be prompt.
Neeraj: I don't feel

like it, I've just had
some coffee.
Neeraj replied he didn't feel like it Neeraj didn't feel like it as he had
and added that he had just had some just had some coffee.
Dheeraj: But you

must take something.
Shall I get you a drink,
perhaps some orange
juice.
Neeraj: Not now,
please. Thank you just
the same.
Dheeraj said that Neeraj had to take

something. He asked him if he
should get some drink, perhaps
some orange juice.
3) Komala: Shall we
go to the exhibition
this evening?
Komala suggested that they go to

the exhibition that evening/ Komala
suggested their going to the exhibition that evening.
Vimala: Sure, I like

to, very much.
Vimala agreed and said she liked to, Vimala readily agreed and liked
to go very much.
very much.
Komala: Then shall

we start at 6.30.
Komala asked Vimala if they would Komala proposed then they start
at 6.30.
start at 6.30.
Komala: That's OK
for me. I'll be here at
6.30.
4) Hema: How do you
like my calling you
Malli?.
Komala said that it was OK for her It was OK for Komala. She would
and that she would be there at 6.30. be there at 6.30.
Malini: Nothing of the

sort. Call me Malini.
That's how I like it.
Malini said nothing of the sort. She Malini wouldn't have anything of
asked Hema to call her Malini and the sort. She asked Hema to call
added that that was how she liked it. her Malini. That was how she
liked it.
Subbarao asked Apparao if he would Subbarao proposed Rs. 500/- for
do the whole job for Rs. 500/-.
the whole job.
INFORMAL
Prameela wanted to show their teacher that
that they were clever students.
Vineela said that that was the thing they had to

do, and suggested that they work hard and get
good marks.
Kalyan said that Pavan had not done his
homework and asked him if the teacher wouldn't punish him.
Pavan said that he did not care, and did not
mind her punishing him.
Vineela agreed and suggested their working

hard and getting good marks.
Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay.

urge = Strong request (d Nch).
Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay.

(formal & Spoken form - same).
Vignata told Sangeeta to be sure that she

would be prompt.
Vignata assured Sangeeta that she would be
Kalyan observed Pavan had not done his

homework and warned him that the teacher
would punish him.
Pavan said he didn't care.
5) Subbarao: How
about Rs. 500/- for the
whole job?.
Apparao: That's too
little for such a lot of
work. I don't like the
amount at all, but I
need money now and
I'll do it.
coffee.
Dheeraj insisted that Neeraj take
something. He offered to get
drink, perhaps some orange
juice.
insist = d--d
Neeraj politely said that he wouldn't Neeraj wouldn't have any thing
have anything then. He thanked then and thanked Neeraj just the
same.
Neeraj, just the same.
Komala suggested that they go to
the exhibition that evening/
Komala suggested their going to
the exhibition that evening.
Hema asked Malli how she liked her Hema wanted to know how she
like her calling Malli/ Hema would
calling her Malli.
call her Malli. How would she like
it?.
Apparao said that it was too little for

such a lot of work, and added that he
didn't like the amount at all, but that
he needed money then and that he
would do it.
Apparao complained that it was

too little for such a lot of work. He
grumbled that he didn't like the
money at all but to do it as he
needed the money, he would do it.
grumble =
-.
prompt.
Prompt =
Dheeraj offered coffee to Neeraj.

Dheeraj asked Neeraj if he would
Neeraj refused Has he had just
like to have some coffee.
had some coffee.
--E .
--E 12 -d 2006
-- j---
Prabhakar: Hi Divakar, when did you come?
( C-! p--a?)
Divakar:
Hardly a few hours ago, by the

Howrah Express.
(p Eo-- ,
q-v a.)
Prabhakar: Back home after a long time, you
feel happy, don't you? But why
- -E- ? Fo----,
\- short sentences, exclamations
o . OE spoken English
report --p, -h formal report
--p \ --\ rules v
report --\--. J - xE , -y E---x report --L-T
-C. :
Kumar: I am taking the exam next week.
are you out so soon?
Kesav: Wish you the best of luck.
(- y AJ--a. C ? p S}
---a-?)
Divakar:
Oh, just think of it. What do I find
Report: Kumar told Kesav that he was taking

the exam next week, and Kesav
wished him the best of luck.
4) Ashok: Why did you drive so fast?
Now look at the following expressions &

sentences.
Amar: I was late for class.

(class
as I step into home? Mom down
Study this table carefully and practise the

spoken form well.
(- -?)
-u--C)
Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?
Ashok: I wouldn't do it if I were you. Isn't

dangerous?
with a fever.
-x--- 197
(. x C-
--N? t y.)
Dn: y train a--o?

pC J N--, S} p- .
a) O -N--o, S} J p.
( y- . v
?)
What did you say your name was?
You are welcome

Prabhakar: What train did you say you came
by?
train
ao y?)
Didn't you
Express?
say
the
Howrah
( q-v o ?)
My uncle must have come by the
same train.
( u
a-L).
train
But why are you out?

Divakar:
I told you. Mom has a fever and I

am going to get some medicines.
What a bother?
words
(Indirect
p)
-E-. -
, Kesav said that
Report:
report
speech
a) Present tense: Ashok wonders why

Amar drive so fast. Amar says he was
late for class. Ashok advises him not to
do it and warns him it is dangerous.
he wished him the best

of luck
formal
spoken form
b) Past tense: Ashok wondered why Amar

had driven so fast. Amar said he was late
for class. Ashok advised him not to do it
and warned him against it/ of the danger/
that it was dangerous.
1) Abhishek: Thanks a lot for your help.

Anamika: You are welcome.
Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it is just an

ordinary fever.
thanks
you are
welcome/ you are most welcome/ welcome
Divakar:
bother)
Report:
Suppose we want to report the conversation

above. How do we go about it?
a) Present tense: Abhishek thanks

Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika
appreciates his thanks.
b) Past tense: Abhishek thanked Anamika
a lot for her help. Anamika appreciated
it.
2) Pradhan: Congratulations on your getting
the top grade. Keep it up.
Prakash: Thank you.
a) Reporting verb - Present tense:
Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(, )
Damn these heavy rains! They are
the cause of all these.
Pradhan congratulates Prakash on his

getting the top grade and adds a word
Prabhakar: Oh, curse my memory! I forgot to

congratulate you on your getting
a new and better job.
( A----x -*--.
F -- *, h
job *a-- vq.
Thank you. But I must rush. I've
been too long with you. Mom must
be wondering where I am. See
you later. Bye.
(Thanks. F }L. F K
\----o. O-\--o E
t ---C. y
l.)
Spoken English
a) I wonder if he knows this =
-C L-? (n --)
b) Suneetha: Will Suguna come now?
( j -
report
( p--h?)
Supriya: I wonder.
(h , ---)
Exercise: Report aloud the whole conversation at the beginning of the lesson, both
according to rules and informally.
h?)
Reporting - Present
Formal (acc. to rules)
Reporting - Past
Informal (spoken)
Formal (acc. to rules)
Informal (spoken)
Prabhakar says it is really Prabhakar is disap- Prabhakar said it was real- Prabhakar was disa pity and that he hopes it pointed and hopes it ly a pity and that he hoped appointed and hoped
it was ordinary fever.
is ordinary fever
is ordinary fever.
it was ordinary fever.
Divakar says he wishes it Divakar wishes it Divakar expressed a wish
were, but that he suspects were, but suspects that it had been, but that
he suspected it was some
it is some viral fever.
it is a viral fever.
viral fever.
Divakar wished it
had been, but suspected it to be a viral
fever.
of encouragement. Prakash thanks him.

b) Reporting verb - Past tense:
( {. O-x Fo.)
-\--o E t ----- - ---C.

- wonder n --J
a-u---i N E.
\, Mom must be wondering/ I wonder--x wonder n '-u-D,
-a E. j N-Eo J*
-- E.
(I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's

some viral fever.
Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's

some viral fever.
p--p,
(\ d--o Eo?)
2) Mom must be wondering where I am.
Now look at the following part of conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
( y
--C. viral fever E - C .)
Divakar:
- ,
.
C
Do N
(-j
(E %d.
y ?)
Divakar:
Where did you keep

it?
spoken form
you kept it
where
common.
Where did you say you kept it?
Kesav's
E Lq
M. SURESAN
hC.
F,
F, (formal
spoken form \-) - C. -E -
j L--x report better.
You kept it where?
Sumanth: I kept it on the table.
(p . t y
E, B-----E o. ! N What a
Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it's just an
ordinary fever
Divakar:
b) Srinath:
Pradhan congratulated Prakash on his

getting the top grade and added a word
of encouragement. Prakash thanked him.
3) Susanth: This bike often gives me trouble.
What a bother!
(What a bother=
*)
Report:
a) Susanth is vexed that this/ that bike
often gives him trouble.
b) Susanth was vexed that that bike often
gave him trouble.
report --p He said that,

etc., N - Eo --L-T
.
b) Do=
1. Make
, Do N-
--T-L?
2. Xerox , photocopy
u -.
.V, C--
h-o (j E)
He is studying= ---o.
ii) You do your duty = F NC y- u (Ey-)
1. a) Make means to produce / manufacture. Make
Do work, harm, homework, business, a course,

one's best, etc.
j o
---, pAh
n \- .
i) Mother is making coffee =
t hC.
ii) The student is making an
attempt to understand the subject =
NuJn -bd n ---E vo h-o.
j E--/ Ey--
i) What is he doing? =
Make a cake, money, a speech, fun etc.,

2. Photocopy Photostat
photo
copy
Xerox company
machine
photocopy
Xerox copy
photostat machines
E-j
B-x
x
O
.
v---dD, p- u
l company . -LqC photocopy .
Xerox copy Xerox brand machine O -B copy
. photocopy correct.
a
B
,
E.
-- 14 -d 2006
-- j---
Naresh: Where are you coming from?
versation practice .
Nabh: That makes us equally tall.
(y-\-o* h-o?)
Ramesh: From my uncle's.
( E-l h-o-)
( u * -h-o-)
Naresh: You go there quite frequently, don't
you?
Sekhar: You're wrong, my friend. I am still

taller than you by half an inch.
(- - - - o- Nv , F - - p 1/2 - \- h - - o-)
(y-\- - ?)
Ramesh: I do. He asks me to eat there quite
often.
(. o - --E
-h.)
Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter?
(- -C ?)
Ramesh: What're you driving at?
Nabh: If that makes you happy, have it so.
( - F --i, -
.)
3) Nagaraj: Let me finish this chapter. I'll come
with you wherever you want.
( chapter Jh - -y-
y-\----t \---h)
Prakash: Murthy will complain we
are late. ( late E
(N y-C?)
drive at = P-l * p . I still don't
understand what she was driving at =
- - - o l N p -
- l . 'drive at' - - - O- conversation practice -.
Naresh: I've been wondering all these
days why you go there so
often. Now I know.
Jh p---)
Nagaraj: Let him. My test tomorrow is more important
than this outing.
M. SURESAN
( y \-
(p-dF. -
test - - u)
Prakash: you're right Let him

understand that.
I'm sorry I'm going ...

---o -Eo V n .
p L-C)
Wonder = n a-u--
-s, n ----E v-Ao--/n --)
-x---
198
Ramesh: What do you know?
(y C . C n L.)
( F L-C?)
direct speech report - ---aNaresh: A marriage in the offing.
E - lessons . 1) - formal
(Rx ----E) (In the offing = --o) (rule v) 2) n - (informal )
Ramesh: I'm sorry I'm going to disappoint
spoken form ( u--J-).
you. My uncle does have a daughcolumns l spoken English a-ter, but she is already the mother of
d, x English -, two babes.
-, spoken form report -
(Eo E-q-h--o- --, -vd - --u- -.
C. -u -C, F j passage \ Spoken form report
l x Lx)
- -E - -- - -Eo -E- . According
2) Sekhar: Hi Nabh, how tall you have grown
to rules practice
- - - -- . --C since I saw you last a year ago !.
E-.
(-q Eo --p... Let us see two or three samples: Practise them
-p- C-!)
with the reporting verb in the Present Tense
Nabh: So have you. True; I certainly am 2
inches taller than I was a year ago.
What about you.
and in the Past Tense as well.

* reporting verb present tense
practise O -E .
(E -C p -- DE u-- x -sx -J-. --J F A?)

- -~ x report
Sekhar: Just two inches. That's all.
-s \-- . (-- . That's all =
sx present tense report h ?
Is this all? = ? That's all = . O conp l:
Q) Year by year, Year after year, Every other
year
Every other year he goes to the US =
- N? Eo p
-T-L?
, j----.
i) Year by year = Every year.
vA -q E. Year by year, he is growing richer and richer. (-q -q--E,
J-T--C).
-q N* -q -J
-.
Q) a, e, i, o, u -u
An L ! University,
European 'A'
?
N. D -, -h-.
: a/ an - , , , , , , ,
, , l- v--u English
'an' . N-- 'a' .
q- -, jo, d University, European, , j
E--h o.
p l- v ? -E
Year after year his study continued =
an (European= --; University =
-q-- u- TC.
E--Jq ' l *
Every other year = alternate year
lx .)
-q Ja (N*) -q
ii) Year after year = continuously, without brake.
Year after year passed, he continued to work
hard, though he was getting older and older
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTING (Only Spoken Form)

Reporting Verb Present
Reporting Verb Past
Naresh wants to know where Ramesh

is coming from.
Ramesh is coming from his uncle's
place.
Naresh observes that Ramesh goes
there frequently and asks him if he
doesn't?
Naresh Wanted to know where

Ramesh was coming from.
Ramesh was coming from his
uncle's place.
Naresh observed that Ramesh
went there frequently, and asks
him if he didn't.
Ramesh: I do. He asks Ramesh agrees that he goes there

me to eat there quite often as his uncle asks him to eat there
often.
quite often.
Ramesh agreed that he went

there often as his uncle asked
him to eat there quite often.
Naresh: Hasn't he a
daughter?
Ramesh: What are
you driving at?
Naresh wonders if he hasn't a daughter.

Ramesh wants to know /wonders what
Naresh is driving at.
Naresh wondered if he hadn't

a daughter
Naresh: I've been

wondering all these
days why you go there
so often. Now know.
Ramesh: What
do
you know?
Naresh has been wondering all these

days why Ramesh went there so often.
Now he knows.
Ramesh wanted to know/ wondered at What Naresh was

driving at.
Naresh had been wondering
why Ramesh went there so
often. Now he knew.
Ramesh is asking Naresh what he

knows.
Ramesh asked Naresh what

he knew.
Naresh: A Marriage in Naresh hopes for a marriage in the offthe offing.

ing.
Naresh hoped for a marriage in

the offing.
Ramesh: I'm sorry I am

going to disappoint you. Ramesh is sorry to disappoint Naresh.
My uncle does have Ramesh's uncle does have a daughter
daughter, but she is but she is already the mother of two
already the mother of babes.
two babes.
Answers to the exercise under lesson no:
Ramesh was sorry to disappoint Naresh. Ramesh's uncle

did have a daughter but she
was already the mother of two
babes.
Naresh: Where are

you coming from?
Ramesh: from my
uncle's
Naresh: You go there,
frequently, don't you?
DIRECT SPEECH
197
Reporting Verb Past tence

According to rules
Spoken Form
Prabhakar wanted to know

Prabhakar: Hi Divakar Prabhakar asked Divakar when he
when Divakar had come.
had came.
When did you come?
Divakar: Hardly a few hours Divakar Replied that he had come Divakar had come hardly a
hardly a few hours ago by the few hours ago by the Howrah
ago, by Howrah Express
Express
Howrah Express.
Prabhakar: Back home after Prabhakar asked observed that Prabhakar said that Divakar
a long time, you feel happy, back home after a long time, he felt must be feeling happy to be
don't you? But why are you happy and asked him if he didn't. back home after a long time,
out so soon?
He asked him however why he was but wondered why he was out
Divakar: Oh, Just think of it
what do I find as I step into
home? Mom down with a
fever.
out so soon.
Divakar
disappointed
asked
Prabhakar to think of what he
found just as he stepped into
home- mom down with a fever
so soon.
Divakar was disappointed that
as he stepped into home he
found mom down with a fever.
Prabhakar wanted to be sure

what train Divakar had come
by and if it wasn't Howrah
Express. He wanted to know
why he was out.
Divakar: I told you. mom has Divakar said that he had told him Divakar had already told him
a fever and I'm going to get that mom has a fever and he was to his mom's fever and was
some medicines What a going to get some medicines. He very unhappy he was going to
bother!
get some medicines.
was not at all happy about it.
Prabhakar: What train did
You say you came by? Didn't
you say Howrah Express?
But why are you out?
Prabhakar asked Divakar what

train he had said he came by, and
if he hadn't said Howrah Express.
He asked him why he was out.
Divakar: Damn these heavy Divakar cursed the rains, and said Divakar cursed the rains for
being the cause of all these.
rains! They are the cause of they were the cause of all those.
all these.
Prabhakar: Oh curse my Prabhakar cursed his memory, as Prabhakar cursed his memory,
memory. I forgot to congratu- he forgot to congratulate Divakar on as he forgot to congratulate
Divakar on his getting a new
late on your getting new and his getting a new and better job .
and better job .
better Job.
Divakar thanked Prabhakar
Divakar,
thanking
Prabhakar
said
Divakar: Thank you, but I
and wanted to rush. He had
he
had
to
rush
and
that
he
had
must rush. I've been long
been with him long and his
been
with
him
long.
Mom
must
be
with you. Mom must be wondering where I am. See you wondering where he was. He mom must be wondering
would see him later. He said bye to where he was. He would see
later Bye.
him later and bade him bye.
him.
--v 18 -d 2006
-- j---
report
C.
Spoken English let
\.
-. -E C
o sentences
report - - -.
let - C report
n C.
1) Let = allow (t-A/ E u-E-y)
d, Eo
Vinamra: Are you sure which train we are travelling by and on which date?
( -v- , D h-o
Kamal: Let's first finish the assignment (

assignment Jh-l.
Report: (Reporting Verb - Past)
Vimal suggested that they (should) go to a
a) Let him go = Allow him

to go = -E xF.
b) Let the milk boil = Allow the milk to boil =
-x---
--F/--F.
c) Let her come in = Allow her to come in =
200
F *a ?)
Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the
AP Express on the 30th. Let there be
no doubt about it.
( L-? 30- -.. qv ho.)

(Of course I am -L----
? E.)
-L F (t).
us let (let us...) C vA-/ (proposal/ suggestion) -C.
a) Let us go now = -- .
2)
b) Let us (Let's) have some thing to eat

= h j A.
(J- -J-y-- --?)

Vismaya: That's the travel dept's business. Let
them do it.
(C vN -x u. - E
x -L.)
(--J -jd -v-- -p-x -A?)
Vismaya: It's not our business. Let his PA (personal assistant) take care of them.
( . .-.
-Lq N C.)
Vinamra: How long are we to be in Delhi
movie./ Vimal suggested going to a movie.

/ Suggested to a movie.
Kamal then suggested that they finish the
assignment first/ suggested finishing the
Lecturer: Let all the students take the test

without fail.
( Nu-n K~ L C
command )
Report:
a) The lecturer orders that all the students take
the test without fail. (Reporting VerbPresent)
b) The lecturer ordered all the students to take
the test without fail. (Reporting Verb - Past)
Sub - inspector: Let him not do it again
(-EC S} -- warning)
Report: a) The sub - inspector warns him not
do it again. (Reporting Verb - Present)
b) The sub - inspector warned him not to do it
again (Reporting Verb - Past)
Let us not trouble him
Vinamra: Then what about the reservation.
Vinamra: What about the director's travel

arrangements?
c) Let us not trouble him
----E --dl.
3) Let Warning y--E (a-J---E)
.
a) Let him not come here again
----E S} \- F-/ -lE p/

-.
b) Let him understand we are not afraid of him
assignment.
(Observe the use of suggest in the sentences
above)
Let Warning Warn/ Warns/
Warned, Command Command/
Commands/ Commanded F Spoken English
report begin h.
let -sEo d Reporting

verb L E n-iC .
Let's now try to report a part of the conversation
Exercise: Report the rest of the conversation at
the beginning of the lesson with the reporting
verb in the present and the past tense.
( --Mx- Eo V--L?)
Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's
stay there for two or three days after
the conference. We can do a bit of
shopping and sight seeing too.
( v-Eo Cy-E-
. - y \
V-. h -,
j-- l.)
Make the best of = -E-j-
Cy-E- -.
- E ----E n-F.
DIRECT SPEECH
c) Let her know her limits
l -- *C.
d) Let order/ command .
a) Let him finish the work in an hour
- E Jh L.
b) Let them clear all this mess -
S x v---L.
5) Ex-~ uEo -E
.
let
a) Let him complain to the police.

What do I care = Police complaint - / F.
Sight seeing =
u- n .
Vinamra: Won't the director object?
.
(J jd u--G--?/ jd u-
p?)
b) Let the government do it =
C vy -Lq E.
N let o n, --.
let o sentences report -p E nEo, -sEo d reporting
verbs, order, warn, request, ask N L.
I. u let o sentence u
Imperative C. d Eo imperative
sentence report -x, let
to let d v-Gh J--C .
M. SURESAN
Vismaya: Let him. But why should he?

We are going to stay there for the
extra days, at our expense.
(pF. u-
pL? v-V a
O .)
Vinamra: Let's tell him of it in advance. Getting
leave for the two days will be easy.
( N - -
---. p --V-
B- --- C.)
Vismaya: Why are you so worried about it? Let
him not grant leave. He will see what
happens.
( ---o? -N-y F l. -
-hC.)
j Conversation let -x *aC. Let
o sentences report --p v-h
L. Let -sEo d, E-o nEo
Prasad: Let me go. I have work to do.

Pramod: Let me know first when we have to
start.
Report (Reporting Verb - Past)
Prasad asked Pramod to let him go as he had
work to do.
Pramod in reply asked Prasad to let him know
first when they had to start.
II. Let, suggestion , suggest E v-G-
-a.
Vimal: Let's go to a movie
(El /E---l?)
(Let's - Let us)
REPORT (Spoken Form)

Reporting Verb Present tense
Vinamra: Are you sure Vinamra asks Vismaya if she is sure

which train we are which train they are travelling by and
travelling by, and on on which date.
which date?
Vinamra asked Vismaya if she

was sure which train they were
travelling by and on which
date.
Vismaya is of course sure that they

are going by the AP Express on the
30th. She assures Vinamra that there
need not be any doubt about it.
Vismaya was of course sure

they were going by the AP
Express on the 30th. She
assured Vinamra that there
need not be any doubt about it.
Vinamra: Then what Vinamra wants to know about the

about the reservation? reservation.
Vinamra wanted to know about

the reservation.
Vismaya: That's the Vismaya points out that that's the travtravel dept's business. el dept's business and that they must
take care of it.
Let them do it.
Vismaya pointed out that that

was the travel dept's business
and they had to take care of it.
Vinamra: What about Vinamra likes to know/ would like to

the director's travel know about the director's travel
arrangements.
arrangements?
Vinamra liked to know/ would

know about the director's travel
arrangements.
Vismaya: It's not our Vismaya dismisses it as not their busibusiness. Let his PA ness and says that, his PA must take
care of it/ it is for his PA to take care of
take care of it.
it.
Vismaya dismissed it as not

their business and said that the
PA had to take care of it/ it was
for his PA to take care of it.
Vismaya: Of course I
am. We are going by
the AP Express on the
30th. Let there be no
doubt about it.
(dismiss =
n, u-- --* --u-T-E-/ \-, -- - -* Nu-JnE B-.

\ n = ----/- -d---).
It is for him to do it = C - -Lq E. It is for the teacher to say if a student is clever or
not = -N-u-Jn L-j-- E p-LqC --.
Vinamra: How long Vinamra wants to know how long they
are we to be in Delhi? are to be in Delhi.
Vinamra wanted to know how

long they were to be in Delhi.
Vismaya suggests that they (should)

make the best of their trip and that
they (should) stay there for two or
three days after the Conference.
Vismaya suggested that they

(should) make the best of their
trip and that they (should) stay
there for two or three days after
the Conference.
Vismaya: Let's make

the best of the trip.
Let's stay there for two
or three days after the
Conference.
C 20 d 2006
Pramila: Please remember that the party is at
7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be
no delay.
(Kd [---. h-. J

-. u u]l.)
Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's
call her and tell her that she need
not worry about conveyance. We'll
pick her up on our way to the party.
(o N h
l. \-
x E - -]lE .
Kd x-p[ J
B-.)
conveyance = y-q = v u
car, bike, scooter, cycle N.
The company provides conveyance to the
manager.
-1
[ j]
Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company
do it.
(-] L? F L.)
a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says
that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is
for the company to do it.).
b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said
that the company had to do it.
Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it
was for the company to do it.
4) \-J let command (c)
[. p[ report should/ must/ have
to/ has to/ had to hC.
Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10.
(C x x E Jh L.)
a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the
work by 10.
b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had
with him.
Syam said he would n't as he must not
leave office then/ as he was not to leave
office then.
2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped
me?
(-- F v u Lp-hC
F hC.)
Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more
time now. We must buy some present for the bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done up too.
( ' --[].
- ---L.)
Have our faces done up = o
A-- E-- facial.
facial - - \ -.
Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it
just yesterday.
(-p[ - \-x]. Eo
--o.)
Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM
too. We have to draw some money.
( u--F, --F xL.

[s B-L.)
ATM -- Automated Teller
Machine - Bank card --T# [s B--] o machine.
draw money = Banks # [s
B-[ = withdraw.
pp[ LET?
to finish the work by 10.
5) Let u-n (request) [.
Prasad: Vinod let me have some money
please.
(N h [s y.)
Prasad requested Vinod to let him have
some money/ requested Vinod for some
money.
6) Let Exu L-h. p[ report
not care, not mind hC.
(\x]. ]_-C [s.)
(E-p[ [s B---Lq ? F ]_-o [s

J---]-?)
Pramila: I think the money I've should be
enough. You needn't bring any.
( \[ \-- [--[].
---E y AJT L.)
I. p let o NN] n, o sentences report
. E -J xh h
.
1) Let u j #---E/
--E/ vA--]- [ p[
report suggest [.
Hema: Let's go home.
Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we
(should) go home.
2) Let j u y-E [.
p[ call/ urge report - h.
Leader: Let's all be united.
( .)
The leader called/ urged the followers to
be united.
Reporting verb calls/ urges E present
tense a.
3) a c. E x
--a. p[ report must hC.
Spoken English
(o ] ---a?)
[-a.
(-j ---o-p[ -[] E]l.)

Report (Past reporting verb):
x 201
a) Ganesh: How long

have I to wait?
( L?)
Mahesh: You need
not wait.
Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he
had to wait.
Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would
not have to wait/ did not have to wait.
b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?
M. SURESAN
(p[ [s Lx--Lq - ?)
Pramila: Then we had better hurry up.

Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you
have it?
Lakshmi: We must not spend much time

there. We have to get back to make
other arrangements.
Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now

itself? = C p u?
Need report past form must
had to h.
Naresh: Need I do it now? DE report:
Naresh asked if he had to do it then.
Need not (need not Lq -
] n --p[), report past
tense reporting verb --p- need not
h. wouldn't have to (would not
have to) E a-a.
did not have to
Policeman: You must not cross the road

against the red light.
Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman

had stopped him.
The policeman said that he must not cross/
was not to cross the road against the red
light.
3) Principal: Students must not be late to
classes.
Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal
said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were
not to be late to classes.
E-Eo L- n must not
, C report must not
Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash.
( ]_-o [s J--L. F
B---- ]!)
n C.
Let us remind Sneha of it too...

Satish: He may report to the police.
Rajesh: Let him.
When Satish said he might report to the
police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't
care.
Let conversation ]-s
h. a.
need N l.
Need
Direct Speech
Pramila: Let's remember that the
party is at 7. Let's start by
6. Let there be no delay.
N.
II.
] ---C: Must,
should, have to, has to o direct speech
report -p[ past tense reporting verb
had to h. C NC, -
x had to h.
Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech.
Kesav said he had to go then - Report
(Reporting verb- past).
must not E direct speech E
-[]E y E] o-p[ report ,
reported verb past tense --p- must not
must not . wasn't/
weren't to + 1st RDW [. Reporting verb
present tense u ]. Verb form
a.
1) Pran: Why don't you come with me?
Syam: No. I must not leave office now.
(E-p[ CL -[] \[
-[] C E-Eo L--hC.)
u x ...
Report: Reporting verb past tense.

Pran wanted syam to go
must
Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa

now.
(y j Lx--Lq - ].)
Report:
Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any
money then. Sri Ram told him that need not
pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not
need to pay a single paisa then.
O must not, need, need not reporting
verb past tense report p[ h-
Lq N-.
Now let us try to report a part of the conversation at the beginning of the lesson (see
table)...
Report (Spoken form)
Pramila reminds Lakshmi

that the party is at 7 and
suggests that they (should)
start by 6. She wants no
delay.
Pramila reminded Lakshmi

that the party was at 7 and
suggested
that
they
(should) start by 6. She
wanted no delay.
(suggest/ sugested
E/ \ 1st RDW
y p[
F hC.)
should + 1st RDW
Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it

too. Let's call her and tell
her that she need not
worry about conveyance.
We'll pick her up on our
way to the party.
Lakshmi suggests they

(should) remind Sneha of it
too. She suggests that they
(should) call her and tell
her that she need not
worry about conveyance.
They will pick her up on
their way to the party.
Lakshmi suggested that

they (should) remind
Sneha of it too. She suggested that they (should)
call her and tell her that
she need not/ did not have
to worry about conveyance. They would pick
her up on their way to the
party.
Pramila: OK. We must not waste any

more time now. We must
buy some present for the
bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done
up too.
Pramila agrees and says

they must not waste any
more time then. They must
buy some present for the
bride and the groom. They
must have their faces done
up too.
Pramila agreed and said

that they must not waste/
were not to waste any
more time then. They had
to buy some present for
the bride and the groom.
They had to have their
faces done up too.
C 20 d 2006
GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
west. In what direction was he actually

travelling?
1. If PALAM could be given the code no 43,

what code no can be given to SANTACRUZ ?
A) 123
B) 120
C) 85
D) 75
2. If diamond is called gold, gold is called

silver, silver is called ruby and ruby is
called emerald, which is the cheapest
jewel ?
A) Diamond
B) Silver
C) Ruby
D) Gold
3. If water is called blue, blue is called red,

red is called white, white is called sky,
sky is called rain, rain is called green and
green is called air, which of the following
is the colour milk?
A) White
B) Sky
C) Air
D) Green
4. Find the missing number ?
5
? 15
3
9 89 5
3
18
4 50 1
8
A) 69
B) 93
C) 99
D) none of these
3
6
12
9
5
10
20
15
4
8
16
?
A) South
B) North
C) East
D) West
12. One evening before sunset two friends

Sham and Ram were talking to each
other face to face. If Ram's shadow was
exactly to his right side which direction
was Sham facing ?
A) West
B) North
C) South
D) Data in adequate
13. Abdul ranked ninth from the top and

thirty eighth from the bottom in a class.
How many students are there in the
class
A) 46
B) 47
C) 48
B) 10
C) 12
D) 20
(Directions 6 to 7) choose the best alternative as the answer.
D) 45
14. In a class of 60, where girls are twice

that of boys, Kunal ranked seventeenth
from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of
kunal, how many boys are after him in
the rank ?
A) 5
B) 7
C) 9
D) 12
15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 minutes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiry
clerk told a passenger that the bus had
already left 10 minutes ago and the next
bus will leave at 9.35 am. At what time
did the enquiry clerk give this information to the passenger ?
A) 8.55 am
B) 9.05 am
C) 9.10 am
D) 9.15am
16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the beginning of each hour and rests for a while
when, he slips back 20 feet before he
again starts climbing at the beginning
of the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am,
at what time will he first touch a flag at
120 feet from the ground ?
A) 5.00pm
A) 8
B) 6.00pm
C) 7.00pm
these
D)
None
A) Nurse
B) Bed
A) 128
C) Doctor
D) Telephone
B) Animals
D) Height
8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh finished before Manoj but behind Gajanan.
Ashok finished before Sanjeev but
behind Manoj. Who won the race ?
A) Rakesh
B) Gajanan
C) Manoj
D) Ashok
o
9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the
o
clock wise direction and then 145 in the
anti clock wise direction. Which direction
is he facing now ?
A) East
B) North
C) North to East
D) South to West
10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, then

turns right and walks 40 meters then
again turns right and walks 20 meters,
than again turns right and walks 40
meters. How many meters is he from his
original position ?
B) 10
C) 20
D) 40
11. A direction pole was situated on the

crossing. Due to an accident the pole
turns in such a manner that the pointer
which was showing east, started showing south. One traveller went to the
wrong direction thinking it to be the
2. The doctor is the grandfather of F, who is

a Psychologist .
A) 42
B) 40
C) 36
D) 44
A) 876
B) 786
C) 785
24. If LADY is coded as 11-0-3-24, how will

MAN be coded ?
A) 13-1-14
B) 12-0-13
C) 12-0-14
D) 13-0-14
B) 10
C) 13
D) 11
26. If 10th of a month falls three days preceding Sunday on what day will 22nd of
the month fall?
A) Tuesday
B) Friday
C) Wednesday
D) Thursday
B) 16
C)25
D) Non of these
28. If Rahul finds that he is 12th from the

right in a line of boys and 14th from the
left, how many boys should be added to
the lines so that there are 28 boys in the
line ?
A) 12
B) 13
16
C) 14
20
A) 60
B) 50
C) 25
D) None of these
18. I was born August 11. Mohan is younger

then me by 11 days. This year, independence day falls on Monday. On what day
will Mohan's birthday fall this year ?
A) Monday
C) Sunday
29. A bus for Delhi leaves every

thirty minutes from a bus
stand. An enquiry clerk told a
passenger that the bus had
already left ten minutes ago
and the next bus will
leave at 9.35a.m. At what
time did the enquiry
clerk give the information to the passenger ?
R R B
12
B) Wednesday
D) Can't say
19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not so

rich as mohan then Sham is ?
A) Poorer than Ram
A) 9.10 a.m
B) 8.55 a.m
C) 9.08 a.m
D) 9.15 a. m
30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadar

was standing facing a pole. The shadow
of the pole fell exactly to his right, which
direction was he facing?
A) East
B) South
C) West
D) Data inadequate
31. In an examination Raj got more marks

than Moti but not as many as meena.
Meena got more marks than Ganesh
and Rupali, Ganesh got less marks than
Moti but his marks are not the lowest in
the group. Who is second in ascending
order of marks ?
B) Richer than Mohan
A) Meena
C) Poorer than Mohan
C) Raj
B) Ganesh
D) Cannot be determined
D) Richer than Ram

20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pile
one above the other if A is above B, C is
above D but below E and D is above A,
which bag is in middle ?
A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
32. what is the profession of the E

A) Doctor
B) Manager
C) Psychologist
D) None of these
A) Brother
B) Uncle
C) Father
D) Grandfather
34. How many male members are there in

the family
A) One
B) Three
C) Four
D) Can't determined
35. what is the profession of A
27. Raju's Birthday is on the third Thursday

of the month which begins on Monday
what is the birth date of Raju ?
A) 15
4. C, the jeweller is married to the lawyer.
33. How is A related to E
25. If I am sixth in the queue from either and

how many persons are in the queue?
A) 12
3. The Manager 'D' is married to A

5. B is the mother of F and E ,
D) 867
D) 20
16
D) 173
23. If 123 stands for 987, than 234 stands

for ?
KASEEM JAGATI
C) Snow
C) 1270
of
7. A hill always has

A) Trees
B) 120
22. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?
Psychologist, Manager lawyer, Jeweller,

Doctor and Engineer.
21. 3,10,29,74, ?
6. A hospital always has a
A) 0
II
[ j]
(Directions 32-36) Read the following

information carefully and answer the questions given below:
1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C,
D, E and F from a family. They are
A) Doctor
B) Lawyer
C) Manager
D) None of these
36. Which of the following is one of the

pairs of coupe in the family
A) AB
B) AC
C) AD
D) None of these
. DIRECTIONS (37-41) : Notice carefully

the following series and answer the questions based on them.
A G L 2 0 K WC 3 R M N P D 4 H S T Y OE
6QUNFBKV8
37. Which is the seventh letter from your
right ?
A) H
B) Q
C) T
D) None of the above
38. If the first half is written in the reverse

order then which number / letter will be
third from the right to the 21st letter
from your right ?
A) P
B) U
C) L
D) W
39. Which amongst the following will be 5th

from the 12th from the left if every second position is removed beginning
from 2 ?
A) M
B) V
D) 3
C) S
E) None of these
40. One day immediately after sunrise,

Gandadhar was standing in front of a
pole. The shadow of the pole was falling
exactly to his right. Which direction was
he facing ?
A) East
B) South
C) West
D) Date inadequate
E) None of these
1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D
9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A
15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C
21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D
27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B
33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C
38) C 39) E 40) A .
K 8) B
D
E 14)
20) C
Y 26)C
32) D
( j]E q dJ\ jd)
-- 22 -d 2006
Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something?
(j
A--?)
fancy = d/d--.
Conversational English x x
vo----p- Do you/ would you- (question
v- ) C---a. j
brackets (Do you) N.
eg:
-- j---
trip to Tirupathi and other places in

South India? (Do you) Know any thing
about what he is doing about it?
(C . A--A x
x---o . - -N -J-* -E-" --o? E -J-* ho?)
Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
a) Mind waiting for sometime =
says. He is in touch, he has told me,
Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime?
with the travel agency which his uncle
Mind =
runs.
u-
b) Like some coffee =

Do/would you like some coffee?
( J- o xF,
serious conversation --p F, Do
you/ would you C- x- - xx -- Eo--uEo
--C.)
Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't
you? And how about some real good
coffee to go with it?
(. A- -C. F\ ?
- * B-?)
p--- do, does and did -J-*
---o -N---- --J ----.
1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)
not F, question F --p do hF,
?)
Sumanth: He does
( u --o--. x -- -v-- ---Fq v-C-h- o-x

p.)
Be in touch - d--/ x / Contact .
(.)
Sumanth: He has given us permission but

wants us to be careful during the
journeys.
by this weekend, he says. That'll give us
It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.
-x--- 202
Vikas: He expects to have everything planned
Vikas
Says- present tense
(--E-J-* --- --o?)
things?
(Eo N-- -J-* *a -p- -----o-.)

Confirm - - bird .-
p N
report h-o?
Sundar: What does he say about it?
Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
Nikhil
report h-o.
- report --p He says
v-Gh. \ he says, reported part *
-E-.
, He is in touch, he has told me, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs. sentence - he has told me
-u - L. F \ u *aC
. C -x---- j--.
a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-
----A a. -F
pal says.
enough time for preparation.
II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,

etc)
not F question - F --p

does h-F, Past Doing Word (came, went,
sang) not F question F --p
did h-C --E ---o. do, does, did
not -p, question -p v-h -E-.
I do know him well - \ not . C question . do know o. C p
- (--L------?)
N-Eo d \ p. I know him well
o I do know him well
E d p.
She does sing well (She sings well)
\ She does sing well

*a --E \ p.
I did see him yesterday (I saw him
yesterday) p- --E -E d
(Emphasis ) p. N O conversation
practice u. ---h
O effective C.
Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place
where we get real good stuff
'- - ... 'u-

( E -x- h---E
o. --y--E -J--
C.)
Suhas: What were the places we would be visiting, did he say?
( } -v---- -N---i- p-?)

Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he
will be meeting us this evening.
( *a h . -i
Lo v ----o.)
Direct Speech - report
-. Reporting verb present
tense, past tense - -- -J-d --- --
-.
p O ----N vh -E--
(-d . l .)
Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our
C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come,
MBA.
( y --G- --o--o-).
Rajesh: Yes. I am (.)
B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about

your excursion programme?
(O
N--v -J-* O -v-Eq-
b) The students answer was wrong, the

teacher says.
p--p -- -J-j x
-J p-. -D-E - x ---p-p J N--- -- NE J-*-- x. p. O ---o? / OJ-\--*a--p--o? vo \ .
a) What did you say your name was?
Look at the following words of Suhas from
i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
but she says she will not come.
things?
(-- t- t-o. F
-C (-C -
)
a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do
(*a. * -,
Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad
J j * p)
about it? ( N O
(Real good stuff- E
ax * h.) M. SURESAN
oJ x-?)
Rajesh: Yes. I have (x-.)
(\ -, . S} h
ho. English . -/- Nagesh: What does he say?
(----o?)
-E j English Snack/ refreshment.
- Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to
to eat? . Any eats? Let's have some
doing MBA.
eats E informal .
( MBA o MCA better
Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi'
E -----o.)
is the place for good eats and coffee.
-- Rajesh Course N xShall we go there?
- J-T N. Nagesh --E ------o? What does he say? E.
(Cafe 'Shadruchi' * ---,
coffee j (The place) E
(\ does say ) (=says) present tense
E" -. \- -E-. Rajesh x o
l? Cafe' - pronunciation - p N-Eo He says E presu u bank ba = -- ent tense p -O -E . C
-. E pronounce English y-. -- --- p
.
h- J-.)
Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go
v-x vh --o).
( n ---o.)
conversation -?
Principal --o English
What does he say - Present -o.
He wants us E S} present -o. -C
h----Lq N. Spoken
English past conversation report -p present tense h. C v-h
practice h English ,
C.
( - --Eo N- *a
p h--o?)
ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be
sentence 'I have asked my mother... not
visiting, did he say?
come; Kumar
xt p x- -
xt -p report ho, she says
-E-L. Eo N pa
Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she
said she would not come.
d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor?
(d-Jo -v-C--?)
Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not
serious.
( x } E p?)
When did you say the meeting would
be? (Meeting
p-----o?) (S} p
E)
h--.
1) Spoken English form \--J
J-T- ---- report --p
Present reporting verbs He/she says,
They feel; they want; he/she wants
(-L. C Bv-i-O -o / -o.)

C (Past event Present report )
-.
Now look at the following part of the conversation at the beginning of the passage.
Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our
E -C.
2) Conversation report --E
He says, they said, he/she told (some one)
N sentence - sentence
*, u F a.
3) -J-j -j -J -----op
trip to Tirupathi and other places in
What did he say his name was?
South India? What is he doing about it?
sentence pattern
-.
Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-
says. He is in touch, he has told with the
tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs.
reporting verb in the present as well as in the
\ ho .
a) Nikhil -p E" -oD,
-o?
What does Nikhil say about...?
past tense.
Suhas
- 24 -d 2006
-- j---
Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a

beautiful dress you are in! Who selected it for you?
(--V y
-E-ho---. F -v !
-d -DEo?)
gorgeous (Pronunciation: ' ' \ -) = -{-- o. \ American usage.)
Lasya: That's my own selection.
(C .)
Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you
wore for Kavya's birthday party.
(
-u -d--V --Kd -y --o v o C C.)
Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beautiful that day.
(F V u-v Eox
C.)
Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of
us too. That made her the lovelier than
any other girl there.
( --J -
. -x --V -J-
-\-.)
Lovely= beautiful= -i.
. n h-- uh-
- -- Eg--.
La
These are the comparisons made in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson.
1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beautiful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth
day party.
dress
Kavya birthday party
(C Oy-V -o
-o -v o
C.)
2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful

that day=
V J -vx --u -v
u C.
3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too.
est
superlative degree forms.
'st'
b) finest, simplest, nicest, etcsuperlative degree forms.
c) Y
Y
* a
N *
-u N- *
( --J u -.)
4) That made her lovelier than any other girl
C --- - o C.
5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends
who took the test.
-x---
( --d -v-q
-J u L-jC).
203
6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she.
--o-u Lj.
7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so
(as) good as his.
x uJn u - u
*C .
iest
superlative form
healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy)
costliest (costly) etc.
d) ful
B,
-C.
-u --Eo-,
Lasya: We have another party coming.
( y-- Kd C.)
Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occasion?
(-J-h-o? s ?)
Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th
rank in CAT.
Common Admission Test
(CAT)
Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the
cleverest girl among our friends who
took the test.
(Cu hC.
25 u *a--.)
(--- -au . -d
v-q -x u L-j-C.)
Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she
(her). Last year he got the 18th rank in
the IIT entrance test.
( --o-u L-j-.
-C --- --v-q -d - 18
u *aC.)
Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the
town is so good as his.
p -l-A ...!
8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.
most
superlative form
i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative)
ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative)
iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative )
most
e)
superlative
Interested - most interested; jealous - most jealous)
COMPARATIVE DEGREE
-er -r -ier
more
comparative
i) Superlative form
'est'
comparative form
'er'
Jh
%-d- --j Lx--v .

9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them
but not so hard working.
x \ x-J L-jC F
v--C .
Comparisons: a English
N-. -- degrees h.
1) Positive degree
2) Comparative degree
3) Superlative degree
(Degrees of comparison adjectives
adverbs
Adjectives
,
.
h--, u-, v-, --, ---j--- -- L
.)
-C.
Eo - ,
x
hC.(
*,
, ,
F
-C.
--E
Eo-,
.
F h C
L ---E
Superlative
tallest
highest
Comparative
taller
higher
superlative form
b) 'st'
'-r '
comparative form
Superlative
finest simplest nicest
Comparative
simpler finer nicer
c) Y
Y
iest
superlative form
ier
comparative form
Superlative
healthiest costliest
Comparative
healthier costlier
d) -ful
most
superlative form
more
comparative form
Superlative
Comparative
most beautiful
more beautiful
most interested more interested
L
-L
--Eo-,
h.
-u N-,
,
h.
B
L
- -,
-d
--Eo-,
-
,
-C.
u h----Lq N.
degree - n L.
Positive E, comparative
h \ F, superlative Eo--o
\ F -- - l ---.
degrees of comparison x, degree
- positive , comparative , superlative n . --p
correct x--d. positive degree p, comparative p,
superlative p - d, sEo d C. :
a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative)
=
b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys,
in the class (comparative) =
boys
c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he
(positive) =
- x -J- - --.
x /
-J o - --.
x - -
-- .
Eo degrees n p -l-A ..
eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc.

Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201
(. h J -- -* u --.)
Lasya: All of them are quite smart.
Few parents are as lucky as
they, in having such children.
(Rxx L-N---x.
%-d- --j Lx--v
- --.)
smart= t n -i
-h-x -{-- . \
n L-N-.
M. SURESAN
Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of

them but no so hardworking,
(x \u ---J- L-N-C.
F d- E--C .)
Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's
a thing to be happy about.
(x * Nu, u- u. -C ---Lq N.)

-E : j conversation L
(comparison) vh- . -E-u -@-N--
a- - - .
h u, , -A --C-
h u-, -, uh-, ,
p-, uh , p-, -
La -C, \ El-- -,
d C---- h .
Spoken English L-- -- uhh l. - Grammar
DEo Degrees of comparisons -E --J
O--Eo- , --- E,
o E, n hC. tall = -j,
-kh-, short = d o, fine = -{--i, etc)
Adverbs , verb - J N- -L
- C E -L
adverbs.)

a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh
Bachchan.
We are comparing all
other actors with Amitabh Amitabh
Not
so tall as
tall positive degree.
b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all
other actors.
( N---a
-- .) \
La
-- - E o
E \
(N- -/-N-
--o --.)
\ we are comparing all other actors
with Amitabh. }-o -- o.
Amitabh is taller than - \ taller, comparative degree.
1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors Amitabh
we are
comparing all other actors with Amitabh -
--x
DIRECT SPEECH
REPORT (Spoken )
Reporting Verb Present tense
Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the
have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before.
done just yesterday.
Lakshmi said she need not/ did not
Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the

go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to
ATM too. we have to draw some money.
draw some money.
Pramila said they had to go to

the bank or the ATM as they
had to draw some money.
Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as

not. I have enough she has enough cash.
cash.
Lakshmi said that they need

not/ did not need to, as she had
enough cash.
Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry

up.
better hurry up.
Pramila suggested they had

better hurry up.
Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to

money now or do you get the money now or if she has it.
have it?
Lakshmi wanted to know if she

had to get the money then or if
she had it.
Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she
money I have should has should be enough and that
be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any.
not get any.
Pramila said she thought the

money she had should be
enough and that Lakshmi need
not/ did not need to get any
money.
Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend
spend much time much time there as they have to get
there. We have to get back to make other arrangements.
back to make other
arrangements.
Lakshmi said that they must

not spend much time there as
they had to get back to make
other arrangements.
u --. \
xJ u -- o. \
tallest superlative degree. C -E-.
1) * +est, +st Fh Csuperlative degree.
a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. N

need to have the facial. She had
had it done the day before.
C 27 d 2006
Sundar: I feel that the food here is better than
that in any other restaurant in this
area. What do you think?
( v o d-x
\[ --]---o.
y--o?)
Madan: You're right. This is the best eatery
around here.
Madan: My grand father reads these novels,

a lot of them.
( ]-.)
Sundar: I remember your telling me that he
was ill. How is he? Any improvement?
(- s ]E y px
h. p- o? i
j?)
(y pC E! d--\ #C.)
Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to
the post office. You get sick once
you eat any thing there.
( d- \ oC Eo
]--iC. -J \[ j
A !)
sick = s [[ \ n
[. sick = A ux
[[ E n C.
-2
[ j]
Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse than

before.
(], ]-]'-d--h --]

o y- C.)
Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he will
recover soon.
(N--E ] C. y
E Ph!)
SUPERLATIVE: -ier Ja comparative form

- iest , er Ja comparative form
- est , r Ja comparative form
- -st, more ] Ja comparative form - most Ja superlative
I am sick of these movies.
worse than that one. (worse - comparative

of bad).
5) Is it better than the one I gave you last
week? (better - comparative of good).
6) Unfortunately he is worse than before.
(worse - comparative of ill).
( E--- -ux C.)

Once you eat there you get sick.
(\[ A -u-x-C.)
Madan: No, I don't agree there. There are
other restaurants which are worse
than that one.
( N- p-. \[ o
Eo --- E-o y-
o.)
Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no other
place are idlis so (as) bad as at that
place.
(F v p--. \-[o h x -\ [.)
Eoo y!
Madan: So do we. ( P-ho.)
Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at
home.
(l! p- x -Lq
E.)(-u-iC)
OK. See you = l.
Madan: Bye
degree form
h-F --o .
- ]E adjectives J-Eo
o. comparatives, superlatives
form --E E] E--.
comparatives, superlatives irregular form
-. N
Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How good

is the novel which you finished yesterday?
--
,
(p! Eo -q-- CN p ]E.)
vo: 1. An unused old temple was given to

Mother Theresa E IX Class English text
book (page no. 45) C-. \[ unused
] disused E L N-J-.
2. Idioms with backgrounds book j
#.
]-, L
# vo. disused
\[ correct.
Unused vh/
p / [E
E n. An unused
old temple p
/ p[ [E
- - E
n.
[] .
- [- ,
y
[[f E
O sentence
. aC disused. d
unused C \[ J-]. Disused
p[ [---E, -p[ () o E.
Mother Theresa a E
n.
1.
2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford
a) India is the largest of all democracies in the

world/ India is the largest democracy of all in
the world E -a. Eo o
simplest form, India is the largest democracy
in the world C.
Superlative degree o-p[ sentence
structure.
India is the largest democracy in the world.
a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest
(superlative) + democracy.
b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the
world.
(subject + is (verb) + the + strongest
(superlative) + animal).
Superlative sentence structure simple. h-Lq-]x superlative ] the
adjectives
adverbs
comparative,
superlative form
(Eo -q- C-N x pC.)
Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have read

in years is so good as this one.
worst - superlative of ill.

sentences [.
a) India is the largest democracy in the world.
u largest - superlative degree n:
v h A-]l v-yu.
N]:
x 204
Sundar: It's easily the best I have read in

years.
( F - #a o
?)
( J-nA o -#C.)
p[ C
(C E! ! Eo y Jh
?)
Madan: Is it better than the one I gave you

last week?
ill = s o.
worse - s/ uC \j, C-J)
7) His condition was the worst the day before
yesterday.
h . - ---oC
M. SURESAN COMPARATIVE: Eo
# ier Ja,
J--Eo- er Ja, y -u -,
y ] ier Ja, Eo ] more
Ja comparative degree form h.
Etymological Dictionary 2)
Publications --C.
Cambridge
vo: [ u- n p.
1. For that to happen.
2. Planning Commission deputy chairman Monteksingh Ahluwalia on saturday regretted that poverty reduction
was not achieved to the desired extent
during the years of planned development.
3. Pointing out that the growth process
should have been more inclusive.
,
1. for that to happen = C --.
e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I
need money.
E..
The worst of all is the eatery next to
the post office.
Positive
Good, Well
Bad, ill
evil
much, many
Comparative
better
worse
worse
more
Superlative
best
worst
worst
most
-[ N--o
( E C. C --
[s--L.)
2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved
to the desired extent during the years
planned development.
(vR]l -{ v-R v
G-'Cl -qx ]J _-] P#- --].)
3. Pointing out that the growth rate should
have been more inclusive.
(G-'Cl vv h Nh'- -LqC.)
You can see these irregular comparatives and

superlatives in the conversation at the beginning of this lesson: O-Eo --- lesson v- [-a.
1) I feel that the food here is better that in any
other restaurant (better - comparative of
good)
2) This is the best eatery around here. (best superlative of good).
3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to the
post office. (worst - superlative of bad).
4) There are other restaurants which are
Spoken English
Comparative degree meaning

a) India is larger than any other democracy in
the world.
comparative structure
a) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (comparative) + than any other + democracy in the
world.
b) The Elephant is stronger than any other
animal in the world.
C j structure L.
Positive:
No other animal in the world is so (as) strong
as the Elephant.
Structure - \[ No other begin [ -
E-
No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree)
+ as the Elephant.
b) No other democracy in the world is as (so)
large as India.
No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (positive degree) + as India.
u x ...
C 27 d 2006
1) E--v] xE x 70S j- ?
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G) J----, -Kb v]u--
) i--v, J----
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p-[-C?
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G) u
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5) N-I (--I) N-- v] ]E -]- --B v--
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G 27) 28) 29) 30) 31)
Y 26)
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38) 39) 40) 41) 42) G 43)
44) 45) 46) 47) G 48) 49)
50) 51) 52) G 53) 54) G 55)
56) G 57) 58) 59) 60) .
( j]E ]\ dJ\ uMd
u)
-- 29 -d 2006
-- j---
Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in

this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying
a bag?
(
adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) /

than all other (plural)+...
c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large
as the elephant
Mangesh: That's right
Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb

+so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)
-v-- - - h-o?
u o -o?)
()
Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all

sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is)
none to your liking?
(\ Eo j-V, -,
o -u-, -- o .
FO a-?)
(To your liking = F *aC)
Look at this one = C
Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I
want a smaller bag than this.
(
\--Lq -u o C lC.
*oC L )
Nagesh: That One may be the size you want.
(C F\--Lq -j- -y-a)

Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I
want.
(. C \--Lq E-
*oC)
Nagesh: See if this suits you?
(
Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.
-C -J---- --)
(. *a- -Lq-.)
Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price
tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-
( - lC )
O ---oC. L -p- simple (-), direct

---a. x-d (complex ) -i- -L h. --- lesson
x Nagesh, Mangesh conversation l.
a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want.
(s! - .)
(More than its worth =
E N
.)
Nagesh: Let's look for something less expensive.
(- \ oo
l.)
Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the
bags this size here. Let's bargain.
See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is
not worth more than that.
(\-o j- -u-x u
\. 400 -- -h-- -l. - -\- -)
Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for
Rs 400.
400
(-y-o-C --C. --h -)
Mangesh: Let's try
( -x N -
- /- Eo - - lC).
The
elephant
(sub)+is(verb)+comparative
-j-C)
(-- -u---J-- --- ---
b) Mangesh: That's
want.
-x---
smaller than the one I
(\--Lq E-- C *oC)

\ ? u v L.
-\--LqC. --\ ---oC.
c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its
worth.
205
-l)
Positive: Positive degree
No
other
Positive adjective
so/as
positive adjective
-x-p
v-Gh. -
F,
-
2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive)

3) This - good song - the movie (superlative)
4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative)
5) December - cold month. (Positive)
6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India
(comparative)
Answers:
1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel
in the shop.
( v necklace u
K-j-C) (Superlative degree)
2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as
Kashmir.
(- Z - Qt L- -) (positive degree)
that's more than its worth

\ bag , E N-
u L.
d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that.
bag
C ,
N- u
o L - -L u.
e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less

expensive.
bag
\- -
-
\ L.
h--, l uh- h. ---p degree of comparison
d word order ( -J)
C. , o \
La--p sentence word order , E
v compare --p - sentence word
order - C.
1) o \ E La--p
superlative degree E adjective
the *a- L.
eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of
(-v--o --l.)
all land animals / the biggest
land animal.
-- lesson adjectives of compariM. SURESAN
son -J--* Eo N- --o
b) Hyderabad is the largest city in
A.P.
? h--, uh- La
(A.P. j-- A-l )
- Eg-- vA-~ @N
C) He is the most popular actor on the
h . --E conversation (Spoken
English) vu \. -E
Telugu screen.
( O - u v-G-
p---o Eo correct p--E, 3
degrees of comparison uEt
- -o )
- lesson . Eo J d superlative adjective p the
p-E-J.
xh l:
a) Superlative:
2) -o \ E La-- comThe Elephant is the largest land animal.
parative adjective -- than any other / than
- -x A--lC.
all other p- -L. than any other
C superlative. word order ( - -- subject, singular number; Than all
other - --- subject, plural number
J) - simple.
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative
-.
adjective+...
b) The elephant is larger than any other land
animal / all other land animals.
Pacific
c) He is older than any other members / all
other members of the family.
( -v -
(C- -\--Lq E- lC)

O -E . \ Mangesh
hoC h v --N -\-- bag, ho bag.
( -CC -F - 500 )
Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth.
a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than

any other minister / all other ministers.
(-- v---J - -v----vA

C- -\-)
b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean /
all other oceans in the world.
as
a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the
coconut tree there.
h.
(\-o d s-J-d- -)
b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.
( -- v--
)
c) No other student in the class is as (so) good
at the subject as Janaki
(class
subject
Nu-n--
L---x -.)
patterns (u -)
degrees j x L. -- \ h-- La--p O -E-Lq N superlative, comparative.
degrees sentences not . positive degree sentence no other v---C.
(, Eo--o... , superlative
C. E A y- h.)
p in the conversation at the beginning of
the lesson - -F a -. p
u-i . -/--l uh- La- superlative degree . Positive,
Comparative v .
1) This is bigger than the one I want.
(\--Lq- --E- C lC)

Comparative (bigger)
DE positive degree: The one I want is not as
(so) big as this.
superlative
lesson
Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make
sentences using the following words, using the
degree given in brackets.
eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world.
(comparative) (Mt-Mount(PeakAns: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak
in the world.
1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the
shop - (superlative)
DE
. - N a
l.
y- x-
P)
3) This is the best song in the movie.

superlative
degree.)
4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place /
all other places in A.P.
( *v C u p
(v-v-- -*- v--E--/

v---o v)
5) No other month is so (as) cold as December.
(
December
6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other
state/ all other states in South India.
()
L-)
(~ - Z/ Z---
--v-v-- lC)
1. How
to pronounce the words? Is there
any rule please.

b) Occasion, situation - what is the difference between these words? ( give some
examples).
. --y--, x
i) Any good English - English dictionary will

give you the symbols of pronunciation refer to it.
ii) Situation =
J- nA.
v- -o /----o -- .
A difficult situation = x-d
J-nA; financial situation
= Jn J- nA political situation = - J- nA.
Occasion = s
\ ---, J-n- - --E
vu \. j situation x
occasion - .
I have met him on two or three occasions =
Eo -sx ---o.
a) On the last occasion that I met him, he
was in a difficult situation =
Eo --- ---o-p - x-d

J-n-A o-.
b) She was able to manage the situation
= J-n-AE -\-C-l---C.
31 -d 2006
-- j---
Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in
\ VC.)
town?
Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and

your mom.
( -x--a (o) ?)
Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?
(y, O t \ -E --o.)
(? p--a?)
Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of
the badminton match.
(Eo -u-t-- -u- --

L-.)
Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he
would win. He is certainly a better
player than his rival in this round.
( l au . h-E . - -- vuJn-- - *a- -j -)

(rival=j= vuJn, --)
Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you,
Suman: Thank you.
-- Lesson . --- \
h--, uh- La--p degrees
(positive,
comparative
and
superlative)
. degrees E sentences , Word

order ? ,
-E v Lap superlative
E --o .
Amar is not so (as) short as Anand.
Let's now try to change the comparative degree
statements in the conversion between Laxman
-, --- d.)
comparative , positive Amar, Anand position , comparative E not positive
. positive -
tage in badminton
( ---o. h. --, - vuJn -v - -. -u-t-- C (--) -- N.)

Advantage = y-Ed- 'y \ -= -J. -L-T-C.
Mind you = h a/ -, (vh E
)
1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.
-x---
(- vuJn - - )
\
L lJ u v Bhavan, Sravan u)
the next match.

fare =
(y-- -u-
Eo y
exam
?)
How did he fare in the debate contest last
(comparison only between two) (taller- comparative degree)

3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Sravan's.
debate
4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special

train. (special train
iC
(h %y) ?)
Suman: He has good chances of winning that
AP Express
---
5) This is certainly better than that =
C E-
(comparison only between two)
(--, t \ V--C
com-
parison only between two.

Longer - comparative)
(O t --Mx p B-h-o?)
- - \ N-- La-p, superlative, comparative, posiSuman: This Wednesday.

tive word order ( -J)
( -)
-o.
Laxman: Have you booked the tick j sentences Eo-
ets?
L
--- u.
M. SURESAN
(--x - --o?)
1) L N- u -Suman: Yes, by the AP Express.
p, superlative degree .
(. -q-v )
2) N-- La--p comparative
Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the
degree, positive degree word order special train you thought of going by.
-- \ N-- La--p
(* E. y x---o
comparative, superlative word order
p-- -v- - C -
-C.
----C.)
, l-JE a---.
Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that
1) p superlative .
too.
2) Comparative sentence - ,
(C E \ C)
sentence * h, positive degree
Laxman:This is certainly better than that in
J sentence -,
every respect. When are you return sentence *-- -h.
ing?
3) Comparative not -, positive not
( N , p-- -v-
hC. comparative not positive
- -q-v *C. p AJnot .
-h-o?)
Comparative:
stay there will be longer.
(~- -
\
Sankar:
(Taller - comparative degree) -
L lJ u, -s superlative
. DE positive degree: Kshema is not so
(as) tall as Hema.
- -- -- ) comparison
( N- u v
only between two
L):
Comparative:
Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar
(
Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar
-, - L-j .)
\ u -N-- -E-:
1) Comparative , Sundar , Sukumar
* o. positive, n
--j, Sukumar , Sundar *- -h-o .
2) Comparative not , positive not C
.
example l:
(
Comparative:
Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad .
(j--- --, N-- -\)

(N-- , j-- *.
Not
Positive:
Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.
(j-- N--- -)
(j-- -, N-- *;
Not
---J marks - F
marks- \- . (---Jlast time )
Omkar: , -J marks , --J

-- ---o t .
(t =I am not sure).
Sankar: - college h aq- -O ap.Omkar:- O a p, F y-od
a p-.
Sankar: Tuition -B --- - -o- .
J _---x--?
Omkar: O lecturer _ x.
Answer:
Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our question papers?
Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the
paper last time.
Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine
last time.
Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this
time will be as good as my marks last
time.
Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (of
all) in the college.
Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so
(as) good as our lecturer.
Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you want
me/to go to/suggest that I go to?
Omkar: Go to your lecturer.
C)
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
1) He is certainly a better player than his
His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)
rival.
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan.
Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan
3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as
Sravan's.
4) AP Express is faster than the special train.
Bhavan's
The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP
Express.
Anand is shorter than Amar.

(
5) This certainly is better than that.
That certainly is not so (as) good as this.
Positive:
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
Mine (C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.
- - --- d)
( -E--x AJ--h. t \
h. -E-
Positive:
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
to Delhi?
Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's
as
- - L-j)
comparative)

Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom
comparison only between two) (faster-
too.
(C L --
o.)
the last exam paper.)
(Kshema,
(v -L-- - -L-
) (quicker - comparative)
week?
(
question papers Eox C

-A -d C ?
(d = tough) - superlative )
Omkar: C --J paper d
.
(--J paper=the paper last time/
j-- N--- -
h l.)
-/-- N.
How did you fare in the exam yesterday?
so (as),
Hema is taller than Kshema.
--)
quicker than Sravan's.
Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in
v - --.
Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are
( , Sravan -L-- --
Bhavan -L- .)
206
(better- comparative degree of good-
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =
Exercise:
Sankar:
(Better- comparative degree)
positive degree statements:

conversation between Laxman and Suman at
Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that

rival of his. That certainly is an advan-
and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into
--E 2 -d- 2006
-- j---
Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yesterday?
(Eo u- -i-C?)Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but

our game was not better than last
sunday's game.
( , L .
Eo C-
-- _ .)
-J p. Sx ho.
-E-. Not -p, question -p
, did , j-u-x-. NEo h d p-x--C.
I did meet him yesterday =
-- -E-o ----E --o.

( expressions O conversation
practice .)
Vasanth: Why do you say so?
(- -o?)
Hemanth: Our score this time were not more
than that last time. Moreover the
wickets we took are not more than
those we took last time.
(---J -\ J \ \ .-J -B-o

N--x ---J N--x - \
)
Vasanth: Why so?
(-x ?)
Hemanth: We made a few changes in the
team. We had Kiran and Charan in
place of Mahesh and Satish, but
they were no
greater than
Mahesh and
Satish.
(
Eo p. --,
-B- , - M. SURESAN
-, -- - B-o. x- Ox p
)
Vasanth: What about the pitch?
- C?)
(Pitch= -j- N-x u -*a
E )
Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster
than the pitch last time. That's why
we took a spinner in place of a pace
bowler.
(- J fast bowling --. , fast
bowler . spin bowler
B-o)
(pace bowler = fast bowler.
(not + comparative -
a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal.

(
J -\
-- -\ \ )
tive.
Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as

high as our score this time.
--, -j-- xE v )
\ 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara-
(--J -\, J -\
.)
2) comparison
superlative
(L) - v. d
.
- lessons -E examples , j
sentences comparative not
-E-. , Eo, positive p-p not .
positive l.
3) The wickets we took this time were not

more than the wickets we took last time.
(not more - not + more (comparative))
(at least)
j-- F
C.
- - x
we have Harish =
Vasanth: What about the next match?

(
y- -- -?-)
Hemanth: We may play the team from

Warangal, but we take it easy. The
Warangal team is no more a problem for us than yesterday's team.
(a-J - - a.
Eo L-_ B-o. Eo - -
l u .)
Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.
(F Ny-Eo --G--Ch-o.)
Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I
(am)=

o.)
captain
Ny-
Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.
captain
Ny---.)
aloud in
F -v -!
F -v l - --.
Pramada: *a- -v F -v -{- . -{- F -{-
Pramada:
Vasudha:
Many (positive) - more (comparative) most (superlative)
-x---
Positive: The wickets we took last time were
(at least) as many as we took this

time.
Study this:
Comparative
( --J B--o N-x, ---J

B--o-o \--.)
-, j-- - x-EC .
Positive
j-- (F) -- x- C.
A, B - \ , B (F) A -E ? comparative * positive
-C. \ comparative not -C,
d positive not .
4) They were no greater than

Charan.
Chandra is not taller than Tara =

Positive:
Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra.
At least
- x C--h p-.
u-i N: Positive degree adjective
so/as, positive degree y as
--?
, positive degree not o-p, -E
so E,/as E- . positive degree
not - -E , as v .
So .
a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-
not C. d
F F .
Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as

great as they.
(-, --- -F --x- p--x)

5) The pitch this time was not faster than the
pitch last time (not faster - not + comparative)
Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as
fast as the pitch this time
b) He is as clever as his brother-
D positive degree. not F, no

F . -x clever as v
-o, so -- . C - u-i
N.
Now let us study the following sentences
from the conversation between Vasanth and
Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson.
1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no better than last sunday's
(---J - J -
-i)
6)
The Warangal team is no more a problem

for us than yesterday's team.
(no more a problem - no + comparative)

Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most
(superlative)
( - - Eo -
\ u- )
Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as

much a problem for us as the warangal team
(-- C- Eo
-_-.)
(Eo -, - - u
= \ ) -
\ E.
(no better - no + comparative)

Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as
good as our game yesterday =
7)
Our captain is more confident than I (am) captain

comparative, not
Positive
not

-- C- Eo
C (F)
2) Our score this time was not higher than that
Kiran and
(x h B-ox, -, --
- p -x ).
\ a --, -B-, -, -- CE p--p, C
N- u L ---E.
n --LqC \ \J, N x--J a . -,
-B- ORx-l 1st set. --, -- ORx-l
2nd set. \ comparison sets of
players . d, DEo N- u
L-- BL.
b) Comparative:
n K o)
Exercise: Practise the following

English
207
I appreciate your confidence
positive degree.
tall
so
as
Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our

captain.
J -- B-o N-x --J N-x

\ .
Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =
C
-/n.
In place of Suresh
last time.
v ---.
In place of =
---J N-- ( N ) a .
N-- La--p
1) Superlative .
2) Comparative not positive not
hC.
3) compare ho h- positions
----. N- last
lesson !
p :
hC.
\ Ny- -o
, d
--J_ (proper) . E v F -E K--\-.

---o.
Vasudha: N ---. --.
, \-o x-J -v-x F
-- - --E E-p- -o.
Pramada: N--E - C. E C
E .
Vasudha: - E----B -p .
Answer:
Pramada: How beautiful your dress is!
Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours.
Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so
attractive as yours. My selection is
not so as proper as yours, but my
dress is more expensive than yours.
That makes me sad.
Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry.
But I still feel that yours is the best
of the dresses of all those/ the people here.
Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true.
Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful /
honest as I am now.
vo.
'q - ---?
J* L----.
i vu h---o?
~o, -- h-
L---.
. - -,
j--.
Syntax -- .
Syntax English E uxE -J (order of words -
, y L) -J-*-
E--. p Eo lessons --L-C ? OE J-* English story books,
Magazines v-G*, Newspapers
(English), l - N
- x
English hC.
-- 4 -d- 2006
-- j---
Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your

son in, finally?
(*- O --E - school -
-Jp--?)
Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School.
Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever
get him admission in that school?
It is one of the best schools in the
state.
Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much

like to, but tomorrow is a friday.
On fridays, I am busier than most
other days. I'll try to come, but
don't look for me. Anyway, many
happy returns of the day.
( - C, F v-. -N-T-L-
-V-- --L-h v-- - G-@. -
( \--x --t-- -C--? Z - --o --h- ----x --.)
What do you think?
Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive

too. My son has been selected in
the selection test. Very few admission tests he has taken are as
tough as this.
(. u K--j ---x
--. v---K-~
--u. - K-~x
Eo v -d- i-N.)
Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as
number of admission tests?
( -O --s - v---K-~
- -F --l-u?)
Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five
transfers in the past nine years.
With every transfer he had to be
put in a new school, and that
meant an admission test.
(-----o-? --Nt-x-
-- x CM C.
vA-K h ---- aLq aC.
than that in most other recent movies.
--E v-Ao-h. - -F - --l. -d--V- - --E

---o)
Lokeswar: Thank you.
Compare sentences (a) and (b) below:
a) Kolkata is the largest city in India
( - u l-- -)
- superlative degree.
b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
India.
(- u l -x- - )
superlative.
a), b) superlative o.
(a) the largest o - Eo
-x lC --E -n.
(b) Bangalore is one of the largest o
-E (u) l---x --
o.
-x---
208
vA-K v---K~ --)

Dhananjai: How good is he at studies?
(O -- --?)
Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly
brighter than most other students
his age or class. He has had no
difficulty getting admission in the
best schools.
(L-N---- L. - -A,
- -q- -x - -C
L-j-. - - u-h
---x -- v -L)
Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in
Ambit school shows that. Wish
him all the best.
(n - C. --
- - ---- --h-C).
Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How
about attending it?
( -d--V -h .)
The best, the largest, the tallest, etc.

comparatives, positive
h .
One of the best (u -j---- ),
One of the largest (u l-- ),
o-p Positive, Comparative
p l. F u
N
L- JQ- L
- - , p (h- , uh
- )- -T-x -x d (Complex) --C. - -- .
x, Superlative,
Comparatives y .
: v-v- --o -x j--
lC (Superlative), N - j- lC (Comparative), j- lC . E -
--. .
Three degrees 'lC -- -- o. --Tx-, big, bigger,
biggest E degree E d
- --- . u lC, A
l - -
. D - -Eo L-o, -sEo d -*a- -. F u L E--
Table- 1
II Type
I Type
Superlative: Kolkata is the largest
city in India.
Bangalore is one of the largest cities in

India.
Comparative: Kolkata is larger than
Bangalore is larger than most other
any other city / all other cities in India.
cities in India.
Positive: No other city in India is
Very few cities in India are
so (as) large as Kolkata.
as large as Bangalore.
Superlative:
Eo -x lC
Comparative: N ---
lC (-u--J --)
Positive:
lC -.
--u- l -x -
--- - - lC
- --. N- -x- -E---- --o. E L- degree

p- N- vh .
Naresh: But the songs in the movie

are not sweeter than the
songs in 'Kalalu'.
Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in

Now look at the following sen'Kalalu' are sweeter than the
tences from the conversation at
M. SURESAN
songs in the movie.
the beginning of the lesson
1) It is one of the best schools in the state.
Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in
superlative
2) And one of the most expensive too.
this.
Satish: You are one of the best singers in our
(u K--j ----x )
3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as
this (positive)
4) He is certainly brighter than most other students of his class or age (comparative)
5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other
days. (comparative).
p L --u J-Q-Ll:
(--- 1 ---)
p ----E degrees transformation to other degrees l.
Positive
1)
College. I do not have the knowledge

of music you have / my knowledge of
music is not so (as) good as yours.
Naresh: Very few songs are as good as
'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a moving song.
Satish: True. I like it too.
Comparative
Superlative
Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the
state are as good as this. schools in the state.
state. lesson
sentence)
*a
2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than

and one of the most expensive
expensive as this.
most other schools.
too. (lesson
sentence)
...
*a
3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests.
are as tough as this. (les- tests.
son
sentence)
4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest
bright as he (is).
other students. (lesson
sen- students.
tence)
5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am
busy as I am tomorrow.
most other days. (lesson
the busiest on.
sentence)
p ---oC...
a) The + superlative E h E comparative than any other / all other hC.
Positive No other -v---C.b) One of the + superlative h E comparative than most other hC. Very few
Positive v--C. very few
v--u positive- as + positive + as
v- hC. so + positive + as .
Carefully observe the following conversation between Satish and Naresh
Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've
seen recently.
Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are
Cl -- lN
(-u--J --)
'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in
(ZE h ----x C )
as great as this.
Satish: The photography in the movie is better
This diversity is seen not only

among the plants belonging to different groups but also those
belonging to the same group.
is
seen
present continuous
verb
-v-o-:
j u y
-T- .
--Eo --T-a?---?
. L--, X-
--: \ seen C present continuous
tense . present simple / present indefinite.
present continuous tense verb formam seeing / is seeing / are seeing.
present simple, passive voiceis seen-
C
---C n.
This diversity is seen =

jNu
C ( h E)
is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb -
past participle) - voice, passive.
--- 6 d- 2006
-- j---
Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to

class, are you?
(-J- class *aC

y -?)
Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier
than me. I was not later than they
(were)/them by more than ten minutes.
(J, -
a. x- C EN-
o \ u .)
Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to
come
?
(p a x J
-C-?)
Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not

among those who are the earliest.
(. y a--x x -
.)
Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike.
You had better buy now. It is on sale
at a discount
and is cheaper
than before.
(y bike
----o
.
p
*C. Discount t-o. ----
p .)
a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P

= Adjective - the coolest - degree superlative sentence
superlative
not
sentence
-E-.
n:
v-v-- --x u xE v
E .
, --x Eo v---o x-E-C E C comparative.
Madanapalle is not cooler than some other

places in A.P.
DE
x-EN.
2. I was not early as Sarika

and some others.
Sarika and some others were

earlier than me.
sentence)
I was not the earliest.
3. It was not as cheap before

as it is now.
It is cheaper than before

sentence)
No superlative.
4. Some others are always

as early as Sarika.
Sarika is not always earlier than

some others.
Sarika is not always the earliest.

sentence)
5. It is not as cheap as it was

earlier.
It is not cheaper now than before.
It is not the cheapest now.

sentence)
6. Some other brands are

going to be as cheap as
this.
sentence)
This is not going to be cheaper

than some other brands.
This is not going to be the

cheapest of brands.
7. The bike is not as important for me as some other

matters.
Some other matters are more

important for me than the bike
now.
sentence)
The bike is not among/ not

one of the most important
matters for me.
8. No other matter has as little priority as the bike.
The bike has less priority than

any other matter
The bike has the least priority now.

sentence)
-.. Eox --x
b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden.
( -E Eo x C \ -jC
)
not the tallest (not + superlative)
The tree is not taller than some other trees
in the garden.
( N Eo x-o C -jC
)
not taller than some
other - comparative.
Some other trees in
the garden are as tall
c) Some other novels are as good as

'You only live Twice'
(Eo novels, 'you only live

Twice' -)
M. SURESAN
Saran: Moreover some other matters are

more important for me than the bike
now.
(-- bike u-i

N- J-Eo o .)
Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the least
priority now.
( F v-ux
-?)
bike
*-J-
DE
comparative
"you only live Twice" is not better than some

other novels ('You only live Twice'
novels
Eo
).
superlative
'You only live Twice' is not the best novels.
(You only live Twice'
novel
Eo- h--i

the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) You are not the earliest to the class.
2) Sarika and some others were earlier than
me.
Saran: There are other more important matters.
3) It is cheaper than before.

4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come.
(E . E - u-i-N
J-Eo o.)
Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me
know. I know the dealer. We can get
some concession.
5) It is not the cheapest now.

6) Some other brands are going to be as
cheap as this or even cheaper.
7) Moreover some other matters are more
(y -E Eg----o-p
L--. dealer .
h T_ --hC.)
Saran: Thank you.
9) there are other more important matters.
You observe that the conversation above

has mostly negative sentences. There are,
among them, superlatives, comparatives
and positives too. Now before we study
them look at the following sentences.
Spoken English
important for me than the bike now.

8) ... the bike has the least priority now?
All the sentences above are more or less

the same pattern.
--
not the best/ greatest, etc C-*-N. O other degrees l.
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
(*a
[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)]

9. Some other matters are as
important as this.
There are other more important

matters than this.
sentence)
As good as - degree - positive
It is cheaper than before

(x. J-Eo company bikes
-_ , -_
.)
You are not earlier than some

others to class.
Some other places in A.P. are as cool as

Madanpalle =
(-E Eo x, d
o.)
Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then be

as cheap as this or even cheaper.
superlative
You are not the earliest to
class.
sentence)
1. Some others are as early

to class as you.
as the tree.
(p \--. ---C. -.)
comparative
positive
positive:
-x--- 209
Saran: It is not the cheapest now.

It is going to be cheaper
still. I'll wait for another
month.
u-N- h--:
degree * degree a
exercise practice x confusion
p Spoken English improve . O
regular - J---p-x English
x---o---, p O p--o Eo, -s-Eo-d, degree
p O -hC. English *a--px x- u. Fo
L---. - x
Tx hC.
(*a
This is not the most important matter.
Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form,

very few of us can play as well as he.
(E. E Sx form a-
v Cl- -
-)
Sindhu: Wish him the best.
conversation above:
1) You played the best of all.
2) You scored more runs than any other member of your team.
Now study the following conversation:
3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.
Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won the

match yesterday. You played the
best of all. You scored more runs
than any other member of your team.
4) He took more wickets than I did.
(-E-o O team L-*C. -J

y . N---x-o
y-\ - B.)
Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl as
well as Ganesh. He took more wickets than I did.
(-%-d- -h Ganesh
bowl ----. -\ wickets B--o)
Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all.
His single digit score shows that.
(x y- C O d.
E score E \)
Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late.
Otherwise he plays better than most
of us.
(-F-u form .
-C .)
Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earlier match either.
(F -- match
- )
5) Your captain played the worst of all.

6) ... he plays better than most of us.
7) But he didn't play so well in the earlier
match either.
8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.
j sentences Eo- L---o

Fo - J.
sentences h-/ uh ---,
-n u- uh EB -h-oE -E . EE l,
\ uh, -J- -
, \ C -ho.
C comparison of adverbs, comparison of adjectives . degrees of
comparison, adjectives , adverbs
--o-. p---
study C comparison of adjectives.
J-Q-L-C, degrees of comparison of adverbs.
(adverb
, verb L E J-TC
E L )
You played the best of all - \ verb,
played = . J-TC?
Answer: the best. d best C \
adverb.
--v- 8 d- 2006
-- j---
Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English

the best of all of us in the class?
(Class
--J English
Ramana )
Vishal: Yes; he does. ()
Komal: Why so? (-E?)
Why so = -?; Why not? =
? expressions conversation
common. O - .
x-C
Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in

English medium, that too, in very
good schools. Moreover, he reads
more than any one of us.
(-* C-NC English

, D * English medi, -- -
\- --.)
That too = C .
Komal: He certainly works harder than any of

us. At the same time he plays games
better than us too. Remember he
scored higher than any other member
of our team in the last match.
(*a- - \ v--. games . -- match

team players
score ).
Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time
with him.
(C h-o. -
-)
medium
um schools
-x--- 210
Komal: What does he
read?
How
much does he
read?
(
-?
---?)
lesson
comparison
---oC, degrees of
\ adjectives , adverbs
E. Adverbs -o. verb, subject EE --C.
verb E J-TC N--
L- adverb.
He plays well. \ verb - plays.
-? verb (L E) vo h,
- well ? -E well, adverb
-C. sentence EE
d, C noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., Ox
C E Eg--Lq C.
-
This is a fast train.
M. SURESAN
\
. d
train?
fast, adjective.
vo,
fast train
Why so?
Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English
news paper daily. He reads too, a lot
of fiction in English. He reads quite
often English news magazines too.
(--N- W English newspaper

--. English -, -E --. English news
magazines --.)
fiction = { ' \ -. n
p Lp-* novels (-),
short stories (-E-) N.
Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so
well because of his reading?
( y-C - x
English x---o--?)
Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you
more than a thorough study of grammar.
(*a-. Tx x-- v
~o u-- , -
\ ----C.)
thorough = = ~o-i
Komal: The language of the English newspapers is difficult to understand, isn't it?
How then does it help?
(English newspapers English
n
----E d C. -p -----C?)
Vishal: Ramana says he began with short
news items, and then went on to
news stories.
A Cheetah runs fast.
(*--L --h-C. \ runs,
fast,
d
C

1) , -C ( h/ E)
vo -- a- Adjective.
2) E J-TC vo answer a
Adverb.
N- v-h h--
degrees of comparison p Adjectives ,
p adverbs C - -hC.
verb. How does it run?

question
fast
adverb.
answer
a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world.
(v--E Eo x Z-L d
u -C.)
-E- \ 'best'- adverb, -,
plays verb EE N-J-hC d.
(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective
the
superlative degree of the adverb
the
*a- -E --o.
d--. *,
--- y-.)
j sentence adverb, superlative degree
C ? C superlative of 'well'.
C .
b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all
other players =
player/
players
Spoken English
Adjective
adverb
N
\ better, comparative degree of well
c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as

Dhoni=
player
ball
adverb, wellpositive.
good=

E
d. \
* (adjective)
well= (adverb)
better (comparative)
best (superlative)
degree
positive
1. Adjective
No other team in the world is
so/ as good as Australia.
Adverb
No other team in the world
plays so/ as well as Australia.
2. Adjective
Very few teams in the world
are as good as Australia.
Adverb
Very few teams in the world
play as well as Australia.
degree
a lA .
comparative
superlative
Australia is better than any

(all) other team (teams) in
the world.
Australia is the best team

in the world.
Australia plays better than

any other team/ all other
teams in the world.
Australia plays best of all

teams in the world.
Australia is better than most

other teams in the world.
Australia is one of the best

teams in the world.
Australia plays better than

most other teams in the
world.
No proper superlative.
a lA Adjective ,
adverb .
Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos Jh, not L. p h---Lq N reads + not = does not
C
itive
1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag.
read.
(C lJ u L \ not C
comparative degree) DE superlative
--. Positive a--p,
Tendulkar, Sehwag x ----;
not hC.
Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as

fast as Krishna. (Krishna
-)
3) Kites fly faster than crows.
Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does

not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar
( l --)
Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative
not
Positive
verb - fly. fly
+ not = do not fly.
2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib

Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee,
Shoaib Akthar
bowl
not
superlative
Positive
not
subjects
Lee, Akthar positions

)
L lJ u, C. DE
.
----.

conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as

Bret
fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar
Lee
bowl
1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of

all of us in the class? (superlative degree of
the adverb)

h)
Adverb degree a--p, do, does,
- h--d--L.
did
2) He reads more than any of us.
(comparative degree)
3) Reading English helps you more than a
study of grammar (comparative)
Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark.

(Mark Steve \ matches )
C comparative. verb - played. DEo positive p-, played + not = did not
play -C. p positive.
4) He certainly works harder than any of us.

(comparative)
5) At the same time, he plays games better
than us too. (comparative)
Mark did not play as/ so many games as

Steve. (Steve
games Mark
-Eo
hC.
Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as

kites.
6) He scored higher than any other member of

our team. (comparative)
-)
2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi
Exercise:
O degrees practise .
Answer:
-N %g --)
superlative
comparative
positive
1. Doesn't
Ramana
speak
English the best of all of us?
sentence)
Doesn't Ramana speak

English better than any of
us?
Does any of us speak

English
so
well
as
Ramana?
2. Of all of us he reads the most.
He reads more than any of

us.
sentence)
None of us reads as much

as he (reads/ does)
Reading helps us more than

a study of grammar.
sentence)
A study of grammar doesn't

help us so much as/ as
much as reading.
4. He certainly works hardest of

all of us.
He certainly works harder than

any of us.
sentence)
None of us work as/ so

hard as he, certainly.
5. Of all of us, he plays games

best.
He plays games better than

us too.
sentence)
We don't play games so

well as/ as well as he.
6. He scored highest of all of us.
He scored higher than any

other member of our team.
No other member of our

team scored so/ as high as
he.
(*a
(*a
3. No superlative.
-\
_ -.
(d-- *o h-- vG*, y l l h reports

C--E o)
(*a
(*a
(*a
--C 10 d- 2006
-- j---
Chandan: Of the two who do you find the

better- Sekhar or Srikar?
( l-J, , X-
--?/ --E-h-o?)
Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his
virtues and defects. Srikar is the
more intelligent but Sekhar is the
more industrious.
(p d . l-J Eo *
o, Eo
o.)
Virtue = u ' bird ' \-- n . Gandhi was a
man of virtue = D - L-T uh.
Chandan: And who is the more suitable for
this job then?
( p -Lq E
T--?)
Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't complain about the work.
(. E N
.)
Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better

sooner than later. I'll send the
appointment order today itself.
(Eo appoint ho. -

y h . appointment order )
Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (, F.)
Go ahead = F/ Ey/ t-A-.
Ram: I want to tell you something.
(F -N- p----o)
(F/ p-).
C English common. O practice
.
Sam: Go ahead.
2) Between Bangalore and

Bangalore is the cooler =
Hyderabad,
-s-E T-x v-h conversation , effective (v

----C) C. d Comparative
degree - -- --E
Spoken English :
3) The sooner, the better =
3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the

stronger =
(The elder is the stronger of his
two sons
-.
E a).
4) Pranav: How does he compare with his

father?
E v -o-- aa? ( v
p-? n.)
Sourav: The father is certainly the better.
complain
-x---
(Eo
P~
y?)
2) Who is the more suitable for this job?
Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad.
E Llx l- -
Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)
Chandan: Has he to be
trained?
(*a-, v -\ .
(\ - better - comparative.
Better y than - better
the.)
211
y *C.
p sentence 3) comparative
sentences l: \, comparatives \ -o .
the .
a) The taller a player is, the better can he
play
=
v-- -j -.
sentences, conversation
practice .
b) Prasad: How did our team play yesterday?
(Eo
team
C?)
He is as good as ..
Santhan: I don't think

so. He has
M. SURESAN
two years' experience in the field.
(- -.
-E x - C.)
Chandan: How good is he at the job?
a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land

animal.
Giraffe
- -
.
Giraffe =
( u --?)
Santhan: He is as good as or even better
than any employee we have.
(p _-o u----F,
- \--F n u
o-.)
Good = * - n. F -
'*--, 'good' -sx
- N- p/ -n-j/
n u--o n .
good actor = * DE n p
-E. -F * E
.
good at something = j -/
L-.
He is good at maths = -E maths
a.
Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The sooner, the better. We've a lot of pending work.
( o E-Nl.
y , *C. E
---C.)
pending = Jh-E/ Jh---Lq
Santhan: What about the pay?
' ' \ -.
\ L --o \ u.
taller - comparative. taller y than any
other (singular)/ than all other (plural) E
hC .
b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =
Giraffe
taller (comparative)
than
comparative.
sentences (a), (b)
i) comparthan
ii) comparative
ative
the
u. j
y
.
. \
y
hC. C
L
hC.
Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below:

Sentence A
The Giraffe is taller
than the Elephant =
Giraffe
o
.
Sentence B
Of (between) the Giraffe
and the Elephant, the
Giraffe is the taller =
Giraffe,
Giraffe
degree, comparative
,
.
i) sentences ,
ii) sentences , p N , .
iii) Sentence A Sentence B comcomparative y parative y than
than C.
.
iv) Comparative
Comparative
the . 'the' C.
v) Sentence subject,
begin
Giraffe
Sentence,
(between)
Of
begin
(J @ A?)
C.
C.
Chandan: Let's pay him more than what he

gets now in his present job?
(p E job -o
E- \-Nl).
Santhan: How much more? (-\?)
Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (-Ll.)
Say = p n.
\ Say -.
Spoken English
Comparative
sation
sentence B conver -. Practice .

J-Eo examples :
1) Of the two girls, the one in the red dress is

red
the more beautiful =
dress
(Comparative
than
comparative
the.)
l--t-x,
o t \
C.
y
. d
,
compare
Pramod: The less we talk about it, the
B -E-.
better.
How does this car compare with imported

cars? =
cars
Compare
practice
(E J* \-
x- --*C less -
NQ
Do--- aa? p? n.

.
How does this CM compare with his predecessor? =
u--vAE o
u--vA -- a-a?
predecessor (v-/ v-. 'vE/ 'vE
\---) = N/ n -J
o x predecessor .
eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the predecessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =
----f
J u-vA v----.
Predecessor X Successor (y *a
x -N/ n)
eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu

Naidu
5) Janaki: Is Rekha as good at dancing as
Suma?
(Rekha, Suma
dance
h?)
Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the
better.
comparative of little)
c) The higher a place, the colder it is
=
v -j h--j (-v-d
*) x C.
d) The longer you walk, the healthier you

become
=
y \- h, -u-----. =
-*--Dl u \.
English proverbs (-) :
a) The nearer the temple, the farther
from god.
_-- Dl, - .
_- -x, p-j
x-a E x---a,
h --a E.
farther - comparative of far.
far =
-i
b) The more you eat, the less you wish
(, , hC)
\ better (comparative) ,
the hC.
1) Of the two, who do you find the better,
Sekhar or Srikar?
(Whom do you find the better?
whom
ioned -
-E x old fash-. F
p -x)
better - comparative y than
d, better the.
conversation E C sentences
comparative the comparative y than --x.
to eat; the more you earn, the more

you wish to earn
=
\ Ao-Dl \ A--E--hC,
\ -C-*--Dl, \
-C- --E--hC. ( !
E y A. s
h -, , x -? ---)
c) The more, the merrier =
-, .
(j English proverbs; O
conversation .)
O comparative uses.
-- 12 d- 2006
-- j---
Prakash: What's wrong with you, Chum? You

appear run down nowadays.
Prakash: We start at my place at 5. We can

see him at 6.
( N? u y
F- -p E--h-o.)
Chum= h. Eo---j
o-.
They are chums= x v-N-v.
Chummy= o.
( * -
. - -
l.)
He is chummy with the CM=
- u--vA Eo-u/
o C.
be run down= F- -.
He is run down= F-, Eh-
o.
Fo conversation a .
\- O Spoken English
.
Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best of
health. I wish to see a doctor. Who
do you suggest? Is Dr Kushalam
OK?
Prasad: That's OK. Then I will be here at 5.
(. C- \)

Degrees of comparison,
grammar exercise
sentence
degrees
practice
degree,
degrees
conversation
study
Lesson No. 210
practice
express
idea
degree
-sEo
N
d
, j
.

.
-- pd -s
o
L C -C. -E
pd p N
pd C. o-p degree -C, -*--- -C. lesson comparisons .
(E. -u .
Doctor ---o.
Doctor -? Dr
* ju-?)
-x--- 212
b) He is among the more popular actors on

the Telugu screen -
c) A Chief Minister is more influential than any

Union Minister -
v--vA-
-- o-.
-O \ v-G---o
= y-, * E.
-E
Though, he is in the 7th class, he can speak

English better than any 10th class student =
(Chief Minister, Union Minister

any
other
3) He has more practice than any MS or MD =

MS/ MD
practice
o -E--\
C.
More practice - C comparative degree.
u comparative y than any
other F than all other F L, -o \ E La--p. F j
sentence than any MS or MD o
any y other . C :
Chief Minister
y,
.
.)
d) The Home Minister is more powerful than

any other minister =
Home Minister
Home Minister,
any other.
v-
h--.
v -E
e) Shoiab Akthar is faster than any Australian

bowler. any other
Shoiab Akthar
Australian
d,
f) Bret Lee is faster than any other Australian

bowler=
other
Australians Bret Lee, Fast. Any

o d, Bret Lee Australian.
g) No Australian plays like Laxman.
-s --vU?
Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among the
better doctors in the town. I know
him well. Shall I take you to him?
( -d *-. x
-j -dx- --\.
. Eo B-
--}?)
Prasad: When shall we see him then? This
evening?
( p l -?
v -l?)
Prakash: Why not? This evening is as good
as any other time.
( ? p-j --.)
-E-.
This evening is as good as any other time=
v, ---x *.
-v-i */ v
l/ -v l C O conversation practice .
Fo ---l --E- =
Now is as good as any other time=
p , p --a! E
Prasad: He appears to have good practice.
practice
(- *
o-dC)
Prakash: What do you think? He has more

practice than any M.S. or M.D. He
is better at diagnosist than many
MDs.
(M.S, M.D.
doctors
practice
MDs
C. - \
o -El--
C
)
M.S. M.D. ? MBBS y
Surgery/ Medicine Degrees.

Diagnosis=
Diagnosists Prasad: Then let's see him this evening.
When is the best time?
-El- -El-- -x
v - l.
j ?
best time= j = right time.
Spoken English
Now look at the following

sentences
from the conversation at the beginning
of the lesson.
1) I am not in the best
of health, certainly.
(English
expressions
M. SURESAN
n-Eo-h. E N-
pJ n , usage - n .)
sentence B-. C N-
pJ n: u u-h-
F, -- E. DE n,
usage ' u - E.
N x -o uA-- L-h. - sentences h
uu pJ-hC. J-Eo sentences
- l.
a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey
team?
( J* F G-v
N?)
Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest team
in the world.
( sentence No-p pJ
n u-h x --,
--, E. - -n: * d
E, EE-E.)
b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she?
l -h ? D
-n. F pJ n x
-h , F -h, E C
J-.
2) He is among the better doctors in the town.
doctors
best doctor
d--E -j
-\.
--a.
E B--u_- (
d--E doctors , *, E--E E
- N->h, * -
- E)
a) AP is among the bigger states in the

country.
lN -_ Zx -..-E.
, 10th class x-
x--.
Dx other . Any other/ all other,
C N-- a--p
.
j sentence 7th class student , 10th
class student = y N- -ho. -E other . ,
h) No other Australian plays like Ponting.

Laxman, Australian
no other
no
(sentence h) Australian.
-E-:
,
7th class
English
, d
E . Ponting
-E, no other
He has more practice than any MS/ MD

MS/ MD
MBBS
,
E n.
E, h
a) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any

doctors
MS/ MD = MS, MD
Dr. Kushalam
practice
Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD
i)
.
%Ah---i- -
-- ( %Ah-- )=
He acts better than any professional actor.
(Any other
Any/ no
other
, - %Ah---i
). D
y
-- a n.
O x---p x/
E a ? --p any/ no
y other, -.
4) Now is as good as any other time=
C.
E.)
p p a E.
(N - *, p
* E.) Eo C-N- pa.
b) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any

other MS/ MD =
MS/ MD
practice
Dr. Kushalam
MS/ MD
Now is the best time/ Now is better than any

other time/ no other time is so (as) good as now.
o
\
\. (
E n.)

Pratiksha:
Eo match -v-u-
C ?
Niriksha: regular player --,
regular players
C.
Pratiksha: -L team captain J* F
G-v N?
Niriksha: * player E -p
--.
(not/ never superlative )
Pratiksha: --- K \-- x--.
-j players -- -.
Niriksha: -i p captain
?
Pratiksha: . captaincy x
L-* games \ .
Niriksha: OK. -J ---?
Pratiksha: p * player E
o.
Niriksha: ---o-.
d .
Pratiksha: p , p l.
lesson expressions Fo daily

conversation --T-. Practice .
Answer
Pratiksha: Pratyusha played very well in the
match yesterday. Didn't she?
Niriksha: She is not a regular player, but she
played better than any regular
player.
Pratiksha: What's your opinion of the captain
of the opposite team?
Niriksha: I never thought her the best of
players.
Pratiksha: Don't undermine her so much. She
is certainly among the better players.
Niriksha: Whatever it is, she is certainly not
the greatest of captains, is she?
Pratiksha: Don't say that. The games the
team has won under her captaincy
are not a few.
Niriksha: OK. Shall we meet her once?
Pratiksha: You've just said she isn't a great
player.
Niriksha: I was just joking. I do like her.
Pratiksha: Why any other time? Let's meet
her now. Now is as good as any
other time.
14 d- 2006
-- j---
Bharat: Sarat, Vasanth has yet to come. He is

late most of the days.
(, . \
V -u- h-o)
Sarat: Yesterday he was even later than the
day before.
(o Eo -u-C)
Bharat: Isn't he the last to come to class most
of the days?
(\ V -J -u
(*) a--?)
Sarat: That he is. I don't know what his problem is.
(-. E -u L-
)
(That he is = , -. That he is C conversational)
Bharat: I think his mother is ill most of the
time and delays packing his lunch.
(x-t x ----.
- carrier --- -u-----)
2) not the + superlative =
p-.
a) Hari is not the best in our team, is he?
team J p player .
b) certainly Sudhakar is not the worst of
our friends.
o-x - *-
n.
3) Comparative + than + any , comparative
+ than + any other :
-ho N-
Cj than any other, y -
C than any E --o.
1) Sunayana is cleverer than any other girl
in her class.
(- class N t-
LN C)
(-, t- class x)
2) A Cheetah is faster than any tiger.
( l-L *--L C
\ Cheetah, tiger y -N
-E than any )
Sarat: Hasn't he a sister? She can help his

mother.
-x--- 213
(- sister C ? x-t
----a.)
Bharat: Is she his elder or younger? I think
she is younger than he and she goes
to school too.
( \, x? x---,
\ -C)
Sarat: That's a pity.
Bharat: To add to all this, his dad is most of
the time on camp. His poor mom has
to take care of everything.
(O-Eo- , x o \
camps . xt
Eo N- --Lq hC.)
To add to all this = O / OEo-
Sarat: What's her present condition?
Bharat: He told me yesterday she was much
better than before.
(- -E Eo o)
(C- )
Sarat: That's something.
Bharat: She is under the treatment of the

foremost doctor of the town
Dr.Vaidyanath. Still she isn't all right.
(- A p doctor ju-
ju h-o.
- )
Sarat: Yea, I have heard about him. Is he
expensive?
(. J* No.
K-j d?)
Bharat: No, not at all. He doesn't charge
more than the lesser doctors in the
city.
D spoken English
N degrees of comparison J* -C.
Now look at the following sentences.
a) The train arrived late this morning =
b) The match began later than the time fixed
=
u EKg -u
v--iC.
c) He was the last to come to class yesterday=
Eo x -J u
(*-) a
Late (positive), later (comparative)
-o time/ EKg
n -u-i N-
J* - .
(late = -u-i/ -u = -o
;
later = (L- ) -E
\ -u-i/ -u)
pC v-h . j u
, C vh--E _---x ?
o --LqC Eo J-T-, C V
( vh--E) _ J-T-x .
I got the news late =
( . p-E ()
doctors fees
\
.)
Sarat: Let's hope she will recover completely soon.
(y- Jh ---E
Pl.)
comparatives, superlatives
lesson
points
J*
--o
xh.
1) Among + comparative degree - h
-j h \-j, etc N n.
eg: She is among the clever students of
the class =
class
-j
C E n.
students
Spoken English
-E-
a) old news (C, -J L- h)
b) late news ( h h L-
h)
c) later reports contradict the earlier reports
of the incident =
J* *a
p h, -- *a h-
uA-- (N-l) o.
contradict (v-d. ' \- 'E
\- \ -) = uA---.
incident =
d) later, comparative p .
My shirt is of later cut than yours = F shirt
shirt fashion y-C. (
shirt fashion hC, F shirt . cut =
fashion)
Older, elder -
N , old comparatives.
O N- vh -.
Old - L, --. L n
--, -, x;
n h- .
Older - C , L N- L
/ \ o n
--, --, x;
n h-- .
Elder - \ -- , p-p -- .
1) Older - --E EJ -q
a--E .
a) Mahatma Gandhi was older than Nehru
(-t-D, v l
)
Bhima was Arjuna's elder

V wj -u *aC.
( vh J-n-?)
h -u L-C.
(-x d, -u LT a)
latest -
superlative. , p-- (Till now) *a *-JC

u , -- E.
.
latest fashion - u *a fashion DE
y D .
latest news - h (h -)
latest score (cricket) - score -
p--- d -, p-
C
late
wickets.
b) My information is later than his =
l o - l
oC -u-iC vh--E
J-T-x -.
news paper \ d--?late
news a newspaper
- a news paper .
any other person in the village =
v- E
N--x
l. ( M. SURESAN
)
2) elder - C --E C--J
-q a--E .
a) Sri Rama was Laxmana's elder.
latest developments
p--- JT J -x -C h J-.
latest techniques = (p--- -) h lA
p last N l. latest, p---
J-T time *J , last, h-
v/ - v *-JC/ *-J-
(, ~ t- l
)
elder B u.
elder than F, elder to F
b) Bhima was Arjuna's elder - L
elder .
a) Kumar is the last to come =
c) My uncle is my mother's elder -
-J * *a-- .
-E- \ time vu,
*a x - vu.
b) This is the last book written by the author=
- *J h C.
-d ---.
The news came late =
h -u *aC.
L, d, -u a.
C .
a) Late news = -u C h E.
h. ,
b) He is older than
Last
1) This is the last book of the author
( -*J h C DE y
h- -)
2) This is the last of the series ( v
C *-JC DE y D )
3) The last wicket fall at 313. (*J - 313
- _ --u Innings T-C)
(, last n - C
last week/ last year . h---L)
t-o -l.
(My uncle is elder than my mother.
My uncle is elder to my mother -
J-)
American English He is my older
brother, She is my older sister
y---. p-.
Latest
This is the latest book of the author.
( - p---
*-J-CC/ DE y -a)
This is the latest in the series
( --v- C hC)
The latest wicket to fall is that of Sehwag.
(p--- J-T h out C

Sehwag ( Lqxo)
--E 16 d- 2006
-- j---
Sampath: Why are people so crazy about

imported stuff? They are proud of
possessing them.
Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I

think wrist watches are among the
lesser imported items.
(Imported
h-- --E N ox y
.)
imported - C--j, NQ
(foreign). crazy v-> *a-V.
Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs,
imported cars, imported watches etc.
(y-C NQx, O,
j J?)
Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods
are as good as the so called
imported ones. Moreover, I think,
the so called imported goods are
not suitable for Indian conditions.
(u- a -. .
---, \- C-u h-x wrist watches E)
( h p, -\-- C
Eo -- -- -Jn-- ---i- - ----Eo d
C? B- -
u h-, NQ h-
B-, jN .)
adaptibility J- n- -
y.
Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in
electronic goods and appliances for
far longer than you. I am senior to
you in the field. Our goods are not
half as durable as imported ones.
( electronic h-, J- Nv- F \

o. F
\ - o--E.
NQ h- Eo- h-
Eo .)
Appliances = x- -Eq- ' \
- = J-- (-u) %- h-. Durability = Eo
Sampath: I do admit I am your junior, but I still
feel that the prices of imported
goods are unreasonable.
Eo Eo comparatives usage
Go . x
elder, older - O N
lesson . p -N J-Eo
comparatives o. N superior inferior,
senior and junior. O-n L- -
; N comparatives --p- O
y than . To v hC.
Spoken English
-x--- 214
positive
the conversation:
1) They are definitely superior to Indian
goods.
2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and nat-
comparative
superlative
little
less
least
few
fewer
fewest
Little, uncountables
3) I am senior to you in the field.
d, E
comparative less, superlative
least uncountables L.
4) I do admit I am junior to you.
a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in
urally the quality is inferior too.
Eox, superior, inferior,

senior, junior - comparatives y than
to -E-.
j
sentences
that glass =
glass
\.
glass
I have few friends here

Superior: u- , y- -j *
N--/- N- x p-C/p E.
a) This camera is superior to that because of
its extra features =
columns little, few

J* Ja . comparatives
-- Ja, \-J h a.
camera
camera
o - -u x,
C pC.
FEW
LITTLE
bles
L- *vx -v- -B
*vx C.
Inferior = \
(\---dE
) .
p countables
(\d-)
.
(little rice/ sugar/

milk, etc)
(few
books/
friends/ boys)
a) Indian bowling strength is inferior to
Little =
Few =
b) The camera work in Hollywood movies is

superior to that in Indian movies =
Australian bowling strength =

Australian bowling
-- bowling
uncounta-
There is little milk in

the glass =
glass
\.
b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe-
, mileage N-x Japanese cars

cars B-d.
senior = -, -- ( - -j)
l/ \.
a) He was senior to me/ my senior at school
by a year =
school
class
b) She is senior to me in age by a year =
-q l (-)
c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a
movie actor =
- NTR _u \ -.
uA- - *o,
- \.
Junior. Senior
a) Sehwag is junior to Kumble =

Sehwag cricket
- \
b) Though we are classmates, he is junior to

me in age.
( class --p-, -
*-o.)
I have few friends

here =
A few friends of
mine are coming
today =
friends
T---l-
-Eo -- --
Very little =
The patient
had very little food
yesterday =
--
The Patient had a

little milk in the
morning =
Cl.
-l _--ho-K--V.
Very few = --Eo/ -Cl--C
Very few know this

secret =
T Eo
\
Bo.
The little = o
Cl =
- -Cl
C u
.
The few = o
-Eo / Cl D.
The patient threw

up the little food she
had taken =
The
few
that
passed got very
low marks =
T Bo Cl
-Eo A C.
this glass has the

least milk =
glasses ,
glass
Eo--
\ -o.
M. SURESAN Less, countables
, u 'no' ,
\/ \E n -.
a) The book has been translated into no less
than twenty languages =
yp
A little =
b) Of the three glasses,
\
o-
()
A few = Eo/
C
-
()
rior to japanese cars =
x
(F \ -
o -E --U-Jh. F NQ
h- K \.)
unreasonable = --- \
continues.
Sanath: No, no. They are definitely superior

to Indian goods. Our technology is
inferior to theirs, and naturally the
quality is inferior too.
Sampath: Whether a thing is inferior or superior depends on its adaptability to

the situation of its use, doesn't it? If
that's the case, Indians goods are
as good as, even better than foreign ones.
Our study of comparative in spoken English
( yP , NQ -
* E t. ,
NQ - J-n-
-- .)
So called = (-)
The so called honest man = E--B- --- E E--B
t .
(. NQ h- h *a- -j-.
-A ju, x E- \
, -E -- h
u NQ h- u
\)
pass
Cl
D
\
\ a-o.
- h 20 \--E -x --iC.
(--- 20 ---x)
b) The movie has been released in no less
than thirty theatres =
*v 30 \--E E---x N-jC.

(--- 30 -E--x-)
Little comparative, less. Little
uncountables d less
countables --, fewer v
-E --.
eg: I tried to contact him no fewer than ten
times
( C-x/ C--x \ -E
x--E v-Ao-.)
spoken English countables less, fewer l
-h-o.
I gave him no less than a hundred books/
no fewer than a hundred books.
- h-/ \
h- a n less,
fewer -jC.
less l p-. ( fewer
v uncountables ).
-- 18 d- 2006
-- j---
Jayanth: Hi Anant, good to see you though

after such a long time. How goes
life?
( , - y- Eo - C.
N-? o?)
Ananth: Getting on. How is it with you?
( J-T--C. F -?)
()
Jayanth: As usual.
Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met
him.
( o?
---iC.)
Jayanth: Not in the best of circumstances, I

must say.
( J-nA
pL )
Why? what is wrong? ( N)
Ananth:
Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His
partners have cheated him. But he
is facing all this very bravely. A lesser man than he would have gone
mad.
(u- d a.
-y----E . E
J-T ju o. - \ knu o--x-, *a--x----.)
-x--- 215
Ananth: That'll be too late for me to see him. I

think I'll wait and see him today.
Won't you come with me?
(p-
K ui--C. V T, E
l----o. y- )
Jayanth: I will, of course. (p- h)
Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the
TV.
- little
degrees
- little (positive), less (comparative), least
(superlative).
little
comparative
lesser. Less, lesser little
comparatives
use
Less
less
a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has)
=
b) He gets less income from his job than from
his rents=
(-. u .N. l.)

J C

, ()
C. C

,
C.
n,
-- --o.
.
E Lh \-j n
-o , J \.
- l
x a --E-,
u x a
\.
Lesser n, --E
\ E --p- less
x lesser .
-u --J-
\ /vA/h, --j- n .
d) He is involved in the crime to a lesser or

greater extent=
l, p O
v C.
extent= / =
degree.
e) This is the lesser of the two evils
=
, C - \ .
g) A lesser man than he would have gone

etc)
mad =
b) If 3.30 is too early, 5.30 is too late. 3.30
Look at the following sentence from the

1) He is too trusting and too risking
(N--E C. .
-- A t-; A
T-h. -Eo *\x -hC.)
Trusting= t y--;
risking= T-, -J\ B--.
Land somebody in trouble= *\x
-
Jayanth: I agree with you there.
( N -U--Jh.)
Ananth: I wish to see him.
(E ----o)
x
50,000 -T, *- \ hE U--J-.
, less .
c) They originally ... , accepted a sum less

than that.
a lesser sum = (c)
a sum less
(b)
lesser
than ...
sum
noun
lesser
noun
Eg: A lesser player,
A lesser degree
A lesser offense
etc.
A lesser player than Tendulkar could not have
scored so many centuries=
cricketer,
Tendulkar
centuries
lesser
noun
Jayanth: It is too early. You wait for an hour.

He will then have returned from his
morning walk.
(p K -
-C. . p-
Jo * AJ--h.)
Ananth: Does he still continue his morning

walk?
( Jo -
o?)
Jayanth: He does. That keeps him healthy.
(. C E -u -C.)
Ananth: (Do) you suggest that I wait for
another hour to see him. I'm afraid
that's too long. I have work at 9.30.
I think I'll see him tomorrow.
(E - o
*----? C K \
----- E--hC.
Nt-C-o- C. ---o.)
Jayanth: I leave it to you, but I'm not sure of
his programme tomorrow. He may
be out of town, and return only on
friday.
(F d J. E E
vv N -M. x
---a. - x -
v- --a)
Spoken English
15 ---. \
C. --E- \ n
- op
- .
-E ,

hC.
\-
(--E- h
(-
),
),
y
y
2) It is too early
3) I'm afraid that's too long
4) That'll be too late
Look at the use of too in the sentences above.
too
n, A/ A E. A --i E- \-, N* E
. -x L- ---aE.
1) He is too trusting and risking = (-) A t-. E-x p-L
E partners Eo -. - too risking = K \ T
v -o N-Eo (risk )
T* . C K h
L, d
2) It is too early = K - -x E
-.
5 a
, 3.30
- K x -C.
K y } , 5.30 a
- 5.30 } u-u (
p--C v .)
3) I'm afraid that it is too long = C K
\--- E--h-C-. (J-n-
N-N)
a) He stayed here too long = -E-\ K
\----o. (- x
L- . E l- -a/
-E, -- j L-TC)
Very, too- n F,
use F.
Very / \ E --J
. -x / d .
Too K/ A E.
a) The train is very late = Train
E-/ t-C C. u
() u a, L
\-a.
b) Train is too slow = Train K/ A
E- hC. --p-, v
L \.
c) The doctor was called in very late =
Doctor
-u L-. (N*
. h- v- G*C)
d) The doctor was called in too late =

Doctor
K -u L-. (p-
N*--C. v- --C.
Doctor --C.)
\
\
\ vA L-T
Eo
--L-- .
-
(x
L ) --E- \ h
(amount), vu (importance), J-
(size) o n --C.
a) The growing pollution, and, to a lesser
degree, the scarcity of drinking water, are
the cause of the trouble=
--o
u, E h \ , *-F
, - -.
b) Though a city of lesser size and population

than Kolkata, Mumbai has greater prominence=
- \ , J-- --i--p-, j vu
\.
c) A lesser leader than Gandhi would have

yielded to the British=
British
(K y h-o
J* / y \- * Lq hC.)
a) Reaching the station at 3.30 for a train

that arrives at 5.00 is too early =
train
station

a) The pen can't be Rs 15/- It'd be much less=
pen
less,
lesser
less
lesser
b) They originally demanded Rs. 50,000/- but
finally settled for a lesser sum=
Syam: It is too early Bank
--E M-
x --.
f) He is among the lesser known actors of

Bollywood=
That'll be too late

Ananth: Sorry to hear that. But one thing. He
is too trusting and too risking. That
sometimes lands him in trouble.
xL. -l--
o)
- \ (knu, x-,
*a x----x.
D lesser -. O conversation
practice .
M. SURESAN
Prem: I want to go to bank urgently. I am

starting. (Bank
D \ p
x -.
EXERCISE
Sumithra:
< C? Eo o.
Suchithra: < d (silk) y - o < d- \
u-iC. E -K D
u--.
(K = brocade - v-
' \ -)
Sumithra: C E- K-jC.
Suchithra: -q-x y --E-N-C
d <-- \ ---?
Sumithra: -.
Suchithra: F,- ---J --i
B--?
Sumithra: C B---.
N- \ --C.
Suchithra: Selection -C.Sumithra: -u---.
ANSWER
Sumithra: How is this sari? I bought it yesterday.
Suchithra: The silk/ texture
of this sari is
superior to that of the sari you
bought earlier, but its brocade is
inferior to that of the earlier sari.
()
Sumithra: But this is costlier than that.

Suchithra: You must have bought not less
than/ no fewer than eight saris in
the last two years. Isn't that so?
Sumithra: I think so.
Suchithra: Is the selection yours, or do you
take any one's help?
Sumithra: I take my sister-in-law's help. She
is senior to me in these matters.
Suchithra: The selection is really good.
Sumithra: Thank you.
-- 20 d- 2006
-- j---
Govind: Aravind, where did you get the information from?
(-N, F - \--*
*aC?)
Aravind: Which information (do) you mean?
( - J* -o?)
Govind: That there will be a hike in the
allowances to employees.
(u-
E)
ux
Aravind: I had it from Gopal. You know he is

in a key position in the finance ministry
( p . F -,
finance ministry N o-E.)
Key = --i; position = n
. \ n N.
(y d--ho. -x .
C ? Sekhar p s - ---. -C-* s -N---E BJ-----E. trouble --
- \ s --E d--- )
get on = -h. we are not starving = h--
- E. E--E --
H---E-, E d --E, English
I am not starving . C O conversation practice . starve =
h-; fast = -l/ -
.
I'd do = I would be satisfied
Aravind: He hasn't earned much, though. He

is too honest for that. Others in similar or even in lower positions are
much richer than he.
good position, he hasn't earned much =

He is in a good position, he hasn't earned
much, though. Though,
position
\ *
. *
o,
-C--, E. C *
conversational expression. O conversation practice .
Govind: He has more power than money.
(-E s--, C-, --

\.)
Aravind: That way Mukund is the best of the
lot. He is very wealthy but has little
else. Unfortunately he is more
wealthy than healthy.
( N h -J
* nA o. -o
E s p -E---.
-%-d--h -E u-
s-\.)
Govind: Life's like that. It isn't an unmixed
blessing for any. Look at koteswar.
He has more fame than happiness
or money.
(@N . -J Fo .
-y N . ,
--s - uA --\.)
Life's like that = @N . ( @N
--od -.)
unmixed blessing - C @N-Eo J*
p N @N- Jh
-Eoa N . -od D Jh -.
Aravind: You and I just get on. We are not
starving. That's enough for us, isn't
it? Sekhar is all the time busy making money. God knows when he
finds the time to enjoy what he gets.
I'd rather do with less money than
put myself to such trouble.
Spoken English
--
-iC. \ -o
Eo strong - -ho d
2) uh/ --E o
Lh, p more , regular comparative forms o .
eg: The elephant is more strong than fast.
-x--- 216
a) I'd rather die than tell a lie
(l p- - d )
b) Our Indian movie heroes rather dance
in the movies than act =
stronger.
- ( -) o
~-- -ho d, more strong
o.
-
h.
E-x
dance \
c) It is better to call them dancers rather
x actors --
. (x than
rather than \ .)
than actors =
dancers
He is more smart than good

Look at the following sentences:
( -C---, J.
-E- -x, -E-o \
-x o-x -E- E--
o.)
He hasn't earned much, though -
v -E-. Though he is in a
eg: The elephant is stronger than any other

land animal.
Govind: Yes, That's true.
Govind: Yea, I know. He is really in a good

position in the IAS. I think of all of us
he enjoys the highest official status.
(, . IAS *
-N o. --J u-o
C--J nA o--.)
a) Gopal is richer than Gokul (Gokul

Gopal
--)
b) Gopal is more rich than handsome - (Gopal
E--j-, - = -
- s-\)
(a) rich comparative richer .
(b) more rich o.
(a) l-J-o Eo (rich) a.
\ richer E regular comparative
.
(b) -J o a .
(b) -J o -
La--p, \- o - more
\ regular comparative .
i) She is more clever than beautiful =
-- L--\. (-J o
- -ho. -E more clever
, cleverer E .)
So that is the difference between the

regular comparative
form, and more +
adjective form. Some
more examples.
a) This building is more
M.
strong than beautiful
=
(stronger

C.
d) Rather than get into a crowded bus,

why not walk?/ why don't you walk? =
o
?
\ -
e) I decided to be jobless rather than do
SURESAN
b) He is more smart than good =

(smarter
* LN \.
bus
E
.)
Now study this sentence from the conversation:

I'd (I would) rather do with less money than
put myself to such a trouble =
v
\ s -- .
sentence rather ... than
L- --C . \ rather ... than
(choice) ---E .
such a job =
u --
u --E Eg---o.
(E-u-T -E Eg---o.)
rather than -i comparative -a. u E
N-- a--p rather than
.
f) Rather than talk all the time, why don't
you do some work? =
- x-- j --? (- Eu E).
ii) Kumar is more good than intelligent =

Kumar
L-N- * \.
(-J o - -ho
-E better ; more good .)

lesson.
1) He has more power than money =
-E
s-- -x C- \
2) He (Mukund) is more wealthy than healthy
=
- u - \.
(-E-: wealthier . more
wealthy o. -E? uho
~- -ho -E wealthy,
healthy o regular comparatives - wealthier, healthier .)
3) He has more fame than happiness or

money.
-E , s- uA
\. -J o N - \ E p d more fame
than
p --o N.
1) --C-o Eo Lh regular
comparative form .
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Gandharv: Why are you awake so late at

night? It is 12 midnight.
Gandharv:
- \-o-? vA 12
--C.
Kinnera: Exam C.
Gandharv: Ev---d-E v \
time waste -
--a-?
Kinnera: C E. F ?
q-- . v---- --. y, (by
nature) d-
E--- clever
.
Gandharv: ---, y vA
--a- E.
Kinnera: -- vA -- d.
Gandharv: friend o. clever
student. o--.
Kinnera: -E L--o s-.
Gandharv: .
Kinnera: @N C.
Kinnera:
I have an exam tomorrow.
Gandharv: Rather than lose sleep by keeping

awake late at night, you can study
during the day without wasting time.
Kinnera:
That's true. But what can I do? I

am not like Apsara. It doesn't matter even if she doesn't work. By
nature she is more clever than
hard working.
Gandharv: What I mean is rather than study at

night, you can study during the day.
Kinnera:
I'd rather study at night than during the day.
Gandharv: I have a friend. He is clever too.

But he is not rich.
Kinnera:
That means he is more clever

than rich.
Gandharv: Yea.
Kinnera:
Life's like that.
--v 22 d- 2006
Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the
information about the tourist spots in
-- j---
2) She wants full details of all the tourist spots

in the state.
A.P.
3) She wants to make full use of this trip to see
( h v-v--E u-
n Jh - y .)
(Tourist = u--. Spot= -)
4) They can help your sister plan a perfect
Vinod: This booklet appears to better. In fewer
5) She said I was free to plan it any way I liked.
all the places.

holiday.
pages, it gives complete information
6) The road from here to it is straight.
about the matter.
7) I will go direct from here.
( *oh E- _ E- -Tx- - Eo adjectives degrees of com- woman = J--g-i ( N-i E) Y. . Circle (%h), Square (-v),
hC. \ -@-x Jh - parison -. j --j- ---Fo (\ she was more perfect than other women Rectangle (D` -v), Triangle (vA),
hC) (Booklet= *o h)
-. comparative, superlatives . she was perfect; some other women were etc.
Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is . E comparative, superlative
v (circular/round) circle.
perfect too, others were not perfect.)
returning from the states. She wants . - l.
5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I
v EC circle . d This Circle is
full details of all the tourist spots in the 1) It gives complete information:
liked:
more round than that Circle = %h, %h
state. She wants to make full use of
v C. Circle v --
Free = yv/ ya- -o
this trip to see all the spots.
j p N --x free , freer, freest C? N geometric fig(o-J F. -d dq *
E degrees of comparison . -J-j ya ures N- . O- degrees of
AJ--hC. u- n N-
-x--- 217 x free. -- --x free . comparison .
h --C. J *a- x ya . ya Eo
It gives complete information

p, --Eo-E --E v- \ complete Jh. j N J-N---a. -E
-Eo Jh ---T------ Jh C. . -F C N p-a.
C.)
N, N Jh Kumar is free to a
J-nA .
Vinod: Why don't you consult a travel agency?
greater degree than
They can help your sister plan a perfect
This glass is more complete than that glassKesav. -- - -
C n E N .
holiday.
\ ya C. M. SURESAN
(y -v-- ---FqE v-C---? a) Jh E . ()
(pp Kumar has
x- O d -- J--g -x- b) E , E--- more freedom in these matter than Kesav-
- p---.)
-a. -E glass glass p - C. d p-. E
Jh n--.
Holiday- n -.
freer, freest v - spoken English
-sx n -x N- a) --d Both the glasses are complete N-E--.
, -.
.
6) Straight:
Pramod: That's a good idea. She said I was
b) This glass is complete but that glass
C j--x. DE degrees
free to plan it any way I liked. I will
isn't . so, complete has no degrees of
.
approach the Vihar Travel Agency.
comparison.
straight= Ao-/---. straight (Ao)
They are known to give correct infor2) she wants full details of.....:
C, - ---. -F, -E-
Complete full degrees of comparmation.
Ao, - .
(C * -, d *a-x ison . full E--, E . d straighter/ more straight, straightest/ most
x- --E ya E , E -C, E-x . straight expressions .
pC. -N- -v-- ---Fq x (fuller, fullest, ) p--p 7) Direct:
_---h. j - h- \--\ --, N;
C . Give me a direct answer= AoE/
xC.)
I promise you my fullest cooperation/ You shall
oC od ( A- E) -
approach (v v\-)
have my fullest cooperation= O Jh y. direct, indirect . More
= _---x/O--/ . C. \ fullest J-. full direct, most direct .
. Jh C. Jh. 8) Correct (j):
Vinod: Where is this Vihar Travel Agency?
E \ Jh C/--\ Jh C A thing is correct or incorrect. \ -J
(\D -v-- ---Fq?)
.
Pramod: It is in the round building next to
--C, p--C . More correct,
Chitramahal
4) They can help you plan a perfect holiday:
most correct .
(*v \ v C) EoN o/ E N- x- His answer is more correct than yours... - ---- p---.Vinod: Are you going now?
--- F -q d. p --
(p- ----o?)
Perfect= J--g-i; E (fault-less,
? - --- correct , F --q
Pramod: Yea, I am.
good in every way)
-p, C p (Wrong/incorrect) -C,
Vinod: The road from here to it is straight.
Perfect more perfect, most perfect
F F --q \ correct, - --- \
(\- --* --\- - Ao C) degrees -E O ------.
correct .
j h/ -j perfect , j p--Fo degrees of comparison E
Pramod: I Will go direct from here.
, J--g-. . - , J(\--* Ao \- ho)
x/ O imperfect (--o) - F T , -- -- -. \,
-J - \, \ -- .
Eo lessons --* degrees of comparison Sita, Lord Sri Rama's wife, was a perfect \---. Geometrical figures N-
ho ? p J-Eo -h-
N-- l:
Spoken English
Look at the following sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) It gives Complete information.
-- -u- -x ---..
-v-o:
I -Tx- -a---E --- h- ---.
II -C-- --- -n -N--J--?
1. I'm enjoying my new job.
2. Diana said that she was enjoying her
new job.
3. My father isn't very well.
4. She said that her father wasn't very well.
5. I have to go early.
6. Peter said that he had to go early.
-N. X---v-Jh,
x-- (-.-.->x.)
---:
--Tx- --E- ----- h-:
i)
a) Living English structure: By stannard
Allen
Let's Learn English,
b) NCERT
series
series No.5
ii) 1) I'm (= I am) enjoying my new job=
v-J-*
11
h u - C
( \ --N-h-o)
2) u \ --N-h-o-E
( h u - E)
pC.
3) o - .
4) x o - E pC.
5) y xL
6) y xL E - p.
-v-o:
1. vis - a - vis - n N-J-.
2. E C-J
p.
3. j - -Sx -.
2, 3 -v-o-- --Tx- - --N- ---?
. -- -,
- (..->x)
---:
1) vis - a - vis (OO/ N-N, size z )
= E Lh, E -.
a) What are your job opportunities vis-a-vis
the reservation policyreservation
-s/- --u, F
u----- o?
b) India is not vis - a - vis the US=
--J Lh -o- . ii) This the mistake made by/ the lapse of the
previous official/ incumbent.
(Incumbent =
Incumbent: Pronunciationiii) I will not repeat this mistake.
-N o-)
--
--C 24 d- 2006
-- j---
Kavitha: You've been out too long. Where

have you been?
(F - --o. \--oN--?)
Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I
have been there to book tickets for
us.
(
E-----x. \x -E)
Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show
on what day?
(J-/ a?
V?)
show
c) The car is very expensive -
K-jC. ( -a)
d) The car is too expensive car K K-jC.
(-x / - )
C too o nx, -x .
Look at the following sentences.
a) The patient is too weak to walk -
T -- - C.
b) The amount with him is too little to buy a
car -
E _-o s -- \.
Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficulty I was able to get two seats for the
matinee the day after tomorrow. The
queue was too long.
-- E -h-o.
-x--- 218
(C l E. First show
AJ-T-- -u--C. C *C (~-)
)
Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about
giving away the tickets to others?
( J-.
o ah?)
tickets
--J-
Sabitha: That'd be foolish. I've taken a lot of

trouble to get the tickets. Don't
worry. It's an AC hall.
sentences
too
-E-.
... too + adjective (sentences a & b) + infinitive

adverb (sentences c & d)
[a) Adjective
hC . Lo L
adjectives L
o E; verb L
, p J- E L .
c) Infinitive to & 1st regular doing word.
eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - x-/
x--E/ x; -/ --E/
; a--/ a---E/ a, etc.]
j *a vA sentence vA--E, -
, E negative h-C-. C
too vu-.
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= adjective/ adverb x Lq E --, d
- n.
i) He is too poor to continue studies.
--T--- .
ii) She is too proud to listen to advice.
- - N- Jy.
iv) She knows too little to teach others.
o t N ?
F *a?
-- -.
for ... C)
v) Ba-- u C
It is too difficult a problem for us to solve/
The problem is too difficult for us to solve.
vi)
-- <- C
It is too dark for us to see.
vii)
-- .
The car is too expensive for me to buy.
viii)
N-- \ n C
Her voice is too low for him to hear.
ix)
g) Sankar: I'll carry this

box and you carry
that.
x)
dress
--- C
Vishnu: Oh, that's

too heavy.
M. SURESAN
C K
- E.
Vishnu's response n
heavy for me to carry E.
That's too
h) Prabhakar: Why don't you send Ganesh

for talks?
a- --- --?
Sudhakar: He is too innocent.
C %l -
K -- a
--T---.
N--* p-, He is too innocent
This is too heavy for the old man to carry.
to participate in talks/ to handle talks
This dress is too old for her to wear.

xi)
F-d B--.
yC B.
x n --- d- i N
This is too difficult for children to understand.
N n --a.
- C -- =
C , - E .
English .
L-N x---/ -R--- --.

i) Gowtham: How do I look in this shirt?
F shirt E--h-o?/
shirt C?)
a) It is very heavy; I cannot carry it.
A-- - --.
It is too heavy for me to carry.
Viswam: Isn't that too big for you?
b) The movie is very good; We cannot miss it.
-- C--- \ --.
Now study the following sentences from
lesson.
1) The Queue was too long.
u K _ C. ( y -)
2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out.
3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to
return home safely.
4) It is too good a movie to miss.
The movie is good for us to miss.

c) The chapter is very important; Nobody can
ignore it.
chapter u. Eo
-~--.
The chapter is too important for anybody to
ignore it.
d) The problem is very serious; We cannot
neglect it.
Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to

go out.
u Bv C; d-- .
x-- C.
The problem is too serious for us to neglect.
Pranav: Mom, don't you think she is too tall

for me?
Sentence No (3): It will be too late in the night

for us to return home safely.
e) The room is very big; The table is very

small.
K --E--- F? ( h
T-/ o/ ho a)
~ AJT - u
a vA-.
lC, table v *oC.

( l C - *oC)
Spoken English
BJ--- o
Kd x--
\ Subhash's reply -E-. I am
too busy E v -o , I
am too busy to attend E. too j
dialogue . C .
(Infinitive
AC hall)
b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the

other day? Is she to your liking?
iv) Hari is too fat for us to carry.
b) Adverbs
(C *a-E. tickets --E

v-f. ---. hall,
(. --- *
E C)
Very, too o -- --o
. very \, -x
----a. Too A, -x
--C.
a) Ramana is too good - A *.
(-x -E L-C )
-o?
The car is too expensive
iii) She cooks too badly to eat.
Kavitha: OK. It's too good a movie to miss.
(Infinitive
for ...
Sabitha: It's such a lengthy movie, you know.

If it is the first show, it will be too late
in the night for us to return home
safely.
iii) Hari is too fat to walk fast.
--- .
)
party
Subhash: I am too busy.
-- L-N-----.
Sentence (i) infinitive for ... - . Sentence (ii) infinitive
for us C.
~- Ex~u -ho.
Sabitha: I thought so too, but ...
(y first show J* ---*-? C ?

Pleasant = x----i
f) Prakash: Are you attending the party

tomorrow?
ii) He is too clever for us to cheat.
d) He is driving too carelessly to be safe.
(matinee ? -N- ?
x --o. -Lo a-a)
Scorch (\) = a-.
In the scorching sun = a
Kavitha: Why didn't you think of the first

show? We shall have had a pleasant
time.
i) He is too foolish to understand this.
The table is too small for the big room/

The room is too big for the small table.
C n --- N- .
Train
Kavitha: For the matinee? In these dog

days? I think it'll be too hot for us to
go out. The sun could scorch us.
-o, F ...)
-- sentences , sentences (2) and (3) : - for us C extra.
c) He is walking too slow to catch the train -
(---? A d -O x
matinee tickets J-.
Queue K _ C)
C F K l-C/ -
?
'too' - question form .
j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?
K ?
n, . \ n,
A.
hot -
Bhavan: So it is, and the sambar is too

salty.
x p K \
A
O too -. 'too' -
po N- short sentences simple p-a. conversation
C.
-- 26 d- 2006
-- j---
Praful: Are you telling me that you are doing

all this just for me?
( h-o--?)
Mohan: What then? Why should I go about
places to get your papers moved?
(J-? F T- ---E
Eo-x A-L -?)
Praful: Come now, Mohan. You are too
clever not to have any self interest.
( . yn
L-N----N y)
Mohan: You are right. Let me be frank. I do
take this opportunity to meet officers
and get their acquaintance.
(yC E. o---od pF.

Officers ----E, x J--E DEE - B---o)
-x--- 219
lesson
we discussed the meaning
and use of 'too'. Let's know something more
about 'too'. Look at the following sentences:
He is too strong not to beat his opponent
vu-JnE ---L- ----

lesson C:
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive o
sentences n, infinitive uA--
hC .
a) He is too weak to walk - \ n,
sentence o infinitive 'to walk'
uA-- hC --- - o-E.
Sentence No.1: Not to have any self-interest
uA--, yn F- E
hC. yn L-N--- y. n hC.
yn L-N--E-N y.
b) She is too slow to understand things.

infinitive, to understand
\ n
uA--, n --- (E
) E hC . C last lesson --o.
p sentence .
c) He is too clever not to understand this.

sentence
infinitive
not
-E-.
No. 2: You are too smart not to miss the point

either = not to miss the point
uA-
-E- LN C F/
-E---- L-N--E---N.
We aren't too unlucky

frank =
- oC --d/
- D -- oC ox
p.
To tell you frankly/ To be frank I don't like you
- oC p-/ oC - -o y d .
Acquaintance (j y---q. 'y \
-)= J- v/
J- (o )/ J---h
I have acquaintance with him =
J- C.
He is an acquaintance of mine =
J---h
Praful: I appreciate your frankness.
(F -q- d-- -
p-- a--o.)
appreciate v-- 'v \ -
= *-/ - N n -----/ a--. -u
n --.
He doesn't appreciate the seriousness of
the situation =
infinitive
, sentence
n, not infinitive
uA-
C.
infinitive pC -C E. p M. SURESAN
sentence (c) n
hC . C n
LN o. not to understand
(n -E/ --E) uA- n
-/ n -- E hC.
not
J-nA Bv n ---x
( n -- LN F-C.
F E x --E)
Praful: The dependence is mutual
( --- C -p.)
Mutual (u-) u \ -
= -p -J--.
The husband and wife have mutual
understand =
u--hx -p -- C
Mohan: So what now? ( p--?)
Praful: The officer is too efficient not to
speed up matters.
(N-- yJ- Ea n u
o - ---, N-
y --E)
Mohan: We aren't too unlucky there.
( N- K -%-d
-- -)
a) The Australian team was too strong for

India
= The Australian bowling was too much for
India =
N n -- (not to understand uA--n) L-N---. (n

--- L-N--E- )
d--- -i Z-L.
Z-L L d----C.
a) She has had too much of practice not

to play well =
--L-
(not to play well
practice
o--.
uA- -
Compare the following.

i) He is too lazy to pass =
--
l--h--.
(to pass
EXERCISE
u (not to pass uA-)

v-----.
N La .
i) She is too careless to observe this =
(to observe
uA-
ii) She is too keen not to observe this =

(not to observe
C -E-
uA-) -jC .
v E - N* L-N---.
c) The old man is too strong for his age =
--- - N*
C.
, columns also ()
n too Ja. C- J
h---.
Mohan:
pass
C -E---
) -vh E .
b) The boy is too clever for a boy his age =
\ NE--hC.
\. -
,
-.
x---p
-p sentence * h.
1) E ---o. t-F --o=
n (),

I met him, and his brother too/ I met him

and his brother as well. (I met his brother
also also, sentence
C N p
* .)
2) y Ka - B,
- - =
You take the chair, but you can't take the

table too./ You can't have the table as well
Also
, Eo verb -F,
-F ax .
'be' form
I went to Delhi last month; I also stayed

there for a week.
( Delhi R} \
o) also, verb- stayed
-E-.
3) The British ruled us for centuries and
robbed us too/ robbed us as well =
vG x Lo L*, --o
.
D spoken English too (as well) o
vu.
Not also -. C p
(\ not only ... but also sentences p).
--p either .
1) , t .
He hasn't come, his brother hasn't either.
(his brother hasn't come toosentence
as well
E
* a/
-a)
2) , -x-E - =
She hasn't come; She hasn't phoned either

she won't come.
uA-)
ii) He is too hard working not to pass.
Now, take the sentences from the conversation at the beginning of the Lesson:
1) You are too clever not to have any self
interest
2) You are too smart not to miss the point
either
3) The officer is too efficient not to speed up
matters
4) We aren't too unlucky there
Spoken English
uA--
yJ- E n hC.
officer yJ- - n u
o-.
(yJ- -- --n )
No.4: We aren't too unlucky there = K
-%-d (E--)
'Too' Eo N- a !
p-C .
He is too clever not to understand the

point
-L-)
Mohan: You are too smart not to miss the
point either. You know I alone can get
things done for you.
No. 3: Not to speed up things
Spoken English (British or American)

also
too
Also
formal.
serious
speech/ book language
too,
as well,
y- - --E d--?
Madan: K L ?
Mohan: E. y sweater --o--?
Madan: d--- L E-hC .
Mohan: F d- h (resistance) K
\- o-dC.
Madan: . typhoid *a--p-o<
resistance \- C.
Mohan: Doctor ---S}
Madan: p- - - \--x L-.
fees a--o. ju a K
\--u .
Mohan: C n ---. y
doctor *C. p-
-u-iC.
Madan: y-oC
correct.
v
h.
ANSWER
Mohan: Why are you unwilling to go out?
Madan: Isn't it too cold?
Mohan: That's true. But you are wearing a
sweater.
Madan: Still I feel it is too cold for me to bear.
Mohan: You seen to have too little resistance.
Madan: Yes, since I had the typhoid my
resistance has been too low.
Mohan: See your doctor again.
Madan: I have seen him too often already. I
have spent too much on medicine,
already.
Mohan: I can understand all that. Still you had
better see the doctor. You have
delayed too much already.
Madan: What you say is correct. I'll see him
this evening.
--v- 29 d- 2006
-- j---
Prabha: Hi Subha, how goes the world with

you?
'Enough'
. / L- E.
1) I have enough money to buy a car =
( o?)
Subha: Well, I can't complain. How is it with
you?
2) She hasn't (doesn't have) enough money to

buy a house =
. --y o?)
( response English --.
O practice )
Prabha: How did you spend the week in your
cousin's place in Hyderabad?
(j-- O ->- x
-?)
Subha:
-_ - L sC.
Happily enough to remember the

days there for a long time.
x - L s _ .
3) Preethi: How about some more biriyani?
(h Gu-F --?)
Pratima: Enough. No more, please.
(. x- l.
Preethi: Is so little enough for you?
Subha: My cousin. Namrata is jovial enough

to make your time pass very quickly.
4) Surendra: When shall we go to the next

movie?
(-J E p l)
Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of
Prabha: Yea. She was here last summer,

wasn't she? I remember her jokes
well enough to make me laugh
whenever I remember them.
Subha: I asked her over here for the Dasara

holidays, but she has enough
assignments to keep her home.
Prabha: We shall be missing here a lot.
( N -- )
Subha: She is a good laugh. She is entertaining enough to make us like her
company.
Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I
don't know how to get rid of it.
(C -F,
C. C -a-- L--)
get rid of = o- () -a--
Subha: A cold is not serious enough to
cause worry in hot countries, but it is
nuisance enough to make us feel out
of sorts with yourself.
(--gx -C l l
--- s. E * LT -u-t)
(Feel out of sorts = * )
Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine?
(-- -- ---?)
Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has
been temporary.
(B--o F \-L --)

Prabha: Doctors say you are cured of cold in
seven days if you take medicines,
and in one week if you don't take
medicines.
Spoken English
p h-*a y - q
h/ h---.
I remember her jokes very well; they make
4) She has enough assignments/ assignments enough to keep her home -
220
these movies.
(l . E-
l)
5) He has enough and to spare
- L , - y--L-T
--C.
. enough n, ---.
1) You are clever enough to understand easi-
\- -- (x -x)
- L -j---q o.
She has a good number of assignments.

They keep her home.
5) A cold is not serious enough to cause worry
in hot countries -
gx l L-T Bv--iC
.
A cold is not very serious in hot Countries;
it does not cause worry.
6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of
sorts =
ly =
(y -- n --- L-j--N.)
= You are clever; you understand easily.
* L-T -u-t.
= It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out
of sorts.
-L -u-- --L-T-- --- =
N enough n, -. lessons
too - .
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive h (K,
A n) uA---n-Eo-hC.
Enough + infinitive h positive n hC
( n)
He is tall. He can touch the ceiling fan.
Compare:
= y L-j---N. y n
--. (y n --
L-j---N.)
2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan=
a) He is too weak to walk - He is very weak,
--- ---. --- -L-u-- ---.
Bv s C. -d . -(d*a v- )
b) She is ill enough to need a doctor -
s Bv C. -d
-L. (v- C)
D too , enough , y
infinitive *a--p. p
enough --p.
a) He is wise enough to understand such
things =
N- n ---L-T L-N-.
p (Word
Order) l
Wise
(Adj)
enough + infinitive
too
--p
too
adjective/
adverb
infinitive
hC ?)
M. SURESAN
D
-E- -Lq
N.
adjective noun , enough +
noun + infinitive hC.
a) There is enough water in the tank to last for
the whole day =
( V J- Fx-o -u.)
b) I have enough friends to help me =
(
--E L----C
o---o.)
so he cannot walk =
3) The class room is large enough to seat 45

students -
45 --C -N-un- a- A o
l x C.
4) He is ill enough to need a doctor =
-d -Lq s o-.
lesson.
1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the
( 7 Vx, -x-
-E ----- dx)
2) a) She is too ill to need a doctor =
Enough is enough
(-- -N \-C . p
h-*a --y-d --- - q
-h-o)
( \- to. F
x --F- -j---q
o )
me laugh whenever I remember them =
me laugh whenever I remembered them.
-x---
y -- L- -.
3) I remember her jokes well enough to make
(C L \)
(-i- y -*--- L/ T u C ->-

v)
b) He is strong enough to walk fast =
make your time pass quickly.
Pratima: That's more than enough.
(N- -L-T- N
\?)
-i- -- y -*---x -
-\J v.
Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can
( \ F?)
(- h- )
Prabha: What was so enjoyable about it?
pass quickly -
- o, --.
days for a long time -
- h ---\.
do you have?
EXERCISE
Preetham:
F _- sC?
Priya:
? ?
Preetham: --L-a ?
Priya:
-. \-Lq h sC.
Preetham: h- - .200
\-jC. o
* -i- .
Priya:
-K.
Answer
Preetham: How much money have you?/
Priya:
Why? What do you want?
Preetham: Have you enough money to

give/ spare/ lend me Rs.200?
Priya:
Not so much. I have enough

money to buy the two books I
need.
Preetham: I am short of Rs.200/- to buy

the books I need. I don't have
the time enough to wait till my
dad sends me money.
Priya:
I'm sorry.
2) Namrata is jovial enough to make your time
--C- 1 -d- 2006
-- j---
Prem: Hi Syam, you are so late that all the

people have left.
(u, y u- F o
-x Rx--)
Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible
traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy
that I took an hour to travel one kilometer by car.
Prem: Why didn't you tell us of it over the

cell?
(cell
nothing.
(D N-E--- )
Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have
gone away. Let's plan a meeting this
weekend.
(i- --C. vq
Rx--. --E
-- p -)
Prem: Didn't you hear us on your mobile?
Syam: I knew you were calling, but I couldn't

make out anything. The whole road
was so noisy.
(O h-oC , F
O x--oD n ----. -f -- - C.)
p- N?)
Syam: It was so noisy that you could hear
(J Dl o -C.
-O- --E dC
Dl C)
(F - NE--
F?)
Syam: OK.
--J : So o n:
So = 1) -x/ d 2) (American
usage)
p , so = n o
--.
( n, so, such ()
_- \-J -)
a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =
-x---
E-p ---x-, C =
E-p ---x-- C.
221
It is so hot now that I can't go out.

lesson.
1) The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour
to travel one kilometer.
v Dl , -O-
v --E dC.
- x - -O-
v--E dC; v
Dl C.
2) You are so late that all the people have left=
-- Rx-- u--u- y.
3) I couldn't make out any thing.
The whole road was so noisy
=
n (NE---).Road - - C.
D so... that -. \ -E-Lq N: so y adjective/ adverb, E

y that .
a) She hates him so much that (so + much
(adverb) + that) she doesn't want to talk to
him
- x- d---.
E y-hC.
b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling
fan =
ceiling fan
-- .
(so + tall (adj) + that)
d 'so' --p E y adjective/

adverb, y that p L.
( present day (p) American usage
, so y that C--h-o.
He is so tall he can touch the fan.
It is too difficult .. to understand

Prem: Our friends had waited and waited.
They had to wait for so long that I
served them coffee twice. That was
how long it was.
( vq F - *-. -- x x y-Lq--*aC. ---o--o x)

Syam: I'm really sorry but I couldn't help it.
When I took out my car to make it here
I didn't expect it to happen this way.
(E ----o, E
? E-\- --E
- B--p N -----)
(... I couldn't help it = -E J- nA/
p-C-.)
eg: I have to go now. I can't help it =
E-p x-Lq. -C--p.

fine
-u
-. K-jC =
The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it = The car is too expensive
for ordinary people to buy it. =
5) Why was the traffic so heavy?=
sentence simple
infinitive
conversation effective
=
-x coffee a-- x --. (F -u---E )
Ordinary
people
can't buy the car; It's
so expensive =
-u --
K-j C =
4) They had to wait so long that I served them

coffee twice
Traffic
M. SURESAN
The car is so expensive that ordinary people can't buy it.

c) It is a long way off; the girl can't walk the
distance =
C . t -.
t --; - C.
= The girl can't walk the distance; it's such
a long way off/ so distant.
Dl -C?
6) ... it was so long that it took nearly 20 min-
n . too ... +
,

C.
Too ... infinitive --L-T, so that ...
-E -hC .
utes to clear the road.
Compare:
-T -, C ---E
20 EN- dC. ( -T -E 20 EN- dC. -C.)
a) It's too heavy for me to carry.
7) It was so noisy that you couldn't hear any-
b) It is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
: so ... that o sentence (b)

_ C. x-d C .
thing
c) It is too difficult for me to understand
(\, you F/ O E
v ; you '-j
n -- N --
--o.)
d) It is so difficult that I can't understand it.

c)
(d) complicated
so ... that practice
C ?
, F too ... infinitive
\ .
= It is such a long way off that the girl cannot walk.
He has to pay the fine. He can't help it =
b)
American usage
NEhC.)
O-p- n-u C- so ... that ,
lessons --o too ...
infinitive _ E.
d-Lq. C p.
To make it here = to reach here =
. so N -a.
'so' --p, sentence E -
p -E-.
1) The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
\- --E.
Prem: Why was the traffic so heavy?
( d -- )
(- Dl C v y?)
Syam: For onething, it is a peak traffic hour.
Secondly some procession was in the
2) He is walking so slowly that he cannot

catch the train.
took nearly 20 minutes to clear the
(wj --- E- -h-o--)

p :
road.
... so + adjective (heavy - 1) + that + ... (not) etc.
way. At one point it was so long that it
adverb (slowly - 2)
( N N- C -
v Dl \- .
-T f *aC.
-T -C.
, C f --E _ _
- dC)
peak traffic = u Dl
--.
3) He is so lazy that he cannot finish the work
on time.
(--E E--Jh--- J )
4) He talks so fast that I can't understand him
EXERCISE
ANSWER
(Practise the following aloud in English;

use only so ... that structure.)
Ramana: The rain is so heavy/ It's raining so

heavily that we can't go out.
Ramana:
y x.
C.
Sumana: J shopping L ?
Ramana: l.
Sumana: V -LqN o. N
u-i-N.
Ramana: h-*aC. -- --
---i-N ?
Sumana: Jh - --
C. l?
Ramana: T ---.
Sumana: p- shops Fo -h.
Ramana: Auto .
Sumana: But we've to do shopping.

Ramana: Let's do it tomorrow.
Sumana: Some of the things are so important
that we have to buy them today.
Ramana: Yes, I remember. Some of the
things are so important that they
have to be bought/ we have buy
them today.
Sumana: The rain is so heavy that we will be
drenched. What shall we do?
Ramana: Let's start after an hour.
Sumana: By then the shops will all have
closed.
Ramana: We'll take an auto.
n --- x----.
Spoken English
--- 4 -d- 2006
-- j---
Sankar: Hi Vishnu, you've been away for such

a long time that I felt lonely here.
( -J-- ----
y --o)
Sankar: Thank God. I wasn't with you.
(A--. F -.
( Lq aC)
Vishnu: What next now? Shall we have coffee?
Vishnu: I felt the same too, without your company.
(F -u -f)
Sankar: Why did it take so long for you?
(- dC?)
Vishnu: I had been away on a company
assignment. I returned this morning.
(F E-O x. lo a)
Assignment = p-T-* E.
j-t 'j \ -.
Sankar: What kind of assignment?
(y-?
coffee
B--?)
Sankar: OK.
lesson so .
'so'
1)
a) He isn't so tall. (- --)
Vishnu: Such a tough assignment that I had

to visit a number of places. I had to
see a number of dealers, watch the
movement of our products, and see
that the sales increased.
(t d- i E. x
(x) A--Lq--*aC. -C
dealers , company K t- o -E*,
t- -Lq u C.)
dealers = F -K (-)
t }/ shops.
Movement = n = -L-().
\ n company -K t-
. (u n C.
Telangana Movement = - u)
Products= K F
t h. vd q 'v \ -.
Sankar: What a time you had! I really pity
you, old boy! You do get a fat salary,
but you can't have a minutes leisure.
( d -! Eo h hC, Nv! F * @
hC F ~ Nv-A---!)
Vishnu: It isn't the salary that matters. I like
the challenging nature of the job. It is
such a challenge that you have the
satisfaction of having done something. You feel happy that you've
achieved something.
(@ u, \ u-
o d . ,
C--
%h N--C (--C).
C-./ C C-
%h C.)
that matters = u. achieving = C; Achievement = C-* N
Sankar: Corporate culture has taken hold of you.
(l u n \ %A D-
o y).
Corporate =l l u n-
-C-*.
Corporate - pronunciation J/ .
Vishnu: And I am proud of it too.
( )
u so + adjective/ adverb + that (so
adjective/ adverb L
E L-- .
2) American usage E n.
a) Thank you so much.
(British: Thank you very much.)
Vishnu: I saw two but they were such lousy

movies that I wished I hadn't seen
them.
( . h -
-LqC -o.)
Lousy = h. Louse - n
Lousy - -u/ h C E
Ad--E -. Lousy fellow ox.
Spoken English
3) Now look at the following sentences from

lesson.
b) such a tough assignment that I had to visit

a number of places.
-x---
222
c) ... they were such lousy movies that I

wished that I hadn't gone to them.
He is such a man that all like him =
d- uh .
D so ... that , such ... that o
, . N l.
a) He is such a good man that we all like him
=
- d-- *-.
b) He is so good a man that we all like him.

(a)
such a good man = (b)
so good a
man
c) She is so clever a woman that she can
solve any problem easily = She is such a
clever woman that she can ...
( -u-j J- \-J---L-T- L-N

--)
so clever a woman = such a clever woman
Thank you so much

b) You are so nice.
(British: You are very nice)
so + adjective/ adverb
+ thatsentences
such
... that
p _ _ n, o
'such' N l.
Such .
a) I don't like such things = N-
-d -.
b) He never smiles. Such men are very dangerous =
--p y. --}
v.
c) She works very hard. Such people prosper

=
d---C. --}
j-h.
Such E --. (Such ... as p)
a) Such people as Gandhi are always
respected =
D- uh p
-.
( = D- uh-
p- -N-h)
b) Such trees as the coconut grow very tall
(s-J-x x --)
\ such B, n: such
+ noun + as + noun ( -j noun )
E- )
\ p:
u -E: uh, N-
- \ such ... as
-o. such ... as j--p-,
C h v-C, u. -- like
simple, better ! ( n)
1) Such men as Gandhi are always respected
= Men like Gandhi are always respected.
2) Such trees as the coconut = Trees like the
coconut.
such ... as like y-h .
p C :
a) I bought a variety of fruits such as the
mango, the apple, etc.
d) India is such a large country/ so large a
----
- .
country that progress cannot be quick
(G-%Cl yJ l
)
-sEo d, so F such F -a.
a) He is so good that all

like
him=
d--
*-.
Sentences from the conversation:
M. SURESAN
b) He is such a good
man that all like him.
1) You have been away for such a long time

that I felt lonely.
- d---. *--. = -- d---- -*-.

-E- . \ a) n, b) n .
c) The day was so hot that we couldn't go out
\ so -a. j -x such a long time, so long a time

C.
You have been away for so long a time that
...
= - x-- C V.
2) ... such a tough assignment that I had to
[so + adjective (hot) + that]

d) It was such a hot day that we couldn't go out.
sentence (c)
word order
Dn,
\
n . -E-.
( p) .
such + adjective (hot) + day (noun) + that

so
adjective/ adverb
such
adjective
noun
noun
d n . , y
hC.
y,
*a, E y
L.
v hC.
\-J,
visit many places = so tough an assignment that I had to visit many places ...
3) ... they were such lousy movies that ... =
the movies were so lousy that ...
so ... that, such ... that
--.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Eo meeting -C
a?
Manish: u a-
l Hall J--.
Pratap: h x-?
Manish:
Ez-l aE
vl No p h .
Pratap: - v- N-?
Manish: p
u-i--,
--J---L-N.
Pratap: * v-?
Manish: @N Sx N-- *
v.
Pratap: -%d, ---.
Pratap: Did a large number attend the meeting yesterday?

/ Was it a largely attended meeting yesterday?
c) Such movies as Titanic are rare. (Titanic
Such + movies (noun) + as + Titanic (noun)
(--o-p E---o ?)
b) There were a number of things such as

pen, paper, etc., = There were a number of
things like ...
a) You have been away for such a long time

that I felt lonely.
( o- Jy-ho.)
Sankar: Did you see any movies while you
were away?
(N, apple -- x o).

--x such as like
-, - NE--x
hC.
b) The place is so distant.
tall that/ so large that/ so nice that, etc.)
( E?)
Pratap:
Manish: It was such a large number/ so large a number

that the hall wasn't enough.
Pratap: Did he speak well?
Manish: He was such a great speaker/ so great a
speaker that all heard him with all attention.
Pratap: What were the special points/ highlights of his speech?
Manish: He made such good points/ the points he made
were so good that we can easily practise them.
Pratap: Was it such a good speech/ so good a speech?
Manish: So good a speech/ such a good speech that
we can't hear it again.
Pratap: Unfortunately, I couldn't attend it.
--v- 6 -d- 2006
-- j---
Sourabha: Hi Susmitha, we'd better start

early so that we don't miss Aruna.
(t, - -
--, - miss
-.)
We'd better = We had better = *C.
You'd better see a doctor = you had better ... =
doctor
*C.
Susmitha: I am almost ready. I got up quite

early so that I might not be late.
( l. y
u -.)
Sourabha: That's good. I told the taxi man to
be here at 7 so that we need not
waste time looking for a taxi.
(*C. Taxi -
tE p, Sx Taxi time
waste .)
Sourabha: That I've already done. The taxi

will be here the day after tomorrow. She has to rest today and
tomorrow to get over the jet lag.
(D -. x l taxi
W, rest
B--C jet lag * -
----E.)
jet lag = N-x v-
- vA--x u ---
x L -L.
ready.
Susmitha: Let's accompany her to Tirupathi

so that we too can have Lord
Venkateswara's darsanam.
( - .
A---E Jz---a.)
get up early =
y Ev - { y --.
c) I am noting down the phone numbers so
(Plane correct
p--hC?)
(8.30. Check in area * --E -C

-. E& -y- Baggage
B-- v ---x
-Vx -u---C.)
touch down = N Ot- C.
Check in = x N--v
C- E& .
Check in n = Hotel
C B--.
baggage - T ( bank b ) =
x.
baggage (American) = luggage (British)
Susmitha: Then why are we going so early?
(
-
-o?)
Sourabha: The airport is so long way off.

There are likely to be traffic jams.
We are starting so early so that
nothing may delay us. Better half
an hour early than a minute late.
(N--v . Traffic
Dl -a.
u L-T-- -
y ----o.
EN u -
- .)
Susmitha: The first thing Aruna wants to do
after landing here is to go to
Tirupathi. Let's fix another taxi
ready so that she may not lose
time.
(\ C- A--A--xE J. taxi E
x-, time L--hC.)
Spoken English
He came here so that he could meet the minister.
that I can call you when necessary =
vAE ---- E \- a
He bought the bike so that he can move about

quickly =
a) He is so good that every one likes him =
y AJ---- bike -\-o =
lesson:
He bought the bike to (be able to) move about

quickly.
.. so that we don't miss ..

Sourabha: At 8.30. It'll be another hour after
the touch down for Aruna to come
out of the check in area and join
us. The collection of the baggage
after the baggage check these
days take a lot of time because of
security reasons.
. Eo -sx
to --a, simple .
d-- *- =
Susmitha: When exactly is the arrival of the

plane?
so that
so that
lessons
so + adjective/ adverb +
sentences
that, such + (adj) + noun + that
Sourabha: OK.
223
b) Harsha goes to bed early so that he can
---i--p L-- Eo phone numbers ---o.

j sentences , so that expression l-Eo --C.
-x---
He is such a good
man that everyone
likes him.
b) She drives so slow
that even a bullock
cart can over take
her =
x- M. SURESAN
-- tC ---.
Hers is such slow driving that even a bullock
cart over takes her.
(overtake =
o -Eo --x)
D , so ... that/ such ... that J*
-- ---oC.
p C sentences -E-:
a) He studies so hard that he always scores

high =
-\-
marks
a ----.
1) We'd better start early so that we don't miss

Aruna =
- miss - y
--- *C.
2) I got up quite early so that I might not be
late =
u - y Ev--.
3) I told the taximan to be here at 7, so that we
need not waste time looking for a taxi =
Taxi
time waste
- tE p, Sx taxi
-/ -.
4) We are starting so early so that nothing

may delay us =
E-x u --,
----o.
5) Let's accompany her to Tirupathi so that we
too can have darsanam =
C, / d- -
--o --C.
Sentence (b) He is studying very hard so that
he may score high ...
C
l- ---oD --C.
h-- : So that p
EE h/ l-Eo (purpose)
--C.
a) Susila started at 7 itself so that she may not
be late for class =
Class
u - Q
- ---JC.
l L n, to + 1st
-a.)
so that infinitive Eo-x

u --a. \ .
Let's accompany her so that we too can have
darsanam.
z -,
L- --.
sentence so that we too can have
darsanam , to have darsanam E infinitive (to have) n . Let's
accompany her to have darsanam a
n, z--E L----- hC.
-E so that o sentence
R z --E .
-J :
Let's accompany her so that we can have
darsanam too =
-- R z
a.
Let's accompany her to have darsanam.
z--E -- .
practice h-o-Dl, --L-
--, so that \-- -, to \- --
-h. Practice alone helps us.
ANSWER
Sulochana: Take a decision, only after a lot of

thinking so that you don't regret
later (to avoid regretting later)
Sulochana:
(adv)]
Sentence (a) He is studying so hard that ...
EXERCISE
b) so that -
\ so that u
--. N \--\
h-o--.
(a) , (b) n -E- .
so that
Regular Doing Word = infinitive
L ,
z --a.
b) He is studying very hard so that he may

score high =
-\- marks a---, d-

---o.
a) ... so hard that. [so that u hard
He came here to meet the minister
-- ---*-* -Eg- -B,

-y- -*--A-- ---. (-*-A--= regret/
repent)
Sunayana:
Sunayana: That's exactly why I've asked for

two days time ... so that I can think
well about it.
-- -v-V- -- -
---*---a-E.
Sulochana: -l--x- - ---,
--x --G-v--- --
--.
Sunayana: - -u-- --\-
to.
Sulochana: Eo
N- -
pL , - j
-- a-.
Sunayana: --o - v-V- -\-
---L, -- Eg-E (conclusion=
El)
Sulochana: Let's consult our elders too, so

that we can have their opinion. (to
have their opinion)
Sulochana: OK.
Sulochana: OK.
Sunayana: That's why I've asked my uncle to

come here. (... I've asked my
uncle over here)
Sulochana: We should tell him all about it, so
that he can have a correct understanding of it.
Sunayana: We should ask him to be here for
two days to avoid coming to a conclusion in a hurry. (So that we may
not come to a conclusion in a
hurry)
--C- 8 -d- 2006
-- j---
Ramesh: Hi Nikhila, What brings you here?
( a?)
( n What brings you here? C
-u C. E C
u----i --J. O conversation
.)
Nikhila: Just to see you. Long since we met,
you know.
(Eo ---E. --E

- V--C )
Ramesh: Thank you. Any news of Krishna?
(*. %g -J-* i
?)
Nikhila: I'm afraid I haven't any.
( -L-.
Some =
, Eo.
a) There is some milk in the glass =
x - --o.
b) Have some coffee =
coffee
B.
c) She cooked some of the rice =
Gu -- C.
d) I gave him some books yesterday =
Eo -- Eo h--L-a.
e) Some men were sitting; others were standing =
-C aE o, - E-E
o.
Ramesh: I was hopeful you'd have some

information about him.
(y E -J-* h- -o.)
Nikhila: Let's call Alamelu. She might have
some news.
(--- phone l.
L-a.)
students v
Any = j, -j
\ h--i-/- -\ h-- j
K---.
b) Any of them will help you =
-x---
(\ F--o o-o?)
Nikhila: I haven't any friends there.
(\ - o- )
( . h coffee -?
l-o* coffee B )
Nikhila: Coffee is certainly welcome. I've
come to you for some CDs on spoken English. Can you lend me them?
(Coffee
spoken English CD
-d . -*aC Eo
. --N
-h?)
Ramesh: List the CDs you want.
(F\--
CD
list
Nikhila: I want some paper and pen.
(\h
paper, pen
L)
Ramesh: Here you are. Have this coffee too.
(N.
coffee
B)
Nikhila: Thank you. But I need some more

sugar.
(\ - L.)
Ramesh: There isn't any in this bowl. I will get
some. Wait.
( *o v . - Bh.
)
some , any -
-v--u---C. ---J , some ,
Eo F, any j, j, -j E.
Spoken English
Spoken English
1) I'm afraid I haven't any.

(I haven't any news = I have no news.
grammatical correct.
no more not any more
C spoken English \ --.
- English, - C.
J-Eo examples .
a) There is no sugar in the bowl.
I have no news
2)
...
--i )
You'd have some news-
not
d some news.
(F _- h---E P)
(Not / Question any)
3) ... she might have some news.
b) I have no money (not natural) 224
not d some.
( _ - a)
4) But there aren't any races now.
( , There are no races

o -, )
5) Do you have any friends there?
I haven't (have not) any money/ I don't
(Question
any)
sentences (no, not

sentences)
some,
not
sentences
questions
any
( _-J E l)
- natural . Spoken English
-u C . n \-
sentence
,
o
F/
F
Don't come to me any more for help.

3) I don't have any money
--.
1) They have some
books
6) I haven't any= I don't have any.
2) Come no more to me for help
- affirmative
M. SURESAN
(x _ Eo h---o)
Ramesh: Neither have I. How about having
coffee? I haven't had any since
morning.

lesson:
Have some coffee

E
Ramesh: Do you have any friends there?
1) Waste no more time
(C spoken English - -- -\-

-N-E--.)
= There isn't any sugar in the bowl.
(C spoken English - - natural
(-) yE-d hC.)
xx -j F h.
jockey . -E --Fo
A---. Race course x
phone h x _- *a---
- C)
(Jockey= v-p--- x v-
--x. Race course = v-p--
J i)
(j-- v-p-
p. -- -C-\.
p v-p- Time.
--\--a.)
a.
a) Any book/ Any of the books here is very

expensive =
Ramesh: As a jockey he keeps moving

about. Let's call the Race course.
They can give us definite information about him.
Nikhila: But there aren't any races now in

Hyderabad. Not the season here.
It's the Bangalore racing season.
He might be in Bangalore.
class
= Do not (Don't) waste any more time.

-hC no more = not any more.
2) Don't waste any more time.
f) Only some students were present =
Sorry)
I have no money
She has no property
7) I haven't had any coffee since morning.

(Better than saying, I have had no coffee
since morning)
N -- some F, Fo
n .

Vinod:
have no friends
better, natural.
EXERCISE
(They haven't (have not) any books)

Question:
better, natural.
4) She doesn't have any property
X They do not (don't) have any books
= x _ h- .
( , I
-, )
ANSWER
Vinod: You seem to have some computer books.
Can you lend me some?
F _ computer books - o-xVikram: Who said so? I don't have any (books on
o. \-Eo-h?
computers).
Vikram: --o? _ computer
Vinod: You usually buy, don't you?
books .
(x _ h----o/- h-j
Vinod: y - - ? Vikram: I don't have any money. I don't buy (them)
o?)
any more.
Vikram: p s . -- .
2) He wants some more milk.
Vinod:
They aren't giving me books any more in
Vinod: library h--L-y-(-E - L)
the
library.
.
X He doesn't want any more milk.
Vikram:
Why?
Vikram: -E?
(-E -\--)
Vinod: outsiders x h-
- Vinod: They aren't giving books to outsiders like
Question:
me any more.
L
y
.
Does he want any more milk?
Vikram: I'm sorry. Why don't you buy?
Vikram:
I
am
sorry.
?
( ?)
Vinod: I haven't the money/ I don't have the money.
-Eo -s-x some, question Vinod: _ s-.
--.
-v-o: 1. say y to C.
p, N--p -
a) will you have some more Upma?
h----Lq N-.
tell y . Eo
= t B-? DE answer
verbs usage confuse - - - : 1. Say y to 2. Time is up (Time -a) not :
C). Half an hour is up
-o. DE J-\-- , tell y to --
C English usage .
No. Thank you. I don't want any
(---C).
-N?
v hC.
more.
Time is over C J-.
2. exams --p time - J O 3. He is in college now =
b) not :
--oC --E Tx-
C, . \
Thank you. A little more would do.
college o = He is at
pL?
'O E --L
(h L)
college now. x, in,
3. He is in college now, He is -p ? English
at .
u h----Lq N:
at college now. N?
/- -y
j correct. Eox, in
No = not any
.. v--JzE, - preposition h--C C-
, 'the' -Lq- -a.

eg: Waste no more time = time %- l
Do they have any books?/ Have they any
books?
-- 10 -d- 2006
-- j---
Govardhan: Where are you going?
(\---h-o?)
Sudarsan: No where in particular
(\- / ---- ,
ho)
Govardhan: (Are
you)
meeting
friends today?
any
b) Kamala: Have you any story books?
(V vq-J-j ---o?)
Sudarsan: None
Vimala: I'm sorry I haven't any/ I don't have

any.
(I haven't any
(-JF --- )
Govardhan: Have you
today?
( C -C s---o?)
Prasanth: There aren't any =
There are not any - C -, y--- NE- response.
(There are no students at all C correct
--p spoken English )
any
programme
(V j u-v ?)
Sudarsan: None at all
C \ -)
) spo vu -o.
-, - yE--
OE u- ---L.
some, any, not any (n't any
ken English
conversation

a) Ram: I want some paper. Have you any?
( )
Govardhan: You were asking me for Sekhar's
address. What do you want from
him?
(y v -.
* o ?)
( h
?)
L. F-_--o
Laxman: I have some/ I do have some, but I

can't lend you any. I need all of it
now.
Sudarsan: Nothing. I just wanted to see him.
( _ C/ --E-j C, F
( \x. E ---o)
( -)
(-J p-j x?)
c) Sankar: who told you to do that?
Suresh: a) Never. (short response - one

word)
(Eo- --o-C?)
b) I haven't been there at any time / so far.
Brahmam: Nobody.
( p-)
, E h--J responses ap v, no, no combinations .
d) Sudhakar: How many books will you give
me?
short negative responses:
1) Govardhan: Where are you going?

Sudarsan: No where (in particular)
e) Suman: How many has he given you?
(\- )
2) Govardhan: (Are you)
friends?
Sunil: None/ He hasn't given me any.
-x---
. short response None

h. sentence , He
225
(u L- o p-----E)
Sudarsan: None.
()
Govardhan: How much gas have you at

home now?
(-- )
(-- F ---
t C.)
Sudarsan: But today is Sunday. Is there anything he can do?
(F y C-. --
-L---o ?)
Govardhan: Nothing, I'm afraid.
()
I'm afraid p--E ---o.
Sudarsan: So I've to wait till tomorrow. We
have to make do with the
Kerosene stove at home.
( Lq. d l--Lq.)
[
[
[
- . No = not any
E. Spoken English , no not
any y---- ,
(natural) E .
There is no sugar in the bowl sentences conversational English - NE-hC.There is no sugar in
the bowl , There isn't (is not) any
sugar in the bowl C spoken English
\ NEh-C, - yE-hC
.
(u N-: No any \- -.
There is no any sugar in the bowl. C English . Not... any hC;
no any p )
a) Subodh: How many boys are there in the
room?
Spoken English
today?
F y-. Fo/
L.
hC :
Govardhan: I am sure he can help you.
any
HAVE YOU ANY PROGRAMME TODAY?
Sudarsan: I wonder if he can help me get a

gas cylinder.
(x u C?)
meeting
3) Govardhan: Have you any programme
(C x v C.
E ----o ?)
Sudarsan: Nil.
Let's study the following exchanges from

the conversation at the beginning of this
lesson:
Fo
(Eo h--L-h ?)
O y)
p-C .
Prabhakar: None. (None -
( FEoa?)
Govardhan: Here you are. This slip has his

address. Why are you going to
see him?
(I have never been there - spoken form
C )
not... any
has'nt, given me any,
no, no combinations
not... any
o. D,
o .
Paper,
uncountable
papers
plural
paper
a/
an, 1, 2, 3
u-. C M. SURESAN
--E, printing
paper N-)
d conversation u h---Lq N. -sEo d no ,
not any (n't any) conversation x hC.
:
b) There are no good watches in the shop =
There aren't any good watches in the shop.
There aren't any good watches
There are no good watches...
f) Prem: Who did you consult about this?
,
o ,
.
c) His watch is no better than mine =
-- - - -- l--jO
DEo better.
His watch isn't any better than mine (spoken form)
'no' form -E . 'No' form

- , u ,
, E h--J -- (short negative responses) a-p,
a) Balu: How many students have come?
(-C Nu-n--a?)
Sekhar: None/ No one
( )
b) Balu: What did you say?
(-o?)
Subha: Nothing = (I said nothing)
Sudarsan: None (at all) =
.
4) Govardhan: What do you want from him?
Sudarsan: Nothing.
( N JE v-C-?)
Syam: a) None (short negative response)
b) I didn't consult anyone (sentence)
(I consulted no one
Sudarsan: Nil.
-)
( )
g) Sri Ram: Where did you go last night?
b) I didn't go anywhere (sentence)
no, no combination (none, never, no

where, nil
short nagative responses
sentence
not... any
short negative response
N)
u .
.
- p - C.
6) Sudarsan: Is there anything he can do?

Govardhan: Nothing.
(Eo vA \---x?)
Srihari: a) No where (short response- nagative)
(I went no where
( \--)
5) Govardhan: How much gas have you...?
( )
Short nagative responses ap, I'm sorry, I'm afraid, I wonder
N -a.
a) Prakash: Can you lend me some money?
Prabhat: I'm afraid, no / No, I'm afraid /
I'm sorry, no / No, I'm sorry.
b) Sumanth: Is your dad coming?
Srikanth: I wonder. (=No)
h) Ramesh: Have you ever been to the US?
Exercise:
Practise the following aloud in
English.
(use short negative responses)
Gopal:
-JE ---o Eo?

Govind: JF ---.
Gopal: -\---x Eo vA?
Govind: \- x-.
Gopal: x aE -?
Govind: O u-. .N. .
Gopal: Eo qj-V- ?Govind: \ -.
Gopal: --O- Eo -J-- q ?
Govind: D -. -v- .
ANSWER
Gopal: Who did you meet yesterday?
Govind: None / Nobody
Gopal: Then where did you go last night?
Govind: No where
Gopal: What did you do sitting at home then?
Govind: Nothing. I just watched the TV
Gopal: How many exercises did you do?
Govind: None.
Gopal: How many serials did you watch?
Govind: None. I watched cricket.
short negative responses
not... any
sentences practice
- 12 -d- 2006
-- j---
Madhavi: Your place looks beautiful what

with the white wash and paints.
(x , --x O
x E--hC.)
Sridevi: I told you, my sister is getting married in a month, so we had the
whole building done up. Dad got it
white washed and painted.
Sridevi: We have to get the invitation cards

printed. We have the list of invitees
ready. We expect the cards to be
ready by tomorrow, but we will start
posting them a little later. Inviting
now will be too early. People may
forget.
(-- v a--L. yE- G l C. -

cards a. E v
Eo V y h. p
Lh K ---C. x
-*--a)
(p , - \u
Rx. -E x l .
o x, -.)
Do up = l
Madhavi: Who were the workers? I must say
they did a good job of it. I will suggest dad that he hire them too for
our home.
Madhavi: OK. Then. I must be going. I have

to get my clothes washed and
ironed.
(-xL J. d A-* Y
---L.)
-x---
Sridevi: Bye then.
226
3)
fans
Fo -- =
He had all the fans at home cleaned

(had ... cleaned (past participle))
4) The TV isn't all right. I'll have to get it
repaired.
(TV
J . Eo
repair
-L.)
have to get it repaired (past participle)
\ -E--LqC: j L- -Fo
- . E -x
h. ---p have/ get + something
+ done (past participle) by someone .
We had it done on contract
b) He some how got/ had the meeting postponed =
h-E, meeting
-.
O have/ got + something + past participle
--:
Now let's look at the following sentences
the lesson:
1) We had the whole building done up =
(had + the whole building + done (past participle) =
building
h l
=
contract .
2) We had it done on contract
had it done - had + it + done (past participle)

3) You can have anything readied in no time =
(E--x-? -E
pL. o h,
E x d--E.)
Do a good job of something =
EE J/ %h-- .
Hire = () n l
B--. \-n E---J-j
-a--.
Sridevi: We had it done on contract. Dad's
friend is a small time civil contractor. He got everything done for us.
( contract E-x .
o v *o N v-d.
Fo -.)
Madhavi: How are the other preparations
going on?
( -p-x-Fo --o?)
Sridevi: Briskly, of course. You know, all that
matters is money. Once you have
enough of it you can have anything
readied in no time.
(_ ---o. N
-. Eo- u s.
C-- L- j o
~ l a.)
All that matters = N/
u-iC Eo.
In no time = ~
briskly = _/ -
Madhavi: That's true. What about wedding
shopping?
1) The doctor had the patient's ECG taken.
h.
- h.
,
We do something. - -E, we make others do it, .
a) The teacher made
him study =
Teacher
Doctor
T ECG B-.
(had got -a.)
structure: had/ got + the patient's ECG +
taken (past participle)
2) She had/ got her daughter's birth chart prepared =
M. SURESAN
C-N-.
b) Hari made the little boy walk the whole distance
=
J x --/
-x .
c) In government offices the staff make people wait =
(vy u--- xE sC v-
-x h.)
- n ... make (someone) do (something) . C
----F, P~--F n hC.
N. -sx make () n , make y to .
Madhavi: So things are going on well.
Spoken English
dresses
EoF d-
(getting + dresses + stitched - past participle)

5) She has falls sewn up for her saris =
<-
falls
d---C.
has + falls + sewn (past participle)

6) We have to get invitation cards printed =
-- a--L.
--- vA N-o NE
x- Nt-.
D have/ got + something + past participle
.
.
a) j manager --E E Jh -h
A good/ an efficient manager gets the work
done on time.
gets
has
get (have) + invitation cards + printed (past

participle)
7) I have to get my clothes washed and
ironed
d A-* Y ---L.
get (have) + my clothes + washed and
ironed (past participle).
(He made me to do the work
)
make ... do Eox -.
Eo Eo . E Gs*aF,
---dF --. u
. --p make (someone) do (something) .

a) ... have something done by someone
b) ... get something done by someone,
1) Hari has his house white washed regularlyonce in two years.

(J v p- x---h
-x--J)
-E-: Hari has ... whitewashed.
whitewashed \ past participle.
2) Tarun: How about lending me your bike for
a day?
bike
(F
--V--h?)
Varun: Take it, but have it filled.
(B, F
(Fo v- J-T---o--)
\u
--C.
E -.
OR
(\-- --C.
dresses Fo d---C. Eo
blouses --. <-
falls d----C.
Sewn () - past participle of sew. sew
- pronunciation - (no ) = d.
3) The minister used his influence and got the

prime price of land sold to his son-in-law.
have + anything + readied (past participle)

4) Sister is getting all her dresses stitched =
He made me do the work =
(Rx -Lq h- N?)

Sridevi: Most of it, over. Sister is getting all
her dresses stitched, and some
blouses too. She has fall sewn up
for her saris.
J v -*C.
Birth chart = v d -
v, ~-v n- L x d.
~ j l --a.
petrol
.)
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH

Vennela: Fridge
repair
----o.
-?
Purnima: - . E-.
Sx p J E---.
Vennela: L- mechanic o.
- l J.
Purnima: o, exchange
offer E. h fridge
Jp--------o.
Vennela: , F.
Purnima: Sx brand fridge hC
. C -d -.
Vennela: ---o?
Purnima: C mechanic Nt*
hC -----o.
Vennela: .
ANSWER
Vennela: You were saying your fridge was out
of order. Did you get/ have it
repaired?
Purnima: I had it repaired last saturday but it
has gone out of order again.
Vennela: I know a good mechanic. This time
you get/ have it repaired by him.
Purnima: My husband has told me of an
exchange offer. I want to have this
one exchanged for a new one.
Vennela: Go ahead then.
Purnima: But we get the same brand again. I
don't like it.
Vennela: So what are you going to do?
Purnima: I want to have/ get it sold by our
mechanic and buy a new one.
Vennela: That's better.
have + it + filled (past participle)
--E- 14 -d- 2006
-- j---
Bhaskar: Why are you smiling?
( -. o
- Eo -h.
-\ u.)
( y--o?)
Himakar: We had our uncle here yesterday.
All the time he was here he had us
in stitches of laughter. He has
many jokes.
Himakar: Even there my dad's different. He

will not have me doing any job. He
does all jobs by himself. OK. I must
be going. Bye.
(Eo u a. o
-s Nyh o.
q h)
stitches of laughter = --E y.
(\ o . -Eo
--. .
xL. Bye)
Bhaskar: But why are you laughing now?
conversation
Have
Spoken English
have - .
-o --x -. C
y---. -i
---E - vu-C. O conversation practice .
( p-- y--o?)
don't / doesn't / can't / won't have someone

doing something =
-j o - E
Himakar: I remembered one of his jokes and

that forced me to laugh.
( q h--*aC.
C y p-*C)
Bhaskar: We wish to have around people
making enjoy fun, don't we?
-E-y---.
a) She doesn't have her husband talking
badly about her parents =
-- Lx--v- J* h
x--E-y--.
b) Sita: Dad, I want to do combined study
( L-T - \-
-----E - ?)
-x---
Himakar: We do, certainly.
with savithri at her home.
227
b) don't / doesn't / can't / won't / couldn't /

wouldn't have someone do something
Conversation
practice
(-JE E---E-y---).
- NE--hC. d
.
O

the conversation above:
1) ... he had us laughing with his jokes =
tLo
( N-vA L -----E,
x-----o.)
jokes
Ny--.
2) We wish to have around people making us

enjoy fun =
(, *a-)
Bhaskar: He was here yesterday, wasn't he?
He will not have me doing any job
(Eo -E-\-C?)
Himakar: He was on his way to Ooty. He
would have me accompany him,
but dad didn't like to have me
wasting my time when the exams
are so close.
a) Hari's wife has him do/ doing all the work

at home =
--v-p?
-- -E-o
- J x-E-y.
J u -- -Eo
---C.
Bhaskar: My dad's the opposite. He would

have me going around places,
exams or no exams. Not that he
would have me neglecting my
studies, but he leaves it to me.
b) The teacher had the boys decorate the

school for the school anniversary =
c) The husband had the wife wash / washing

and iron / ironing all his clothes =
h u d A-* Y
---o.
j sentences Eo-- have someone do /
doing something n J E
--- A-, C-J, c-.
C .
Himakar: You're lucky there. My mom doesn't have me leave my books either.
( N- y-%-d- --N.
t - o h-----E-y.)
d) She had me doing all kinds of jobs for her

=
Bhaskar: But my trouble is of a different

kind. My dad has me doing all
kinds of jobs at home. That's the
only problem.
Eo --C.
DE uA-- oo -j
-E-y-- p
E n
N? -- y.
3) He would have me accompany him to

Ooty =
- o B--x-E J.
M. SURESAN
sentence perfect participle

sentence ' After we had rested we continued our journey'
perfect participle
--. j
p --T-h?j
a !
--- n N?
iii) C sentences -Fo O p 'six forms of verb'
v correct o. O n, N tense
o -.
1. They could be going there.
2. They would be going there.
3. They should have been going.
d) Kumar: Mom, can I have one more cup of

coffee?
(E p ?)
5. They can have done it.
e) The teacher won't have her pupils playing

in the rain =
Spoken English
5) ... He would have me going around place
o x Ap- - d.
6) Not that he would have me neglecting my
studies =
7) My mom doesn't have me leave my books
8) My dad has me doing all work at home =
o Eo -h.
9) He will not have me doing any job =
F --E-y.
Nu-n- { --E-y.
a) have someone do something (-J-
E---);
---: i) would have + pp n = E J--

a) Hari would have attended the meeting =
J meeting
x---- E x-.
b) The police would have caught the thief (if they had seen
him)=
M- d----x. (}Eo
) -, d--.
ii) Having rested, we continued our journey- Dn NvA
B-- (-x) v --T E.
NvA Bo y v --T- --E, After
having rested, we ... journey After we had rested,
we continued our journey n hC. Having + pp ,
-, -x n hC.
C ---x (--) t--o.
. -,
-- d
t o h- --E-y.
( . Eo u
--E-y.)
b) Having started it, he didn't like to stop it =
6. They may have done it.
time waste
o -~- -E .
Kusuma: Not any more, son. I won't have

you spoiling your health.
a) Having seen it I believe it =
4. They would have been going.
4) ... dad didn't like to have me wasting my

time =
o
.
Lx--v xLo % E-y.
E -- E.
ii) 'Having rested, we continued our Journey'.
L-T* Ny--x \- E -.
c) Parents can't have

their children wasting time =
\ J{--q--E x \ -J-x .
( o DE uA-. x
A- ---d, K-~-o,
o. -~h
---E , F
C--h)
would have + P.P.
Rao: At this hour of

the night? No. I
can't have you
going out alone.
D -----o
-.
--p
n -J- -E -- a-p, c-.
( --o.
x-E J. F
o K-~ _ --, time waste --E
p--)
-v-o: i) Sentence
Have/ has (someone) do (ing) something have

have
v-G-*--y (-x), -C --E--d- --.
iii) 1) They could be going there =
x-\- -p h-a. vh u-u N (possibility in the

present) -C. Present tense.
Even as we are planning to do it, they could be doing
it =
C-p l E ---o-p xC
-h--a.
2) They would be going there = x-\- x----o (would be going = wish to be going) - Present
tense - E C Eo -s x J----a.
3) They should have been going = x h-Lq-C-p,
E x- o. -s-Eo-d tense.
4) They would have been going = h---x- E
x- Past tense.
5) They can have done it - x --L-T--x --a/ DE use h pd. Tense - Present tense.
6) They may have done it - -a. ----a
. Tense - Present tense.
--- 16 -d- 2006
-- j---
Ranjan: Dhanraj, why did you get your

shirts stitched? You could have
bought ready - to - wear ones.
Ranjan: That's an idea. In case he isn't able

to help us let's get some other
classmate to get interested in it.
shirts d- ?ready
-\---a)
h ready made
( C idea. -
--- --o classmate
h x -l)
Dhanraj: Ready - to - wear ones don't suit

our specifications. You've to buy
them and get them altered again. I
don't have the patience. Even if we
get the shop man to alter it, it doesn't suit us exactly.
Dhanraj: Let's get some high school

students to collect samples.
( F
made shirts
ready - to - wear
(Ready made
d --
J-. C Sx Eo
shop
- Jp---Lq
C. .
Shop - Jp-*
Jh suit )
specifications = -- N- v
(samples
high school
Ranjan: My uncle is a teacher in a high
school nearby. I will get him to give
us a list of ten students.
-J---E -C
Nu-n- d-)
( u, _o high school
teacher. _--* CC G B-)
Dhanraj: Time we got
busy working
on the project.
E
p vG--LqC)
228
--- have --LT x get -a.

-- lesson have -o
, - ----x...
M. SURESAN
(... -Eox tailor J

d- --a.)
Dhanraj: You can get your tailor to restitch
them again.
tailor
Sx d---a)
Ranjan: That's OK. But my preference is

always for ready made ones.
( v
d.)
ready made
Dhanraj: OK. By the way, we have an

assignment to submit next week.
I think we can get Neeraj to help us
in the assignment. He is good at
these things.
Ranjan: We shall start preparing the questionnaire this evening.
( -v vo-R Jhl.)
Questionnaire = ya-- = -
-- -- vo G
Dhanraj: OK. Let's meet at 4 in the evening.
Ranjan: Bye.
-J- E -----E make, have

- lessons .
--E, get -a.
1) He had his bike repaired = bike
repair ---o = He got his bike
repaired.
2) She had her dresses ironed =
She got her
dresses ironed.
(--C F E-l a-
assignment Jh--L . DE
--E F- -l---o. E- N-
.)
-v-o:
d Y --C =
3) She had herself treated by Dr.Vaid =

Dr.Vaid
She
got herself treated by Dr.Vaid.
ju --C =
To be
-- ---? As, like (,

C-J) n h?To be n
N?To be --Eo ---- -N--J-.
That man appears to be a thief.
That man appears like a thief.
ux
n N?
to be, like
It is said that he is honest.

He is said to be honest.
It is said that he was honest.
He is said to have been honest.
She is reputed to be a good
teacher.
That liar deserves to be thrashed.
I should like to be a doctor.
He dares to do what he thinks to be right.
How is its saltiness to be restored.
To be
C infinitive . To be
u -sEod C. ' n
hC. He appears to be a thief=
E-h-o.He appears like a thief
sentence correct . appear ' () -o n C d, He appears like a thief
o, He appears to be a thief correct. ,
-sEod, It appears like that E
( E-hC o n).
To be . Like /- .
d u--x To be like
. --. To be EF,
' E-F n.
\-J 'to be' 'as' a ' --
n. O-J-* sentences Eo- to
be n hC. ( sentences it is
said ... n - -/
--o E. eg: It is said that he is honest = E---B-E . x
It is said, people say passive voice).
get
have
2. The teacher had her pupils know that they

cannot go until they finish the work =
1) You have to get them altered again (= You

have to have them altered again)
E-hu x--E Ox-E x- -n -u-x C teacher.

x have get --a.
get --p sentence structure
Cl -C.
She has even her elders doing all kinds of

jobs. She gets even her elders to do all kinds
of jobs for her.
-E-:
... has even her elders doing = gets even her
elders to do all kinds of ...
Sentence
had got -a.

E -sx have \.
She had her pupils know ... = She got her
pupils to know.
p-C :
My building is vacant. I want to get some
bank to take it on long lease =
bank
S C. D`---L l j
x -E C.
\ get have -a.

B--
I want to have some bank take it on long

lease.
So,
n ---LqC:
Have someone to do something = Get some

one to do something =
-sx.
Sentence structure:
have/ get (something) + done (past participle + by ...
(- )
2) Even if we get the shopman to alter it, it

doesn't suit us exactly = shop
E
p --o , J_
J-.
3) Sometimes even our tailor can get our

clothes spoilt =
tailor
d----a.
(\ get
have
-a)
4) We can get Neeraj to help us in the

assignment =
Neeraj
N-
--.
(\ get have )
5) We can get some other classmate to get

interested in it =
classmate
h B--x l.
6) Let us get some high school students to

collect samples =
samples collect
x-
l.
7) I will get him to give us a list of ten
students =
C-C Nu-n
G ax l.
sentences Eo-, get have
-a. practice .
Pran:
*- -J- N---x Mx
-?
Kiran: wholesale x v--.
-- packing material- , f, J, -\ p---o.
( = basket, f = straw, J- =
country twine, -\ = gunny
pack
It is said that he is honest = He is said to be

honest (is = to be)
It is said that he was honest = He is said to
have been honest (was = to have been -
E---B -- --E .)
Pran:
p book - O o-u?
Eo. x parcel office
. -J-j p---o.
Pran: F u BJ--o-.
Kiran: --.
Kiran:
C. (p)
That liar deserves to be thrashed = ... to be

thrashed - passive (infinitive) =
- ---l-
(v) d---Lq. -
--l- s -Lq. (deserve |-- --E-j-/ -P-~-j)
I should like to be a doctor = doctor
--E--d ---.
What he thinks to be right = -- J C ( = - j-C ---C) to be one of the best = ve-i
--/- --
to be restored = --l-J--- (passive)
ANSWER
Pran: Finally who did you get to pack the
mangoes to Delhi?
Kiran: I got one of the boys in the wholesale shop to pack it; I got him to get
too, the packing material, the basket, the straw, the country twine,
and the piece of gunny.
Pran: When did you get it booked?
Kiran: Yesterday. His home is a long way
off from the parcel office. I asked
him to get someone to get it for him.
Pran: So your problem is solved.
Kiran: Yes.
-.--, N---.
Spoken English
piece)
C -E-.
She is reputed to be a good teacher =

teacher

the dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
EXERCISE
J E---.
---:
If you want to sell the car, it is easy to have

some one buying it.
---a,
She got her dresses ironed

Ranjan: Sometimes even our personal
tailor can get the clothes spoilt.
a) If you want to sell the car, it is easy to get

some one/ have someone to buy it.
1. She has even her elders doing all kinds of

jobs for her =
l-x - --Eo
- ---C.
(Project
-x---
--v- 20 -d- 2006
-- j---
Sharat: Srinath has got a sleek new bike.

Have you seen it?
(X * h bike a--o.
y ?)
(sleek= o -ho. u cars
, bikes , - Vh o EE-- h -)
Prabhat: Hasn't he got one already? (Do)
You mean he has got two bikes
now?
( p -C ?
y- bikes
o-?)
Sharat: Use your brains, Prabhat. He had
sold off the old one, and bought this
one a few days ago.
(h -*. -Eo t,
DEo Eo--V o)
Prabhat: You have got a bike and he has got
a bike. Unfortunately I haven't got
one.
Sharat: Have a car, then. That is safer than

a bike.
( car \. C
~- .)
(F bike --L-T- sC O
o. , X
F, O o \
sC.)
Prabhat: It's not the question of who has got
more money than who. It's a question of how one spends it.
bike
Prabhat: That's exactly what he is going to

do; it is not for my only use, though.
( --C .
Jh ---E v
-)
Sharat: How soon is it going to be?
( y
car
F-hC? )
Prabhat: Quite soon.
(y-)
-- , LT n
'have' ? Have
n--Eo- 'have got' -a. u
British spoken English have got
\. -E--Lq--N-, have ,
have got
n, --
--.
(F bike C. bike C.
-%-d- -h, bike EC .)
Sharat: Your dad has got enough money to
buy you one. In fact, your dad and
you have more money and more
property than I or Srinath.
-x---
229
3. Your dad has got enough money to buy

you one = In fact, you and your dad have
got more money than I or Srinath (has
got)have got/ has got
have/ has
\
-a.
4. ... who has got more money than who? =

who has more money than who?
5. He has got the opinion = He has the
opinion.
p-x, British English \

. have got/ has got/ had got, etc.
OE not --p J- choice
hC.
a) T- s- =
a) I have those books (with me)=

I have got those books.
F _ h-
? =
Have you got any money that you can lend

me?
Haven't you those

books? =
Sharat: So how does he want you to go

about?
Prabhat: He has got the opinion that the city
bus is the safest means of transport.
(City bus Eox h--i-E

G-v.)
Sharat: We have got bikes. Are we any the
less safe than you?
( bikes o. ~ N -o Fo \
o?)
Prabhat: Well, that's the opinion he has got.
He doesn't want to have moments
of anxiety when I am out on the
l- -N vp--h-j F ?=
Haven't you/ Haven't you got the manners
to respect elders?

-a.
have
---x
have got
( C --o G-v.
bike O --A-J---p -
- C J.)
Anxiety= -
b)
Amar: I have got to attend to some work at

home. Let me go.
Kumar: What have you got to do now?
(FN-p L?)
Amar: I have got to get the carpenter to
repair our dining table and fix one of
the window glasses.
dining table repair
glass
--E,
GT--E v-TE a--L)
- L- s E _
e) Hasn't he better clothes than those?
( --xL)
Amar: My dad has got to invite my recently
married sister and brother-in-law to
the Deepavali festival. That's why he
is getting the house done up.
Haven't you got those books?

c) Hasn't he a brother? =
- -d ?=
modern, present day English
Don't
have/ Doesn't have form
Have you?/ has he? form
brief
simple
\ NE--hC.
h
,
C.
F-p E-?=
Hasn't he got better clothes than those?
Haven't you any work now?/
-a.
-Eo-, have got/ has got

has a.
have/
1. Hasn't he got one already? (Do) you mean

he has got two bikes now? = Hasn't he
(Doesn't he have) one already? (Do) you
mean that he has two bikes now? =
2. You have got a bike and he has got a bike.

Unfortunately I haven't got one = You have
a bike and he has a bike. Unfortunately I
haven't one.
(yo , O --
training programme
x-F,
D-R -E?)
Hasn't he got a brother?
= -o * d -E? =

lesson:
Kumar: You were telling me your brother-inlaw had got to attend some training
programme and wouldn't be able to
make it to the Deepavali.
Doesn't he have a brother? =
a) Don't you have any work now? =
Have got/ has got/ had got, etc., have/ has/

had
(D--R u kx sister
, y-E-L o.
- x l h-o)
M. SURESAN
Don't you have those books? =
d) He hasn't enough money to buy a car=
-C p- -E F n,
bikes --o-?
bike.
Spoken English
c) Don't you have the manners to respect

elders? =
He has not got enough money to buy a car.
(J y A------o--?)
C \
NE--hC.
Kumar: I have got to go home too.
He doesn't have
enough money = He
hasn't got enough
money
_ h---o=
p-y--E F _ s-o ?=
-x. Bike C
road O ~- E
t.)
He is convinced= d t-.
Haven't you those books?
Sharat: I just want to know. Why doesn't

your dad buy you a bike?
(Accidents
\,
o.
He hasn't (has not) enough money =
b) Have you any money that you can lend

me? =
Prabhat: Just for fear of accidents. He is

convinced that a bike is not a safe
thing on the road.
( _ - L . o xF.)
6. We have got bikes = We have bikes
(\ vo -J- -J
s-\ E . a
--- vo.)
( O o F bike -
-- -----C.)
o--x
Not
question
Don't have/
doesn't have/ Didn't have ...
Haven't you?/ Hasn't he/ she?/ Hadn't
Don't ... have?/ Doesn't ... have?/
...?
American
Didn't ... have ..?
English
Haven't you got any work now?

b) Doesn't he have a car? =
car
Amar: But he is coming. The training programme has been cancelled.
(--h-o. Training programme

cancel C)
: Have to/ has to + 1st Regular
doing word (Have to do, has to do, has to
work, etc)
c , ---E,
NC- -Lq N- h-E.
a) I have to go now =
? =
E-p xL.
Hasn't he a car?/
b) He has to pay Rs.5000/- =
Hasn't he got a car now?

Not
questions
Don't ... have/
doesn't ... have, didn't ... have
expressions
spoken
form
English
Hadn't he a car?
\ NE--h, u
. -E ? vo,
vo o,
Didn't he have a car \ -
C. Hadn't he a car? .
d n -o N:
LT n
1) Have = have got; has = has got; had = had
got, etc.
5000 - Lx-L.
c) She had to join duty that day itself =
duty Lq *aC.
--x , have to + 1st Regular
doing word/ has to + 1st Regular doing word/
had to + 1st Regular doing word
Have got/ has got/ had got + 1 Regular
doing word
have got/
has got
-a. j --
.
Exercise: j -- have got/ has got
, have/ has practice .
-- 24 -d- 2006
-- j---
Ramnath: Have you got to go now? I was

hopeful You'd stay for at least a
day more?
(y x-Lq-? -j
E -o)
Premnath: I'm
sorry
I've
got
to
go.
Too many things to attend to, at

home.
(-K. -xL p. x
-Lq
o) C -E-.
a) attend = --
class, function, meeting N.
He attended class yesterday
b) attend to:
E/ u -.
week.
(\-x. --E \
* a--a.)
Premnath: Has she got to take anything like
a test at the end of the fortnight
long training?
( ~/ 15 V P~
y K-~----o ?)
Ramnath: No, she doesn't have to.
(\-x)
He will have a lot of money soon.
of training programme last year .
(y - s h-C/- --
_ s C.)
\ will have will have got
-- y- - s C
N-Kl hC . -E
future vh-N---p, have
have got .
(British usage )
(-- C
P~- Rx?)
Ramnath: No, she didn't have to, as she
hadn't had two years of service
house =
by then.
BJ---
Premnath: When has she got to attend the

same kind of programme next?
She is attending to the arrangements for

the meeting =
230
Premnath: Has she to pay for her travel and

other expenses?
submit
-- -E-o -qj-
*aC)
Lq
Suman had got to submit the exercise yesterday.(Had got to + 1st. RDW
had to work)
don't have to/ doesn't have to/ didn't have
N J c-, ---E, NC-

-Lq N --.
x have to/ has to/ had to +
1st regular doing word -,
n have got to/ has got to/ had got to
( -x- - )
day
(
Doing Word (have to go, has to stay,

-
years.
The students have got to take the exams.

c) Suman had to submit the exercise yester-
h .)
E L - uA-, E
--\--. E ? English
\- need not = need n't hC.
b) have to/ has to/ had to + 1st Regular
(Sx -v-v- p
xL)
Ramnath: She needn't for another two
-x---
(Nu-n K-~ -Lq)
Premnath: Had she to attend the same kind
Dad is busy attending to the repairs of the
( -J o
o.)
I haven't got a cell
to + 1st. RDW
-a.
Look at the following sentences at the

beginning of the lesson.
Ramnath: Have you got to start so early?
(= Have you to start so early?)
Premnath: No, I needn't (I need not)
! \ have to + 1st RDW (l?) --E uA--n needn't (need

not) hC.
b) Premnath: Have you got any thing I can
carry to your sister?
(O- -Lq p-xFo hC.)

c) attend on = --/- -A-- -u
.
(v, a d-?)
Ramnath: No, she needn't. The company
When I was ill, my elder sister attend on
bears all the expenses. OK. How
me =
about having something to eat
( u ---p \ -u
C)
If you go away now, who will attend on the
guests.
before you leave?
(\-x. n
uEo
-JhC.x
o A?)
(y-Rx- A -?)
(A-- u h?)
Premnath: I've got to, because the
Ramnath: Aren't there anyone else to take
food on the train doesn't
a) I have (= have got) a cell =
( -- --
?)
Premnath: If there were, I needn't be bothered at all.
(-o , - -Lq
- !)
Ramnath: Have you got to start so early?
( - -l-?)
Premnath: No. I needn't (need not), but I
have got to leave at least by the
12 noon train. Have you got anything I can carry to your sister.
(. F F uo 12
-v- o- xL. O
d F i h B--.)
I haven't a cell/ I haven't got a cell/
Ramnath: No, you need not. I called her

yesterday and spoke to her.
(---. Eo -- )
Premnath: Has she got to stay there for
long?
(\ ---V--?)
Ramnath: No, she hasn't got to. She can
leave there at the end of this
I don't have a cell
( -- AL. jx
(= - - ).
M. SURESAN I have no cell, , spoken form
- -.)
[
[
[
.
lesson have/ has/ had, etc
b) He has a lot of property =
have got/ has got/ had got etc o
He has got a lot of property
J* --o .
(--- h C.)
u N- --o.
He hasn't any property/ He doesn't have any
a) -L-T (possess/ own) n
property =
have, has, had etc have got, has got,
(- h .)
had got, etc -. British
He has no property E - .
spoken form have/ has/ had got form
C) She had a good score \- - C.
* -\ *aC.
i) He has a car = He has got a car.
ii) I have some money =
I have got some money.
iii) He had a big house =
He had got a big house.
( N- v, He had got
a lot of property He had a lot of
property E \- . (British
usage )
u-i N: Have got form- future
.
No, you need not
Have to/ has to/ had to +1st Regular Doing

Word
Opposite need not
v ,
don't have to/ don't need to, doesn't have to/

/doesn't need to, didn't have to/didn't need to
+ 1st Regular Doing Word
h.
a) I have (got) to do it at once

I need n't/ I don't have to/ I don't need to do
it at once.
b) Kusuma has (got) to send it today.
Kusuma needn't/ doesn't have to/doesn't
( --- C.)
suit me.
care of them?
Spoken English
+1st regular doing word (have got to pay =
Lx-L = has got to pay. Had got to pay

= Lx-Lq *aC. [past]) had got
to + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word)
common .
O lesson - N-.
I. have/ has/ had, etc; -L-T--
--p, E
opposite l.
Ramnath:
She had got a good score.

She hadn't a good score =
She didn't have a good score.
II.
J c--
--x-
NC j -Lq-h p
have to/ has to/ had to + 1st Regular
Doing Word .
a) I have to go now - (E-p xL) =
I have got go now.
need to send it today.

c) Pramila had (got) to go yesterday.
Pramila needn't go/didn't have to go/ didn't need to go yesterday.
EXERCISE
Lesson
v-
Conversation
have
(got) to/ has (got)to/ had (got) to expressions
Eo
.
Opposites practice
-v-o: - -q -v-- --.

- -- --j --E-x -
---C.
j - -u-- --Tx- - -- --?
>E, -
---: Regular Bus
journey doesn't
agree with me .
We consume about sixty
units of current (or)
60 units of current is our
monthly consumption.
b) The students have to take the exam.
- 26 -d- 2006
-- j---
Chandana: Hi Vandana, you appear to have

all leisure in the world. I expected to see you busy preparing for
the contest tomorrow? Haven't
you got to prepare for the debate
tomorrow?
(, Nv-A ox E-h-o? --
BJ -E -o.
F - --yL ?
All the leisure/ all the time in the world =
BJ/ .
They have all the time in the world to go
for a second run =
B- -- -
C.
Debate = - ( \ -)
Vandana: I've had enough of it. I'm bored.
I'm prepared well enough, I suppose. What about you?
( . N--hC.
--u-E --o. F
--N?)
I've had enough = . ,
\-x E--*--p, I've had
enough h N-.
'have (has)' J* C--- lessons

N- --o . Have (has)
spoken English v-u-C.
- -. Eo - -, conversation 30% easy -C. -E practice -.
Have (has)
J* --p--- L-
N-:
1) I, we, you and they 'have' . He,
she and it has .
2) have/ has n LT .
- -J - (h,
, jJ N) .
a) I have a car= car C. (
- car LT o )
b) She has beautiful dark hair=
-i xE --o.
-J h/ / etc
n British English have/
has - have got/ has got -.
a) My cousins have a lot of property=
My cousins have got a lot of property
-x---
Chandana: Haven't they got to consult people who know? So what's the big
idea in announcing the topic so
early?
Vandana: Participants will mug up their

speech at the contest.
(_--x x -u-Lo
ddh.)
mug up= d d-.
mug n --, handle
x. Mug n, x
f \.
Chandana: They have got plenty of time to
get the help of others too.
(- -
C)
Vandana: Haven't we got to attend the special class this afternoon?
(y uo p
x xL ?)
Chandana: I have got to, but you needn't.
You have got an 'A' grade, so
you don't have to.
( xL, y-\-x. F A
grade *aC. -E y - )
Vandana: Thank God. Thank you for the
news.
t, A---.)
Chandana: You're welcome.
Spoken English
L=
-x -
--aE -- --o.
c / --Eo d/ NC E--Lq- j forms . DE opposite , '----- n needn't
(need not)/ don't need to/ haven't got to/ hasn't got to/ don't have to/ doesn't have to
1) I have to meet the minister
X I needn't meet the minister/ I don't need to
meet the minister/ I haven't got to meet the
minister/ I don't have to meet the minister
= Mustn't you prepare/ shouldn't you prepare for the debate? 2) I haven't got to (prepare for the debate) =
(Debate
prepare
I
needn't/ I don't need to/ I don't have to
Fo .
-- =
-a.
3) Haven't they got to consult people who
know? =
(Question
have got
Don't they have to
4) Haven't we got to attend the special class?
= Don't we have to attend ... ?
L- x v-C-L ?

--T-ho, \) =
-a.
I've had enough

b) Sumithra has an excellent voice=
Sumithra has got an excellent voice.
n (LT -) am having/ is
having/ are having forms , \ bath
N- p.
3) have/ has= ( n) B-- =
A/
5) I have got to = I have to (I need to
Fo -
o. j -a.
British English
haven't got to/ has n't

got to
Hadn't got to
didn't
need to/ didn't have to
\ N--C.
h
. E--
-a.)
O negative questions
coffee
B-- (-)
b) Sanjana has tea in the afternoon =
uo tea B--C.(-C)
n (B-- = A/ -) am
having/ is having/ are having .
I am having tea now because coffee isn't
available =
coffee
d tea -o. A/
n have got/ has got .
[have + past participle/ has + past participle

have/ has, have got/ has got
have + past participle,
has + past participle present perfect tense forms.
1)
M. SURESAN
Let us look at the following sentences

the lesson.
1) Haven't you got to prepare for the debate
tomorrow?
EXERCISE
Practise the following
aloud in English.
- --* p--- J-T E.

-- E Time p-
o-p,
3) just, just now - , p - -, h-C-.]
Tarun:
4) have to + Ist Regular Doing Word/ has to

+ Ist Regular Doing Word (have to go,
have to work, has to do, has to come)
must
Tarun:
2)
OE
- cF, ---EoF NC -Lq E-E-F ---E
lessons . n
have to / has to + Ist Regular Doing Word
have got to + Ist
Regular Doing Word (RDW) / has got to +
Ist RDW
-a.
have got to/
--.
need to
-.
(p- O -E . Have to/ has
to/ had to opposite -u haven't
to/ hasn't to/ hadn't to . I haven't to go/
she hasn't to come .)
O, j p
--.
don't have to/ haven't you to
\-J have to
-a.
a) -\ } p? =
Have I go to there now?/ Do I have to go

there now?/ Do I need to go there now?/
Need I go there now?/ Must I/ should I go
there now?
a) They have coffee in the morning=
, -
(
(---\--).
x l
(L----x v-C-L J.
-h topic v-- x l N?)
231
\ negative question have got

-E-. question , y
debate --y-Lq - ?
n .
n mustn't (d)
-a. shouldn't .
E-p xL.
(---L)
( --\x. x
a a-LqC .)
(. v-*
-LqC . h %y
(Debate contests) Ey---
x- - ox .)
a) I have to go now =
I have got to go now.
b) Sujani has to sing at the party tomorrow =
party
Sujani
Sujani has
got to sing at the party tomorrow.
Have to/ has to, have got to/ has got to
must/ should
Chandana: I haven't got to, either. They

shouldn't have given the topic so
much in advance.
Vandana: Yea. They shouldn't have. They

don't seem to have got much
experience of conducting debate
contests.
Ny-p-- x--\-?
Varun: \-x. F
certificates attestation
?
F -- ?
Varun: . --.
N attest
----Lq C.
Tarun:
office
Cx L
?
Varun: - . -- R .
b)
Have they to
come here?/ Do they have to come here?/
Do they need to come here?/ Need they
come here?
Rx-\- -Lq-? =
Fo conversation practice
h, daily life situation English
x--.
ANSWER
Tarun: Haven't you got to/ Don't you have to/ Don't you
need to/ Needn't you/ Mustn't you/ shouldn't you
go home now?
Varun: I needn't/ I don't need to/ I don't have to. Need I/
should I/ must I accompany you for attestation
of certificates?
Tarun: Don't you need to/ Don't you have to get your
certificates attested too. (You need to have your
certificates attested too)
Varun: Oh. I forgot. I need to/ I have to get my certificates attested too (must/ should
Tarun: Haven't we to be/ don't we have to be/ Needn't

we be/ Don't we need to be/ mustn't we be/
shouldn't we be at office by 10?
Varun: We needn't be / We don't need to be/ We don't
have to be/ We haven't got to be. (simple
Not
necessary). It is enough if we are there by 11.
--E- 28 -d- 2006
-- j---
Loknath: Hi Somnath, how are things going

for you? How is your new job?
( --, J- n--
o? F h u
C?)
Somnath: Happy to say I'm getting on fine. The
job is good too. How about you?
( o-E p--E --ho. u *. -F

--?)
( S n d, d-----.
C f C.)
Clothes line = d--
Loknath: You could tell him not to do it.
( u-lE y-- p-a)

Somnath: He has helped me some time ago.
So I am a little hesitant about
being frank with him.
(- -
. -E - oC
p--E ----h-o.)
hesitant = o p--E / --E
T-- / ---- / h-.
frank = - oC ---l
dx p.
Loknath: Thank you. I'm fine too. Getting on

well. How are your relations with
your colleagues and boss?
(F -u--, F boss - o?/ F -u-

F o? F boss F
o?)
Loknath: So are you going to let him trouble

you?
-x---
( F u
L-T-x h?)
232
(-%-d- -h x - --/ -J---J ---. N---o. N- p--dC.

Headed for = C x.
The train is headed for New Delhi =
train
uMx jC.
d) If you want to be happy, you have to get

on with what you get =
y - - *a-
%h--L.
2. Get along = x.
No regrets, just getting on

Somnath: Too many colleagues and too
short a time for me to say anything about them.
(j \-, -u---\- x, N J*
p-.)
Colleague - M ' \---.
n, -uT. - --x classmates .
F
boss
F )
Somnath: We get on excellently. He is not at
xL. C.
b) He gets along finely =
( - M. SURESAN
N-
N -E L- -E
v-Ao-ho.)
Loknath: How is your boss towards you?

(
a) I must get along. I have work to do.
Somnath: I am trying to
get the message across
to him in
some other
way.
Loknath: Best of luck then. It is 10.15. I

must be getting along. See you.
all bossy.
Loknath: How is your new home? How is

your co tenent towards you?
(F Ahx C? O-
l--o- O ?)
Somnath: We get on. We aren't that
Chummy.
( . o
)
Chummy - N h vo.
Loknath: Why so? (-?)
Somnath: The trouble with him is he doesn't
a) I am unable to get at what he says =
pC n --- o.
b) Kumar: I want to go immediately. Get
the money fast. I can't wait. (Do
you) get at me?
j C---C. -xL. Sx
l.)
( q--- .
-- bossy (j C-J
p) .)
-E T--C/ -*--C.
3. Get at - common.
N F, pC F n
--.
Somnath: OK. Bye.
-, have y \. -D-
expressions English y---. Get
a -- -
. -E E practice h --*C.
1. Get on - expression n-
. u vo- - \ -.
Get
a) Kamal: Hi Vimal, how are you?

Vimal: OK. Just getting on. Thank you.
( xL. y v.
--. n--u?)
4. Get across =
N-Eo --
n--ux p.
(O h C?)
Prakash: She is very good. She has a
knack of getting her ideas
across to the students.
( * . dq n-ux p -C _.)
knack ' nap =
/ lA
b) A news paper ad is the best way to get
across your message-
1) a) Somnath: Happy to say I'm getting on

fine =
( o-E p-E --ho./

-*--C E p--E
--ho.)
b) Somnath: We get on excellently= (
-J
/ -
o.)
c) Somnath: We get on= ( JT/ -*-C)
2) a) Loknath: I don't get at you.= (F
pC -n-- .)
3) Somnath: I am trying to get the message
across to him.
( Eo - y
nux --E v-Aoho.)
Get across N-Eo J
nux . n put
across .
a) I put the idea across to him that he and
I go shares
=
, y- -E p.
b) The teacher is good at putting things

across to her pupils =
Nu-n- N n--ux p
.
5. Get through: K-~ pass
a) He got through the exam with very good
marks =
* \- Bh-g--u.
=
p Bh-g---u-. (*
\-.)
with flying colours = p
N get a Eo expressions.
b) He got through with flying colours
( J-T--C)
b) He is getting on well.
c) Prem: How are the newly married cou-
ANSWER
Vamsi:
Vamsi: How are you, Venkat?
Venkat:
Venkat: No regrets, just getting on.
Somnath: He dries his clothes in my yard. I
Syam: They unable to get on, unfortu-
fixed the clothes line and he
nately. Some differences. (It)
hangs his clothes on to it. That
appears they are headed for a
o, ?
*--. J-T--C.
Vamsi: K~ . u?
Venkat: pv u-E p-E --ho.
Vamsi: y-o -----o?
Venkat: . . -
-G-v E -n ux
p--E v-Ao-* --n-x.
Vamsi: --E h.
divorce.
Venkat: Wish you good luck.
Loknath: I don't get at you. What do you

mean - he doesn't let you use your
space?
(-n----. F nEo Eo
-E-y n?)
Spoken English
v- L p-----o.
lesson:
/ -- o.
( nEo o --E-y.
*\.)
obstructs me a lot.
c) He is unable to get across to his ideas

to people =
a) Prasad: How is your new teacher?
EXERCISE
let me use my space.
F -Eo -- L- vA
v- * _.
ple getting on?
( h - -J -
o?)
Syam: Quite well, happily. (
o)
(OR)
Vamsi: You took some exam. Did you get

through?
Venkat: I got through with flying colours.
Vamsi: Are you going to meet Vasu?
Venkat: No. We don't get on. However much
I try to get across to him that I am not
prejudiced he doesn't understand.
Vamsi: I'll explain to him
Venkat: Good luck to you.
-- 31 -d- 2006
-- j---
Anand: Hi Achyut, since when did you start
*q - %Ah
* AJ-TC. p *
ju E-- * *aC.)
Get a break = %Ah ---i p-.
trauma (v)
1) Bv--- ~
practising boxing?
(- --u-. q vd
p * --d?)
Achyut: I know you mean the black eye I
have. (It has) nothing to do with boxing, my friend.
( . x x d
o x-a J* -o-E.
F q, E
.)
Black eye = x x d p x
a.
Nothing to do with = .
Divorced Couples and orphaned Children

undergo a lot of trauma.
n -C.
1) He got a fever last week = He had a fever.
(N Bo , --j x
Bv--- ~ --N-h.)
trauma n, dx Bv
--.
E ju- trauma specialist =
ju E-.
I have nothing to do with this property
(, h .)
What has a Physics lecturer to do with
-- C :
Anand: I think he had a hand from his uncle
zoology?
in setting up his nursing home.
2) She got a clean bill of health from the
( d l * g -u----
CC.)
g u
ox d a.
doctor.
ees get/have a good run for their money

by making them work for 10 to 12 hours
3) He got a health check up.
233
(s T N v--.)
expression O practice .
a) Software companies make their employ-
g u ox
d p.
-x---
get/ have a good run for one's money.
A clean bill of health =
B-o/ C s T- v----.)
(v \ -- *a s-\)
He didn't have a good run for his money.
She had a clean bill of health from the
A mother has everything to do with her
(Gf ~ Lx -C-*.)
: \ have/ has x
have got/ has got -a.
doctor.
>q a--, V-@ N?

child's well being.
3) He didn't get a good run for his money.
a day .
(u K-~---o d_.)
(d- -F- V C, o
E --E Na @- _--J
He had a health check up.
Anand: Then how did you get the black
He got a break
eye?
(J x d ---?)
Achyut: Two days ago, during a power cut,
searching for a candle in the dark, I
hit the edge of the door. That's why
I have the black eye.
4) They got what they had wanted =
(-V --p,
yAh - TLC. C.)
( Jq n---
--.)
Achyut: Yes, he had.
Anand: It's still bad. You should have seen

the doctor.
()
[
(C Bv- C. d- _ --x--?)
Achyut: I did, of course, but I'm afraid he didn't do a good job of it.
(--x-. F J ju ---.)
Anand: How much did he charge you?
( B--o?)
Achyut: Rs 100/- per treatment and another
fifty rupees for medicines in his own
shop.
[
English have/ has, get y----F, O NN n--o-E
lesson -E.
--C, have get - F sx -E -aE.
N h vl -s- -E E practice h daily life
situations x English
simple , natural C.
1) - get o n:
a) : He got a prize in the race yesterday.
(ju-E -,
--- - j.)
Anand: I am sure he didn't get a good run
for his money.
(*a- B-o s T
v---.)
Achyut: you are right. It is the third day and
there hasn't been any improvement.
(y -p-C d. C V.
- -_-.)
Anand: Why don't you get another check
car each.
up?
(-J ----?)
Achyut: I went to this doctor because he has
a very good name. He got his break
when he treated the train accident
victims. Since then he has been well
known as a trauma specialist.
( d- * - x
_---x. j v C-
Spoken English
(Eo - -A
.)
- -A *aC --E
--.
b) : He gets busy from 10 onwards.
(10 * BJ --.)
c) --- = She got it done .
(C -*C)
2) Have - o n:
a) L-T--: She and her husband have a
- , h car
C L-T- -o C get ()
yA L.
b) --- She has her clothes ironed
by him
( Y -hC/ ---C)
lesson v- o conversation
get o x have -a.
(x-\---C x *aC x
.)
-----o.)
b) They won in the end all right, but they
got/ had a good run for their money.
They had what they had wanted.
x L-, C, F
v- L-. (x -
- -E)
\ v, \ L ,
vN* L .
(x-\--LqC x-C. C
x-C y)
5) I do all the work, and they get all
the name.
(v-C, --x)
Get/have a good run for one's
I do all the work and they have all

the name.
M. SURESAN
6) She gets good money from house
money.
4) Why don't you have another
checkup = -J
-? =
rents.
( l x s--hC.)
She has good money from house rents.
Spoken English
-, - , have, got -----. Oj \- E -s-Eo-d

practice .
K~
Why don't you get another checkup.

5) He got a break =
E AJ-TC =
He had a break.
a) The movie star had a lucky break with
the movie, Durmargudu =
t-_ E- AJ-TC =
lesson.
The movie star got a break...
Eo-x get have -l.

1) ... How did you get the black eye?
(F d x a
*aC?)
b) The lawyer had a break with the reser-
... Why do you have/ How did you have the
tions case.
black eye?
6) I think he had a hand from his uncle =
2) That's why I have the black eye = That's
vations case =
Reservations case
AJ-TC =
The lawyer got a break with the reserva-
uncle
- a =
how I got the black eye.
I think he got a hand from his uncle.
(\ have get - h
p ---.)
Why E how a. Present tense
o have , past tense o got
*aC ? Meaning - p -. -*- --
a) Get/have a hand =

---
(- hand a- - --Eo ---, p n -,
E English give a hand/ lend a hand
---- --E -h--)
b) Give a hand =
-- 2 --- 2006
-- j---
Ratnakar: You appear down beat, What's

bothering you?
(E-q- E--h-o. Eo
-----ho N N?)
downbeat= E-q-
x upbeat= q- .
p ! p ---o?)
-j p h,
N- 'You've said it' .
s, p , E h N-.
You've said it -
Himakar: My boss will certainly throw me

out, sooner or later. Before I get
Himakar: It's got to do with my career. My

claims for promotion have been
overlooked a second time.
the sack, I want to get out.
( boss, y-, y- hE p -p o u-* -T-h. C J

- --o.
throw (some one) out = (-N- *)
-JE -T-.
sooner or later = h , -,
h-E p -p
conversational expressions. O
daily conversation -.
get the sack - -N- * -T.
(C career -C-*
N. Promotion o |-, -J --a.)
claims= (\) --E-o | x
a \.
career K- 'K \ - =
Nu, u, u-.
overlook= --a/ -E----.)
-x---
234
Ratnakar: What will you do without a job?

And it is a good job too.
What has a Telugu actor to do with English

movies? =
English
What has a Telugu
actor got to do with English movies?
to
do with, have (got) to do with
English
practice
-,
N? =
E--
N
y---.
.
2) You certainly got a raw deal = F E-
u J-TC = You certainly have a
raw deal.
a) TRS leaders always complain that
Telangana has/ gets a raw deal =
.-.-. - -- p
u ---E .
p p, awards N -M-N -~ -C./

Ex~u = Inspite of being a very good
actor, Anjali Devi has always the go-by...
b) Though a much better cricketer than
most others, Laxman always gets the
go-by =
--C-o * --j--p, ~ t p -~ ---o

Laxman vA selectors Jh---
= ... Laxman has always the go-by.
5) I get the sack = I have the sack = N
-C.
a) Natwarsingh got/ had the sack from the
external affairs ministry =
NQ u- vA -N-* y--- -T = -N--C.
He always gets the go-by
b) If I accept the bribe, I will get the sack/

I'll have the sack =
B-
N -C.
Ratnakar: You certainly got a raw deal.
Didn't you protest?
(F -E-- -u- J-TC.

y E- --?)
protest vd ' \ -=
E-/ -U- -/ uA---.
Himakar: I complained to my boss, but he
didn't care. He wants me to get
me out of the company. He wants
to get me out of his way, as I know
the job better than he, and as I
know he has an itching palm. So
he gets the jitters in my presence.
( boss u .
d---. -E
company CL Rx---E J.
-E- E --E
o --J-f -T-------o. B--F . -E
-E .
Itching palm. Itch () = >, ;
palm = -. Itching palm - > ,
B- -/ .
Almost all politicians in India have itching palms =
--x
--/ N-F-A--).
Ratnakar: So what are you going to do?
( ---o?)
Himakar: It was certainly my turn for promotion, and I feel very bad that I
got the go-by. My junior got it and
it still galls me.
(
--J promotion ---. --

--E --Eo-N-- -|--E, -E --o
\- --d. --o -\- service --o-- promotion -- a.
--C - -- --C.-)
turn = ---. gall= -- --u- --J-T- --, .
Ratnakar: You've said it, but what are you
going to do?
Spoken English
b) Education got/ had a raw deal in the

allocation of funds in the last budget =
budget
(u --E -
-h? C
* u
.)
Himakar: I want to do
business.
M. SURESAN
(-J C- a--o
? S} ---?)
Himakar: That's true. I had an offer a month
ago from a rival company. I'll try
that.
(E. F
* offer *aC. C vAoh)
Ratnakar: Best of luck.
B-E s ---aE
o f -T------o.
a) I don't want to interfere in the matter, I

had my fingers burnt the last time=
3) He wants to have/ get me out of his way =
Ratnakar: You've already got your fingers

burnt by doing it earlier. Why think
of it again?
a) He wants to have me/ get me out of his

way so that he can get rich by bribes =
uhE N *
L-T- C
O
.
6) You've already got your fingers burnt = F
-L-p- a--o = You've already
had your fingers burnt. ( E, *-E x -
.)
E --
Nu u J-TC.
(j
u h.)
get/ have a -F, -sx -F

n --aE -E-ho.
Get/ have -s ----L-T
- (simple) x-
-- -C. Lesson beginning
get/ have o expressions Fo
daily life situations .
O - -E --T---L-T, O
x English -C.
[sack a person/ give a person the sack/

throw a person out/ show a person the
door/ fire a person =
common expression.
conversation
]
o f -T-------o.
N- Lp---------.
-- a--o. (--J
Lp-----x -
--C.)
b) Once she gets him out of the way, she

can have her will =
E f T, d *a-x --a. =
Once she has him out of her way she

can have her will.
4) I feel very bad that I got the go-by.
get/ have the go-by
(\
Jo, x |- -~-.) = | o o
-~--E/ \---d-E C.
a) Inspite of being a very good actor, Anjali

Devi got the go-by in the matter of
awards =
b) Don't invest in shares business. You

may have (get) your fingers burnt =
Shares
d- d. a (d--a).
lesson get/ have *a expressions Fo, y---- Eu@N -s
(Daily life situations) . N
--T-.
English Conversation
The following are the expressions we

have used in the conversation at the
beginning of this lesson:
1) It's (it has) got to do with my career = It has
to do with my career =
C career
-C-* N. -- -o to do with/ have (has) to do with/
has got to with = L-T--.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Pavan:
J Laxman team
- .
Praveen: Ep u- - C. (Raw deal )
Pavan:
Selectors,
captain,
Pavan:
Praveen: He has always had/ got a raw deal.

Pavan:
coach
L v-
a--o. - - J-----C.
Praveen: J_ --E -ME -T. a. F team
v l --.
Pavan: p -- p -x
v--- -T-h- x. Laxman N-
.
Praveen: ~- L India d.
Laxman didn't get the chance this

time either.
The selectors, captain and coach - all
had their/ got their fingers burnt by
experimenting. Defeat has become a
matter of habit for the India.
Praveen: Ganguli was sacked/ fired/ given the

sack/ got the sack (had the sack for
not playing well). May be it is right.
But the game of our team hasn't
improved.
Pavan:
They sack players for the wrong reasons at the wrong time. They did it to
Laxman.
Praveen: God save Indian cricket.
--E- 4 --- 2006
-- j---
Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, long since we met. How

and where have you been?
( --E V--C.
o, \ o?)
Neeraj: (I've) been out of town for quite
sometime. I'd been in troubles for
some weeks and that had taken me
out of town all these days. I came
back only this morning.
(-- x-. Eo---

s-x o. -x x-.
AJ--a.)
Dheeraj: Sorry to hear that. Are you free from
troubles now?
(C N--E C. s-x
* p ---f-x?)
Neeraj: Yes; I can say that I got my head
above water now. I've sold of a
piece of land and cleared all my
debts. I've bought a flat too.
Neeraj: So it with other couples too.
(N u--h A .)
( C. d s T--C.)
Dheeraj: Where is this flat of yours?
(F
flat
\-C?)
English conversation get/ have o

vu J* Ja-ho. N -
h-F, get, have x -E
-aE --o. Get, have
Eo - L English conversation y--- E v. lesson conversation have/ got a JEo n, --. lesson E have/ got combination a ,
daily life situation - NE--.
d OE O conversation practice
.
conversation at the beginning of the lesson (between Dheeraj and Neeraj).
(---f-E p--. -
t p Ba-. flat
-\-o.)
Dheeraj: Is the flat good? (flat )
Neeraj: Quite good. I got my money's worth.
-x---
235
3. To get one's way with/ to have one's way

with
b) Please let me have/ get my say before

we decide = Eg-----,
G-v p-E-y.
= -oC ---.
a) If I had got my way, I would have really

moved out of town =
c) An office assistant has no say/ doesn't
---oC
LT / JT , -
x-E = If I had had my way I
get a say in the policy matters of a company = company
would have really moved out of town.
N N-x office
G-v
assistants (clerks)
b) You can't get your way/ have your way in

all matters
L O-.
= vA N-/ Eo Nx F _. vA N--
F x d .
d) Some parents don't allow their children
c) Kaikeyi finally had/ got her way with Sri

Rama walking to the forest =
Lx--v x Nu-%-h
N- J G-v-- p-E-y.
to have/ get any say about their careers.
Keep your head above water
Neeraj: In a prime area of the town, yet very

quiet.
(-- E u-i v,
--E .)
Dheeraj: But haven't you always been for a
peaceful area away from the city?
(F Fp J h
v--i v- -E ?)
Neeraj: If I had got my way, I would have
really moved out of town.
(---oC JT o-d-, town

h ---Rx----.)
Dheeraj: Whose choice was the site then?
( n JC?)
Neeraj: My wife's choice prevailed.
( N T_C.)
Prevail = \ n _; n
= (-, u) u-.
Dheeraj: Didn't you get your say in the matter?
( N- F G-v-Eo
p - - y?)
Neeraj: I did, of course, but her opinion got
the better of mine. Wives have a
way with such matters, haven't
they?
( p. F T_C.
N-x u- -C, ?)
Dheeraj: Most wives do, but my wife is different. She lets me have my way in
everything.
(C u , F
N .)
Neeraj: Yes, yes. She selects the colour and
style of even your clothes. Most
other wives let their husbands alone
in the matter, but your wife is different in that she chooses even clothes
for you.
(--. F d , jM
! -C u
N d--, F O N F
d hC.)
Dheeraj: That's because we love each other
so much.
( lJu v C J.)
Spoken English
1. I got my head above water =

I have my head above water.
*\x*
---f =
Get/ have one's head above water =
*\,
u s-*-\ /
- .
a) He earns enough to have his head above
water =
He earns enough to get
his head above water.
*\-x- -- T-
-C-h-o =
b) She can't seen to get her head/ have her

head above water; she always has some
problem or the other =
-u-x* --fx ---. p

u C.
Have/ get keep -.
Keep your head above water = -u
.
Get some one's head/ have some one's
head/ keep some one's head above
water -
X- -N
x- j
T_C.
5. Her opinion got the better of mine =
G-v T_C, G-v O =
Her
opinion had the better of mine.
d) Sonia Gandhi has/

gets her way with
her party colleagues
get/ have better of (some one) =
a) Australia got/ had the better of India in
=
Kd--E M. SURESAN
ux Sonia Gandhi x-C.
4. Didn't you get your say in the matter = F
G-v p - F= Didn't
the last match =

Australia
J G-v-Eo
-j L-*C.
match
Duryodhana =
u-E
-.
Fo daily real life situa E O-E--hC ; Fo
\ No-x-o--. OE O spoken
English -. O L---
OE correct -- h.
expressions
tions
uh---.
a) In a democracy every one has/ has got
their say in matters of public interest =
v-y-u v- -C-* N vA--J G-v uh--J

- C.
u s *\ J*
--p-, s-- -.
c) Work seems to have no end for him; he

is unable to get/ have/ keep his head
above water =
E -ox
--. E-h --
---o--.
d) Amrita is able to keep/ get/ have her

head above water now. All her children
are well settled =
%-
s- . x n--f.
2. I got my money's worth = I had my money's

worth =
d s T vA- .
a) The car is good. Mahendra got his

money's worth = car
Mahendra
C.
E-O d s %-- =
Mahendra has/ had his money's worth.
b) Surendra doesn't mind spending money,

but he wants to be sure that he gets/ has
his money's worth =
s a--d-
-v u---, F d s
% -- E -.
c) Eat in that restaurant; you get/ have your

money's worth =
---- A,
y d a T vA- G-hC.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Sneha: Hi Sakhi, assignment complete
Sneha: Hi Sakhi, have you done the

assignment?
?
Sakhi: , -Fo Jh E
p S L
---.
(have.. head above water )
Sneha: TV x F -- F uLo
-~-x hC.
Sakhi: Eo y Guide o. C
?
Sneha: h K E s _ N-C
E. s %-.
Sakhi: *a assignment J C. Professor a-E
-?
Sneha: - N-x F G-v--E
-.
Sakhi: - _x -!
Sneha: -u- i
N J*
x-.
b) Bhima got the better of/ had the better of
you have your say in the matter

Have/ get one's say =
-JE
-.
Sakhi: No, I don't know when I can get

my head/ have my head above
water.
Sneha: Your weakness for TV gets/ has
the better of your responsibilities.
Sakhi: You bought some guide yesterday. How is it?
Sneha: It is a bit high priced, but I had/
got my money's worth.
Sakhi: The assignment I've got is
tough. Shall I ask the professor
to change it?
Sneha: You don't have any say in such
matters.
Sakhi: How I wish our word prevailed!
(prevail =
_, -)
Sneha: Don't talk of impossible things.
--- 6 --- 2006
-- j---
Chinmayi: What a down pour! How long it

lasted! I haven't seen the like of
it in the past ten years.
(s ! -!
-x x).
Downpour= -
Kiranmayi: Me too. I thought of going to
Chennai, but fortunately I had
second thoughts about it and
dropped the idea.
( x. j o x---o E %-d- -h, -**

--o.)
Chinmayi: Good idea. Otherwise you'd
have been stranded following
the disruption of train services.
But why did you want to go to
Chennai, in the first instance?
(* . train
services - x, \
- *\------EN.
y j o x---o?)
stranded= v u -- x
*\----.
Chinmayi: How are your relations with your

higher-ups in the head office?
(Head office E O C---
O -- o?)
Higher-ups = n j C--.
Kiranmayi: Well, we can't say we have the
best of relations.
( u - u-h--i-E p-. --E

p-.)
Chinmayi: Why, what's the matter?
( u?)
Kiranmayi: They always want to get us
under their thumb, and we resist.
Eo V- get/ have Spoken

English y---- daily life situations
a ho. Let's see a few
Chinmayi: They can definitely give you

some freedom.
(x O yvu
ya)
-x---
E J* ---*-/ Sx -*, - --o/ a--o =

I got second thoughts about it.
a) Sanjana did think of buying a car, but
had second thoughts about it because
of rising maintenance costs =
car -E -C. E Sx
h -*--E --o Ey-
a - - () aC. =
236
Sanjana did think of buying a car but got

second thoughts about it.
His wife gets him under her thumb

l --x v-- C *\----.
disruption= Bus, train services F,
-j--F - -.
In the first instance = , -
Kiranmayi: Our head office people have
made a number of changes in
the policies of the company. I
have a strong feeling that some
of them can't be implemented
here as soon as they want them
to be. I spoke to them over the
phone about it, but I'm afraid
they haven't heard me out. I
want to get their full ear, so I
thought of meeting them.
( head office x F
Nx p h-o.
x---o y \ E
---- --E .
E N x phone
x-. E x o Jh
N---E--hC. -E xE
Lh x pC Jh N
-aE }.)
implement= \ n ----;
The Government thinks of good policies
but fails to implement them =
vy
* N-- -C-hC E ---- N----C.
implement n E-x/ J- Agricultural/ form implements =
u- J--, Surgical implements
= Y *q J--
hear some one out = pC Jh
N.
Please hear me out= pC Jh
N.
Spoken English
(Learn public school .

F - -C=
a -.)
more of them in this lesson.

1) I had second thoughts about it =
(}-p tLo \--d-E

h/ x - -E h. C uA--h)
A number of passengers were stranded

because of the cancellation of buses. =
Buses
Murthy: Learn public school was my

choice but I have/ have got second thoughts now.
Kiranmayi: You know

they don't want us to
get a day off, though
we are eligible for it.
They want us to work
even on holidays,
though they pay us
overtime for that.
Have second thoughts = get second

thoughts =
--E- E n
C.
a) Though the manager had agreed to
take him in as the office boy, she had/
got second thoughts about him =
M. SURESAN
(F , |
o-p-, -V B----E
p-. --Vx E -. E---- - u h--)
eligible for = | LT .
overtime
overtime
allowance
-Lq E-o \ E--- Lx u.

Chinmayi: That's mean of them. They don't
understand that a happy employee is an efficient employee.
(x N- F
o. - u
-n-j uT C x--n-)
Kiranmayi: That's true. (C E)
-v-o: i. ing
form
y be form
h? ing forms be forms
N - -.
ii. 'Reading books', 'Tendulkar began

playing tests' -
O n N?
u
---?
. --yx, L.
iii. Past participle
---:
i. '...ing' forms, 'be' forms

'...ing' form,
y h verbs
-.
'be' form
-. p-C
verb . 'be' form --E '...ing'
form n, (writing), A (eating),
- (walking) E hC.
Manager Eo office boy E-N- p--o-p- - -

----o. (Eo E-N---a)
b) I have/ have got seemed thoughts
about the bike I have thought of buying =
b) Venkat: What's happened to your idea of

selling off your old house.
(O E t-l---o F
- -C?)
Venu: On second thoughts I felt it better
to let it out than to sell it.
(h -*-*--O- t--o l--y *---o.)

On second thoughts = Sx -*-*
y
second thoughts/ second thought
(American) English conversation y--- NE- . Practise it.
2) I want to get/ have their full ear=
x Jh Nx ---o/ N O- ho.
a) I can't get/ have the full ear of my boss.
She is too busy.
p----oC boss Jh NE--- o. BJ--. (

p----oC NE- O--
C. busy.)
b) My Mom complains she can't get the
full ear of my dad.
pC o Jh NE----E
t -.
3) They always want to get us/ have us under
their thumb=
x-p tLo x - --E --.
----o car J*
----o.
On second thoughts o have/ get
second thoughts n hC.
sentence structure -C.
a) Most mothers-in-law want to have/ get

their daughters-in-law under their
thumb.
a) Prasad: Which school do you want to put

your son in?
b) The husband has no freedom. His wife

gets/ has him under her thumb.
(O-E
--o?)
school
a---
ii. a) Reading books improves

our knowledge Reading
sentence
\
n, -
n,
E. j
h- - Nc-Eo
-C-hC.
b) Tendulkar began playing

tests
tests =
(playing)
-\
--d.
iii. Past participles Eo -s x v
sentences begin -.
Given the circumstances, anybody will
behave like him =
Past particisentence
ple
J-n-x -j -E v-Jh--. --
--.
\--C h x -x
- ---E h.
h yvu . \ j
u.
-v-o: Where
we can get good mangoes/

Where we can available good mangoes
ux C jC?
v, j--.
---:
Where we can get good mangoes

question
Where can we get good mangoes?
question form.
Where we can available good mangoes Available
C
J-.
-; u--
E n. N---x -, / u--
n , question B: Where are
good mangoes available?
--- 8 --- 2006
-- j---
Jayathi: Oh, this gas business! India, they

say, is improving and we don't get
cooking gas when we need it. God
knows how long we have to suffer
like this.
( gas N!
G-%Cl ---. gas
--i--p -. -
--- L---.)
Aarthi: True. They are giving us no end of
trouble, these civil supplies people
and gas dealers. The minute we run
out of gas we get the blues.
(E. --- x, gas

dealers, -E L-T-h-o.
gas --- \--E
C hC.)
no end of= -E/ \--E.
run out of= j --.
My bike has/ I have run out of petrol =
bike / _ petrol --C.
Aarthi: That's true. I needed gas urgently

last week, I went straight to the
dealer but I got the brush off.
(E, -- gas Lq
*a Ao dealer _- R, o
d---. B--.)
Jayathi: For a cylinder full of gas we have to
run around places. This is modern
India, which in PM's words will be
the global market.
(\ cylinder gas Eo--x-x! D -E vE

x global market!)
-- daily life conversation

- NE-/ --- get/ have a
Eo expressions ho. - J-Eo
l. OE conversation -, O --- -
*a- p----.
I've run out of cash, so take this

cheque=
cheque
[ To get the best of both the worlds =
2. Get something over with =
( E/ N) E-a-.
y L, y L.
Let me get my exams over with first and I'll

play any number of matches =
exams
matches
You can't have/ get the best of both the

worlds =
]
-F, Eo
.
\ get have .
y L, y -
-.
4. To get something straight =
a) He has to get his daughter's marriage/

have his daughter's marriage over with.
Then only he can think of buying a
house =
n -- =
correct
to have something
straight.
a) I am going to get it/ have it straight =
E J Rx Jh---L. y x A.
C J n ---o (a--o.)
Look at the sentence in the conversation:
To get something straight
_ --C,
B.
India is running out of its oil resources =
--E-~- ---o.
I am running out of patience =
a) Jagadish: Why are

you so nervous,
Paresh?
p P-hC.
-x---
(
o?)
237
Jayathi: Why don't they take some real serious steps? I need a cylinder now.
Let me have it first. Once I get it
over with, I can relax.
M. SURESAN
(- v-Ph exams
J* C -C).
Jagadish: Why in November itself? Isn't it
in March?
(November
exams?)
(semester
November
Jagadish: Take heart and get over the

blues. Otherwise you can't do
well.
(C--- ju
a. exams J_
-.)
h,
It's time that ... =
l-A K-~
--.)
1.
\ get the blues/ have the blues

. Dn N---x-j -a
C.
a) She has pregnancy blues = sx -- E C- C.
b) He has started having summer blues =
(j) p---u--LqC.
It's time you got married =
p -E -N- C d-C=
He has started getting summer blues.
Ny-p- Rx -E LqC.
Jayathi: In all these matters it is annoying to
see that the gas dealer has the last
word. Protest, argue and haggle as
you like they have their way and
you are helpless.
( N-x -\ a- gas dealer C-. E-

L-, C-*, --
--, x-J J.)
haggle= --
Spoken English
get the blues/ have the blues=
C, h .
lesson E sentence -E-.
The minute we run out of gas, we get the
blues/ we have the blues = Gas
--
~-* C--hC.
c) As the month of March approaches,
most businessmen get tax blues =
March
(have tax blues)
u--h- o
C d--C.
Kiran:
Once the CM gets/ has the flood relief measures over with, he can think of expanding the
cabinet =
CM
Kishore: I've got it straight enough, it's

me.
- u h--,
vA-_ Nh- J* -*--a.
3. Get the worst of = N x J .
( pd . .)
b) Get it/ have it straight. I don't want you

here again =
J n--. y Sx
\- -d -.
a) Whenever something goes wrong

somewhere the consumer gets the
worst of it =
The dealers
and officials get the best of it = (Dealers,
c) We had better have things straight/ We

had better get things straight. Are you
coming, or aren't you? =
(\ - J-T
E-x NE----x.)
J n---- *C.
y-h-o, -x?
C-- Gl -.)
(-- best x worst)
EXERCISE
Pavan:
ANSWER
? ----o-x-o?
Sravan: . June ahC , x
school fees C- C.
Pavan: -N?
Sravan: - C- - .
Pavan: n ---. J O repairs
-N?
Sravan: C E-a- repairs
N -*---a.
Pavan: C-
---? j
school C-N---a-?
Sravan: * -Lq-h, a J-Lq. y L y---
---.
vo: 1. For the 'waters'

came lip to my
lips.
2. I have come to deep
waters.
water
u
--a-?
3. Articles some and any
- a/ an
--- h-o.
. 'some sugar' and 'any
rice.' OE articles
-- - ?
4. 'It is done'. DEE tense
-a?
G.--yx, -.
Let's have it/ let's get it straight.

Am I pay for the tickets or you?
(C a-. Tickets
LxC y? ?)
E Jh--- J a---.
Paresh: It's November in the semester

system.
Jayathi: Let me go now. I am going to get it

straight, whether I am getting gas or
not.
(Gas supply - u-L-p B---LqC.)
March
(\ - J-T, NE---x . C---, gas dealers

.)
Aarthi: It is time that they got normal gas

supply underway.
( C?)
Paresh: Once we enter November I get

the / I have the exam blues.
Aarthi: Whenever something goes wrong

somewhere, the consumer gets the
worst of it and the gas dealers and
officials get the best of it.
gas
Paresh:
What is the
month?
Jagadish: November.
(E-i u B-?
p cylinder L.
o a-F. E h-,
-J a--a).
(o xF.
a-.)
Once I get it over with, I can relax = Once I

have it over with I can relax.
Pavan: You appear worried about something.

Sravan: June is approaching, I get the children's school fees blues.
Pavan: How much is it?
Sravan: Anywhere about Rs. 10,000/Pavan: I can understand. What about repairs
to your home?
Sravan: Once I get it/ have it over with I can
think of them.
Pavan: Why Rs. 10,000/- You can have your
son study in an ordinary school.
Sravan: I have to bear the expenditure if I want
good schooling. We can't have the best
of both the worlds. (We can't get ...)
---:
1. Waters
-E,
C/--v- E
Fx -J--* x--p- --. The
waters of the Krishna

(Krishna
the
waters of the Ocean
D--/ --),
(--v Fx) --x
waters . -
water . For
the waters came lip to my lips
-
DE - n--O
. s L-h-E n
p.
2. I have come to deep waters

expression
I am in deep water =
C j
*\x o.
-N
. N
O
x---p E
--L-T,
-,
N
-
d---.
4. It is done = C --
--C/- ---C.
- E
-C (v p-)
E C, -E.
3. some, any
articles
determiners.
English
correct
use
articles
determiners
technicalities
--v- 10 --- 2006
-- j---
Mohan: I always see you buying pens. Do

you really need so many pens? If you
don't mind my saying it, I observe
you write very little.
(y o h--p.
E Eoo F---? y---- y C \-
N -E-.)
Soman: You are right, of course. I don't write
much, yet I take a fancy to pens.
(y-C E. \ ,
F o- G- /
d--.)
Mohan: Why waste so much money?
(Eo-vA \-~ Ev--. 11

vt E .
y - Ev--d-.)
A wink of sleep =
Soman: That certainly is a good movie. The
hero in the movie took the world by
storm by his action. It took the audiences breath away.
(C E p E-. E
hero action JF -J{- )
Mohan: It was his first movie. He just took a
shot at it and succeeded. He himself
didn't expect it to be such a success.
(-E E.
v-Ao-. N .
-- p N------E.)
(- s % h?)
Soman: Everybody has their fancy. Just as
you have a fancy to shoes, I have a
fancy to pens.
Soman: He has his turn now.
(vA-x o -Eo d--. y shoes d--fx,

o- d---.)
Let's study these expressions one by one.

1. Take a fancy to = have a fancy to =
h-o/ uho d--/ V--.

a) Hari took a fancy to Nalini when they
met at a fresher's party =
Fresher's party ---o-p--*
RE O J V----o. /RE
d----o =
Hari has a fancy to Nalini.
b) Sundari takes a fancy to diamond
rings=
(pE .)
v - -J V =
Mohan: I have an uncle who takes an interest

in cell phones. You just don't know
how often he changes his phonesatleast once in 8 or 9 months.
Sundari has a fancy to diamond rings.
-x---
238
c) Children have a fancy to things of bright

colours =
-- h--j x- V-C/
I'll take forty winks
b) All this happened as she took/ had her

forty winks =
Bho -
J-T--C.
5. The hero in the movie took the world by
storm =
The hero in the movie had the world by
storm =
E- hero JE -J{-/ J
o- .
a) Tendulkar took the world by storm by
being the youngest to score a century =
Tendulkar had the world by storm ... =
Century C-*
A *o--
-\ v%dE -J{- /
v-Eo a-u--J-.
b) She took the world by storm in her
maiden appearance on the screen =
--J -O E----
- %d-*C/ J o-
CC =
She had the world by storm ...
Take the world by storm =
Mohan: I had a terrible
( - o. -
x V. -
-q -h F L-.
F E-NC Nt-C------j
-h-.)
So I am going
this weekend.
(---
(E) -- M. SURESAN
-*C.
d -V E-*
N B----o.)
do you I suppose.
Soman: Go ahead. I'll take a day off next week.
(E. a- V N
B-.)
non-stop for 6 to 7 hours without feel-
ing the strain? I do feel the strain
today too. I think it's because of the

heat.
(----- EJy-- E--

V--? p v-E---
. \ v E--hC.
-x -.)
Soman: Let's take five. We feel refreshed
then.
( EN--- NvA
B-. p Sx
E--hC.)
Mohan: You take five, that won't be enough
for me. I'll have just forty winks.
(y NvA B. C
. Bh/
Ev-)
Soman: Do you really need to sleep now?
(E Ev---Lq- y?)
Mohan: I didn't get a wink of sleep last night.
Till eleven last night I watched the
movie Brahma, and after that some
how I couldn't get any sleep.
Spoken English
2. I have an uncle who takes an interest in cell

phones =
to take a day off
past three hours. I feel the strain. So
Mohan: Aren't there days when we worked
Children take a fancy to things of bright

colour.
time last week.
Soman: We have worked without rest for the
(--- NvA E. v feel -o. y

feel --o----.)
strain = --E--- o v
x -- h-- d--=
lesson
real life situations
get/ have
expressions
get, have,
Get/ have
expressions English
take/ have
lesson
A a
. sx
a -E.
a

y----
aN
.
-N Eo
l. x -, h--xE ox, conversational/ spoken
English , bookish English C.
get/ have, take/ have expressions spoken
English - NE--h-. E E -- C -
C.
Look at the following expressions in the
1. I don't write much, yet I take a fancy to
pens- take a fancy to = have a fancy to
2. I have an uncle who takes an interest in cell
phones - take an interest in = have an interest in.
3. Let's take five = Let's have five
4. I'll have just forty winks = I'll take forty winks.
5. The hero in the movie took the world by
storm = The hero in the movie had the
world by storm.
6. He just took a shot = He just had a shot.
-- cell phones
h/ d =
I have an uncle who has an interest in cell
phones.
a) Nehru took a deep interest in children =
Nehru had a strong interest in children =
j p Eo n o.
-. ' \---.
n u. Maiden appearance/
performance -s x n d-. Maiden century = century.
6. He just took a shot = vo .
(~uEo d- C/
a) =He just took a try = He just
had a try. O-Eo n . v-Ao*
E (N--O JhNy )
Maiden =
a) Pranav: Can I see the officer?

(
- -a?)
x- v N--i/ \ h/
d C/ d---.
b) President Kalam has an interest in
teaching =
Bhanu: He is busy, so I doubt if you

can. But take a try/ have a try/
take a shot/ have a shot.
President Kalam takes an interest in

teaching =
( BJ o.
O ---- -.
v-Ao* .)
-ZA - d---/ h
-.
3. Let's take five = Let's have five. C
t-h- expression. DE n 5
EN--- NvA B---E.
b) He wasn't sure of getting the job. He just

took a try and was lucky =
a) Take five and start work again =

Have five and start work again =
EN- NvA B-E Sx E

v-G.
b) He took three fives in an hour's work =
He had three fives in an hour's work =
E-- -x NvA
B--o. \ five correct 5
EN-E , Cl EN--- E.
4. I'll have forty winks ( -
B - English j
expression) = Bh/ Cl EN-
Ev-- = I'll take forty winks.
a) He never misses his forty winks after
lunch =
Lunch y B v
---.
u h- t --.
vo . %d J-*C.
vo: QUALIFY
nEo, Eo -Eo, - nu ----
N-J---.
v-, _.
---:
'Qualify' in grammar means, describe or say

something special about a word.
A word describing or saying something special about another word, qualifies it. Tendulkar
is a great cricketer.
Here, the word 'great' says something about
or describes the word 'cricketer'. So the word
'great' qualifies the word 'cricketer', usually
adjectives qualify nouns.
--C- 12 --- 2006
-- j---
Sankar: Hi Sampath, you appear very busy.
(y-
busy
E-h-o)
Sampath: Yea, I appear busy. That's all, but

I'm not.
Sankar: Who said it was waste of money?

What you buy today you can sell
for double or even three times the
price tomorrow.
(--o s -E?
o--Eo , - --t--a.)
(. BJ---d E--h-o
. E--- E busy )
Sankar: How about taking a look at the
Ravivarma paintings I bought last
week in Trivandrum?
( A-----
o N-t *v J h?)
Paintings = g-*-v. p -O-O
V --C. %---- \
--o. -G--* E-z- J-- \---C-p. fad. Fad
- v- -\-L
V h-, N-. C l
u, d- -J{ N
--C.
Sampath: So it's a business proposition, not

artistic taste.
( u l--E -G* -o-.)

proposition = vA--/ lA
Sankar: Not always (--Eo --- -)
a) Please have some coffeePlease take some coffee

mon.
Sampath: How do you know that the paintings you buy are genuine or fake?
b) Take your meal first, and then we can think

of other things.
(y-N -, -M- E
---?)
Have your meal first and then we can think

of other things.
shopping
-x---
(N -u-?/ --a?)
Sankar: Nearly Rs. 50000/-. I'm going to
buy a few more.
(C Mx ..
g*v v-z ---.
p* j--g-*-v O
V *aC)
Sampath: I still don't understand the hold
they have on people's fancy. I too
like these paintings, but not to the
extent of throwing away good
money on them.
( n , - -*-v- -O-v--G--. *v-

d, F N-j s -O
--- .)
to the extent of = -.
Throwing away good money = N-j
s % .
vo:
fake
= (-u) =
= ()
Sankar: Very difficult. A dealer known to me

used to sell genuine ones. But of
late his reputation has taken a
beating.
paintings dealer
(
( L-
u--n) -j---E t-.
F u ---- s-AC.)
Reputation = *
Sampath: OK. I'll have a look at the paintings you bought.

paintings
Have/ got spoken English
Have
get
take
get
take
have
( y o
l )
-- vu

-- ?
x -F --o.
u N ----LqC
x
--.
.
u take A/ n
C . E-- have .
conversational A/
\ C have.
2. Dinner
N?
-. \ sink
n N?
4) Ravish *\L-T--?
*\Lo N-D--?
5) It is subject to rules . -\- subject
-- -n --N-?
6) I am suffering from fever. I am suffering from a fever .
- ux C jC?
7) I got married her, I married her
8) He says that Rama went to the cinema hall yesterday (or)
the previous day.
N?
C d?
. --, X- .
1. OK
-- -J %h-i N- . \-
v- o N-: OK Oll (American for all),
K (Korekt - American for correct) -E -C N-. -
C USA Red Indian -E E --J-. -i -J --u-i- N- .
Spoken English
239
Genuine
1) O.K. 2) Dinner
3) Sink
---:
x- h Ev- =
Let's have a nap before we go shopping
a) He had five injections till yesterday =

He took five injections till yesterday
(Eo 5 injections B--o)

j o -s--o have -E. have x - Lo
- n ---.
Let's look at the following sentences from
lesson:
1) Let's take a look =
Let's have a look =
d) Let's eat something = Let's take something= Let's have something =
J l.
I have taken a liking
(j-. Eo ----o.)
Sampath: What's there in them to cost so
much? Perhaps you've a lot of idle
money. Aren't you wasting money?
Sankar: Last year, in Delhi, I happened to

see an exhibition of M.F.Hussain's
paintings. Since then I have taken
a liking to these paintings.
request
o \ com-
c) Let's take a nap before we go shopping =
Sampath: How much did they cost you?
( o-- K---E? F s-- -L--xC. s-- -x y?)

idle money = L--
s. C English common expression. Practice .
a) How about taking a look at the

Ravivarma paintings =
h --o A.
(-E-: eat =
take = have. -N drink
have/ take )
How about having a look at the

Ravivarma paintings =
N-t *v- h?
e) Let's go for a walk =

Let's take a walk =
Let's have a walk=
M. SURESAN
2) I have taken a liking =

I have had a liking =
G- -o/ L-TC.
l.
-u--J- spoken English get/ take/
have - C. j x
-sEo -E* eat/ drink/
get/ take/ have conversation simple
natural C. --.
a) Take this money = Have this money =
a) Somehow he has taken/ he has had a

liking for these things =
N---x -E-d L-T-C/--J-TC.

b) He takes a liking for swimming / He has
a liking for swimming =
-E-d
3) Of late, his reputation has taken a beating.
u s-A-C.
(- --s -B)
b) He took treatment for three months =
He underwent treatment for three months =
He had treatment for three months.
( ju -
--o)
Had C ( have/ has) ju N-
-- --.
W B- -x u-iC.
B- uo lunch. u u--, -
busy -x B- uo yp- C.
BJ y-y- Ea lunch. BJ- E
B--C vA- d, dinner vA . au x lunch uo B-E v 4
y * dinner B--. Supper C, vA
l-- B- B--, - .
3. Sink - , x v-----E wash
basin C. Sink -. v --, sink
E Fx-- block , v--Eo-E -.
-E C sink. - v -\
C wash basin.
4. Ravish , *\-- --. Ravel (American) =
unravel (British) *\ N-D-, -uEo C--
-- n hC. Ravish , rape E. p-,
C n.
He was ravished by her beauty. - LT-*C. Passive --p n hC.
Ravishing beauty = p / -{
L-T .
Take a beating = Have a beating =
s-A-/ d-.
a) With a series of defeat, Indian cricket
team's image took/ had a severe beating =
cricket team
--
Bv s-AC.
vAe
5. subject to rules =
E--- . -- subject to
(E-- N) Jh--- E.
6. I am suffering from fever - \ fever , a d--.
E I have a fever, a cold, a cough, etc... --x, 'a'
p-- -L.
7. I got married to her = I married her.
I got married her
n-.
---() Rx E.
( v - -J Rx-h, I got her married )
I got her married
8. Yesterday - previous day
- uh Eo N p--p
.
uh -s, Eo E --G-, uh p
--J p--p previous day.
yesterday
a) He is saying he bought it yesterday.

b) I met him last week. He told me that he had bought the
car the previous day.
--- 15 --- 2006
-- j---
Sadguna: Sampanna, why do I find you

always so busy? You don't appear
to have even a minute's rest. You
sure are a workaholic.
( p BJ--- --? \-~ BJ---d E-h. y E E E-.)

Workaholic = \-~ E----
E-x/ u- -x.
u - E----x alcoholics , -n -E
E u -x workaholics.
Workaholic --
-h-y (Psychological abnormality).
Sampanna: Not at all, but I am busy all the
time because I have to be. My
company makes sure that I get
the run for my money.
(-. BJ--- J-nA

d BJ o.
@-E T- E----d h company x.)
Don't poke your nose into my affairs =
N-x --a.
= / h --
Keep off
Sadguna: But I'm sure you take too much on

yourself. At this rate you can't be
healthy for long. Why don't you
think of taking time off and getting
away from it all?
(K \ E Ah---E h-o-C v *a-. E-h

F - u . h B-E \-j
---a?)
Getting away = E * NvA B-E
-j x AJT - = taking
a holiday.
Getaway
- --E -j v .
Kashmir is a fine getaway = -
---E Kashmir -j
v - n getaway
Jh -- .
Sadguna: But your colleague Sanjana

appears very relaxed.
-- Have it easy Go- n hC. N -

- p we have it easy.
a) We had a tough exam last time but we
have had it easy this time =
J K~ d --p-, J
-- C.
b) Some have tough time in life but the more
fortunate have it easy =
J @N-x d--. %-d- --

@N -.
Have it easy = C.
c) Our boss is good. We have it easy with
-x---
(F F -uT
Nv-A ---C.)
him =
240
boss *-. -
- -*--C.
2) Don't you have a hand in the planning and

distribution of work?=
E v-R-, - F v ?
Have a hand/ Take a hand=
( N---j) v -.
a) The teacher must have a hand/ take a
hand in the educational policy of the state=
Z Nu-N-- -u-- v
L.
b) He takes no hand/ He has no hand in the
running of the home. It's his wife that
decides every thing=
x N- E v/ v
. Eo Eg- E u.
c) A captain takes a hand/ has a hand in the
selection of players=
-x N captain v
C.
Take it easy
Sampanna: That's the problem. The distribution of work isn't proper in our
office. Some are overworked
while the others can take it easy.
( u. office E N J--. --C

E- \, J-
C d--.)
Sadguna: You are the head of a section.
Don't you have a hand in the
planning and distribution of work?
(y N--E u--L-N? E v-R, - F

v ?)
Sampanna: I used to, but not any more. Our
new boss takes everything on
himself and plans the work in
the office. He doesn't let us have
a say in the matter.
( h boss Eo
Ah---E h. E v-R
N --.
N- - vu
.)
Sadguna: Why don't you ask him to let you
do it as in the past?
( Eo E -E-yE ---?)
Sampanna: I know he won't let me. Once he
has asked me to take my hands
off it, why should I poke my nose
in to it? I've enough self respect
to keep myself off it.
( o-E -E-y-E
. Lp----lE -o y - --aL?
T t-G- C
Lp--- -.
Poke my nose = E-N-- () -a.
Spoken English
Sampanna: I'm waiting for the summer. Isn't

that the best time to getaway?
(-N- ho. --\- ---E C *

?)
Sadguna: Do it without fail. (p- )
--oC: Daily
(Eu @N -sx) -
NE- have, get, take, O L-a E. N high frequency
expressions- A - .
O-x - - ----n---C.
-- bookish (vC) E--.
- u (conversational ease)
C. Take/ have- -x get
have -x, take have .
-s p J-Eo l:
Take it easy = j serious B---/ l d-----. C
common expression. Eo E x,
dialogues No ?
Eo
lessons
life situations

lesson:
1) My boss takes everything on himself=
vAD Ah/ vA u/
u- B--. (C \-\p A a. E-x - sC
--a.) = My boss has everything on
himself. expression take/
have (has) --p- have
take \.
a) Why do you take/ have everything on
yourself?= vAD/ Fo FAh --?/ Fo y h- --h-?
b) She takes everything on herself. Pity there
is none to share the work with her=
vAD
--C. -- E ------. -%-d- .
Pity= n L.
It's a pity= -%-d- .
3) He doesn't let us have

a say in the matter=
M. SURESAN
N-
t-oO p-E-y.
(C -- lessons
to have a say)
4) Once he has asked me to take my hands

off it, why should I poke my nose into it?=
--- Fo N- Lp----l-op, - Lp---L?

Take hands off= N- Lp-- = have hands off.
a) Others in the office take it easy while he
take too much on himself=
office -- d-- E
v K \ E h=
...While he has too much on himself.
b) You needn't have so much/ take so much
on yourself. There are others who are idle
=
y \ E --\--. EE ---o. ( u y B--\--.)

O take/ have , N - daily life
situations y---- NE- expressions.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
you think I can't understand what
Practise aloud in English the following.

Krishna:
Krishna: Why do you waste so much

money?
you've said?
Shankar:
Shankar: Hands off/ Take your hands off/

Have your hands off my affairs.
Ramana: Do you take me for a fool? Do
(-o ^E
--o? yo
n -------o?)
Raghav: Take it easy buddy. I was only joking. (
o l d--.
-.)
Take it easy (to take things easy)= -
N-Eo u---C N----.
He takes exams easy= K-~
vu--i N----. (vl/ h
-- Take it easy Eo
-sx .)
joke
- s % h?
F u --. C
s.
Krishna: Fo l-- F x v -? Eo
--E O o o--
.
Shankar: F N- F-\- o-? o-C-.
Krishna: Eo y --
h --.
Shankar: d--. l---u ?
Krishna: F d.
Krishna: As an elderly person, can't I

take/ have a hand in your
affairs? Your dad asked me to
take care of you, too.
Shankar: You've already too much of your
own affairs on yourself. Leave
me alone.
Krishna: I can't let you ruin yourself.
Shankar: Take it easy. I am a grownup
too.
Krishna: OK. As you like.
--v- 17 --- 2006
-- j---
Bhargav: How long will you take to get
Eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the predecessor of Rajasekhara Reddy.
ready?
(----E
-?)
time
(-----f u-vA
v----.)
Successor (-N/ n J y
a-)
B-
Bhushan: I won't be long. Just ten minutes.

Are you in a hurry?
YSR is the successor of Chandrababu

Naidu.
YSR.
( \-- B-. 10 EN. i ?)
v---- y u-
Bhargav: Not at all. Take your time. I can
(-/ --. --j

--. wait --)
Bhushan: When exactly is this meeting?
vA
Successor =
wait.
meeting correct
- E .
Bhargav: Let's wait and see. (l)
a) His business has taken off =
Bhushan: It seems he took to task the idlers

in the branch where he has
worked earlier.
b) His car-hire plan may take off =
u --C.
p?)
(-- E--
E---E--x-j
u B--o-.)
Bhargav: (It is) supposed to be at 10.30, but
branch
the flight is certainly going to be

delayed because of the bad
weather.
Bhargav: Such a boss is really welcome.
(
(C C-o-, E -- ---x N -u
a.)
Bhushan: So what? ( ?)
boss
Bhargav: I have reliable information that the

landing here will also be delayed
car
l -v a.
3) Take advantage of = --Eo Cy-E --/ J-n-AE
-- a--.
a) He took advantage of the holidays to go to
Kashmir =
y-A--Lq.)
-x---
flight took off 20 minutes late, so it
241
by 20 minutes or even longer.
-
x--E
o.
Kashmir
with us -
h--} B--Ey
(p-- JE) P~-/ ED-/ u B--
Take to task -
a) The teacher took the boy to task for coming late =
P~-*C
u *a-- v-E
teacher.
b) My father will take me to task if I stay out

too long =
K \--- --
- o --h.
--
b) He is too trusting
and kind hearted,
so people take
advantage of it and
deceive him =
c) We don't allow strangers to take liberties
c) The people in the area took the excise officials to task for permitting a liquor shop in
a residential area =
M. SURESAN
E n
--A-*-- excise C-- v E-D-.
His business has taken off
(N --- 20 EN-
-u-i-E *a--i CC. d C-\- 20
EN---o \ -u C.)
Bhushan: But what has all this to do with our
meeting?
Real life situations
(F O meeting
N?)
Bhargav: Oh come now Bhushan, use your
take, get, have

\ E --E- -. Take
a expressions n,
Eo . p J-Eo l.
- K t-. K wl
%-. C -- B-E v--Eo
h.
c) The clerks took advantage of the boss's
absence and went home early =
flight will be late too, so the meet-
Let's have a look at the following expressions:
ing will begin late.
1) Take your time
(Bhushan, h -*. MD
N-- h-o d
-u h, d
meeting -u- v
-C.)
2) Take off
E - -E h
y x--Rx--.
4) Take office: -NE -d-
3) Take advantage of
a) YSR took office as CM in 2004 =
brains. Our MD who has taken this
Bhushan: I understand. We can take advantage of his late arrival and start at
leisure.
6) Take to task
expressions
English
conversation
Bhargav: Any idea when our new manager

is going to take office?
Fo conversational
. n --E
.
1) Take your time/ Take your own time =
/ F\----
time
a) Inspite of my hurrying him, he took his time

to finish the work =
- ---dp, -E-Jh--E
time B--o.
( h manager p N
---o ?
b) She missed the bus because she took her

time to dress herself up =
Bhushan: Not much, but it seems he is a no
d------E time B--o--x

bus p--C.
2) Take off: Planes N CL x----Eo
take off .
nonsense man. We can't take liberties with him as we used to, with
his predecessor.
( L-. F x-p
u--- -E uh
o. C---- (-N
o uh ox)
- B-.
No nonsense = v-u-E, x-p
N-- N-yE.
Predecessor = v---()/ v- -()
v/ 'v \ - = -N/ n- -J o.
Spoken English
2004 N -d.
b) Ever since she took office, she has made

a number of changes in the administration.
5) Take liberties with
(n--C. l-ate --
x h E-
---a/C --
B-E E- ----a.)
YSR CM
4) Take office
Boss
a) The plane took off five minutes late =

Plane 5 EN- -u ---JC
(x *C)
b) The take off of the plane was delayed
because f some engine trouble.
( Engine trouble x N ---
(x---) -u--C.)
Take off n, u/ /
v-R o-d/ -- -v
.
N -dp-* u-x p B---*aC.

5) Take liberties with - B--.
yv (-J) u--J-.
a) Shall I take your car for a day? I am sure I
can take the liberty =
car
-V- F B. yv E t--o.
b) Not all bosses let you take liberties with themboss

lesson.
1) Take your time -
. ---
B.
2) ... the flight took off 20 minutes late =
20 EN- u ---JC
plane.
3) We can take advantage of his late arrival=

late
--
( E- ----a)
B-E
4) We can't take liberties with him as we used

to, with his predecessor =
-o- B-o - B-.

5) It seems he took to task the idlers= E
_-d--x P~-. Idler = E
_-d-x
6) Any idea when our new manager is going
manager
to take office? =
h
N p
---o ?
O--Eo-F O conversation -
*a--p .
u-- -N-y.
EXERCISE
ANSWER
Practise aloud in English the following.

Pramod:
Plane
Pramod: The sky is cloudy. The plane

may take off late.
-%-i C.
--- u a.
Vinod: DEo -- B-E h
coffee l .
Pramod: -u-i plane x -
p-a.
Vinod: v-Aol.
Pramod: l. Plane x -
?
Vinod: o E-- -- p
late, train F, bus F.
Pramod: -z B---\x-.
Vinod:
Let's take advantage of it and

have some coffee.
Pramod: The plane people may take us to

task for being late.
Vinod:
Let's try.
Pramod: We'd better not/ let's not. We

can't take liberties with the plane
people.
Vinod:
My predecessor always used to

be late for train or for Bus.
Pramod: He needn't be our model.
--C- 19 --- 2006
-- j---
Kalyan: Bhanu, I see you a lot with Anand

nowadays. You two appear to have
grown chummy.
(--, y u
\- ----o. OJ-l
h o-d-o.)
Chummy- h .
Kalyan: That's my advice. Take it or leave it.

By the by mom took ill after she took
the wedding dinner last week. Since
then I haven't been able to meet
you. Otherwise I'd have warned you
earlier.
(C . B- B,
. -- Rx
p-* t s--C. x Eo ------.
-- Eo a-J---o.
Bhanu: You can say that of course. Ever

since you introduced me to him I
have taken to him.
(y-oC E. y-E o
J- --p--* - d---o)
Bhanu: Have you taken her to doctor? How's

she now?
Kalyan: He is quite pleasant, of course.
( x C E)
Bhanu: He is so good for company.
( *
company
(d _-J B--x? p-
C?)
Kalyan: Of course I did. His fees are prohibitive, however.
h)
(B--x--. F fees
J---.)
Prohibitive = (h-/ u)
-l/ -
E \.
Kalyan: I have known him longer than you

have. He is pleasant and all that but
beware. He can get you into trouble.
(F - \ .
pleasant- E
vh. s-x ---)
Bhanu: How so? (?)
Kalyan: If you don't take me amiss, he is not
the good guy you take him for. He
has quite a lot of bad contacts.
c) Karna never took kindly to Arjuna.
-b- g--p d---.

(\ -E--LqC take kindly to. C
\ not Not take kindly
-Ld ---.)
d) The teacher never takes kindly to lazy
boys =
-- teacher d .
take to n C. EE
---d.
1) Sugar E L- y, -o
, - ---d =
After coming to know that he is a diabetic,
he took to getting up early and going for a
walk.
-x---
242
2) Unable to forget Parvathi, Devdas took to

drinking =
5) Take it or leave it=
a) The price of the watch is Rs. 4000/-. Not

a paise less or more. Take it or leave it=
watch K 4000 -. j
_. / .
b) Rs.3500/- is the take it or leave it price
of the sari=
< *J 3500 -. B-
B- .
O take conversation -
expressions. u take to, take
(somebody) for (something) expressions ---. Practice l.
lesson.
1) Ever since you introduced me to him, I
have taken to him=
If you don't take me amiss ..

Bhanu: Difficult to believe it. But even if he
has bad contacts how does that
affect me?
(C t d C .
-E -- N
O v --?)
Affect = v
p
.
Rain or the lack of it affects crops =
{, {- --O v
-C/ LT C.
Effect = v. (Rain or Lack of it has
( B--o?)
Kalyan: His fees and medicines in his own
medical shop cost us Rs. 1000/-.
Take or add some Rs.20/-. I should
take her to the doctor now again. I
must be going.
( fees, shop
L -u,
20 . Sx p--
d _- B--}L, h.)
Bhanu: Bye
Take
- conversation y----i expressions J-Eo l.

1) Take to = -JE/ h-/
N-Eo d--/ G--E-.
an effect on crops)
Kalyan: Bhanu, just think for a while. He can
get you too into bad company.
a) She did not take to the job in the beginning but began to like it after a few
months.
(h -*. F
-a).
u d---, E
Eo y d -jC.
Bhanu: Can't I take care of it? Am I a child to

be totally influenced by him?
b) Laila took to Majnu the minute she saw

him.
( N --? E
v--E x-E -?)
Vo ~ j -
d--C.
-v-o: 1. Could can past form , less

-. -D-E-E -----?
2. q-f {--K would -sx
use h-E a. -O -- -J-
--a. N-J-.
-.--, --
---:
1. Could tense
a) Kumar: He is worried he has none to help him.
C -s-Eo-d -hC.
(--y
--E ---o)
Kesav: He could approach me.
present tense
\ -h C ,
( -a )
E.
Spoken English
y-AE -*-- - -o/ ---d.

(C -E-: He takes to cricket as a
fish takes to water = Fx
d, cricket Ad)
(As a fish takes to water C English
proverb- )
3) Take (somebody) amiss = -JE n
--.
a) o-n -. Oy Eo- x E--- *C =
Please don't take me amiss, you'd better
not contest in these elections.
(you'd = you had. contest=
--/ .)
b) If you don't take me amiss, you took

awful in this shirt=
y oO --, shirt y
- E--h-o.
awful= --i/ N--i/ --i, etc.
4) Take (somebody) for (something) = JE
J* --.
a) J* ----o?=
What do you take me for?
b) Don't take him for an ordinary man=
M. SURESAN
y o-n -/ y-----
3) He is not the good guy you take him for=
y-- *---
4) That's my advice, take it or leave it=
D . J F d (B- ,
)
5) Take or add Rs. 20/- =
j - =
Rs. 20 that way or this way.
EXERCISE
Practise as many sentences as you can, on
the pattern below.
Subject
Verb
Object
know
your name
Sunil
reads
the Eenadu
verb -JF/ -J/ EE/

E E vo - a .)
(object
Eg: He reads the Eenadu.

Verb: reads
(--) EE --?
-. d Eenadu object.
sentences practice .
-E -u---.
b) I heard him say that he could play cricket very well as a

student student
cricket
could, past form of can. Time
mention
connected verb tense
could tense
time expression
positive of can
y o--E J-
--p--*, -
-G- p-C.
2) If you don't take me
amiss ... =
Bhanu: How much did he charge you?
(y o n -,
y--- *- . -E
---o.)
contact: . ( o
uh)
B- B-,
--L---E
p No. \
--x-F,
x-F
pd -hC.
-- C, -s-Eo-d C.
2. Consequence of an imagined event ( --
- J-) If you went there now, he would be
happy. (y\-p- h imagined event, he would be
happy- ---h consequence)
Expressing a desire or inclination (J ) He may not
like to see me, but I'd meet him (I wish to meet him) - - o
- d----a, F -Eo -----o.
Expressing a conjecture or opinion:
/ --GvEo
uh---)
a) I'd would say think that John would help us. (John
h--- t--)
b) We'd (we would) think that the job might not be so easy
( E - -E --o *a--)
u-n:
h --h?
Would request -L----E question form
L.
b) I'd (I would) I were the CM = CM
-C! (J/ wish) would -s-Fo .
Expressing a wish or request:

a) Would you help us?=
--- 21 --- 2006
-- j---
Satyavanth: What is the big crowd over

there?
( l \?)
B--.)
Satyavanth: That need not be a cause for a
suicide.
Prasanth: I am just returning from there. I've

yet to recover from the shock.
(\ ho. CvsA
* --.)
Satyavanth: You do appear really shocked.
What's the matter, Prasanth?
(E- CvsA C--d-o.

N.)
Prasanth: Someone took his life from jumping to the ground from the third
floor of that building.
( h *
t-u --o.)
Satyavanth: People perhaps have good reasons to take their own lives, but
the means they choose, Oh.
God! the less we talk of it, the
better.
(t-u ----E --i, N.. s!

Eo J* \
x- *C.)
Prasanth: It seems it took place half an hour
ago. The man leaped to death in
the full view of the passers by. It
(--t-u C -\-.)
Prasanth: He was upto his neck in debts. He
thought of making some money
by winning the elections. The
denial of ticket made him desperate.
(--
px
----. Eo- x L*
h
s
-C- -E
--o--. \- y---
E E J--C.)
upto his neck =
(C p N- u -.)
v-N--
He is head over heels ( -) in love
with her - -.
drinks away all the money the others

help him with.
- - -- l- a
s - --h d O
L--/ L .
-sx take pity on have
pity on E -a.
a) Have pity on the old man and leave him
alone .
-L- O L * E C--
Satyavanth: Whatever it is, he is no more.
-x---
(-i , -E--.)
Prasanth: A pity really.
a Lo Ja-ho . J-Eo-Ep l. N --
Take pity on the old man and...
3) to take place =
-N-/ -.
Unless takes pains, cannot succeed

took quite sometime for
them to understand what
had happened.
(C - J-T-xC. J----x
h-- C
. J-T
----E x
dC.)
a) The marriage took place yesterday =
- h.
O Eo O L L. E
l.
1) Take (one's) life - -
take life E. Take
M. SURESAN
Satyavanth: I really take pity on him. (I)

Wonder what drove him to take
such an extreme measure.
one's own life/ Take one's

(his/her etc) life =
t-u --
.
a) t-u --o =
He took his life.
b) Unable to bear the separation from her
lover, she took her (own) life .
(E O -hC.
N-K--u B----E
J--LpC u---E
-*-ho.)
vN- * - d--
v B-C.
- N- u:
Prasanth: As I rode along, people rushing to

the spot took me by surprise.
Those who cannot give life have no right to

take life
( j-O h
J--h -au L-T-*C.)
Satyavanth: Psychologists take pains to tell
people not to get depressed,
but that doesn't seem to deter
people from suicides.
(E- ---l-E -h-y

E- v B-E -. F O v-
t--u * .)
Prasanth: It seems that this man took quite
an active part in politics while he
was alive. The denial of a ticket to
him by his party led to his suicide.
(A--o-p --x
_ _---. - J
Eo-x ----E Kd\d
y--- t--u J-
Spoken English
Rx Eo J-TC.
b) When did the match take place? =
u p J-TC?
c) The accident took place when I was
on my way to college
=
@ -o-p/ x--J op v J-TC.
d) When the theft took place, everybody

was at home =
He is very particular about my joining the

club. He is taking the life out of me .
x o -E d----o.
v -h-o--.
2) Take pity on = J O L .
a) He took pity on the old woman and
put her in an old age home .
%l-L O L-, -
%l-v- a.
b) None takes pity on him because he
d) Unless one takes pains, one cannot succeed =
v---E N -.
O daily life situations E conversation
take A - a expressions. OE
practice .
Arun:
-o?
Amala: Eo *o q- J-TC.
Arun: \ J-TC?
Amala: x.
Arun: J-TC?
Amala: t ---. -E v - --o.u L- a--p,
L- L-TC.
Arun: E Eo h -hC. u
y. h.
Amala: u. - > - v
L----C. - -
h h C.
Arun: ? -p . j--
o d-E v -hC.
Amala: u. %-o-.
Arun: F .
u---x.
Amala: - Ky u
_ _-C. C -au
L-T-*C.
a) Parents take a lot of pains to educate

their children =
Arun: Why are you limping?

Amala: A minor accident took place yesterday.
Arun: Where?/ Where did it happen?
Amala: At home.
Arun: How?
Amala: Mom wasn't well. She was still taking
pains to cook, so I wanted to help
her. While changing the gas cylinder
my foot was pressed/ got pressed/
was crushed/ got crushed under the
cylinder.
Arun: I really take pity on you.
Give me the bag. I'll carry it for you.
Amala: Thank you. My cousin Kamala didn't
have even that pity on me. She was
just watching me carrying the bag/
carry the bag all the distance.
Arun: Kamala? She's always like that. She
wants me to do the assignment for
her.
Amala: Don't do it. She is ungrateful
xLo C-N---E Lx--v v

-.
Arun: Don't worry. I won't do it. I know her

better than you do.
b) He took a lot of pains to deliver the

goods on time =
Amala: But at the last social service camp

she took me by surprise by taking an
active part.
x - - J-TC.
e) When will the meeting take place? =
- p --C?
.
v y--E--x v B \-.
( JE \ -J E.)
Conversation C NE--hC.
take life out of (some one) Dn.
- NT --- x C/ Ah (-:
v -h-o/ Bh-o ,
.)
C-C Nu-n- pd
n--u- - v--.
EXERCISE
245
(E -%d)
Take
v--f.
c) He takes pains to see that his students
understand clearly what he teaches =
4) Take (some one) by surprise =
au L-T-.
a) His coming at that time of the night
took me by surprise =
vA - -au
L-T-*C.
b) I haven't told him I will be visiting him.
I want to take him by surprise =
E --E h-o-E -
p-. - au L-T--E.
c) His resignation has taken every one by
surprise =
@- vA-\-J-F a-u--J-*C.
v--/ v-B---
C C L-
5) Take pains =
expression.
j --E
h- ---
- 23 --- 2006
-- j---
Bhagat: Hi Sharat, till last night eleven I was

busy preparing for the exams ahead.
I couldn't watch the match on the T.V.
Which way did the match go?
( , vA 11 ---
K~ BJ--- o. TV
match ---. J-TC?)
Sharat: Not our way, certainly. I didn't watch
the match either till the end. When I
switched off the TV, Indians were
going down the hill. I'm sure they lost
the match.
( -- v . *-J- match ---. TV d--p- -x - B

o. x - -E
d t)
Bhagat: Going by their earlier performances,
I didn't expect this to be different
from the other matches. I am disappointed but I am not surprised.
Bhagat: You are right, of course. But when

do we give the new comers a
chance?
(y-oC E. E h--x
p-h -?)
Sharat: OK. Go ahead with your plan of giving new comers a chance, and we
lose more than win.
(. h--x ---N-y-
- ---; -
\C.)
Bhagat: I feel experimenting isn't that bad.
a) With the score at 90 for five the team is

certainly going down the hill =
90 for 5 score
, d -----od.
b) No father can let his son go down the hill
Sharat: Yea, if you don't go for victory. But

the Indian team will then go through
unending humiliation.
= v ----E-y-/- -Eo t-A-.

(Go down the hill = sliding down = --)
(, N l-. E
p --d -E ---E
J---C.)
c) We can't do anything to stop the slide

down in honesty in politics =
-/ -
a) You can't go on troubling me like this =
Sharat: I wish they stopped going on experimenting. Trying new players is OK,
but at the same time ensuring victory is important too.
-x---
244
a) Go ahead with your plans =
F v-R/ -- x d.
--x E-B -Eo --E

.
3) go on = continue = --T-.
Humiliation =
--x/ j -oC
(v- E -)
(-- x- B d,
match matches o
-E ---. E-----oF, a-u-- .)
6) go ahead =
N o y s-C---/ sC d (--T-)
-.
b) In spite of the doctor's warning, he goes
on smoking =
Go ahead with your plans
b) He went ahead with his plans inspite of

severe opposition =
Bv uA-- o-p-, Lo u-- d.

7) go through = --N-
a) He went through a lot of trouble to meet
the CM =
CM
---- ---f.
b) The mother went through a lot of trouble

to educate him =
E C-N---E xt
C.
go through u ---
-.
Go through n -.
a) What's the news today? I haven't gone
through the newspaper =
h? Rd
paper
-- .
b) Go through the letter carefully =
h-Eo v-h .
O 'go' expressions.
(v- --T- h C. h v-- v-Ao-
*, E N --
u.)
I wish they stopped- C -E-.
I wish y they stopped - verb - past
tense. BE J BJ C, n --.
ensure- / --.
He invested a lot in business, but he
ensured that he did not lose, though he
might not make profits.
u- - -d- d.
--, d--
--o. (---
-o-.)
Bhagat: But experimenting and certainly of
success do not always go together.
When you experiment, you must be
prepared for failure.
(v- , N
C --E
-. v- --p j-uE l- L.)
Sharat: I go along with you upto that point,
but defeats in a row can demoralise
a team. Then it will be very difficult to
rebuild confidence in the team.
(-- -p--. F
- d knuEo s-B--. y d t-N-y-Eo
AJT -C- d -C.)
demoralise = t-kn-uEo s-B-/
t-N-y p-x .
Telling a student that he/ she is fit for
nothing demoralises them. =
y E
E---E Nu-Jn , / --
t-kn-uEo/ t-N-y-Eo p-.
Spoken English
Bhagat: There must

then be a balance between
experimenting
and
ensuring victory by playing safe.
Doctor J-*--p-,
Th o.
M. SURESAN
Sharat: You can't have the cake and eat it

too.
(cake
A AL, ---
L - = y-L, y--L ?)
Bhagat: OK. Let's agree to disagree.
p Daily life situations E

conversation get, have, take -
a simple expressions . p
- 'go' a expressions l.
1) (Something) going (a certain) way =
(- N) J N.
a) The judgment went their way =
court
N-----p-, x- .
Go on E -- E
n .
Please go on. You were about to eat =
F. y A---o (A
-lE).
4) go together = (--E ) .
\- DEE - n do/ does
not go together E -.
a) Communism and capitalism do not go
together =
communism
, d---K N--E
-.
( --N---E p-)
--
c) He goes on talking though none listens

to him =
(v--,
N *a- -
- -u L)
smoking
Bp x -- *aC.
b) The match was going their way right

from the beginning =
* match xj J-TC (x
-- C)
c) This meeting too went all the way the
earlier meetings had gone =
meetings J-Tx-,
meeting J-TC. ( --o
)
2) Go down the hill = ----/- -
C- x.
b) Sun and rain do not go together =
L--.
c) Biryani and sambar/ chutney do not go
together =
GuF / o J .
DE uA-- C :
Idli and sambar go well together =
x, \ J--.
5) go along with (some one) =

lesson.
1) "Which way did the match go?"
(Match
J-TC?)
Not our way, certainly.
( -- , *a)
2) When I switched off the TV, they were
certainly going down the hill =
TV --p x () ----o.
3) I wished they stopped going on experimenting =
v- --T-h- *C.
4) Experimenting and certainly of success
don't go together =
v--, N --E .
5) I go along with you upto that point =
-- F --N-h.
6) Go ahead with your plans of giving new
comers a chance =
h-x -Na - ---.

7) But the Indian team will go through unending humiliation =
-E --Eo d --NLq hC.

Exercise
-J --N-.
a) I go along with you there; Tendulkar is
certainly a great player =
Tendulkar
p -- N-
F --N-h-o.
b) He goes along with upto a point =
Practise sentences on the following pattern.

Sub
Verb
He
wants
Direct object
her
Infinitive
to sing
( -E --o)
-- v --N-h.
c) I go along with you upto the point that
Tendulkar is a great player but not
beyond that =
p player o--- v
-p--, --N-*-.
--- (--- 21) -*-

.--- 245 -v--J---C.
Spoken English lesson no. 243
-- 27 --- 2006
Suhrid:
-- j---
Where were you yesterday? Try as

I might, I couldn't get you.
Suhrid:
(Eo- --y \-o?

v-Ao-* F x---
--.)
Srikanth: I went shopping with mom and dad
the whole of yesterday. You know
my sister is getting married. That
kept us busy the whole day.
(t, o -L Eo shop. x xE
. - -E- -E-o- - BJ
-C.)
ping
Suhrid:
correct
Srikanth: Going by his talk the other day I got

the impression that he was quite
modern in his out look. He is not insistent on silly formalities of traditional
marriages, his people aren't either.
(o -x Bd h
---E %p o-- E. v-- N- *o *o
- N l do
. x-x .)
Formalities = -.
p?)
Srikanth: Three weeks from now to a day.

(Correct
To
--Ld --x.)
a day = -Ld (a- -/- a ,
etc)
Suhrid:
Suhrid:
So how did your shopping go off

yesterday?
Eo O
J-TC?)
shopping
You are fortunate there. Most often

what we select and what we suggest do not go well with the bridegroom and his people.
(--j- -O --%-d- --. --

-s-x -- -, -- ---
--, --- - --x --a-.)
When exactly is the marriage?
(Rx
That's the trouble with Indian

marriages what goes by the name
of formalities often harrasses the
bride's people.
Srikanth: Well, gold, clothes and other things

cost us around Rs 3 lakh. Still there
are a lot more things to buy.
(, d Eo L Eo
~--u. LqN
-- o.)
Suhrid:
Did you buy things for the bride

groom too.
(Rx--- o?)
-x---
245
( Rx-xx *a -*\ -C.

- - J-Fo Rx
j x- s-C
--.)
( . N L.
- C )
Is he very demanding?
( E\-*a --?)
Demanding= --oN -E d--d.
Srikanth: No, fortunately. When I asked him
of the type of clothes and other
things we have to give him, he
wasn't that particular. I understand
that any thing goes with him.
Srikanth: It was a really tiring day for us

yesterday. For nearly two hours the
power went off in the shop and
that delayed things.
(Eo - -- --.
shop - current .
-x -u-iC.)
Suhrid:
(%-d- -h . y-Lq
d, h- -i-N
-E Eo -T--p, -
d-o. N- -E- y--E ---o.)
Particular = N- d-
.
OK. So you haven't completed the

shopping. When do you expect to
complete it?
shopping
(OK.
y
Jh--o.
p
Jh-----o?)
Srikanth: If things go well, I suppose it should

be complete by the weekend.
Dad is particular that I do Engineering =
Engineering --E o d- o.
Any thing goes = j J---C.
(Fo u J-T --E-x ----L.)

Suhrid:
All the best.
-v-o: 1. enter, enter in, enter into
-u
2. A hacksaw is used to cut soft metal rods or

The hacksaw is used to cut soft
strips
metal rods or strips
--u ---N-?
3. VIII class social studies --- N
C.
The educated class understood the British
political institutions and came to know how the
British people enjoyed liberty, equality and fraternity in their
country
rules
v)
The educated class understood the British political institutions

and came to know how the British had enjoyed liberty, equality
and fraternity in their country.
-.-N -, ---Lx.
Spoken English

1) I went shopping.
go
expression.
Shopping, hunting, searching
expressions English
a) Going by what he says, he is not interested in the game =
--- p-Eod h, ---

-h-.
game
b) Going by the land prices in Hyderabad it

will be impossible for us to buy sites
there =
y---.
a) On all the days we

were in Delhi we
went sight seeing =
Mx o V--x
\ N-
---E x.
Sight seeing
v- N,
N-, -%-u--.
j-- n h/
- d, \ n --
-u.
c) Going by his appearance, he appears to
be good =
E -Eod h *---
E-h-o.
4) Not go well with.
M. SURESAN
b) Have a good rest in the morning and go

shopping in the evening =
l- NvA BE, v
x.
shopping
c) Dushyanta met Shakuntala when he
went hunting =
--u-- Rx--p -
---o.
2) Go/ Goes = - --.
a) Jagdish: Will this shirt be ok for the
function?
shirt
(function
Naresh: Don't worry what you wear. Any
thing goes.
(
b) Anything goes in Indian politics =
--- - --
( x-C n).
Most often what we select and what we

suggest do not go well with the bridegroom
and his people =
-- -s-x -- D,
*-D, Rx--\, x x *--.
Not go well with = *--/ --a.
a) My being elected leader did not go well
with him =
leader Eo-- - *-.

b) Others using his bike doesn't go well
with him =
-- ---
bike
--- --- a.
c) I avoided suggesting this to him,

because it doesn't go well with him =
-E *- --o, -E
*--E d.
5) The power went off - C go off past
tense T---E -n/ (lights)
J--.
Whatever he does goes=
The lights went off when the doctor was

examining the patient =
--- x-C.
E v-/ -Eod h. C
- - N---C.
TE doctor
J--.
3) Going by =
conversation
K-~-ho
lights
b) They entered his name in the list of criminals =
v-P-. n- v-P- =
enter a place.
She entered the room and found her friend there =
C--E v-P*, friend C.

-- / p--E C enter into.
a) She entered into a conversation with her neighbour =
--N- --- CTC.

b) They entered into an argument with the shop keeper =
-?)
-o N -J-*
-l--. - --.)
---:
1. enter =
-v-- -J-* N-J---.
. u-Eo C N (O p
-?
daily conversation (Real Life situations

) go a expressions ho .
J-Eo p l.
Anything goes in Indian politics
Srikanth: Not much. We'll have to buy them

too. That'll be this weekend.
Suhrid:
shop
-E - C.
c) They entered into an agreement = p -a--o.
enter n x, s N list, registers/
accounts \-.
a) The clerk entered the amount in the accounts book =
-h G- Eo a.
- -s n
.
(The hacksaw o-p Eo hacksaws F, A hacksaw
o-p, hacksaw F n h.)
3. u-Eo - -n- ---T- --C ---E-- --u.
x yvu (liberty), -y (equality), v-v (- fraternity) N-h-o-E Nu-C- -E--E
text book o enjoyed correct. - x-N
----N- Ox v- -p J n
n correct.
-- xN p --N-* y Ox EE v-E had enjoyed L. E \ C-
(Text book ). d text book correct.
2. A hacksaw, the hacksaw -
hEo \ h--- \-.
- 30 --- 2006
-- j---
ing made any such promise. She
has asked for at least two more
months time to return it.
Akshara: I put the sambar in the fridge last

night but I now see it has gone bad.
(Eo-vA v d.
p h --C.)
(F- -? > C
_ j - BC, * AJ-T-h-E
-*aC, F --pC.
-y---C. AJ-T-y-E
-C.)
Abhaya: That's not surprising. This place is

so hot that things do not keep even
if they are frozen.
( l a-u--. v
* -n --
C v / .)
frozen = -x--Ja- u v . Keep
n --, E. Keep
\ n -n -- Ey- E.
Milk doesn't keep for more than half a day
if it is not boiled =
-- V --.
The Ganga Waters keep for a very long
time.
Abhaya: Why didn't you ask her to go to hell

when she asked you for the
money?
Akshara: I'd have, but you know we are running a school together. I can't go it
alone. I need her.
(-o. F Nl L \
--o . -\-o -. -- -.)
He keeps smoking in spite of his bad health.
--u o-p- smoking --T-h

o/ smoke h o. n
keep on E .
(keeps n --h E .)
-x---
Abhaya: Then you've to wait till she returns

the money.
---o?)
Akshara: It is going from bad to worse. The

best thing is to go for a new one
and sell this one for whatever I can
get.
( - K y -C.
hC E, DEo h t h.)
Abhaya: The sooner you do it the better.
(yC y h
*C.)
Akshara: I have to wait for a while. I have
gone broke after the jewellery I
bought at the beginning of the
month. I've to make do with the
fridge after all for the present.
(-h L. o s - - -C. -i vh--E o

v l--L.)
Abhaya: To say that you don't have the
money enough to buy a fridge is
going too far, girly. Come on.
Withdraw money from the bank.
After all, you can't go without a
fridge in good order.
(v - F _ s
- N-K-. F,
u s B. *
v -- y.)
(girly = x l .)
Akshara: What do you know? My cousin
Indira borrowed Rs.50,000/- from
me. She promised to return it by
last month end. Now she has gone
back on her word. She denies hav-
Spoken English
246
- yo. -----
o J-nA --.
shall be
N -a.
b) The government is broke. It's unable to pay

its employees.
a) The performance of our team is going

from bad to worse.
vy C BC. u- @
Lx--E nA.
4) Go too far = N-K / --u-- E- NA-O-.
d ~-hC. u
.
a) Suman: He threatened to go to police if

you trouble him again.
b) The patient's condition, in spite of the

doctor's efforts, is
going from bad to
worse.
d v-Aoh-o-p- T J-
(Sx y-o ----E Ch

M h--o.)
Sekhar: That's going too far. We have been
friends for such a longtime. Is it troubling him if I ask him to pay up?
M. SURESAN
(C K NA-O-. - -
o-. s B-oC AJT -
He went broke...
Akshara: Something wrong with our fridge

too. I had it repaired the other day,
but I find no improvement.
Abhaya: So what are you going to do?
-- AE A- -C/
-C.
2) Go from bad to worse =
(s T--p y
E
-?)
Fx - -.
keep n --T- (continue)
E.
( v C.
o V J -. F
--.)
( AJ-Ta y *
-Lq.)
Akshara: What else am I doing?
(-- h-o?)
go - a
J--Eo-E l.
1) go bad = j (u n) x/ j--/ J-T--.
Daily life situations

expressions
a) I can't eat that apple. I'm afraid it has

gone bad.
( - A-. Rx-.)
b) Vegetables go bad quickly in hot
weather.
x -- y Rx--/
J-T--. (rot Rx/ J-T-)
-E-: Keep X go bad.
, keep -- Ey- -- E.
d E uA- go bad. Conversational
English Ey- -- n keep
- --.
c) Tirupati Laddus keep for more than a
week if you keep them in the fridge.
v *, A-A f -o
\ V--.
d) Keep the vegetables in the fridge. They
don't go bad.
-Lo v d. -/ x.
- A- E--E n
= a bad food/ a bad food item.
a) -- = bad sambar
b) She became sick after eating the bad
curry.
nA y- ---C, ----E
.
c) The boy is going from bad to worse.
v ---o.
C B/ sE J-nA. C common expres-
3) Go broke =
t sC d-d?)
b) Dismissing the coach for the bad performance of the players is going too far.
(-x -E--E -T-,

K N-K--i u/ K \.)
c) Varma: I'll not talk to him any more.
sion.
( E x-.)
a) The company will soon go broke if it doesn't stop its bad investments.
---E d------ F y C BhC.

b) Having put money in bad shares he has
gone broke.
E--E x E C B/
Jh d--/ s -d-o.
c) Ramana: What prompted the farmer's
suicide?
Sarma: Isn't that going too far?
C K N-K . (
x-\-x-E)
5) Go to hell: C N d--p Ad.
-i/ Get out n C conversation expression p-,
v-h, lx -F- --o -s-x
---EC.
a) Pradeep: The exam is tomorrow. He is still
not serious about it.
( K~. d----x.)
(E t--u J--Lp-N?)
Prompt = J--p/ ---
Raghu: The recent cyclone washed off his
crop. He went broke upto his neck in
debts, he took his life.
( u *a -
C. -x px -, t-u --o.)
go broke s --
n, be broke E .
Pramod: let him go to hell. I've warned him

enough. If he doesn't care, what am
I to do. He is grown up enough to
know what's good for him.
( --i-F/ -- ?)
b) I warn you not to smoke again. If you still
continue, go to hell. What do I care.
(smoke ---lE ho. y smoke
h- Fd. y --i ?)
c) Sudheer: I won't help you again.
Damodar: Go to hell. Who needs your help.
a) Kishore: Can you lend me Rs. 100/Krishna: I am broke. In fact I was thinking of
asking you.
( _ j-. --
-E-o-----o.)
be broke \ be be form
, am/ is/ are, was/ were, will be/
(u. F -\ ---J --L?)

O Go - a conversational
expressions Eo, daily life situations Fo
common. O conversation O---
expressions. N O conversation
- ---C.
--C- 3 -- 2006
-- j---
Rajat: Have you been to the discount sale?

Shirts and trousers and other men's
wear are being offered at more than
50% off.
Rajat: Most often cheap things are certainly

bad. Look, the sweater my sister
bought for Rs. 250 is already going at
the elbows in less than two months.
(Discount sale
trousers
x? Shirts,
-J d, 50
-o T_* t--o.)
- p pant .
Pants --.
Men's wear = - h. -
Gents' wear . C modern
English --u .
Ladies/ ladies' wear present day
English J- Male, female .
Modern usage -- simple
men E, --J simple women
v correct.
Sarat: I did have a look at them yesterday, but
I observed nobody going for them.
(Eo , F y
E d-fx .)
(- h- *a- -. sister 250 - o

sweater p x, -
_ --C.)
Sarat: I don't deny that. I just mean that
expensive things are not always good.
3. Go far =
(C ---. --x K-j

h- p u-i--N--E.)
Rajat: I see your point.
go, take, have, get

expressions daily life situations
conversation
y-----i
a
E
h -E-ho.
Rajat: I saw it too. Heaps of them and at rock

bottom prices too. But they were all
going abegging. A big crowd was there
but there appeared to be no takers.
=
engineering colleges seats S
o, --}---.
a) Rs. 100 doesn't go far nowadays.
Vx -- l N--.
(y-C -n--C.)
a) Seats in a number of engineering colleges are going abegging
N (u s) .
-x---
b) A mere degree doesn't go far these days

as far as good jobs are concerned.
u- N--E-h, Vx h
degree E--.
4. go by - DEo lesson
--Eo-d E. DE extended use
l.
a) Appearance means a lot. Most people
always go by appearances.
247
C u. \--C --Eod - (Eg--E h-).
b) With most people going for fuel efficient

bikes, scooters are going abegging
=
-C L-T bikes
- scooters / scooter T --C.
3. I don't really go in for such cheap stuff =
-- h-- d---E F----.

4. Go against the grain = y--E Nl.
a) He is lazy. Working hard goes against
the grain =
J. vN- y--E
Nl.
Indians go in for cricket a lot
b) Helping others goes against his grain.

He is too selfish =
-- --- -
Nl. K yn--.
5. Rs. 800 doesn't go far nowadays =
( -E--C. d d-
o d -- t--o-p-
y --. o
F --x- E---.)
Rock bottom prices = - .
Heap = d.
No takers = d--x / -x
Sarat: Didn't you buy anything? (y -?)
Rajat: You know I don't really going for such
cheap stuff. Buying things just because
they are a bargain goes against the grain.
(F --, - - h d--E. *a-

v C y--E
Nl.)
Stuff = h-j. bargain
n F, -- F. \ bargain -o - o
\- h C bargain.
Sarat: My brother too, to some extent. The
other day he bought a pair of trousers
for Rs. 850
( brother -- .
o--V 800 - d pants
o!)
A pair of trousers = --v-.
- pant - correct Englishtrousers. C E u p--p, a
pair of . a pair of scissors =
h, scissor .
Rajat: Rs. 800 ! come on, Sarat, Rs. 800
doesn't go far nowadays. A good pair
of trousers in my opinion costs at least
more than a thousand rupees.
(E-NC -! , Vx
800 ---? G-v
v * trousers F u
- \ -C.)
Sarat: You and my brother go too much by
the cost of things. Not all costly things
are good, are they?
(y, brother K-jE d---. K-j h--Fo *-N-

?)
Spoken English
u- N: conversational English ,
bookish (-x/ h-x ) English
o -E*, conversational English
expressions, natural (-) ,
E conversation --
-. .
p go a J-Eo expressions l.
1. go for - DEo -- lessons
DE u-i n,
(choose) -- E.
a) When you buy a bike, go for one that
gives good mileage =
y bike ---, * mileage

a bike o.
Go for u-- E .
b) His three hundred sq. yd. site goes for
more than Rs. 80 lakh =
300 .. n 80 ~ --
t---C/ N hC.
c) It doesn't go for more than Rs. 2000.
Eo - --- \---
.
2. p lesson go in for . Go
for, go in for- - common n,
--/ select/ choose E. go in
for --- _/ d- --N- (enjoy) n
C.
a) Indians go in for cricket a lot.
-B- cricket G--E-h/

-.
Go in for %AhE o-- .
b) Most youngmen and women go in for
software jobs nowadays.
-C -B----L-p
d----o.
software
jobs
c) I don't know why he is going in for teaching when there are much better careers.
teaching
teaching job
* jobs
select ---o
n-- .
b) Don't go by what
he says.
Vx 800 ---?
go far, n p not .
----Eo-d
. (
tl)
5. Go x
n M. SURESAN
. Go
h- --/ *J-T--
n C.
a) His jeans has started going at the knees
= jeans x _ *- --dC.
b) I bought the type only two months ago,
but it is already going =
type -- o,
p C *J-T--C.
c) The tube in the front room is gone =
front room
tube light
--C.

lesson:
6. You and my brother go too much by cost =
y,
Eg--h.
brother
d u
7. The sweater my sister bought is going at

the elbows =
sister o
*--C.
sweater
- _
Lesson 244
model
sentences
object + infinitive
pattern
(---- 23-) *a exercise
-- . O frame
-Lq
. subject + verb +
. Eo model sentences
p
.
Sub
vb
obj
infinitive
1. The teacher told him to sit down.

2. He asked his mother to serve him food.
3. The boss ordered the clerk to finish the work.
4. His friend liked him to attend the function.
5. I request her to help me.
pattern
verbs: desire, advise,
beg, invite, prompt, etc.
1. I observed nobody going for them =
E d----- (---)
-E-.
2. They were all going abegging =
-a
C pattern sentences practice .

Sub
verb
that
clause
1. He said that he would go
( h---) T --/ d----/ -- t --.
-v-o: ' E Eo
t doctor _ B--}-C C
h past tense
C-. E O
'But my Mother wanted me to take her to
the doctor'
take
present
tense
Past tense "took"
E a.
C
. \
--T-L !
->.-, ---.
2. He will think that you are clever.
---:
'But my mother wanted me to take her to doctor'take (1st Regular Doing Word - I RDW)
'to'
to
1st Regular doing word
to go, to
verbs
to take,
come, to take
to go, to come, etc
infinitives
tense
to
go,
come, take
to
come, to go, to take
infinitives.
Spoken English lessons
To take =
To
took
Past form
\
--C
. y
h
, N
. N
N
-.
, x, E y a
E -- B. --
B. N
O n, ,
-x
N-J-. n:
B-}-/ B-}--E/
B-}- E. y
E
--.
--- 6 -- 2006
-- j---
Bhimesh: Mukhesh, who are you waiting for?
(T -E E----E-, o
-- *---.)
(-J- h-o?)
Mukhesh: For some one to help me in making arrangements for this function.
Bhimesh: Why don't you have a break, eat

something and continue?
( function px -
j --x-.)
(h NvA B-E, AE, Sx

--T--a ?)
Bhimesh: There isn't much to arrange. Can't

you and the other volunteers go it
alone?
Mukhesh: Why 'something'? Let's go the

whole hog and eat a full lunch. I
am very hungry.
( l p-xF?/ \ px
. y, volunteers O
O --?)
( ? -/ A Jh A. Jh
l. --hC.)
Mukhesh: Go it alone! Easier said than done.

Take over and try to go it alone.
Bhimesh: That's ok with me- let's go.
( U--, l .)
( --?
u o p -. Oy
E d F- y --E
v-Ao.)
easier said than done =
p . C common expression. O conversation practice .
-x---
(o --? C K A.)
Mukhesh: Why not? What goes for you goes
for me too, doesn't it?
Bhimesh: I'm sorry. It does, of course. I see

your point. I'll give you a hand certainly, and I'll even try to get a few
more volunteers to help us.
(Sorry. E (C Jh-h, F
Jh-h- N). y-C
n --o. p- F
h. --C
volunteers
--E B--h.)
Mukhesh: That's really good of you. Thanks.
(C F *-.
Thanks.)
Bhimesh: But why are you so tensed up?
(F y-- l -o?)
be tensed up = tension .
With the exam just a few hours away, he
is tensed up =
Eo x K~ -
tension/ l --o.
Mukhesh: Perhaps I am, naturally. I'd go to
any length to make the function
memorable. I am straining every
nerve and muscle to see it a success.
( - (-l o). -. function *-t-- - ---i-/

j --C . C N----ux --E v---o.)
To strain every nerve and muscle = x
-- v--.
-- nerve = (bird ' )
= ; muscle = = .
Strain every nerve and muscle -
expression O conversation
practice .
248
1. Go it alone =
- -j
--.
a) Her daughters do not help her in cooking. She won't let them. She goes it
alone =
-x- .
x -E-y.
-J --C.
b) Fed up with the attitude of his sons and
daughters-in-law, the old widower is
going it alone and is happy =
-, x j-J N-T-,
l- (u-E uh) -J --o, -.
be fed up with = NT.
I am fed up with these TV serials =
TV serials
N-T-.
MBA
a) He goes by my home everyday =
--EvA-W O -.
b) Politicians go to
any length to get
to positions of
power =
C- -- -
- -
-j --/
v-o-i
h.
b) I go by the post office when I go to college = college post office
M. SURESAN
c) She'll go to any length to secure the

house.
Anything goes in politics =
--x x-C/ J--C.

Any shirt goes with this pair of trousers =
pants (-) shirt J--C.

Whatever he says goes =
Bhimesh: Why didn't you ask Mahesh too to

help you?
--x Jh-C --x JhhC. ( Y, - -.)

b) What goes in AP need not go in
Tamilnadu = AP
Tamilnadu
--Jh-C
.
xC/ ---uC/
Jh------
ii) Two years have gone by since we got

married =
going to any length.

4. Go the whole hog =
I am unable to move this box. Please give a hand =
x --E i hC.
E---i i --E l--
E-j --
Jh, ~o .
j -- . Jh
~o h.
Fo , F
y --?
2. go - n x.
lessons C J-C n.
x--j x
/ \- x.
d) Time - go by.
i) Years go by in no time = -q-
d -*--.
x -x-C.
*- C .
Give (somebody) a hand = -J
/ y. n Lend a
hand E .
companies E- y
(-J) j ---E
C.
d) Do you need help or will you go it alone?
O .
c) Ganesh went by without even talking to

me =
c) After having worked in a number of companies, I want to go it alone =
a) What goes for men should go for women

too =
Spoken English
--E
--.
a) He doesn't believe in doing things in

halves, he goes the whole hog =
- doctor -E v
N-K- v----o.
Mukhesh: I'd rather do without his help than

get a 'no' from him.
v-y-u C-- o--J-C

x---- u v-
x- L.
3. Go to any length = -j -----.
\--- - ---E
Rx-- Jh -C-h.
5. Go by = lesson DE -o n Eo-d. going by his words =
Lo d h.
go by n t.
Don't go by his words = Lo d
xl/ tl E.
Go by J x n
C.
Politicians go to any length to get ..
p x-C.
p go n l. C 'Jh-.
F ---E
----?)
d) In a democracy what goes for those in

power should go for the ordinary citizen
too =
IIMs (Indian Institutes of Management)
The father is straining every nerve and

muscle to see his son a doctor =
(Mahesh
c) He went the whole hog, if he goes on a

holiday; he enjoys a lot. =
vA- vAD x-E .
a) I'd go to any length to do MBA in one of

the IIMs =
Bhimesh: (Do) you want me to do it? Now,

that's too much.
(? y --? F
Jh-C Jh-hC ?)
real life situations go a simple,

high frequency ( - a) expressions J-Q-L-ho , p J-Eo l.
c) Not everything goes every where =
b) Why don't we go the whole hog? Let's

buy the best bike in the market.
- Jh l. bike
? Market o u-h
bike .
d --- o. h -d.
give a hand u-y
---/ E--d E . DE Jh uA-, give
a hand, n E -hC .
Please give me a hand with the preparation of
this list =
G -K h .
Lend us a hand in helping the differently abled =
N-- --- p-.
Exercise
Answer
Akhil: Shall I give you/ lend you a hand (with

it)?
Akhil:
h --?
Nikhil: \-x. --J --x.
Akhil: E \-J \.
B.
Nikhil: N- h -h-o?
Akhil: F L-? o-- -E - ---E?
Nikhil: ? Thank You.
Akhil: l N Jh-l E.
Nikhil: -- -d-. h
- l.
Akhil: .
Nikhil: Not necessary. I can go it alone.

Akhil: The work is too much for one man,
take a hand.
Nikhil: Why so much interest in helping?
Akhil: Don't you know that I go to any length
in helping friends?
Nikhil: Is that so? Thank you.
Akhil: Let's finish off the work some how.
Nikhil: I don't like to go things in halves. I'd go
the whole hog.
Akhil: OK.
--E- 9 -- 2006
-- j---
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, what's new?
( -, N-?)
Sudhakar: Yes. I've something of interest for
you. The man who burgled
Sudha's place a week ago has
given himself up to the police.
(. F-h L-T --.

o- -
E M T--.)
Burgle = o ,
--d -L v-P* -
. Burgler = .
Sudha
Damodar: That's real news. Have they

recovered anything from him?
( _-o* h- o
-d?)
Sudhakar: I'm afraid only half the stuff. He
has sold off the rest.
( v -. N-C
-t-)
-x---
249
(---. x l-p E----E y a---\--.

*a-x -d--ox v.)
Nothing of the sort = - . sort =
. Men of all sorts = Eo -.
Damodar: But you must give the devil its
due. It's only because they turned
the heat on, the thief gave himself
up. Sudha wouldn't have got back
even half those things which she
has got now.
(E- p--L. M
-d x T-. i aN .)
Turn the heat on = d-/
d-/ Ah .
J conversation give
a high frequency expressions l.
1. give one self up = ya - T--
(u M)
a) On the run for the last two months, the
thief gave himself up (to the police) =
c) I am unable to find a solution. I give up.
DE - -\----o.
vo ---o.
3. give a big hand = a-- (px y)
u -j C--O -*
vA v~- y-- G--C.
- p- A--o
T-- (M-).
The heat is on. We've to finish the work

by the evening =
a) They all gave him a big hand for his

excellent singing =
b) Though innocent, she gave herself up =
Ah \---C.
(- */ C-- *) v
E Jh--L.
E----C - M--/ v- T--C.
The police have turned the heat on the

Maoists. They are on the run =
c) The rebels will give themselves up if

their arms supply is cut off =
M- -dj Ah .
x J---o (n- CL).
- EL--h, A----x
T--.
p -- x- px
d.
b) Give her a big hand please. Her dance
was great =
px y G--C-.
u p C.
4. Give a pat on the back =
Give her a big hand ..

Damodar: That is unfortunate. Sudha gave
up hopes of getting her stolen articles back. She must be happy
now.
(C -%-d- . T-L-* h--h- ----C .

p -----L.)
Sudhakar: Not quiet. The more valuable
things are gone.
( . \ N-j
h- .)
Damodar: The police seem to have given a
good account of themselves in
acting so fast, and catching the
thief.
( y p-C-*,
d--- M- p
--d-o.)
Sudhakar: I don't give any credit to them for
that. The thief had an accident
and no longer was able to be on
the run. So he surrendered to the
police. The police are just giving
themselves airs.
(
N- M-
. - -q-- u,
J-- M T--.
} C-*-d y----o.)
Damodar: I thought that the thief had given
himself up because they had
given him good chase. I have
thought of giving the police a pat
on the back.
(
M - ---x
T-----E, x a-----o.)
chase - size z =
-.
Sudhakar: Nothing of the sort. You needn't
give them a big hand as they
haven't done any splendid job.
What Sudha got back is just a part
of her stolen goods.
Spoken English
Rebel
Turn the heat on, the heat is on

j n- -----i
expressions. O conversation
--T-.
On the run = d */ v- *
J--.
Sudhakar: The police really deserve appreciation for that. They are giving it
their best shot. The other state
governments are seeking guidance from A.P. Police in the matter.
(
M- E N-
p-- |. --d N x u-hi vo
h-o. N Z v-y
M- * -
h-o.)
vq--- b-T* o--d.

a) The teacher gave him a pat on the back
for his high score =
\ *a--
o--dC.
x v JlC.
(a-).
5. Give a good account of oneself =
He was a rebel all

his life =
@N- A------ -.
E .
a) Dhoni gave a good account of himself in
today's game =
M. SURESAN
They are sure to

rebel against the new law.
F p .
b) Give a good account of yourself in the
exam. I'll present you a bike =
bike
( h d-E uA-- x p
A----)
2. give up = C--/ --.
(- -uC. -xL.)
-v-o: 1. He learnt to care for creatures smaller than himself

himself
- u
-d?
2. Tag questions have, has, had
possess - n -T-*--p tag
h . OE p
ordinary verbs B--L?
: He had fish for breakfast, didn't he?
'have' - question tag 'do'
p--p L?
3. He may come, He daren't do that tag questions ---.
4. a) To get an entry into the hall, either you have to
buy a ticket or you have to give a donation.
b) To get an entry into the hall, you have either to
buy a ticket or give a donation. (Split infinitive)
j ux C d ---.
.N.-, .N..D, ---vA.
b) Let's give her a pat on the back. She

has tidied up the home so neatly =
A----/ A--.
Damodar: O.K. Time for my office. I must be

going.
Sudhakar: O.K.
teacher
~ . F
h.
y K-
a) He hasn't given up his job in spite of failing health =
c) Indians haven't been giving a good

account of themselves in the matches =
u s-A--o-p-, u
--.
x -B- J --.
O give - a Eo expressions.
C pattern sentences practice .
b) Don't give up your attempts, you will

succeed =
Sub
verb
obj
that clause
They will tell her that she is not correct.
F v-o -, N -.
---:
1. Correct
2.
(-o n)
C - * question. Have, has, had possess, possesses, possessed n
*a--p -a: a) haven't...? b) don't...? 2 a) hasn't he/ she/ it?
b) doesn't he/ she/ it? 3 a) hadn't ... ? b) didn't ... ?
1 a), 2 a), 3 a) - British; 1 b), 2 b), 3 b) American.
eg: 1 a) They have the books, haven't they? (British)

b) They have the books, don't they (American)
2 a) She has a pen, hasn't she? (British)
b) She has a pen, doesn't she? (American)
3 a) He had a good education, hadn't he? (British)
b) He had a good education, didn't he? (American).
American usage
lA
not
\---C.
3. He may come, mayn't he?

He daren't do that, dare he?
4. b) Correct. Split infinitive
infinitives
to
Buy
infinitive
E
-C.
sentence . to buy or (to) give a donation - \

u-F, to give u-F . split
eg. for split infinitive: I request you to kindly help me.

split infinitive.
to
help
x C
kindly
--C- 24 -- 2006
-- j---
Pranesh: Hi Viswesh, have you met Srikar

yet?
1. Give rise to =
Ny/ E-j --
-
( Ny, X- ---o?)
Viswesh: No, I haven't been able to. I called
his brother Tej but there wasn't any
response.
(. ------.
t . --.)
Pranesh: You'd better do it as soon as possible. Your silence any longer is likely
to give rise to avoidable suspicions.
(C y y h
*C. y x---
----E - a.)
is likely - is 'be' form a. -- -x N-J. is
likely n ya.
He is likely to come today = -E-
a/ a - C.
Avoidable = p--/ ----i)
Viswesh: That I know only too well. These
a) His absence from the marriage gave rise

to a lot of suspicion
Rx -- ---
N-*aC/ --- -Ah-*-C.
b)
uu p N--
LTh.
His comments always give rise to controversy.
controversy =
Z- 'Z \ -
N.
c) An argument always gives rise to further

arguments but doesn't solve any problem.
Eo Lo -Ah-h--F,
-u- Ba.
2. Give a send off = O\ y.
a) Transfer teacher Nu-n
G-- O\-L-a =
few days I've been

busy helping my
brother in law pack
up for his return to
the states. I gave
him the send off last
vGx --- A- ---

d. (hell = )
4. Give vent to one's feelings =
J - uh--- u Bv-i - x--\.

a) He gave vent to his anger at the party
Kd Eo x--\.
b) Mature people don't give vent to their
feelings without proper occasion
J--y o-x, j -sx p

- x--\.
d) Typewriting has given way to DTP =

Typewriters
Computer Printing

a-C.
(DTP = Desk Top Publishing = u-

p---p v-J u)
the lesson:
1. Your silence any longer is likely to give rise
to avoidable suspicions =
F x---- (your silence)

--i -
J-B-hC.
I gave them a bit of my mind
night.
(C . - V-
-J- AJT x-E
l- -- BJ--- o.
Eo-vA - O\-L-a.)
Pranesh: That makes you free, I suppose.
You'd better make Srikar or Tej first.
But what do you want to meet them
for? I don't exactly remember.
(p F BJ-. X--F, -E-F -.

y x x-----o? J h-)
Viswesh: It was my fault. I gave them a hard
time when they were with me. In a
way I was justified. They gave vent
to their feelings against my brother
and I didn't like it. So I gave them a
bit of my mind. But you know, I am
always the forget and forgive type.
So I want to make it up with them.
(C p. x o-p
x sC L-T.
N -\ . o-O
x-o uA--- uh--J-.
C d---C. -E
- o- Et---
p. F - Ja ~N--y E/ Ja ~N E. -E
x l-------o.)
Pranesh: That's very good. They aren't all
that bad either. I am sure your
strained relations will give way to
unending friendship between you.
(x- f--x-. -p- Ou J--E -

-j E--- o-E N--y--E
P-h-o.)
strained relations = -
A strained marriage = u--h u
- J --.
Viswesh: That's what I wish too.
( J/ .)
-- real life situations a simple words get/ have/
do/ go a expressions J-Q-Lho . p ---i give
a expressions l.
Spoken English
The students gave

a warm send off to
the
transferred
teacher.
c) She gave vent to
-x---
her jealousy
250
-

x--\C.
n
5. Give way = *
a. F warm welcome/
.
warm send off = ~ --G-- y/
a) On hearing the news his joy
O\)
gave way to anger
b) A moving send off =
h N- ,
O\.
M. SURESAN
- ---C.
(Moving - n
b) With her mediation their ill feelings gave
--o. Moving n
way to good understanding
%-Eo C-L E .
u--Jh-y x y -The moving tale of Sita = %-Eo
- p-C.
C-L ( u) .
Mediation = u--Jhy.
c) She gave her husband a moving send off
Mediator = uJh.
at the station
Mediator = O-- ().
h Fo-x O\-L-*aC.
' \ -.
d) Give a send off = see off.
c)
All
over
India steam trains have given
O\-L-y n see (somebody)
way
to
electric
and diesel trains
off E .
,
NJ trains ,
e) We saw her off at the airport as she left
n
electric,
diesel
trains a-.
for the states
-J- Rx--p
N--v- O\-La.
EXERCISE
3. Give a hard time = s- L-T-/
J- .
Sita: O - E----?
a) Most mothers-in-law give their daugh -l C.
ters-in-law a hard time
Rao: . o.
C h -x-x J-
Sita: h-o. O x----
/ s- L-T-h/ C-h.
-- N-hC.
Rao: C \?
b) The teacher gave a real hard time to the
students by asking them to work beyond
Sita: x- O\-L-y--E d- RxC.
time
Rao: x *-. C-
p --d. (give a hard time
-B--i -- x sC
)
d teacher.
Sita: N %-d-
--. Eo
c) The British gave Indian freedom fighters
Cl *aC, F n-
a hard time
*-y a----.
yvu - vG--x
Rao: E *- .
sC d/ C-.
Sita: O p. d _ l?
K --- d give hell
Rao: -q oC -o.
.
. y d J* \-
d) The British gave real hell to Bal
x- *C.
Gangadhar Tilak
(warm =
2. I gave him a send

off last night
Eo vA -
O\La.
(I saw him off last night. Give a send off o
see off (O\ p n)
\.)
3. I gave them a hard time when they were
with me
x o-p x- --s-
L-T-/ s-C--d/ C-
4. I want to make it up with them
x @-------o
5. I gave them a bit of my mind
x q oC p-
u - --l d o-ox L- (u ).
Let me give you a bit of my mind. The
sooner you leave me the better
- oC pF, y y
\ * R *C (Get out
E).
6. I am sure your strained relations will give
way to unending friendship
O s-Ao - n E---i
o -----E t-o.
ANSWER
Sita: You don't appear to be so well. I am a
bit anxious.
Rao: Nothing's the matter. I am OK.
Sita: You are hiding something. Your silence
is giving rise to many suspicions.
Rao: Where is Indira?
Sita: She has gone to station to give a send
off to our son-in-law.
our son-inlaw
her husband, better.)
(\
Rao: He is quite nice. He never gives a hard

time to Indira.
Sita: That way we are lucky. He was a little
angry yesterday, but soon the anger
gave way to a smile.
Rao: He is really a good man.
Sita: Come now tell me. Shall we see a doctor?
Rao: Let me give you a bit of my mind. The
less you talk about a doctor, the better.
-- 26 -- 2006
-- j---
Vignata: Hi Santasa, well met. In fact I was

about to start for your place. Glad
you've come. When are we going to
meet Vilasa?
(--E --o. O
-l---o. y *a- . N- p ---o?)
Santasa: What about? I don't exactly remember.
(Eo J*? *a- h----.)

Vignata: Santasa, It's about time that you
took things seriously. We three
talked about starting a business
when we met last.
(y u-i N-- J
d----Lq ---N-C.
J ---op j
u v-G----o.)
Santasa: Sorry.
mind.
though the competition is high.

Our job is all about booking as many
orders as possible and executing
them.
( \ o-p-, *
T C. fx --,
E - - .)
Booking orders = h/ h- /
Fo, rate -E -x t--x
y/ t-x ---.
execute orders x, x -T ,
- . DEo delivering (--)
E .
Despatch orders = x -o -
x .
Santasa: Vinamra will be home now. Your
brother too will be about in a few
minutes. Let's all go to Vinamra's
and discuss the matter.
(p Nv x C. O
v Cl EN-x h. -
It's gone clean out of my
(K.
N
Jh Ja.)
hall furniture *---- -o.

e) Students are all about the place/ all around
the place.
(\ dq A-
o.)
f) The police are about/ around the place.
Don't forget to wear the helmet.
( d Mo. t d
Ja-.)
3) about E n. n
about around --o.
d\)
b) Is any one about, please?
(\----o o-?)
c) She was about/ around here a few minutes,
but is not to be seen now.
(Cl ~ \ C, p E- .) C practice . conversation -----C.

6. be slow/ quiet about something.
( N x --/ _
.
a) He is very slow
about taking decisions
Do something about it
Vignata: You
had
better not.
It's a matter
of investment of lakhs. Our money is
lying idle in the bank. We thought of
putting it to better use.
(-N Ja-. ~- -
d- N C. u
s - C. Eo -Cy-E-
a.)
Santasa: True. Let's be quick about it.
(. y l.)
Vignata: Let's be clear about what we are
going to do while we are about it.
( N/ E----p,
pd -*l.)
Santasa: We should also get loans from state
finance corporation and the banks.
(d jq p--, u
* B--L .)
Vignata: (There's) No use talking. Let's do
some thing about it and quickly too.
(- - . E
N y L J.)
Santasa: How do we go about it?
( v-Gl?/ v-G-
?)
Vignata: Our business is going to be computer hardware. We'll deal in computer hardware with an investment
of about 15 lakh rupees.
( u- x u
--o, 15 ~ d--.)
Santasa: Is your brother about? He can help
us in planning.
(O---o-u \--\-j- o?
xE ----.)
Vignata: We can expect him round about
10.30.
(
--10.30 h-E P-a.)

Santasa: Isn't computer hardware all about
the parts of the central processing
unit of the computer?
(computer hardware
computer
central processing unit
J ?)
Vignata: Yea. We've a good market for it,
Spoken English
Nv
Rx
N
Jal.)
-x---
251
a) The car cost me

about
4
lakh
rupees.
Vignata: That's OK.

(
4 ~-uC.)
The car cost me around 4 lakh
O h -C -- rupees.
- prepositions x u-i
b) He came to me about 10/ around
E J* --o. p
10 at night and spent an hour
h N- E Jal.
talking. (vA C-
English Conversation do, get,
_ *a - x-.)
M. SURESAN c) About 10 lakh people gather at
have, go, give a high frequency - J* -Allahabad for the Kumbhamela.
o. prepositions use
(
-C~C - correct -- conversation
.)
effective C. lesson
u about J* ---. 4. Do something about it.
(E N u.)
(pronunciation ' \-.)
C spoken English com1. C about
mon. u x - ~ -
Ja, J* E.
E C- n.
a) We talked about our college days.
No use drawing plans and discussing the
( @ V J* x-- a) matter.
Do something about it.
o.)
(v
*-, Ja- x vb) I know everything about computers.
. u / .)
(ux J* .)
b) He always talks about cleaning the place
c) Naturally the mother wants to know all
about the girl her son is going to marry.
( R} - t-E J*
Jh ----E Lx - -C.)
2. About v d/ *----
E n. n spoken English
about - -.
a) They spent the whole evening walking
about the town.
but does nothing about it.
(- v-Eo v--- J*
x----F, -O .)
5. be about: v d \ .
a) Is your brother about
b) There are rumours about the place that he

has murdered her.
(- - -v--- -E
--x-o.)
c) Books were lying all about the room.
( h- *----
o.)
n about around .
d) Furniture lay all about/ all around the hall .
b) She is very quick about/ at seizing opportunities.
(--- NE--T---
.)
a) Go about = C spoken English
--- expression.
n: ( E) v-G-, N etc.
a) Pratibha: Let's stage a drama for our college day.
(
-- - --j- l.)
Prasanna: OK. How do we go about it?
(. L E?)
b) How do we go about to get a passport?
(-d a----E L?)
expression \ questions h-C
-E-.
6. all about = n u u----
J* p--p .
a) The armed forces' job is all about defending the country.
(army, navy and air force)
~
E.
b) A teacher's job is all about preparing the

students for exams.
(Nu-n- K-~-
l- E.)
c) A computer professional's job is all about

getting the information needed and processing data.
u- x --Eo -a, N Nx---.

About J* v p--p
- hC.
(O --o-u o \ o?
EXERCISE
Bhaskar: OK.

Bhaskar:
( (J-d) A- v
-- x.)
Eg- B---
u
h.)
\ about ,
at \- .
x J* F ?
Prabhakar: x J* F N-
L?x J* L--Lq
N-Fo .
Bhaskar: x d-\ o
Eo.
Prabhakar: FE x -L -E--
.
Bhaskar: . N J* E
---, J-.
Prabhakar: y-E
-Lq
.
Answer
Bhaskar: What do you know about them?
Prabhakar: What do you want to know about
them? I know about almost
everything that we should know
about them.
Bhaskar: One of them was about/ around
here the whole of yesterday.
Prabhakar: Your job is all about observing
their movements.
Bhaskar: I'll go about it seriously.
Prabhakar: It's about time you started it.
Bhaskar: OK.
- 28 -- 2006
-- j---
Jagan: Are you going ahead with buying that

flat?
( x -o?)
Ratna: I was very much for buying it, but now
I am giving a second thought to it.
Jagan: Hope no one has been hurt.
( ------)
Ratna: Fortunately none. In fact the house
has been vacant for quite some time
now, as it is very old and dilapidated
( - --o/
- d C, E Sx
-*----o)
(%-d- -h . x
C, PC---n x - S- C.)
Vacant= -= S. ' \
-.
Dilapidated= ----= PC---n
o/ L---xo (building N)
Jagan: Why? What's happened?
(? J-TC?)
Ratna: Aasa said she would buy one along
with me, next to mine, but she has
given up now.
(-, \ x
-C. E - p
-C.)
Jagan: OK. But don't let this slip. It's certainly

a bargain- a three bed roomed flat for
Rs.30 lakh in such an area.
(. DEo -N--
v- 30 ~- 3 bed roomed flat
*a ).
Jagan: But her husband gave me to understand that they had almost paid the
advance.
Ratna: OK.
(F x yq d--x
h p (G-v
Lp-)
Ratna: But
something
happened in the
last
minute
and they gave
up the idea.
Eg- B--, E a--

@N- -. -sx give/
have a second thought/ on second thoughts
conversation
---
expression.
h D o , after thought.
B-o Eg--E - p---p
a - after thought. - -\ p---p a after
thought.
c) The students were given to understand

that they would have some concession in
the fees= fees
concession
-a
G-v/ t Nu-nx L-T-.
3. Give the devil its due. --- p-L E Dn. f--x * --j
a--, to give the devil its due.
a) - t-_. E N--E-N- p--L . p P-h = Ravana was certainly bad, but
to give the devil its due, he was a great
devotee of Lord Siva.
Give the devil its due
(E *-J-~- J-TC. x
- --o.)
Jagan: But why should that make you change
your plans of buying the flat?

daily
conversation
common words
get/ have/
do/
take/
-x---
t, o
L*, y *a
-- o L- . (
o L --- E.)
a) *aC .
y *a --
----o.
(F -x x - -
y- a--L?)
Ratna: (I) can't imagine being away from her,
as we have been neighbours for such
a long time.
(- ---
x,
-------o.)
Jagan: I understand that. I don't like her
much, but to give the devil its due, she
is quite helpful when help is needed.
(n ---. N-
d- E --- p--L
j - --p,
----C.)
Ratna: That way she is the opposite of our
other neighbour, Smitha. She gives
the slip exactly when we need her.
( N-, \N t
Jh uA-. d
- -\-----p --C.)
Jagan: Try to convince Aasa about the
advantages of having this flat. If you
bring some pressure on her, she will
certainly give in.
( x x J J*
- a-p. y Ah h
*a U--JhC.)
Ratna: Not immediately. She is busy carrying
out repairs to her old house. Because
of the incessant rains the roof which
had been leaking, suddenly gave way.
She is attending to that.
( . -t G@ C. --J--E {-- ho p -h -C. -E h-.)

carrying out = , -/ c
----
incessant = q- - /
--J---
Spoken English
give
a simple
expressions J* Ja-ho
. ---i
give a J-Eo expressions p l.
1. Give a second thought =
252
He invited mom and

dad first and added
me as an after
thought=
M. SURESAN
---*-. N--x
Eg Bo y E J*
-J -*-.
a) ---, J *--?= Don't be hasty. Why don't you
give a second thought to it/ why don't
you give it a second thought?
b) I am determined. No question of giving
a second thought to buying the car =
Eg--o. N - vh .
Determine= -N , bird ' , '
\ - Eg----/ d
Eg B--/ %-E-a- .
He came to temple, but as an

after thought called at my place.
( ---J--p o - -
- .)
b) His buying the camera is only an after
thought. His idea was only to buy a TV =
----oC
y *a -.
TV. Camera
2. Give (somebody) to understand (something) conversation

expression.
NE-
v-Eo L-T-.

n -J G-
a) She gave me to understand that she is

not interested in jewellery =
--O -h-- G-v/

t L-T-*C.
c) He Wanted to make a career in the

movies, but gave a second thought to it,
finally he dropped it.
b) The boss gave us to understand that

tomorrow would be a holiday =
E-x ----o, E E N
---**, --o.
Give a second thought have
G-v-Eo/ t-Eo
L-T-.
C \ passive -.
second thoughts (British)/ have second

thought (American)/ on second thoughts
EXERCISE
Sailesh:
E .
d) --- - t-E Rx -----o. F a--o= He
wanted to marry her, but had second
thought (s) about it.
e) I was all for buying a flat, but on second
thoughts gave up the idea =
x E d -o F, --*--E -o.
f) She wanted to go, but on second
thoughts decided to stay on =
x- -C, E a-E
-E Eg---C.
E y - Ea---o?
Vignesh: . C *aC. ?
Sailesh: h -J -*.
\--E-E-- ?
Vignesh: C. p
T_ N- .
Sailesh: --L.
v * condition
.
Vignesh: \-E ----o?
Sailesh: T_ T_-d ?
b) Summer is unbearable in A.P., but to

give the devil its
due, we get mangoes and jasmine =
N v-v-
s-. E -- p--L, -N- N-x, x- aC.
c) He is a rogue, but give the devil its due.
He helped me. =
t-_. E
* N---N- .
4. Give in = T--.
a) He first refused to do it, but gave in

in the end =
C p-. E *- T--.
b) They gave in only after a stiff fight =
-f - y T--
(v--)
5. Give way = lesson give way
/ --J/ --E n
y E ---o-. Give way,
lesson -s (Buildings, j-p
N) T--/ J-- E
n.
a) The old building gave way as too many
people climbed on its roof=
building

p-OC \ C - C
LC.
b) The branch gave way under his weight =
- t NJ-TC.
DEE - j-J -a.
c) Though we forced him he did not give
way on any point =
- ,
- -.
O give conversation a
expressions Eo. OE conversation
.
ANSWER
Sailesh: Are you determined/ Have you
decided to buy the car?
Vignesh: Yes. I am. I like the car. Why?
Sailesh: Give it a second thought. Don't you
feel that the price is rather high/ on
the high side?
Vignesh: The car is OK. Whatever I say, the
owner refuses to give in, in the
matter of the price.
Sailesh: To give the devil its due, he has
kept the car in good condition.
Vignesh: Then why do you say the price is
high?
Sailesh: A reduction is always a reduction,
you know?
--- 1 ----J 2007
-- j---
Hrithik: Where exactly is this conference
hall?
-x---
( J -d
\-C?)
253
Hrithik: When is the meeting, exactly?
( O p?)
Rithwik: At 5 on friday. That is the day after
(tomorrow). We've to see that nothing
goes wrong.
Rithwik: You get on my nerves, Hrithik. You

are the joint secretary and you are
irresponsible enough not to know
even that. You get on my nerves.
- lesson
- .
n o around
- l.
around -n d E
. C --J L- n.
'about'
There is a wall around the garden =
d C.
(y -h u--JzN, N
L-- u----
o. p-h-o.)
(v- -C-. x.
- -- L )
So? (?)
Hrithik: I'm sorry. I'll be careful. Where's the

hall?
Rithwik: We have to be there around one in

the afternoon.
(K. v-h .
-\?)
( V -
v \ L).
Rithwik: This hall is above the department

store around the collectorate.
Hrithik:
Hrithik: Why so early?
( -d _-o -d d j C.)
( ?)
The fence around the field prevents cattle from

entering it =
d o -- -L
E-C-hC.
around about - -
n -.
(200 C O ----E
. p-x u--~---E
T-- --- \ L.)
Hrithik: Isn't that the one just below the mini

conference room?
(C *o p-q C ?)
Rithwik: Just that. It's quite spacious. But the
problem is there isn't enough parking
place for all the cars and two wheelers that may come.
Hrithik: When is the chief guest due to

arrive?
(u--AC -Lq--p?)
-x)
(due to =
His failure was due to his laziness =
(. lC. E -u-N-
---E-ax x, Cyv
- E---E T A .)
( u C--Nh?)
Rithwik: I think we can take the school
grounds nearby for the duration of the
conference.
(
The meeting is due to start in five minutes

=
Hrithik: Where is the chief guest from?
She is due at/ she is due to come at 10.30

=
C-o- Lq C.
Rithwik: He is expected to be here around

4.30 itself. He is usually punctual.
( 4.30 h-E ---o.

- d j
h.)
_-o \ vq p-q
--E B--a.)
( u AC \--?)
Rithwik: From Vizag. He lives there around

the Lawson's Bay.
Lawson's Bay
(C j. \
J--x .)
Hrithik: Shall we go and have a look around

the place now? I mean the conference hall.
( Rx J - v-Eo
l?)
Rithwik: Lets go. ( .)
v-o: I. Present
---a--\-.
b) Around three hundred people gathered in
the place =
---C \ N--.
v vo
---.
What have you been done all nights?

What have you been done all nights? verb, have you been done, present perfect tense,
voice passive.
sentence
verb, be form + past parvoice passive.
have been
ticiple
- 'be' form; done (past participle) verb,
passive -
II. I watched Rama load the gun to load.
b) If you go around the house, you are likely to

be suspected =
d AJT Eo --E-a.
N - conversation NE-
around -C-* . N practice h
O conversation simple , C.
1. We've (we have) to be there around one in
the afternoon =
--/ - v
\ L.
a) He lives somewhere around the bus station=

bus station
_ / J--x
2. Around 200 people are expected to attend

the meeting =
b) Her office is somewhere around the post

office =
3. He is expected to be here around 4.30

itself =
office post office
200 C ---E a.
\- 4.30, v a.
_--\ C.
Kumud: Who are you looking for?
(-J- h-o?/ ---o?)

(- )
Sudhir: For Sakuntala.
Kumud: She was around here half an hour

ago. Don't know where she is now.
(- \/ J-
C. --\- L-.)
, around v-/ v
_ n -a.
Get around: DEE conversation - --. -u J-\ \- F/ -u p E F
n.
a) We can get around most of the problems in
the country by population control =
E-v--x -u-
-- C--N--a / ( -u-)
J-\ -\-a.
(jx a, E p-----E)
2. ' F j \x h.
- u- Tx- ---.
XE- ,
What have you done all nights?
j C jC?
\* xLq
hC.
Around d--\/ -j/ J n C.
v-o: 1. ' j \ x

questions
What have been you done in nights?
a) If the door is locked, you'll have to go around

the side of the house =
4. He lives around the Lawson's Bay =
Hrithik: How are we getting around the problem?
l x N---u.
Due to n j --Lq
.
EN-- O v
C.
The train due at 14.30 = j uo
2.30 L.
Nu u- J- \-J-
.
Go around n d AJT x.
a) He came here around 2 o'clock =
We have to be there around ..

Rithwik: Around 200 people are expected to
attend the meeting. We've to receive
them. To supervise the arrangements
we've to be there early enough.
b) (It is) difficult to get around the power shortage problem =
E,
-x n
y --f? E n E
I saw her open the letter to open.
C.
O n--N? p Tx- O -
\
Eo N-J-.
d,
-u, -.
j n.
---: I. What have you done all nights?
II. I watched Rama load the gun - C correct
question verb have you done, present
sentence - Rama gun load
perfect tense C. all nights
E. Sx to load n-. p-C
o-p n J--.
sentence .
What have you done all the night? (v
I saw her open the letter to open - I saw her
?) j, what have you done all the
open the letter ( letter open
nights? (Eo v p ?)
E) -? Sx to open
j n hC.
repeat ? n-.
---: 1. I won't pedal/ I can't pedal.
2. If you pedal/ If you are willing to pedal,

I'll come/ go with you/ accompany you.
\ = pedal/ cycle
v-o: So, very, too - p,
---. You are very late. You are so
late . You are too late . -- -?
NL, h, X- .
---: So E. you are so good =
y/ O *--N/ EN/ x E
n. American English n
--.
eg: Thank you so much. (O thanks)
Very E .
He is a good man = *-
cycle
Lawson's Bay
_ .
5. Shall we have a look around the place

now?=
v-Eo ( v-Eo) J l?
, _, d--\ n around
---x about -a.
Exercise:
Write as many sentences as you can,
on the following pattern:
Subject + verb + 'wh' word + clause
He
knows
pattern
why
I am here
example
Sub + verb + 'wh' word + clause

She
explained
how
she found the way.
Sentence 1)
n: E-\----o -
.
2) J -\ N-J-*C.
--. --
She is a very beautiful girl =
-i t.
Too A. j too , C A, --i---E- \ E, -x
---E.
a) It is very bad = C J--a
It is too bad = C A J-.
b) The doctor's fee is high/ very high =
Doctor
fee
B-
\/ \.
_ ju --a.
The doctor's fee is too high =
fee K \ ( d---).
_ ju -----a.
very, so, too -- lesson
-x N-J. .
you are so late - y u. h
--.
you are too late - y K -u a
--Lq E -. F d.
--- 1 ----J 2007
-- j---
Hrithik: Where exactly is this conference
hall?
-x---
( J -d
\-C?)
253
Hrithik: When is the meeting, exactly?
( O p?)
Rithwik: At 5 on friday. That is the day after
(tomorrow). We've to see that nothing
goes wrong.
Rithwik: You get on my nerves, Hrithik. You

are the joint secretary and you are
irresponsible enough not to know
even that. You get on my nerves.
- lesson
- .
n o around
- l.
around -n d E
. C --J L- n.
'about'
There is a wall around the garden =
d C.
(y -h u--JzN, N
L-- u----
o. p-h-o.)
(v- -C-. x.
- -- L )
So? (?)
Hrithik: I'm sorry. I'll be careful. Where's the

hall?
Rithwik: We have to be there around one in

the afternoon.
(K. v-h .
-\?)
( V -
v \ L).
Rithwik: This hall is above the department

store around the collectorate.
Hrithik:
Hrithik: Why so early?
( -d _-o -d d j C.)
( ?)
The fence around the field prevents cattle from

entering it =
d o -- -L
E-C-hC.
around about - -
n -.
(200 C O ----E
. p-x u--~---E
T-- --- \ L.)
Hrithik: Isn't that the one just below the mini

conference room?
(C *o p-q C ?)
Rithwik: Just that. It's quite spacious. But the
problem is there isn't enough parking
place for all the cars and two wheelers that may come.
Hrithik: When is the chief guest due to

arrive?
(u--AC -Lq--p?)
-x)
(due to =
His failure was due to his laziness =
(. lC. E -u-N-
---E-ax x, Cyv
- E---E T A .)
( u C--Nh?)
Rithwik: I think we can take the school
grounds nearby for the duration of the
conference.
(
The meeting is due to start in five minutes

=
Hrithik: Where is the chief guest from?
She is due at/ she is due to come at 10.30

=
C-o- Lq C.
Rithwik: He is expected to be here around

4.30 itself. He is usually punctual.
( 4.30 h-E ---o.

- d j
h.)
_-o \ vq p-q
--E B--a.)
( u AC \--?)
Rithwik: From Vizag. He lives there around

the Lawson's Bay.
Lawson's Bay
(C j. \
J--x .)
Hrithik: Shall we go and have a look around

the place now? I mean the conference hall.
( Rx J - v-Eo
l?)
Rithwik: Lets go. ( .)
v-o: I. Present
---a--\-.
b) Around three hundred people gathered in
the place =
---C \ N--.
v vo
---.
What have you been done all nights?

What have you been done all nights? verb, have you been done, present perfect tense,
voice passive.
sentence
verb, be form + past parvoice passive.
have been
ticiple
- 'be' form; done (past participle) verb,
passive -
II. I watched Rama load the gun to load.
b) If you go around the house, you are likely to

be suspected =
d AJT Eo --E-a.
N - conversation NE-
around -C-* . N practice h
O conversation simple , C.
1. We've (we have) to be there around one in
the afternoon =
--/ - v
\ L.
a) He lives somewhere around the bus station=

bus station
_ / J--x
2. Around 200 people are expected to attend

the meeting =
b) Her office is somewhere around the post

office =
3. He is expected to be here around 4.30

itself =
office post office
200 C ---E a.
\- 4.30, v a.
_--\ C.
Kumud: Who are you looking for?
(-J- h-o?/ ---o?)

(- )
Sudhir: For Sakuntala.
Kumud: She was around here half an hour

ago. Don't know where she is now.
(- \/ J-
C. --\- L-.)
, around v-/ v
_ n -a.
Get around: DEE conversation - --. -u J-\ \- F/ -u p E F
n.
a) We can get around most of the problems in
the country by population control =
E-v--x -u-
-- C--N--a / ( -u-)
J-\ -\-a.
(jx a, E p-----E)
2. ' F j \x h.
- u- Tx- ---.
XE- ,
What have you done all nights?
j C jC?
\* xLq
hC.
Around d--\/ -j/ J n C.
v-o: 1. ' j \ x

questions
What have been you done in nights?
a) If the door is locked, you'll have to go around

the side of the house =
4. He lives around the Lawson's Bay =
Hrithik: How are we getting around the problem?
l x N---u.
Due to n j --Lq
.
EN-- O v
C.
The train due at 14.30 = j uo
2.30 L.
Nu u- J- \-J-
.
Go around n d AJT x.
a) He came here around 2 o'clock =
We have to be there around ..

Rithwik: Around 200 people are expected to
attend the meeting. We've to receive
them. To supervise the arrangements
we've to be there early enough.
b) (It is) difficult to get around the power shortage problem =
E,
-x n
y --f? E n E
I saw her open the letter to open.
C.
O n--N? p Tx- O -
\
Eo N-J-.
d,
-u, -.
j n.
---: I. What have you done all nights?
II. I watched Rama load the gun - C correct
question verb have you done, present
sentence - Rama gun load
perfect tense C. all nights
E. Sx to load n-. p-C
o-p n J--.
sentence .
What have you done all the night? (v
I saw her open the letter to open - I saw her
?) j, what have you done all the
open the letter ( letter open
nights? (Eo v p ?)
E) -? Sx to open
j n hC.
repeat ? n-.
---: 1. I won't pedal/ I can't pedal.
2. If you pedal/ If you are willing to pedal,

I'll come/ go with you/ accompany you.
\ = pedal/ cycle
v-o: So, very, too - p,
---. You are very late. You are so
late . You are too late . -- -?
NL, h, X- .
---: So E. you are so good =
y/ O *--N/ EN/ x E
n. American English n
--.
eg: Thank you so much. (O thanks)
Very E .
He is a good man = *-
cycle
Lawson's Bay
_ .
5. Shall we have a look around the place

now?=
v-Eo ( v-Eo) J l?
, _, d--\ n around
---x about -a.
Exercise:
Write as many sentences as you can,
on the following pattern:
Subject + verb + 'wh' word + clause
He
knows
pattern
why
I am here
example
Sub + verb + 'wh' word + clause

She
explained
how
she found the way.
Sentence 1)
n: E-\----o -
.
2) J -\ N-J-*C.
--. --
She is a very beautiful girl =
-i t.
Too A. j too , C A, --i---E- \ E, -x
---E.
a) It is very bad = C J--a
It is too bad = C A J-.
b) The doctor's fee is high/ very high =
Doctor
fee
B-
\/ \.
_ ju --a.
The doctor's fee is too high =
fee K \ ( d---).
_ ju -----a.
very, so, too -- lesson
-x N-J. .
you are so late - y u. h
--.
you are too late - y K -u a
--Lq E -. F d.
- 4 ----J 2007
-- j---
In the conversation above-
--o prize N Nt
p-p v G--Ch o l:
-x---
254
Pranaya: Well, how did the inter collegiate debate contest go

yesterday?
debate
Vismaya: It went off very well. We had an exciting time. The
judges had a tough time picking up the prize winners.
(Eo -
J-TC?)
( J-TC. q- L-T-*C. A -x Eg-- u-E-g-- d

uC.)
Pranaya: The results? (L-?)
Vismaya: As expected. Our college team won the best team prize.
College team
(--od.
--C.)
h d -A
Pranaya: Aren't you a member of your college team? I know

you are. Congrats. I'm really happy.
a) Congrats. I am really happy. b) Hei, that's fine. congrats again.

c) That's fantastic. d) I am really delighted.
e) Keep it up. f) Really? that's most encouraging, I must say.
Congratulating.
G--C-:
-j j C-*--p, Eo J* ---fp, C-*---JE G--C---E, Congrats .
Jh congratulations .
Congrats/ Congratulations y on preposition .
Congrats for C J-.
h formal --p expressions:
1) Let me congratulate you on ...
2) Accept my congratulation on ...
3) Please accept my congratulations on ...
4) Do accept my congratulation on ...
congratulations
formal
May I congratulate you on ...
*o-x - l--x j N

-.
-v-o: I. Teacher won't have their children play in the rain.

Teacher won't let their children play in the rain
Teacher won't get their children to play in the rain.
j - n, - N-J---.
II. He will not have me doing any job =
'' E --E-y.
'' o E --E-y. - C d?
III. O -J- -E -- N- make, have, get
--T-. - ---
C. u Eo, -s --T-h
n--u N-J--.
IV. I will get to know
Hei, Congrats.
I will get him to know.
--:
n, -.
N, Nu--, _ >x.
I. Teacher won't have their children play in the rain.
(O college team y member ? y member E . G---. E C.)

Vismaya: I got the best speaker award too.
( h h -A *aC.)
Pranaya: Hei, that's fine. Congrats again. That's great news.
congrats.
Vismaya: I may tell you too that this is the third time in a row
that I got the best speaker award.
( C. Sx
C p N-)
( N pL. h h -A
C - -J.)
Pranaya: That's fantastic. I am really delighted. Keep it up.
( s. E - C. -T.)
Vismaya: Not I'm proud of it, but since my debut three years
ago, I've been getting some prize or the other in
which ever debate contest I spoke.
( y p-- -F, x d----J _op * x- vA -A --- o.)

debut - -----i , -s x . DE pronunciation - C.
1) u ' \ -
2) u ' \ -
3) u 'u \ -.
4) u 'u \ -.
n: -- d-- v-z/ v. ,
u-x, v-- d-- v-z/ v.
Pranaya: Really? That's most encouraging, I must say. Keep it up.
(? vq--- C. --T.)
Vismaya: Oh, thank you so much.
Pranaya: At this rate you are on your way to being a great
speaker.
speaker
Vismaya: I'm not so sure of that, but I shall at least be good at
communication when I enter a career.
(B --T y p
---.)
( L-, F j u, %Ah vP-*--p communication p-C.)

Communication skills are important for any career now. (p
career j communication skills u. career - pron.
K/ J ' \ %Ah, u-)
Pranaya: That's good. When you speak next time, let me know.
I am eager to listen to you at a debate competition at
the earliest opportunity.
(*C. J x---p L---. J

a -- F speech N-E v o.)
Allow me to offer my congratulations on ...

effective
heartiest/ warmest congratulation
p-
.
-ox, - *o--x G--C N:
a) Hei, Congrats.
b) Congrats on your excellent performance/ achievement/ distinction.
c) Congrats. Keep it up. d) That's splendid, congrats.
N: \ 'Teacher' countable singular - -E

E, 'A' E 'The' F *a- L. C.. Their
children E C Their J children E? C
clear L- d the children ambiguity
(-Cl) .
G---- vq----E .
a) Nice/ fantastic/ terrific b) That's really great of you
c) Happy to hear that d) It makes me very happy to hear that
e) I appreciate that
f) I wonder if at your age, I could've done as well.
(F - y -/ C-*- C-----/
E E --o.)
-s--Cl j conversation -C.
-- -E rule . -s-E T-x j -a.
- -a.
a) You're doing fine; you can do even better: C,
_ --.
b) Lovely/ wonderful c) Come on, go ahead. (C, F)
d) Go on! Keep at it! (y C C. --T.)
e) That makes me very glad.
f) I wish I could do as well.
practice
conversation
correct
( LT -C!)
h
i L- .
N
-
at
expressions
1. At this rate a) At this rate, it will take another decade for India to be totally
literate =
a Eo
l.
N , J-n-x, --T
vh/ J-n-x/ p J-n-x/ -T, Jh ~--u --E x -C.

decade - - x
Literate = L-J ~--u/ ~--u-j
b) This is how he studies. If he continues at this rate, I wonder

if he will pass. =
pass
2. Good at, bad at, etc.
good at,
great at, clever at, smart at, etc
a) Tendulkar is good at bating =
bat
b) She is clever at maths =
c) They are great at medicine =
D O -/ C B. --T,
- C -.
N- p ,
.
h
\ a.
x ju a/ ju
p.
bad at - j uA-.
a) He is bad at maths = -
b) They are bad at dancing = x u .
Vismaya: I will.
Pranaya: OK, bye.
EXERCISE
Practise as many sentences on the following as possible.
a) The earlier you start, the better.
-- -E-*C Nt vA -v--- G-C-, vq-- (congratulating and encouraging).

-- 'at' preposition . NN -s- T expressions English y- .
b) The harder you work, the better are your chances of success.
(y y ---J *C)
( d- E-h, N---- -.)
1. The teacher won't have the children play in the rain
x { -- --d -/ p-/
xLo { --E-y E n. O n-i
B--a. --E-y n \ pJ-hC.
2. The teacher won't let the children play in the rain
Teacher xLo { ----E --A- =
--E-y E n.
3. The teacher won't get the children to play in the rain teacher
get
DE n
xLo { -E-y .
- -----o-p
T.
j -J---j - positive n- get
.
II. o -F --E-y = He doesn't let me do any
work/ He doesn't allow me to do any work. -
' E --E-y- 'Ey- n C
.
He will not have me doing any job oE
--E-y n . - F - n
hC.
III. He makes her clean the room everyday =
C v -h.
( d -- d-Ed- ENh )
He has her clean the room everyday = Room -
clean -h = He makes her clean the room everyday.
.
He gets her to clean the room = L-* room clean
-. E-- d -a.
He got a near by mechanic to repair the fan = Fan repair
mechanic
repair
---E _ o
L---E/ L-*
-.
IV. I will get to know = ---/ -
---/ -hC.
I will get him to know = L--x h/ L-
---h (-).
-. --
--E- 6 ----J 2007
-- j---
-x---
255
Prabhav: What's happened to you all these

days? (You're) not to be seen at all.
(Eo V -u y?/
iC F? C -
j --J -. E---)
Vibhav: (I've) been very much here only. I've
been very busy preparing for my
Civils.
(\ o. N-q --
BJ--- o. - .)
\ only, the only thing is shortform.
n - E. Civils = Civil
services exams = IAS, IPS K-~.
NN -sx standard expressions

ho . lesson G--C---E
(congratulate) , vq----E (encouraging) -C-* expressions --o.
J JE E-j ---E/ yE---E, L-- -
----E expressions --.
JE ---E/ y-E---E standard expressions:
\ , yv o-x ---E, informal -x L-- (y-E--) expressions , yv, B--E,

u -Lq formal -sx
expressions C. N
, N . yv B---LT,
- o-x N-, informal situation expressions l.
e) If you don't mind =
O u- -/
O-----
5. formal invitation -
u yi -:
a) We should/ We'd like to
have the pleasure of your
company/ presence at the meeting
tomorrow =
O meeting p -E
J. (C ---y- -
/ -q/ h- -o
l--JE h.)
b) We should/ We'd (We would) be highly
delighted if you could attend the function =
O function -L-T N-. p--.
(Eo - y -- - C. - _ -. _-o
---- j AE
d?)
celebrate (an occasion) = j ----i
-sEo - Ey----.
Vibhav: That'd be really nice and I am hungry
too. Let's see where we can find a
good restaurant.
( C, -L
C. * d- \
l.)
Prabhav: What'd (What would) you like to eat?
This place is good for poori. Nothing
to beat its hot, puffed up poories with
potato curry to go with it.
1. How about/ What about.

invite
expressions
C informal
--E .
N.
ox
a) How about joining us for a picnic?
oo h?
b) What about (making it to) a dinner tomorrow?
o h?/ -? (p n. - j
y L-- o h?
. o- j . F
English How about (a--/
h? ) common.)
2. Why don't you ...? C informal
invitation expression.
a) Why don't you attend my sister's birthday
party coming Friday?
a v- sister d--V party

-? ( 'tE n)
b) Why don't you make it for tea tomorrow
evening?
( A---o? d J -C.
, T K, E Dj
-- D-)
v x tea B--
.
3. Please ... C Cl formal.
B--E uh- u--J--p, x L-- .
Vibhav: Then Let's have it. That's something

after my heart.
a) Please come home for a party tomorrow

evening.
(C B-. C d .)
-d- iC.
something after his heart = - diC.
After my heart =
Prabhav: By the way, now that we've met let

me tell you this. Some of us are planning a trip to Ajanta. Why don't you
join us?
v x Kd / tE
-o.
b) Please make it to the function. Don't fail.
function
p
J-
formal
.
y-E-:
4. Would you mind/ Would you care to/

Would you like to ... ?
Vibhav: Oh, that's really fine. I am really

delighted. When is this trip to be?
a) Would you mind attending a small function at the Taj tomorrow?
( C. E C. p v?)
Taj Hotel J *o function

p--.
(-n ao u-
? E.)
mind = (u question form / not
) u-.
Prabhav: The first week of next month.

Angiras is looking after the reservations and other arrangements.
(a --. U-, reservations, N u-- --o.)

Vibhav: Thank you for the chance of some
nice time.
b) Would you mind telling me your name? =
O h? (u--?)
c) (Would you) mind my sitting here? =
E-\ a-a? (O-u--?)

(- -Eo Lp-*- F q.)
d) Hope you don't mind my saying this =
F O u- --/
O-----.
3. As they entered the house, they ask for

drinking water.
As
because /
since
sentence
As
As
B-
Owing to his careless, he fell down.

sentences
careless
carelessness, correct.
due to = owing to.
due to
sentence begin
It was due to ... correct.
due to
'be' form
eg: His failure was (be form) due to his laziness = he failed owing to his laziness.
begin
clause
It was due to
begin
that
It was due to his careless, he fell down - It was due to his carelessness, that he failed.
clause, that
begin
2. Hardly did the peon ring the bell when the
boys left the class = Scarcely did the peon
ring the bell when the boys left the class =
No sooner did the peon ring the bell than
the boys left the class = As soon as the
peon rang the bell the boys left the class =
peon
class
sentences
left to the class
Left for the class
Left the class = class
= class
j
p.
1) How about/
1) Would you like to ...
2) We'd like to have

the pleasure of ...
2) Why don't you ...?/
Why can't you ... ? 3) Please ...
What about
4) Please do us the
favour of ...
5) We'd like you to ... 5) We'd like to have

the
6) Would you mind ...?
7) Hope you
mind ...
n-, Eo
--: 1. It was due to his careless he fell down.
Formal
don't
O formal and informal invitations (y-

-ox/ Ex) standard
expressions. N practice .
EXERCISE
: , d--. p- .
: *a h. hC.
: O t-\? ---C.
: \ C. p.
: Aunty, (C j English .)
Oh .
-Lx: p - C, E u-i E
C . h-C.
: x vA O
u- ?
-Lx: .
ANSWER
Chaya: Tomorrow is my birth day. Do come.
Maya: I'll certainly make it. I remembered
your birthday.
Chaya: Where's you mom. I'd like to invite her
too.
Maya: There she is. Tell her.
Chaya: (to Maya's mother) I'd be delighted/
pleased/ happy if you could attend my
birthday party.
Maya's mother: I'd like to, very much, but I've
some work. Maya will be there.
Chaya: (Would you) mind if Maya stays at my
place/ with me for the night?
Maya's mother: It's OK.
j uxE
---- N-J---.
n--N?
t-q, *-u-
Informal
4) I'd like you to ...
n N-J---.
4. Thinking is driven by questions.

driven
INVITATIONS
3) Do come for ...
Owing to his careless, he fell down.

due to, owing to
2. Hardly did the peon ring the bell, when the
boys left to the class.
Scarcely did the peon ring the bell, when
the boys left to the class.
Hardly, Scarcely
j ux
n N?
j
h u n -?
Hope you don't mind ..

Prabhav: Meeting you, though after a long
time, makes me very happy. Let's
celebrate our meeting. (Would you)
care for some snacks and coffee in
any eatery nearby?
v-o: 1. It was due to his careless, he fell down.
-x E.
J-. O--x
-p
L.
-E
h,
-C.
-Lq B
-E-.
(v) --d / d--d---C--. (-O

x
J-.
x.
*
a-.)
Some more examples:

a) Hardly did he buy the tickets when the
movie began = Scarcely did he buy the
tickets when the movie began = Tickets
movie
b) Hardly did the school close when all the
boys rushed home = school
v--iC.
--
x x -h.
3. As because/ since (j
N) J-T--p n C.
a) As he walked along the street, he met his
uncle =
f -h-o-p x
-u L-.
b) As they entered the house, they asked

(ask
for drinking water =
\ p)
x
x v-P-h/ -v--P-h-o-p-/- v--P- *Fx--.
4. Thinking is driven by questions:

past participle. Drive
Driven, drive
is driven
drive
sentence
is
sendriven
tence
E .
v--
--C E.
n . O
n v-----C E.
n, - vo--x v----C E. - vo - v--h-/- --Ah-h E.
vo Lo -*h E.
-- 8 ----J 2007
-x---
-- j---
256
-J aE- - j Eo-d - a. conversation C common expression not my

cup of tea C O conversation .
film music is not his cup of tea. He like classical music.
Bhas: The Sabarimala season has started,

hasn't it?
(J- - v a- C ?)
(- film U d .
Y U
-d - - )
Vyas: Let's not compel him.
Vyas: It has of course. But why are you asking?
(. - - - - - o?)
Bhas: You go there every year. wondering
why you don't have your black clothes
and mala on this year yet.
(vA - -K h y. -J x
d, - -- E --o.)
Vyas: I propose to be on deeksha from this Saturday onwards that's when I will have the
mala on. A few others and I are going,
-- E- - - - - l ) .
- - lesson - (y-E-- E) formal and informal expressions . p y-Eo Eo-- -E, yJ- -- -E
(accepting an invitation) A
- \J- -- -E (rejecting an invitation), formal and informal
expressions l.
-J- L- informal expression, invitations
accept
-
- - -E:
(-
i - . y Ea)
- y-- -E -x - - -
formal p l!
formal - , , n- , -l
x L*- - Eo- A- \J-- -E expressions l.
-v. Will, Would - -N-?
1) Pridhvi: Mr Varun, please attend as a small

get together tomorrow evening at
my place.
( x J *o
p - - )
party
(o h- - E L- *- - thanks.
E ~N-L. u-i
Either of you can go out,

Either way , it is good.
Either
or
j -u- or --
-
- -- - --L -
-j -u -n-Eo -N--J--.
-v. - - --- --J-T-p- -----Eo
simple past - ---Eo past perfect -
-p-?
When I was arrived the station,
the train had left.
It is not my cup of tea...

how about joining us this time?
( E- * D~ .
- -. J ho.
y h?
Bhas: That's precisely why I am asking. I'd
like to go with you this time. How are
you going?
I'll certainly come /I'll be there, and on time

time
etc.
1. Thank you I'd be very much there.

(thank you.
Really? I am there certainly =

(
( 45 .O. - \ , - x
CT, - - xL- .
- - ?)
valley- ford= , burn= x
Bhas: That sounds quite exciting, though
strencious.
(v - - -j - p - q LT- - hC)
(h?)
Vyas: Joining us?
Bhas: Certainly. I am game for it.
(p - l )
Vyas: Here comes our friend Prabhas.
Thank you so much / very much. with pleasure = Thank you.
(E ?)= (p h- E)
- sE- T informal expressions -j
a. N informal -
x y-Eo yJ- N- - informal
yE---
- C- - -E- - - - .
6. You bet I am there = - \ /
Eq- .
7. I am game for it = l . I am game for
it informal.
8. I won't say no, surely (*a-
)
O Informal (L, L- - - x u o
, yv- Eo )d - - -Eo-E
. p y-Eo Eo-- -E l.
1. Sorry, I can't come / can't make it.
Prabhas: Sorry, cold baths, meal just once a

day and the ritual are not-my cup of
tea
Fo o, ,
- \-, - - E- N)
Not my cup of tea.
not =
aE- C. My , his, her, your, their, our-
( - E - - - o.)
regret = *A-
- .
e) It's very kind of you, but I regret I have to disappoint you. =
O
- u--, F
NtLo E a p - . ( -
E-- h ?)
f) Thank you very much; I'd love to come, but I

have to meet my lawyer exactly the same
time.
(
b) That's really, kind of you, thank you, I'll certainly make it.
What a pity! I've promised to accompany

Nitish to the bike shop. He is buying a bike
(
Bike shop
bike
(
No way, old boy. You have to make do without me=
6.
c) Thanks for the invitation. You can be sure of

my presence.
h- E
Can't we have it on some other occasion?
5.
/aN- - . -- y
- -- -L.)
old boy = v
Nv - C- B.
7. Not a chance, I'm taking mom to
Hyderabad tomorrow. It's sudden.
(
a -- .-- - - - - t-
j- -- B- ho)
Go ahead. I may not be able to attend, after
all=
d) Pleasure will be mine./ It will be my pleasure

to attend the function.
v- h OE CN E* - s- - --- --. Practice

.
Exercise:
Practise as many sentences as you can on the
following pattern:
Subject
Verb
Object
a) He
swept the room
b) She
found the door
\ object complement
p- E.
Obj complement
clean
locked
object
- -u-Eo -C -N- - -p-a?

When I arrived the station, the
train was leaving.
- .-.-, --*u-
---:
-. will, would will p * future --C.
Would --* future --C. (He
said ( o) that he would help
her ( * future help h-E)
Will, Would J-* N -
N- -- lessons - N-J.
.
-. Either... or, j , j E
n.
a) Either of , -- /--l-J j-/--j , E. n --p either
y or . Either way
l--x N , E.
Prakash: Shall we have chicken or biryani?
(Chicken
Pramod: Either way is the same for me.
A, GuF A?)
d) I am sorry I can't. My regrets.
(- C F )
- %d ! E- B
a, - -
-o.)
8.
L*- - -)
a) We'd / I'd be highly delighted
4.
(sorry
Thank you
Wish I could come, but sorry.
3.
- p- - d- -a )
(v - }l)
(-- ,
(-E , F )
2. How I'd like, very much, but I can't come.
(o-C-
- )
Bhas: Come on Prabhas let's enjoy it
together.
Prasad: I'm afraid I won't be able to. However,

thank you for the invitation.
thanks. -E - C. F
- lawyer - Lq C.)
- formal y-Eo Eo- -
- . p expressions:
( J- - v ho.
h?)
Prabhas: Sorry. Count me out.
inau gurate the function.
( function O vG- - - - - -{ -)
Would I say no?
5.
( h- - )
Vyas: We are going on Sabarimala pilgrimage.
How about being one of us?
c) Santan: We'd be delighted to have you
- h.
(-- N- -v- v- - - h- o- )
Bhas: Let's ask him if he will come too.
( C. - - O- -- ?)
-?- p / h).
4.
Vyas: A long trek of around 45 km up the hill

and down the valley through the jungle,
across fords and burns. Why don't you
join?
(-E J- C E )
b) You wouldn't mind l may not making it/ coming, would you? I have some work.
p h. C d ).
Vyas: As usual. By vanayatra
( N- v h- o.
J- - vA- h *
x -v. )
Bhas: What does it mean? ()
a) I'd like to very much, but I can't. Sorry
3.
C.)
E -C - formality - *hC.
formal A
- \J- - - Eo expressions
Mister
p \- h)
Certainly, that suits me fine =
2.
(- - - - - o. F ---o. h- o?
(precisely: v jx *a-
)
(-
\- - D J)
y-Eo informal Eo / yJ- --
J-Eo expresions l..
-D-E -n --L
-- --- - -?
Varun: So thoughtful of you, Mr Pridhvi to invite

me. Thank you, but you'd excuse me. I
have some important work.
Thank you very much / thanks for the invitation,
-v.
I will play cricket

I would play cricket
Either come in or go out
J*
( --- -j )
jj ---- either -j
E n d, or .
C
You can have either an apple or a mango,
but not both:
apple
Either... or
a) When I was arrived at the station...
was arrived
when I
arrived
correct.
b) When I arrived at the station, the train had
left =
station
train
(correct)
When I arrived at the station, the train was
leaving =
station
train
correct.
a,e,i,o,u
an
a
a university, a Europian
-y
A-, N -j A-,
- -. \
?)
-.

J-.
--
RxC.
-v.
-p-,
-p,
Rx--C --C -
- - -v---u ---- --
--E -N---- -- -E ---. -F --C -v-A-K d -.
d --. --C --
-u?
. --p-q-, -h--Lx---: -,-,-,-,,-,-- , -, -, -, -,-- .j -- --l-x --E--j- -v----u -- -- an ---. -N--- -- -a --. University, Europian - - -
--* - - -- --l-- -v- ----
an - a- -h-C.
-.--
--- 10 ----J 2007
-x---
-- j---
257
Anupam: Who do I see here? Nirupam?
(? E-?)
Nirupam: Are you surprised to see me?
(o a-u ?)
Anupam: Sure. I thought you were in Kolkata.
(E. y - o--o.)
Nirupam: I was, but I got back yesterday.
(, o. E Eo AJ-a.)
Anupam: How about some coffee? or would
you prefer to eat something before
that?
(h B--?
j A?)
u-, u-- N-
, English x C. --*a
A-- \-J N- u x-a
F- N-, xN offer -E formal and informal expressions p
--.
uh---- offer -p informal expressions ,
B--E uh---- offer --p
formal expressions \--
C. - - uh
--- offer --p p-, (informal response) , - y-v-E uh
offers -sx p- (formal response) C.
The conversation at the beginning of the lesson, you can see, begins with expressions we
use when we meet others.
lesson beginning
o --J - l.
c) Would you mind having/

Would you mind a little coffee?
d) Won't you (Will you not)
have some coffee?
coffee
(h
B-?)
e) Let me have the pleasure of

giving you a cup of coffee.
Q. Why present tense always come after "did"?
f) Let me have the pleasure of treating you to

some coffee. (treating (some one) to something =
-J-j - *a \-J-)
j p:
a) I don't mind. Thank you.
(u- .
Thank you.)
b) That'd be fine. Thank you.

c) I'd welcome it. Thank you.
d) So thoughtful of you. Thanks.
(- -- J* j -- =
so
thoughtful of you)
What brings you here?

Nirupam: I could certainly do with something
to eat and then coffee.
(h j A- y
fee L.)
cof-
Anupam: You'll have them. What'd you like to

have?
( B-?)
Nirupam: You talk although we were in a
restaurant, with a variety of eats on
the menu. Get me whatever is available in the house.
( restaurant ox, - - menu ox x--o. x C v/

A.)
-- x at home
. In the house h informal
x E. - ' ox.
Anupam: Just wait for a few more minutes.
You can have idli and karappodi. I
expect a distant relative, an uncle of
mine. Oh, here he is. Good morning
uncle. It's really good to see you
again. How are you?
(\ ~ . x -p A-E. d, uncle h-E ho. ,

a-. Sx NtLo
/ --- -
C. o?)
Uncle:
Wonderful to meet you again, boy.

How are things going?
(--- - C.
o?)
Anupam: Fine. Thank you. By the way this is
my friend Nirupam. Nirupam, this is
my uncle Mr. Sitaram.
a) Who do I see here?
? E--?
(Lo - --E-x,
y, -- ---E-h .)
-s expressions
l.
a) Look who is here: -- a (
- a-E yE-x. \ look,
uh -- .)
b) What brings you here? = a?
(C u----- E J
. F - p-.)
c) You, ... here? What a surprise! = y,
\! a-u !
N Eo --J .
p formal, informal offers Eo
expressions l.
--*a A- Eo----,
x-a - F- N- informal
a) How about/ What about some coffee?
(- B--? ---d-o.)
Uncle:
You can say that. I am really tired. I

don't mind having a bite.
l/
l- informal :
Thank
lesson (No. 256) exercise *a sentence pattern sentence :

like
2) He kicked
Object
Complement
my coffee
hot
the door
open
5) I
want
a) No, thanks/ thank you.
captain of the team
it
done immediately
b) I don't feel like it now. Thank you.
( --E--
Thank you.)
c) Oh, not now/ perhaps later.
C
( -
-p B--? . B-
.)
b) Would you care for some coffee?
painted.
EXERCISE
complement
subject
(infinitive)
a) It
is
easy
to do that
(C )
b) It
was
difficult
to carry it.
(Eo d uC.)
b) Apart from the youngest son, the rest

are married = All the other sons are
married, the youngest alone is
unmarried.
iv) Being = (Most often, being has the
meaning of because)
b) Being weak, she can't play well =

Because she is weak, she can't play well.
Q. ''How long will you be in Hyderabad?''
''How long will you be at Hyderabad?''
Speak aloud as many sentences as you

can, on the following pattern.
It 'be' form
a) Apart from the opening scene, the

rest of the movie is very good= The
opening scene alone isn't good, the
rest of the movie is good.
a) Being rich, he can buy a car =

Because he is rich, he can buy a car.
him
the house
eg: Apart from stealing his money, they

beat him = They not only stole his
money, but also beat him.
Apart from (ii) = except for
--E----. Thank you.)

O formal/ informal offers, responses.
b) I'd rather not see movies than see such

movies = I like not to see movies instead
of seeing such movies.
b) Apart from the house, he bought new

furniture = He bought not only the
house but also new furniture.
(Sorry.
a) Rather than go by bus, he walked the

distance = He walked the distance
instead of going by bus.
iii) Apart from (i) = in addition to, besides
e) Sorry. I don't feel like it. Thank you.
4) She wants
(C *)
offer A-\-J-/
a) Would you have/ like/ fancy some coffee? formal offer.

offer
( B-.)
--p-)
l-o- O - .
3) They elected
Anupam: Would you care for some coffee too,

uncle?
That suits me fine.
(Just the same =
c) Hope you don't mind my saying no. Thank

you, any way =
L.
(y-o-d- E ---.
Ax v.)
( B--?)
b) Right now, no. Thank you just the same.
Sub Verb
(p l/
y B---. DE --lE.)
formal offers: l--x, J-E
--x j formal offer B:
Uncle:
a) No please. Thanks.
d) I could certainly do with some coffee =

(could do with = want)
Uncle:
Anupam: Would you like to have something,

uncle? I see you are pretty tired.
(p--- *-C-. Thank you.)

( - u- v,
-Jx coffee offer h, j ox
', . -E
o , l .)
offer formal A-\-J-/ l-:
1) I
coffee
b) He likes coffee better than tea, so he took

coffee = He took coffee in place of tea =
He took coffee instead of tea.
()
c) Oh sure. A good cup of coffee is certainly

welcome.
e) That's nice of you.
a) He wrote with a pencil instead of with a

pen = He used a pencil and not a pen.
ii) Rather than = We use this

expression when we compare two things of different
kinds. It also means
'instead of'.
(p -/ y l.)
A. i) Instead of = In place of.
g) Nothing like it at the moment. Thank you.
b) Care for some good coffee?
b) That'd be nice
-J-* N-J-.
- Chandu Surapaneni Choudary, e mail.
c) He gave him gold instead of

money
d) Not now/ perhaps later, please.
j n h coffee B--/
... *--o a--? B E (-, coffee B-?/ B--? E - bad manners , F English .)
(a), (b)xE informal offers response
(p):
coffee a-----:
a) I don't mind (-u---)
Q. Instead of, Rather than, Apart from,

Being.
f) Oh, sure. A cup of coffee would be welcome.

Thank you.
you.
offers:
Nirupam: How do you do, sir?

Fine thank you, how do you do?
e) That's nice of you, thank you.
- R. Murali Mohan, Hyderabad, e mail.

A. Did is an auxiliary/ a helping verb. The
words like come, take, etc coming after it,
as in the verb, for example, did come
(=came) did go (=went), did take (=took),
etc. are all in the past tense, because, did
is a helping verb, used to form the past
forms of verbs mostly with not and in questions. Since did itself is past tense, we use
only the basic form of the verb after it, like
come, go, etc.
Which one is correct?

- Sasanka, e mail
A. How long will you be in Hyderabad? is correct. 'In' is used before big and important
places, and at only before small places.
In Hyderabad, In Chennai, In London, etc.
At Mangalagiri, at pattanecheru (very small
towns and villages)
I was at college = I was in the college - 'I
was at college', is used more than, 'I was
in the college'. 'I was in college', is also
being accepted in modern usage.
-. --
--v- 12 ----J 2007
-- j---
-x---

conversation above.
a) Jeevan: Can you lend me your bike?
258
Kundan: Oh, you've come, I am happy. What did

you do about that parcel to Naveen?
He must be expecting it by now.
Naveen
parcel
(ya, .
N ?
-Lq
E- ---h-.)
Jeevan: Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I clean forgot it.

But there is still time. Don't worry.
(u, E N Jh -*-.
F time C. --.)
Kundan: How much time? Just half an hour.
time?
Jeevan: That's true. I must hurry or the Post
office will close. Can you lend me
your bike?
(C
- .)
(F
bike
h?)
Request -
u-n.
b) Jeevan: Can I have some money too?
( h s h?)
u-n.
Request -
u -E: Mind
noun
form
y
E, -ing
E L.
d) Would you mind idli with

chutney or would you insist
on sambar? - mind
'idli' noun
c) Will you help me with a little dough?)
(h s --h?)
Jn-.
Request -
u-
e) Would you mind having idli as puri is not

ready?
Q. In what situations should we use

"say" and "tell"?
J ---, x B--?
formality *, Eo-- u u---i request could .
A. Say and tell are more or less is the

same, but there is a lot of difference in
the way we use them. The difference
is very important.
- A. Krishna Sumanth, e mail
d) Nandan: Would you give it back this

evening?
( v AJ-T-a-h?)
Request - u-n.
e) Nandan: Could you get me a recharge card?
- Request -
u-n.
j sentences Eo- request (u-n-)
expressions o . conversation in real life situation request
- ---C.
a) Could you carry this for me?
DEo O h? (- )
b) Could you (Please) tell me how to go to the
Eenadu office?
office J -? (-
p)
Could you carry this for me?

(y }L. Post office
h. F bike h h?)
Kundan: Why do you need it?(F- bike?)
Jeevan: I must rush home, pick up the books,
parcel them, hurry to the post office
and book it.
( y xL, books B-L, E parcel L, Post office

BRx book L .)
Kundan: Oh sure, have it. (, B-}.)
request --p expressions

p l. Requests Informal
requests expressions , formal
requests expressions C.
Informal requests: O -u can
. J- o--x,
B---L-T---x, friends, brothers
and sisters request --p can .
F bike h h?
(y, please E.)
Jeevan: Can I have some money too?
(h s h?)
Kundan: I don't have more than Rs.10 on me.
Let's see if my cousin Nandan can
help. Oh, who do we see here? Oh
it's Nandan. Think of the devil and he
is there.
( _ C - \
. cousin Nandan o y-- l. , \
o.)
Think of the devil and he is there =
-o -o vu-~--
. N Eo- --x-O v joke.
Devil ? Christian
t- v. vA-.
Jeevan: Hi Nandan, good to see you again.
Kundan: Will you help us with a little dough?
You shall have it back this evening.
(\h s h?
-v-E-x AJ-T-ah.)
Dough = = s n
- j/ \/ .
Dough n -B-,
K- L- h l.
Nandan: You sure can have it. How much?
Jeevan: Atleast Rs. 200/-.
Nandan: Here it is, but would you give it back
this evening? I need it.
b) Can I have some money?
h s l-? (Informal)
formal will . -
l--x, J- E--x
request --p will, won't (will not) use
h. Kundan, Nandan
request -E o?
Will you help me with a little dough?
\ will,
*-hC.
can
\ Eo--uEo
Won't you (will you not) come along with

me?
O ? ( E request)
Would requests . C formal
situations v. request
h-oC - -q, ,
n l---, Jh h--x would .
a) Would you make room, please? = h p-?
b) Would you lend me that book for a day?=
\-V h h?
polite request)
-u would you
formal requests .
mind
Ja
a) Would you mind waiting for a few minutes?
Kundan: As soon as I am home, I will pay it to you.
Jeevan: We're short of time. Let me have your bike.
polite form of request.
\- C. F bike y.)
Kundan: Rush then. (y )
(formal &
wait
--? C
formal and
(y AJ-a J cell
recharge card d--?)
Jeevan: I'll certainly.
J- E--x, , n
l--x u- request N.
.
b) Would you mind telling me your name?
O -? (- p E)
c) Would you mind my using your phone?
s --h? (- Gs-y)
requests Fo question forms
-E .
Please note: Hi, hello, (Mr, Mrs, Miss
N ) -JE --J- x o Eo--uEo --. p x
informal o-.
Mr, Mrs, Miss N Sri, Sir N --p
x -o-. p we are
formal/ very formal with them. Eo-d
request form C.
phone
--E-h?
Tell is never immediately followed by to.

You say some thing to some one/ You
say some thing. We use say, when we
repeat some one's words. She said,
'Go away'.
Tell always is followed by a person as
its object. She told him to/ She told
him that ... etc.
Say can be used without
mentioning the person to
whom some thing is said.
a) He says that he is hungry.
b) Kumar said to me that he
would go with me.
Tell is always followed by the person
to whom something is said.
Suseela often tells me that she likes
Vijayawada.
Say is often used to repeat the words
of someone.
a) Ramana said, "I am hungry".
b) Ramana said that he was hungry.
EXERCISE
N, chapter n .
J explain ?
Vijai: n--. professor
\ o. o -.
Sanjai: Sir, chapter n . O
h explain h?
Prof.: p-. O v
-? p busy
o.
Sanjai: -- time
y--?
v class C.
Prof.: Sunday .
Sanjai:
'Tell' express commands; 'say' doesn't.

The officer told him to get out.
'Say' is never followed by the infinitive
(to go, to come, etc).
He told me to go.
He said that I should go.
(observe the difference)
Q. What are correct in below and tell me
suggestions if any.
a. 1. With how many friends you
have stayed there?
2. How many friends are stayed
there with you?
3. Any friends there with you?
ANSWER
b. 1. How would I contact you?
Sanjai: Hi Vijai, I haven't understood this

chapter. Can you explain it to me.
2. How can I contact you?
Vijai:
I haven't understood it either. Our

professor is here. Let's ask him.
Sanjai: Sir, we haven't understood this

chapter. Could you explain it, Sir?/
Would you mind explaining it?
Prof.: Certainly/ Certainly not. (Could/
Can you
Would you mind
come to my place this evening? I am
busy now.
d.)
(Time
Nandan: Jeevan, on your way back, could you

get me a recharge card for my cell?
c) Could you help me with some money?
Say is always followed by to, before

the person to whom something is said.
eg: He said to me, she said to him,
etc.
Sanjai: Could you please suggest some

other time? We have a class this
evening.
Prof.: Make it on Sunday, then.
- Santhu, e mail
A. The correct forms of your questions are
a. 1) How many friends have you
stayed with there?
2) How many friends have stayed
with you?
b. 1) How would I contact you?
This, as an independent sentence is
wrong. The correct form is:
How shall I contact you? (Meaning =
How do I get in touch with you?)
2) How can I contact you = How is it
possible for me to contact you.
-. --
--C- 14 ----J 2007
-- j---
Kalpana: What's wrong with that?
( p-C?)
-x---
Kamesh: I am not in the least pleased,
259
Kalpana. Why do you put so much

pressure on the boy. A few marks
Kalpana: Is that your progress card? Let me

see it. Let me know how well you've
fared in the exams?
( F progress card? D F.
K-~x --F.)
less- does it matter much?
( - , p. Ah h v O?
Eo marks _ - u?)
Kalpana: This kind of talk is what I like least.
Avinash: Here it is, mom.
You don't expect the boy to perform
Kalpana: Oh Avinash, what kind of marks is

this?
better if you talk like this.
(N-,
marks
N?)
Avinash: Aren't they good, mom? I didn't get

less than 70% in any subject.
N * marks ?
70% _-.)
subject
( --L-d -. O
x- -- _
h.)
ii) The way he talked made

us none too happy
=
x- N
-%-h C. ( )
4. Not in the least pleased =
vo: C vo- nEo N-J-.
- .
Bv-- -%-h C.
i) The teacher was not in the least pleased
with his marks =
marks teacher O L-T-. (Teacher E \ x

-%-h o.)
ii) Babu: How do you find the arrangements?
Kamesh: Marks are not all. So long as he

doesn't score low we need not worry.
1. He is a teacher, is he?
2. He is not a teacher, isn't he?
(explain the same way questions or comment tags.)
3. Scarcely had the game started when it
began to rain.
4. No sooner had he heard the news than he
started off.
Balu: I'm not in the least pleased.
5. Hardly had I finished the work when the

picture started.
( %h-- )
6. Barely had I gone there when he went out.
(p-x o?)
Let him relax.
7. I can wait unless and until he comes.
I'm not at all pleased

Kalpana: I am not at all pleased with these
marks, boy. Who gets the first mark
in your class?
( marks - L-T--. O class first mark -J?)

Avinash: What's wrong with those marks,
mom? You are never happy with my
marks even when they are quite
high.
marks
marks
-C? -\
*a Fp ---.)
Kalpana: You get on my nerves Avi. You call

these good marks? 94% in maths,
86% in English, 78% in Telugu, 82%
in Science, 75% each in History and
Geography. No, Avi, you should have
scored even higher. Who gets the
first in your class? Tell me that first.
(O, \ p-h-o. N *
marks ? Maths 94%, etc, ...
O, -. y \
marks a----LqC. O class
first ? N p.)
Avinash: Pratibha.
Kalpana: You couldn't score higher than the
girl. What a shame!
(y t \ a----. _-.)
Kamesh: Come on Kalpana, our son has
scored good enough marks. Why
compare? Why are you so envious?
(-s * marks a--o

. --J L--? -
{u F?)
(envious = {u (envy) )
Kalpana: I want our boy to stand first in the
class. Is that wrong?
(s class --
E J. C p?)
Kamesh: Look here. Expecting our son to get
very good marks is not wrong, but
comparison is always bad. You
always compare. I am none too
happy about it.
(--. ---s -\- -\- -a---E --P-- -p--, -F -L -p- --*-C-. -F-p- -L -h--. --C - --a-.)
(\ u-. K \
marks a----- ---\--. E h J B-F.)
Kalpana: Ok, Ok. I only want our son to do better. That's all.
8. We can't wipe out this evil unless and until

the individual thinks so.
iii) The CM is not in the least pleased with

the remarks of the Minister for Sports and
Youth activities.
(v-vA uu--x
u-vA --%h o.)
5. What I like least =

conversation above.
1) Kalpana: I am (I'm) not at all pleased.
i) What I like least is the way he talks =
x B ----a.
ii) Chandra: He went to a movie last night. =
( Eo E---x.)
Surya:
2) Kalpana: You get on my nerves, Avi.

3) Kamesh : I'm none too happy about it.
4) Kamesh : I'm not in the least pleased.
5) Kalpana: This kind of talk is what I like
least.
-E- : j sentences Fo
-------Eo L--N o. j --Fo , %h L-T-E -sx
expressions. - NN
-sx standard expressions
. O.
1. I am not at all pleased =
That's what I like least about

him, his going to movies too
often.
( a-EC. K
\ E- h .)
O -%-hE, aE N-Lo, p
N-Lo L standard expressions.
- expressions not *a E y
superlative degree O -E
. C English common.
p -s real life situations
\-- . --p j expressions -----.
- ---/ %h
EXERCISE
i) I am not at all pleased with his words =
E - - .
ii) The spectators were not at all pleased
with the way he played =
B v~- a-.
2. You get on my nerves =
y \ p-h-o/ o N-T-h-o.
i) The way he behaves gets on my nerves =
v-h \ p-hC/ o N-ThC/ *----hC.

ii) He manages not to get on anybody's
nerves =
Practise aloud the following in English

Ritish:
y Sx -u a. N y -p L-Th.
Dheeraj: Traffic jam -\--.
--?
Ritish: Sx -. ----a-?
Dheeraj: y x B - a-. -E u
. -J-- s
hx.
-J L-T-- --.
iii) Let me not see him here again. He gets
on my nerves =
Sx E Eo-\ -E-y.
*.
3. I'm (I am) none too happy about it- None
too happy about -
C Bv--
-%hE L--hC.
i) We are none too happy about the Indian

team's performance in South Africa.
South Africa
d v-z x
Bv-- -%h o/
-.
---:
K. Rama Krishna, Ongole
1.
Dn -----E.
(x. -- -E
J. .)
9. They were asked to maintain sanitation

failing which action would be initiated
against them. ( How do we use the phrase
'failing' which?)
10. Which words do we use instead of the
words 'eve teasers'?
ANSWER
Ritish:
You are late again. You get on my

nerves in this matter.
Dheeraj: I was caught in a traffic jam. What

do you want me to do?/ What
could I do?
Ritish:
The same thing again. You could

have started earlier.
Dheeraj: I am none too happy about the

way you talk. I am not late intentionally. I'll see that this isn't
repeated.
-u- ? (Is he?)

2. -u- , ?
\ -sx, He is a/ He is not
a teacher o-p, O
a question tags not
, - C,
statement part (stem)
not , ----Eod C.
He is a teacher, (\
not ), d, He is a
teacher,
isn't
(Question tag
hC).
(\
he?
n't
He is not a teacher
not
He is not a teacher, is he? (Question tag
not
C), d
Sentences 3, 4, 5, 6 -
O-Eo- n, ( E)
, ---/- - E.
3. -, -- { v
C. ( -- ).
4. h NF N--, (No )...
5. E Jh -- (
)....
6. -\- Sx, x-- (Rx )....
7. DE-n . O v, Dn,
h p, a--- --.
- What's the idea? (I can't wait j
n hC)
8. uh -*h p, -*----
(unless= p, until= ) -. ( modern English usage
unless and until --u .
Unless F until -F ).
9. Failing which = --/ - ---/C -\-. J--v --E J
p. (C English
oC ox --Ch x p--f),
-- (= failing which) x x
u B--Lq -h-C.
10. Eve teasers o correct English
. English expression .
Teasing Girls . Eve teasers
n, English
L .
- M. SURESAN
- 18 ----J 2007
-- j---
-x---
260
Tushar: Hi Dhaval, you appear very excited.
(y -q- ox E--ho.)
Dhaval: That I am, and there is reason for it.
(. C.)
Tushar: What could it be? (i a?)
Dhaval: I am contesting the MLC elections.
( ---L Eo--
h-o.)
Tushar: Wish you all luck. But I'd like to know
how you got the idea.
(F - *a ---E C.)
Dhaval: I know what you mean. You are unwilling to express an opinion on because
we are close. You are not being plain;
I can see that.
(F n . Eo- --x F G-v p--E

N- o. y- -o--ox p-. C n ---.)
Tushar: I am not so sure I know much about
these matters.
( N- L-.)
Dhaval: As an MLC I want to do something for
the people.
(MLC
v---o -E C.)
Tushar: These words show you are on the way

to being a politician. You have my support. Go ahead. Wish you good luck.
(y --- ---u -
o-E ---o. F
l--C. -E-. -!)
3) Well, much might be said on

both sides.
C -- -sC
L-T -sx --- -_ expression. uA--G-v- o l-J
Ko p-- -
a.
a) Bharat: Privatisation is the best solution to

all our problems.
-v-o:
( -u--Eo- uh J-\ wj---.
Sharat: Not always, my dear friend. We can't

leave everything in private hands.What do
you say, Sampath?
(Eo N-. vAD private ---u C--. y--, ?)
Can I know the meaning of 'LEXICAL

GRAMMAR'?
- Krishna Vyas, Chennai (e-mail)
---:
'Lexical' means, connected with the
words in a language / dealing with the
words in a language. eg. Lexical items =
Words & phrases in a language.
Sampath: Uh,... much might be said on both

the sides.
( -j pa.)
b) Prasanth: The team is better off without

team
Ganguly
(L -
Grammar, as you know, deals with the

rules of construction of sentences, by the
correct use and placement of words.
-C).
It depends...
Dhaval: (I) got it on my own. I wish to become
a minister too.
( *aD-. vA -C J.)
Tushar: Best of luck again.
(%d Eo J-- J.)

Dhaval: Thank you. What do you think of my
decision?
( - J* F G-v?)
Tushar: Well, what can I say? (p--?)
Dhaval: Just what do you feel about it? Is it a
good decision?
Let's look at the following exchanges

between Tushar and Dhaval in the conversation above.
Prasanna: It will not be in the interests of the

What do
team. (Team
you feel, Prakash?
1) Dhaval: What do you think of my decision?
(y-----o, v--?)
( Eg J* y-----o?)
Tushar: Well, what can I say? (- p--?)
2) Dhaval: Just What do you feel about it? Is it
a good decision?
( E J* F Gv -N? * Eg--?)
Tushar: I'm afraid I can't say anything at this
stage.
( p-.)
3) Tushar: Well much might be said on both

sides
( j p-a.)
( E J* F G-v--?
* Eg--?)
Tushar: I'm afraid I can't say anything at this
stage. Are you really serious about it?
( p-. N
y Bv- ---o? )
Dhaval: I am serious, of course. I've already
told a number of people about and
have done a bit of planning too.
( N d- o.
p- --C L--.
v-R -----o.)
Tushar: Then what's the big idea in asking my
opinion now?
( Eg----o G-v
-- -N- l?)
Dhaval: Just for the sake of it. Come on. Out
with your opinion.
(J-. F G-v p.)

Tushar: Well, much might be said on both
sides.
(< o =
*, -- .)
Dhaval: Why can't you be definite, Tushar?
(*a- p--, ?)
Tushar: As elections go these days, we can't
be definite whether contesting them is
good or bad.
4) Tushar: As elections go these days we can't

be definite...
(Eo- -B- --d - Vx - p *a-)
5) Tushar: It depends...
(p. -O -- C.)
6) Tushar: I'm not so sure I know much about
these matters.
( N- --E t
.)
-hC ? G-v-Lo ----E
vo h, G-v-Lo *a ------E. Real life situations
G-v-Lo *a- , La
p-E -s . --p
G-v *a- - -
expressions O:
1) What can I say? ( p--?) = p. - p-, - p- E.
a) You want my opinion after you've taken the
decision. What can I say?
y Eg B-o y G-v
p- p--?
b) What can I say?/ What do you want me to
(Now
say? =
that you've decided, I can only say that it's
good =
p-?/ p--?
y Eg B-o d, -
p--L-T-x C *-).
2) I'm afraid I can't say anything at this stage =
( Eo- --o B--d

h, x j-,
E *a- p.)
(-- *a- y)
p-. ( G-v p p d
.)
Dhaval: What do you think are my chances of

success?
a) You're getting into action. I can't say anything at this stage=
( N---- J* y----o?)
Tushar: It depends...
( -O -- C.)
C *C ).
Prakash: Much might be said on both the

sides.
(- -N-- pa.)
-N-l G-vEo --L----p-, E G-vEo -L----p-, J-n-AE -J_
--p, , 'It depends...'
. C English common
expression. u-- O
-- C E n.
5) It depends... =
-v-o:
1. How do we use the following semi-models in conversation. Do give Telugu translations also.
be at loss to, be supposed to, be likely to,
be bound to, be liable to, be opt to, be on
the point of, be due to.
a) Kumar: Will he make it to the finals?
finals
----?)
Kavya: It depends..
2. How do we use the following phrases:
O -- C)
b) Jagan: Are you sure Srikar

come? (Tej, Srikar
Will be able to, may be able to, should be

able to, would be able to, might be able
to, would have been able to
and Tej will
h-E t ?)
Ratna: It depends (p)
6) I'm not so sure I know much about these

matters =
3. What is English translation to -
'p
TC.
- K. Rama Krishna, Ongole
- N- ---E t .
---:
EXERCISE
: -y-h picnic ?
N: J-n-AE -d C.
: --A -l-----o. C
* picnic spot ?
N: - p-. E -J-* - - --L--. picnic
L -j *
xa ?
: E N d p- .
N: Sx v l. p Eg--.
ANSWER
Sanjai: Will you join us for the picnic?
Vijay: Depends (on tomorrow's situation)
Sanjai: We're planning to go to Amaravathi.
Isn't it a good picnic spot?
Vijay: I can't say much about it. I am not
sure I know much about it. We can
go to some city instead of to
Amaravathi.
y (F Eg-Eo) - d---o- p- . (
-y F Eg-Eo a- ? E)
Sanjai: It's difficult to say anything definite

about it.
b) You've decided. What's there for me to say?
y Eg----o. - p---C?
So, you see, lexical, and grammar are two

different things. Lexical grammar, as
such, doesn't have any specific meaning.
We can't be sure of the meaning of the
phrase, lexical grammar, unless we know
the context in which it is used.
Vijay: We meet again this evening. Let's

decide then.
1.
semi models Eo- 'be'

'be' form (am, is are, will be,
could be, etc) -a time of action
(tense) d.
2. He will be able to do it
=
--
(future).
He may be able to do it
=
- --a
(present/ future)
He should be able to buy a car; he is rich.
E-.
Car
-L-T L.
He would be able to do it.
--. (- --*
N-u-h vh-N-*--p)
Be able to= -L-T . jFo DE
--.
He would have been able to do it
=
-L-T - F -.
3. English p-x --~
(foot ware) j . x
shoes -, - slippers. N
. JT. E wear out.
-JT *E-T, snap/ break.
- M. SURESAN
--E- 20 ----J 2007
-x---
-- j---
Sekhar: Our profits for the preceding six
months will allow a minimum bonus of
Rs.2500 per employee.
261
Sundar & Sankar: Good morning, sir.

Murthy: Good morning, friends. I have some
special news for you. In a few days
from now, by the coming Monday the
23rd Jan, to be precise, our company
will have completed 24 years of successful business, thanks to efficient
managers and executives like you.
(O N pL. O -n-j
x, u-E-y-- x F
Cl Vx, *a- p-
a -, 23 --J, 24 x N---i u-Eo Jh --C.)
precise = *a--i; executives = -Fx,
F N-- (policy) --x.
( ---d \
u-T F - --
a OC.)
preceding = v - = -*.
Sundar: Er... wouldn't it be better if we gave
them Rs.2000/- in cash and a gift
worth Rs.500?
3) Let's discuss it =
Jal.
4) We might as well give each

employee a gold coin =
vA
--
u-T
ya.
a) Let's ..., b) We could/ You

could, c) We might as well,
informal expressions,
Fo
--L-y--E.
Eo informal expressions:
1) What about/ how about
(\-\-J 2000 - , 500

- N h -C ?)
Er... - j p-, ..
Sankar: We might as well give each employee
a 2 gm gold coin and silver cup worth
around Rs.500/-.
2. I say welcome to u always.

3. I always welcome u.
Ram: It is already 10.15. The train is at

10.30. I'm afraid we may miss it.
(p- 10.15 C. Train 10.30 .

-- E--hC).
v-o: 1. I welcome u always.
Miss
4. I always welcome to u.
5. I welcome u.
6. I whole heartedly welcome to u always.
Which are correct in all above sentences, if any mistake please give me
reason why it is wrong.
Syam: How about/ What about taking a

taxi? (
uq B?/uq -?)
2) See if you can.
( x v
---, .500 N
ya.)
eg: See if you can work for a longer time

every day to earn some extra money.
- Nag santosh, e-mail
---: Sentence 4, I always welcome to you,

and sentence No. 6 I whole heartedly
welcome to you always correct.
welcome to so and
so
welcome to a place
'to'
welcome

-J
p N--Fo
y o-p
. - y o.
p
y
-sx
. -JE -y-A-ho
o-p, We welcome y
to , y-A- ho
uhE .
I suggest that ..
Sundar: We understand sir. We are entering
the silver jubilee year the coming
Monday.
(n-iC , a -
F --q -q-- v-P--C.)
Murthy: Exactly. We have certainly had a successful innings so far. The credit goes
to you. Congratulations.
( u p--- N---
T-E *a- p-a. E
NtLo a--L. G---.)
Sankar: You are behind it sir. Please accept
our congratulations sir.
(E O . G-- y-J-.)
Sundar: I suggest that we celebrate the silver
jubilee in a fitting manner.
(j KA --q-Eo Ey-L/ Ey-----E )

Murthy: Certainly. What are your suggestions?
(p-. O N?)
Sundar: Let's give it wide publicity '25 years in
the service of our customers, ...'
things like that in the media, sir.
(''-- A-x..
v--- * v l.)
Sankar: We could observe the whole year as
the silver jubilee year with special celebrations for a week ending on the
23rd Jan 2008.
(h - --q -q-
Ey-*, Jan 23, 2008 -u
N - vu q
Ey---a)
observe = -.
Sundar: I suppose we can give some special
bonus to the employees, sir.
(s-C vu y-aE
---o.)
Murthy: What's your suggestion, Sankar?
(F G-v---N ?)
Sankar: How much bonus do you want to
announce, sir?
( y-----o?)
Murthy: Let's discuss it with our finance manager Sekhar.
( C jq - -
Jal.)
How are our finances, Sekhar?
( Jn J-nA C ?)
Murthy: This appears to be a better suggestion. The gold coin could have the
company's name, logo and the words
silver jubilee (1984-2008) embossed
on them.
( Eo--o C.
, O
F , *o, silver jubilee
(1984-2008) o , s-h
vC--a.)
logo= *o; emboss= s-h vC-
X inscribe = \. - O
emboss - ?
lesson suggestions (-) y-E standard expressions l.

Suggestion -pronunciation= -a. \
-. Suggestion , advice
? Advice () N-Eo
d a -. Suggestion
() - ** EE o N-Eo l d----. Suggestion, advice Eo-
C.
a) u y - Advice.
b) h -- Suggestion.
Study the following sentences from the
conversation above:
a) I suggest that we celebrate the silver jubilee
in a fitting manner.
b) Let's give it wide publicity.
c) We could observe the whole year as the silver jubilee year.
d) I suppose we can give some special bonus.
e) Let's discuss it with our finance manager.
f) Wouldn't it be better if we gave them Rs.
2000 in cash and a gift worth Rs. 500/-.
g) We might as well give each employee ...
Suggestions formal suggestions
(- -N- l--x-a --)
expressions , informal suggestions
( B---L x-a --)
expressions C.
j *a expressions -- informal
expressions. N:
1) Let's give it wide publicity = v
l.
Let's (let us) - C informal. Eo informal
expressions.
2) We could observe ... = Silver jubilee
--a/ -.
-q-
(h \ -C---E h \--
E----- . E u E *-)
3) Why don't you?
Our hearty welcome to the

Chief guest.
eg: Why don't you buy the car? It appears to

be good.
(u A-C y)
( -o-dC. --? -E
).
p formal suggestions expressions:
1) May I suggest ...?
eg: May I suggest that a bonus of 20% be
declared?
20 v---E *--a?=
*-h-o E formal p.
2) I suggest/ I would suggest
I suggest/ I'd suggest that the number of
holidays be reduced =
3) May I make/ give a suggestion here?
=
N- -a?
expressions:
formal suggestions
(u A-CE y-A-ho)
ii)
Eo *a V x-.
F x --
p -----o.-O--E Tx
--T- -.
v, -
---: i) I shouldn't have given you such an
iii)
opportunity.
iii) After having waited (for ages) for you,

I was just thinking of going away.
x C B
DE j English .
EXERCISE
Murthy: Silver Jubilee
(productivity),
- \-J--E h
\ p--
~u- d--?
Sankar: q 10% \ p- ~u .
Sundar: J-Eo, F 5 --j L, --q -q-. -
- .
Sekhar: C a -q--E l.
Sankar: x p---, silver
jubilee -q- h -C ?
Murthy: Fo -*l.
ANSWER
Murthy: On the occasion of silver jubilee shall
we have new targets for productivity and
turnover?/ let's have new targets for ...
Sankar: I suggest a 10% higher target in productivity.
Sundar: We can open some more branches,
at least 5 more branches in this silver
jubilee year. May I also suggest a
wage rise?
Sekhar: Let's postpone it until next year.
v-o: I have a doubt regarding

hole'. What should
'kannnam' and 'goyya'.
'small and big

we say for
O ,
---: Kannam - o hole .
u hole . u pit.
v-o: BIMONTHLY is used for FORTNIGHTLY as well. Can you give an example to
elaborate the meaning.
O, -
---: Bimonthly 1) ---J, 2)
-x n o
O p-x. Fortnightly 15 -V (~) ---J E. F \-
bimonthly ---J
n- -. -x
-E fortnightly \-
-. Twice a month E
. - n bi
monthly .
a) The committee meets fortnightly
(15 V---J, -x)

b) We have bimonthly meetings.
Sankar: Wouldn't it be better if we sanctioned/

announced the wage rise in the silver
jubilee year?
Murthy: Let's think of all these.
v-o: i) F - y- -LqC.
ii) If I had come yesterday, I might have

gone today.
T_--E *-h-o.
We welcome the Chief guest.
(---J
.)
meetings
- M. SURESAN
--- 22 ----J 2007
-- j---
Sreenu: So, would you like me to put in a word
in your favour?
-x---
262
Dileep: I've just been looking for you and you

are here. (I am) relieved to see you.
(F h-o, y o-N-\..
Eo l relief C.)
Relieved= l CT-- , p, relieved .
My son has tested negative for jaundice.
I am relieved/ feel relieved/ feel greatly
relieved/ What a relief!/ It's a big relief=
s- ju--K-~ x E
LC. C NE J a---o/
Nh C--x----o-/ -AhOC
l CT--xC.
Dileep:
Hope you don't mind my

using your phone=
help
permission
(d, F---
- p?)
Exactly, and... (, ...)
I thought you could be of

help in this matter.
( N O ------E
--o)
( E
O L. -?)
(C p - -C. F
trouble -, E y l-i
-.)
Kind= n . F -j
--h %-c --E,
That's very kind of you . --C O
conversation practice -.
delight =
Sreenu: Is there anything else I can do?
C
a.
-a/
Sreenu: Perhaps I could stand guarantee for

the loan too. Is it that?
Dileep: That'd be very kind of you. I'd be
delighted if you were prepared to do
that, provided it's no trouble for you.
a) You could help me by showing how to do it=
vo:
C * ---a
(--)
b) You could help understand this, couldn't
you? =
C n --- h
.
C-- -l L expressions p l. expressions
j p sentences No. 2), 4), 6), 7), 8) and
10) . offers of help formal and informal .
Can you please tell me the difference

between 'ADVICE' and 'ADVISE'?
- Deepika Pinjala, e-mail
:
Advice is noun, and advise is verb.
Look at the following sentences.
1) I want advice on this matter.
( N- L)
(advice = )
2) Please advise me on this matter.
( N- y
= y)
(-- -o -?)
advise
Advise = give advice
Could you do me a favour?

Sreenu: Nice to see you too. What could you
be looking for me for?
(Eo
- C. -E
h-ox?)
Dileep: Could you do me a favour?
( --?)
Sreenu: Certainly, if only I can. Come on, what
is it?
( --L-T p h. p.
C?)
Dileep: Hope you don't mind a little trouble I

am going to give you.
(F LT v d-E P-ho.)
Sreenu: Come on, Dileep. What exactly is it?

What can I do for you?
(C?
Fo --?)
Dileep: You know for long I've been thinking of
building a house. I need a bank loan
for it. I thought you could be of help in
getting it.
(- x d----o-E F . E u
--. C --E y
-----E --o).
Sreenu: I'll do it for you, but I don't think you

need anybody's help. If you have the
right documents and the right security,
the banks will only be too eager to
offer the loan.
Dileep: Nothing more. I can manage the rest.
(-. N N- --
--.)
- conversation -JE --E, -J ---E/ l----E
expressions O -E .
p real life situations J
---E/ --E, -J ----E
standard expressions v---,
C--p thanks p--E
expressions l.
conversation above.
1) Could you do me a favour?
2) Certainly, if only I can. Come on, what is it?
3) Hope you don't mind a little trouble I'm going
to give you.
j sentences 1), 3), 5) ---/-- expressions. expressions formal N , informal

N -N- .
I shall only be too happy to get Crores of

rupees in a lottery =
b) Can you help me carry this?
In what other way can I be of help

you, then? (
/ p
N F - --?)
Dileep: Let me explain. I need your help in
getting the loan quickly, and in the
matter of more instalments.
(pF.
y a N-, \
- N- F L.)
Sreenu: I'll do it for you. Just let me know how.
(-F h-. p.)

Dileep: The manager of the bank knows you
very well.
(u - y
.)
:
- o ?
Fo formal/ informal -a.
formal expressions.
1) Could I help you?
2) Shall I help you?
3) If you don't mind, I'll do it for you.
formal expressions.
1) May I help you?
2) May I be of any help?
3) May I be of any assistance?
1) If/ In case you need my help, let me know=
10) Is there anything else I can do?
2) If I can do anything, feel free to let me know

=
-o --L-T, y-v
p-.
3) If I can be of help don't hesitate to let me

know =
(hesitate=
------- ---E
-*--l.
-*-)
C--p %-c L N-:
1) Thank you - C common, --J
.
2) That's very kind of you/ thoughtful of you.
3) That'd be welcome.
a) How about helping me with a little money?
4) I'd be delighted.
c) Will you give me a lift upto the college?
Fo
informal ways of asking for help.
Formal expressions:
a) Could you do me a favour?
- h? C u---y, A----od N.
b) Could you pay the telephone bill for me?
Here is the bill and the money =
telephone bill h -/ -?
N-, bill, s.
c) Could you take me to the doctor?
Hope you don't mind - O-u- -- (o --E)
(-C formal expression- -d J-E-x-/ --- N l--x.)
The best way to speak in English is to

speak on
You
perhaps are afraid that others
might laugh at you. Just don't
care. Speak on. You'll then
develop speaking English as a
habit. Don't worry that you
may make mistakes. In course
of time you'll find a lot of improvement.
(x---).
Read as much English as you can and listen to TV English newscasts.
vo:
I got one doubt that is...

I am going to Bheemavaram (active
voice). Change into the passive voice.
- Y. Ramakrishna, e-mail.
-Lq-h, --L----/- --.
Informal expressions:
( J- B---L--x --.)
- Sekhar, e-mail.
4) Is there anything I can do? (to help you)? =
6) I'll do it for you.
(h, E N- F-J -E -. j v F _-, y

j O h u L-yE
-v- .)
They will only be too eager... \ too
-, so that not - ,
negative meaning . x K
hC.
K x - K
-.
3) Let me help you.
5) I thought you could be of help in getting it.
9) That'd be very kind of you.
spoken English. I can read well and I

can understood well. But I have a shy
to speak up. I want to improve my
speaking in English. How can I over
come this problem?
2) Can I help you?/ Can I be of any help?
p- J Lq --E
l expressions.
8) Would you like me to put in a word in your

favour?
--, advises, advised

N . Advices, adviced
.
vo: My name is Sekhar. I have a problem in
1) What can I do for you?
4) What can I do for you?
7) In what other way/ How else can I be of

help to you?
Advise verb
5) That's very good of you.

6) I don't know how I can thank you.
7) I'm really grateful to you.
(greatful=
%-c--)
8) Thank you. Hope I'm not troubling you.
O--Eo-E conversation - *a---x

C -i-, L-- correct ---.
EXERCISE
Make as many sentences as you can, on the
following pattern.
Subject
I
verb
saw
object
the thief
'...ing' form
entering the house.
( x v-P-h- -.)
He
hears
her
singing in the morning.
(l --/- - N.)
:
I am going to Bheemavaram - this sentence has no passive form. Only verbs
having objects can be put in passive
voice. In your sentence the verb, am going
has no object. (Am going what? Am going
whom? - These question have no answer.
-JE --o? Eo --o?

vo- answer d, am going
object -o-.) Such verbs have no
passive voice. Verbs with objects like 'eat'
have passive voice.
answer
object
passive
Eo A?/ Jo
hC d E
A?
C, -E
hC.
, Imperative sentences (c, u-n, No L u-) object -E
verbs (intransitive verbs) passive
C. F passive form ---
% (artificial) , grammar -d-CE, spoken English
- .
vo: May I know the name of a 'Parsee temple?'. What is the one-word for 'Change
of form or character'?
: 1)
- S. Chandrasekhara Rao, e-mail.

Parsees do not have the practice
of temple worship - so no word for
temple in Parsee language.
2) Metamorphosis
=
Complete
change of form or character.
- M. SURESAN
-- 24 ----J 2007
-- j---
Brihat: He used to like me very much.
DE -C-* :
( d---.)
-x---
Virat: May his soul rest in peace.
263
Virat: Hi Brihat, Where have you been till

now? Your were to take me to the engineer the day before yesterday. I Waited
and waited but no trace of you. Your
cell was switched off too.
(
\--o p? o- y
o Engineer _- B--x-LqC. F
--h F . F cell
C.)
Brihat: I've a good reason, Virat.
(E -i C.)
Virat: I can see that. You don't appear to be in
the best of spirits. What's wrong?
(n ---. , y-
- E-- ? iC?)
in the best of spirits = -/ q-.
How did he die? / What did he

die of? =
( t A -L.)
Brihat: So May it.
( -L.)
formalities (l--) -
vu C. vA -s-E T expressions , N --L.
-j E----p (May God forbid) N --E , E -- !
expression:
May God forbid = -N --E-y-
-. L-- standard
expressions p l.
--h No-p L .
condolences (--q) ' \---.
Do-p plural . condolence
-.
English
Now, look at the following sentences from

the conversation above.
1) Really sorry to hear that.
E--?
(-- -, die
* -E C expire/ demise
-- C --
u. Die E-- n
, unpleasant . --i
English (natural spoken English) die
common - u E. Pass
away E -a).
When did he die?/ When did the end come?
Q. How do we use the following modal idiom

in conversation. Do give Telugu translations also.
had as well, had best, can't help, can't
hear, can't stand, must needs, may as
well, can't help, but can make nothing, can
you beat it.
- K. Rama Krishna, Ongole
p E--?
bereaved family = %
bereavement = (-) %A.
O --C-*-
had as well-
DE vu- n, -
o-x-. x, RxC= He has
gone; she had as well ( )
May god forbid our use of these words =
- E-y-
!
"They had bought a Car" "We had as well"

car
had best= had better=
a) You don't appear to be well. You
had best/had better consult a doctor =
Doctor
''x
o '' o
( E)
*C.
Really sorry to hear that

Brihat: I have bad news. My uncle passed
away the day before yesterday. It was
early in the morning. The end was sudden.
Virat: Really sorry to hear that. How is it I didn't know that? My condolences to you.
( N--E E N-J-h-o.
- L-- J? F
.)
Brihat: I thought of calling you and telling you
of it, but you are getting ready to have
the foundation stone ceremony of your
house. I didn't want to give the bad
news during such an auspicious time.
phone
(F
-o F O
-n- o-x o.
--- h
p d --C.)
Virat: Even your cousin Sai didn't tell me of it.

cousin
(O
-
p-.)
Brihat: For the same reason. That's why we

didn't respond to calls from you.
calls
( . - F
- y-.)
Virat: Thank you for being so considerate

though I should have liked your informing me of it. I would have paid my last
respects to him. I feel bad about it.
( J* --A --o Thanks. O p -C. *-J--J o

--E. O p---
E C.)
EXERCISE
3) I'd have paid my last respects.

4) I wish to send my condolences to Sai and
the other members of the family.
Brihat: He did not here but in Hyderabad. I had

to leave suddenly. Sorry, Sai or I didn't
inform you of it.
jFo death news No-p standard

expressions.
1) Really sorry to hear that =
a) I am sorry to hear the news of his father's

death.
b) It's very unfortunate. What a tragedy! =
-%d. !
c) Really shocking that he should die/ died
so young.
*o - CvsA-.
d) Oh, what a way to die! =
*aC! (C u acci, --J ~-- E---p -.)

dent
2) My condolences to you =
F . C %
u --a .
a) My heartfelt condolences to you =
sorry.)
Virat: I wish to send my condolences to Sai
and the other members of the family. I
think he was about 55 years of age too young to die.
( Sai ---u-
------o. -
55 x-- -C *o--.)
b) I express my condolences =
L---h-o.
uh---h-o.
formal.
for
noun or
pronoun
1) He
bought
a sari
for
his wife
2) She
cooked
food
for
me
any name: E-j a

E/ / h, etc., (Teacher, lion, pen,
etc)
Pronoun - noun
I, we, you
, he, she, is, they,

N.
vo:
1. ''
O o x--. -D-E-E
Tx- pL?
2. ''O x u- -T-x p.
uEo Tx- pL?
3. Four rupees - four rupee. --C
j-C? 300 rupees - 300 rupee.
Which is correct? N-J-.
4. C Tx u- - n
p.
1. Delhi king also mother's son.
2. Crore educations feed for ...
2. My regards/ best wishes/ wishes/

enquiries to the members of your family.
3) Pay last respects =
%- *J .
plural
3. Four, three hundred,
rupees, three hundred rupees
d four
L.
C - (
K ) pen o-p, it is a four rupee
pen; C 300 - (
. 300 K ) book o-p, It is a
three hundred rupee book .
4. O - n p-o -- E-E English u j English
. N - o -
-- English Ja-N. 1)
Mx -, Lx . 2) Nu
.
N
4) May his/ her soul rest in peace =
/ t A --.
E
--a.
I offered him my condolences over the
death of his father = I condoled with him in
the death of his father =
v %A -
-?
Offer/ give/ send/ express/ convey condolences to some one = condole with some
one.
with
noun/
pronoun
1. Your father has talked to me.
d) I convey my condolences =
verb
---:
c) I offer/ send my condolences =
(condole
sub
N
--- na u.
- n- .
. p-E, C--\.
Bv .
Please accept my condolences
( EC \ j--. p---p xLq *aC.

-E, -E F p--
Practise aloud sentences on the following

pattern.
Noun
C N--E E N-J-h-o. yh
No expression .
If you want a car, you can't help spending

money =
- s a d p.
2) My condolences to you.
5) May his soul rest in peace.
( --h. o lo
E--. -t-)
y - -E-- .
-- *C.
Can't help= p.
p hC.)
If you are truthful, you can't help the enmity

of others =
y E--B -
F-- -vy p.
If you walk in rain, you can't help being

drenched =
Can't hear=
I can't hear anything against Gandhi =
h - p.
N----.
D uA-- O N-.
J-----.
Can't stand= Can't bear=

Kashmiris can't stand the heat of Delhi=
Mx E Qt-K J--.
She can't stand people abusing her husband=
h- --- Ad --.
C - Needs
--. p- L n,
F DE Jh
He needs must do it (= --C p L)
He needs to do it E F,
He must do it E F
.
May as well= C --a
E. Why does he want us to go to
him. He may as well come here= - E _---x----?
\- a .
Must needs must
Instead of his doing it, I may as well do it/

I may do it as well=
Eo ,
---a .
Can't help but help
expression wrong. Can't

o L, Can't but o L
- n p E.
I can't help going there= -\- x
p= I can't but go there.
He can't help spending the money =
a p= He can't but spend the money.
(Can't help + ing form= Can't but + 1st
Regular Doing Word)
Can make nothing
expression
Can
make nothing out of something
,
. --
-O -n E.
He can make nothing out of her words =
---E-n .
Can you beat it? Eo C--N---?
E. d- i N-Eo p-- --E.
Living in Vijayawada can you beat the summer heat?=
N--- -N- -E
p----?
- M. SURESAN
--v- 26 ----J 2007
-- j---
b) Meeting the CM is only by appointment =
Phone
Phone, ring
up, give a ring, give a tinkle,
call, make a call.
Modern English usage
call.
phone, ring up,
give a ring.
call
phone
(somebody). Ring up, give a ring - British
English. Give a tinkle - totally out dated
Call
-x---
I.
- EKg , v-x --
p--, u--vAE ---a.
264
(All phone numbers here are fictitious.

phone
x Lp-.)
Vaibhav: Yes.
III. Prem: Hello, I'd like to speak to Mr. Syam.

Ram: Who's (who is) calling please?
Bhargav: Can I speak to Vaibhav?
(-
Vaibhav: Speaking. And who's this?
(x---o. -?)
Bhargav: Hi, Vaibhi, it's Bhargav here. How
are you?
( _
-o. o?)
p -o
v-C-.
d) I am here by appointment =
-o time, v v- E-\-o.
v-
Bhargav: Hello, is it 257702284?
c) Consultation with the doctor is only by

time
appointment =
doctor
( o. y -? y F N
- C. N?)
h-oC?)
Prem: I am prem, his friend, and this is urgent

please.
Prem,
urgent.)
x--
Vaibhav: Fine. Thank you. How are you? Nice

to hear your voice again after such a
long time. What's the matter?
phone
E o--E. C h
Ram: Please hold on while I find out if he can

take the call. He is in a meeting.
(Line , O x----
-\. meeting o.)
Prem: OK. Could you be fast?
O x
\- N--C,
pp
Ox
y
\- --oC
( - n
---C).
E --J .
Phone in: 1) u ho office ,
n phone. I have phoned in my tour
programme = tour programme N
phone office / n.
2) TV Programmes G-v-
---E, TV anchor x--,
vo ---E phone .
Viewers may phone in during the programme

= programme
phone
-s v~-
-a. .
(. y E-y.)
vo: Tx v-
being
N- L---.
1. Being Doctor, he
v J*
is not in the
regular practice.
2. We are very pleasureful on Mrs.
Sonia Gandhi on being elected as
president of AICC.
3. The walls are being painted.
---:
Being
., N--
-x / --x E
n.
i) a) Being rich he can buy a carcar
o-
--.
b) Being weak, he is unable to walk-
-- --x --.
(E-) --x
I'd like to speak to ..

Bhargav: So am I. A piece of happy news. My
sister's marriage has been fixed. It's
the 13th next month. (I am) calling
you just to share the happy news.
( -. -h. xL
Rx Ea---C. a- 13.
F -E phone .)
Vaibhav: Very happy to hear it. Congrats to
her.
(N- - C.
G---.)
Bhargav: Can I speak to aunt and uncle? I

wish to give them the news too.
(O t, o o? x
p-E C.)
Vaibhav: Oh, sure. But only mom is in, Dad's
out on business. Here, over to mom.
(p-. t v
x C, o E-O --x. C t x.)
II.
Anil: Is it 47957021?
Amar: Yes.
Anil: Can I speak to Mr.Amar?
(- x--a)
Amar: Speaking. May I know who you are?
(x---o. O- ---a?)
IV.
a)
Praful: Is it Suprachar Ad Ltd.?
(C v-
Ads company
?)
Prasanna: Yes. What can we do for you?
(. p O ?)
Praful: May I know who's (who is) speaking?
( x---o ---a?)
Prasanna: I'm Prasanna, Manager, front office.
May I know who you want to speak to?
(vo, \ v N officer .
-J x------o ---a?)
(Front office: l l company v
N. Company v, customers,
N--- - L N. N u company office hall / C
d OE front offices .)
Praful: Good morning. Can you put me
through to your Manager, Marketing please?
(O Marketing Manager
h, please?)
line/ connection
Prasanna: Could you please hold on? I've to

check whether he is in or out.
(line ? office o
---L.)
Praful: OK.
Anil: I'm Anil. Hope you remember me. We

met a few days ago at the country club.
Prasanna: He is not in, Mr. Praful. Have you

any message to be passed on to him?
( Anil. O o h--d---.
Eo--V country club
--o.)
( . O----o L-----? / O-o - -

------o?)
Amar: Oh sure, how are you Mr.Anil?

Anil: Fine. Thank you. Hope you are fine too.
(-. O - ?)
Amar: OK. Thanks. What can I do for you?
Praful: Just tell him I've called and to call me

as soon as he is back.
(. phone -F,
phone -E p, .)
Prasanna: Oh, sure.
(-. p. O --?)
Anil: I want to see you about some of our
products. Can you give me an appointment to meet you?
( K (ph) J* NtLo
----E C. NtLo p,
\ -----oC --?)
Appointment = n u E. -sx -J-j -----, -----E x a , v.
a) "I have an appointment with the CM today."
u--vAE ----Lq p-C -V.

"When is the appointment?"
Praful: Thank you.
Phone
calling
- formal calling , informal

C. yv B---x informal call , -,
Eo-- E--J formal calls
C. --, -s
x---p
pd, (-, ) p---oC -L xn--u p---L. Phone
x---p pJ-x-L. DE -C-* B,
( --J-L N) p l.
phone
? =
c) Being a leader, he should not talk like

that =
-- x---
.
ii) Being elected president of AICC =

president of AICC
--o---x/
Eo-j---x.
on being elected ... = Eo---. D Dn. On being
Are you on phone?
b) I am on phone. Could you mute the TV =

phone
TV
mute
ho. E h
.
O telephone -C-* . p
telephone x B l.
Look at conversation I: C l friends u
informal phone conversation ? Eo informal situations , formal situations
d-- j number L-
E El- -. ( phone --x --L-x -- h--d-h. --p, Can I speak to/ Am I
speaking to ... - .)
Conversation II .
C Cl formal. - J---i--x-u phone conversation. \ h vh L formality N-. Mr. Amar
(Mister C formal).
Amar: Speaking. (C Can I speak to Mr.
Amar? correct response. Practice
.)
May I know who you are?. phone ho-- -----E u-
question. , Who's (Who is) this
please?. (- phone h-oC?
u- -.)
What can I do for you? ( L O? E
u- -.)
Conversation III. phone ho uh
uh -o phone Ah,
p . I'd (I would) like to speak to
Mr.Syam. N, Could you get
Mr.Syam on the line, please? (u h?/line h?)
jx ? jx = Please hold on.
Please be on the line - j English .
Can you put me through to your Manager
Marketing? / Can you connect me to Manager
Marketing? can
could
\

\ u- C.
Prasanna (conversation IV): He is not in.

Have you any message to be passed on to
him? (Phone
---Lq uh -p, --- p--? E N C.

n J-Eo u.
a) Have you any message for him?
b) Could I take a message?
(O h- o -?)
c) Would you like to leave a message?
formal.
elected president of AICC, she

drove to her AICC office =
President
office
Eo---,
RxC.
O sentence -E pleasureful -- . O p---oC, We were happy about her being
elected president of AICC. ( Eo- -L-T-*C)
n on being .
iii) being painted- C be + past participle
passive form.
The walls are being painted-
------o p.
Being painted the walls are shining=
----x -h-o.
, painting h-,
having been painted the walls are shining = paint
--, -h-
-v-o: 1. He should have gone to the suresh

o.
marriage.
2. He would have gone to the suresh
marriage.
3. He might have gone to the suresh
marriage.
4. He may have gone to the suresh
marriage.
j u- - n N-J-.
, Et
---:
1) He should have gone to suresh's marriage

(The suresh marriage
) = R}
x-LqC, E x-. (NC -LqC
-).
2) He would have gone to Suresh's marriage

=
Rx x-- F x-.
3) He might have gone to Suresh's marriage

=
Rx x. (x-a, x---a )
4) He may have gone to Suresh's marriage
(x-a Rx x----E -
\ Might have gone
. See also spoken English lessons
138, 139 and 140.)
- M. SURESAN
--C- 28 ----J 2007
-- j---
III.
-x---
I.
265
Brinda: Hello, this is Brinda speaking. May

I know who you are please.
Govinda: Hello, who is it? Sorry I am

unable to hear you. There is too
much of noise around here.
Could you be a little louder?
( %! y h x--o/ h. au!
o?)
Brinda: You haven't been phoning either.
(y
phone
-x-!)
Gopal:
I can see that. I will call you back

in ten minutes.
(/ . p
phone d-.
pLq
C).
IV.
Ranjan: I'm sorry. I haven't the time right now

to listen to you.
(n---. C
ENx O Sx phone h.)
Srinath: Hello, who is it, please? Oh,
Mr.Srinivas. I am driving. Could
you call me a little later?
(Hello,
drive
phone
-. XE-. E-p
ho. h -y-
h?)
Srinivas:
Srinath:
Mukta: The fault is on both sides. But why this

call now; all so suddenly?
(lJD p-C. o-x p

phone -?)
Raghav: Wait (please). Don't

hangup yet. I have a
lot more to tell you.
(, -? O pC NE---. \ - C.
O h G_- x--?)
(, % x---o.
O- ---a?)
Mukta: Hi Brinda, you are speaking to Mukta.
What a surprise! How are things
going?
OK. I will.
I'll call you back/ get back to you
myself after I get off from the
vehicle.
phone
It's OK.
(O -
Srinivas:
(p y pC N
. Sorry)
time
-v-o:
i)
uhE J- ----p
uh How do you do?
response L?
ii) J- -s nice to meet you
Raghav: Look, Revathi, Ranjan has hung up in

the middle of the conversation.
(or) nice meeting you, glad to meet

you
response
nice to meet you
too
( B, - u-
phone d- Ranjan.)
L?
N- x-L?
-- N---j J --a?
iii) Tx a----E American
Accent i L---.
iv) Idioms & Phrases j
? dictionary C?
v) By the way E topic a--E
--T-h?
. -----V,
Revathi: That's very rude of him. When he

makes a call he never ends it. He
goes on talking for hours on end.
(- -u-.
phone h p- d-.
- x--.)
Phone - T- = end a call.
h, C_.)
Who is it, please?

Brinda: Today is a holiday and I remembered
you. I thought I'd just say hello to you.
( V , y h-a.
--J-l-E phone )
Mukta: That's very good of you.
II.
Ravali: This is Ravali speaking. Is it

Consolidated Real Estates Ltd.,
please?
Consolidated Real Estate
Company
(C
- -?)
Rasagna: Yes, it is. What's it please?

Ravali:
May I have some detailed information about the plots and flats you
are selling?
lesson -E conversations -
x--x , N- p
-E .
- -Lx pC x J NE-- --. p x
Sx p--- polite expression.
phone
Ringing off the hook.
----
a) The phone in the press office has been ringing off the hook for more information about
the ministers' involvement in the scam.
-- v v J* , vA - phone ----
- C.
---:
b) The hospital phone has been ringing off the

hook with offers of blood donation to save
the baby's life.
a) Who is it, please? Once again.
(-? Sx p)
b) Pardon (~N-). Phone ---
-L-x J N--- (pardon) -E
C . C - formal
Beg your pardon .
Gf v - , h- a
J Phone ---- h-o.
O phone conversation -C-*
JEo expressions.
c) I'm sorry. I'm unable to hear you. Could you

be a little clearer?
-O-t--o plots, flats J-*

N--i - y--?)
Rasagna: With pleasure, of course. But it is

not a matter to be talked of over
phone. Could you make it to our
office any working day between 10
and 5?
(-. phone Ja--L-T *o u- ? O

working day , 10 * 5
office -?
Ravali:
Your office is too far off for me and

I am very busy as working days.
office
Working days
(O
.
BJ--.)
Rasagna: That's all right. Just let's know

where you live and give us a time
when you are available. One of our
marketing people will visit you and
give you the details, Mrs.Ravali. By
the by is this your phone number?
can we call this to contact you?
( --. O-\--
time t- p. marketing s-C O
_- h. Eo N- h
R. --C. C O phone number
? number O phone
a?)
Ravali:
Yea. That's the number. I am always

available on the number.
(. number.
-p .)
Rasagna: Thank you.
number
(O pC NE-- . h
- pd -?)
d) Could you repeat yourself please?
I couldn't hear you/ catch you.
(O -J -? O pC
N----.)
Car, two wheeler N drive h
cell phone x---- p
expressions.
a) Sorry I am driving. Could you call me a little
later?/ I will call you back some time later.
( drive h-o. -T phone

h?/ O phone h.)
Fo conversations 3 and 4
o .
\-J phone disturbances x
N--- .
a) Sorry. Your voice isn't clear. Could you
please be clearer?
EXERCISE
Look at the following sentence:
Ranjan: Is that all or have you any thing more

to say? I am in a hurry.
(, -o pLq ?
y xL)
response
How do you do?
, Fine, thank you;

j F, simple
How do you do? j F L.
ii) Glad to meet you too/ nice to meet you

too
O-ox.
It's great pleasure meeting you, etc.
(d-- spoken
)
iii) English a----E
-u-E
To smoke is bad for health (= smoking is bad

for health.)
Write as many sentences as you can, in which
the '.... ing' form can be changed into the infinitive (like, 'to smoke')
eg: Walking is good for health = To walk is good
for health.
'ing' form infinitive O

O--Eo sentences x-.
-v-o: i) Tony, Sony and Rony go to a hotel. /

an hotel.
C d L---.
ii) I am having a one rupee note

Lifco Dictionary
Having
possession
----:
C.
- -! N-J-.
>. , --o
i) A hotel correct.
An hotel - old usage ii)
p - p.
L-T n am having/ is having/ are having, correct English usage
J-. I have a one rupee note, correct.
English lesson
best method1) Reading as much English as possible- newspapers, books (starting from
small books and going on to big novels), 2) Listening constantly to English
news telecasts, 3) watching English
movies
for
American
accents.
market
CDs
leading book shops
Smoking is bad for health (Smoking

We can use 'To smoke' instead of the
'smoking' in the sentence above. The meaning
does not change.
b) I hear some noises over the line/ The line

isn't clear/ your voice isn't clear. Could you
disconnect and call/ try again?
- C. phone d Sx
/ v-Ao-.)
disconnect = --. phone d-.
phone d-/ phone x- --E , hang up (disconnect).
i)
).
(O / J NE----. h
pd -?)
(Line
phone
iv) Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary

of current English.
v) by the by = by the way (used to change
the topic).
-v-o:
i) What is the passive voice of

"Why don't you keep him offered."
Can we write as: Why doesn't he be
kept offered by you.
ii) Can we say "I have a pen" as I am having a pen.
---:
- G. v-, K--
i) Why don't you keep him offered?
sentence -n --L-- --.

DE passive form: Why is he not
(isn't he) kept offered by you?
ii) I have a pen - correct.
- M. SURESAN
-- 30 ----J 2007
-- j---
Spoken English
Public speaking
-x---
266
Good evening everybody. On behalf of the

students, staff and management of
Suvidya College, this is Ramachandra welcoming you all to this evening's function,
the 23rd annual day celebrations of the
College.
(-J v. N-u -
J{--q -s, - Nu-n-, u--, -u - -v
NtLo - y-E-h-o.)
The programme will be starting in a short
time from now. May I request all the invitees to be seated so that we can begin the
function.
( u-v J-Cl x v---C. u-v-Eo v-G-- O
-C- .
-i-
(v--)- -J-* --
a) I/ We welcome you all

b) I/ We extend a warm
welcome to you all
-o.
C - J{--q-Eo -J-* y-E--
J- v E -h C
. C event compere
(event = = n -.
-s, j C -O- J %u,
u, - v-z--xN events)
Compere ( ' \---) =
-/- ----/- N- u-v--x/-C O v-zj v-z--, --, u-v-Eo v~-- J- h
N-J/- N-J-.
TV show compere anchor/ host/
hostess E --- O -E
.
Compere master of ceremonies abbreviation MC
(EMCEE) C \- --, Jh-
c) A warm/very welcome to
all the invitees
d) We take pleasure in welcoming you all
e) It's our privilege to have you all here.
f) Welcome to you all from RamaChandra
(Compere/ EMCEE)
g) Welcoming you all is Ramachandra, on
behalf of...
h) your presence here is our pleasure.
a. If he was late, He would miss the school

bus.
--h --- Eo N
j y-A--a.
\ h---L; Public speaking
p formal C. -E -J
x L-T* -JF p--
vh -B--L.
O Eo -. J-Eo - a
b. If he wasn't late, He wouldn't miss the

school bus.
your presence here is our pleasure..

y-E-----J-F - tE o)
Dear friends, we are celebrating, as you all
know, the 23rd anniversary of the college.
I find it a pleasure to let you know the order
of events that you are going to witness this
evening.
(Nv-, O . -
23 J{--q -Ey---o. O
--o u-v - --.)
We start this evenings proceedings with
welcoming the guests on to the dias. The
celebrations will begin with a prayer by the
college prayer group then follows the welcome address by the President of the college students' society. The next will be the
presentation of garlands and bouquets to
the guests of the evening and others. We
will then listen to a brief report by the Principal of the college's activities and progress
during the year. We will then have Prof
Narayana introducing the Chief Guest, the
renowned scientist, Prof Bhoutik. What follows then is the highlights of the evening's
programme, the Chief Guest's message.
( --A--- C OC y-E--
u-v-Eo v-Gh. 23 J{--q
- - vl% -
v -. y - NuJn
u-~- y---u C.
yA C O o--J p--, a -p-. (Bouquet - pa .) yA , principal E-C-
Nu -q (Academic year) -
v-AE, u--- -J-* principal E-C.
yA v u-v-
u--{. (High light = u--{).
However, then there will be a vote of
thanks proposed by the secretary of the
college students' union, Vidyalankaar after
all this, we are going to be treated to a variety entertainment programme by the students of our college.
( y NuJn u-Jz Nu
-p C. y NN
\%-A u-v- -
Nu-n v-z C. (Treat = N)
Master of Ceremonies .
j C-N- programme
compere N-- Sx h--
Compere v-z- uu n- uu-E- n C.
t Ny , xL-T
compere a. compere a. EMCEE -a. anchor
programme host -a. C
public speaking spoken English
u--i- .
p college anniversary compere
l. compere,
Ramachandra . \ Ramachandra,
College anniversary Celebrations v-u celebrations *a x-l-P* p . Celebrations
v-G---E h uC o-,
- N d- o -LN.
1. v: Good evening, everybody.
2. compere y--J- C C
Nt-J-h-. ', -JC? E v~-
- J -L-- *C.
3. *a J---J-F y-E- Do
welcoming the gathering .
Gathering = event a .
u \ -E--Lq N.
v-z Ey--h-o N-
- J - compere
y-E-- -y-E-C.
4. Programme v--E uC C.
*a x N -
compere NC. --d x --
engage L. - \ compere, V ---o u-v--- --L---- uC Kh
-E-. ( u-v
--v programme line up C
)
*-J T--a. Dear friends, your
patience for a few minutes, before we
begin.
( v-G-- Cl EN- d-a.

O p -E --o.)
-E--Lq N-:
1) y-E- p welcoming Variety h -
v-o:
i) I saw 'a saw is sawing a saw' and such a
saw I never saw. u-nEo -.
ii) He was late. He missed the school bus.
uEo N- h
lesson
Exercise: Practise aloud as many sentences of welcome (General

Welcome) with the help of other
welcome sentences given in the
lesson.
iii a. He died in 1919
b. He was died in 1919.
j--?
iv a. The Examinations will conduct soon.
b. The Examinations will be conducted

soon.
j C p.
a. K~ Bh-g--j-AE(Eo).
b. o K~ Bh-g-E --(Eo).
vi) Brough around - Bring around phrase
E N-J-.
. ---, -X -.
i) Eo Eo .
--- Eo -p -. saw o
l- (--/ -. sawing =
) -\- u.
v)
ii) He was late. He missed the school bus. rewrite as directed

clear
-P-* N
, E. N--C
-p, N a.
a) As/ because/ since he was late, he missed

the school bus.
v-o: To + be form J* N- L--.1.To be take ( let form verb)

2. To be taken (p.p.)
3. To be Interesting (ing form)
4. May be taken
5. Can be taken
6. To be grateful
.-p-, N---
--: To be To be+past participle, infinitive
(to take, to see, etc)
passive
form.
b) If he had been late, he wouldn't (would not)

have missed the school bus.
If he was late, he would miss
the school bus -
O ,
j u .
If he were late, he would

school bus late
late
school bus miss
miss
iii) He died in 1919 correct.

He was died in 1919,
wrong. Die,
verb
object
was (be form)
i) To be take (to be+1st Regular doing

word)
. d E
English
ii)
\ .
To be taken C, to take passive
voice. To be taken n B-x---E-/- B-x-- E.
iv) The exams will conduct

soon =
a) He wants to be taken to a doctor.
K-~ Ey--h E.
K-~ Ey----. --E
- doctor _- B-x---E
-o.)
(
correct sentence, The

exams will be conducted.
b) To be taken in a bus all the way is

not safe.
bus Bx--
~-.)(, ' -
)
iii) To be interesting - to be = ; interesting = -h--. To be interesting =
h -/---h-- -.
iv) May be taken = Bx---a.
v) can be taken = Bx-----/---/---/a
vi) To be grateful = %-c-
miss the
Dn, -

-/ E )
J-T (-
- (
- E
)
If he wasn't late, he wouldn't miss..... C
J-. Dn
J .
v) I passed the exam yesterday.

They passed me in the exam yesterday.
vi)
bring around - J -j-

-, uA- - JE
J DE past tense, brought
around. 'Brough around' English .
- M. SURESAN
- 1 -v--J 2007
-- j---
-x---
267
Ramachandra (Compere/ EMCEE):

May I have your attention, ladies and gentlemen (and my student friends)? All is set
for the evening's programme and we now
begin by inviting our beloved principal, professor Upadesh to take his seat on dais.
Mitra and Charita will escort the principal to
his seat on the dais.
(--, - N. v
u-v--E - lC. v-
principal u -- C--O n
a--E - v
ho. Nv, J - C OC
Bh.)
G- - (attention) C y
u-v v j -v
-u.
u-v v-E l-i y
-- d-- NPd A--
(Chief Guest, Guest of Honour - x)
C OC tE . N
u compering x
jNu h- C. C
OC -- - uhx vA uhF
I request Mr/ Ms so and so to come on to the
dais and take his/ her seat on the dais
E - Lh - . \-\-JE \- y-Eh variety C.

--C \ vocabulary
( c). C \ C-N
hC. jN-u (variety) compering u public speaking --
v!
d) We'll now have the privilege

of...
(Privilege =
vN-L) = vu
/ \.
--hE d, o vocabulary (--)
d, variety -a.
\-J -- direct --a.
a) Sri/ Smt ... , the guest of the evening, will
you please/ would you please/ could you
please come on to the dais?/ take your seat
on the dais?/ grace the dais with your presence?/ honour us with your presence on the
dais?
Chief Guest
of the occasion
guest of the evening/

E .
\-J
It will now be the turn of ..
-v-o: 1. Students

2.
tense
'lesson explanation'
explain L.
How to teach prose, poetry,

novel (non-detailed).
-
j ? N-J-.
.P-- -, AhL
---:
i) Tenses explain
English
Compare
form
English form
-LqC Telugu ,
C ----. Telugu
N-J-. Telugu
,
.
English time of action of the verb
d, verb form explain
. eg: form of the verb in the present
simple tense - write/ writes.

uses: Regular actions of any type.
Give example from real life. Like ..
1) Our school starts everyday at...
May I now invite the chief guest, Vice

Chancellor Dr.Vidyadhik of National
University to grace the dais with his presence? Vinaya and Vignata will conduct him
to his seat on the dais.
( E- C --J--Lq-C
u AC, National University -A,
d Nu-C --o. N, Nc
JE C OC B--h.)
Next, with equal pleasure we look forward to
the presence, on the stage, of Smt
Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate
Education. Ajita and Ajai are requested to
show her to her seat.
(y, -, - Nu N- XA -G C O -Eo --ho. >, - JE C

O B--h.)
Now, Dr Acharya, President, Staff
Association will do us the favour of taking
his seat on the dais. He will be guided to his
seat by Rohini and Rohit.
(u- u-~ d u C
O -u -v L-T-h.
, C O B-h.)
It will now be the turn of Miss Sadhana
President, student's society to be seated on
the dais.
(p C--O -LqC, NuJn

u-~-, J .)
Now the dignitaries on the dais will be garlanded and offered bouquets.
(C-----J-* --F----p p-, p a- h.)

The next on our programme is lighting of the
lamp. May I ask volunteers Neeraja and
Padmaja to assist the chief guest in lighting
the lamp.
( u-v- y uA L-T/ uA vy-. Volunteers F, t- u AC uA L-T-- p-Lq-C --o.)
p C-NC lesson
compering continuation E -h
C . Compere/ EMCEE Ramachandra
- J{--q u-v Ey-- -i
v--NC.
- C OC -E com expression- I request so and so

( JE) to come on to the dais and take
his/ her seat E.
(-E: C = dais - pronunciation - q
- C x .)
Eo NN -
express -a. j Ramchandra's compering \-\-JE \
C O y-E-.
peres
a) I request our beloved principal to take his

seat on the dais.
Important: Compering pd, E-,

h G_- x- u E-,
u ----- , vu y-Lq
\ - v. x-
, Effective x- u.
-v-o:
See through- See off- See out.
Passed out- passed off.
Saw in- saw off- saw of.
phrases
b) May I now invite ... to grace the dais with his

presence (grace =
nEo N-J-.
. ---, X-
L-T-)
c) Next, with equal pleasure, we look forward

to the presence on the stage, of smt susobhita ...
( - ho,
XA -G C O .)
look forward to = v ---.
d) Now Dr Acharya, President, Staff
Association will do us the favour of taking
his seat on the dais.
(y d u C--O j tLo
-v--h - -v-- C
l-, F formal English
-u. favour - American 'favour' - v/ -.
Could you do me a small favour?
h h?/ h?)
e) It will now be the turn of Miss Sadhana ... to
take her seat on the dais.
p NuJn u-~-, J
, C OC .
turn=
N- u-v-E Eo
compere -a.
a) The next to honour us with his/ her presence on the dais is ...
(y C O E y
L-T-- ...)
b) Equally welcome on to the dais is Mr ...
(X ... E y- C OC y-Eho.)
c) We consider it a great privilege to have Sri/
Smt ... on the dais.
(X/ XA ... C O ---

vu--i u-/ -v- J-h.)
---:
See through =
through your plan =
n -. I can see
F plan n --.
See through = transparent = Glass
transparent . Film stars wear see
through clothes = a d (-z- , E E) -.
see off = O\ p He saw him off at
the station.
see out -
expression, English
.
passout: 1)
unconscious); 2)
p % p (become
jE- P~
h- y Military College E
CL}
pass off = ( --)- N
-. The event passed off
peacefully = --/ u-v- /
N v- J-TC.
saw in - English C .
saw off- past tense of see of
saw of - English
-v-o: Explain
the deference between the

usage of 'Too and Also.'
2) You (Your students) attend classes here

from 9 to 4. Ask them to talk of regular
actions using present simple tense.
Similarly explain to them the present continuous tense- 1) Its form am+... ing/
is+...ing/ are+... ing. Its uses: actions
going on nowgive examples from students' experienceYou are listening/ I am teaching/ A class
is going on in this room..., and so on. Try
this with the other tenses.
ii) To teach prose, ask them to read a paragraph and try to understand the idea in it.
Then you check if their understanding is
correct.
(But before their reading the paragraph,
give them the meanings of difficult words.)
Then explain the meaning of each sentence; put them questions now and then.
When all the paras are complete, ask
them questions about the idea in
each para.
How to teach poetry: Read out aloud
to the students the poem. Give the
meanings of difficult words, as used
in the poem. Then read out each line
after putting the words in the prose
order. They will then be able to follow
it more easily. Explain the whole
poem again.
Teaching non detailed: Give the summary
of the chapter you are going to teach. Read
out aloud the chapter para after para explain the meanings of difficult words.
Give the summary of each para.
-v-o: --y O o o N?
. -----J, -j---
---:
'Also' is used in formal English, whereas
'too' is used in spoken English. 'Also' comes
before the main verb or after a 'be form',
whereas too usually comes at the end of the
sentence. eg: I went to Kolkata. I also visited some other places near the city. She
came here and spoke to me too. (end of the
sentence)
uEo Tx- pL?

G. , u
---:
There isn't a correct expression in English
for asking this kind of question, that is, the
exact number of a person/thing in a
sequential order. The nearest to it could
be, what is your number/place among your
siblings? (Siblings= brothers and sisters)
- M. SURESAN
--C 4 -v--J 2007
-- j---
-x---
268

The next item on the programme is welcome address by Kumari Sadhana,
President, Students' Society/ Kumari
Sadhana, President, Students' Society will
welcome the gathering.
(u-v yA , NuJn
u-~-L y -/ p NuJn
u-~- J --
y-A-h.)
Over to Sadhana (p .)
Sadhana:
Thank you. Ramachandra. I consider it a
great honour to welcome, on behalf of our
(p u-~ -ho Principal L -/ J- u N

- -o. y - J{
E-C -Jp-h.)
lessons spoken English - compering and conduct of a meeting

( v-h u--J-, Eo Ey-) C . lesson C continue
ho.
[ Ey- N- -a.
1. lessons h-ox, h C--OC
--Eo-F, EMCEE - compere
. u-~ o-p-, nonpolitical meetings vh --,
u-vE -, v
N-J*, o x C
- Eo pJ- o- -a.
u public speaking d,
preparation -. /
function v--E
u-v Eo N-, List of
invitees/ in the order of their importance,
important details of the invitees with their correct names, position etc., thorough
performance
Without proper
preparation, stage
Stage
(Thank you -v. - -

-s-E, u--AC, National
University -u-~ Dr. Nu-C y
- - N-h-o.
OJ-\ , O -u-i -Eo
N, --G-*- -j u
N-ho. O y.)
As happy I am to welcome too, Smt.
Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate
Education to our function this evening.
She has many achievements to her credit
and she can be role model for us.
Welcome, madam, on behalf of our college
community.
(Commissioner,
Collegiate
Education
XA -G - yE-h-o. C-*N o.
z -. College
- O y.)
My word of welcome goes next to all the
invitees, distinguished men and women
among them, to this function. We welcome
heartily too, the parents of our students.
(y \- Na- ----J,
xx NPd uh o. x
y. \---*a Nu-n Lx--v
y.)
Finally a warm word of welcome to our
beloved Principal, learned lecturers and
the student fraternity.
*- - vEq--, NVc-j
u---, Nu-n---J y.
Welcome to all, once again. Thank you.
(fraternity v-E \ -) =
1. -/ --.
2. %Ah, u--E C uh.
(Teacher fraternity- -u %Ah
o-x.)
Ramachandra:
Thank you, Sadhana. We'll now have the
pleasure of listening to the Principal's
opening remarks as the president of the
function and that will be followed by his
presentation of the college annual report.
OC -, -O -s-* uu
h, -- N d--
Fo h EMCEE/ Compere
C--h-o.
N: v---u-- EMCEE/
Compere v- NPd A
stage O ao y, -u-~- y
vE u-v * Ey----E . p u-~/ u-~
(President) u-v-Eo Ey--- --E
. y EMCEE *-J-- E
. President --. C
u political meetings J B.
compere v \.]
h-oC compere vu
o . NPd A- (special guests) C-j ao y, J-- N---JE
- y-E- v.
y - Welcome address.
NuJn u vA-EC J
yu hC . Welcome address
N- v-h L. *
*J v-u- -- y-Eh.
-- -n --. Kumari
1. What is meant by adverb?

2. What is the meaning of contemptuous?
d-- u.
x hC.
O -x -
O *o -x
C.
G l-N- Eh.
Important: Speak with confidence. G-
o h-o. p --,
----.
I feel it an honour to ..
college, Dr. Vidyadhik, VC, National
University, to the occasion. It certainly is a
rare privilege for us to have you here, Sir,
and to listen to your valuable message.
You are welcome, Sir.
-v-o:
- . -G-, j---
--:
1. Adverb modifies a verb. Verb subject
-E-E -C. E /
- J-TC --L adverb.
He walked slowly ( E-
-) \ verb, walked = -.
-? Answer: Slowly (E-)
d slowly C adverb. Verb ?
(how) E vo a ---
adverb.
He ran fast -
--h?
(How did he run?)

Answer: Fast. So 'fast' is the adverb here.
( self consciousness . C C-h

success.) Speak freely and with ease.
Next, in your Welcome address, while welcoming a person, turn your face towards him
and nod your head.
(-JE y-Ep, x j AJT

- C.)
Public Speaking d E-, -Lq
T, pd (distinctly) x-
-C.
EXERCISE
Practise compering (in English) the birthday party of your friend, use the following points.
2.
(-j o/ j o) \- /
-u / -u-- E.
The whites were contemptuous of the

blacks =
x--x-x x-x -u--
-x.
She is contemptuous of whatever I do =
-- u.
He is contemptuous of cricket =
v- - - -u.
-v-o: In spite of - --N-? -D-Eo -p-
---? ---- --y-.
- Y. Sudhakar, e-mail
1. Call the gathering to order.
--:
(*a x--JE --- t-.)
(May I have your attention, please etc.,)
2. Reminding the invitees of the occasion.
In spite of =
(-sEo h .)
(Begin: 'My dear friends, We are here to
celebrate ...
-)
--p-.
a) Inspite of her treatment by a good doctor, she died.
(* -d ju --p-, E-C.)
b) Inspite of her beauty, she is modest.
3. Welcome all of the invitees.
( o-p-, EJy.)
Sadhana's Welcome address has this order:
4. Express your best wishes to your friend on

behalf of all the invitees.
1. Chief Guest
5. Blowing of the candles, cake cutting.
2. Guest of honour
6. Entertainment and refreshment.
3. Principal
c) Inspite of his starting late, he was able

to catch the train. (
-u ---J-p-, -vi- ---L.)

Inspite of y p, noun -F [sentence (a) and (b)], 'ing' form -F (sentence
c) hC. Inspite of = though.
4. Other invitees and parents

5. Lecturers and other students.
Welcome address variety

-C. \ --
--T Privilege, honour, pleasure, joy (C h \), consider/ deem
(J---) N ux -- l.
1) On behalf of our college community,
a) I consider it/ deem it/ a privilege/ honour
to Welcome the Chief Guest of the
evening, Sir...
b) With immense
(--i)/
late
-v-o:
! late y Mr./ Mrs.

, late y
?
1.
-v-o: E-- uh -
great plea-
sure I Welcome Sir...

c) I find great/ immense pleasure in Welcoming Sir...
d) I now have the pleasure/ privilege of
Welcoming Sir...
e) I feel honoured to Welcome Sir...
f) I feel it an honour to Welcome Sir...
- V. S. Murthy, e-mail.
--: After late, Mr/ Mrs/ Sri is not
-O--E --Tx-- -- --p-L?

i) -- ---.
ii) --- --o ----o-.
iii) --- --- --o --x--o-.
2. as- as -- --Eo ---o? --:
as long as, as much as, as soon as.
used, but 'the' must be used

before 'late'. (The late NT
Rama Rao)
-v-o: I would like to know, is there any simple good course book for English
speaking course. If it is, where can I
get it?
- Ramanarasaiah, e-mail.
--: You will find, 'Living English structure' by Stannard Allen, a very useful book. It is very helpful for learners.
--J-Eo ----- -N--J--.

.--, ----
--:
1. i) He got it/ had it done.
ii) He asked me to do it.
iii) He wanted me to go instead of him.
2.
-L-----o Eo d,
Eo phrase -j -a.
'as - as'
eg: As late as; as recently as, as early

as, as many as, etc.
- M. SURESAN
--- 6 -v--J 2007

u)
-x---
-- j---
269
Ramachandra (EMCEE / Compere):

That was Kumari Sadhana welcoming the
guests of the evening.
Now We'll have president of the evening's
function, our principal making his opening
remarks. It will then be followed by his presentation of the college annual report.
(p -- J
y L-C. p u-~j -v-Eq- L - .
y - J{ E-C -Jph)
After the Principals opening remarks fol-
Prize distribution - that is what is to follow

now, my dear friends. Students who have
shown their merit in various fields will now
have the rare honour of receiving their
prizes from the Guest of Honour, Smt
Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate education.
(-D-E -y- -A v ---C. Nv, NN x vA- v-Jz-*

Nu-n-, XA -G, Commissioner,
Collegiate education, - A v
h.
Susmita and Sekhar will read out the prize
list. alternately.
(t-, -, J -y-
--.)
prizelist
After the prize distribution
q-Eo -E- variety --

C expressions -a.
a) What follows next is the
president's
opening
remarks
(y a--...)
b) We are now going to be treated to a wonderful speech by Sri/Smt... =
1. They have been able to solve the problem.

Structure: have been able to + p.v.
(X/X-A... a- L_ -u-
N ----o)
(are going to be treated to = N y---o. - 'N--o --E --)
(treat= N. ju -- -- -n- -D-Eo
\- ---. -J-x -G--, etc.)
c) Here's what we've been looking forward
2. She might have been able to get their

support.
Structure: might have been able to + p.v.
3. She must have been able to prove them
wrong.
4. Miss Savitri must have been able to incite
him to cause harm to his reputation.
Structure: Must have been able to + p.v.
I have doubts in the above sentences structure. Please clarify.
TO RISE HIGH IN LIFE...
S. Mohinuddin, Kurnool
---:
i) The part 'have been to solve the problem''
of sentence No - 1 is NOT in the structure.
to/waiting anxiously all along the chief

Guest' address =
lowed by college report.

(
vo:
(--A v y)
v-Eq- --u -u y -- J-d --C)

Ramachandra:
You've just heard the principal presenting
the college report. The college has made a
good progress with several of the students
shining in different fields.
(vEq--- E-C No; Nu-n NN

x -C-*- -L-- -- v-A-- --E---E --p-f.) yA .
Ramachandra:
Now, on to our next item - the introduction
of the chief guest by the vice president of
the students' society Mallikarjun.
(- NuJn -u-~ Lx--b

u--A-C-E G-- J- h.)
over to Mallikarjun.
After the introduction of the chief guest
Ramachandra:
Thank you - very much, Madam, for having
taken the trouble to give away as many as
140 prizes both academic and sports. That
must have been a strain- giving away 140
prizes, but we could n't help it as that only
shows such a large number of achievers.
(---, Nu, v -C-*- --Eo --- --*a-- -O --u---. 140

---L-y O v uL. E p. -C vA--o - -u -C)
Now follows vote of thanks - to be proposed by the Secretary of the Students
Society- Niranjan.
(p NuJn u-Jz E-
-p ---C)

(u AC J- y)
Ramachandra:
Well, we've seen from Mallikarjun's introduction that we are very fortunate to have
in our midst this evening, a very great man,
indeed one who can inspire us to rise high
in life. Without further delay let's have his
message. We invite you sir, (Vice chancellor, Dr Vidyadhik of National University).
looking forward your message.
( v u--A-C - -u-o
uh p- -Lxb- J-- y
--o. u
-Eo -- N. O -
-- h, Sx NtLo y-E-ho)
After the chief guest's address

(
u--AC -u y)
Ramachandra:
That was really an inspiring speech by the
chief guest. It's a rare privilege to have listened to such words. May I on behalf of my
student friends assure you, sir, we will try
our best to put into practice your valuable
message.Thank you again and again, sir.
(u--A-C -u - v L_C
C. - N- - -
- -h-C. O -Eo -- d-E --h %--h--E Nun - O h-o. O
j v Eo lessons
ho Compering Continuation j- - -C- .
NuJn u-~-- ' y---u
y, President's Opening remarks- u~ -L - .
Principals annual report, E Prize
Distribution, --C. - y Vote of
thanks- u-v- - D
.
( \-p vote of thanks
President's closing remarks . F
College functions - C
)
- -v announce --p,
Compere, the next item on the programme
is,
E p vA-K
v~-- N--E-- .
-E vA Fo announce --p,
N announce h -C
. - \- s- p--p J- , p---p
--E extemporize (qj ,
size z) h C.
Extemporize:
--- (-s-E
T--x -p-p- -E j--p)
Compering -- -{-- hC.
The next item on the programme -E -v-A-J
--- v-~--- N- ph-C. -v~-x --
- -v- ---h-o -u-AC -u -p N---o)

d) May I now request Sri/Smt... to inspire us
with his / her message, etc., =
(
Sri/Smt...
- pJh L_--Lq-C
---o.)
--h-E-/ ---o vocabulary - -, -j-N-u (variety)j compere -a. O Compere -
O x l event
--E comparing G_- practice
-. p- O * compere .
Exercise:
'have been able to P.V. (passive).

Here, the division of the sentence should be,
'have been able + to solve + the problem. 'to
solve' should be taken as a single unit,
because 'to solve (to + 1st Regular doing
word) is an infinitive.
So the structure of 'have been able to solve
the problem' is: Have been (verb) + able
(adjective) + to solve (infinitive) + the problem (noun/object).
No part of the expression here is in passive
voice. Only an expression with a 'be' form +
past participle (is done, has been given, are
seen etc) is in the passive voice. Same
applies to your other sentences No. 2, 3 & 4.
This is the structure.
--x *J vote of
thanks. -D-E-E --- -p --.
---E *a --J, - N---- Structure of the sentence
-j J %-c- --.
O college students' union Subject
Verb
adjective infinitive
noun etc
Secretary
--E They have been
able
to solve
the problem
p.
She
might
able
to get
their support
-:
have been
1) \ vu o uh She
must
able
to prove
them wrong
, -A \
have been
vu o J * Miss must have been able
to incite
him to cause
thanks - - v
harm
to them
Savithri
u vu *
up v--u-E L.
You see none of your sentences or part of
2) -p (vote of thanks)
them are in passive voice (PV)
u- English v-G,
vo:
'' -p - *a1. After a three day strike, the manage- - C/---C -ment has accepted the workers
*a ---o
demands. j u three days E
(I find it/feel it/deem it a great pleasure
-- --? N-J-.
to...)
T. Sridevi, Dhulipudi
-p = propose/offer
a vote of thanks.
3) - Nu-n-, u---, -u
- -- d--- u- -AC
(, p) %-c-.
4) -- guest of honour XA ... %c-
- N---- ----
a- English vote of thanks p, .
---: V t a three day strike/

correct.
three days' strike-
a) The College reopened after a 15 day holiday = The college reopened after 15 days'
holiday = after 15 days of holidays.
b) The three day conference ended today =
The three days' conference ended today.
- M. SURESAN
- 8 -v--J 2007
-x---
-- j---
270

(After the prize distribution)
Thank you again and again, Madam, for giving away so many prizes. We know it was a
trouble for you standing all the time. Our prize
winners, however, will never forget this honour of receiving the prizes from you.
thanks,
(O Sx Sx
Eo -L*a-. - E-- O v
, E Nu-n O * ---- u p- -*-.)
We won't keep the guests of honour for long.

Now the Vote of thanks to be proposed by the
Secretary of the students' society, Jayanth.
Over to Jayanth.
(y G- principal , lecturers
%-c-. J - -uiC.)
The student volunteers have done a wonderful job organising the whole show. Our thanks
to them too.
(NuJn volunteers - Ey-Jh--

p- . J %-c-.)
We appreciate the services of the public
address system for the neat job that it has
turned out to be. So our thanks to Biggara
mike systems.
(Mike system
E----
. E -Ja G_ mike systems
u--.)
Finally our thanks to all the students of the
college for their part in making the function a
grand success.
Compere:
Hi guys and gals/ every body,
good evening. Welcome to our
buddy Viswanath's birthday.
He is 22 years young today.
We are partying on the occasion. Let's us all make merry.
(Birthday party C u B
- N- informal -C . ---\--
x - -
-a.)
Guys = -x informal.
Gals = --x informal.
Friends, V friend Viswanath d-V. 22 -q- *o
s Party Ey----o.
- -.
Our sincere appreciation of ..
vo: i) Question tags I am writing a letter

Ain't I ? E pL. E, Aren't I?
E ---? N-J-.
ii) Tx vowels - a ---j-
---?
- N.S. Pavan kumar, Vavilapadu.
---:
i) Aren't I?
usage
usage
correct question tag. English

v C . Usage - .
\\-p grammar uA--
a. Grammar rule v, amn't I?
C question tag -L. usage
DE , aren't I? E ----C.
(- 'Eo Fx?/ Eo ? .
Fx/ , 1, 2, 3 E \d, Eo -E correct -?/ Fx? L. ' C grammar 'Eo? (Fx, N-) usage
() usage is more poweful than grammar.
( NPd A \-- ---. NuJn u-Jz p

-p h.)
Jayanth:
I find great pleasure in proposing this vote of
thanks.
On behalf of our college community and on
my behalf I thank from the bottom of my
heart, our Chief Guest, Dr Vidhyadhik, Vice
Chancellor, National University who has
graced the occasion with his presence. We
are certainly aware how busy he is. Inspite of
it he has agreed to come down here, that certainly is a great favour from him. I, also
assure you sir, on behalf of my student fraternity here that we will certainly do our best to
put in practice your valuable message.
( -p -
C. u--AC \- Na, -sE- o *a----, ---E
J -, - % *
u-- L---h-o. N-j Eo p- ------E --h
%--h-E Nu-n -, O h-o.)
Our sincere thanks also go to our guest of
honour Smt Susobhita, Commissioner,
Collegiate education, for having done us the
honour of giving away the prizes. We certainly appreciate, madam, your agreeing readily
to be here, in spite of your busy schedule.
(- Nu commissioner, Smt -G
-A v --v-i N, -E J %-c-. BJ-E u-v---o-p-, yE*
\- O -Eo J{-ho.)
Our other invitees, distinguished citizens of
the city, and that includes the parents deserve
our thanks next. Their presence here has certainly made the occasion grand and we sincerely thank all of them.
( -, --E NPd uh
J Nu-n Lx--v o.
Rx-\- Na -s-E pEo
a. J %-c-.)
deserve = | LT
Our thanks also to our beloved principal and
the lecturers of the college. Their guidance
and co operation at every stage was very
valuable.
(*-J N- ---o
Nu-n---J u--.)
Compering
Meeting
thanks
E -- ---o
.
E * -i Vote of
( -p)
. -p C compere
E-. n -C-* u---j
h. - N--E-h NuJn u-Jz
(Secretary)F,
h u-Jz (Joint
Secretary) F h.
lesson exercise , lesson
*a Vote of thanks, model B--a.
, u- --E . -hE --T*, variety -*--L-T
-C. Vote of thanks -E *J
. Rx- mood .
-E Vote of thanks -h-- - C vu-. -E ,
thanks , JE E --E
y-E-, E x Ey--*- thanks E p, Vote of thanks
effective hC.
Thanks , -- --T*,
bore d thanks --L-T
expressions:
OE h--E, jNu .
1)
2)
3)
4)
I/ We thank Sri/ Smt ...

Our thanks are also due to ...
Our thanks go to ...
Our sincere appreciation of Sri/ Smt ... for
his/ her ...
( N)
5) We are grateful to Sri/ Smt ...
(grateful =
6) Our sincere gratitude to/ We express our
gratitute to Sri/ Smt ... (gratitude =
7) We are deeply obliged to Sri/ Smt ...
(obliged = grateful =
8) We appreciate the services of ... (appreciate =
9) Our deep debt of gratitude to Sri/ Smt ...
(debt of gratitude =
10) Words cannot express our gratitude to ...
%-c LT )
%-c)
%-c LT )
-)
%-c )
( J -- p--p 20
years old . F x 22 years young )
(merry - -)
Now that all our pals are here let's begin.
Viswanath will now blow off the candles, and
let's all sing 'Happy birthday to you'. So the
candles are out now. Slice the cake
Viswanath.
( Nv-- o . v-Gl. Ny y-h- -h. Happy birth

day to you . y-h--J----p.
Ny-, cake cut .)
Let us have a slice of cake each, and have a
drink. To the health of our dear Viswanath. On
your behalf, pals, and on behalf of our elders
here, I wish our beloved Viswanath, a very
happy birthday and many returns of the
same. May he give us many many more parties.
( A cake \. y drink
B. Ny- u .
(English v- J -u-
F-.) o---J
-, \-o l-J -, Ny-
happy birthday, V S} S} -E
--o/ . Party Ly-E
-.)
Let's have some fun, friends. I'm sure
Gayathri will give us a song. Gayathri- come
on, you song.
( N . vA --E
t. vA F NE-.)
item y item informal
announce h }a.
EXERCISE
birth day party T--Eo compere

practice . English G_-
C - .
1) Well, that's the end of
2) That brings to a close
3) That concludes
4) One more item and that is, etc.
(J-x o %-c --)

-s-Cl o- p-a.
Lesson no 268 O *a exercise O
friend birthday party E compere -E. C
O practice O --Eo La
-.
-E: Birthday party --- dinner

a-x-, u--u compere,
-- dinner h-, p
dinner B-E }-E --L.
D practice .
ii) a, e, i, o and u -
N vowels.
N - (Fo -L) a
. a, e, i, o, u -
letters a , 1) abstemious,
2) facetious. 1) abstemious (- d-N-)
= A F- N- - controlled
= J-N--i A, F-
B--/ h -n L x----.
2) facetious = ( -) \ -
= serious o-p, -o
- jokes h , C s
-, p x facetious.
vo: i) I do not send my son to your college

I cannot send my son to your college
j ux C jC? -s do;
can -?
ii) 'Let the devil die of cold' DE n--N?
iii) Rules or marking stress -
Jh---?
eg: Cousin, pollution, lady, official
x stress marks \ dL?
lA ---.
o --, .
---:
i) I do not send my son to your college =
college
s-E .
I cannot send my son to your college =

college
college
s-E -. (O
E \ fees x/- -j ---- x etc.)
can = (n u --L verb)
I can sing = --.
ii) Let the devil die of cold= t-_-E
L-/- - x F (-n).
iii) Rules of Marking Stress- C Stress
--C-*- h- y, English News
Telecasts (NDTV, CNB, etc) N y
- O hC.
cousin- cou () syllable O
stress.
pollution -
u- O stress.
\ -.
official- -- ' O stress.
lady=
- M. SURESAN
--E- 10 -v--J 2007
Komal: You seen to have reached home late

last night. Why?
-x---
271
Syamal: The meeting went off very well yesterday, didn't it? The conference
room of the hotel was good too.
(Eo meeting - J-TC

? Hotel E conference room
- C C)
Komal: Ofcourse it did, but for some
remarks the Chief guest had made.
(u AC - Eo uu
p* J-TC.)
Syamal: What were they? I don't exactly
remember.
(O?
correct
-- j---
(Eo y -u J--do. ?)
Syamal: I had gone halfway across when I
remembered that I had left my
sweater in the conference room. So
I went back to the hotel to fetch it.
(
room
- --}-J conference
sweeter -*---E
h-*aC. Sx hotel Rx a-o)
Komal: Did you clear the hotel bill?

(Hotel bill
a-?)
Lx- u p,
N.
clear =
bills
Syamal: They wouldn't accept a cheque, so I

paid across the counter.
(x cheque B, -E
\ s Lx-)
h)
p -----oC,
-J-*:
,
- h \.
Eo -
--Jh
- - - -uEo (conversational ease) ---C.
1) across - --J Dn f
E. English DEo v -j * - -o --j,
\- --.
spoken English
across
Natural, simple
spoken English
across
Real life
situations
across
expressions
vo:
i) lose, loose
verb conjugation
O n
ii) 1) The IInd world war ended in 1945

(was ended)
a) Swimming across the Krishna is not an

easy job =
%g-C ( f *
f-/- -j * -j-
--i E-)
b) The distance he swam measures a

Kilometre across =
-C- O
C. (C f f * f)
- -a-J-L?
N-J---.
2) The IInd world war was ended in

1945.
- u d?
iii) Interview L-E vo- N
L- E pL. Interviewers
N -C-L?
- -T. Srinivas, Penumantra
---:
I don't like people talking out of turn
i) Lose -
-d--.
(Verb)
Lose (Present) - Lost (Past) - Lost (Past

Participle)
He lost his bag (Bag
-d--o)
Don't lose your money =

Komal: His talking of his son's achievements. That was out of place certainly.

dialogue above:
1) That was out of place certainly.
( - p--. C
*a- -s C)
2) .... I went into the reception across the conference hall.
Syamal: I must have missed that part of the

speech, and thank God I did. Just at
that time I went into the reception
across the conference hall to see
the manager. What did he say?
3) That his son holds the records for swimming

across the Krishna in the shortest time.
( -u- -
miss u-L. A-- miss
. time conference hall
- o hotel office -}
manager ----.
p?)
Komal: That his son holds the records for
swimming across the Krishna in the
shortest time so far.
(%g--CE A \ time - --C record E)

Syamal: Well, that is something to feel proud
of.
(C Jy--_ N---?)
Komal: And that this has come in all the

newspapers and TV Channels
across the country .
(
news papers, TV channels
N h
*a-E)
Syamal: Yes, I remember now. The distance

he swam measures a kilometre
across from bank to bank.
(, p h-*aC. f *
f C O-)
Komal: That many be great, but I don't like people talking out of turn. I hate to listen to
people talking high of themselves. I felt
like hitting him across the face.
(C p a. F -j
--s x- N -Ld . E -O d-E-*-C- )
Syamal: I noticed the smile that spread
across his face when someone
referred to his son at the end of the
meeting.
(Meeting *- -- -
-J--* vh-Nh O
*-y - --E)
4) And that this has come in all the news

papers and TV channels across the country.
c) The room measures 20 feet across =
F s -d-.
C -j * --j 20 .
d) Halfway across the river he couldn't
swim any more. He had to be helped
across to the shore =
C a-J ----. -E N
C --E Lq*aC.
2) Across = v h
a) students across the country went on

strike =
5) I don't like people talking out of turn.
hE Nu-n--
t .
6) I felt like hitting him across the face.
b) People across the country were

shocked at the Nithari killings =
7) The distance he swam measures a KM

across from bank to bank.
8) I noticed the smile that spread across his
face.
9) I had gone half way across.
10) I paid across the counter.
First of all, let's take the two expressions,
out of place, and out of turn.
Out of place = Out of turn =
--s-i
a) Clapping hands and garlanding are out of

place at a condolence meeting =
px d,
(C Oo x) -s-E TN
.
b) His jokes were out of place in such a serious situation = (

jokes
jokes
H--i J-n-A
--s o.
J-)
Out of turn = n, --s --
p-x, -- p-x vJh--/--x-.
E
(\
a) He was talking out of turn most of the time,

as though he were drunk =
, T--, --- --s x--

o.
b) I hope I am not talking out of turn, but what

you are doing isn't good =
o A/
--s x---o- -L, E O h-oC *C.
Out of turn n, v
A-v-N*
a) The minister got the house site alloted out

of turn =
vA v ,
v- - n p---o.
b) The out of turn allotment was questioned

in the house =
v - N -- vPo-.
EJ
u x h v--
CvsA .
c) (from the conversation): This has come

in all the newspapers and TV channels
across the country =
TV
channels
N
hO Eo hvA--x, Eo
- a-E.
3) Across the face = O (On the
face, n O l,
\-. across the face -\ .)
Loose:
- o
(Loose - adj)
She wore a loose skirt -
-- -j C.
Loose, adjective d conjugation .
ii) The IInd World War ended in 1945 correct. II IInd
II
second
2 nd
the
second World War
World War II
correct.
The second World War
--p,
E
.
E -a.
-
o-p-, --p
E
F
E
C--p
-L.
iii) Interview j vo -
--L--, I am sorry/ I'm afraid I don't
know the answer E ph *C.
Interview skills J* y- N-Jh.
I felt like hitting him across the face =
E O d--E--*C .
felt like = (j -E) E-.
I noticed the smile spreading across his
face =
E O --o *-y
.
The shirt is a bit tight across the chest =
B _ h G- C shirt.
4) Half way across = (a-p--/*ay)
a) Half way across he remembered he
hadn't brought any money =

a-p- -E h-*aC s -E)
b) He felt ill, and he left the theatre half way

across the movie =
x -E*
E u- Rx--.
5. Across the counter = (u s)
counter _ Lx-
a) Crossed cheques can't be cashed across

the counter= Crossed cheques
counter
bank
Gs-y (Eo
-E)
b) A day may come when you may buy a

synthetic heart across a medical shop
counter =
shop counter
_
s Lx* %vA V
a.
vo:
Till, until
N? Since, for p
-.
- -- P. Sambasiva Rao, Visakhapatnam
---:
i) till
until O . --E -E
-a.
ii) since -- time *, --
V/ / -q * E.
For --, Eo V/
/ -q-- E n. :
a) India has been independent since
1947 (1947
India has been independent
for the past/ the last 59 years. (59
* y-v
C) =
x y-v C)
b) Tendulkar has played/ has been playing cricket since 1989/ for the past/
last 17 years.
since p point of time - (*
n), for p period of time (Eo
V/ - n- .)
- M. SURESAN
--- 12 -v--J 2007

affect =
effect =
-x---
272
Vilakshana:
Hi Nirikshana, this is our last day at college. No knowing when we can meet
again. Parting is painful, isn't it? (College
C *-J-V. Sx p --- L-. N-- -- ?)

Nirikshana:
Why? We can still be meeting, can't we?
What stops us?
(? -- a ? N-f?)
Vilakshana:
I mean we can't, this way, as students.
students
(-,
-- j---
Sx ----E.)
v ;
-x .
to come into
The anti dowry law came into effect more

than ten years ago =
-o uA- d
x -x *aC.
Academic = Nu -C-*/ Nu-h.
What books and subjects a student

should study is an academic matter =
NuJn h-, N- u---C Nu N.

Not all the members of a university senate are good academics = university senate
u-- * Nu--h--.
Vilakshana:
Replace = h BE E--
h --y.
2) How good they are at
putting across even complex ideas to students
put across =
explain
N-J-/
N-D--J-/
a) He put across his ideas to me in a convincing manner =
a-N- E
--- N-J-. (E N--x E -- a.)
b) I put across to my father my idea of buying

a car = car
- -- o
There you are right of course. Our student

days will remain only as sweet memories.
correct.
( N y
NuJn V
B--h-- --.)
Vilakshana:
But what a great college we've been in (I)
doubt very much if we can come across
such an institution. The instruction, the system, the environment- why? Everything
about it is good.
college
(F p
o . \ , lA, - --N? college j

C.)
Nirikshana:
Especially the lecturers and professors how good they are at putting across to students even complex ideas, without an
exception every teacher here reaches out
to the students with ease.
lecturers, professors
(u \
x-d- i -
, - Nu-n- N-J--; u-- , p.)
complex = x-d-
i, with ease = d-
vo -x ---, without an
exception = p-. reach out
= x -- --.
Yea. I've heard of it. They are going to collect

this extra fee for the personality development
course they are going to offer. I feel that's a
good step and so the fee rise is justified.
Vilakshana:
I can't agree with you more.
(yo
p--o.)
expression, I can't agree with you
more =
F Jh --N-ho
English conversation NE-hC. O practice .
Nirikshana:
Certainly. Their teaching cuts across students of varying abilities.
(E. x
Nu-n n u n
Eo Nu-n n---C.)
Vilakshana:
That's true. Ours is a college in demand.
college
college.)
(E.
* T o
Nirikshana:
A piece of bad news. It doesn't affect us,
though. The college has raised the fees
across the board for all students of all
courses; to come into effect from the next
academic year.
students
fees
( h,
-. J
-C.
a Nu -q * -x hC.)
(. No-C. vA class -
C---o personality development
(uhy N) course C -
h-o. .
justify = -Jn-.
justified = -n-F--i; -j-.
Nirikshana:
The course is good for career making people like us. At interviews and group discussions, to get across our ideas to the others,
we need that kind of training.
(u-
%hx v-P-----J C . Interviews , Group discussions
-- G-v- --
pd L-----E P~ ---.)
Vilakshana:
OK, Niri. Time that I left. See you again.
Keep calling. (OK
Phone
EK. E-p- Rx-h.)

--LqC. Sx l.
Nirikshana: OK, bye.
i) I saw him enter the room

I saw him entering the room
?
) C v-P- .
G) C- v-Ph -E .
ii) Seniority - antonym N?
XE-, --t.
N-J-.
c) It is the cost of the project that may discourage him. Anyway put it across to him and
see. = project
u u Eo \
-a. -E N-J* .
... to get across our ideas to others ...

Nirikshana:
vo:
across
expressions
expressions
conversation
simple
lesson
across
expressions
a
- --F,
x
-
-. J-Eo
-E
---o.
conversation between Vilakshana and
Nirikshana.
1) I doubt very much if we can come across
such an institution
2) ... how good they are at putting across to
students even complex ideas
3) Their teaching cuts across students of
varying abilities.
4) ... to get across our ideas to others, we
need that kind of training.
1) Come across =
/ (j)
-/ ---. come across C
English common.
a) It is very difficult to come across a person

like Mahatma Gandhi =
-t--D-
uhE d .
b) You don't come across elephants in cold
countries =
Q x - E--.
c) Rarely do we come across shops offering

replacement of goods with no questions
asked =
shops
o h-- vo
--\ a
- h.
3) Their teaching cuts across students of

varying abilities =
NN n u n-o
Nu-n nu JC.
cut across = NGo _- u* o
a) Protest and shock against the Nithari

killings cut across party lines =
party
party,
party
EJ u-x E-, Cvs, Eo

(
E ) u-*C.
b) Cutting across caste distinctions every one

protested against the mass killing of tribals
in the area =
_, _ E
( N-~ ) vA-x A
v -- -.
mass killing = -. tribals = -A
v.
c) Cutting across all kinds of groups, people

rose as one person to fight the enemy =
N-- E-- v-- \-J

v- -.
4) ... to get across our ideas to others we

need that kind of training =
G-v -- pd L--
P~ -.
get across = h-- -
-J uh---.
a) To succeed in an interview you should get

across your points to the interviewer =
Interview
interviewer
L.
N--E - / pd N-J---LT
b) Get the idea across to him that he is no

longer wanted here =
-E-\ -----E n u p.
c) I am unable to get this simple point across

to him =
*o N -E--n--ux
p---o.
put across, get across . ,
get across, put across o stronger.
n--x p get it across.
EXERCISE
Speak aloud sentences on the following

pattern.
Subject
What he says
Verb
is
Complement etc.
interesting.
( \ subject , 'wh'
clause.)
example:
How he does it will be known only to me.
---:
i) I saw him enter the room
entering the room
n, I saw him
. - .
ii) Seniority antonym . seniority
C age , experience -C*C
d younger in age & experience E
-a. antonym .
vo:
j O- N x-L?
Tense x-L? Eo Tenses -T--a? : Republic day -s
-- meeting p.
O- u-~, u A--CE,
l- - -C-L? JE --Jh
x-L. NJ-.
- T. Ramana Rao, Palakol.
---:
Meeting
- tense x-L C
x N-Eod- C.
Republic Day -s x- ,
Republic Day
v--huEo
J*
x---p,
Republic Day d--y-h--, past tense h, N
d. Republic Day
q -V -Ey---
programme j--,
--~- , present
tense. t a Republic Day
-~, J-, future tense.
O--T N vo- - Lesson
Nos 265 to 270 .
vo:
i) India need to bowling in the evening.
question
need
Helping verb
question
uEo N
L.
C
. DE
a?
ii) I do work. Sentence N-
question L?
- -, t
---:
i) India need to bowling in the eveningsentence
India need(s) to bowl in
the evening
correct. India team
India needs to bowl
India
India
need to bowl
sentences
need (s) main verb.
Need
question
India bowl in the evening?
need, helping verb
example. Need you go there now?
J-.
J--h,
;
d-E v--- J--h
.
Do
E
h
-C.
( y x-Lq - ?)
ii) 'Do you work here?'

Yes, I do work here.
Sentence
verb
object
do work here'
\ work verb.
. \ 'I
n E-\ Eh,
h E \p.
I do work= Eh o- work=
E n--, do object -C. C
C question answer: What do you
do? DE Answer: I do work. (I do maths
).
E
- M. SURESAN
---- 14 -v--J 2007
Abhilash: Oh, are they? If I had become a

doctor, many more would have
been alive.
-x---
-- j---
273
Abhilash: How's your dad?
was) discharged from hospital the

day before (yesterday.)
( --od. pvA *
o N- .)
( o discharge
u. Conversational English
\-J 'He's = he is' omit h.
the day before yesterday E
Jh , the day before
.)
After somebody/ something.
(-? doctor u
-C -A---x)
Animish: You and your jokes.
(O o o?)
Animish: (He's = He is) near normal. (He
4. Most corporate hospitals

are after money.
(-y, F
= -JE/ N-Eo
>-\---.
a) He is after a good career.
jokes.)
* %Ah u
v-Ao-h-o/ >-\-----E v-Aoh-o.
after -\---, N -j, common.

p after, after combinations -
l:
b) Most young men and women are after

computer jobs.
-C B - computer jobs
- ---o.
uh N p--p He is
after you F h-o F
E -d l- n C.
Look at the following expressions from

the dialogue above.
1) May be because of the after effects of the
drugs he has been taking.
2) How about the after care services of the
hospital?
c) The enemies were after him.
(N--E - C)
Animish: He's been advised complete rest
for another week, though. He is
still very weak. May be because of
the after effects of the drugs he's
been taking.
(, - Jh NvA
B--E . F/ -- o.
B--o - yA v
x-.)
Abhilash: How about the after care services
of the hospital?
( p-vA ju yA
-?)
Animish: Excellent. They look after their
patients well. Rather rare these
days of corporate hospitals which
are mostly after money.
( C. Patients s
corporate hospitals o
Vx h .)
Corporate hospitals = -u--
ju-o-C
p-v.
Abhilash: (Do) you mean their fees are low?
( x
fees
\--?)
Animish: Not low, but not high either. You

get your money's worth of treatment there.
(\---, E \--.
-d a T ju
G-hC.)
worth = N
Abhilash: Had I had my will, I would have
become a doctor. Medicine was
the course after my heart, but dad
wouldn't just let me do it.
3) They look after their patients well.
5. After some one's heart.
4) ... corporate hospitals which are after

money.
a) It's a song after my heart.
1. After effects:
N \-
x a L-/ - j L L- u s-.
a) Lack of appetite and nausea are the after

effects of antibiotics.
A- J ---- (*)/ L ---, a-x-E--, antibiotics

-y- a L-. Nausea
() = a feeling (
Ap) Nauseate = d-.
Antibiotics = Bacteria (~ t-@--)
. O * 'cin' E
hC. (After effects side effects E
.)
b) People are yet to recover from the after
effects of the year before the last's tsunami.
C C O
v- * v-L --.
(-E-: effects of tsunami = O
vu~ v - E--, x,
x N d---, v, h d.
After effects of tsunami = O ~/
D`--L v- = y p-J
H-J, Eq--, u N.)
c) Some Japanese are still suffering from the

after effects of radiation.
Radiation ~ v-- C
-R} ----o.
2. After care = ju y
T J* B- v-h.
a) I am always regular about the after care
measures my doctor has suggested.
doctor *-* ju- v-h

N --p- v-- .
b) The after care services of the hospital are poor.
ju-- N- pvA -y-.

vh B--
(u uh u N-).
3. Look after = Take care =
( d-v-- u, E-p-
doctor u--E. Medicine
d-i course. F o
o Medicine -E-y-.)
Animish: Thank God he wouldn't. Many persons are still alive.
( Eo medicine -E-y-- *--C. -C

--A o.)
a) My sister looked after me when I was ill.
s op sister o
-C/ -u C/ C.
b) Its parents having been washed away by the
floods, there is none to look after the child.
Lx--v - d---- Gf
--x- .
b) It's a place after her heart.
C *a v.
EXERCISE: VOCABULARY EXERCISE.
Match the words under A with their meanings under B.
A
B
1. walk
B. Check
2. pull
C. Tug
3. watch
D. Observe
4. instruct
E. Trek
5. verify
6. signify
Answer: A - 4 B - 5 C - 2 D - 3 E - 1.
vo:
i) burial, fire, ... require, retire, ..
nunciation
ii)
pronunciation
-O
pro-
---.
-- _ --JE
-.
-? E
u, h-
---:
i)
pronunciation
a) cat, bag, rat, bank a
ho
L
lEo ~ U -L----ho. : cat -
-- U cat l
n L.
b) bird x 'ir' l English
vu. l *---E > h- -o. : Bird - > curd - >.
c) - E ~ O ' ' h
~ L lEo \ -.
burial - J- fire - general- v
interrupt- -d.
(~ ' ' h lEo \ -L
*-hC). marry - J mature -
measure - (, pleasure ' )
murder- > murmur- > owe -
require - Jy retire - J scatter \> sorry - J survive - - tire .
ii) -- --J =
burial ground/ grave yard/ cemetery
keeper.
L .
ii) The UPA deputy secretary said Sonia

Gandhi will visit quake hit areas.
sub-clause would visit
u
-yL ! N-J---.
.., o
In both the sentences above, no dates/

days are mentioned. So, change, 'said' in
both the sentences into, 'has said', and the
sentences will be absolutely correct. The
tense of has said is present tense, and the
sub clause verbs being also in present
tense, there would be nothing wrong with
the sentences. But the sentences as read
by the news reader, and as quoted by you
are wrong.
C d-i--.
A. Teach
You have raised a very good doubt.
d-.
5) Medicine was the course after my heart.
i) Mr.Natwar Singh said though India is

supporting ... there is no compromise.
is
was
---:
v- ---o.
After some one's heart

Abhilash: (It's) good to hear that.
vo:
Suppose the dates/ days of their saying

are mentioned. Then in the first sentence
'is supporting' is correct as
it is a present action likely
to continue into the future,
but, the second verb 'is no
compromise' should be
changed into, 'would be
no compromise', as the
idea is indicative of future
'is no compromise' is certainly incorrect on the part of the news
reader.
In the case of (ii) Sonia Gandhi would visit
is correct. The news reader is wrong in
reading as 'will visit'.
You have raised a very good doubt and
clarifying it is my pleasure. Look at the following sentence:
He told me yesterday that he is a bank
manager here.
(Eo p , -E-\,
o-E).
Branch Manager
The verb 'is'
in the sub clause, though the MC Verb told
is in the past tense is correct.
That's so because not only when
he told me yesterday, but also
now he is here and likely, in future too, he
will be here. Cases like this are exceptions
to the rule. Refer also to spoken English
lessons Nos. 135, 136, 137 and 138.
vo:
i)
Tx x---E, --E -
Eo h J--C?
ii) Being -- p-.
. --yx, *---
---:
i) Oxford/ Longman's dictionaries
'defining vocabulary'
list
*
E
C.
a- , -
x---E.
ii) Being = x, -x E.
Being tall, he can play well = _
x/ ---- x
--.
- M. SURESAN
--v- 16 -v--J 2007
-- j---
1) Along -
-x---
274
Prasad: Hi Prakash, good to see you. I'm (I

am) driving to selall super stores for a bit of
shopping. How about coming along? Along
with the shopping we can have a bite and
some hot coffee to warm our bodies.
(Eo - C.
Shopping l-E selall super stores (Car
) -o. -? Shopping
h j AE, Lo a----- h coffee .
Drive = j motor (Bus/ Car/
Two wheeler) x. \ Car.
(\ n) j *
j (/ - N)
a) He walked along the road =
( *J * *J j) -.
b) I looked along the buildings for the one I
wanted =
building
Lo j * -j
\---
.
2) along - .
a) There are trees along the beach - beach
x-o.
b) There are beautiful buildings along the right

side of the road = Road
-j- (j ) -i d---o.
3) along - ---* .
a) His office is along the road from the theatre

office road
theatre
(Theatre
C.
j)
/
o
a) Suman: How is she coming

along in her studies?
( vA/ G%Cl/ Progress C?)

Naveen: Oh, she is coming
along fine. She is the topper
in her class.
progress
class
(
C.
first)
b) Things are coming along well for him in his

career =
E %Ah u-x Eo N-
-E / - ---o.
c) The movie is coming along nicely says the

director =
E h-E/ h-E z----o.
5) I'll be along whenever he wants me =
p - -p--h.
\ expression = be along = \--j
.
How about coming along?

Prakash: Who's that next to you in the car?
Oh, Pramod, it's you? Well, I don't mind, but I
have some work at a place further down the
road. I have a bit of shopping to do too. After
that you return and I'll walk along.
(Car
F \ ? v, y? Car
O h, F road h
C. shopping L. shopping --y y AJT Rx, *
Rx-.)
Prasad: (Do) you mean you will walk back all

the distance?
(Sx h * h--?)
Prakash: Don't worry, from there my uncle will
take me along to the railway station where we
have to receive our cousin. After that he will
drop me home.
( y--. \--* uncle o

railway station B---,
cousin station receive ---.
y o x C---.)
Prasad: How is your uncle's building coming
along? It's massive structure. When is it likely
to be completed?
(O uncle -o building -- *aC?

K d C. p h--C?)
Prakash: It's almost complete. He wants your
advice on the colour scheme because you
are an architect.
( h-C. N - F -L, y architect d.)

Architect Building
plan, - u N L- h-PLp.
Prasad: I'll be along whenever he wants me,
though I prefer a Sunday.
(--p t p h. C \ -u C.)
Prakash: He wants flowering plants inside,
along the walls enclosing the building.
(Building
d o -\- -E ---o.)
Prasad: I'll help him select the plants too. OK.

Come along. Let's go.
( Plants/ \ - --
-h. . l.)
Conversational English
along,
NE-
a combinations.
-- .
Along n, -- p --.
b) The X Ray room is along the corridor from

the consulting room =
(doctor
consulting room
a) Go ahead. I'll (I will) be along in a few minutes =

the dialogue above.
c) He will be along soon. We can discuss the

matter with him. =
-
)
(v-C C) * - -j q C C.
1) How about coming along?

2) I'll walk along.
3) My uncle will take me along to the railway
station.
4) How is your uncle's building coming along?
5) I'll be along whenever he wants me.
6) He wants flowering plants inside, along the
walls enclosing the building.
1) coming along =
L/ --.

-? (, E)
a) How about coming along? =
b) We are going to a movie; come along =
ho. y h?
y h.
N E Ja--a.
, along with C.
Dn '.
a) The building along with its expensive furniture was sold for a small amount = Furniture
building
\ t-.
b) The man along with his wife and children

were killed in the accident =
, u-x v- --.
O along a . Practice .
EXERCISE
Ram:
F -JE B--a?
l-JE. cousin , friend .
Ram: Rx-l-JF p car B--}?
Prem: . Car ?
Ram: E, h -E-a.
(cramped = )
Prem: l-. . (drive )
Ram: O father operation y o?
Prem: ---o. Eo * A---L-
.
Ram: C.
Prem: l?
Ram: road R} ' u---
_ --j A-. x-LqC,
u--- j h o
Prem:
Eho, .
c) Wherever he goes, his dog goes along =
-\- h \ \---hC.
2) Walk/ go/ move along = -J--}.
a) He walked along without listening to what I
was saying =
pC NE---- - (-J) Rx--.
b) Move along. You are obstructing others =
. (, ). ----fT-h-o.
c) He drove along looking at the lines of faces
on either side =
car
-j- o
-- Rx--.
Walk/ go/ move along - -L-- L
\ along x on
-a.
Let's move along = Let's move on =
l.
He drove along = He drove on =
y . Cl EN-x h.
b) I'm (I am) going for a walk. Will you be along?

=
walking
-Eo
-- Rx--.
3) My uncle will take me along to the railway
station =
railway station
u/ / l-o
o
B---.
a) He takes his dog along on his morning walks

=
morning walk
}--
\ B---.
Take along = L B--x.
b) Take along some books on the journey =
v (----) F- Eo
h- B-}.
4) How's your uncle's building coming along? =
uncle
O
d - *aC? (E vA
C?)
building.
ANSWER
Ram: Who did you bring along?
Prem: Two. My cousin and another friend.
Ram: Have we to take them along in the car?
(Do we have to ... ?)
Prem: Yes. The car can hold all of us, can't it?
(hold =
Ram: It does, of course, but we may feel a little cramped.
Prem: Let's adjust. Let's drive along.
Ram: How is your father after the operation?
Prem: He is coming along fine. He was able to
move about too, yesterday.
Ram: Good.
Prem: How do we go now?
Ram: We drive along this road and turn left at
Subham Kalyana Mandapam. The
place we've to go to is along the street
from Subham.
d)
vo:
preposin, - N-J--.
2. Rather than, remains closed from - O
n, --T N p.
3. Depend upon, Depend on N?
4. So that nEo --- p.
. --yx, CL1.
In order to, In respect of ..

tions
--:
In order to =
, .
In order to meet the CM, he went to

Hyderabad (CM
----
j-- x)
You have to work hard in order to get a
good rank.
rank
(*
a---,
% L)
In order to --- 'to' J-C. C simple natural C.
In order to u,
v-C. -- *C.
In respect of = J*, - \-J-E, -C-*. expression business, official language \ -.
Money in respect of the work already done
has been paid =
-- h-
E, s Lx--.
The teacher did not say anything in respect
stuof the absentee students = class
dents
teacher
E
p-.
In respect of O-- -
*C (In order to ). In respect
of -Lq concerning F, about F
*C - simple.
2) Rather than - E--d
E --E-/
-E E Dn.
-J-*
a) Rather than go to a matinee in this hot

sun, I will sit at home and watch the TV =
matinee
TV

x E
--} / ,
h-.
b) He'd rather have a cooled drink than coffee-
x F d--f.
x, y _- C
-E a-p- than . Rather than
v .
Remains closed - C.
The college remains closed from today =
V * C. (Will remain
closed E -a)
3) Depend on/ depend upon - - .
sentence * depend *a--
upon, better.
He depends on me for everything.
In times of need, be sure that I am here for
you to depend upon.
(- *a--p,
y ---- -o-E ..)
4) So that
C purpose (l-Eo)
-C.
He looked the room so that no one could

enter it.
( v-P-- -
C d)
He put the money in the bank so that it

might be safe
bank
(s v-h -/
)
-E Eo
He walked fast so that he might not miss

the bus = Bus miss
- -
-.
So that --x to F, to be able
to F simple C. Eo-x .
- M. SURESAN
--C- 18 -v--J 2007
Niranjan: I am sure too there wasn't any

error from our side. The mistake
must be at the H.O. itself.
-x---
-- j---
275
( -j * -
E *a o. -
head office L.)
Niranjan: Hi Nirupama, you are late again.
Nirupama: I will check up once again.
(E-, y Sx u.)
Nirupama: Sorry sir, I was caught up in a
nasty traffic jam. The flyover
under construction is holding up
the traffic. Vehicles were moving
at a snail's pace.
traffic jam
(Sorry,
flyover
-i
Et-\--. \
x --Fo h- -.)
Nasty - Ad- -i/ -i/ ...
etc. snail's pace = snail = h; pace = .
( Sx h.)
'At'
\. C -- .
- v 'at'
n hC.
At home ( ), at college, at office, at
the theatre - -x, v-- E.
Time at --E E
n.
At 4 PM, at 6 PM, at 7 in the morning.
b) You think you can get the

car cheap. At any rate it's
not going to be less than
Rs. 3 lac. =
car
(
-
-u-E ---o.
-i C F 3 ~
-- \--)
3) At any cost d J- n-- x-j.
a) I must reach the place at 9 at any cost =
d J-n-x \ 9 x -L.
b) You will meet him there at any cost even
before I start =
-----E-o
d J-n-A-x-j y-Eo -h.
c) He wants to see her out of job at any cost

=
J-n-A--j, lA x,
u - -----o-.
He is good at cricket
Niranjan: Even the construction of the flyover is at a snail's pace. God
knows when it will be complete.
E/ / h/
o.
(Flyover
Et h--
-C. p h--
- L-L.)
Nirupama: I usually start at home at 9
expecting to be here at 9.45. But
from tomorrow onwards I'll start a
little earlier. At any rate not later
than 8.45.
(- Ex 9 --- \- 9.45 x aE.

E --* h ---. --, 8.45 ----.)
Niranjan: That's good. There are three
more reports to be got ready. At
any cost they must be over by 4
this evening.
(*. reports l
Lq o. -i N
-T--x h-L.)
Nirupama: At all costs they will be ready by 4
sir.
(-i Fo -T-
---.)
Niranjan: OK. I know you'll do it. When you
are around, I feel at ease.
(, y -h-E.
y _- * .)
Nirupama: Thank you, sir.
Niranjan: Look here, Nirupama. There's a
small problem - a complaint from
our head office - one of the
reports we sent last week, they
say, is at odds with the one we
had sent earlier. How did that
happen?
( *o u Head office x
* compliant
reports
-- report
Go E. J-TC?
b) I am at my cousin's/ aunt's etc. =

cousin/ aunt
o.
J C 's --a.
He is right now at Ramesh's = -E-p
o. (Ramesh's home/
house -\--.)
at the moment = ~/ p.
Kumar: Hello, who's it please?
Kesav: I am Kesav. Can I speak to
Sadanand?
Kumar: He is very busy at the moment. I'm
afraid he can't take your call. Can
you leave a message?
At all costs = at any cost - Both are same.
at
h E
a) He is good at cricket =
---
cricket
-.
b) She is poor at understanding others =
---n ---. ( h-)

c) He is clever at getting help from others =
-- - L-N---.
lesson.
1) Vehicles were moving at a snail's pace =
- h-- -h-o. ( E)
a) Work on the flyover is progressing at a
snail's pace = Flyover
--
-h-o.
Nirupama: I'm sure it's not our fault. I checked

and rechecked all the reports
before I sent them. I sat for three
hours at a stretch to make sure
that nothing was wrong.
b) His book will take a long time to complete.

He is writing at a snail's pace =
(C p--E *a
t--o. -
--E -
E N- .)
a) I will try to start as early as I can, at any

rate not later than 8 =
E h
h---E -C.
E- h-o.
2) At any rate. -i, .
O-- y
---- v-Aoh. -i 8
(y ).
n:
1) '/ E, 2) _--, --j.
1) He gave it to her ()
feel at ease/ be at ease = feel relaxed/ be free

from worry =
worry
Nv-A,
a) You'll get what you want. Feel at ease/ be

at ease =
worry
F\--LqC hC. -l--/

.
b) With the police any where around, he

could never feel at ease = Police
x
\-j _-, -E nN- .
c) He is never at ease when he sees some

one happier than he/ him =
-E- o--x--J-j h -E
. ({u)
E J* -- ao.
, E.
At a stretch = break
-- 72 -- N
%d-.
, -
b) She lectured for three hours at a stretch =
-- 3 -- -u--*C.
Fo common phrases. Practice .
vo: Enter y into preposition -lE

. Eo ux -- ---C.
Into N-J---.
xt _-J x.
'.
Please come with me =
.
-J-* ii) \
a) I know of (= about = -J-*)
iii) of = 1)
this.
We are entering into London.
-J-*)
\ This is the property
of my friend. (E \)
iv) from = *, away = .
O phrases E to, with,
of, prepositions vu- n-. N phrases .
prepositions Fo \ h.
1. According to = v
2. Agreeably to - C- Agreeable to
C. n t.
(He is agreeable to my proposal - vA- p--o-/- C -E t.)
3. Along with =
b)
The house along with its furniture has

been sold =
x,
furniture
4. Away from =
t-.
.
He lived in a small village away from

towns and cities -
-- *o
v E--.
5. Because of = -x
Because of his laziness he failed
=
J x
-/ E -.
Take permission before enter into the room..
He succeeded by dint of/ by means of his

hard work
(%--x/- % -)
- --
--.-u, --C---
8. By reason of =
---:
Enter
y into -sEod C.
v-- v-P- , enter
, into . ---/ N--/
p--E C enter into .
a) Enter a place (room, college, town, etc)

b) enter into a conversation/ discussion/ agreement
1. Entering into the new session
session
He knew of it yesterday itself

(of=
6 &7) By dint of = By means -
Enter into the new session.
E h- ?
_- -*C.
ii) with
y _- * /
J a-.
a) He established a record for nonstop

singing by singing for 72 hours at a stretch
=
record
j y
n hC.
i) 'to' preposition
5) When you are around, I feel at ease =
At war, at peace, at some distance at
---:
3) The boy went to his mother =
6) I sat for three hours at a stretch over it =
at Rs. 60 a dozen, at a speed of 50 Kmph

(Kilometres per hour), etc.
- Phrase prepositions -J-* ---

-N--J--.
.---, --_-
-j/
(x
( ~ busy
o. O x--. j
p--?)
\- n, E hC.
j rate at .
According to, Agreeably to, Along with,

Away from, Because of, By dint of, By
means of, By reason of, By way of,
Conformably to, For the sake of .
2) She walked to the classroom = classroom

class room
to = towards)
4) At all costs they will be ready by 4 PM.
J-n-AE ---E .
a) He is at work/ play/ lunch/ dinner/ a party party
vo:
correct.
-T-.
2. We are entering into London

entering London - correct
J-,
We are
3. Take permission before enter into the room Take permission before you enter
the room - correct.
J-.
India entered into an agreement with

America into
By means of their quarrel, they lost their

money =
x x - s
-d--o.
9. By way of - i) N-/- -E .
We had bread and fruit by way of lunch
= bread,
x lunch B-o.
bread, x B-o.
10. conformably to: English .
11. for the sake of = --.
= lunch
a) He murdered the child for the sake of

a few thousand rupees =
Eo
- Gf u .
b) He came here for the sake of a job,
u \- a.
n for the sake of = for.
-.
- M. SURESAN
--- 20 -v--J 2007
-x---
276
Saran: Visal, You appear busy. (Are you)

going somewhere?
busy
(-
---o. \-j h-o?)
Visal: Yes. I'm going for a bit of shopping.

(
shopping
. h
/ h-o)
-- j---
l-E -l-
Saran: I'm not surprised. Whenever I see

you, you are out shopping. I'm afraid
that at this rate hardly anything will
be left for others to buy.
( a-u . Eo -p
shopping --E h
---.)
Temptation = -{.
Resist - vA---/ \ d--.
The drunkard cannot resist the temptation of
the bottle.
(- -u -{ d--.)
The bottle = -u)
Saran: OK. Good luck in your attempts to
spend less.
Visal: You don't buy as much as I do, but I
find your clothes very good. I must say
you have good taste.
( o y--. F F d
- -. F G-* *C E
p p.)
Saran: I don't know all that. I Select my
clothes at random. No pick and
choose as you do.
2) What you say is at odds

with what I observe you
doing .
(
y p--C --C - -
-G-o --C.- -- --Eh-o)(F - -
)
At odds with = Go/
E/ uA--i.
vo: Spoken English - direct simple --L -?I don't see eye to eye with
you in that matter -- --- I disagree- I differ with you --E I am with you
there - --- I agree with you- -
-J---C -?
a) His behaviour is at odds with his words =
E v-h E - Go C.
b) What he says is at odds with what the
press has reported =
h-oD, h vA-x *aD

o.
3) I selected my clothes at random
At random =
selection
G. Madhusudan, Suryapet
-- :
l-A . u C
N- --.
I AM AT SEA WHAT TO WEAR
O pC correct. repetition avoid

--E conversation variety
p--p, idiomatic expressions (I
don't see eye to eye with you) -a.
-N -p --L--x-\ C n C %d - communication free C.
o:
-. N/ B shops
- ---- - N--
E -- C)
Visal: (Do you) Know what my old man/ dad
says? ''If you shop at this rate, you'll
(you will) end up penniless''
( o-- ? y
shopping h y j
E.)
(Old man \ o E. yvA* dad u--J- ----.
-- --
\ E).
Penniless = A j/ *Lx y
. Penny = British currency .
Plural - pence. 100 pence = 1 pound
Saran: If you don't mind, so do I feel too. I
find you spending quite a lot on
clothes and other avoidable things.
Why don't you check your spending
spree?
(y ---, \ EphC. d O, ----i

h---O y -a ---.
F Na--N a- h - d--?)
Spree: (j ) NAOJ .
Spending spree = - NA-OJ a
Eating spree = (-) NAO-J
A. They are on a betting spree = }
NA-OJ bet h-o. Last lesson
binge . D, spree .
Visal: I've (I have) controlled myself a lot. In
the last few weeks I haven't spent as
much as I did earlier
control
(
-o.
-* --- -a
d-.)
Saran: No. What you say is at odds with

what I observe you doing. Just yesterday you added one more pair of
jeans to the twenty odd pairs you
have.
( . y-o E, h-o-E . -- --Eh-o. Eo- Eo, Fo 20 j *

jeans jeans ).
twenty odd = -j j/ j + *x.
The book costs a hundred odd rupees.
(
Visal: I am at it, Saran. I can't resist the
temptation to buy a thing when I like it.
h - *x)
( E O/ v-o- o.
j h *a C - J-
(- -L-. *-N Select

-. -d-d L,
L E -.)
Pick and choose = -\--- -N/ *a-N
v Select --
Visal: In spite of the many clothes I buy,
Some times I am at sea what to wear
for an occasion. Too many clothes to
choose from.
(Eo d- ---o-p-, j
-sE - --- --L--E --- . K \ d-x*
select -- d
.)
Saran: So, the lesson is cut down your
spendiing.
(d : F a--T_-)
Visal: From now on I will be at it sincererly
(p- --* -p-Jh EO- )

Conversation english
at
- common
N-E- a--J-Eo expressions l.
1) I'm afraid that at this rate hardly anything

will be left for others to buy.
2) What you say is at odds with what I
observe you doing.
3) I am at it/ I will be at it.
4) I select my clothes at random.
5) In spite of the many clothes I buy some
times I am at sea what to wear for an occasion.
1) I'm afraid that at this rate hardly anything
will be left for others to buy
(
--T/ N -
---N--.)
At this rate = J-T/ --T
a) Pollution is growing day by day at this rate
the world will be a dead place in some
countries =
u V V J-T-C. --T Eo x-
v -N --C.
b) We are cutting off forests. At this rate wild

life will be extinct in no time.
(
-- J--ho. ----T
u-%- --J-*--.)
extinct = J
- * , wild life =u-%-
c) You are making to many enimies at this
rate there will be none to support you.
(
y K \ --C-E --v-- -o. --T F l y-E .)
a) The teacher selected ten students at random from the class =

teacher class
-* C--CE ( -l-A--) o-o vAC---
b) I picked up these shirts at random =

shits
Select
4) I am at it/ I will be at it =
o.
E O o/ E O .
E O/ v-o .
To be at it =
a) You've asked me to tidy up the home and
I am at it.
(y -o- x l--o, E O
o.)
Hemanth: I've asked you to choose a good
house that I can buy. Do you
remember?
select
( - x
o-. F h?)
--
Vasanth: Sure. I do. I am at it
(*a- hC. E O o)
Sumanth: Make sure you finish the work by
the week end.
(--E --j- E h--

)
Ananth: From now on I will be at it and won't
rest until it is done.
(p--* E O , -E
h-u -- Nv-N-)
I want it done immediately. Be at it = E
--L. E O .
*o expression, at it, english -
common. practice .
5) ... I am at sea what to wear =
C --- M--.
To be at sea = u ME --
nA/ D- E- nA.
a) I am at sea about what to do next =
y u ME nA o-o.
b) With the loss he has sustained in business
he is at see how to recover =
u- d C, --
-- --E.
Exercise: Match the words under A with
their meanigs under B
B
A. Speed
1. bank
B. jump
2 frugal
C. depend
3. rapid
D. Economical
E. extravagant
4. dive
F. fast
5. pace
G. unhealthy.
Answers 1.C 2.D 3.F 4.B 5.A
A
1) p t p F h?
2) Ea-o F Ea-L.
3) Eo O N o j-- x--o-.
4) -J x--
J x---?
5) o- O %g
o ---o-.
6) p E F
L.
j Expressions --x-o-, t-o-,
x--, - -
--i Tx- - p ?
Krishna, Vizianagaram
-- :
i) Will you come whenever I want you/tell you
to come.
ii) You must stand up when I ask you to
stand up.
iii) It seems yesterday you wanted me to go
with Ravi to Hyderabad.
(It seems yesterday you said that? should
go with Ravi to Hyderabad).
iv) Will you talk to any one who I want you
to/ask you to talk to.
v) It seems (that) the day before yesterday
you wanted Krishna to see/meet me
today.
vi) When I ask you to do some thing, you
must do it at once.
It seems/you seem
sentences
x--o-, E '
-a. N j
.
o: :
1) I married - I got married -?double V3 --Th?
2) English Alphabet G, ,- , ->,- E --a-J? , , -, , E a-J-?
G. Madhava Reddy, Devarakonda
-- :
i) I married
I married her / him/that girl, etc
I got married
Got main verb
married - past participle
-JE, E M . -j-
E
. \
L.
d
-.
eg: He got beaten thoroughly - s
Ao. Get N-i -J-*
J lessons --.
ii) - a-Jp b, c, d, g
. a, e, i, o, u Ja-- , ,
ese, value vowel sound d
-.
- M. SURESAN
- 22 -v--J 2007
Harsha: I'd hear no more of it. You are staying

the whole time with me. That's all.
-x---
277
(
N----. y \-o x -o. .)
Sasir:
(y.
v J-TC?
o?)
Fine. Thank you. How are you and your

people?
C---E Nv
o?)
Harsha: Busy as always- trying to catch criminals at large. Right now he is after a
bank robber gang.
(p-- BJ-- o p- A--o x . p---p Bank x-d d- v-o

o.)
(. O- -o?)
Harsha: Fine too. You appear travel weary. I

suggest we go home and you take
rest.
(-. y v -L
o-d-o. -l, y NvA
B.)
(travel weary = v -L)
OK. By the way, how's our old friend

and Police inspector Sankar?
Police
inspector Sankar
(.
Harsha: Hi Sasir, welcome. How was the journey? How's everybody?
Sasir:
-- j---
Sasir:
He is at his best when he is out hunting criminals. I've heard he is going to

be awarded one of the police awards.
2) I can stay at any hotel at

company's expense.
At someone's expense:
s/ a.
a) I am staying in this hotel at
my company's expense =
Company
hotel
a F
o.
vo: u-xE --, -J-
b) Ministers, MLAs, MPs and government officials travel and enjoy all kinds of comforts at
MLA
MP
public expense =
v,
,
,
vy C-- v-- v-
h, Eo --N-h.
c) I went there at my own expense = s
a d- -\- x.
3) At the same time =
n / -.
You are at it again

Sasir:
I certainly am. Three hours on flight

followed by a whole day's train journey. Quite tedious. Where are you
going to put me up?
( E.
\ p---?)
Put some body up = -J p
Harsha: Where else? At my home. You stay
there. You feel absolutely at home.
(--x d- v-o -n
u--J-h. -E- police medal
h-E No.)
Harsha: So he is. We are really happy about it,
aren't we?
Sasir:
Sasir:
Thank you. No other suits me so well.

But I am here on my company's business. I can stay at any expensive
hotel at company's expense.
Harsha: True. I understand that, but we can't

have each other's company. No more of
it. Let's drive home at once.
(E, n--C, E E-l L-- ?

N . --l- .)
Sasir: As you please. At the same time I want

you to be my guest for a day. So I'll
move to a good hotel tomorrow night
and stay there till the day after.
(F d.
--y\ V A-C .
d v -j Hotel
, x \ .)
Harsha: Oh come on Sasir. You stay the whole

time with me. (
. y
a) He did help me, of course; at the sametime

he hasn't repaid the money he has borrowed
from me =
Convey my congrats to him. On my

next visit I'll meet him.
Congrats
b) Her voice was good, at the same time her

accent was horrible =
Spoken English
at a expressions
ho ? p J-Eo expressions.
dialogue above.
1) You feel absolutely at home.
2) I can stay at any hotel at company's
expenses.
3) At the sametime I want you to be my guest
for a day.
4) You are at it again.
5) Busy... always trying to catch criminals at large.
6) He is at his best when he is out hunting criminals
1) You feel absolutely at home:
At home -- JE J*
xo x x E.
a) He is at home in the evenings =
x .)
Sasir:
You are at it again- playing the good

host and entertaining company. But
you deprive me of the money I can get
from my company.
(Sx E ho * Au-Eo*a o--

. x
company * a s pd
h-o.)
playing = n . C----J
. Playing v - E
. NTR played Lord Krishna in a number
of movies = NTR *vx %g- . E @N- j v Ey-, play. Playing the good host = * Au-N-a- v - * Au a- .
Entertain - Dn N L-T-. \
n; A--, -v --a--x
--.
He is good at entertaining company =
company
--.
v (x) x .
b) They left their children at home =
x xLo x x C--.
-- In my
E , at
.)
'At home' \ n: A-- x
---l/ O x / ---l/ sC l E p.
Feel at home during your stay = y-o- ----- free .
(A-C ) (sC l/ s-C
feel yl.)
I am quite at home here = -\ h E---. -u C. sC .
'At home' n, j L_
---/ subject n ---.
(Spoken English
house, In their house, etc.,
home
a) He is quite at home with maths =
a x
Don't entertain him =
-E d--l.
(E \- o -l/ -E
yl E.)
- x-, N -.
E.
\ n
(, C ?)
(-E
p. F-J *a--p
Eo ---.)
(-\. x. \ . F\ Jh y-v -a.)
You can't be talking and listening at the same

time.
(but)
h.
b) She is at home with singing that kind of
songs =
--i ,
_ Bo p Lx--.
C,
a- v .
c) She was able to pay the bill, at the same

time she was angry at the bill amount = Bill
bill
Lx---L-TC , l h
p-*C.
4) You are at it again = y Sx h-o.
be at it = Sx .
a) You are at it again - eating sweets, though
the doctor told you not to =
Doctor
B A,
Sx h-o
lo .
b) He is at it again. He has cut class and gone

to a movie =
Class
Sx h-o
_d
E---x.
5) Busy ... always trying to catch criminals
at large =
busy
p A--o --x d o.
at large = p- A--o (-x,
v% N)
--
a) The suspected murderer of the child is still at

large =
Gf uh o
K o.
b) The bank robbers are still at large = Bank
x--d Rx K o/ M---
*\-/ p- A---o.
c) The people in the village are scared of a
panther at large =
v v v---
A--o *---L J* ----o.
Panther = *--L. scare = L-T-.
6) He is at his best when he is out hunting
criminals =
-n- N- E
p- -h/ ----C.
at one's best = J p ---.
He is at his best while acting tragic roles =
v -- E p- -h.
tragic = --Ji.
role = (-/ E-x) v.
Exercise: Match words under A with their

meanings under B
A: 1. cunning 2. disgrace 3. kernel 4. omen
5. offspring
B: A. portent B. dishonest C. children D.
shame E. central part (of an idea) F. geyser.
-J-* -N--J--.
. --yx, K--
--:
Four kinds of sentences.
1) Statement
2) Questions- two kinds of questions:
i) 'wh' questions (questions beginning with
what, when, where, why, how etc)
ii) Non 'wh' questions- questions without
'wh' words like what, when, where, etc.
3) Imperative sentences. (orders, requests, etc)
4) Exclamations- sentences expressing surprise/ any sudden feeling.
Word order (order of words) in the different kinds of sentences.
1) Statement:
eg: He is my friend
Word order: He (subject) + is (verb) + my
friend
Word order of a statement: Subject + verb
That is, in a statement, the subject comes
first and the verb next.
2) Questions - Word order.
a) Wh questions:
i) Where is he?
Word order: Where (Wh word)
+ is (verb) + he (subject)
ii) Where are you going?
Word order: Where (Wh word) + are
(Helping verb) + you (subject) + going?
(Main verb). If a verb has two or more
words in it, the first word is the helping
verb, and the other words, the main verb.
b) Non wh questions:
i) Are they here? Word order: Are (verb) +
they (subject) + here
ii) Are they coming? Word order: Helping
Are (Helping verb) + they (subject) +
coming? (Main verb)
Question word order:
i) Wh word + verb + subject
ii) Wh word+Helping verb+subject+Main verb
iii) Verb + subject
iv) Helping verb + subject + Main verb
Difference in the word orders of statement and question: A statement has
always the subject before the verb. A question (whether wh question or non wh question) has verb before the subject, or the subject after the helping verb (subject in
between the helping verb and the main verb)
3) Imperative sentence: orders/ requests, etc.
In all these sentences, the subject is
always, you, which is not mentioned.
eg: i) (you) get out
ii) (you) please come in.
Word order: (You) - subject + get (Verb)
4) Exclamations: Sentences expressing surprise or sudden feelings:
a) What a leader he was! (He was a very
great leader.)
Word order: What (wh word) + a leader
(noun) + he (subject) + was! (verb)
b) How tall he is! (= He is very tall)
Word order: How (wh word) + tall (adj) +
he (sub) + is! (verb)
c) How slowly he walks! (He walks very
slowly)
Word order: How (Wh word) + slowly
(adverb) + he (sub) + walks! (verb)
So the word order in an exclamation:
Wh word + Noun/ Adjective/ adverb + sub
+ verb.
These are word orders in the 4 kinds of
sentences.
KEY: 1.B 2.D 3.E 4.A 5.C.

- M. SURESAN
--C- 25 -v--J 2007
-x---
278
Subhash: Oh ... you are back. What a relief! I

missed you a lot during your absence and lot
has happened since you left.
(t... AJ-a. ! y - Eo
miss u. J-TC .)
Prabhas: I missed you too. I am happy to be

miss
back.
(Eo
----o.)
-- j---
u. AJ--*a--
Subhash: There was a lot of back biting here

about you. People were saying behind your
back, things they dare not say in your presence.
(F F J* Eo --o. F
ju p-E F o.)
N - -. Back
n --J . n
-. back O E ?
He carried the bag on his back=
*E O O .
back \ n C .
He took it back with him =
Eo \ B--x (AJT B--x)

Ka, sofa -
back. She leant on the back of the chair=
Ka -E aC. (The back of sofa)
N --C L- 'back' n.
Back , behind : Back --j.
a) He sat at the back of the bus =
Bus
b) There was a small car behind the bus =
car
Bus
--j a-o.
*o
C.
(Back up
Computer program
Disk
Copy
The computer program has been
backed up = Computer program
copy
n
- -F,
F o --Eo
.
h--
.)
vo:
4) Ramana is behind all this =
DE--
h C.
to be behind =
E --u uh/
N-.
a) The Police are yet to know whose hand is
behind the Sanjhautha Express blast =
express
police
x J h
--L--.
There was a lot of back biting ..

Prabhas: Who said all that and what did they
say? Didn't you try to check them?
(
oC? -o? x y --E vAo--?)
Subhash: I was backing you up whenever they

indulged in backbiting about you. But none
could stop them.
(x F J* x- Eo -Jn-h o. E x
----.)
indulge in = j E--
Indulge in drink =
indulge in vice = u-- -
indulge in violence = -bu-E p-
Prabhas: I now know who they are it must be

Rohit and Roshan. I know the reason too.
(
... p L-C x-.. , -j
L. o x Ad--E
.)
Subhash: You've guessed a right. But why? (F
j. F Ad Eo?)
Prabhas: They wanted me to recommend
them for inclusion in the team. They are very
poor players and so I couldn't. They continued to pester me and I told them to get off my
back. That must have offended them. (Team
a----E x q --o.
x * players . -E x
recommend ----. x o
--, o N-T---lE d p.
C x p* C.)
pester = E---i -JE -
Subhash: Correct. They were saying a lot
many things about you. But at the back of
their minds there perhaps was the feeling that
they had been ignored.
(x o
E, x - -~--o
-a.) But I think Ramana is
behind all this, egging them on. F x
a--, DE o-E --o.
egg on = a--d.
Prabhas: Why perhaps? That is exactly at the

back of their mind.
(-? - x o -- .)
Subhash: Now that you've come back you can

talk to them and settle things.
(y AJ--a
d x x Fo J-\ --a.)
At the back side of the room there was a dog
a u-p--i n --.
Room back side . At the back of the
room there was a dog = Room \
C. There was a dog at his back = E
\ C. There was dog behind the bus - bus
(bus ) \ C)
p back a J-Eo expressions l.
1) You are back/ I am happy to be back
2) There was a lot of back biting about you
3) I was backing you up
4) Ramana is behind all this
5) I told them to get off my back
6) But at the back of their minds was the feeling that they had been ignored.
1) You are back/ I am happy to be back.
phrase, be back =
\
-\--/ AJ-T--.
a) My father was back from Tirupathi yesterday
o Eo A-A * AJ--a.
b) When will you be back?
y Sx p AJ--h?
c) I leave for college at 10 and am back home
at 4 =
college
(Back home
Back to
home
Back at home
C-
AJ--h.
p.
-, -T-
.
)
2) There was a lot of back biting about you

=
y -p F J* (F L--)
x-.
a) Only a coward indulges in back biting = J-} - -~ x---.
(coward = \ -
= J--)
b) He does a lot of back biting about every
body =
j -- back o expressions E- . Natural conversational English

back, back a expressions o.
b) Maoists are behind the blasting of the police

station = Police station
La- N-d
h C.
(Maoist - correct pronunciation:
3) I was backing you up =
Eo -Jnh o.
back up = l-A-y/ -Jn-
a) Krishna always backed up the Pandavas =
j u-E Thumb nail sketch L

*v E n j
? DEo --T-L?
N. Satyam Emerald, Adilabad.
:
Thumb nail sketch n O-ox
U *v . Give me/ Let
me have a thumb nail sketch of the person
you've met
ux Dn y
--o uhE -J-* xh Jg E
uh / -- E.
The magazine gives thumbnail sketches of
the Padmasri award winners this year =
-q tX -\- C -J
~h N- magazine o.
vo: Begin, Start, Commence u
---. lest -p should p-E--J
? - M Prakasa Rao,
5) I told them to get off my back =
o -l/ C-l E x p
(o-C--u- E p.)
a) Please get off my back. I can't give you any
money now =
p o-C-. F-pO -Gs-y-.

-j N---d- j -T
p-* p *-
Please get off my back/ Get off my back.
b) Get off my back. Don't trouble me anymore
with your requests =
o-C--. O u-n-- o N-T--.

c) The tourist told the beggars to get off his
back =
tourist
d--x R}--t-o.
6) But at the back of their mind was the feeling that they had been ignored =
Visakhapatnam
Begin, start, com-
mence
-- n
. commence
u bookish and formal.
conversation - . Begin, start
E -a Eo-x.
begin o spoken English start
- \.
lest y should hC, plain
infinitive hC.
a) He started early lest he should miss the
train = He started early lest he miss the
train. (He
should
miss
plain infinitive
-E-.)
b) He wore a sweater lest he should catch cold

= He wore a sweater lest he catch cold.
vo:
} ~u--d--o } -
C.
At the back of one's mind =
J -q o -/ J/ l,
etc.
a) At the back of his mind is his desire to be
elected =
Eo--- J E - C.
b) His absence from the meeting is a surprise.
No one knows what is at the back of his
mind =
-E- -- a-u. E
(--E) l -J --.
EXERCISE
Match the words under A with their meanings under B
A
1. Delicious
A. bodily (of the body)
2. explode
B. raise
3. embrace
C. burst
4. lift
D. hug
5. physical
E. tasty
b) If God could be seen, and if God were to

come down, he would back me up.
-Eh, CT h, o -Jn-h.
c) She always backs her husband up = -
p h -Jn-hC.
Nd;
-d .)
vA- x --L--
p - -.
X%-g--p- -- -Jn-.
Prabhas: OK. Let's see.
( -x n back side E
-C N. back , back side
C. back L-
E, backside j n -)
Could you draw a 'thumbnail sketch' of

what you mean by that? Talk about the
issue of displacement and rehabilitation.
F. tender
G. scientific
KEY: 1-E 2-C
3-D
4-B
5- A.
i) A book exhibition is going to be held

(Future).
book exhibition will be held
h
-D-E-E A
E -a?
ii) 'To be' particular -?
E a verb tense -L?
S. Nagamani, Beechupally
v-z Ey-----C
: i) A book exhibition is going to be held;

A book exhibition will be held.
future
will be held
going to be held
An exhibition will be held =

-. ,
o
\ *a.
Ey----C. (--*a )
An exhibition is going to be held = Ey----C (*a DE -J-* )
ii) To be E future :
a) He is going to be/ will be here in a few days
(He is going to be
will be
b) The bride to be has yet to buy her saris =
C,
\ *a)
Rx <--E Lq C)
c) This is to be your diet until you are cured =
F ----u- C F u ( B J-N ) ---C/- -L.

To be p future -. will be,
shall be, would be, should be Fo to be
o Eo N v, j a), b)
c) sentences L future
-. O\--- -- -N---
Eenadu website - ---.
- M. SURESAN
--- 27 -v--J 2007

concede
-x---
-- j---
279
Pradhan: What's the time now?

Vardhan: Nine exactly by my watch.
( v NtC.)
v.
by my watch =
(-) = t-A-
).
Vardhan: Why so? (-E?)
Pradhan: We demanded that they raise the

pay from a back date, but they
wouldn't. They wanted to avoid paying us the back wages.
( * -o. F x
(-u) U--J--,
* *---x a _-d--E)
Pradhan: Nine already! How time flies! Thanks

for a well spent hour. I must rush to
office. I've (I have) a lot of back log
to clear. I suppose it will keep me
busy till the week end.
Vardhan: Yea; now I remember. I read about

the trouble in your company in the
back number of a finance journal.
(p Nt--. -
--- F thanks.
Rx-L. --- E
(... h-hC. O F
v J* Jn vA
*- C-.)
Pradhan: You're
right.
It
must
be
the
glad to see the back of something/ someone=
Rx--/ N
-- --.
a) Who won't be glad to see
the back of corruption.
(N-FA %-u-- -J--d ?)

b) Every opposition leader will be glad to see
the back of ruling party.
(vB N-~- C-- o Kd Rx--Eo J{-h-.)

c) He was glad to see the back of the guest.
(AC Rx-- --.)

4) They have back tracked on their offer.
(Rx-h-o E--d-- x.)

Back track on offer/ promise/ word =
y/ l/ E--d----
-vo: i) Shopping -d-C?

ii) I saw/ I did see
x C d?
- plural p.
--L--d y-N-, -A-p--Lx, -K-.
: i) shop . /
x h- d shopping
. a) shop = /
b) shop = -E h- .
iii) Miss, Mister, Mrs
a) I bought these things at/ in that shop =
- h- o.
I've a lot of back log to clear

C. --dL. E-x
-- - G@ -E .) well spent = -.
to clear = --Jh oE-E -Jh .
Vardhan: You usually sweat it out. Why don't
you take it easy for a change.
(- y v---.
F p---i -J L_ B-a ?)
sweat it out= -a v--
December issue of it. OK. I must be

going. See you.
(y pC d. C -
* uL. }L. h)
[ [ [
Spoken English back a A-i
expressions J* ---o .
the dialogue above.
1) I've a lot of back log to clear
2) The boss is always on our back
Pradhan: What do you know? The boss is

always on our back; he forgets we
are understaffed. If I don't clear the
back log, I'll be shown the door. It's
as serious as that.
3) Most of us at the office will be glad to see the

back of him.
(C h-u- ---. sC \ o
N Ja---. - E
Jh----,
Rx--t-.
N J-.)
(To be) shown the door = - x--.
6) They wanted to avoid paying us back wages.
Vardhan: I thought your boss was the good

sort.
(O *- -o.)
sort = type =
Pradhan: Good Sort! No other boss can be as

nasty as he. Most of us at the office
will be very glad to see the back of
him.
(! t-_ . - C
Rx- --h.)
Nasty = t-_-i.
Vardhan: Perhaps your pay is good.
(O @ --)
Pradhan: Who'd grudge if the pay were as
good as the work? what we get is a
pittance.
(v _/ E --i @
--? -C
\.)
pittance = \ s. - q '
\ -
Vardhan: Then demand a rise.
(-E .)
A rise=
Pradhan: We did and they conceded. But they

have back tracked on their offer of a
20% rise in wages.
( . -u UJ*C. -F 20 -
N- Rx-*a-- O \
x/ --a)
4) They have back tracked on their offer

5) We demanded that they raise the pay from a
back date...
1) I've a lot of back log to clear =
E Jh Lq C.
back log = (E N) ----N.
a) In every LPG shop/ gas agency, there is a
lot of back log, So you'd (you had) better
book in advance.
(vA gas agency p- book o --C - Lq C. E - Cylinder book --

*C. ( book E o cylinder E -E-x, back log \))
b) The back log of applicants for the issue of
licences is yet to be cleared. So I'd better
apply now so that I can get the licence three
months later .
a) The party has back tracked on the policy of

free power for all the farmers.
(j---J *Nu N E--d- Kd/Kd JaC/

pC.)
b) He back tracked on his word of pardon.
(~N-h-E o E--d--.)
5) We demanded that the raise of wages
from a back date.
2) The boss is always on our back
( p ---- E --E.)
be on some one's back = E J
- E-----/ --d.
a) My dad's on my back about getting married.
So I am seeking a job in a distance place.
(R} --E o -o. -E j v u-

v-Ao-ho.)
b) She was on her husband's back about costly jewellery. He ran into debts to satisfy her.
(K-j h --d--J,
J Ba--E p----u.)
3) Most of us will be glad to see the back of
him.
( Rx- ---x
-C o.)
s-o-p h- -.
ii) Miss, Mrs, Mr. - O plural x
. - . Mr plural
Messrs E C. E DEE M/s company x C company
x uh x -.
eg: M/s Gopal and Krishna, M/s Syamlal &
Sons,
Company
Messrs
iii) I saw, I did see -
N.
uh x -p
.
x,
correct. I saw (the movie last

night) =
I did see
(the movie...) =
.
E \
( D * - -E p. ( --- N? *a
.)
n)
Back date = V/ C.
I did see him go out = - x
a) Raju wanted the teacher to issue him a cer n.
tificate with a back date.
(-C Jd-- y-E V - v-o: -C-- -- ---.
1. Passenger - traveller
.)
b) Kumari issued a cheque carrying a back
date.
6) They wanted to avoid paying us back
wages .
(J D o *aC.)
(D * y _-d-E -o.back wages = (Back date * j @- -.)

a) The court struck down his removal from service and ordered the company to pay him
back wages.
(E u * -T- d dC; @- -- Lx--C.)

b) He spent the back wages on his daughter's
marriage.
( @ -- J Rx .)
7) back number =
back number
a) I came across your photo in one of the back
numbers of the magazine.
vA *-
( jq -h d-o
x G h-. p kx h
-j hC.)
b) Only when we have money we can shop =
( vA *- x F .)
b) Kumar could not get the back number of the
magazine.
(
-u-@- *- - \ -.)
Exercise
Match the words under A with their meanings
under B
A
B
1) Rural
A) small
2) quiet
B) of villages
3) harm
C) calm
4) polite
D) hurt
5) minute
E) simple
F) courteous
G) complicated
Key: 1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.F; 5.A.
2. Attender - Attendant
. p--J, N--o
: Traveller o passenger o v-- n hC. Traveller
v- - n
English \ -. --
- v-- n C.
Passenger v--. j
v (car, bus, train) x
v-- E. C ui . passenger p v - D
drive - --j drive -
x E n.
Passengers travellers F travellers
passengers -\-- .
ii) Attendant . shops, parking
areas (- EL--x- v-x)
customers --C x, p x
o---x, -L--x uh-i --C--x
( -) attendants.
j n India attender
-. F standard spoken or written
English , - n- attender . -s-E
(attend) -u-x attenders standard English .
a) She is a regular attender at these music
concerts =
-K- v p ---C.
b) There wasn't any attendant to take care of

the blind passenger =
v-E
---E / - .
(J v )
c) Blind passengers are allowed to take an

attendant free on the train =
v --- JE jx
*- Bxa .
- M. SURESAN
- 1 --Ja 2007
-x---
-- j---
Nisanth: Yea. That's true. So budget or no
budget, prices can go up if the government so wants it.
280
Nisanth: How is the cultivation going on?
(u- C?)
Drupad: Just getting along. Not so bad anyway.
(. E. vy --, b )
Drupad: But some how I am sure that the government may not raise taxes. A number
of states are going to the polls soon.
Nisanth: How far has the ploughing gone?
(o -- C?)
plough = x- = o/ L
(J-Eo - o. d
-j Vx Jh L.)
b) I know Vijayawada like the

back of my hand.
( N-- /
Jh .)
c) He knows Physics like the
back of his hand.
(- >q
.)
~o
3) Back door increase in taxes =
(E J vy o -E
d t--o. Zx
Eo ----o.)
Going to polls = Eo- -/ Eo- x
_-
( - J-T--C. y-.)
Drupad: A few more acres remain. We must

put our back into it and finish it in a
day or two.
Nisanth: Which party do you think will win?
( Kd -h-----o)
Drupad: Any doubt that the ruling party will
win? I am sure it's going to.
-v-o:
Below - beneath - under.
f--J/ -~ o .
a) The government has started back door
increase in taxes.
(vy f--J o-- v-G*C.(b y .) )

back door = f--J/ -~/ -/ .
a) His father works at the office. So he got the
job through the back door.
You are backing the wrong horse
on - over - above
- N-J-.
G. , N--o.
Below = beneath = underneath

There are, however some differences in
the use of these words.
Below = at a lower level place than somebody or some thing; lower in rank, status or
position.
a) We can see the fish swimming below
the surface of water.
b) A constable is below a sub inspector
c) The window is below the ceiling
Nisanth: My tractor has broken down and the

puddle wheels are too rusty. They
have to be replaced.
( vd --C. E t
v p-d . E
aL.)
puddle = x, x Fx, u {
Fx EL .
puddle wheels = vd o--E
T-L t v
Drupad: Is it a major or minor trouble? I mean
your tractor.
(
F vd *a u, l,
*o?)
major = l/ --\-j,
minor = yp-i-/- *-o-j
Nisanth: I'm afraid it's major. My mechanic is
just useless. Can you suggest a good
one?
(C major trouble / . E . *
-E- --Jj p--?)
Drupad: Call my mechanic. He knows tractors
of any make like the back of his hand.
( -E -. --i
vd-j .)
of any make = F K /
model )
Nisanth: I've used my tractor too long. I think
I'd better sell it off and buy a new one.
( vd K- -\ .
Eo t hC \ *?)
Drupad: Do it before the budget is out this
month end. The fear is motor vehicles
and motor spares may be taxed higher than now.
( -- b a
. -, N--
O p--o \ o NC--a C.)
Spares/ spare parts = N--
Nisanth: Of late the government has started
back door increase in taxes, by taxing the raw material.
( - O o y
u vy f J o
---dC.)
raw material = .
(C-- o Kd -h-
N F-o -? C
-h-E d t--o.)
Nisanth: You are backing the wrong horse,
friend. The main opposition will be
back in power in most of the states.
(y - KdE d ho. v vA-~ Zx

AJT C--- hC.)
Drupad: OK, Let's see. (l)

spoken English
expressions
sions
(back
versation
back
l. expresa, J-Eo
x, \ l-- -,
) , con---i
-, - C.
dialogue above.
1) We must put our back into it and finish it in a
day or two.
2) He knows tractors of any make like the back
of his hand.
3) Of late the government has started back
door increase in taxes.
4) You are backing the wrong horse.
v E--h. -x
--\ u ( vA x
x v ----x)
b) He is trying back door methods to get the
contract.
( vd / f--J-j -E v-Ao-h-o.)
c) I don't advise back door methods. Let's go
according to rules.
( l-/ f-J l- - ( Nl). E-- v

l.)
4) Backing the wrong horse =
---o--x/ ---E N-E l-A-y.

a) Those who supported the NDA in the last
general elections were backing the wrong
horse.
( Eo-x Ff l-A-*a x, -
Kd l-A-a.
b) America backed the wrong horse in Korea.
(-J J- ---E _Eo

-Jn-*C.)
c) Expecting Indian movies to be without
obscenity is backing the wrong horse.
The expressions in the sentences above are:

1) put our back into it.
2) knows tractors like the back of his hand.
3) back door increase in taxes.
4) backing the wrong horse.
(Qx----E -B E-- ------

-J-/ -E E. ( E- .))
(Backing the wrong horse C v-p-
* *aC. - v-O d
E n.)
1) put our back into it.
( E----E () - v--.)
a) We must put our back into it and finish it in a
day or two.
( j v- Vx Eo
Jh L.)
b) If the government really puts its back into it,
total literacy is not impossible.
(vy E vNh/ d- - Jh
~--u u .)
c) If only you put your back into it, you can really achieve it.
(
y E v--, C---.)
d) Put your back into and nothing is impossible.
vo:
i.
h u . News singular
N?
ii. t pLx- varma E Verma
E h--?
L-d yN-,
Ap--Lx, K--- >-x.
i. News,
plural
English
singular,
* 's' x
- E
news p
E plural .
E a/ an
.
(j v-- D -u-.)
2) Know (some thing/ somebody) like the
back of one's hand =
N /
Jh L-- (----).
Drupad: And some times by a mid year rise in

tax.
a) He knows tractors of any make like the back

of his hand.
(J--Eo-x -q u o
-- y)
( vdx - / Jh/
~o .)
a) I have news for you / important news for

you.
Beneath means immediately under (covered up)

a) His body lay beneath a heap of stones
b) Beneath the book lay a Rs. 1000/- note.
Difference between below and beneath:
below: at lower level anywhere.
beneath: Immediately/
just under.
a) Hanging on the wall
was a picture below a
map = The picture
could be any where
below the map.
b) The map lay beneath a newspaper =
The newspaper was just above/ covering the map.
underneath = almost the same as beneath
= Immediately under/ below something
when it car or hides it.
a) The ball rolled underneath the standing car = The car covered the ball
under it.
b) He was wearing a shirt underneath the
sweater.
under = below something.
a) They sat under a tree. (Physical position)
b) The country is under UPA rule now and
the state, under congress rule = under
the control of.
under = below, when we say, 'It may cost
under Rs. 10000/- or below Rs. 10,000/ii) On = just above something.
a) The book is on the table. (The table supports the book.)
b) over = anywhere above, some height
above.
a) He jumped over the wall.
'over' also means, above
in amount, height, age,
etc.
b) He is over 6' tall
c) The bridge is five feet
above the water level.
d) He is over 60 years in age.
b) This is good news / This news is good.

ii.
t C Indian name . d a- d spelling -a.
- M. SURESAN
--E- 3 --Ja 2007
-x---
-- j---
Bhavan: We are fortunate. Democracy is still
safe. OK. I've to go now. I've back
breaking work. I have to attend to it.
281
( E %-d- --. vyu C. . xL.

f-N-J- E C. C L.)
Bharat: (Have you) heard of the hot news?
Bharat: OK, then. Bye.
(, -h---i h No?)
Bhavan: (Do) you mean the government's
attempt to gag the media? Thank
God, before matters became too
hot, the government cancelled the
order.
(y-, O --\---E
vy v-o ?
N K Bv--u- vy
hy l--C)
gag= ---E Ox- x f---\
Conversation back a expressions JEo l. Fo J-i -sx

, -sEo d -L x i, communication ----C.
1) He is only a back bencher in the party, as
he was at school and college.
corruption
charges =
2
= N-FA,
--
b) Confronted by the photographs, the murderer

had his back to the wall
and confessed to the
murder = photographs
E-D- --, - vuo u -d p-.

confess= p p--.
confront = -\-/ E-D-.
4) Turn one's back on = -A--/ A- \J-/ uA---/ N- .
vo:
Big - large, high - huge.
i) big, large, huge
high
, \ -sx p.
Big, large, huge high --
y x
o--- uA----u.
clear.
big huge
Spoken English
big
J-- (size) l-j. Large,

n C.
l n \- large, huge .
C, -- J* x--p
p large, huge . Big
l size/ o x. --
-l o --E big correct,
large J-. Large formal written
English \. Huge ,
l E. Big, large o-p l
-, huge \ l-j
n hC. @
(-/ -)
l-j-Fo big. - formal English --j
The government has backed off

Bharat: That's very bad. That the government could even think of it is really
shocking.
(C . vy
N -*-- CvsA
L-T--C C)
Bhavan: Our former classmate Aravind is a
member of the ruling party. Shall we
ask his opinion of it? Shall I call
him?
classmate
-N C-
party u ? G-v
--? phone ?)
Bharat: Save yourself the trouble. What can
he say? He is only a back bencher
in the party, just as he was at school
and college. Who cares what he
thinks?
( v---\-x y.
p--? party v-u-E-. School, college
l -j NuJn -?)
Bhavan: The government backed off. That's
a big relief. Otherwise the government would have been guilty of a
black law.
(vy \ T_C. C l
. - E---i dEo
vy E--.)
black law = v- E---i d/
t-_ d
Bharat: The government had no choice. It
had found that it had its back to the
wall.
(v-y-E _ --C.
vu-o E---.)
Bhavan: Its plan to muzzle the media, it realized, would back fire. It thought better of it and cancelled the order.
(O -\ x
sE v-y-E L--*aC.
h -** h-y l---C)
muzzle = --\- (x--)
muzzle n. 1) \, v- - , \ v L;
2) \ N --, --A
GT cover.
Bharat: If it had gone ahead with the order,
the people would have turned their
back on the ruling party.
(v-y h-y ---- } v

C- Kd N--u x)
3) It had found it had its back to the wall.

4) The people would have turned their back
on the ruling party.
5) Its plan to muzzle the press, it realized,
would back fire.
The expressions with 'back' are:
1) back bencher
2) back off
3) found it had its back to the wall
. ---,
-t-, N--o.
a) Her friends turned their back on her

because of her conceit =
2) The government has backed off.
b) The people turned their back on the

TDP Government because of its indifference to farmers =
TDP
j--x Ex~u x
uA----u.
5) back fire = ( N) ----/
Ap--d. x E -
v
a) Pak support of terrorism has back fired

with the terrorists attacking Pak targets
=
large. (large man/ large

woman
huge.
large
family, large numbers
Big man, big boy,
big smile, big/ large animal
v-- -h- ~u- y

, v--- l Ap-dC.
4) Turn their back on.

5) back fire
). O N*
l-
p--p
1) Back bencher = (school/ college
Nu nx) - -h--E-.
( benches --). --x
v-u-E - u.
a) Though a back bencher at school he

excelled in studies at college = school
x h ----p-,
college v - .
excel = (j / u---x)
-.
she excels at music and art = U-
x -hC.
excel y in F, at F hC.
Excel -C-* excellent.
b) He is a back bencher in the party.
Nobody consults him on any matter =
Kd v---.
Eo N-- v-C-.
2) back off = uA---, ---x -
\ _/ -- -- -.
a) The government has backed off from the
confrontation:
-" */
uA--- -\-, vy -\-T_C.
Confrontation = -v---
', ' \ -.
n = -u-/ v-- -\-,
-" -.
b) I never expected him to back off from

the fight =
* \ _--E
---.
3) Have (some one's) back to the wall =
xd- i J-n-A aE Eg
p-E--J B---Lq J-nA/ vu-o
--.
a) When the corruption charges were
proved against him, he had his back to
the wall and resigned his job =
-Ej
N-FA -- Vj--,
vu-o @- a.
vo:
Please let me know the difference between
reminisce, recollect and recount.
-O- --u ---
-J--* -N--J--.
Huge crowd, huge amount of money,

huge debts, huge success, etc.
- B Apparao, Vizag
i) Reminisce = To think, talk or write about the

happy or pleasant things of the past.
Large eyes
vo:
I used to I, WE, SHE, THEY, WE, ANY

NAME AND ANY RELATIONSHIP in all
tenses instead of my friend. But how could
I get in simple present tense (present
indefinite). Please give me one example in
simple present tense.
a) As we entered our college years after we

has left it we reminisced about our student
days there.
b) He reminisced about a pleasant week that
he had at the small village.
ii) Recollect : Remember something, especially
by trying to remember it/ by making an effort
to remember it.
- Keerthana Kusuma e-mail.
---:
It's only in the present indefinite (simple

present) tense that the form
of the verb used for the subjects I, We, You and they is
different from the form of the
verb for he, (my friend,
Gopal, My brother) She, (my
sister, my classmate, my
mother) and it (the book, the pen) etc.
a) Try as he might he was

unable to recollect what
happened on the day of
the accident.
b) I recollect everything of
what he said on the day
of the incident.
Recollect is rather old fashioned and formal
and not much in use in modern English. It is
not used either in am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
form.
I
We
You and
They
He (my friend)
Write
She (my sister) Writes

It (the pen)
iii) Recount = narrate/ describe an incident/

an experience.
You add '-s' or '-es' to the verb form for he,

she and its.
a) She recounted to the police what she had

seen at the accident spot (= She told the
police)
With not and in questions in the present

simple tense, we use do for I, we, you &
they, and does for he, she, it, when 'does'
is used we don't add 's'/ '-es' to the verb.
b) he recounted in detail his experience of

the space travel.
eg: 1) She sings well

She does not sing well.
2) He teaches well
He does not teach well
- M. SURESAN
-- 5 --Ja 2007
-- j---
a ?)
E- uhE F/ EE F
- \-J-)
Boycott =
-x---
282
Prahlad: You were talking about some book

yesterday. What is it called?
(Eo h J* x-. E
?)
Bhagat: (Do) you mean the fat book with yellow covers? It's Mathematics Made
Easy by prof Ganith. A very useful
book really.
( d o h J y x-C? C Prof
(Professor)
Ganith
Mathematics Made Easy. -
Prahlad: That's true, but they called it off

when he told them that he didn't
mean to insult them.
(E F, Nu-n- -E
l E p-,
x-Eo
---J---o-.
l--o.)
Bhagat: Teaching really calls for a lot of
patience. Impatience and teaching
do not go together. it calls for a lot of
preparation too.
called
'as'
b) Now that she is married to

Mr.Sinha, she will be called
Mrs.Sinha from now on.
(| x-C
p * Mrs. Sinha
E ----C. Mrs.
Sinha E -h.)
3) call - o n,
.
a) I called your home but there was no
response.
(O . p--.)
(--d -- p--.)
6) ... because he called students names
- Call (someone) names -JE , s--f E. (Idiot, fool,
scoundrel, rogue - Ad)
a) He is good at calling names.
b) I'll call you back.
(-- Ad- p)
(F Sx/-A-JT h.)
O call o J-Eo --
b) Unable to bear her husband's ill treatment

she called him names.
(Teaching
p - -.
p-O, --- E
--. * prepa-
response.
(h C- - E -*C.)
7) But they called off...
WE CALL OUR COUNTRY
Call off =
---J---/-l .
a) The Umpires decided to call off the match

because of poor light.
(j - --x Umpires, match

l --E Eg--.)
b) The Workers' Union Called off the strike.
----i h)
Made Easy = j b d - N-J
h--E -.
tion -
l.
-- -)
Prahlad: It does, of course. Any idea of

becoming a teacher?
Maths Made Easy, Physics Made Easy.

Made Easy =
-- -
Prahlad: How about lending it to me for a few

days?
(Eo--V h-Eo -Ny?)

lend= / p y.
Bhagat: Call me tomorrow evening about this
time. I'll let you know If I am done
with it and if I can give it to you.
( ---E u.
F-p -, -- E, Eo F-y--
E)
If I am done with it - be done with something
=
N h-/ E E--hy -E - --.

Prahlad: How long can I keep it?
(-- --a Eo)

Bhagat: Call me back in a week. You can
keep it as long as that.
(- y AJT .)
Prahlad: Is the book really good?
( h E p/ ?)
Bhagat: It's really good. Some of the difficult
problems have been worked out
very clearly. Our lecturer's teaching
isn't as good as that.
(E C. Eo d- i \
N- N-J* o.
a- * D -.)
Prahlad: He calls himself a great teacher, but
his explanations are as clear as
mud.
Bhagat: I don't think I can make a good

teacher. I don't want to hear cat calls
and whistles in my class.
a) Please call the bearer.
h bearer -. (- dq server E p L F--C bearer. )

b) The teacher called me to tell me to study
well.
( --E p--E o L-.)

2) Call d - ?
a) We call our Country India.
( Eo E h/
)
b) They call their new born child Anand.
(x d Gf E -h/
- E d.)
c) We call Gandhi a Mahatma.
His jokes are as clear as mud.
)
English Passive form of call 'be called
- \. (be , - be form
-a am, is, are, shall be, has
Nu-n Ad-- -E-

x- - \-- -N-u-n
(Jt t N-N-*C, ---J-C.)

8) Teaching Calls for a lot of patience = Call
for =
----.
( h ?)
2)
a) Medicine Calls for Patience.
Call me tomorrow evening.
(ju %Ah p -)
( .)
3) Call me back in a week.
b) Designing a bridge like that Calls off careful Planning and ingenuity.
( y Sx .)
( E ----o.
classay Lx--, N-E
----.)
Prahlad: Bye then, see you (h)

Call C English y---i .
-sEo d, L
- d, Call - English
\. C Simple Spoken English -
v--i . Daily real life situations
DE \. p call J*
Eo N- .
1) Call --J L- n .
(DE -t-E h/ .)
Important: Call y as .
Bhagat: Wasn't there a call for a boycott of

his classes, because he called students names?
1) What is it (the book) called?
(C E. F-o u
lu ?)
( - p . E
N- n --
d .)
As clear as mud = n---- d
.
( q n- y d-
E.)
Look at the following Sentences from the

dialogue at the beginning of the lesson:
d) She called him a fool. (She called him as a

fool
been, etc)
a) Gandhi is called Mahatma passive form
\ is called
-E- D
-t-E ----
D-E -t--. \ is
4) He calls himself a great teacher.
( p E p--.)
5) Wasn't there a call for the boycott of his
classes.
( class - \-- --a

/ *aC ?)
6) ... because he called students, names.
(Nu-n- s-- .)
7) But they called it off when he told them ...
(F x Eo ---J---o/ l
--o.)
8) Teaching really calls for a lot of patience
and preparation.
(* p, v-- -.)
( --p- j , h
l-, h N- -*-- h .)
Ingenuity - --: ' \ . ' \ \ -.
n = -q h -*----, -u, h J-\- -\-.)
Ingenuousness- C . --J-
-q o--ox frank p
y).
Exercise: Match the following:
A
1. barefoot
A) Broken
2. abundant
B) very much
3. cracked
C) provoke
What is it called, Call me tomorrow, Call me

back in a week =
4. extremely
D) stress
5. irritate
E) Shoeless
4) He calls himself a great teacher.
Key: 1) F 2) E 3) A 4)B 5) C
-O n .
p OE .
F) Plenty
( p --E p--. \
n, p--.)
Call
a) They call him a great Cricketer, but he is

not in form now.
(E x p v- -/-E
, F --p J-nA .)
b) They call you a gentleman, but is this how
you behave?
( y l--E---,
y v-Jh-C?)
vo:
No, Not
-- N-J-.
There is not a cat on the table. There is no

cat on the table.
- ux C
d?
5) Wasn't there a call for a boycott...
call
n, j u E.
a) The Mahatma gave a call for non cooperation.
.. -, --ax.
There is not a cat on the table, There is no

cat on the table correct.
Spoken English
not
There isn't a cat on the table
There isn't any cat on the
table
There is no cat on
the table
formal.
(--E---- -t-D -a.)

b) The Workers' Union gave a call for tool
down strike.
(E-x --C-L -t -C--E Jt--

--*aC.)
Jh -,
E-F, -
_
EF .
h
C) The Maoists' call for a bandh got no

- M. SURESAN
--- 7 --Ja 2007
-- j---
Ooha: Let's give a call and find out.
(Phone
-x---
283
Ooha: Hi Satya, you promised to call me back

yesterday. I waited and waited but had
no call from you.
(y Sx phone h-E a Eo. - -\--o,

F * phone v .)
Satya: I thought I'd call at your place instead of
making a call. I couldn't, as my brother
who was with me was in a hurry. So I
decided to call back when I reached
home, but after I was home I clean forgot about it.
-\.)
Satya: I don't think she'll come. Her father isn't

well. Just yesterday they called in the
doctor. Hope it isn't serious.
( h-E --- . x
o - . Eo doctor L-. serious E P-ho.)
Ooha: We don't lose anything by calling her.
We can find out her dad's condition too.
(Phone
h -. x o
J-nA ---a.)
a) Hema returns others calls

promptly =
phone
Hema
phone
h,
x AJT
Modern spoken English

phone
call
Phone some one/ ring
up some one/ give some one a ring
-C*
--- -.
-L-
-p
.
AJT
h-E d
t--o.
2) I had no call from you =

phone
.
Have a call = Phone /
a) I had a call from office yesterday asking
me to proceed to the head office =
Head office
phone
office
}-Lq-C Eo
*aC.
- - .
-o
hC.
b) I called him and he was

away. I am sure he will
return my call, as soon as
phone
he is back.
phone
F *
Satya: OK.
Give a call= Make a call= call= call up=

phone
a) I called out to her=
G_- L-.
G_- -/ -.
(-E-. call out , phone
n call expressions
.)
call out=
a) I saw my friend sitting in the front row in

the cinema. I called out to him but he did
not hear me =
E x ---
o o--E G_- L-, E
NE---.
b) She called out to her father for help=
I had no call from you

(Phone O l--o. F brother -
o. *a---y phone -E Ea---o. E --a--J
E N- Jh -*-.)
Ooha: I don't know why and this isn't the first
time. You rarely return my calls.
( AJT phone L-,

C ---J-. Phones
- y - Phone h.)
Satya: Don't be cross, dear. Take it from me, it
will not happen again.
(p-. h-o , Sx
-.)
Take it from me = h-o = a-p--E -
be cross = .
Ooha: You've said that before. Show it in
action.
(Ny--- p. J
)
Satya: At office my job involves taking calls.
Too many calls and when I return home
late at night, I don't feel like making
calls. Please understand me.
(Office
phone calls receive --

u- . K K Phones
h-. vA --a--J --J
Phone E--. on .)
involves =
Ooha: Then why make promises and keep people waiting for you to return their calls.
(--p -y E, --
y AJT Phone --x
E?)
Satya: OK. In future I won't keep you waiting
for my calls. Be sure of it.
(. - phone Eo
--E-y. C *a.)
Ooha: OK. Let's now call Maya up and ask her
if she is coming with us to the movie.
(. p phone
E---h -)
Satya: Yea. I remember, coming out of office, I
saw her getting into bus. I called out to
her. She turned round and waved her
hand. I didn't understand what she
meant.
(. h-hC, office * -
h , bus \ . G_ L-. \ AJT C.
n N n--)
American influence
(v) x call, E
-- a-. J*
---, E -s--- ,
---, real life situation -,
phone C (land/ cell) -E @N-
Eu-----C d.
dialogue between Ooha and Satya.
1) You promised to call me back
2) I had no call from you
3) I decided to call back when I reached home.
4) You rarely return my calls.
5) At office my job involves taking calls.
6) I don't feel like making calls
7) Why make people wait for you to return their
calls
8) Let's now call Maya up
9) I called out to her.
10) Let's give a call and find out.
11) Just yesterday they called in the doctor.
1) You promised to call me back =
phone
y
h-E -a.
Sx/ AJT
Call back/ Call (some one) back = -J AJT
phone . --Lq N
_ ready -p, N
, E L-- time Lq *a-p, I'll call (you) back and let you
know .
a) Tulasi: Hello Mallika, are you coming for
the function tomorrow?
(Hello,
function
ho?)
Mallika: I haven't decided yet. I am very

busy shopping now. I'll call you back in an
hour.
have a call -
phone y E , letter y/
messenger (courier) y a.
I had a call from the company yesterday asking me to attend an interview = Interview
company
interview
*
-Lq-C
L-.
*aC/ o
5) At office my job involves taking calls =
Office
phones h E
NC
b) I can make free calls from my company

phone. So just give me a missed call and
be sure I'll call you back.
( company * free phone calls

a. d y missed call y.
F AJT phone h.)
c) He is too busy. Don't expect him to call
back, though he says so =
busy.
phone
phone
K

h-o,
h---.
n return a call . No. 4 :
You rarely return my calls. ( phones
) y - h. (-
F phone ---F, y-p /
y Sx phone h-- F .)
receive
--
Take calls = receive a phone call = Phone

phone
Ah
---.
-J--, h
a) Sampanna: I called your office at 6.30

last evening. There was none to take the
call=
O office Eo v 6.30
. phone h-.
phone
Sowbhagya: Who will be there to take

calls at 6.30? The office closes at 6.
(6.30
Office
phone h-E --?

J--x -h.)
b) Manager: The caller ID shows that we

had a call from our lawyer. Who took the
call?
( lawyer _ * phone *a-E

caller ID -hC. Phone --h?
Caller ID --? Phone --x
number -.
Manjula: I took the call sir. She wanted
some papers.
( phone h. N Eo
-C.)
papers
6) I don't feel like making calls =
( / Eg----.
p shopping busy o. Sx
T phone h F.)
- vE d L-*C.
c) The teacher called out the names of students selected for the competition=
phone
Make a call.
--E--.
DE n phone .
a) Please make a call to the tailor and tell

him we need the clothes urgently=
Tailor
phone , d
-E p.
b) She made the last call to me at 10 last

night. Since then she hasn't made any
call=
*-J--J Eo vA 10 phone
C. p--* --- phone
-.
8) Let's now call Maya up=
phone
l.
call up Maya = call Maya Up = call Maya =

phone
10) Let's give a call and find out =

Phone
-\.
--- Nu-n x teacher

C-.
11) call in = Jj - phone F,
---F, u doctor, police, fire
service x -.
vo: Is
there any difference between

'Depends on' and Depends upon'.
---: No difference. However, upon is pre >.---, u-
ferred when the sentence ends with it.

eg. a) A child depends on/ upon its mother
for every thing.
b) In his old age, he has no one to depend
upon.
Even in b) 'on' can be used, but upon is preferred because the sentence ends with it.
vo: ''No documents will be accepted
later or in piece meal''. - u

nEo N-J* ''in piece meal''
- ---.
C-x -- -, -
---: Piece meal E-E
-o v lA -,
p--p N, J-
- N . lA
h -v-h .
eg. The house was built in a piece meal
manner, so it lacks a neat appearance.
( x p p
- d. -E E
j -.)
O sentence
piece meal - j-C -E--.
sentence l, v -u, N N
y-J- --E. -p -Lq sentence: No document
will be accepted latter or in parts.
vo: -J- Tx accent a------o. Oxford dictionary

-
-C*
-J-
Pronunciation y British pronunciation v h-o.
DEy
Eo AME a- ---
-o. Eo h- *---.
. A, j--
---: Hyderabad city leading book
stores American Accent O,
usage O
vu-* * *
h- --. -xE CD
- practice .
- M. SURESAN
--v 9 --Ja 2007
-- j---
-x---
Amrit: I'll have it some other time. Don't worry.

I don't mind staying here for a while,
though.
284
Amrit: Hi Prabhat, what a nice place you live

in! A lot of trees around with a number
of birds on them, and a wide open
space. I hear a number of birds calling.
(v, * x -o
y! d x, O ~,
N--i S v. ~ /
- NE--h-o.)
Prabhat: Well, thanks for calling. Nice of you to
have thought of seeing me. What
brings you here?
(*a--E thanks. o --E

F *-/ *--N,
--E a. a?)
a) The salesman has to

make ten calls a day =
salesman
company
(
-K- v h,
shop orders B-E,
xx t-x) V 10
x L.
(-p-o -h. y-. F

-----E -O u .)
Spoken English
daily life situations
high
expresfrequency expressions
sions)
(- a
ho ? J-Eo l.

dialogue above:
1) Thanks for calling.
2) I called on him and then I thought I'd call
round and see you on my way home.
3) The general manager called a meeting.
4) It was ten at night when we called it a day.
5) His orders were that we attend the meeting
cancelling all our calls.
b) The doctor has made two calls today. He

has to make three more calls =
Doctor
p--- l patients
; _-JE Lq C.
(Call - make a call - phone n
E -- --o ?)
3) The general manager called a meeting =
General Manager
- p /
C/ -----.
call a meeting/ discussion etc =

meeting/
a -/ p .
Shall I call it a day?

Amrit: My colleague Kamalakar called in sick
yesterday. I called on him and then I
thought I'd call round and see you on
my way home. But you were no where
to be seen yesterday.
( -uT -- u J--E Eo office phone . Eo

--E -E- }. AJ-Tx J Eo l--E-* a.
Eo y -\ E---)
Prabhat: The general manager called a meeting and it went on till 10 at night when
we called it a day. His orders were we
attend the meeting, cancelling all our
calls.
( general manager meeting

d. C h---J vA 10
C. x-Lq---x x meeting tE c)
Amrit: Why did it go on so late into the night?
Was it urgent?
( l--- O JTC? urgent ?)

Prabhat: The situation did call for an urgent
review of our sales strategies following the budget. Hence the meeting.
(Budget
*a --- t
u O-~ - L-TC.
-x meeting.)
(strategy = u/ . Review = O~.
N *--f, E L-, J-Q-L. Book review = h O~; h h
N---p J-Q-L-. film review =
--*v O~)
Amrit: Did you speak too? (--y --x--?)
Prabhat: The general manager first called
upon the area managers to speak.
One of them spoke too long. He took
more than 45 minutes. So I thought
I'd better not speak.
(General Manager
managers
area
x---o. xx
- p x-.
x- *-E --o.)
Amrit: It's already 9.00. When does the last
train call here?
(p- 9.00 C. *J
Eo---hC?)
train
\-
Prabhat: Local trains call at the nearby station

every 15 minutes till 10.30. How
about having dinner here?
(- nE jRx-\ vA 15 EN-- -,
vA 10.30 . \ x.)
6) The situation did call for an urgent review of

our sales strategies.
a) The Principal called a meeting of the lecturers =
7) The general manager first called upon the

area managers to speak.
b) The students called a boycott of classes
8) Local trains call at the nearby station every

fifteen minutes.
6) The situation called for an urgent review
Spoken English
call a expressions
y---. OE practice . O
spoken English vA---, -
C.
p \ expression l:
1) Thanks for calling = / o
- *a-- thanks.
Call- - v--E/ -JE
--E/ -JE --J---E x.
i) v--E x = call at
ii) -JE / --J- = call on
(call at a place; call on a person)
a)
Principal lecturers
----Rx j AE
-
x
Zd)
-.
call at n-E _- o
n sentence 8 :
Local trains call at the nearby station every
fifteen minutes =
station
call at
trains, buses
station
nE jx \- _-o
vA 15 EN-- h, -.
,
v
--
(v---
\----/ C-)
a) Eo trains N--- - =
All trains call at Vijayawada.
train.
stations
b)
This is a very slow train. It
calls at all stations/ every station.
c) It calls only at Nellore on its way from
Vijayawada to Chennai =
C E-
-C =
(Doesn't call at this station = Doesn't stop

at this station.)
(Whistle call=
(--u j-x) ---/

-- -\- - d--- --.)
Look at expression 5 above.

5) ... we attend the meeting cancelling all
our calls =
meeting
call = visit
x-Lq--x x-
Lq *aC.
(-Jz-)
\
---:
-N Mirage - pronunciation N-
(- measure '- ) 'N -\ ---L.
English , x .
t-u--E labyrinth , -
L-- p. t-u -C battle field
formation of soldiers in the form of a
padmam (Lotus). Labyrinth O,
_, --Lx-G-Lx, ---o- cross h,
\ -j \, -j --
-E-N N.
The old city of Hyderabad has a labyrinth
of streets.
vo: C ux C j- p.
1. I (am to) request you to kindly arrange to
add the credits to the accounts of the
respective policy holders.
2. I request you kindly arrange to
add the credits...
3. I request you to kindly arrange
for addition of the credits...
=
Nu-n -- - \-- --a.
p J-n-A O~ ---iC.
- J-nA p-. j- --o u x police
u - -C =
a) Call for =
The growing crime rate in Hyderabad calls

for effective police action.
b) Your condition calls for immediate medical
attention =
F J-n-A ju j -. (F u
J-n-A ju J-Q- j- -.)
Look at sentence No.2
2) I called on him =
Eo (Rxx) ---o.
uhE (E-) ---.
a) vE ZAE ---o, UP N-.
= The PM called on the President to
call on =
discuss U.P. affairs.

b) I call on him, but he rarely calls on me =
--E- Rx Eo ---- F,
*a o --.
7) The general manager called upon the
area managers to speak =
GM, area managers
x---o.
call upon - C formal - j meeting
u-~ --, -J-j x---E
- (formal ) -.
a) A-CE x---- -C -o.
I call upon the guest of honour to speak.
Eo
N-- * j o } J x
v -C.
(labyrinth). O Tx p.
.---, j--
-----.
Eo ---a-- =
He called at my home last night

b) Whenever they go this way, they call at
the restaurant for a snack and coffee =
coffee
restaurant
(pronunciation -
vo: --, , t-u
b)
u ACE C O a--LqC -h-o = I call upon the chief

guest to take his seat on the dais.
4) It was ten at night when we called it a day

=
T---J vA 10 C.
T-
a) -- a y -
T- = They called it a day after
call it a day =
discussing for three hours.

b) 30 overs
After
they played 30 overs, they called it a day.
--y T- =
c) I've (I have) studied for 3 hours now, mom;

shall I call it a day? =
t,
C- , -u?.
---:
- -Jh XE-, x-
1) I am to request you =
duty)
NtLo
---o (NC
2) I request you = NtLo - ---o. (-d- ---.) I
request you kindly arrange J-.
O letter sentence (3) I request you
to kindly arrange E L.
to kindly arrange J--F, C to
arrange kindly -E grammar
vu a -. E to
kindly arrange standard usage i--a. (-O n NtLo --o E -d -x NC--.)
vo: 'Having' C -sx -T-h. ---- N-J-.
--. -\--x, --
---:
nEo d having C p--

-a. Having = L-T--.
a) Having a big house is a problem
(l x u)
b) Having a servant is really comfortable =
-- .
point -N, am having, is having,
are having N L-T-- n-E
. A/ n -.
A) I am having
He/ She is having
We, you, they are having
a car
- --- p, car C n.
C E p--E
B) I have
He/ She has
We, you, they have
c) I am
He/ She is
we/ you/ they are
a car
having some fruits
c)
n x A-o/ AC/ Ao/ Ao/ A-o E.
d) I am having coffee because tea is not

available = Tea
d --o
E.
- M. SURESAN
--C- 11 --Ja 2007
-- j---
Ujvala: OK. Would you care to eat some
thing or have some thing to drink?
-x---
285
Ujvala: Hi Vennela welcome, welcome. What a

surprise! Can't say how glad I am to see
you! Such a long time since we met.
( o, y. N au.
Eo -
p-- o. ---i
--E.)
(. o B-- A F,
E.)
Vennela: No. I am full. Let's talk of our old
times.
( E C. p l.
V J* x-.)
b) How fortunate one should

be to lead life without a care
in the world.
(EPa-/ / -D @N --E E %-d- -j

L!)
2) take care of =
care to
A-- F-/
-- offer --p .
u -/ vh -.
Ujvala: Our classmate Neeraja has left for

the states to join her husband.
a) Sri Rama walked to the forest, leaving

Bharata to take care of the kingdom.
( x- F -J- x-
_---RxC.)
(u u- -- p-T*
-N x.)
Vennela: The pleasure is equally mine, Ujji.
Vennela: What about her children?
b) There is none to take care of the children if

she goes away.
( - C.)
Ujvala: So why are you here?
Vennela: You know my job keeps me too busy
even to breathe. I worked for close to
a year without a break. I thought I
needed a break.
(x x J?)
Ujvala: She left them in the care of her
mother.
(xt -~- */ CL
RxC.)
Ujvala: So you are here.
Ujvala: For all that she is very caning, especially about children. She cares for
them a lot.
(--p x
~. x N- d.)
(-E -a.)
Vennela: I felt like being free for at least 15 to
20 days. So I came down to this
place to spend the time without a
care in the world.
( 15, 20 V Nv-A ya
--E--*C. -E \
a, D, -u
-.)
Ujvala: But yours is a responsible job. You
are too important in your company.
Who'll (who will) take care of it in your
absence?
(FC u----i E .
O -F y u-i
EN ? y -p F E
h?)
Vennela: That's been taken care of. Any way
all that I care about now is my well
being. I couldn't just go on working
like a machine, could I?
( p-xFo -. -i p
u-iC -.
v- E-h - .)
Ujvala: None else in your company can do
your work. Didn't you tell me so whenever you called me?
(-p O -F F E --E p--E-N-?)

Vennela: So? (?)
Ujvala: Won't the work suffer in your
absence?
(F - E --?)
Vennela: It does, but who cares? It's for the
company to take care of it.
(-C. ?
N vh -LqC E.)
Ujvala: That might affect your prospects in
your company
.
(E-x -F F N-uh sA-a .)
prospects = N-u----
affect = v-N
Vennela: How I envy Neeraja! There isn't any

one to care for my children in my
absence. I've to depend on creche.
(F {u !
- x- ----E--
. v O ----Lq.)
envy = {u.
E h/ u
-Jo-p L .
creche (v) . Employed
parents x- - .
Ujvala: OK. Have this cola. You do look tired.
(. B. y --d E--h-o.)
Spoken English
(high frequency expressions)
- expressions
care, care
y---.
Care n vh C --
. careful, with (great) care -
v-h; take good care vh -.
Take care how you talk to him = x
N vh Fo .
care Eo Eo -sx p . -N let's be careful.
conversation above:
1) I came down to this place to spend the time
without a care in the world.
2) Who'll take care of it in your absence?
3) That's been taken care of.
4) All that I now care about is my well being.
5) It does, but who cares?
6) It does, for all that I care.
7) Would you care to eat something?
8) She left them in the care of her mother.
9) She is very caring.
10) She cares for them a lot.
1) Without a care in the world.
( l, --D EPa-.)
a) He spends his weekend without a care away
from the city.
(s-A-. F/ ?)
( --E EPa-
--.)
8) In the care of =
(J) -~-
a) They grew up in the care of their grand parents.
(x , tt/ t -~- J.)
(xE N y
. Et N -.)
(Eo --vx q -~---x.)

b) She is not so caring as some people think.
Suraj: What about my flight tickets?
( N \x N N?)
Dhiraj: That has been taken care of. You've
(you have) been booked for the Air India
flight tomorrow evening.
(C p-jC. O v
N--E \x Jy .)
4) All that I now care about is my well being.
( u---x -.)
care about: u --/ vu
y, -o N- h
/ E J* worry .
a) He cares only about money and nothing
else.
Indian English
care
care for =
for
s p E vu
y. n
-. C J-.
uh-x ~/ G- .
A mother cares for her children.
Lx x x ~ -hC. (vN-hC)
b) She doesn't care about elders.
( l--x- vu y.)
n what/ when wh, words
care .
a) I don't care what he says.
(-o \--d/ vu y.)

b) I don't care how you treat me.
(y o h d--.)
c) He doesn't care how his son studies.
(- ---oD - d.)
-J dC?/ ?
5) Who cares?=
a) Who cares if he wastes his money.
( s %--h -J-?)
b) Pranav: He says he won't talk to you.
(F x----o--.)
(?)
Vinai: a) Who cares?
b) As if anybody cares.
( ----od.)
Who
F, -J .
6) For all that I care
cares?
a) For all that I care, he might have lost a lot of

money.
( s -d---. F
?)
b) For all that he cares, I am suffering.
---o, ?
(O-o h B?)
(- -~- xLo x.)

~/ u, v
---
9) Very caring/ caring =
a) Nurses in some hospitals are very caring.
C take care
N p--C.
7) Would you care to eat some thing?
Vennela: It does, for all that I care.
B-.
b) You can't leave children in the care of a drunkard.
(N lD, s E .)
coffee
(Would you) care for some coffee.

formal.
( Rx- xLo ----- .)
3) That's been take care of:

of
passive form:
Vennela: But isn't she old and sick?
c) You take care of the planning side, I'll take

care of the construction.
It does, but who cares?

(F C J aE BJ u--E.
C N E--.
h N --E--*C.)
(Would you) care to have some coffee?
(-C ---ox -~- .)

10) care for = vN-.
C p -, ~u-d
n. care for v --.
(p--p N, I don't care for the
police- police \ n.
C J.care for G- .)
a) I care for my children.
( xLo vN-h.)
b) She cares for her brother.
( t -d .)
vo:
i) Where were you yesterday?

Where did you yesterday?
-C d?
n -.
iii) 'case', 'mood' -J-* -N--J--. v , --o, -K- ->-x.ii) Let us sum up
--:
i) Where
were
you yesterday?
correct sentence.
(Eo
O\o). C
Where did you yesterday?

correct
sentence
Meaning
Where did you eat/ sleep/
work, etc. yesterday?
meaning
C
.
Jh ?
h, y Eo-\
Ao-/ -E-v--/ E--,
etc n hC. Where
did you yesterday , did \ verb
(helping verb) v. verb h--E EE --L Main verb - eat/
sleep/ work etc C L ?
ii) Sum up -u (speech)/
report/ discussion (a) *
speech, report, discussion -Eo
xh p.
Teacher Eo C-* y E Eo xh p, to sum up. Let us sum
up - J C-N---E -Eo
xh l E.
iii) Case, mood: Case , -
Nh vu- --- I- me,
we - us, he - him, .
Mood : N --L sentences
(statements) verb B, (Indicative
mood), -c, u-n- L sentences
verb B (Imperative mood), -J-,
--
--L
sentences -
(Subjunctive mood) verb B.
English J x-- O
-J* ----Lq - .
- M. SURESAN
bg--- 13 --Ja 2007
-- j---
necessary or not.
his sons well settled, he is

care free.
4) As if you cared.
-x---
5) In fact, I tried much oftener than I care to

remember.
286
(--x---J Rx-, ---- <* o.)
6) Follow that and you are care free.

7) You'll have all the cares in the world.
Srikar: How careless you are You just don't
care how you waste money!
1. Careless = Without proper care =

(
( -F-C - -vh! y s %
h-o F d--.)
Sritej: Try as I might, I am unable to spend
money with care. I think its my impatience.
( v-Ao-* s v-h a
d----o. --C - -- --!)
Srikar: When you buy a thing you don't care
whether it is necessary or not.
b) With food and lodge taken

care of, who won't be care
free.
j vh B--/ -vh.)
a) She is careless how she walks in such a

heavy traffic.
A, x N -o - -J
* C?)
7)
( Dl- vh -hC.)
b) Careless Ex~u n
hC.
You'll have all the cares in the world.

All the cares in the world =
v--E -Fo -j-x.
He was careless in his replies.
He looked as though he was weighed down by

all the cares in the world.
( -- Ex~u o.)
(v-- E -Fo E -D-hox E-h-o.)
c) It was careless of the mother to leave the

child alone.
Take care of your paise
-vo:
i) Will I cheat you?
( NtLo h?)
DEE Can I cheat you -a?
ii) Having n N?
iii) Formal , informal -o. O
n N?
iv) n v Tx- -- Telugu to English {-vF- n
- . - {-vF- --
N-J-.
o, E
---:
i) Will I cheat you?
NtLo h? E -l- E.
Can I cheat you?
(y h --p C --
E -*-.)
Sritej: That may be true. But how can I control my spending?
( Gf J C-L--d -vh.)
-E-: He did it with a lot of care X He did
it very carelessly. p-C .
2) With care = Carefully = v-h/ vh
a) Yo should handle glass with care.
(C E a. F -a- -E--vA-- -?)
(V (h--) v-h/ vh
L.)
Srikar: As if you cared.
b) He treated the patient with care.
( y E ---od.)
Sritej:
I do certainly. In fact, I tried much

oftener than I care to remember.
(E ----o.
vo Eo-x h.)
Srikar: Before you buy anything the next time
a) Prakash: He talked all rot about you.
count 10. That may stop your buying
(F J* h .)
what is unnecessary.
rot = nonsense
(j - C \ d.
-x --i hO .)
Sritej:
( TE v-h /
v .)
3) Don't care : C lesson .
Sx -J l. - DEE
p \.
Prasad: I don't care. / I don't care what he

talks about me.
I'll follow your advice.
(F. d--. ?)
Srikar: You remember this saying: Take care
b) He doesn't care what people say at his back.
of your paise, the rupees will take
(---E --o \--d/

d--.)
care of themselves. Follow that and

you are carefree. Forget it and you 'll
4) As if you cared.
have all the cares on your shoulders.
( h-. j-- vh - -- -- A -- --. -D-Eo ---Jh F -<-*- ---. --Ja-- -v--E ----Fo -F-O- --.)
English proverb 'take care of your
pence, the pounds will take care of themselves
-.
Pence- plural of penny-
(y l vl B--od.)
-x -F -.
As if = as though =
You behave as if you were clever/ as though

you were clever.
L-j v-Jh-h (L-j---N .)

a) Kiran:
He said he wouldn't help you in future.
(
F -E p).
Kishore: As if I cared.
100 pence = 1 pound)

Sritej:
I will try to do that. I'll be careful

even about a paisa.
(
j N- vh v-Aoh.)

( ?
\-x- .)
b) She said she wouldn't meet me again, as if I
cared.
(o Sx ---E pC,
--d.)
a expressions
* ho . lesson JEo very common expressions l.
5) I tried much oftener than I care to rememberthan I care to remember=

dialogue above.
I've been in Mumbai more times than I care

to remember.
care
lessons
1) How careless you are!

2) I am unable to spend money with care.
3) You don't care whether what you buy is
h-----o \-.
( h----Eo x x.)
6) Care free = <-*
a) Having married off all his daughters and with
vo:
1. Vocabulary --E -- NN - CN *a, Ej u y. DE- x
- x x N -hC.
2. vA u NN * -x
*a E J-- - -
y.
3. Tx- x, , n--- uL?
4. @ n x--hxE u-
- Eo-- sentences
h. N-J-.
G.. , --Lx
---:
1) Lessons daily life situations o-- - J* - L. Sx
-y-- -h.
2) vA u NN -- Quotations
y y- v-Gh.
3) - x-- h-i
_. Oj- English -, Tele
news casts N, - *a--p-x
English x- p--h-- --o .
4) C -sEo d effect Eo d C. C practice x
-hC.
vo:
1) Abort BrE. 'R' a-
. AmE. a- C. -Jq R -- ?
2) R -o AmE phonetics--x
R C. R - BrE a-- -\-?
3) -J-q R --T N-Eo
--- -N--J--.
---- --E-, --
---:
A. British English , American
Pronunciation 'r' --. C
- ' - () --.
Abort - American - ()
Form - British English - ;
American English -
Term - British English - (, bird '
)
American English - .
NtLo --? E
--n u E.
ii) having n '-L-T E n.
i) Having a big house, he can recevie any
number of guests
= -E l x- x ( l x -L-T -x) -C A--j o -J--.

2) Having past participle
-L - -x E n
hC.
Having seen the movie he felt
happy
(E
---f)
/---
3) I am / He, she, is/We, you, they are having tea =

Tea - -o/ - -o-/--- C/
--o.
A- - am having / is having / are
having a.
iii) Formal - lA v j
. Informal l ----.
Formal, Informal - x
v-h N- -.
o uh u--J--p
lA v v-Jhh x
y-vA* x-/-u---J.x formal C. ', O,
Fo formal. English , Sir,
, May I come in? - --
formal.
-- --o--x informal (y-v)

. , , , --y
informal.
Collectors, Ministers, Teachers,Principals
- formal h-x/J- E--x formal

(yv B)
parents, brothers and sisters
friends informal .
iv) Telugu to English Dictionary
p--- -f x
expressions n
-. Standard English
Dictionaries -C.
- M. SURESAN
---- 19 --Ja 2007
-- j---
ing charm to the eyes.
-x---
(, --
-----o- -.)
287
Pradeep: What are you carrying in your brief

case?
(
-F
Brief case
- --C?)
(Brief case = u-i -
o T- B-x oE suit
case)
Sandeep: Just a report about my health- a certificate from the medical officer that
I do not carry any infectious disease.
c) A train can carry a large

number of passengers.
(-vi- --C v--

-B----C.)
Distance lends charm to the eyes =
( x j -{- -Eh--E )
Sandeep: Yea. Now I understand. I'm sure you
got carried away by the minister's
speech the other day telling young
Indians to serve their mother land
and not to be carried away by all
that hype about better opportunities
in the states.
( p -n-iC. o vA-u-
v-N--i--.
o -B- ---B y--E -E, -J \ ---o v-E --lE.)
( health report ju-C-J _

* -- u E -*a- certificate)
Pradeep: Why a certificate now?
d) City buses carry a large

number of commuters to
their places of works.
(
- -q- ----C commuters x

E- x --h.)
commuter- u. 'u \ - =
--o E- x (office/ factories, etc)
W v -x.
commute = E v - W
v--- local trains, city buses
x)
e) carry - B--x-.
i) He always carries a pocket book.
ii) I don't carry much money.
Pradeep: By the way, where did you buy that
Now I understand
(p
certificate
suit case?
?)
Sandeep: I've got to carry it because I am

applying for an immigrant visa in
the US.
(C -, -J- n-- -kx h-o ---d.)

immigrant = -- n---.
Pradeep: Why do you want to settle in the US?
(-J- n------o?)
Sandeep: I want to carry on my research
there.
( J----- \ --T-----o)
Pradeep: You can do it here as well.
(C \ a ?)
Sandeep: But the universities in the US carry
much better facilities for the kind of
research I want to do.
( ---J- --E--Jq--x
----o J--- -
\ - - -.)
Pradeep: Pity most Indians do not serve their
mother land.
(-C -B- %---E

-- -%-d )
Sandeep: You don't' understand. The facilities
there are different. You don't' need
any politicians favour to hold a position or to get a promotion. You've
none of give you orders that you've
to carry out. Academics enjoy a lot
more freedom there.
(yn -.Fu y
-F, Promotion -E E - G- F -\--\- (Research N-x).
F c-L-y y P---/- J--. \ Nu--E Nu-C- \ - \
y-vu --N-h.)
favour = G--/---v.
Academics = colleges/ universities E
Nu-C-.
Academic = Nu N---i-.
Prescribing a syllabus for a course is an a
academic matter =
(j course is an academic matter =

j course El-P u Nu
-C-*-C)
Pradeep: I still feel it is a case of distance lend-
(C -F,
o?)
suit case
Sandeep: Where else? In the US. There are

very big malls carrying a wide range
of goods.
(-\ -J--, \ -
x/h--t l l
- ------.)
Mall = -- -- u
US .
pradeep: OK. I must be going now. I've work at
office. Yesterday I made a mistake in
the accounts. I did not carry forward
the amount in one of the columns to
the next. I have to run the whole
thing on the system again and set it
right.
( -x-L. -- C Eo
\x *o --- .)
column (pronunciation- = -@ j *
C E x
x) *J , yA column j . h \ computer \* p
J-C-lL. system= computer
Run it in the system =
computers
\-
Sandeep: Let's meet this evening again. I want

to show you a story the eenadu district edition carried about a scam.
eenadu
edition
(v --
>x
---Eo J-* d-J- F ------o.)
Pradeep: O.K. Take care.

(
vh.)
Daily life situation conversation

carry
expressions.
Carry
p carry o J-Eo n, --
l.
conversation at the beginning
of the lesson.
I) A certificate from.... that
1) ... a certificate ... that I do not carry any
infectious diseases.
( -- E-*a- certificate.)
\ carry n --
--.
a) Pigs carry/ pigs are the carriers of meningitis.
(
x uC u-hC.)
( uCE L_ v x )
b) A variety of mosquitoes carries malaria.

(- --J- --x u- hC.)
( -J -L-T- v)
2)
i) The universities in the US carry much better
facilities for the kind of research I want to do.
carry
shops
universities
\
, u
,
nx u--. -JE
-- J--- - \
\- u---. \---
_ .
ii) There are very big malls carrying a wide

range of goods.
(
\ h-, x u-u
- ----.)
wide range = Nh %v/ -.
3) Carry n: (Y) s .
I can't take my wife to the US now because
she is carrying.
A-
N- x
a
-o A--- n, L--O
- * --- -B--x/ (h--
-- --, j Bx
(carry past tense, past participle - carried)
( u - -x -p- -J B --x--.)
4) Carry n, N--i vA-
v-J---/ TV -.
a) A porter carries luggage = porter (Railway

stations/ Bus stations
( vA-W --- vA-

-- -J-*- -h C (v-J-h).
x M)
-x h.
b) He was carrying some books.
(
Eo h- B----o--.)
(past)
a) The Eenadu carries the news of some scam

or the other almost every day.
b) The channel carried a live telecast of the

game.
Run
The Eenadu ran the
story of the land grab on its front page =
b N @ vJ-*C).
3) I want to carry on my research there.
(
carry on =
-Ja \ --T------o.)
--T-, continue .
a) Gandhi carried on his movement in spite of

a lot of opposition.
(uA-- o-p- D u-Eo -T-. (continued))
b) Please carry on. Let me not stop your watching the TV.
(O
.)
TV
d --T-.-- --
vo:
1. They have gone to Hyderabad
x j-- x. () x j- Rx a --E They have been
to Hyderabad j- ! I, we v
been --T- ! ( Rx a E
p--E) He, she, it Rx a E p-E L?
2. Where is Vijayawada? DE Vijayawada
---J L- place ! DE
'The' .
3. Simple Present Tense, Future tense
u ! x--o I go,
I will go n -!
4. soap, paper, bread, uncountable
nouns - conversation papers,
breads, soaps plural -
. C -d?
x -p, j--.
:1. They have gone to Hyderabad
O-ox x Hyderabad xE n. Rx AJT a----E
They have been to Hyderabad
correct
I and
we
he, she,
it, they
subject
have been \ has been
(to a place)
Rx a --E
v ,
- d. J
N-j -

o-p , x J Rx
a- , x ,
xJ J- C n
C.
e.g. a) I know Mumbai well. I have been there

two or three times.
b) She has been to Delhi.
(-Mx Rx *aC \ -Mx )

2. E uh, x,x The .
'L--- , L- vu-i 'the' .
Railway station, post
office, etc.,
v- -J u E
J* x-----x. L-
'the' hC. -E, Mumbai,
Delhi, etc., vu-i -o-p .
3. Simple Present - I go ux n Ep h-o--E- F, W h--E-F (v
p- J -).I will go -
future -hE N-u-h
?
4. - E plural p. --.
vu~ v channel -.)

(\-J, vA-x j N -Eo
- M. SURESAN
--- 21 --Ja 2007
-- j---
Mohith: I go with dad. I believe in economy
and discipline too.
-x---
288
Nisith: How much money have you? Do you

have?
( -o --Jh. , vP-~ --Gh)

(Believe = t. Believe in = ----i--E/ *-E t)
Nisith: A good dad's son you are. I appreciate
you.
(F _ s C? ?)
Mohith: Why are you asking?
(y v _ -. Eo
a---o).
The Prime Minister of

Pakistan is only the nominal
head.=
-n vE
v/ u.
The real head is Musharaff=
-j -
3) I have to carry out his instructions =
carry out =
---- (J c)
Mohith: OK. Thanks. Look here. You've made

a mistake in your calculations. You forgot to carry forwards this amount to
the next column.
a) Laxmana always carried out the orders of

Sri Rama =
Mohith: I have just enough money to carry me

through this month. I'm afraid I can't
lend you any.
(. u--. \ . F \x
p . E *J
hEo -A E j
-*--.)
b) The King's orders had to be carried out =
( ---E J-- s C
_. F p y----)
Nisith: That's like Mohith - always careful

about calculations.
c) Carry out my orders. Don't question them
(-----o?)
Nisith: (I was) wondering if you could lend me
some money.
(y-o p-y-----E -o)
X- c- ~---p P
-.
-c -j
--J--Lq.
- -Lq/
c- . ---p.
What rate do they carry
vo:
-1. The nationalist congress party headed by
Mr. Sharad Pawar has complained that the
congress is not consulting its constituent
parties on important issues.
2. The BJP president has said that BJP will
not support congress at centre.
3. However, Miss Umabharathi contradicted
the rumour that she is disobeying party
principles.
4. The PM Vajpayee has said that only NDA
can provide the stability to the country.
5. The Municipal commissioner, Raghu
Veera Reddy, said immediate measures
are being taken up to provide drinking
water to the residents of Kurnool.
---: uK -o -
Indirect speech
is not conwas not consulting
sulting
will not support
would not
support
she is disobeying
she was disobeying
can provide
could
provide
measures are being taken
Measures
up
were being taken up
-d 1 u
Nisith: My brother-in-law has asked me to buy

him a bike. He would pay me, of
course, but I've to spend now. I am
short of Rs 15000/-. If you could lend it
to me I would pay off next week.
(Mohith . \ N-
p vh.)
Mohith: OK. OK. Let's get on with our work.
( E l)
( bike -E p.
Gs-h--. E
d----dL . 15000 -
_. y-- h a
a-h.)
spoken English
a expressions J*
-
Ja-ho . J J--Eo-E -.
Mohith: I do have the money but it is all in fixed

deposits. I can't disturb them without
the loss of interest.

conversation between Nisith and Mohith
above.
( _ sC F fixed
deposits o. f d--
E C-L--)
1) I have just enough money to carry me

through this month.
Nisith: What rate do they carry?
(f
rate
?)
(Fixed deposit ? Bank
EKg -E ( 3 , 6 , Eo
-q-, etc) - h.
EKg-- h-u-- s B----E . K ---i -a f
o \ f B--a. Rate= f-)
Mohith: Why do you want to know?
( --------o?)
Nisith: I will pay you that interest or even
more. Let me have the money.
( f F, -o \ F
Eh. Gsy.)
Mohith: You can have it then. You know, dad's
instructions are that I save as much as
I can, and I have to carry out his
instructions.
( B. O-- E o . -
--Lq)
Nisith: So you keep just enough money that
lasts you a month and put the rest in
the bank in fixed deposits.
(-E y J- -E
N Fixed deposits -h--o).
Mohith: Yea. That's what dad says. He insists
on economy and discipline.
Daily life situations

carry, carry
2) What rate do they carry

4) I am afraid that it is carrying them too far.
5) You forgot to carry forward this amount to
the next column.
1) To carry me through this month =
J-- ---E.
Carry some one through something =
d -x d---L- .
a) Gandhi's tenacity carried him through the
freedom struggle=
yvu - D d- o
--*C/ d-- C.
b) Kishore lost his hand in the accident, but
his confidence carried him through to
success =
v- -d-o - E
t-N-y N--E --*C.
c) His determination carried him through the
difficult bowling and tight fielding to a century =
d o, fielding
o, E %-E-a Eo
dx C.
2) What rate do they carry.

rate = interest rate =
Nisith: I'm afraid it is carrying them too far.
(C A , A v-P-~ E-hC)
f-.
f--
a) What rate does the farmer's loan carry? =
j O f -C?
b) These loans carry nominal interests =
O \ f -C.
(Nominal = v)
a) We welcome politeness but Hari carries it

too far =
E, 2
E, 3 u
E, 4 u
E, 5 u
u - d, F J A-u -h. (G-----i E-

\)
b) Rama Rao controls his children too
much. He carries discipline too far =
- xLo K - . C A v-P-~.
o -E \- AC.
C A dieting .
Dieting
--: ---
/ o W_ E--- J-
T_---/ Eo
-n A.
L !
Indirect speech
present continuous
past continuous
will / can + present verb
Would / could +
past verb
E-
aL ! p? OE -d --T- ---. Idioms j * h

*---.
-, v ,
x-Co, o.
:
1.
carry forward =
E * o
, yA E --j , B-- y. brought
forward (BF) E .
a) Add this to the amount carried forward =
hEo *J h-E
.
b) This amount has been carried forward
from the last page =
page
E hEo \ .
EXERCISE
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
A
1. Beverage
A. Walker (on the street)
2. Colossal
B. enjoy
3. Pedestrian
C. flow out
4. Relish
D. drink
5. Ooze
E. huge (very big)

F. remember
correct: ' The Nationalist congress

Party headed by Mr Sharad Pawar has
complained...
reporting verb, 'has
complained'. This is in the present tense,
so the tense of the reported verb need not
be changed, so congress is not consulting
is correct.
5) You forgot to carry forward the amount to

the next column.
carry =
( o pC. - ,
v-P-~ d.)
(Economy= )
tight
century
Carry someone through something conversational English

common & effective. Practice
-\
C K A E--hC .
carry something too far = N-Eo A
/ A p/ A vu
y.
c) She eats very little to stay slim. That's

carrying dieting too far =
3) ... and I have to carry out his instructions.
Bowling
4) I am afraid it is carrying them too far =
2.
sentence no 1
reporting verb, has said present tense
reported verb will not support
would not support
p-x \
a--. d
uK u d.
3. sentence , j sentences
, reporting verb- Umabharathi said,

'said' past tense C. d she is disobeying p.She was disobeying
L.
4. Sentences 1,2 x , \ reporting
verb, 'has said', present tense d, can
provide, correct. C could provide
a--.
5. \ reporting verb 'said' sentence 3
past tense d, L reported
verbs Fo past tense , past form
L. d are being taken up, wrong.
C were being taken up - correct.
Idioms *h Mcmordie's Book of
Idioms.
KEY: 1 D 2 E 3 A 4 B 5 C.
- M. SURESAN
--v- 23 --Ja 2007
-x---
-- j---
289
Kinnera: Take a look at that woman, getting

out of the car. (Do you) know who
she is and what she is?
(N- J . F
N--, h--.)
Apsara: Absolutely no idea.
( --L-)
Kinnera: She is a leading lawyer and member of the university syndicate. Her
word carries a lot of weight in the
university circles.
( v lawyer, university syndicate u-. university _ x - N -C)
. n -- building -t-
, * nA B--.
C remodelling -, J-)
Apsara: Don't be carried away by her glamour and mistake that she is talented.
( -{- -j vA
- )
Kinnera: I am her admirer, whatever you say.
Our classmate Mugda, lasya's first
cousin has given me her cell number. She said I could talk to Lasya
whenever I wanted.
(yo G- -E- E/ fan

. classmate l u first
cousin. Lasya cell phone
number
-*aC, p-j x---aE

p C.)
Admirer = t- ' -\ --- =
expression: to get carried away / to be carried away

=
(---Ex-j) p/
E-O--j V tE-v p-.
a) Watching cricket on the TV,

many viewers get carried
away / are carried away by the happenings
in the match.
(TV
- cricket v~- match E

-- x --p- / -- -
---*-.)
b) So carried away was he by his liking for the
film star that he was blind to her defects =
Have been able + p.v, may have been able

to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v
u EJt--i--p n
-- --- .
1) We have been able to persuade them.
film star O -E-o V

- -E E--).
2) He might have been able to keep the

promise.
c) Don't be carried away by his sweet words.

He may deceive you =
3) She must have been able to get their

support.
(E Au -- y --p.
j ux j
G--- n N. -sEo --
q --, Nt--
--:
Her word carries a lot of weight

Apsara: Is that so?
vo :-
1) We have been able to persuade them =

(Past action)
x-- ap--L.
u J-T-C
(?)
Kinnera: She is that great actress Lasya's

sister. If Lasya is a talented actress,
this woman is a genius of a lawyer.
Lasya
( p-
J -.
vA , N
lawyer.)
Apsara: Lasya, a talented actress?! You

alone say that. I don't see any talent
in her. She's just a glam girl.
(u vA-?! \-\--E
C. --N-- vA
-E-. -o -{.)
Glam girl = glamour girl = v -, -- E . glamour
- -n = , N x uh
-{.)
Kinnera: You're wrong. She's definitely talented.
(y ----o. *
vA -C, -)
Apsara: You and others like you get carried
away by her glamour and think her
action is great.
(y, F--x -{---i

-E -i-, - vA- --)
Kinnera: What do you know? She is rare
combination of charm and histrionics.
(F ? ,
-- -j -.)
Rare combination = -u --E
p ~- -j -.
Histrionics = / - -C-*
N (Z--Eq.) C \-
- -A --E --
*ad-o --.)
Apsara: She is certainly poor at acting.
( vA \.)
Kinnera: She's (she has) bought an old mansion and is carrying out renovation
work for it. Once it is complete, it's
going to be as glamourous as her.
( -A -E E h p-hC. C h-, C
-- -{-- C)
(Renovation = --- \- --
G-E /fan. Admire = G--E-- /-a--. first cousins = o--t- /-\--xx Gf

Apsara: Why waste your valuable cell
phone talk time?
( cell phone
%-- -)
talk time
Kinnera: I've a lot of carry over from my last

card. I won't be wasting much.
a J-Eo expressions n, p --. Fo *a-i v-- (Precise expression of

ideas ) -----.
Carry

dialogue above
Eo -a.)
3) She is carrying out renovation work for
the old mansion.
Carrying out (Carry out)
carry out
= -- lesson
c-x-N ----
n E ---o. \ Carry
out n -o Ey--.
a) She is carrying out repairs / renovation

work for the old mansion.
( A - -t-, --
-hC.)
b) The government has set up a committee to
carry out an enquiry into the accident =
( vj N--- vy
mittee E p-J-*C.)
com-
c) Tests have been carried out to decide

whether the drug is safe or not =
1) Her word carries a lot of weight.

2) You get carried away by her glamour.
3) She is carrying out renovation work for the
mansion.
4) Don't be carried away by her glamour
5) I have a lot of carry over from my last card.
1) Carries a lot of weight.
\ carries
n -L-T - / ---J N--E-
--C-* -j .
Her word carries a lot of weight. (\ weight
n N- / -v-u)
N C. N -L-T
C.
a) He carries a lot of influence =
-E - C.
b) The job of a Collector carries a lot of
responsibility =
Collector
u u- C.
c) The position of the MD of company carries

a good number of perks =
company Managing Director -N

u--xN . Position = N ( J-nA- n- \ --).
(perks = perquisites abbreviation - N x a * -u *- car, furniture
--o x, x - u N)
d) Crimes always carry punishments =
---p P~ C.
( ~---i-, E El-J- K-~ Ey--. (J-.)

5) I have a lot of carry over from my last card
= (
card
talk time
NT-L
-C.)
Carry over = NT-L--Eo/ T--Eo vh ---- B----.
a) Funds not used in the last financial year

are carried over to the present budget =
Jn -q- E E- -q
budget -/ --E h.
b) The unused amount in the expired card

can be carried over to the next period =
[Cell Phone]
card
Lx
NT-L- hEo yA h --.
(expire= --x)
c) This habit of his is a carry over from his

childhood days =
- E *o-p
V-- * *a.
O carry a effective expressions.
conversation practice l.
Match the following:
A
1. Farming
B
A. Tell (usually a story)
2. Polite
B. Cultivation
3. Narrate
C. Area
4. Enormous
5. Region
D. Courteous
E. Unnecessary
2) You get carried a way by her glamour
F. Huge
4) Don't be carried away by her glamour.
KEY: 1) B 2) D 3) A 4) F 5) C.
2) He might have been able to keep his

promise =
E--d--L---/ L--a (E--d---

a) doubtful.
3) She must have been
able to get their support =
support
x
(*a-) --L
C (CC).
He must have passed =

Pass
(pass
(*a-)
.
u
u)
He must have felt angry. He was about to

beat me =
*a C
(*aC). o d--.
vo: Thanks, bank, balance, cash -j
- phonetics v -q / /
q / ... E - . F
OE - -- uq, u,
uq, u --E (') h.
p !
XE-, -t ,
p---J
--:
- thanks -xE 'a' L-
--l-E j ~ . -E bank
-E 'a' ~ L l-E _ o l, u. -E --h.
---, - ', p-
p - ---, bank ba
-.
vo :Adverb J* N- ---.
. E, -vA, --
--:
Adverb verb L E
J-TC E p-. He walked slowly.
Sentence verb-walked- -.
-? - slowly answer
hC d slowly C adverb.
She sang sweetly. \ C
Sweetly E answer hC d sweetly-adverb. -u 90] -s x '-ly'
* a Adverbs.
- M. SURESAN
--C- 25 --Ja 2007
-x---
-- j---
Suphala: Any way, all our troubles will be a
thing of the past, if only our efforts
bear fruit.
290
Vatsala: Thats it. Thank God we are through

the exams.
(j, v-o-Fo Lh
-Fo A-* N-.)
Vatsala: Have you met pramila of late?
(K-~-j--. A--)
Suphala: What a relief! Looking back I just
wonder how we were able to bear
the stress of it all.
(. x-----)
not on talking terms = -p-n x,
-x- x x----.
Vatsala: Whats gone wrong?
Vatsala: Unfortunately this isnt the end of it.

The worse is yet to come the
entrance exams.
(-%-d--h -- -- .
- y (-----) v
K-~ -o.)
Suphala: The thing is that all these are in the
summer when the students have to
bear the hot sun too.
(N Fo -N-
, Nu-n
J--L-p)
Lx x-- dEo
J---E-j l--C.
b) Just because of my
respect for him I bore all
his misdeeds =
(u vO---o L-?)
Suphala: No. We arent on talking terms.
(s! ! -C -- Ah d-o E--hC)
-E-O x, E
-u-Fo (p ) J-.
n/ j *a sentence no 2
:
2) ... all these are in the summer when the
students have to bear the hot sun =
( -%d! 9th class -d--p * E-i Jh

- --.
Lx-v- summer course
- o. Ah x
u -L.)
Vacation = D` .
We are on vacation = D` N-
o.
Holidays = . N - N
-----.
Vacation = u break -
.
Stress = Ah, u - --i-C.
Suphala: But one thing- we neednt carry any
more so many books, when we join
higher courses.
( N j -x
J Eo h --\--.)
Vatsala: How we carried more books than our
backs could bear! (I) shudder to think
of it.
( O --L-T--E-
o h ! -- -C/ --JhC/ -p--hC.)
Shudder - . ' \ -. x
() --J-. ---i ---F, p--o v--F h *a--p L .
A snake crawled by me; it didnt hurt me,
though. I shudder whenever I remember it.
\ \ RxC.
o -. E C h-*a--p-x x
-p--hC.
b) Parasurama bore a grudge against

Kshatriyas =
~vA- O --- --o.

c) I bear no grudge against him =
Suphala: She wanted my help in the exam hall

which I refused. Since then she has
borne a grudge against me.
Fo --E d---Lq -N-

.
- -y---.
O bear a Eo expressions. Practice
l.
We cant bear the heat of Bhadrachalam during summer =
EXERCISE
(K~ C JC. p--. p--* O y

-C.)
-N v- E d-.
u -E: d--/ J-
n bear stand .
(-C?/ - J-TC?)
Vatsala: Has she forgotten all the help she

had had from you?
a) I cant stand your silly behaviour =
MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

A
1) Obey
A. Chase
2) traffic
B. humble
3) pursue
C. illegal trade
F x-- - J--.
(F _ -- C
J* -*--?)
Suphala: Lifes like that.
(@N )
b) The boss is too intolerant. He cant stand

any one saying no to him =
boss K - -/ Boss K
-. E - /
J--.
She has borne a grudge

Vatsala: What a pity! We havent had a real
full vacation since we entered the 9th
class. Our parents have been putting
us through some summer course or
the other. They must bear all the
responsibility for our stress.
Carry
Carry
a expressions --o .
h _ o bear J*
--.
(bear - present tense, bore - past tense, borne

- Past participle)
1. bear
C
J-, -, d-- E.
-- d-----/ J-----
E not -. Cant (Can not) bear
E \ .
a) I cant bear his conceit -
E y --. ( *v-h-hC.)
h N d--.
c) We cant bear the cold of Kashmir =
a) The government must bear the responsibility for the rising prices. =
--o u v-y-E. =
--o - vy u
-L/ vy x.
b) She had to bear the responsibility for his
suffering =
E - u--C/ x E .
c) Syam: Lets do it. ( C l)
( E uA-. E-x L--
u --/ uo .)
bear.
Though born a princess, Sita bore the austere life in the forests =
--J d,
-x E----i @N-Eo J-*C.
(Austere = d. -- E E---i u- @N austere
life.
Mahatma Gandhi led an austere life.
Bear
Ah u x/ x x Ah.
u-.
bear the responsibility =
Pran: Im not for it. I cant bear any

responsibility for any bad consequences.
b) She cant bear this news -
Qt L d-.
2. - -, ju J-
3) They must bear the responsibility for our

stress =
4) ... we carried more books than our backs

could bear =
O --L-T--E- \
h- . (back= O)
\ bare n .
a) The elephant can bear a lot of weight =
-.
b) The bridge is too weak to bear the weight
of heavy traffic =
o ---L-p l:

dialogue above:
1) ... I wonder how we were able to bear the
stress of it all.
2) ... when students have to bear the hot sun.
3) They must bear the responsibility for our
stress.
\ DlE -- -- C
.
c) The eldest son bears the burden of the
family =
Eo l h-o.
(burden = / u)
5) She has borne a grudge against me =
4) How we carried more books than our backs

could bear.
O y/ LT C.
bear a grudge = / / y N
LT .
5) She has borne a grudge against me.
a) Mandhara bore a grudge against Sri

Rama =
1) I wonder how we were able to bear the

stress of it all.
\ bear n j p-x J-/

d--.
a) A Mother is prepared to bear any hardship
for the sake of her children =
X O - / y C.
( O ----x-E
--o j JC. -
-o A - T-LC -x
J-.)
4) meek
D. extraordinary
5) remarkable
E. follow
F. understand
KEY: 1 E
Lesson No 288
2C
3A
*a
4B
5 D.
Exercise, answers
N-.
1. Beverage = drink.

F-- (*-Fx ) coffee, tea,
food drinks, alcoholic drinks O-Eo-E
beverages . beverage - pronunciation
- -J ' \ -.
2. Colossal - Pronunciation - - '
\ - = l--/ %.
A colossal statue - K Nv. (--, o---E --y- Nv)
A colossal waste (of money) = \
%.
A Colossal amount = l h.
3. Pedestrian = Z- ' \ -.
= -J. Roads ---x (--
x-x ) Pedestrian .
Pedestrian crossing = - - f-
/ -.
Pedestrian pE EJ
E .
Its a Pedestrian movie - p
E, .
His game was pedestrian = -
.
4. Relish = enjoy - - --N-,
y-C-. E-xj .
a) We relished the food at the restaurant =
restaurant -Eo (A-Eo) C.
b) Narada relished creating quarrels = -Lo L-T* -C--
c) We relished his speech yesterday = Eo
E -u-Eo -C.
5. Ooze = ( , size ) =
(u *\ v) t-C.
a) Blood was oozing out of the injury -
* h -C.
b) The vada was oozing oil =
-* -C.
c) Pus oozed from the wound =
* < -C.
- M. SURESAN
--- 27 --Ja 2007
-- j---
-x---
291
Snehit: Hi Sobhit, when did you come back?
( N N-, Nuuv u E j vn p
, -a-o. \ x
----o. J--v N x
Jp.)
Hygene = -u-E-----i J--v.
Snehit: Who bore the expenses of the
camp?
(p AJ-a?)
Sobhit: The day before (yester day).
(o, conversation o -u The day before

yester day E Jh -, the
day before E .)
Snehit: You are rundown, aren't you?
( a J-?)
Sobhit: An NGO.
( v-y- -n.)
NGO- Non Government Organization.
ya n .
( F- o-x-o ?)
Sobhit: Why do you say that? I'm all right.
(- -o? - o)
Snehit: Your weary face and lean appearance bear proof of it.
(F L , *\--
E V o.)
Sobhit: It's true. I am a little tired but otherwise I am in perfect health.
(h L--- --h-, F
-u o.)
Snehit: What part of the expenses did they

bear?
(ax x J-?)
Sobhit: The whole of it. We were comfortably lodged and fed and every one
of us did have the satisfaction of
doing real service.
(h a J. * ,
A p . vA
\ E-i -- %h
.)
Snehit: What were the rewards?
5) They bore the signature of

the governor.
1) Your weary face and lean
appearance bear proof of
it.
bear proof of =
.
1) The blood on his body bears proof of some
fight between the murdered man and the
attackers.
( -OC h -, u j
-, -E s-B- J u x
J-T-E V h-o.)
b) The broken neck bone bears proof that
Bob Woolmer was done in.
(Bob Woolmer u -u-E NJT V hC.)
Be done in - (Passive of do in) = u
--.
2) Please bear with me for a few minutes.
Bear with someone (me/ him/ them, etc) =
-J - .
a) I am an old man and perhaps keep saying
unnecessary things. Bear with me.
( l--E. --i N-
What were the rewards?
(F v a y J-L.)
5) They bore the signature of the governor.
(N -o - o.)
Bear signature = .
a) You received the money, you can't deny it.
The receipt bears your signature.
(y-s B--o. --.

F C)
b) The blank paper bears his signature.
( S--T -Eo LT C/
S T O C.)
n bear x Carry a.
Postal cards, covers, etc O stamps
bear .
The cover doesn't bear any stamps.
( O d .)
Exercise: Match the following:
A
1. Harass
A) clever
2. Fair
B) too much
3. Mend
C) unnecessary
4. Excessive
D) repair
5. Shrewd
E) trouble /annoy
F) just/ impartial
Snehit: Did you have a good time at the village? How did your social service
go?
( v F -- *? O u-v
J-TC?)
Sobhit: Could you wait for ten minutes? I
have this report to finish.
( ? F
L.)
report
Jh--
Snehit: How many volunteers participated in

the programme?
( C volunteers
_o?)
Volunteer- - j u-v-
ya - -%-p- _--x.)
Sobhit: Please bear with me for a few more
minutes. Yes It's over. You were asking me how many participated in the
programme, weren't you?
Snehit:
(- d. .. C
--C. -x
C _-o-E ?)
Yes, I was. ()
Sobhit: As many as fifty.
(50 C o)
Snehit: What did you achieve?
(O C-?)
Sobhit: Our efforts did bear fruit and we
really succeeded.
( v-o-Fo L-,
E- %-%-u-u)
Snehit: What in?
(x)
Sobhit: For one thing thanks to our adult literacy programme, 50% of the adult
villagers ended up reading and writing. All the children there are now
going to school. We taught them the
value of hygene.
Key: 1)E 2)F 3)D 4)B 5)A
(O-*a vA- ?)
Sobhit: More than anything the satisfaction
of having served the under privileged people of a remote village.
Providing sources of drinking water
was our greatest achievement.
(\ - v-... , -- -E v-
--. * F --
p u p
.)
The under privileged = - N Jo \ -, --o-x/--_.
---f-x a.)
Snehit: Any recognition from the government?
(vy * i Jh
*a?)
Sobhit: We had certificates of appreciation
from the government, of course.
They bore the signature of the governor himself.
(vy * vv
. Fo -o --
o.)
Snehit: Good to see you back.
English
Daily life situation conversations
frequently used expressions
'bear'
Lesson
(
-- Eo
) - -j
. J-Eo p
-.
conversation between Snehit and Sobhit.
1) Your weary face and lean appearance bear
proof of it.
2) Please bear with me for a few more minutes.
3) Our efforts did bear fruit.
4) What part of expenses did they bear?
x---. h d.)
b) Am I asking you too many questions?
Please bear with me.
(K \ vo-----o-. h x
d.)
c) Pranav: Could you lend me your book
once more?
(-J F h h Please?)
Prasad: Have it.
(B)
Pranav: Perhaps I am asking you too often.

Please bear with me.
(K \-x ---o-.
h / --)
3) Our efforts did bear (bore) fruit =
bear fruit =
Lesson no 289
*a matching
N-.
1) farming = cultivation = u-/ .
farming u---E v J-N
p Eo-- -- -o.
poultry farming = x .
Aqua farming = , u-x --
K (u-- --R)
Farm = o N.
Farm house = E- ---E d-
x.
2) Polite = Courteous = u o
He talks very politely.
(--- u- x--.)
L-. (-, v-o.)
a) The government's attempts to hold the

price line have yet to bear fruit.
(- - - vy vo L--.)
hold the price line = - - /
check the prices.
b) His two sons are in the states and his
efforts to see them well settled have Borne
fruit.
( l - -J- o.
x n----E vo L-.)
4) What part of expenses did they bear?
bear expenses =
a J-.
a) The government bears the expenses of the

ministers' foreign tours.
She refused to do it, though politely.
(u-- E - A- \-J*C.)
Courteous o n hC.
politeness = courtesy ( ' \ . , bird
3) Narrate = p/ %h-Eo/
N-J-.
Pronunciation - - \---.
She Narrated the short story to her children.
( x pC)
--l-j/
\-j.
4) Enormous = huge =
a) The Rashtrapati Bhavan is an enormous

building.
(Z-A -lC.)
b) Sita had enormous patience.
(v N-Q -v-- a v-y

J-hC.)
b) He bore the expenses / cost of the
orphan's education.
(Lx--v E x- a
J-.)
c) You have to bear the expenses of your
travel.
( p C.)
v.
Telangana region = - v
Andhra region = v v
5) Region =
- M. SURESAN
- 29 --Ja 2007
-x---
-- j---
Sravan: No luck there. The police have yet to
catch the thief.
1) He couldn't catch the early

morning train.
(. police d-Lq C.)
l train ----.
Bus, train --
-- catch.
292
Sravan: I suppose Pavan has left?
( Rx-----?)
-E-. j sentence question word
order (verb + subject order) -- *
question mark C. \J -
questions --a.
Bhavan: It seems he caught hold of the thief

as he grabbed the suit case, but the
thief was stronger than him and
escaped.
( suitcase \-
E d--o-. F --
----- p---o.)
grab = ---a--/ \-
Bhavan: Yea, he has, by the 11 o' clock train.
(. Rx-- 11 .)
Sravan: Unfortunate, really.
Sravan: But he told me that he would leave

early in the morning.
(E -%d.)
( lo h--o?)
Bhavan: He couldn't catch the early morning
train. He was unable to get up early
enough.
Bhavan: Pavan caught an employee in his

company red handed stealing office
property. He got him suspended. He
thinks that this employee had his suit
case stolen.
a) He wants to catch the

early morning flight to Mumbai.
7) Pavan caught an employee red handed.
lo j x N-Eo ------o--.
b) You go to Tirupathi by train and catch a
bus there to Tirumala.
A--A train Rx \ A--

(\)
bus
2) He caught a bad cold.
-E N-K--i C.
\ catch n j uC ,
-.
cold = L, a cold/ common cold =
a) There are plenty of mosquitoes. Be careful. You may catch maleria.
Bhavan: He caught a bad cold during the

night, and had no sleep at all.
h - h- office
E u-TE d--o. E
suspend - . u
- --E --o.)
(vA -.
Ev--d-.)
Sravan: Pavan is too honest and too strict to

tolerate such things.
Fxx \-- .
y --C.
Sravan:
(l train -----.
lo ----.)
Why? (?)
(office
o. vh. F J -a.
b) Don't stay too long in the water. You'll
catch a fever.
( o station x-p C? -o* ,

-E E *a ----. l train
Rx--- G-v- o.)
Bhavan: No doubt. It was him.
(. --.)
Sravan: He appeared to be worried about
something during his stay here, wasn't he?
NE- x catch . catch/ catch
expressions Eo p --.
(catch - present tense. caught - past tense and
participle.)
Catch
1)
--C L- n:
L --o (A ) h-Lo d-.Catch a ball/ catch a fruit (falling) etc.
I caught the keys as he threw them to me.
(-E-\ o-p E N-
l --od --f, ?)
Bhavan: He certainly was worried. He has outdone the others in his company, but
others are catching up. He doesn't
like it, naturally. He wants to stay on
top always.
(. E- - -o. -- x company E--, F -

E v-- ---o. --E--d -. - ?
p -----.)
stay on top= --- h- (o)
nA .
Sravan: I catch what you say. That's the trouble with all those who want to remain
unbeaten.
(y-C nC. - --------x .)

unbeaten = --j
Bhavan: Has he got back his lost suit case
yet?
( -d-o suitcase J-/

AJT ?)
police station J-----x,

x ----aE .
police
b) I caught sight of him as he was getting

down from the bus.
bus
--- E--, F - E
n-----o.
Catch up = o x ( , v x,
C--) O--.
j -
C, F j Lo O--hC. (y
---ya)
1) He couldn't catch the early morning train.

2) He caught a bad cold.
3) Was it he I caught sight of on his way to the
station.
4) He has outdone the others in his company
but the others are catching up.
Software
b) India can never catch up with Japan in

technology.
-A- n --.
c) In the race Hemu has the lead, but Hari is
catching up.
() -o
J E O--h-o.
5) I catch what you say.
y-oC -n---C.
catch (\) = n--/ N--
a) I couldn't catch him in that noise and
crowd .
/ pC N--.
b) It's difficult to catch his English.
5) I catch what you say.
6) The police have yet to catch the thief.

7) Pavan caught an employee red handed
stealing office property.
8) I'll catch you later.
Sx - x--.
Catch some one later = Sx y x-.
Catch some one = JE ---/ -J
x-.
a) Kumar: Hello Prakash, this is Kumar.
meet-
EXERCISE
Match the following
A
1. Alien
A. embrace
2. Cobbler
B. change
3 hug
C. Foreign
4 Shift
D. weak
5. Stubborn
E. shoe maker/ repairer

F. firm
C--o-p --f.
a) She tried to catch her child running on to

the road.

dialogue between Bhavan and Sravan:
8) I'll catch you later.
4) He has out done the others in the company but the others are catching up =
a) India is ahead of China in software, but

China is catching up.
OC h-o Gf d--E v-Ao-*C.

b) The cat caught the mouse = Lx -
d-C.
n- catch \ -.
p catch/ catch a expressions
J-Eo -El.
Abduct = kidnap.
Catch sight of =
-- j NJ d--o.
2) p--E J--o x/ --
d--, catch.
Road
Gf T-Lh (kidnap h) J .
a) He doesn't go anywhere near the police

station. He is afraid that police may catch
sight of him.
b) She was caught red handed while abducting the child.
(E phone call miss u. F

Sx phone .)
( bus hC. F y -x-.)
d-
b) I missed his call but he caught me later.
o C?
Jo/ h- - / --
police
-- (~N).
o. y x-.)
Bhavan: OK. My bus is coming. I'll (I will) catch

you later.
- h-
o.
(Kumar,
ing
3) Was it he I caught sight of?
(--E --- E--B- E\*a E .)
a) The police caught the man red handed

while he was stealing.
Prakash: You'll excuse me Kumar. I am in

a meeting. I'll catch you later.
I catch what you say

Sravan: Then was it he I caught sight of on his
way to the station? I saw him from a
distance, so (I) wasn't sure it was he.
Moreover I had been under the
impression that he must have left by
the morning train.
h- u-TE d--o.
Catch red handed = (Jo) h-
(-) d--.
English
n-- d .
6) The police have yet to catch the thief.
Lesson 290
matching exercise
N-:
(c, N)
--J-/ -/ P----/
lj .
Obey my orders = c- .
(Obey -x obedient .) An
obedient child = Lx--v -N Gf.
2. Traffic = Illegal trade = d N-l i
u. ( n= -- Road
O). Trafficking in women/ Immoral trafficking = --J (uG- ) u .
Immoral Trafficking Act = uG- E-
d.
3. Pursue = chase = - -.
1) The police pursued the thief = Police
-.
2) o NuN u- -.
3) N-Eo -- EE J*
x-, j .
4. Meek = humble = y LT,
E---
5. Remarkable = Extraordinary = ---i/ p---T India's progress in
software is remarkable = software
vA p---_ (p).
1. Obey = follow =
M- --E -d--.
Lo, -n- M- d =
catch thieves/ criminals, etc.
- M. SURESAN
-- 2 --v- 2007
-- j---
.
-x---
293
Bhargav: Oh God, Whats that mark of injury

on your chin? Have you taken to
boxing or what?
Raghav: If I had seen it I would have ducked.

But then the child could have been
hit.
(C , --E. F
s Gf T--C.)
Bhargav: I appreciate your courage.
(F ju a--o.)
(J--, Ff O h -N? Boxing jo -d
?)
Take to = -h d, y -T-.
Raghav: What do you think? I had to fight with
a goon trying to abduct a child. He
caught me on the chin. I hit back and
landed a nice blow on his cheek.
(---o? Gf --J---o t-_- x-Lq *aC.

d s f O T-LC.
AJT d. O
T d)
goon = .
Bhargav: When was all this?
catch
a J-Eo
J --.
expressions
1) He caught me on the chin

2) Caught in rain
3) I caught my breath
4) He caught me off the guard
1) He caught me on the chin.
( f O s--d/ --d s
f-E T-LC.)
(selected u-E
-----.)
4) He
caught me off the

guard.
Catch someone off the

guardconversation
C --
.
--- / --*/ -l -p
d--/ s-B-.
a) The strikers caught the police off the guard
and entered the ministers chambers.
(--M- v--h E/ -l E ---- vA C- -x.)
b) Some of the police officers questions
caught him off the guard.
(Police officer -T Eo vo- --L-y-E -l / vo----E --.)
Catch (somebody) on a part of the body=
c) They caught the enemy forces off the guard.
-O -E-j s T d.
(v- --- o- x s-B.)
a) The thug caught him squarely on the face.

(
Ao E O
d.)
-v-o: --Tx-- --C -v-o- -- ---L?

-I) F- -O --t-, ---o- --o- --?
II) speak, talk - ---j- words --
-s-x -- ---T-- -N--J-
h-Eo ---.
. --p-, --*-M-o.
-: I) -, - --N-- English
E --x p J-TC.
II) Speak = Talk= x-.
u-i N-Eo -J-* h serious
x- speak. When any one speaks
(-j- x--o-p) Nx
x--o (--
_-) ---C - u .
The teacher spoke to the students about
discipline (Teacher v-P-~ -J-* x x-.) \ teacher v
x- --C.
Talk --op- - -- n pJhC. When we talk ( x-)
N - serious --a.
Exercise (Match the following exercise for

this lesson).
( p J-TC?)
I appreciate your courage

Raghav: Just two days ago.
( V .)
Bhargav: How did it all happen?
( J-TC?)
Raghav: Caught in rain I was returning home
late at night. I caught my breath
when I saw some one moving suspiciously, and then heard people
shouting, Catch him, Catch him.
({ *\--E vA u
ho. ---p-
A ---... , au y -. -
d-, E -
No)
Bhargav: You had quite an adventure.
(* --%-u -jC F)
Raghav: Let me finish. I recovered. I saw a
child in his arms. I hit him squarely
on his cheeks, and got hold of the
child. He boxed me on the chin and
escaped.
A
squarely =
\ * -.
(d)
b) He caught the boy on the ribs.
(\-- T- s-E d)
c) He caught him on the injured arm again and
again.
(-f AO- Sx Sx d--.)

2) Be caught in rain I was returning home
late at night.
{ *\--E -u ho.
be caught in = J- n-Aj (u
dx) *\--
a) I was caught in rain and was totally
drenched.
(
{ *\- Jh --.)
b) If you have no proper plans about money

you will be caught in financial problems.
(
s J* j - Jn sx *\--.)
c) He is often caught in problems because of
his interest in others affairs.
(
(o -Jh pF. x Gf
. -O * s-d. Gf d--o.
f O -L d J)
hit squarely = (---) d.
Box = l.
Bhargav: So you were the hero of the day.
- N \- d---
x *\x -.)
3) I caught my breath.
(/ au x ---/
y T-xC.)
a) I caught my breath when I saw the dog carrying away the baby.
(
( y -V o-)
Raghav: You can say that. He caught me off
guard. Otherwise I wouldnt have
received even this blow.
( -- op d--o-. s- T-C
.)blow = s.
Bhargav: You should have seen it
(yC --LqC) See =

-/
---L-T
\ Gf--h y T-C.)
(, au Shock x) \-J C
t-u x)
b) When the man given up for dead appeared,
the villagers caught their breath.
(
E-----E C-- E AJT x

, vn--J y T--C
au, .)
c) I am sure he will catch his breath if I tell him
that he has been selected .
we talk the whole night about our school

days.
(- - \- -V- J* v x-o.)
b) L / x- ---E
1. Amaze
A) offspring
2. descendant
B) miserly
Speak
3. grave
C) fury (great anger)
4. stingy
D) surprize
5. rage
E) serious
Lesson No. 291 Matching exercise
F talk a language . (speak a

language =
x--, L
. speak in a language = j s x.
1) Harass
e.g. He spoke that days
F) gentle
Key
1. D 2. A 3. E 4. B 5.C
N-:
(-/--) o- '
\ -. o- ' \ ) = Trouble / annoy = C- / Bv
N-T-. Newspapers -
a) She committed suicide because her ... inlaws harassed her.
(h--J x C-- t-u C.)

2) Fair = Just (u-i)/ impartial (Ep~-i)
The judgment is fair.
(
Bp u/ Ep-~- C.)
A thirty rupee fare for this distance is fair.

(
-E 30 - Kb u.)
J--.
Mend clothes /shoes, etc = * d
4) Excessive = too much = A .
3) Mend = repair =
in english)
( Vx Lx--v x N K \ Ah -o.)
5. Shrewd = clever = Lj
a) He is a very shrewd politician.
Oxford
Advanced Dictionary of Current English,

longman's Dictionary of Contemporary English
books .
-v-o: i) --C--- --- -N--J--. --- -C j-- - --L----.
I am watching Tajmahal
I am seeing Tajmahal
I am looking Tajmahal
ii
) --- - h --D-.
---- - (-u/--h- ----C) ---.
- O--E -x- -- ---.
.--, --R.
-: i) I am watching the Tajmahal correct. I am
seeing the Tajmahal wrong I am looking
the Taj mahal. I am looking at the Taj
mahal, correct.
K \- o.)
Parents now a days put excessive pressure

on their children in studies.
language
v-o- --, N---
The charges are excessive.

( charges
I am watching
h -v -- I
- Taj mahal
h-o-E - h/ E
j -x K-~
am looking at the Taj mahal
ii) He is my blood relation
DE
correct english
-.
L-j/~ t -* ----.)
- M. SURESAN
--- 11 --v- 2007
-- j---
Nithin: That's the trick.
4) But there is a catch.

5) He is caught up in a catch
-o- .
-x---
294
Nirmal: Still it is worth it. The trousers cloth is

light and soft. It must be expensive.
d ,. d s
T N o. trousers cloth
L_ h C. K---j
L.
Nithin: Hei, your trousers are the latest cut,

when did you buy it?
F trousers (pant -- -p.) - fashion C, p

o?
Nirmal: Don't you know that's in vogue now?
C-p
fashion
E F L-?
Nithin: I feel like buying a pair too.
-\------o.
Pair- . Trousers (Pants), Scissors
N English p plural.
22 situation
1) I know that it's fast catching on.
expression,
catch on.
catch on
catch the interest =
a) The game of cricket caught on with the
a) Computer games have caught the interest of children = computer games
j v- / popular .
beginning of the live telecast of the
game =
fashion. *-.
practice .
con-
---E %h- x -hE

-Ah-h.
4) But there is a catch = \- -C.
\ catch n, . j - -{- j
---iC --.
TV
vu~ v
v-G-- C
v--
CC.
Cricket
Nithin: I know about it and I know too that it's

fast catching on but I did not expect it
to catch you so soon.
C fashion E -p . C
y u-h-F . F
C EEo y -J{-h-E -.
b) Hockey, though the

national game of
India, has never
caught on =
hockey
Nirmal: That shows how it has caught youngsters' fancy.
B v
--p-,
v-G-
.
Eo d -hC, C --
-J{-*D.
fancy- \ V
y Eod---o--o-.
Nirmal: I do like it of course, but I have a feeling that it hasn't augured well for me.
\ -
C F
vx v
.
-d . F * /
-- --F L- ---
C .
augur- / - .
augur well- * (--) /
*-.
augur ill- *. omen
2) That shows how it

has caught youngster's fancy.
Nithin: Why do you feel so?

Nirmal: The minute I started wearing it I was
caught out by a sudden change in
the syllabus and pattern of the exam
I am taking next month. The fees
have been hiked too.
C -o ~ a
exam syllabus l-A - t p
Eo-s-x C. exam fees
J-TC.
catch
fancy =
Nirmal: By the way what about your brother's
job?
C---F, O brother job N C?

Nithin: He is caught up in a catch 22 situation. He needs experience to get a
job, but unless he gets a job he can't
get experience.
Nithin: How did you come to buy it?
catch 22 situation *\-o. - E u .

u h E - .
y EE o?
Nirmal: They were offering it at an introductory discount of 30%, so I bought it.
Eo h v----o -s
30% T_* t--o. -E
o.
introductory discount: j h h
\-x v --o-p/ J-
h-o-p t-- -J{-- a discount.
Nithin: 30% is a big discount, certainly.
30% discount
Nirmal: Wish him good luck.
-C-* expressions, real life

, daily conversations
a ---o . J-Eo
lesson l.
Catch
situations

conversation above.
1) I know too that it's fast catching on
l T_ J.
Nirmal: But there is a catch. The discount is

offered only if you buy a shirt along
with it.
\ A-/ -C.
shirt discount - -h.
c) This fashion is catching on here but hasn't

been able to make a
mark in the other
places =
fashion
Nithin: so you like it.
2) That shows how it has caught youngsters'

fancy
3) I was caught out by a sudden change in
the syllabus and pattern of the exam I am
taking next month.
someone's
-J V L-T-.
a) The fashion has caught the fancy of
teenagers =
fashion
xx
-hE -Ah-.
b) Many episodes of the Mahabharatham
catch the interest of readers =
catch 22 situation
vogueversation
h L-T-.
13 * 19
V LT*C.
b) The catchy dialogue from the movie has

caught the fancy of the audience =
E--E - N---
J V L-T-*C/ Ko
-d-C.
catchy (word/ dialogue/ song/ tune) = *
N L-T* - x / h-d--- O (/ -/
/ ). u u v--x a
uu catchy .
catch the fancy , catch the imagination, catch the interest, of some one E
- C.
catch the imagination = E --hE a-d.
Space travel has caught the imagination of
many writers and film makers =
-J-~ C -- F Et-
a--dC. ( -J-~---E
NN - --- h- x,
Et-- E- Bx -E).
a) Buy one shirt, get two shirts free? Oh,

there must be a catch in it.
shirt shirts *-? Dx

-C. ( shirt shirts
free - y. DE-
---E.)
b) You can enter the competition free, but
the catch is you must buy at least Rs
1000 worth of goods in the store =
*- v-P--a E - shop u - h-
L.
c) Only Rs 2000 per square yard in such a

busy area? There must be a catch in it.=
centre
Dl
- ,
--? t--u C Dx. (j E-- -
E.)
5) He is caught up in a catch 22 situation =
N-x C --LhF
C -, C -- -C
--L- L. ---, experience
F job . F job E experience
. Rx C-J--F *a---, *a
-iF Rx -. J-nA,
catch 22 situation.
eg: He needs time and money to get a better job, but his present job gives him no
time. If he leaves the job he can't have the
money to live on. It is a catch 22 situation.=
p--o--E- -j u -\- time L. E p-o u

time y. p job C-h ---E
s-. C catch 22 situation.
catch 22 conversation -
NE--h-C. Practice l.
EXERCISE
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
A
1) Cookie
A) oppose
2) Protest
B) uninterested
3) Vague
C) clever
4) Indifferent
D) Worried
5) Keen
E) Uncertain
F) Biscuit
KEY: 1 F 2 A 3 E 4 B 5 C
- M. SURESAN
--- 18 --v- 2007
-x---
-- j---
295
Rupasi: I don't know much about art. But I

found one of the pictures off the beaten track. It is different from the usual
type of paintings.
( *v-- -J--* --L--.

F x - N-~- C.
-A *v o -C
Go C.)
Rupasi: Where are you rushing Akrithi?
(\- y h-o?)
Akrithi: I am going to see the paintings exhibition.
Akrithi: How about coming with me?
( -?/ h?)
( g-*-v v-z- -o.)
= g-*-v
Paintings
Rupasi: But why so early?
Rupasi: That'd be a pleasure, though I've a lot

of work to do. Tomorrow evening is
the dead line. I want to beat it.
(F -- ?)
( - o.
v E h---E .
Jh --E v-Ao-ho.)
Akrithi: I want to beat the late hour rush.
(-u R \- .
-.)
Late hour rush = u x
\u .
Akrithi: (I) wish I were as hardworking as you.

For sheer hard work you take some
beating.
Rupasi: I see that enthusiasm is catching.
(p n C. q, h
N uh * uh u-hE)
(F-- -d - E---E J.
-d - N- FC j.)
Rupasi: Thank you for the compliment though
I don't know how far I deserve it.
b) Anil: How are you going

to clear your debts?
(F p- B-h)
Kamal: It really beats me.
( L- )
3) But unfortunately some
one else beat me to it =
- - ---o E
-. Beat some one to something =
- E--l----o- - E N .
a) Rahul beat Sreenu to a place in the team
d n- h--E -vQ- ----o- C d-.

b) The Eenadu beat the other Newspapers
to exposing the scam =
--Eo N vA-
---dC. (x ----
--o-, -- - -E -C)
4) Nothing beats the colour combination
and the realism in it =
C Eo N --, h-N--.
b) The music in the movie is off the beaten

track =
E-, U N-~-/
NG-o C.
6) Beat the deadline

Deadline =
. Beat the deadline =

N- .
a) The project has to be completed in a

week. They are working overtime to beat
the deadline =
project h-L.
--- }-\ E--h-o.
b) They may not be able to beat the deadline =
E Jh----.
7) For sheer hard work you take some beating =
d- E--- y-Ko N*-
-.
I want to beat the ..

Akrithi: It really beets me. Till a few months
ago, I did not know anything about
painting or art in general. But thanks
to my uncle, I find myself drawn to art,
in particular to oil paintings
( n . Eo -- --
, g*v--o, *vo O -L-. F uncle u- -E, *v- x -J{----u-E
-hC. u j-g *v x.)
Paintings = g-*-v NN -
t. Art = *v-. Oil paintings = j-g
*v = L -
t.
Rupasi: (Are you) going to buy any of them?
(F -p-- |
-L-- F, Thanks.)
Daily Life Situations

beat.
- frequent
DE -J-* lesson
-N-E- --
--.
beat n L- -
d. u s--T--x, Sx-Sx
d. Bv d. -
d hit/ strike.
beat - past tense: beat (H a-Jh,
-.) past participle: beaten. beat
- n -.
a) Bangladesh beat India
(x o ---o?)
(x- - -*C)
Akrithi: They are too expensive. I can't afford

them.
b) It's difficult to beat Australia =
(N K K- -o.
s d--.)
Afford = j --L-T- n-A
Rupasi: Weren't you thinking of buying a
painting in one of the sections? The
painter has caught accurately a village woman with a bundle of hay on
her head.
(- N-x x o painting
-E --o *v- f- -ho vO YE
correct *vB--J-)
Akrithi: Yea. But unfortunately some one else
beat me to it. I was just 10 minutes late
getting ready the money.
(. F -%-dh
- Eo -. s
l - 10 EN- late
C .)
Rupasi: What attracts you so much in it?
( Eo- -J{-*--N?)
Akrithi: Nothing beats the colour combination
and the realism in it.The setting sun
is caught in wonderful shades of
colours.
g-- --, h-N- N

*vxo p C. h-N-ho
u-E/ u-h--Eo p
x d--o *v--.)
shades of colour = E
, ...
Australia
- d .
d-- -n His heart is still beating .
the dialogue above.
1) I want to beat the late hour rush =
-u x a - -
----o.
beat the rush = avoid the rush \---
- -.
I am going early to beat the rush.
(\-- -- -
-o.)
- N x -- -, p---- - beat - N- --.
a) He avoided the main road to beat the
traffic signals =
Traffic signals
Road
-- - Main
C- \ roads O x.
b) She wants to beat the tax rules by investing in different kinds of savings
o E-- --J -* p----

NN -- d-
dC. invest = d- d. savings
= / -- s)
2) It really beats me = -L---.
-- C.
a) How he is going to travel with such heavy
luggage really beats me =
-
v h--C -L- -.
beat
Take some beating =
-Lo N*--.
a) As a tourist spot Kashmir takes some

beating =
u- v- Qt Eo-E
N*--C.
b) For sheer taste Hyderabad Biryani takes

some beating =
\ N.
a) No other bowler can beat Muralidharan

in spin bowling =
spin bowling
-S--- N-.
player
b) In Tennis he beats others =

Tennis
* j-- GJ-FE N*C .

to take a beating (to take some beating ) --/ s-A-
(, vA-e N)
a) The team has taken a beating in the last
Match
match =
d -
-- N*--.
5) I found one of the pictures off the beaten

track.
Off the beaten track =
-
--o NG-o, N-~- .
a) Director BN Reddy's movies were off the

beaten track =
z- G- -f E-
( E-x )
NG-o, N-~- N.
-C.
b) With its defeat by Bangladesh, India's
Cricketing prestige has taken a severe
beating =
Cricket
x-- N -
vAe Bv s--A-EC.
- M. SURESAN
--- 24 --v- 2007
-- j---
a) Measles is catching =
/ t -uC.
b) Jagan: Prakash is down with some illness
-x---
296
(v s --o.)
Varun: Hope it is not catching.
Spoken English
tions
daily conversational situaexpressions

sentences
catch JEo
J* --. C
.
-J
1) Enthusiasm is catching
2) The painter has caught accurately a village
beauty with a bundle of hay on her head
3) The setting sun is
caught in wonderful shades of
colours.
(C -uC -?/ C
-Jo* -Eo* --J
)
-Jo* --J uCE the disease is
catching . Do - an infectious disease E .
(happiness/ joy) --.

E-q, , h
--C. Fo
catching. (= spreading)
Habits are catching, and so
are fashions
(-x u-h,
fashions .)
Tears are catching= Fo Jo* J hC. (E-x scene v~x L-T-*-x)
1) Enthusiasm is catching =
q C -J-* J u-hC.
\ catching n v-h
-E-. -s catching n
u -u--xN -J-* --J
u/ E.
and explain them with examples.

illegal
illicit
illegitimate
lawless
unlawful.
- K.Sainath, Tenali
Ans.
Against law as found in statute
books (books like civil and criminal procedure code according to which courts give
judgments), anything the Government has
banned, or against court orders =
d
t % uA----C, vy E-C*C, court -- uA----C illegal
a) Drugs/ Weapons banned by law are illegal drugs/ weapons.
d E-C-*
illegal drugs, illegal
weapons
b) Continuing to occupy a place after a court
has passed order against the occupation
is illegal occupation of the place
(
nEo v-N- d v uA-
E court - y v-N*
illegal)
c) It is illegal to marry another person without divorcing one's wife / husband
(o
u/ h N--L-y- uhE
}- ILLEGAL - d Nl)
d) Having/ using weapons banned by law is

ILLEGAL.
(d E-C-*
LT / d-N-l ILLEGAL
Unlawful:
Against law in general, not
only against law as found in statute books,

in court or in government orders, but also
against rules as followed by people
(unlawful
d- vy E---
uA----- - v
E--- uA-)
a) It is unlawful to occupy others property.
- h- yD --
d t EC.
unlawful.
b) If such an occupation continues even

after court orders the person to vacate it,
it is ILLEGAL.
a) The newspaper has

published
photos
which have caught

the minister in the act
of taking a bribe =
Typhoid is catching = Typhoid

Typhoid is infectious/ Typhoid is an infectious disease=
Typhoid
-Jo* --
J u-hC/ -C=
-uC.
, v- (feelings and emotions),
-n- (moods) catching .
-j o - q-
h q (enthusiasm),
2) The painter has caught accurately a village beauty with a bundle of hay on her
head=
3) The setting sun is caught in wonderful
c) Anything
against
police orders is unlawful but not illegal. It
becomes illegal after court says so.
(Police
UNLAW-
h-y- x--,
FUL F, ILLEGAL . Police h-y-
x--*-x court Bp G C ILLE-
cers make illegitimate

use of public funds -
v,
vy E-
v- --.
b) His promotion is illegitimate - E promotion E---, - -Lq l--
N-l J-TC.
Officers,
c) His continuance in the post is illegitimate

=
----N -- E---, l- Nl.
GAL
This is the difference between unlawful and
illegal. Illegal is strictly against court orders.
Unlawful is not necessarily against court
orders but not accepted by law. Court order
uA---- Illegal. Court orders

v , d--t EC unlawful.
Illicit:
Lawless:
(of a country or an area) where

laws are not followed or obeyed. (of people)
who do not have any respect for law.
A lawless area/ place is an area or place
where laws are not followed or obeyed;
where people have no respect/ fear of law.
Not allowed by law, and not

approved by society. Illicit drugs are drugs
manufactured against law, without the permission of law. The supply, without permission, of weapons, or manufacture, without
permission, of weapons is illicit supply and
manufacture of weapons; such weapons are
illicit weapons. There is an element of secrecy about it. An illicit love affair is a love affair
not approved by society.
Lawless people are people who have no

respect for law or fear of law. eg: terrorists,
Maoists, etc. ( lawless area -
(d --A-E, -C--EC
j h C illicit -C. vy A - K, -
Nd D- o vx d v-
E--. (N-d C d .)
d-E
v / N--E, d v
-v-E v \ v d
--, ~u--d)
Lawless People- dEo \--E, d--ui Eq-- -x terrorists,
N-d -x.
a) Villages and other places under the control of Maoists are lawless areas =
illicit.
-, u C.
- Lh d-E *\-. u,
v v-, illicit love affair.
Illegitimate - Children born to an unmarried couple are illegitimate children.
Children born of an illicit love affair are illegitimate children.
illegitimate
children -
(v --x d
Gf, Rx-EJ d Gf,
v )
E--- N-l, lB --
illegitimate. (Anything against
established rules and practices is illegitimate.)
with its bright innocent toothless smile=
Photo/ *v -- -- yo Gf -hC.
shades of colours (the painting)=
a) Some ministers and offi-
( yD -o
NE S -E
court order
y S -- ILLEGAL
vA B *\/ J---
Photo vA v-J-*C.
b) The Photo/ The picture catches the child
f- -O ho vO A T *v-- *v d/ C/ *vA-.
Q. 1. Please give meanings for the following
drugs/
g-*v u-h--Eo a-u--L

x -*C/ *vA-*C.
o Eo--Eo/ T-/ -sEo hN *v--F/ Photo F *vA-/
C--Eo catch
.
Enthusiasm is catching
*J *v- (art), photography

C-* -j -sx
-.
Illegal:
Maoists are lawless people- they have no

respect for law: Maoists
dEo Jh-/
-N-.
These are the explanation of the words: illegal, unlawful, illicit, illegitimate, and lawless.
Is there any difference between the two parts of
each sentence.
iii) He is engaged in an illicit love affair

iv) He was arrested for illegal / unlawful
possession of fire arms
v) Your life is not safe on these lawless
mountains
Q. 3. Explain the phrase - awareness of ends
of human life.
Ans. Awareness of the ends of human life =
Know the purpose of human life = know
what we are born in this world for =
@N u L .
Q. 4. How to distinguish the words that end
with pronunciation S and Z
eg. Cats - Cats
(pronunciation - phonetic symbol)
apples How can we distinguish these type of
words without using a dictionary?
Ans. 'S' after the sounds p, t, k, f is pronounced 's'.
cups, cats, books, proofs, in all these
cases 's' is pronounced 's'
'S' after b, d, g, l, m, n, and ng usually
pronounced, 'z' only if it comes at the
end of the words.
jobs, roads, eggs, leaves, calls, dams,
tins, songs - in all these cases 's' is usually pronounced 'z'
'S' coming after vowel sounds at the end
of the word is pronounced 'z'
eg: is, was, has, fees, etc
When a word ends in ss, the sound is 's'
and not z
This will be explained more detailedly in
our future lessons exclusively on pronunciation.
Q. 2. Please fill in the blanks with appropriate

words.
Ans.
i) These are unlawful acts and may lead to
your arrest
ii) Seizing his property is an unlawful act
- M. SURESAN
- 26 --v- 2007
-- j---
-x---
(Ny --o-p-, - E F - y----o.

- F U--J---p-
C E.)
297
Sobhita: Hi Mohita, you are back! why? What

happened?
(AJ--a-. N? -uC?)
Mohita: Have a heart, Sobhi! Just why don't

we talk of something else? What's
done is done. We can't go back on it,
you know.
Mohita: You know what? I resigned my job.
(H, h ! C--
-j x----?
J-T J-T--C. Eo A--, --!)
(i -F ? -- u--E
@- a.)
Sobhita: Really? you left the job hardly a
month after you had joined it? Why?
Why did you join in the first instance,
then?
(E-? J A-\-
@ ? ?
?)
Mohita: My heart was not in it. I joined
because of dad's compulsion. I want
to continue my studies.
( C d. o --x . --T--C.)
Sobhita: You
could
have told him
of it.
(--
p
LqC.)
(--E v-l/ -vh . --

-- / E-d
.)
Shoddy job = v-l, v-h / --E.
C His/ her heart is not in
it - n \ -.
2) His heart was set on it.
Set your heart on something/ have your
heart set on something/ heart to be set on
Sobhita: Your future is something close to my

heart. How can I avoid thinking of it?
something = to wish strongly to do some-
(F N-u u. E
J* x-- --?)
j - -i J / E
- .
Mohita: Do you think I can't take care of my

career?
( career N vh
B------?)
Sobhita: For all that you say you are still a
child at heart. You don't know what
you do.
thing =
a) The officer is a man with his heart in the

right place=
officer
j E----F -.
b) for all that the daughter- in -law says, she

admits that her mother- in -law has her
heart in the right place. =
-o-, p--C
h ---E (-N--E).
a) His heart is set on becoming a minister.
(- vA -E -i J/
- C.)
b) He has set his heart on becoming a movie
director.
(*v z- -E E -i J/
-E - C.)
5) I didn't have the heart to inform him

before hand
6) I'm afraid you are too light hearted.
Light hearted=
E-j - B--.
a) His light hearted talk about such a serious

matter irritated me=
serious N-Eo - B- p-*C.

b) Everyone likes her because she is light
hearted =
My heart wasn't in it
Mohita: I did but he

wouldn't listen. His heart was set on
making me an officer.
( p E N-. o
- -E Ea---o)
c) She has her heart set on marrying him.
(y p, y *o--x
FC *o-x -h-y. F h
F L---.)
Mohita: You certainly have a heart of gold, Sobhi.
You take so much of interest in me.
(E FC -- .
O F vl B---o)
( p-C?)
Mohita: Nothing wrong. But software job is a
career after my heart, so I want to learn
some more software and settle in it.
Sobhita: Can't you take back your resignation

now?
(p-. *a career
software job. -E software
a-E n----C .)
Mohita: I'm afraid it is too late. I'll try just the

same.
Sobhita: I think you made a mistake. I know

your boss over there. He is a man
with a heart in the right place. He
could have certainly helped you to
come up in your career.
(y - ----o. O
boss . * -o-. F career j-a-
--L--.)
Mohita: I know that, so I didn't have the heart
to inform him before hand.
( ---E.
- --C @-
N p-)
Sobhita: I'm afraid you are too light hearted
about your career throwing away jobs
like that.
(F @- p \ B--?)
(E N*-----.
v-Aoh.)
Daily life situations conversation 'heart'

\.
Heart --J L- n %,
q --- E. Ordinary conversation n- heart, E
L- expressions - --.
Heart, heart expressions, English
conversations
E -o E L--- -h.
-E --i, --i English speaking
heart, heart a expressions -- ---.
Now look at the following expressions from the
dialogue above.
1) My heart wasn't in it =
(* C--,
y K - B-o-E-hC.)
I was not interested in it./ I didn't really want

to do it.
Mohita: There are jobs for the asking in software, I'm sure once I have the necessary training, jobs'll be waiting for me.
a) I joined the course but my heart wasn't in it.
(software -T a-x-o
u-, P~ h u-
---.)
b) She was at the wedding all right but her

heart wasn't in it.
Sobhita: Though you say all that, in your heart

of hearts you know you've made a
mistake. You're not prepared to admit
it, though.
( q E-O / C d-)
( q --F --
/ E-O -h -C.)
( Rx -j-C-F Rx ---O
-q- . - d )
c) He is doing a shoddy job of it. It's clear his
heart isn't in it.
7) In your heart of
hearts =
%----/ -.
(E Rx ---E J/
- C.)
3) But a software job is a career after my
a) Though he supports her, in his heart of

hearts he knows she is wrong =
-- -Jn-ho, -E / E
- , pE.
heart.
(software job
Sobhita: What is wrong in it?
p C d
-J
d.
*a %Ah, u.)
*a
b) In his heart of hearts he feel he is unjust =
After my heart =
It's a place after my heart.
(C *a v)
E -q C, u hoE.
h --
8) Have a heart =
a) Have a heart. Kindly stop lecturing me =
Not have the heart to do something =
E-- d---- (-x ----E).

expression p not -
d--E p-E.
a) She didn't have the heart to tell him of his
failure.
( j-uEo J* p-,
E --d d-.)
b) He doesn't have the heart to take the child
away from the mother, though he know
that she has T.B.
( TB (~) E L- (-x
Gf C -aE L-)
_--* Gf B--x--E
- \-J--.)
c) Though he had a good job offer, he didn't
have the heart to be away from his aged
parents.
(* job - *a, --O---

Lx--v- C-L-d x--E -E
- \-J--.)
A man/ woman after my heart,

*a E , , d-Ed, v-h- ---x E hC.
- , d-E-d o-x
*a--x - ?
h --. -u y
. (-\- )
b) Have a heart. Don't disturb me. Let me
study =
h --. o -F. --.

9) Something close to my heart =
Something important for me =
vu a N.
a) Children's well being is something close to
parents' hearts =
x -~-- Lx--v vu
h.
b) This subject is close to my heart =
N--E vu h.
10) You are still a child at heart =
j l E--* FC *o-x -hy.

At heart = y/ jJ.
a) Though he has joined congress, he is still
a communist at heart =
v- J--p-, -E-C communist

y-.
b) He is good at heart = %--.
11) heart of gold = -- q/
%--.
I like him. He has a heart of gold. =
- d . %--.
4) He is a man with a heart in the right place.

A person with their heart in the right place =
-, h % -x (j E------p-) E.
- M. SURESAN
--E- 28 --v- 2007
-x---
-- j---
Sampurna: Even as I looked at her face yesterday, my heart sank. She looked
so angry.
298
Sampanna: You seem to have taken to heart

what Vignatha said. Just forget it.
(Nc o--E ----o-do. Eo J-*)

Sampurna: You know very well that I threw
my heart and soul into the whole
matter. I went out of the way to
make it a success. Still she is not
satisfied.
( h-- -p-Jh
N--E %--. C L-E h N* E--.
%h-).
(go out of the way = N- vu--i
%--/ - v-Ao-).
Sampanna: She is really heartless to pass
such comments on you. I never
thought she could be so hard
hearted.
(FO uu
El. J- -E p --).
(Eo -
J--C. E-*C.)
Sampanna: I observed too. I've never seen
her so furious. There wasn't any
reason for her to fly into such a
rage.
( -E- .
- -.
T-J----E
E---).
(furious= Bv-i .
fly into a rage = v---).
Sampurna: By the way what's the news from
the hospital? How is Namratha
getting on?
(C -F, vA -
N? v C?)
Sampanna: No Improvement. No deterioration either. But the doctor says
she will improve. I told
Namratha's people not to lose
heart. Namratha's recovery is just
a matter of time.
(-. ~- .
J-nA ------o d. v } x
Sampurna: I want to have someone tell her

how much she has hurt me.
10) I never thought she could

be so hard hearted.
heart
expressions
. j
a
Fo \
Nod, C-N-d E--h-o
. N frequent
spoken English NE--h--o. -E practice
l E.
conversation n
--:
1. upset= / -h/ - L-T-
- -s. --N-
n--o
2. sensitive = Eo -h-y- *o j -E.
3. deserve= |-- \ --E--- nA.
4. furious = Bv-i -.
5. rage = Bv .
6. speedy recovery = y --/ -.
b) A heart to heart talk with my colleague

ended all our misunderstandings =
1. You seem to have taken to heart what

Vignatha said/ 6. I feel that you take things
too much to heart.
Take (something) to heart =
v- J--C.
b) My heart sank when Dhoni was out too = F
out J--C
(, E-q-)
N- -x/
-o x/ - x Bv
-h / --.
a) He took his failure to heart and is withdrawn
=
ju x -J-
x- .
y, -J Np x-E O - -T--? (T----a-?)

u-T Np t
x- - -T--.
5) My heart really sank when I saw you so
upset
7) Even as I looked at her yesterday my heart
sank.
(Somebody's) heart sinks =
a) The thief's heart sank as he saw the police
on the scene = police
J--
8) I told Namratha's people not to lose heart

lose heart =
j-u--, E vo
--.
a) Low marks? Don't lose heart. Do better next
time =
\ \ a? j-u--,
a-J .
My heart really sank...
b) He lost heart after his second failure =
-J N----x j-u Sx
vo --o.
c) Don't lose heart. This is not the end of it.
j-u--. C ?
9) My heart missed a beat. Miss a beat =
() d-- \-J T--.

( o C-* --
h -----o).
(hurt= K--/ - C-)
Sampanna: I suggest that you'd better have a
heart to heart talk with her. Tell
her how she has upset you.
(y Np x- *-E . Eo
C-* p).
j-u---lE p. ---E time da. .)

deterioration = ~-
Sampurna: You know my heart missed a beat
when I got the news she had
been put in the hospital. I couldn't
just see how such a strong girl
could be so ill.
hospital
(
a-E N \-J T-C. -u
t- s *a
n ----.)
Sampurna: I'm afraid I am a bit too sensitive.

She should have known better
than to talk like that.
( K Eo----\--L--. x- *C
E ---L.)
Sampanna: My heart really sank when I saw
you so upset.
(y ----o-p Eo
-J--C.)
Sampurna: Really I didn't deserve such
words from her.
( o---- ./ o- --LqC ).
Sampanna: I feel that you take things too
much to heart.
(y N--i K \
- d-----)
Sampurna: I've told you I do. But that is no
reason for Vignatha to throw
words at me like pots and pans.
(p , Eo--E.
o ----E
Nc- .)
(Throw words like pots and pans = Jo
d *a-x - C-).
Sampanna: Ofcourse there'sn't. She could
have thought better.
(C correct. *--LqC).
Sampanna: The best we can do now is to

pray for her speedy recovery.
( y ---E -- p - h-i E)

Heart
lesson
-C-* J-Eo
l. N daily life situation
conversation expressive (--oC
J p--L N) - ---. Fo simple expressions
F, conversation - - p--F O -E-h.
conversation above:
1) You seem to have taken to heart what
Vignatha said.
2) ... that I threw my heart and soul into the
whole matter
3) She is really heartless
4) I suggest that you'd better have a heart to
heart talk with her
5) My heart really sank when I saw you so
upset
6) I feel that you take things too much to heart
7) Even as I looked at her yesterday my heart
sank.
8) I told Namratha's people not to lose heart
9) ... my heart missed a beat when I got the news.
To be withdrawn =
- *
/ -- x----.
a) My heart missed a beat when I didn't find my

purse in its usual place =
purse
b) Don't take her words so much to heart =
-
- ----J T--C.
d--E --.
b) His heart missed a beat when he misstook

the rope for a snake=
c) Sensitive people take even the slightest criticism to heart =
Eo -\ *o N-z d-- ----.

2) ... That I threw my heart and soul into the
matter.
Throw (somebody's) heart and soul into something -
C -- NE-
O -- . DE n u
q-, vl j . -
E-O d .
a) Once the adult literary programme started,
she threw her heart and soul into it.
--E -- E \ ~ T--C.
1) Put away, put down
Not, never
--N- 2)
-s-- ---L?
3)
-- --
-- -
Have you ever seen Tajmahal-?

-D-E ----Eo No - -v-G--a?-- a) No, I have never
seen Tajmahal. b) No, I have not
seen Tajmahal
-. j --- -C
= Nu u-v --- E-O

-q-d q- E--C.
-.-N --, --
---: i) Put away - Put some thing away =
b) Once he came under Gandhi's influence

Potti Sreeramulu put his heart and soul into
the freedom struggle
h- -
AJT .
= \-J D v-E j , d X- y-vu-u q-, vl -p-Jh E-.
c) You put your heart and soul into the preparation you will certainly get a good rank
=
(K-~) l--- --d q,
vl . F * rank hC.
Put/ throw somebody's heart and soul into

(something) X (Somebody's) heart is not in it.
3) She is really heartless. Heartless=
, u-E, J q . Dn h hC -q-E E. cruel DE synonym (v-i)

Hitler was a heartless ruler = Hitler --E
- (--)
4) I suggest that you have a heart to heart talk.

Heart to heart talk =
(l-J-u pn-op) --Np t-- o--ox x-- (u/ - )
a) Why don't you have a heart to heart talk with

her and clear your misunderstandings =
d?
to put some thing in a place where it is usually kept =

Let me put these books away =
h-- n -F.
n--o. u put
uA---/ uA-- -*--.
ii) Put down down the opposition -
Stalin put down any opposition ruthlessly =

Stalin
-- uA---*---x El-~u
-*--.
2. Not = , . Never = p-/ p. They do not do such things = x
.
They never do such things =
x-o- .
3. Correct p- I have never seen the
Taj correct . I have not seen the
Taj E Taj E - E. I
have never seen - ' o-
! Modern English usage have/
has never + pp (seen, gone, etc) -o. p J---.
- M. SURESAN
-- 30 --v- 2007
-- j---
ram =
-.
-EC
-p-Jh
rammed -
-x---
299
Chandan: What a time we had last sunday!

We really enjoyed the whole picnic
to our heart's content.
( C- - -!
o E-N-B -C.)
Have a good time/ bad time etc = j sEo / N -.
Have a happy time during your stay there =
O-\o- .
Charan: If only our hostel warden had permitted me...! The guy has a heart of
stone, I tell you. My repeated
requests to let me join you have been
no use.
( hostel warden --A*a

- ( O *a
-C---E) ---C E
A %. --o. O
o --E v--- L
--C.
Chandan: We missed you a lot. I had wished
with all my heart your warden would
a) I wished with all my heart

that India should reach semi
finals in world cup Cricket.
truck = lorry
Charan: That must have been shocking.
(OC Cvs L-T* L.)

Chandan: You can say that. It happened right
infront of us. We had had a hearty
laugh at some joke one of us made
and the next minute this happened.
(I) can't forget it for my life.
(
y- a. J-TC. - -
y-o. -~ C J-TC.
@N- J-*---EC.)
Charan: My heartfelt condolences to the family though I don't know them, and didn't see it all.
( L----,
-- ---, x
---o.)
(v v
F semi finals
o ---E -
--o.)
b) I opened the letter hoping with all my heart
that it would convey the news of my selection for the job.
( u--E --u- h -L---h-E - Ph h-Eo J-.)

3) It's heartening to know you are going
again.
q-Eo L-T/ vq---i

C \ passive . \-p,
It heartens me, It is heartening to know E
.
Chandan: So did we. We all returned home

with a heavy heart.
( . --\ %-
-o.)
( u s-f, - ---
vq--- C.)
b) Business circles are heartened to know that
the govt is not going to impose new taxes.
Charan: Our highways are hardly safe.
b) The Children crying for their dead mother

was heart rending.
(E-- Lx x -
- L-*--C.)
6) We had had a hearty laugh:
Hearty =
a) We had a hearty laugh at his joke.
( NE - y-o.)
b) We had a hearty time.
hearten =
a) It is heartening to hear that in spite of his

recent illness, he is progressing well in studies.
( -- L x
(- y, x .)
%---y G--.
A hearty meal = a large meal = * -j
%h---i .
Hearty Congratulations =
7) Heart felt condolences:

Condolence =
(%A/ ---i x. \- Condolences E plural .)
a) Our condolences to/ Our heartfelt to the

bereaved family.
(vy h o NC- E L
We had had a hearty laugh
(% --E /
bereaved family = % )
8) With a heavy heart = --\/ Ng/ N---i %-.
a) I convey this sad news to you with a heavy
heart.
(N %- F --h--C-ho.)
let you go with us. I never thought
that he could be so heartless.
(y --
E--*C. O f Eo
}Ey-E - --o.
% E--E --.)
Charan: Any way it is heartening to know you
are going again this time to Goa. I am
sure to join you come what come
may. My dad said I could go.
Come what come may =
-i
(-j, S} J O -
--o-E L q C
. O J p- -i
h. o x--o.)
Chandan: So you have no reason to lose heart

any more, then. I assure you we can
have a very happy time.
(E-q--E- -o/ y C --\--.

-C---aE o .)
Charan: Madan was talking of some unhappy
thing that happened on your way
back.
(O AJ--a- -----i
NEo J* -o.)
Chandan: Yea. What a tragedy! The car a family was travelling in rammed a truck
from behind. Two of them were
killed. One was seriously injured.
That really was heart rending.
(. -!
v--h-o - KE *
C. l *a--.
Bv
--f.
E
%N--.)
~ .)
Highways = -- L x.
Chandan: OK. It's time I were at home. Bye.
(, -p x -LqC. h.)

Heart -C-* expressions real life situations E conversation NE-h. E J-Eo lesson
l.
Now look at the following expressions
1) The guy has a heart of stone.
2) I had wished with all my heart that he would
let you go.
3) ... it is heartening to know you are going
again.
4) So you have no reason to lose heart.
5) That really was heart rending.
6) We had had a hearty laugh.
u _ --o.)
uA- dishearten = E-q--/ E .
hearten
( u-E L v E
/ E-q---f.
b) It's disheartening that he is not coming -
----C E--- C.
4) So you have no reason to lose heart.
( F E -Lq .)
Lose heart = E . Lose heart
C not- \ .
a) Don't lose heart. Keep trying you'll succeed.
E - v-Ao-h. N .
b) Though he did not succeed, he didn't lose
heart.
( ----p-, E -.)
7) My heart felt condolences.

8) We all returned home with a heavy heart.
( vo --T-h C. p-
E---.)
trier = v = E---- vo --T-x.
Lose heart to some one = fall in love = v
/ ---.
.
(-EC A %/ J %.)
Heart of Stone = A %.
lesson a heart of gold
expression . n
% / * F. E have a heart
of stone uA- E -hC ?
The minute he saw Sakuntala, Dushyanta lost

heart to her.
a) Whoever did it, those responsible for the

Noida (Delhi) murders must have hearts of
stones.
(-- u-- j
---o/ vN-)
( E --p-, (Delhi _)
u --x J-/-- %
kx L.)
Heart rending = %- -N---- i/

l-u / vN.
b) Serial Killers have hearts of stones.
( u x %-.)
2) With all (some one's) my heart =
( ju J-* h N % No.)
a) The News of his Son's failure disheartened

the father.
c) She is a great trier. She never loses heart.
1) The guy has a heart of stone
b) It is with a heavy heart I hear of his failure.
5) That really was heart rending.
a) The Scene of the train accident was heart

rending.
( wj q- J-T- %u %-N--- C.)
vo:
1. I wish I had a bike
I wish I had +.. II & III persons
E subject
--T--a?OE - -T-h -.
2. p Tx h-x ''Iam afraid..."
E --o. DE
Jh n
N? -sx
DEo --T-h N L-.
.N.--v-u,
*- , x >x.
---:
1. I wish I had a bike
= I don't have a bike
now; So I wish for a
bike now (Not possible now) =
bike -! (E-Eo/
p -E Eo --.)
I wish you didn't come here =
-y -\-- -C (E a.)
I wish they were here =
Rx-\ -. (-x -p- -\ / vh .)

afraid n ---o E.
spoken English j d
p--p, I,m afraid -d- uh---hC.
I am sorry n
A: Can you help me with a little money?
B: I am afraid (= I am sorry) I can't (I can not).
- M. SURESAN
-- 2 - 2007
-- j---
averted =
Likhit: O that was big relief.
pC
-x---
300
Rasik: You look so frightened. What happened? What makes you so afraid?
( -----d E--h-o.
J-TC? F -L-T-h-o?)
Likhit: I am out of breath. Let me breathe
easy first.
( ----- .
o BJ_ J a-F.)
out of breath: , -, -- ----/ J a-----.
breathe (vH) easy= BJ_ J a--/
Nv-A /relaxed.
Rasik: Come now Likhit. Pull yourself together. I never saw you so full of fear.
(L", h --.
y- -p -.)
(Pull yourself together -- /
--)
Likhit: You would look frightened too if you
were face to face with your worst
enemy.
Rasik: That's what I want to know. What
exactly happened?
b) The Government faces the

difficult situation of putting
down the Maoists.
(E l C*--d-C.)
Rasik: But how did the face off between you
start at all?
( O lJ u x
v-iC?)
Likhit: It started as a silly argument and
developed into a heated exchange. In
the course of it, I told him to his face
that he was an animal. That enraged
him and since then he has borne a
grudge against me.
( *o N- v--iC, l ----- *aC.

-s -E o
. p--* O y
--o.)
Bear a grudge = y ---
Rasik: But that's too slight a reason for him to
hate you much.
(E Eo- y---E C
*o ?)
Likhit: He is very bad. I shouldn't have
befriended him in the first instance.
( f-.
o ---.)
befriend=o .
in the first instance =
( -------C.
(N-d- -*--
d- i -u vy \-C)
c) Tendulkar is facing the
biggest challenge of his career. He has to
regain his form.
(-\ @N- A l ---\-o. n uEo AJT --- --L.)

face to fact = EEo p-.
c) Let's face the fact. We can never be a
great force in Cricket.
( -nEo -\-/--p-
v- p- p h .)
3) Still I put on a brave face. Put on a face .
(- ( -R--) E--.)
a) He was full of fear, but he put on a brave
face.
( E----p-, ju od
d/ j v ju-
E--.)
b) Though guilty, she put on as innocent face.
(
--p-, j v ----L
E--*C.)
c) I know you for what you are. Don't put on

faces.
(
4) Never lose courage in the face of danger.
F A / y . -)
Never lose courage even...

J-TC?)
Likhit: I had to face my worst enemy in my
life. We have met at the restaurant
after 20 years. He had the face to walk
towards me and make a challenge.
(- @N- l%- -\Lq *aC. 20 x y d- -J-- --f. _ *a Sx -- -E--.)

Rasik: But why should he frighten you so?
(F L-T-L?
Likhit: He is the most dangerous fellow on
earth. He Strikes terror in me. Still I
put on a brave a face. As my luck
would have it, the police turned up just
then and he ran away.
( u v--J.
d-h. .
ju- E--. %d
p M- E--.
J--.)
Rasik: Likhit, never lose courage even in the
face of danger. If you have to lose,
lose with courage. That'd be manly.
(v- ju . - p-- ju . C
--- C.)
Likhit: When we last faced each other 20
years ago, he made a challenge or
some thing. Just to save my face I
accepted the challenge, though I had
to face up to the fact that I could not
beat him.
(
-j --x -J--
--p O - N-.
---E y-J. E -\--E L-.)
Rasik: This time too the timely arrival of the

police saved your face. Thank God a
fight was averted.
(M- --E x F
\C. x p--
- %-c p.)
Rasik: So no knowing when you will run

into him again. Be careful.
(Sx y-p-- - M-o-. v-h .)

Likhit: That I will be, of course.
(vh .)
run into some one = JE -- --/ ---
Daily life situations frequent
expressions, u conversation
natural simple - -Lq
expressions J* ---o .
lesson face, face
a expressions J* --.
face = . a smiling/ happy/sad face =
*--y-/--- o/ N- o
. round faced /serious faced,
etc v / serious o ,
etc. Fo L- -.

the dialogue above.
1) If you were face to face with danger.
Face to face:
(
in the face of =
a) In the face of severe opposition, she fought
for women's rights.
v- ju p.)
dx, x d / v -- J- -n - x
(Bv uA-- \ Y \
-C)
b) In the face of difficulties he continued his
studies.
(Eo d -\o - --T)

c) He gave up the project in the face of protests
from his family.
( * vA--- --
-Eo N-N---o)
5) I accepted the challenge though I had to
face up to the fact that I could never beat
him.
I had to face up to the fact = I had to accept
and deal with the fact.
b) He had to face up to the fact that he could

never play again.
(d-----J -"
-- v )
6) The timely arrival of police saved your

face.
Save (some one's) face =
a) The knock of a century by Dhoni saved the
face for India which was 5 wickets down for
125 runs.
(125
c) Let's talk face to face. It's better than talking

about such a matter over phone.
( -" x--.
N- x d )
2) I had to face my worst enemy in my life.
to face =
a) Let's face the problem and see how we can
solve it.
-\- ( J-n-A-E/-u-hE)
( -u ju -\E J- \-J-- l)
-Eo -- -C --L-.
C p
- shall have been able to E L = N-uh- --E j --L-T .
(c), (d), (e), (f), (g) - O-Eo- had
have (been able to) E hC.
Should have been able to = --LT LqC (E -)
Will have been able to - future time , time --L-T --/--C.
Would have been able to = () --LT --/--C (E )
May have been able to = (p) -L_
a.
b) Shall had been able to =
Might have been able to =
() --L-T -a.
Can have been able to - C
p can/ could - able
.
( -nEo p-E T u B-.)
a) He found himself face to face with her for the

first time. He had seen only her picture earlier.
( J-nA --- --J)
+ present verb
structures --E u---?

u-i - translation h vA structure \ example y.
----, -T, o-
---: English sentences Fo structure
-----C E. O -
patterns, ordinary conversation .
-E basic principles (
v) --E x-- --*-C. practice , O-j--- English -, TV
news casts N h English x--.
2) had been able to = --L-T
o-/- C.
a) You'll never get such a good job again. You'd

better face up to it.
(- * --- F Sx-. N-Eo

n E -.)
b) That was the first time I came face to face

with such a situation.
to c) Should had been able to d) Will had

been able to e) Would had been able to
f) May had been able to g) Might had been
able to h) Can have been able to
i) Can had been able to j) Could have been
able to k) Could had been able to l) Must
had been able to
a) He had been able to do it before I met him

=
-" l -J-- --
-.
-v-o : 1) --Tx- -a--- 275 structures

--L- -J---? --N -\- -?
2) a) had been able to b) shall had been able
(Sx -- -nEo n -Lq *aC)

\---.
-- Nx p-
- F d K E--dC.)
b) He had to accept the majority decision just to

save his face/It was only a face saving
device.
( --- , -J Eg-E U--J-/ U--J-

\-- _.)
a) He should have been able

to understand it =
C n---LT -Lq-- (E
n -----)
b) He will have been able to buy a car by the

end of this year =
-q--E -
--L-T .
c) He would have been able to do it = -C
--L (E -)
d) He may have been able to meet the CM =
CM
--L-T a
- Must have been able to =
----L - /- -----LT L.
e) Must had
He must have been able to meet the CM =

CM
(*a-) ----L , ---L-

j sentences model BE
O -conversation practice -.
- M. SURESAN
--v- 4 - 2007
-- j---
-x---
301
Prakrit: Yea. No sooner does a politician come

to power then they think of themselves
and not the people. However, as I've
told you earlier the people are to
blame.
Prakrit: (It is) almost 60 years of

Independence and still 40000 villages
across the Country go without drinking
water.
(yvu *a --u-x--C.
p- 40000 v- *-Fx
)
Sukrit: Are the big cities any the better?
(C--- <a-- vA ---D

v J* , J
-*----. , --
p-d v- p).
Sukrit: More and more educated people
should show interest in elections so
that better people are elected.
(-j x Eo--x \--C

---o-x Eo-x _-L)
(l ---o _ o?)
Prakrit: We are able to send rockets into
space but can't find a solution to the
drinking water problem?
( -J-~- rockets ----o F *-Fx -u

J-\ -\----o).
Sukrit: Yea. As far as technology is concerned, our Country is OK, though we
are unable to catch up with smaller
nations like Japan.
(, -A J-c N--E--h,
Japan *o -
--, y-.)
catch up with- --, --J --.
Prakrit: While more people voting is important,

better people should contest the elections such that more honest people
can come to power.
Sukrit: Supposing that a minimum educational qualification is prescribed for voters,
won't that improve the situation?
(- F Nu-| El-Ph J-nA

----?)
Prakrit: Seeing that some times the uneducated do think better than the educated.
How can you be sure things will be
better?
9) While more people voting is

important better people
should contest elections
such that more honest people can come to power.
10) Supposing that a minimum
educational qualifications
is prescribed ...
11) Seeing that some times the uneducated do
think better than the educated ...
1) As far as (somebody/ something) is concerned =
N--E-h/ J J*
pLq h (E G-v L--
)
a) As far as that school is concerned, it is

one of the best here =
school N--E-h/ school J*

p- C-\-o h --x .
b) As far as I am concerned, Hyderabad is a
better place than Mumbai in some
respects =
class *a friend
hC. n, No sooner C.
No sooner -- E-a verb
J, than clause hC.
No sooner does she enter the class than she
looks for her friend.
(enters = does enter)
As soon as the thief saw the police, he
began to run = No sooner did the thief see
the police than he began to run (did see =
saw)
7) except =
a) We work everyday except Sunday

(Sunday
p vA-W E-h)
b) Everyone came except Ram
G-v-/ -d , Eo
N--x j o j-- .
(As far as = so far as)
2) Indians are yet to be free from such evils
as poverty etc.
(Ram
p a)
ph.
c) except for =
Except for this defect, he is all right
( ph j--)
8) So that -
Prakrit: How does that

help? Still a
large number of
Indians are yet
to be free from
such evils as illiteracy, poverty, ill
health and unemployment.
/ l-
Indians are yet to be free from ..
(E-x v- ? B-x -C E-~--u, J,

-u, E-u -u-x -* Nh o ?)
Sukrit: You can't call your Country advanced
as long as there are those four evils
you mentioned. But the most basic
thing is drinking water for everyone.
Provided we have the will, we can certainly find the way.
(y p o- y F Eo G-%Cl C -E -. A L--iC
*-Fx vA--J --. E
, _ p-
E--hC.)
Prakrit: True. Neither the State governments
nor the Central government does
nothing about it. They'd rather talk
about progress all the time than do
something about drinking water for all.
What are these governments work if
they can't assure drinking water?
(E. Z v-y F, v vy F N-- O -. N - vA J*

x----p *-F N
. *-F-x O y-E
v-y--?)
Sukrit: As soon as governments come to
power, all that they think of is to continued to be in power. Except for a
politician here and a politician there, all
are corrupt. We can't fault them for
that. They are there as we elect them.
The fault is ours.
(v-y C--- * C-- --- .

-J-l ------ p N--x- N-F-A--. F E x
p--d. x--o--oC . p
C.)
Such (things/ people etc) as = such ... as =
(Eo-x ---o--x- ---Ex -*---. --p F

---x J-n- ----E
p-?)
Sukrit: This certainly is a knotty problem. I
despair when I think of the future of the
country.
(C *\ u. N-u
J* -*h E-- C .)
Knotty= = - o,
knot= = .
Despair = E x hope = ----
-N.
Such rivers as the Ganga and the Godavari
are considered holy =
, -J
- N-v-i-N J---h.
such ... as, h u, vC.
E-- like simple , natural
C.
'Rivers like the Ganga and the Godavari are
considered holy' better
C
?
C useful expression.
Dn N --- E.
3) As long as -
a) He was there as long as she was there =
Prakrit: I still hope for better days
o-- \--o.
(* V--h- -P-ho)
Sukrit: Let's keep hoping lest we should lost
interest in action.
b) As long as there is corruption, there can

be no progress =

conversation above.
1) As far as technology is concerned our
Country is OK.
2) ... Indians are yet to be free from such evils
as ...
3) You can't call your country advance as long
as there are those four evils.
4) Provided we have the will, we can certainly
find the way
5) They'd rather talk about progress all the time
than do some thing...
6) As soon as governments come to power, all
that they think of is ...
7) Except for a politician here and a politician
there, all are corrupt.
8) More and more educated people should
show interest in elections so that better people are elected.
N-FA o--, vA . (\
as long as , if n hC )
c) As long as (so long as) you smoke, your
smoke
health can't be good =
y
ho, F u J .
As long as = so long as.

4) Provided = if.
J-T-- n
hC.
a) Provided (that) you study well I'll give you
whatever you want =
y C-N, FC -Lq h.
b) He will be selected provided that he plays
well =
Eo --h.
DE J* lessons explain
. ( n = E -)
6) As soon as = ( E) / ,
--.
5) Rather-
a) As soon as he came home, he went to

bed =
Ev--. (--*a )
b) As soon as she enters the class she looks
for her friends =
o / l-
\- a.
b) He started very early so that he could be

sure of meeting the great man =
p uhE p ----E
y -l-.
He came here so that he could see me =
He came here so as to see me = He came
here to see me (the best and simplest)
9) While =
j-uEo L--
( E --op
E n C -J )
a) While he is earning a lot, his brother is

starving =
-C-h E t
h---o.
b) While she is tall, her sister is short =
,
(Ph / - , -E-
-h-- -)
a) He came here so
that he could see
me =
sister
10) Supposing that =
d
/ -/
-.
a) Supposing that he comes here, what will
you do? =
-\- a--, h?
supposing that = suppose that
b) Suppose he is armed, will you fight with
him? =
-- o-, y
--?
11) seeing = h/ n -E
a) Seeing that he had a gun in his hand, all
ran away =
A gun ,
J--.
b) Seeing that he is not interested in studies, his father put him in business =
- -E -h--E / n
-E/ Ed } o Eo
u- d.
- M. SURESAN
-- 7 - 2007
-- j---
waste time at the exhibition your
elders were sillier to fault you for that.
-x---
302
Asraya: Why this face off between you and

your cousin Asritha? What exactly
went wrong?
(F cousin vP- F x-?

-- J-TC?)
Abhaya: She insisted that we go to the exhibition and we did. She was childish
to be attracted by every silly thing in
there and that delayed our returning
home. All because of her.
( exhibition xE d--dC.
}. *o-x hy. vA *o N- --h LT-- -u-C. x!)
insist= d--d.
silly -- L-N-E x--
silly things - E--E h-/ N--E h
Asraya: So? ()
Abhaya: I had to face the music for returning
home so late. Our elders blamed me
for all that. They had been naturally
anxious about our not being in on
(y - -- *o
? Exhibition
L-N-C -, Eo
p--d--E x L-N-.)
-Eo-E
.
Asraya: Does it mean you aren't on talking

terms?
(
O-l-J p ?)
(not on talking terms = x x lJ u
-x---)
Abhaya: What else then? I am happy.
( - --T-h. O x
--- . O -J--
--
1) Why the face off between

you and your cousin
Asritha?
2) I had to face the music
3) I told her to her face that she was a crook.
5) She has even started making faces at
me.
6) Put your face on.
1) Why the face off ... ?
Face off:
conversation
American English
expression.
a) She is quite bold and out spoken. She

doesn't hesitate to tell people to their face
what she thinks of them =
(
4) Your homes face each other.
, u
NE--ho modern
N - ju C, oC o-x p
y. -- -J-* ---oD
x o p--E --)
b) She told the minister to his face that she

hates politicians =
(----- y-h-E vA
o -N-)
4) Your home face each other.
To face =
n: -, -- -, x--, --, etc.

a) The face off between the brothers was over
property matters =
(h N-x
o--t-L-l-J x---*aC)
( J? C)
Asraya: How can you continue to be so? Your
homes face each other and you have
to be seeing each other every so
often.
lesson
Look at the following expressions

from the dialogue above
Abhaya: Perhaps so. She wouldn't even tell

them that the delay was because of
her. So I told her to face that she was
a crook. That led to our face off. I'm
happy I'll have nothing to do with her
any more.
(a. u -x
-E x p-. -E
t-_--E o o.
x- J-B-C.)
b) The face off between the wife and the husband has gone to far for a divorce to be
averted=
( u--h u N- p--- C.)

Avert = p-/-j -- .
Face off practice .
WHO WOULD LISTEN?
(u x, d-, N)
C-j
a) The building faces east =
d p- - C.
b) Almost all Hindu Temples face east =
Eo --, p
.
c) The school across the
bank= Road
road
faces the
bank
o \-
G-- C.
d) East facing buildings are free from the afternoon heat=
p o x u-o
-.
5) She has started making faces =
(Make faces =
Eo, AE - *)
\-J-- / --A-N--, etc = pull a face
(at somebody)
time.
--Lq C)
(-x Ax A-Lq--*aC.
l--x- o p--d. ----- x
l-f)
Asraya: Why didn't you tell them that Asritha
was to blame for the delay?
Abhaya: But I don't care. She has even started making faces at me. She's that
silly.
(p vP--E y x
p-?)
Abhaya: I did, of course, but who would listen? I happen to be the older, so they
said I shouldn't have let her stay so
long.
( N-Eo y K d---o-x y -N- E--ho. h make up . -l.)
Asraya: She isn't that young that you can control her. If she was silly enough to
v-o : 1) i) My target is to be a computer professional.

My target is to become a computer professional.
ii) Purchase/buy
iii) I am interested, I interested, Affect,
Effect
ux C d?
- L?
u N-J---?
--:
. A
v - h , -x
i) My target is to be a computer procomputer professional

fessional
My target is to become a comcomputer professionputer professional
al
correct. ii)
buy.
purpurchase
better.
chase
Purchase
This box is my
purchase =
He has
gone out to make a few purchases =
,
-C ~u.
yE ~u.
n
- -Lq
h u. n
o h
.
n
d o h.

h- - - }.
It's a good purchase = C/
* = It's a good buy at that price =
C * = Lj
iii) I am interested = -h C
I interested = (Some bodyhim/her etc) =
/
- L_-. -- x
h L .
iv) Affect = v Rain affect crops
= O { v -C/ v-N
hC.
Effect = v = Rain has an effect on crops
= O { v C.
v-o : 2) Afraid, Wish J* N-J---?
--: afraid n ----o

E. Spoken English j d
p--p, I'm afraid -d- uh---hC,
I am sorry n.
-.-N. -v --u, -*-
A: Can you help me with a little money?

B: I am afraid (= I'm sorry) I can't (I can not).
(Sorry,
-)
E P~, N-z- - - \-
a) You are late again today (you are) sure to

face the music from the boss =
(Sx -u a--y. Boss Eo

Ad / P~- . (
Boss _--C F -
n-)
B) She overheard her daughter-inlaw speaking ill of her. She will now face the music =
( -J-* --- - x- N
NEC. C ( L-oN----E).
C - -----i expression O
conversation --
Abhaya: That suit me fine. Wait. I won't be

more than a minute.
(Cd. . EN j
ah)
Face -C-* expressions, conversation simple and effective J-
I had to face the music.
face the music =
(? o \-J- --dC. ^--C.)

Asraya: You look dull, perhaps because
you've taken it too much to heart. Put
your face on. We'll go out for a walk.
( p. F N?
l - o o.
- \ -E-y---Lq-o.)
2)
a) The teacher was enraged when he saw

some of the pupils making faces/ pulling a
face at him =
3)
I told her to her face that she was a crook.

Tell (some body) to their face =
(
teacher
-C x \-J-
N-K--i *aC)
b) Who are you making faces/ pulling a

face at? =
Jo \-J-h-o y?
c) She could only make faces/ pull a face as

her husband wouldn't take her out =
(
h - B-x-- \-J--/A N- v --L-T-)

6) Put your face on= Make up -
(Powder, snow, cream )
1) She never comes out without putting her
face on= Powder, cream,
Make up
N E- /
E- - .
b) Are you coming out with that face? won't it

you put your face on? =
--o
- ---h? h
--.
I wish I had a bike = I don't
have a bike now; so I wish for
a bike now (not possible now)
bike
=
! (E-Eo/ p E Eo --)
I wish you didn't come here = -Ny-\-
-C (F a)
I wish they were here = Rx-\
-. (Rx-p--\ / vh )
v-o : 3) d- Tx- 'shakespeare
returned to his native place and died in 1616.
native place
'I am having a one rupee
-note
having
possession
E C. Tx-
E vA-
p. N-J---
E L\ ~--K C. F
--- -?
-v - , -
--: Native place expression english

. Native country - expression C F
\ -E--Lq N - Native country
native y country E - country
n country ---.
make up
-.
eg: He always loved his native India

His
native country, India
He loved India,
his native country
Native land
expression
Native
land
Native place
Native city expressions
His Native city is Hyderabad/ Newyork
expressions
Native Hyderabadi
(
E F,
-)
-
C C d -E
( v-E/ --E ) --
N- v-h
L.
. DEo N,
---x
p / -- E- x n,
d -s yv, yn-
n Native Place o- Standard
english usage .
ii) have L_ (I am having a one
rupee note - _ - -C )
l v am having J-.
I have a one rupee Note correct- C
O Standard dectionary / grammar book
C.
- M. SURESAN
--- 9 - 2007
-- j---
-x---
(O-Eo--x - o,
u- -*--- o.
---* Ny-Eo E--d-L. --* E Cy-E---u-E -L.)
303
Venu: Your face is beaming. What makes you

so happy? Can I share your joy?
Venu: You have it in you. You can do it. I'm

confident of it.
(F y L-T--C. Eo
----h-o-C? F - ---a?)
(C F C. yC p --.
--t C.)
Vasu: Why not? My proposals for a research

project have been approved by the university - something I've been waiting for
all along. Got the news just yesterday.
( ? J-- --E
vA--- University -C*C. p--- -- --ho. Eo - CC.)
Vasu: That's going to keep me busy for quite

some time.
(C o --- BJ---
-C.)
Venu: I noticed your colleagues grinning with
delight about this. However, I think a
few are envious about it.
Vasu: Know what it means? Independent

work supported by a good flow of
funds. None above my head to guide
me.
( ? \- a E-
y-v E--a. j
guide --E .
good flow of funds = E v C./ E . Research J-- University a grants.
Vasu: I think I know who you mean. Aren't

they Gopal and Venu?
Venu: Let them alone. What can they do?
(C-. x----?)
Vasu: Last year they were glowing over my
not getting it. They didn't know I didn't
get it for reasons other than merit.
(--- -q C -E x
---f. vA-
E - x --C x--nE N.)
- ? o)
Vasu: His face lit up when I gave him the

news. He was happy
(F y NPd % .
--. E.)
Venu: What about your better half?
Vasu: I'll get busy from next week on this project. I need your best wishes and cooperation.
(O N -?)
u/ h
better half -
Vasu: She was positively glowing with pride.
(a * DE-x BJ---
-o. F best wishes, F -
--)
(j y L-T----)
Venu: Yours is really an achievement for a
person your age.
4) I noticed your colleagues grinning with

delight about this
5) Last year they were gloating when I didn't
get it.
Fo -Eo L NN
y-, N Lp ---R-- C-* . practice l.
1) Your face is beaming =
F x y L-T--C.
Beam = ----i *--y E-/ - L-T--.
Vasu: While I am very happy about all this, I

am only too aware of the responsibility.
I have to justify the confidence people
have placed in me. I should prove that
the funds have been properly used.
-C d captain - L-T-
v~---j vA----j .
b) He beamed a smile as he received the prize
=
-A - - *y y
c) She was beaming with delight to know her

daughter topped the class =
Class
first *a-E L,
- L-T--C.
2) His face lit up when I gave him the news
-- x-----x
y y J---.
b) The child glowed wiht delight at the toys his
father brought it =
v *a h - Gf y NpJC.
4) I noticed your colleagues grinning with

delight about this =
- F -u- *--y
Np- -E-.
a) Hemu grinned when he heard that thegihad
agreed to marry him =
(N F-p \- .
)
4. The CM will visit this week.

The CM visits this week.
C jC?
5. Phrasal Verbs N a-- N-J---.
xJ u, -u F, N--o
---: 1) can = = be able to. Can, be able to

- n d OE \--\
. .
He can do it = He is able to do it (- )
2) The weight of this box is more than that (the weight) of the
box
box
other box.
- \)
The value of gold is more than that (the value) of most other
metals.
metals
N - N \)
b) Sadguna grinned from

ear to ear as she was
called receive prize after
prize =
-A -A y-J--E L-*--px y N-* N TC (

A )
An ear to ear grin/ an ear to ear smile =
A - a *-y
5) Last year they were gloating over my not
getting it =
-- -q - x
- y)
gloat = v- O N C-/ v- N-----
L
a) Duryodhana and Sakuni were gloating
when they saw the Pandavas walking to the
forest =
a) The parents face lit up when he knew his

child was out of danger =
-u-E ho -- u-, E ---f.
Gf v
p-E L v/ Lx
E--*C/ - L-TC.
b) This scheme is sure to light up the faces of

lakhs of poor people =
~ C
v *-y L-T
3) She was positively glowing with pride =
y L-T--C. (p)
-. -s -/
y y L-T--
p --- Fo
conversation - E
expression -Eo-a.
t Rx ---E p--E L- y
Np-JC.
F-h p-, E y
v--C./ L-T--C.
lit up = Past tense of light = L-T-
lit up = L-TC.
Worry
-v-o: 1. He can able to answer. u can - ability E *h-C-. --p able --? He can answer
E-F, He ables to answer E-F J--?
2. than that of -s- N-J---.
3. nine days wonder- proverb J* ---.
a) The captain of the victorious team beamed

at the spectators and the journalists =
Venu: You have them in plenty. Don't worry.
(FC E N* C-*
N)
3) She was positively glowing

with pride
Venu: You've been outstanding in your field.

You'll do even better, I am sure. Go
ahead.
( p- L-TC.
---f.)
2) His face lit up when I gave

him the news
(y-J J* o ---. x , ?)
Venu: How about you professor? What did he

say?
professor
1) Your face is beaming
Your face is beaming
(G---. E
a-u
. F*
\
p
-.
(O
Let's look at the following

sentences from the dialogue
above.
(F -u-- - y
-E- . -C
{u o----)
Venu: Congrats. But I'm not surprised. I didn't

expect any thing
less.
glow =
a) The faces of the bangladesh players

glowed with pride as they beat India =
b) Her not getting the prize didn't worry her.

She was gloating over her rival's disappointment =
-A ----
L-T--. vuJn E--
--*C.
gloat dE-x d, j-u
-B y--.
They gloated over the fact that their enemy
lost too =
v ---E x
l--o.
- M. SURESAN
3) A nine day's wonder =
gx a (\-L- -/
h L-T uh/ N)
a) Her acting career was a nine day's wonder =
@N/ uA \-L- C/ \-- E--
b) Hope the boy cricketer will not pass off as a nine day's
wonder =
cricketer
*o--- p
E p-
\-L/ EoV v --E P-ho.
4) The CM will visit this week = h ( *a ).
The CM visits this week= h (--a-C -- *a).
5) Phrasal verbs h-, News papers -x -
h.
-v-o: 1. a) If you had not saved me, I would have died.
b) If you had not saved me, I would have been killed.
O C d?
J* ---.
2. kill, die
- M. Gantalarao, Pudimadaka
--: 1. a) y o ~----, E----E.
b)
y o ~----, -----E.
C Passive form (be form + killed)
, -- , accident x
n hC.
die E--.
2) Kill
a) He died in an accident = He was killed in an accident

b) If you drive so rashly you will die/ you will be killed.
-v-o: Shot gun wedding, Hen night, Stag night -- -n-

N--J--.
--.-vQ-E---f, --.
---: Shot gun wedding/ marriage = u--- J/ J-
Rx (u R}-- s--A ---x).
Hen night/ hen party = -x v, x x -J Rx
---p -- party, --x v .
Stag night = -x v, x x -J x----o-p
-- party, --x v ).
(Hen = -d; stag = -> ?)
--v- 11 - 2007
-- j---
-x---
Satvik: I agree. What an amazing display of

colours it was! I hadn't clapped my
eyes on such a sight before.
a) Supriya was all eyes as

she
saw
Pratap
approaching =
( p-. a-u---i
v-z C! %uEo
-- -.)
v _-
v -E-j h
--C.
304
Gaurav: What are you all eyes for? I've been

watching you for 5 minutes now, you
haven't taken your eyes off from that
tree.
( x x -E -j
h-o? EN-- -Eho. d OC-* y %d
-a--).
Satvik: Can't you see the bird there with its
wonderful plumage? I haven't seen
one like that before. What a wonderful
combinations of colours!
(a-u---i
- o ~ E--- F? ~-E---
-.
s--i
-!
plumage=
xN
~-o \,
L.
Gaurav: OK. It's time we went home.
Satvik:
(. --x-Lq time p
C).
Let's go then. ( l .)
b) We were all eyes as the

magician who had himself locked up in a
box coming out of it =
d-* - ho v--Lo (a-u) h .

be all eyes = x x -E/ x-p-T*
.
Spoken English eye (o) a

expressions o. Fo , ---o-p n pJhC, h --. OE conversation
--L- practice h -C.
2) How is it that things like that catch your

eyes only? =

conversation above:
N- F \ %d- -? (How is it = Why)
Have an eye for/ Have a good eye for =

N - Eo h--d----/
h .
a) Look at the way he was planned the
house. He has a (good) eye for convenience and comfort=
x plan . -u,
u -E . ( u, u x x plan ).
b) She really has a (good) eye for colour.
Her dress shows that =
* -N,
--p
E h--d
. C dress
h -hC.
I have an eye for beauty
Gaurav: I've been here as

long as you but I
hadn't seen it till you showed it to me.
How is it things like that catch your
eyes only?
(y-o-- \ o,
E y --- Eo
-. --Fo F x v
--?)
Satvik: Yea, They do; you could see them too
if you looked around with the eyes of
an artist. I do I have an eye for beauty. That makes all the difference, pal.
(, . -- x
d h, y -N -. h. Fo, -{--i---F h-d h
C. C F .
Nv!
pal = friend
Gaurav: But yesterday it was different. You
couldn't spot a butterfly with its beautiful wings a few feet away until I told
you. Even then you were unable to
see it with the naked eye. You needed
binoculars. So much for your eye for
beauty!
(F Eo ? Cl -
o ---*- -i
\- p- y -E-. - x
binoculars --. D
F Eo hd- h!)
vo:
1) You haven't taken your eyes off from that

tree
2) How is it that things like that catch your eyes
only?
3) You could see them too if you looked around
with the eyes of an artist.
4) I have an eye for beauty
I have to talk with them.
5) Even then you were unable to see it with the

naked eye
6) I hadn't clapped my eyes on such a sight
before.
b) He caught my eye as he entered the college =
1) You haven't taken your eyes off from that

tree =
d OC-* %d -a- y.
Take (somebody's) eyes off= --EE/
-JE - h %d a--.
a) What an enchanting sight this evening
sky is! I am unable to take my eyes off it
even for a second =
---i %u v
! x --j * Ap--
o.
b) He was not able to take his eyes off her
--E h-o--/ x
x -E h-o.
expression -E-: not able to
take his eyes off E, not .
n expression: be all eyes
for Dn %d -a-
v-h --E/ -J E.
Passive Voice
- M. PARANJEE, Atchutapuram
---: Both are correct,

-.
- ?
---:
College
3) You could see them too if you looked

around with an artist's eye =
-- %d F d h F E
--/ N F E--h.
Look with (somebody's) eyes = -J x
. C - -.
n: x %d E ?
a) Look at it with an Engineer's eye. You find
it defective =
Engineer %d Eo. E
E -hC.
defective = having a defect =
.
b) A police officer, he look at things with a
policeman's eye=
police
plurals
Tx
- D.N.Raju, Pudimadaka
Wife - Wives
life - lives
Wive - . lifes - . E life's @N

\ E;
His life's greatness is known =
E @N p- -J .
a) Bacteria are not visible to the naked eye
~ t-@- x (Microscope
) E--
b) Some of the planets are visible to the
naked eye =
Eo v E--h
)
(Telescope
6) I hadn't clapped eyes on such a sight

before =
%uEo ---.
clap eyes on = N-Eo/ -JE
(u au, Cvs L-T %u)
a) A child playing with a tiger cub- well,
that's a sight I haven't clapped my eyes
on it before =
L--x (Cvs
L-T) %u-o-p -.
b) I've never clapped my eyes on him
before =
Eo -- -p -.
police officer d vA N-Eo

%d- h.
4) I have an eye for beauty =

- M. SURESAN
Eo - Eo h--d--- .
eg: 1) He talks as if he were very
clever =
Active Voice,
- L-j-x x-. (F
L-j )
- -.
---: Marriages are made in heav-
p Eo () } ---.
See with the naked eye = x x, -l,
binoculars, telescope
- h x ---.
v-Ph --f.
- M. Navakishore, Pudimadaka
en-
Talk to = talk with
-O-
a) As the thief caught the policeman's eye,

the policeman without wasting a minute
rushed towards him=
--- policeman \ ~
% -, - -E-j
x.
uEo
- ux C d?
wife, life.
Lifes
J %d
/ Lo h-o-p, x
.
vo: Marriages are made in heaven.
I have to talk to them.
vo: Wive,
Catch (somebody's) eye=
5) Even then you were

unable to see it with
the naked eye.
c) As soon as, as well as
-.
DE n x-C -d
- Praveenkumar, Pudimadaka
C / NC O
v x--F, --d-v ---: 1) Voices origin
E . DE j active vu- L--. Verb
pL. Active ---,
Voice
* voice
a-, verb form a p
God/ Fate/ Destiny makes mar-- . Origin -J-*
riages in heaven E p--a.
----\-x.
(fate = destiny = NC.)
vo: a) Active voice, Passive voice 2) as if = as though = -x/ J-Tx, E -/ --
--T origin
n \- --. As if/ as
N?
though y past tense --.
b) As if Eo u
(were, past doing word)
y.
2) He behaves as though/ as if
he knew nothing about it =
E -J-* O --L-x
v-Jh-h-o (F
)
3) She is running as if death
were chasing her =
%u - --ox (E-E
v--) -h-C.
3) As soon as = E .
a) As soon as you pay the fees,
you can sit in the class = fees
class
aa.
b) As soon as he came home he

turned on the TV to watch the
match =
TV
match
*a
-.
As well as - DE as soon as
- . As well as
E-- .
d
a) He gave me books as well as

money =
books
-- s v
a.
b) Hari as well as Siva is here =
P \--o,
As well as - N.
c) He can sing as well as his brother
E o --.
--C- 13 - 2007
-- j---
-x---
Tushar: I have reason to be. You know it is for

the eyes of our MD. So I had better
take care it is perfect.
305
Dhaval: Congrats on your promotion as the

manager of this branch.
( manager promotion *a- F G---).

Wish you a happy time as the manager.
(Manager y - --E J)
Tushar: Thank you. But I am a bit diffident
about my performance as the manager. You know what it means? I am
going to be totally responsible for the
running of it.
(Thanks.
F manager Ey-
J* - t C.
p ?
branch Ey h
uo.)
diffident- -d C
confident uA-
diffident = O
t --
( ---- C.
report MD - Managing
Director t-E. -E C Eo
N -x v-h--L.)
Dhaval: You are very modest Tushar, you won
awards last year for the best branch
manager, and the best managed
branch. All eyes were on you as you
went up the dais to receive them from
the CEO.
(Tushar,
y E-JyN. -C,
u-h branch manager , u-h Ey---* branch -\-
. y -\ y-- C
O - J x F O.)
modest = EJy /E----i
Tushar: I'll remember

Thank you.
that.
(C h---,
thank you)
Dhaval: Maintain eye contact
with all those who talk
to you and work under
you. That improves confidence in
them.
b) Days were when Sachin was able to

score centuries with his eyes closed =
(F x--x, F C-x
x. C x Ny-Eo
-C.)
-M-/ - Sachin centuries d

V--N. ( Vx *
- d--E)
c) She can manage a thousand schools like

this with her eyes closed/ shut =
Eye
- real life conversation

a J-Eo lesson l.
conversation above
1) You can manage this new job with your eyes
closed.
schools - Ey-----/ ---. (Do It's cake walk

for her E -a)
2) Could you run an eye over this report?
Run an eye over something = cast an eye
over something =
j o
Keep an eye on them
Dhaval: You are sure to succeed. You did a

splendid job of your last assignment.
This isn't going to be more difficult
than that. With that experience, you
can manage this new job with your
eyes closed.
(y *a _-. F
pT-* u- Ey-. -- h u-
- --.)
assignment = j-- 'j \
- -J p-T u/ E.
splendid = -i/ p--.
Job - n, u.
-sx n Ey--* E.
He did a good job of it =
E \
Tushar: I am going to look to you for help and
guidance, as always.
(p---, F , _--z-y
h-)
Dhaval: You have them always. The pleasure,
of course, is mine.
(F--p . E a
C)
Tushar: Thank you. Could you run an eye over
this report - the first I've prepared after
my taking over here? Please suggest
any changes and improvements I can
make in it. I want it to be perfect
because it is the first I am turning in
after assuming charge here.
(Thanks,
h report \
u y-J-* y d--C - -C---? j
p, p *, please.
\ charge B-o y d- report d C --- E J.)
taking over = assuming charge = -
N u- y-J-.
perfect = N-i
Turn (something) in = submit
Dhaval: I don't mind going through it, but I
think it's not necessary. You're being
unduly apprehensive.
(C-- u- . F
C -- --o. y
- ----o---.)
unduly = K/ ---
apprehensive = --
CEO - Chief Executive Officer Company

Company
u u-E-y---C-J
N-- -- u-o-n C-J.
Dais - C \ E p
a-J-h-. Correct pronunciation - q
Tushar: Thank you Dhaval. Still I'd like to have
any advice you'd like to leave me.
(Thanks.
, F p d)
Dhaval: Just one piece of advice. Beware the

two senior most clerks in your branch.
Keep an eye on them. They aren't fair
minded.
(\ . F branch -J-o
senior j l clerks N
vh. x-O o . x
- -hy -x )
-? New moon
day No moon day C d?
.-y, -Et-
----: No moon day
-u --p-
--sx --u, New
moon day -- .
u Scientific and
technical language --u New
Moon day .
English uj, u-N-j, l
New moon day \
-.
vo: i) He is my best ---. F
Superlative degree The L
?
ii) a. - -?
b. O o h-o.
OE Tx- ?
->.---x-, --_-
----: i) Superlative degree the p
L. Superlative degree E
qualify h E my, his,
--*a-- the, .
a) He is the greatest cricketer in India
b) He is India's greatest cricketer (Greatest
India's
the
E C d
ii) a. I have asked him/ I asked him.

b. I am giving you two pens.
3) You know it is for the eyes of our MD
a) As he had no time he
just ran an eye over
the letter and left the
time
place=
---E
-- h CN Rx--.
b) Sumati ran her eye over the news report

and told her secretary to prepare a reply
A u Jd - CN, secre E - ---C.
4) All eyes were on you
tary
5) Keep an eye on them

1) You can manage this job with your eyes
closed
With your eyes closed =
3) It is for the eyes of our MD.

for (some body's) eyes only =

v --E/ vu-* J
j EE
---.
-o ----x-F n u x-F
j EE - --L-T p
EE We can do it with our eyes closed or
with our eyes shut --.
a) This letter is for the eyes of the CM only=
a) SV Ranga Rao was such an artiste that

he could do any role with his eyes closed/
shut =
- F . --
*- (- ---)
4) All eyes were on you = C -J L-
expression = J x F O.
v- o--x- Jj h
( v-j -/ -M-/
- SV -)
vo: i) When we use see, look.
vo: --u Tx-
2) Could you run an eye over this report?
- C--.
h u-vA v --C. (- - p-)

b) This information is for your eyes only.
Destroy the paper after you see it =
All eyes are on him/ her

Every one's eyes were on the actress as
she arrived to inaugurate a textile shop =
ii) How do we pronounce 'g', 'j' ?
----: i) See = When something/ Somebody
-N -, --
appears to us when our eyes are open, we

see it or the person. (See =
So see = appear to our eyes.
j E-
-)
1) Nowadays we see more and more people

in jeans =
jeans
Vx -
x \ E-h.
2) In a forest whichever way you turn your

eyes, you see trees = In a forest wherever
you turn your eyes, trees appear.
Look = When you turn your eyes on someone or something, you look at them or it
d v--q--E *a -O
J x
5) Keep an eye on them.
Keep an eye on (some body) =
-J--
E--d/ o , (x f-E
-)
a) Keep an eye on the boy. He is quite mischievous =
vo E-d ,
xJ x-.
b) He always kept an eye on the servant.
He had his own doubt about the servant's
honesty =
vo )
If you look carefully you can see our teacher
standing there.
ii) G/ g is pronounced as telugu- ' '
vo: Infinitive form be E -sx

a?
-j.-.., -q-d-
----: be . DEo
n a -s-Eox -a.
J is pronounced as telugu- ' '
eg: 1) To be here any longer is dangerous -
\ v--
2) To be patient is always good =
p p-- --*C.
3) To be in class for 4 to 5 hours is not fun =
class
4, 5 --
--.
p E -- E-d . E- E-B O -----E.

Keep an eye/ have an eye
N-Eo v-h --t n
C.
a) My neighbours kept an eye on our house
when we were away =
x -p --x
-O -o . = v-h -o.
b) Could you keep an eye on my luggage
while I go and get a water bottle =
water bottle
luggage
a. h
h-?
- M. SURESAN
--- 15 - 2007
-x---
-- j---
Indira: I'll be looking forward to that. How
about your brother's new business venture?
Look at the following sentences from the conversation

above:
(E- h. O ou
h u vo -C?)
1) Wish you a happy birth day

and many returns of the day.
306
Sita: I'm sure you'll attend my birthday party.

(you) remember the day. don't you?
(y d--V h-o-E
t--o.)
Indira: You bet I'll. It's this Monday, isn't it?
Wish you a happy birthday and many
happy returns of the day.
(p- h. ----? F
d--V -s --~. (F
d--V - --F, Eo
y Sx-Sx ----F --o
C English birthday greetings -j
-))
Sita: Bring along your dad Mr Raju and your
hubby Sriram. I'll invite them over phone
as soon as I get home.
(O o V--JF, O X B. phone x -h,

--x-)
Sita: He will be starting it next friday. All is set.
(a v- v-G-h. p-xFo
h-u.)
Indira: Wish him all prosperity.
(E u G-%-Cl -E
J)
(prosperity = G-%Cl --N)
Sita: When are you entering your new home?
(O % v p?)
Indira: Perhaps the third week of this month.
How can you think you won't be told of
it? It can't happen without your knowledge, can it?
Sita: Yes. I feel happy about it.
( - -a. F p -E --o? F L- C - ?)
Sita: No, no. It's just my eagerness to wish
you a very happy and prosperous life in
your new home.
(-. y p--p h x
-, p--p y- ---i @N --E %.)
(. - C.)
Indira: My hearty congrats! Win more prizes.
How about a treat for it all?
(Jl--G---. \ - . -A *a--
N-?)
treat = N
Sita: Thank you. How's your preparation for
the exam? Wish you all success.
(Thanks.
K-~- prepare --o?

y N -C--L- ~.)
The treat I owe you for the cross word
puzzle prize will be given soon after the
birth day party.
(Crossword puzzle
birthday party
-C-* N
y h)
-v-o: C--E Tx-

L-----.
--* E-<
E--x E--hC.
b) - vy E-B p- -C.
II a) () hC.
b) (N-) h hC.
III a) vN--, v Jp--- vN-.
b) ---,
NJ u- --C.
IV a) --o--x --o
b) A--x Ao
V a) -E b) x-E x
VI having + III form n hC?
: having done. DE n ---.
VII Phrasal verbs a----E * h
*---.
--L- -P-%-g, --- (--)
I a)
----:
I a) We get a fleeting glimpse of her beauty

through the window/ Her beauty is seen
vaguely through the window/ We catch a
fleeting glance of her beauty
b) This incident is self explanatory of the
government's attitude
2) My hearty congrats! (congratulations

short formcongrats)
p
- *a
4) Wish you all success/ wish you every success/ my best wishes to you for success
3) Wish you all success

4) Wish him all prosperity
5) Wish you a very happy and prosperous life
in your new home
Fo -~ (wishes) , G---
(congratulations) L expressions E
h C . p -s-E
expressions - l:
(O N -E J O )
Fo j p -sx a.
O Eo-- h u-/ J-v
n--- a.
1) (Wish you) all prosperity in your venture/
business/ enterprize =
O u- O
G-%-Cl- -E ~.
2) May your business prosper/ thrive ( n.
prosper = thrive = G-%-Cl- )
W ish you all success
Indira: I will, of course. But wait. I've heard that

you've won a big cash prize for a crossword puzzle you've solved.
(p- B--h. u
x --d Np-- F
-A *a--!)
Indira: Well, it isn't far off.
(\ )
Sita: OK then. Let me make a move. Bye
(. --h.
Bye)
Indira: Bye.
--- T vo -
- C. English and in general western
society (Tx, y---- au
-) - o formalities
( -- x---o-, u--
---o- --Lq l-)
\. --- C manners
Bv-i . formal expressions lesson --.
II a) Keep singing and you will be able to sing
b) keep writing poetry and you'll be able to
write
III a) He loved her so much that he would give
his life for her/ He loved her to the point
of offering his life for her
b) She boiled milk to the point of evaporation/ She so boiled milk that it evaporated.
IV a) It is up for grabs- (grabland grabb)
--/ --/
DE--E - It is up
-a
b)
grabs --a./
for
One could eat as much as one wanted
No.3, Wish you all success -Lq

-s/ n a expressions --.
When some one close to us ( Eo--.
close = _-j) is
1) taking an exam (K~ ---o-p)
2) appearing for an interview (interview
----o-p)
3) Participating in a competition (
_--o-)
4) Starting a new business or industry (
u-Eo, J-v- v-G-h-o-p)
-~--E -. (English J_
J- -- . - - , %-, s-d E-h )
-~:
1) Good luck
2) All luck to you
b) A home but not a home. (at the same

time not a home)
VI Having + past participle.
eg: having done-
C y/--/
--
a) Having done all the work, he went to bed
=
EJh-, --o
b) Having seen the troubles of the married,

he decided not to marry =
Rx-o--x / --x Rx ---E Eg---o
*,
-s.
Someone close to you
(O Eo--)
1) has passed an exam (exam
pass
u)
2) has won a competition
( L-)
3) has been awarded a prize or an award
\ )
4) -iC C- .
(-
(has achieved
some distinction)
-G--- L
expressions.
1) My congratulations/ Hearty congratulations/

My hearty congrats to you/ Accept my congratulations/ let me congratulate you on ...
h---Lq N:
congratulate (someone)
For
Congratulations/
on
hC.
- *o--x G--C----
1) Congrats, keep it up. ( --T)
3) Best of luck to you

expressions
loose translation).
wish you the best of luck.
2) That's really great/ grand/ marvellous.

Congrats.
c) Having known that he had lost a lot of

money, how could I ask him for money =
(G--- p N. F -
C-L-- E )
O G--C N:
p conversation E sentence No.1E
birthday greetings l. J birth day s--j y---- p greetings:
J
n
(O %d --E
- s -d--o-E L --E -s-x ---?

VII Phrasal Verbs: Cambridge dictionary of
Phrasal Verbs
useful book
-v-o:
-
Leave letter I cannot attend to the
school/ college E ?
to school/ college E ?
the school/ college E ?
->.-N--- (o-)
----:
h-oC,
d,
x E-- d
.
----. -E
u- -.
a) He is attending to the repairs of our

home =
repair

--o.
3) Congrats. That's superb. I wonder if at your

age I could have done as much.
1. Wish you a happy birthday and many returns

of the same.
a.
2. Happy birth day to you and many happy

returns of it.
3. May you live long enough to celebrate many
more birthdays
(C -o *o-x N-
I cannot attend school/ college

correct.
leave letter
student/ teacher
school/
i)
college
the school/
the college
ii) Attend to
V a) A story but (and at the same time) not a

story
Conversation at the beginning of the lesson

No.2 expressions, My hearty congrats
N-
b) You attend to the arrangements for the

party = party
School/ College/ Marriage/ Party
attend. Attend to
(Attend to
p-x- -y- .
-.
,
- -j p ?)
)
5) Wish you a very happy and prosperous life
in your new home =
O h x O
, G-%Cl --E -~.
-h C ! C % v
-s C ~.
a.
a) All happiness and prosperity in your new
home.
b) May your new home bring you all that
you wish for =
O h x O o y-E J.
House warming = % v/ % v
-s a N.
- M. SURESAN
- 17 - 2007
-- j---
Vinutna: What a good taste she has!
(O \uC * G-!)
-x---
Bhavana: Thanks on behalf of my sister too!
307
Vinutna: How about lending me your DVD for

a day?
(
( \ -
(o debate contest J-TC?

wj i *a?)
DVD
V-h?)
Bhavana: By all means. (B.)
by all means = Eu/ p-
DEE conversation j n
-)
Vinutna: Thank you. So nice of you.
(Thank you.
F *-E)
Bhavana: Welcome. What do you want to view

any way.
Bhavana: None, though I did my best.
Vinutna: After so much of preparation? That

could be terrible for you. Better luck
next time.
Look at the following expressions from the dialogue

above.
1) By all means
2) Welcome
3) So kind of you
4) Not at all
6) That could be terrible. Better luck next time.

7) My condolences to you.
Vinutna: My niece's first birth anniversary

function.
E-u-/ p-.
- Nj Jh
U- L--, x- N
--E -l- L--, By all
means .
a) Ram: Can I have your bike for a day?
Bhavana: Thank you, but I'm not worried.

(Thanks.
bike
(F
-V B--a?)
Syam: By all means. When do you need it?
b) Not at all; glad to have had an opportunity to be of some help/ to help you.
c) The pleasure is mine.
5) Thank you for your compliment.
p L .
-JE a- a
compliment.
Pay compliment to someone =
-JE a-
a) Akash: You really get clever ideas.
(F E L-j --
h p (compliment)

(p-. FC p L?)
.)
Bhavana: Keep it the whole week if you want.

Have some movies in too.
a) It's all right
Compliment =
1) By all means =
( prepare ?
E FC L-T*
a . aJ F %d
-o -L.)
, -F?)
(h
V .
j E-
.)
Daily life situations NN

-sx standard expressions J* ---o
. x JEo-E l.
5) Thank you very much for your compliment
( , --L-T
--p-.)
( \u J d--V
.)
niece = o--t, \--xx
thanks.)
Vinutna: How did the debate contest go the

day before? Did you get any prize?
b) Pran: Could you do me a favour?

( -?)
Pridhvi: Thanks for the compliment.
(F p (v) thanks)
Lo E ao, thank you/ thanks
Better luck next time
Vinutna: So kind of you.

You've always
been a friend I
can look to in
need. Your help the other day was
great. I can never forget it.
(C F . (C - l
-E/ -v--E .
English C frequent a
formal expression.) - F
p P- friend N
y. o F E
pC. Eo -p -*--.)
Bhavana: Not at all, Vinutna. What I did wasn't
much. You'd do as much if I needed
your help.
(-. l --.
F -Lh y h-v.)
Vinutna: By the way, the dress you wore the
other day- it was really fantastic. You
looked wonderful in it. Where did you
buy it?
(F, o yo dress
C. x y -f. \ o-C?)
fantastic = s--i
Bhavana: Thank you very much for your compliments. I like it very much too. My
sister bought for me in Bangalore.
Manasa: Why do you look so sad? What's

wrong?
a) Nischal: Can I have your book for a few

days?
(F -o.)
Manasa: What about?
(Eo V F h h?)
Nikhil: Why not? Take it (by all means)
(E J*?)
Manasa: How terrible! She's hardly four years
old. When and how did it happen?
( ! -x
. p, E--C?)
Mamata: The day before. She had been down
with jaundice. The doctor's best
efforts could not save her.
(o. x J C. Doctor
v-Ao-* ----.)
effort - ( bird = vo)
Manasa: My condolences to you. Condolences
too to your sister and brother-in-law.
What a cute child she was! May her
soul rest in peace!
(F v- thanks. dress
d. \u
Bangalore oC.)
vo: -- improve your writing

writing
E h. develop your
E --?
?
. N--,
---: Improve
---,
Develop
* -.
Hand Writing
-- =
We improve our writing.
* bright students -/
-- =
We develop into bright students.
(p-. C?)
By all means F, By all means -F, n -, Why not?
Mamata: I thought you knew.
( o EC.)
(F . O \,
. .
t A --.)
short form - 'll E

h . --p I'll buy a
car soon underline Eo
will - u definite C. shall - Indefinite
-C. u-E underline
Eo shall will E
Jh N-J-.
.--, x
---: 'll C Will v short
form, shall . Shall
short form (Shall not
short form shan't).
I'll buy a car
doubt
p-/ Eu. B.)

2, 3 & 4 Welcome. C ---j thanks G
pC--Lq N. - thanks p
N-Eo, -sEo d response (p)
--C.
a) j *o N--E formal -j
thanks G, E response,
Welcome/ you are welcome.
b)
C h
\ , thanks p-Lq N
-a. Thanks/ Thank you E Jd. %-c- L-- C
N thanks .
a) Thank you very much/ so much (American)
(--p
very/ so
\ -.)
b) I don't know how to thank you (really) =
O thanks p-- L---.

c) Thanks a lot really/ thousand thousand
thanks
d) I can't really thank you enough.
(O T--N-
thanks
p------o)
e) That's/ was very kind of you/ nice of you.
vo: Shall, will
I will buy .
-.
the
compliment
.
b) Anupam: You are a
genius. Only you can
get such wonderful
ideas.
Prem: By all means. What is it?
( N- E--h-o?
iC?)
Mamata: My brother's daughter is no more.
for
f) I'm afraid I can never thank you enough.
p--p, you
are welcome/ welcome p J-.
C N pCh.
-pJh p
1. Not at all
thanks
2. It was/ is a / my pleasure.
3. Not at all; glad to be of some help to you.
( y-. O j -----
.)
4. You are most welcome.
expressions (thanks p--E, pC--E) conversations practice l.

expressions v -E rule .
a expression O
*C -a. No mention/ Don't mention/ Mention not p. -a.
(E y -N. F h
s--i --.)
Nirupam: Thanks for the compliment
though I don't know how far I
deserve it.
(F p-- thanks,
E- |- L--p- C E-- p.)
6) Better luck next time- C Ni x,
p- p . -J N--i-x vo N
%d -- ~.
Prakash: We lost the match yesterday.
(Eo
match
-.)
Pramod: Don't take it to heart. Better luck

next time.
(Eo l d--. J O
%d -L.)
7) Condolences = % Eo---, %
-- L .
Condolence = . p condolences E
plural
.
--h No-p C N
-.
a) I am terribly sorry to hear that. My condolences to you.
b) I am shocked/ It's really shocking. My
heartfelt condolences to you.
c) My condolences to you. May god give
you the necessary strength of heart and
mind to bear the loss =
(Condolences E p y
. n = Eo d-- ju,
knu- F-y-E vn)
Fo E--J J* .
May his/ her soul rest in peace.
(E/ t A -L)
- M. SURESAN
--- 22 - 2007
-- j---
-x---
( u L Nv. E
---- -).
308
Mukund: What's wrong Vasanth? I never saw

you so dull and upset. What could be
worrying you?
(-C ? E-q-
*- Eo-p -.
* L-T N N?)
Vasanth: You'd (you would) be as dull and
upset too if your boss gave you an
earful for no fault of yours.
(F p-- F
*--
F boss
*x
y
E-q--
*--
)
Vasanth: I don't care. Next time my boss says

anything I am sure to hit back.
( \--. J boss
i T--N- -
h.)
hit back=
effective .
J* p --.
1) Give (some one) an earful =
p-- xO --o -x *x
d.
a) Dad gave me an earful for
the low score I got in maths =
Mukund: Take care. He is likely to sack you.
(vh. F u --d--.)
sack= u * B-u
b) How I wish I had the CM's ear! =
\x \ \ *a--
*x d.
b) She had an earful from the boss for coming
late so often.
Vasanth: He dare not do that. He himself is up

to his ears in trouble with his higher
ups.
- -u h--
*x d.
boss
CM NE G-v--, - N-Nh -C!

c) People say that Ramachandra Rao has the
CM's ear =
--v- h CM E -. expression spoken English

effective.
My colleague has the boss's ear

c) I don't like do it again. I've had an earful=
Mukund: What did you do to deserve it?
( *x A y ?)
Vasanth: You didn't lend me your ears then?
I told you I had it for no fault of mine.
( pC y J N--o-. p- p--E)
Mukund: How did it happen then?
(- J-TC?)
Vasanth: Sam, my colleague has the boss's
ear ready whenever he likes. The
boss gives him his ear because Sam
is good at flattery, and the boss likes
flattery. Sam takes the opportunity to
tell tales.
( boss N -uT -
--p J C. boss
NE - -p--p-h. -
boss --,
boss -h- d.
- E -.)
tell tales= -- J* -K
Mukund: You could do that as well.
(y Ea .)
Vasanth: If I had been such, I would have been
in a better position than I am in now.
( ------
* nA -o)
Mukund: You should be a little more practical,
buddy. There's no use just minding
your business.
Mukund: Come on Vasanth, just what did you

do? What exactly went wrong?
2) You didn't lend me your ears then? =
Vasanth: You know I have an ear for music. I

like to listen to music. I had the ear
phones in the office just when he
walked upto my cubicle. He was
enraged.
(F U-- d-E.
office --*a-p- x
ear phones o. E -E
*aC)
cubicle = offices/ banks s-C
- v (partition).
a) Karunakar is always ready to lend an ear if

any one wants to talk to him about their trouble =
-j d J* p--- _
--A N--E -- p l.
b) feel free to talk to me if you need to. I can
always lend an ear =
p ----E--* x-- *-. _ --A N/ N--.
Mukund: Then you were clearly at fault. Why

find fault with him then?
c) He often gets into trouble as he lends his ear

to all and sundry =
( p F. -o- p--?)
-C p _ --A N--x
*\x --.
All and sundry = --- x.
Vasanth: He could have been less harsh.

That's all my complaint.
3) My colleague has the boss's ear =
boss -uT p C NE
E G-v-- -- N-N-h.
(h \ J- -Lq--.
complaint)
Mukund: Don't be caught again. You'd better.
Kumar has Pratap's ear =
C-h C N Pratap./
G-v--, -- N-N-h v./
h v-.
(Sx d--. *C.)


expressions
ear (N) -C-*

NE--h-. Eo
pL?
2) '' d- ? DE --i
proverb -?
3) O-p --o -Eo passive voice
''Which lesson is being taught you? a?
''O h-? -Eo Tx- -?
4) Nobody can't understand me C Tx- ?
Nobody can understand me , Nobody can't understand
me i N--n--o?
5) He is married/ He has been married N passive voice
o. He got married got -- past tense. married
past tense. past tense form verbs a?
u married - part of speech N?
6) Incredible, Incredulous u N?
7) Imperative a-J-L?''open the door'', come in,
please u- Question tags -?
8) Nevertheless, Notwithstanding n-, u v-T
N-Eo N-J-?
- D.G. Rama Sarma, Kotwal, Palasa
give an ear =
lend an ear
lend an
ear
DE n

.
- -A N.
give an ear -
vl N.
a) Don't give ears to rumours =
-x N-l (t-l)
pC J/ --A N---o.
Lend an ear p N-Eo -,
--A N. spoken English C
common.
(, y p.
---\?)
vo: 1) '' - -E p. uEo Tx-
--: 1. I told him the same thing
p- *x Ao. Sx -E
.
(-E--j-u-. j-x
-x o.)
4) The boss gives him

his ear.
b) Don't give your ear to all and sundry =
-C h C N-l.
5) He himself is up to his ears in trouble =
E dx ET o.
- -- ?
n.
n expression- upto the neck
(--) in trouble = up to the eyes in
trouble.
upto the ears/ up to the eyes *

- ET o E n h,
upto the neck -u- v J-N.
6) you know I have an ear for music =
Have an ear for music=
U,
N N- h--- h, * U-x -J{---.
a) Dr. Balamuralikrishna had a very good ear

for music right from his childhood =
*o- Dr. ---S-%-g U--

h -C.
b) Mimicry artistes must have a good ear for
sounds =
yu--- --x y- --J

vA, h L.
a) Sakuni had Duryodana's ear =

- M. SURESAN
E u---.
2. There's no use crying over spilt milk
(L--- J* *A x
v- )
3) a / What lesson is being done for you?
a. lesson = What lesson; Which lesson , x---o--x
L- Eo lessons / lessons C?
lesson = What lesson.
lessons C? = Which of the lessons
4) Nobody can't understand me- Standard
English
English
English Correct
Nobody can't understand
Not correct.
.
x
x-- . x
.
5) He is married / he has been married - C, He is interested
expressions 'married status' (N--
nAE) --C. \ married past participle
B--. \ n Rx--f E .
N-- E. He is married = N--.
He has been married = -- N--
He has been married for the past year =
E x -q C.
He got married
past participle - He got dressed
tense
( Rx --o) married - past

dressed .
6. Incredible = t--u-E = That he was able to jump
down such a height is incredible = h * t-u C. (Unbelievable)
Incredulous = ( N-Eo) t----/ t---
,
1) When I told him I had done all the work, he looked

incredulous =
-F - --E G t-d
--d / t-.
2) She was incredulous when told about this = C G
t-. (p N Ei)
7) Imperative - Pronunciation - -- ' \ -.
a) Open the door, will you?
b) Come in please, will you?
8. Nevertheless = Not withstanding = though = although =
even though
a) He is a genius, nevertheless he is quite modest =
(Nevertheless - but)
N. p EJy
b) Not withstanding his greatness, he is modest =

notwithstanding
inspite of
-E
p- op EJy. \
a.
- 24 - 2007
-- j---
-x---
Srikar: What was Jagan saying yesterday?
(Eo N---o?)
Sritej: Didn't you hear? You were there as
well.
(y N-? y \ o ?)
x--o N
N - d.
-E N----
x-- --.
3) For someone's ears only=
Srikar: Yea. That is true. I now repent that I

ignored his advice. His words still ring
in my ears.
b) Fortunately the teacher was out of earshot

when we were talking about her=
(C E. - --N d- ah--o.
N - o.)
repent =a-h
%-d- -h teacher J* x-op N-- C.

within earshot N--L-T-
E.
Srikar: Perhaps you didn't observe what he

did. He made sure I was out of earshot
before he began to talk to you. If I had
heard him I wouldn't have been asking
you of it.
y -E-. F x, N--L-T E
-E x-
v-G- .
N Eo -E .)
a) Kumar didn't want Lata to

hear him. So he waited until
she was out of earshot
before talking=
(y u- d--lo - --a--C
-. F s --
Eg- o C
G-v.)
out to do something = j -
Eg
309
a) What I am going to say is for your ears only=
p--C F v. -- L--.
b) Kiran: What did he say? (---o?)
Krishna: I'm sorry. It is for my ears only.
for your ears only
Sritej: He was talking all the time about you.
a) He stopped talking when I was within

earshot of them.=
(Sankar
Srikar: I knew as much. That's why I'm all ears

for what you have to say.
u--J-
F, y p F
h-F o.)
tackle = N-/ uh u--J-
(v . y
N- %- o.)
Srikar: Of course I am eager to take his help.

We'll see him this evening.
( pC F -. E C
F v. -y-J p--.)
Srikar: You have my word. Go on. I'll not
breathe a word of it to anyone.
(F -ho, p. y p
D -J p.)
not breathe a word= -u /
- \-E-y-
Sritej: His complaint was that you had paid a
deaf ear to his well meaning advice that
you shouldn't go shares in business
with Sankar. Sankar, according to him
is a cheat, out to have your money.
(~N, C p. C v
L--LqC.)
(compare- for someone's ears only)
4) Pay a deaf ear/ turn
a deaf ear=
Sritej: He says he can tackle Sankar, and he

will help you if you agree.
( x- F J.)
Sritej: I will tell you what he said. But I want to

be sure that it is for your ears only.
-J v
L--Lq N/ u
x p---oC N--L-T-
o-p x- -.
b) Never turn a deaf ear to elders' advice=
% p---oC N--L-T- p-- boss NE-*C.)

2) All ears for: --oC N- v-
.
5) Ring in ears =
E, Fo p. N-
v- o.
b) When he knew they were going to talk about
the girl after his heart, he was all ears=
1) He made sure that I was out of earshot.

2) That's why I am all ears for what you have to
say.
d---o t-E J* x x---o-E L --p-T---E l--f.
3) But I want to be sure it is for your ears only.
c) He was all ears when they were talking of his

greatness=
4) ... you had paid a deaf ear to his advice.

5) His words still ring in my ears.
p--Eo J* x----o-p -p-T* N-o.
1) Out of earshot =
spoken English
moon day/ New moon day;
C- flood victims;
English -, -, fruit . - ----, raw fruit; ripe fruit.
--pJh= Resourcefulness/ Ready Wittedness.
H--= Bottle gourds
-Z DE- vu--i English .
Statewide general boycott/ statewide general strike
- J--d---.
x, --Lx-, O English -x.
X%g - u-- --N d.
b) Just when the boss came within earshot of

the group, he heard his name mentioned.=
a) Come on: Fill me in. I am all ears=

conversation above.
TL, -x, l-v-A--C-, Z-, --Lx-, ,

--, A--h, Nhx, gN, -u, C, , --pJh, H--.
.-vQ-E-, ---Lx
---: TL spittle/ saliva. --
Ax -n T-- --E English .
Leftovers- A NT-L.
l vA--C- = On a war footing
- English
elements . -- -Eo (u) h
-E (5) .
English Elements .
x--oN four elements - Earth
(%-Cy), Air (), Fire (To),
Water (Fx) v. (u)
x v element .
A--h Exaggeration (b---)
gN full moon day; -u No
a) Duryodhana paid a deaf ear/ turned a deaf

ear to Krishna's words=
l-x p --N d.
( B---E E
v- C. v E
--.)
-sx ear a expressions
---o ? J-EoE l.
-v-o: C --- Tx ---.-
--N d/ NE------.
N-- .
common.
(compare- He was all ears for ...)
x t-/ NE--h-o-d-.
a) I am unable to forget my maths teacher's
teaching. His voice still rings in my ears=
\ teaching -*.
() p- x NE-h-.
b) He could never forget the song. It always
rang in his ears.
- p- -*-----. C
x p t-C.
(E-x h . Villain, E s- -- Hero x
E----o-p v- NE--- -E
\--J h *a Villain, E - *h--. v- NE--- Ring
in the ears.)
- M. SURESAN
-v-o: To --T- N- ----.

-v-o: 1) ' F - V- -- ?
-D-E-E ''Why have you been absent for a week?'' a?
-.-N. --
2) ' F \ -- * o? -D-E-E How long
---: To -n- --.
1)
you have been here?
O-ox '/ - n.
He went to school (School
3)
x).
She has gone to the shop to buy some books
(h- --E
Shop
RxC).
DEo infinitive
, x, ,
, n hC. -s To + 1st
Regular Doing Word ... 'ing' form --a.
2) To + 1st Regular Doing Wordto go, to come, to sing-
a) To go/ going there now is dangerous
\-p x
(=To go/ going)
v--
b) To smoke/ smoking is bad for health
-u-E
3) To + 1st Regular Doing word- to go, to come, to eat,
etc
x-E, -E, A-E n hC.

x-E ---o
b) She likes to sing = --E/ ----E
dC.
To + 1st Regular Doing Word infinitive .
vo: Ring, Phone o verb -a?
a) He wants to go =
phone - phoned - phoned

ring - rang - rung
N -d? -- y.
---: -a.
, ----
He phoned me/ rang me.

He has phoned me/ He has rung me - all correct.
a?
u
h- .
'In time', 'Just in time'

Intermediate English
grammar by Raymond Murphy
in
time = soon enough. just in time= almost too late.
e.g. We got to the station just in time to catch the train.
u n q \-d? d?
-.->.--t, --y-
---: 1), 2) d.
3) Bus \-d. Almost too late = (E--) late E
. _, _ F, Jh E ?
\d n \-x.
He almost missed the bus = bus p--C = Bus
--o.
He almost died = E-- - x- -- a,
E -.
vo: 1) God bless you. God singular . blesses hC .
2) FO t C --E I have confidence on
you J--. 3) Tooth powder o-- E-.
Teeth powder E ? 4) Single (') double (")
-x C p L---.
. -, -Lx, X- >x
---: i) God bless you C, May God bless you
u-E short form. ii) I have confidence in you.
iii) }-- Tooth power C Usage
Usage grammer rules apply .
iv) - O .
--E- 26 - 2007
-- j---
-x---
310
Sangeetha: Let's take some other occasion,

not now, Sampanna please. I
have to go now to help mom in
the kitchen.
(-p-- l p
o. t -- xL)
Sampanna: Why are you in a hurry?
( -----o?)
Sangeetha: I want to leave before Ravali
comes here. I don't like her seeing me here
(Ravali
a- }---o. Eo-\ d-)
Sampanna: Stop trying for excuses to go

away. You want to be friends with
Ravali again but you feel a bit
embarrassed to face her. I can
understand your feeling so. Stay
on.
Sampanna: Do stay here for some more time.

I hate your leaving here so early.
It's hardly ten minutes since you
came here.
(R}--- -
. -R Sx o --o --E
sC --o. y
feel n ---.
.)
( please. y
y-x --L-d -. y*a
C-E-N-- )
Sangeetha: I
wouldn't
mind staying
any length of
time, if only
Ravali weren't coming.
.
I don't like staying here any
more.
\-- -d -
( -x NJ. n '...ing' form
x infinitive -aE.)
From the dialogue in the lesson.
Walking in this hot sun is not fun =
- =
To walk
5) I enjoy our being together
( L (being)
-C-h)
(infinitive) in this hot sun is not fun
lesson --oC
n '...ing' form verbs
-s.
( N
7)
For example:
1) I don't like her seeing me here
excuse =
( R --j
- -u- .)
Sampanna: It's unfortunate that you don't like
each other. I strongly suggest
your making it up with each other
so (that) we can all be happy.
(OJ-l -o- d--

-%-d-. OJ-l S}
u -E *-ho.
- a)
Sangeetha: I enjoy our being together, but
Ravali gives me the impression
she is not for it.
( ---Eo --Ch, E E -
G-v L-T-hC R)
Sampanna: You are wrong there. I remember
Ravali saying the same thing
about you. So it is now clear that
you both like to become friends
again. So I insist on your being
here till she comes.
1. 'The'
p --T-L? The -T- - a, an --T--?

2. May be, likely to be n -,
---- N-J-.
3. x d--E a-d.
x Jh----E a
uC.
(Tx- N-J-)
4. I went to my uncle's. But he had gone out.
he had gone out
he was out
he had been out
simple past, past perfect combination
simple present, present perfect combination
,
? (DE
(o }-F-?)
Sangeetha: OK, because you insist so much.
I like you to come = I like your coming.

I like you to come
coming, singing etc)
'...ing' form (going,

- \,
y-----. ( : 'ing' form
'be' form (am, is, was, shall be, have
been etc) h p be form + ing form L
verb -C. '...ing' form v verb )
'-ing' form conversation \- C
, x, A n-.
a) Coming here is some thing I always like.
b) Going there now is not a good idea =
\ x j - .
c) Eating too much always causes health problems =
A A -u-
%d-hC.
3. a--o. W h o.
4. -- - h - h
v -.
5. N- O -h.
6. d- i-, d-i- J-L.
7. Get, Take u , E - -sx
--T- N-J-.
.--S%-g, --
---: 1. A/ an and the - O J*
lesson N-J. .
2. . He may come here- --\- a/
a - C= He is likely to come
here.
May be he is there - (It's) quite likely he is
there.
DE J* y N-Jh.
3. I spent a lot to build the house

I spent a lot to complete the building/ It took
me a lot of money to complete the building.
4.
C L C p----oEod
form
o, \ N-
Eh-C.
Look at a few more sentences
(y d---ox
)
C.
a?)
C u- Tx- N-J-.
1. E -- --o. F
Lq *aC.
2. N-- Rx \ --Lq *aC.
(y y \-o* Rx-- -
d-)
(-E: --x Eo-- 'ing' form
infinitive O-. - O, '...ing' form \ .)
Sampanna: Excuse my asking you to stay

on, but you must.
(Eo -Lq-C ---o ~N, F y--Lq)
p hC)
feel
n ---.
8) Excuse my asking you to stay on =
\ --tE ---Eo ~N
9) Stop trying searching for excuses =
---E
vo u
.
C sentences O
English practice
. underline
'ing' form
p.
x- d---
b) y y u B--
a--o
c) Doctor T-x vl
.
d) --a O-o u--?
(mind )
e) - D-`--u- -J
a-.
a)
Sangeetha: Won't you please let me go?
\- C -p d.
(\ y ----o. R
- hhC. Sx o-E
O l-J E -hC. d
-a- Ny-\---E
d---o)
2) I hate your leaving here so early
Ravali
I can understand your feeling so =
( --Eo\ -d -)
-
embarrassing = s-C E--
6) I remember Ravali telling me the same thing
I don't like her seeing me here

lame excuse =
3) I wouldn't mind staying here.

4) I strongly suggest your making it up with
each other.
3)
staying
ing it up
O-. (4) mak your -E-. - --x - jJ ---E

'...ing' form , my, your, our, his, her,
their possessive forms -E-.
.
a) He likes going out for a walk in the morning
(l -- x -E-d )
b) The doctor appreciates his going out for a
walk in the morning
Answers:
a) No one liked his speaking so
b) All appreciated your taking such a quick
action
c) A doctor taking so much care of a patient is
rare (It is rare for a doctor to take so much
care of a patient
E .)
d) Do you mind my smoking?

e) No one liked his making such a lengthy
speech
-: Spoken English lesson no 309

--*a- -- H-- Bottle
gourd ---E --*a-C. Ridge gourd
. Bottle gourd -.
( l -- x--Eo -d
a---o) Sentence (b) E Ex doctor jJ -hC.
C.
a) I went to my uncle's but he had gone out =
uncle

}. E
p- ---}.
b) I went to my uncle's but he was out =
uncle }. F --\
o/ x .
n (a), (b) correct.
- M. SURESAN
Jh -.
(will start- future simple, will have completedfuture perfect).
tenses combination
O
--C O p-----oEod
C.
-- -u-- --Tx-- --..
1) I thought of not doing it/ I thought I wouldn't
do it but I had to do it
Simple present, Present perfect combination
2) I went to Vijayawada and had to be there.
a. n J--C Simple
past, Past perfect combination a n
*.
I want to see him, but he has gone out= -Eo
-----o. F ---x.
(want- pr. simple, has gone- pr. perfect) -
L-------o idea d combination a.
3) I have learnt yoga and practise it daily.
I will start it this month end and I will have completed it by the end of next month =
- -Eo v-G-h. a -Eo
4) Every one reads the book they (he or she)

should read
5) You will come to know a lot more/ more and
more/ a lot as the days go by.
6) We have to bear the losses and the difficulties
7)
DE J* N
N-J.
lessons
URL:http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
--a.
-- 28 - 2007
-- j---
wards to help him. Why should you
do that?
-x---
( -E y ----- -p d---
yC L?)
311
Srimanth: Sumanth, What do you think of the

guy refusing his bike to me?
bike
(
y--- J*
----o?/
(
) bike y-
, -?)
= A- \-J-/ y---
refuse
Sumanth: Who are you talking of?
Srimanth: Well, who ever knew he was this

sort?
(-J , --E E?)

Sort =
Sumanth: You must have disliked me keeping
him at arm's length. But I have
Known him for what he is - a very
very selfish fellow.
Srimanth: A bout Vasanth of Course. Do you

remember him ever helping others
at any time.
(
of
course)
(E -Lq -
-y --d ----.
- .
yn--)
keep at arm's length = (-J-j)- N-y-
-Lq
Sumanth: But What's the cause of your complaint now?
Srimanth: I now realise our discussing him so

long is just a waste of time. I now
know how I should be with him.
(JE J* -x--o?)
-vQ- J*, -Jo? (

--J-j
F h?)
(- --E J* Ja-/
x- % E v. --- p
n -C )
( p y kx-E ?)
Srimanth: Yesterday he saw me rushing to
college for my certificates urgently.
Time was running out. The
college office
would close in
about half an
hour.
(--- ---)
Compare A and B below:
A) Do you like me acting that
role?
B) Do you like my acting that
role?
- n, v F-d- ? E.
B
A
me
(, o)
our (, , tLo)
You (Eo, F) NtLo,
O
him (-E, -)
her (, )
Them (x, x)
E, )
Any name (j )
Gopal, Krishna, Sri Ram,
etc =
\ him (objective form) -o.

DE his (possessive form) helping others E -a. C standard/ written
my
()
our (, )
Your
his
(F/O)
()
her
( \)
their (x, )
Gopal's
Krishna's,
Ram's- 's =
Sri
Ox)
Ox/-O-x-/-O-x
form.
Sentence No: 5
I have hated you bending over backwards to
help him
you bending
you objecyour bending (possessive
tive formform)
standard/ written
form.
Sentence No: 6
You must have disliked me keeping him at
(- y --Eo --
d--). \
DE
E -a. C
arm's length (E -Lq

--y- d-). \ me keeping me objective form - \ me my
(possessive form) Keeping E -a,
standard/ written form-
KEEP AT ARM'S LENGTH...
(Eo Jd--q ---- x .

time --C. -- college Office -h?)
Sumanth: So?
()
Srimanth: I saw him chatting with some one
on the street and asked for his
bike. He just said no. He wouldn't
even take me to college.
road
Bike
(--
-J- x-- .
. y---.
F o B---- D
)
Sumanth: Srinkanth's doing so is no surprise

to me. But I feel you were at fault.
(Srikanth

a-u . E y p ---o)
Srimanth: Me? why do you say so?
(?- -o?)
Sumanth: I have hated you bending over back
v-o1: -O H -- --E --j- --T- ---C playing cricket, watching TV -. --N present continuous tense --o. Watch TV, Play Cricket - - ----a?
2. i-) -\-J---Eo --Tx-- --?
i-i) Where did you go?, Where
would you go? - -- --u
-- --N-?
i-ii) When should you come? -- u d-?
i-v) spoken English --x--p- -v-q - -- -? Today's completed
actions we have to use have+V3. --
-Eo--x V2 ----o. -N--J--.
-G.-%-g, j-.
----: Expressions like playing, watching are
just present participle. They are not verbs in
the present continuous. Please understand
that am/ is/ are watching, am/ is/ are playing
are present continuous forms.
Sumanth: Your realising it

makes me happy.
atleast now
(p--j yC n --
- C)
A
me (objective form), B
my
(possessive form)
discussion,
objective form
column - A)
possessive
form
column - B)

the conversation above
1) What do you think of the guy refusing the
bike to me?
2) Do you ever remember him helping others?
3) Yesterday he saw me rushing to College
4) Srikanth's doing so is no surprise to me
5) I have hated you bending over backwards
to help him
6) You must have disliked me keeping him at
arm's length
7) I realise our discussing him so long a waste
of time
C- u -El:
oE objective form ;
o--E possessive form
Column A
Column B
hC ?
-sx
(d-
,
(d-
E.
\ W-j English -x, x--x,
Possessive form (Column-B) \ d--. C Correct .
daily conversation objective form (columnA), Possessive form (column - B),
- N---. -E objective form,
u Spoken English , p-. --C
y--- --C.
p conversationE sentences
N l:
Sentence No: 2
Do you ever remember him helping others?
Sentence No:7
Problem
I realise our discussing him
a waste of time
time
waste
objective form,
possessive form,
our
her
Sentence No:1
What do you think of the guy refusing guy, boy, girl, man, officer etc
(nouns)
possessive form
(Apostrophe and 's'guy's, boy's,
girl's, man's, officer's)
objective form
(Apostrophe and 's'
form)
(standard/ written form
Sentence No : 4
Srikanth's doing so is no surprise Srikanth doing so
(standard/
written form
Common
spoken English
forms
Practice
---
(
N Ja-,
E --o). \
d u .
N- .
x ..
N-,
a-N

E
- \.
)
\
- \.
)
N
d
l.
( -- F-p-j
h?)
Playing cricket, watching TV mean the act of
Where would you go? = Where do you want/
playing/ watching etc- It is correct to say so.
like to go now?
- -a
M.SURESAN
v-o: 2.
Smoking is bad for health- here, smoking
means, the act of smoking, and smoking is
What you mean by have + V3 form (have
-- ----L?on n-----?
I am at the institute, I am in the institutej-u- -- --N-?
.-, j---.
----: I met him on train is correct. As this is
gone, have seen, etc) is the present perfect
a matter of usage, there is no explanation why
iii When should you come? = When have you
- )-
to come?
(p L y?) It's correct
used as a noun.
iv We have to. However, some times usage
He likes reading books (h- - -Ed ) So here, playing, watching , ,

n h. -F
o/ / --o/ --o EF, h-o/ / / EF .
may go against grammar.
You can, of course, say that your hobbies are,
against grammar rules to use the present per-
to watch TV, to play cricket, to listen to music,
fect tense. You have to use the past simple
etc.
(V2) form, even if it is today's completed
2. i)- \ J- - =
Make a face/ make faces,
pull a face/ faces, grimace
(w-j
- / wj )
a) When he was teaching, she was making

faces/ pulling faces/ grimacing.
grimace
x / Ap
n C.
ii)- Where did you go? = You went somewhere
and where was it (Past)
form. Once you mention the time of action (eg:

at 8 this morning, half an hour ago, etc) it is
action.
They have gone out (no time is mentioned)
They went out at 10 this morning/ half an hour
ago/ at 8 in the morning. (You see- this refers
to today's action, but because the time is stated, we use the past simple form). It is grammatically wrong to say- "They have gone out at
10 this morning." etc.
I met him on train
in, at
in, at, etc shouldn't be used.
- Eo Fx . Fx \-d h
(countable) - 'Eo --E. Fx?
L. Fx quantity d. F
xx Eo Fx (usage).
English . usage () rule
.
ii) I am at the institute - correct
I am in the institute - wrong
v-, -, at \ .
In .
He was at (the) college till 8 last evening =
Eo v 8
college
o.
--- 30 - 2007
-- j---
Dheeraj: I don't know, but I hope to.
-x---
Vinai: May I come in?
( p--E-p. F - Pho.)
312
Neeraj: Do you know that our team hasn't had

the best of practice for this match?
Dheeraj: Isn't Manoj coming with us for the

match. I thought he would.
( match * practice
team E F ?)
( match Manoj .
h-E -o.)
Dheeraj: It appears so. Two or three of our

players had injuries and didn't attend
practice.
Neeraj: No.He isn't. How I wish he were!
( E-hC. l _
--x Practice -----)
(. --. -h
-!)
Dheeraj: Didn't you advise him not to miss
such an exciting match.
( q- match p-lE y y?)
Neeraj: Well, has Sumanth called you?

(Sumanth
(. F
o)
break fast
(C *
A?)
( match y \ .
cousin .)
Dheeraj: Do I know him?
( ?)
Neeraj: No. You don't. The last time he came
here, you were out of town.
(F L. E\ *a--p
y x .)
Dheeraj: Can he play too?
( --?)
Neeraj: Yes. He can. But do you want to stay
on till the end of the match?
(--. C- y match *J
-----o?)
vo:
1) Verb
ing form EN L NN Tense

-- - N-J-.
: Love
2) Did I ever used u j--?
-, -.v
---:
'...ing' form Eo verbs . -EC:
am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms.
form E verbs -J-* -- lessons

- -N--J-.
Love am loving/ is loving/ are loving .
verbs p --o
-E ---. love/ loves .
Did I ever used to - p. Did I ever use to,
correct.
vo:
I) I'd, You'd, Let's, It'll, We'll, They'll

pronounce
---:
I'd = I would
you'd = you would
L?
---J -vQ-J, u-
y x---
, , E
pronounce h.
3) Let's (Let us) pronunciation: Let's
restaurant.
. Response, Please
come in, E F, come in EF --. Please do/ do
o ? sx Lq hC, question
o verb Answer omit
.C .
8) It appears so.
A: I can't speak Hindi. Can You?
( D x--. J y?)
B: I can, very well
Now, look at the following sentence from the

Omit
( E-hC - p
N J*)
9) No, but I expect him to. (to call me)
10) Of course, we will.
( x-)
-N practice d -.
10 x responses
, y M-- E .
verbs brackets
1) No, he isn't (coming)
, conversation *a
-.
- x C-N O a-hC.
short responses (without repeating the verb)
. Question F,
response y-Lq verb F o Helping
j *a
responses
questions
3) He decided not to (not to come)
(p-. )

Verb
2) I did (I advised him)
-i-
Dheeraj: Of course, we will. Let's get in.
(, B-)
Neeraj: You weren't here for the last match. I
watched it with my cousin.
h- --
we have some thing to eat?
( . x jo restaurant
B------o.)
Dheeraj: No, I haven't either.
Phone
Vijay: Please do/ do.
Does she like the game?
?)
Neeraj: No. Not yet. I want to, in some restaurant on the way. Have you?
?)
Neeraj: OK. Here's a good restaurant. Shall
Dheeraj: (Have you) had your breakfast?
(y
Phone
Dheeraj: No, but I expect him to.
Neeraj: I did, but something came up in the

last minute. And he decided not to.
( p . F *J EN J-TC. l--o)
-i-,
j conversation Eo-x O Eo-x

-. - O spoken English
v-i short responses to questions
o. English conversation -
N--- short responses (xh-i /hJ --)
- -. h-J -, - vo- @.
\ -E--Lq u N. short
responses question E verb, answer
omit h. E do, don't, does, doesn't, did, didn't, can, can't, could, couldn't, needforms
n't
practice
conversation natural
. N
h
C. \ -- .
4) I want to (I want to have my breakfast)

5) No, you don't (you don't know him)
6) Yes, he can (he can play well)
7) I don't know, but I hope to (stay on till the
end of the match)
Questions
-Eh .response o
. Positive response () o-p,
Yes, Subject + Helping Verb hC.
Negative response () o-p, No, subject + Helping verb + n't (= not) hC.
.
Q1: Do you know this place about?
\ Verb: Do know; Helping

Do response .
Responses
Response: Yes; I do/ No. I don't
Do +1st Regular
Yes + subject + do/
Doing Word (RDW)
No + subject + don't
Yes + subject + does/
Does + 1st RDW
(Yes, I like it/ No. I don't like it
Yes + subject + did/
Q2: Does she like the game?

(Helping verb - does)
No + subject + does'nt
Did = 1st RDW
verb: Do
A: Yes. She does/ No. She doesn't
No + subject + didn't
\ Jh
Shall
Yes, shall / No, shan't
No, she doesn't like it.
Will
Yes, will / No, won't
Q3: Did you go to the movie yesterday?
Can
Yes, can / No, can't
R:
Could
Yes could/ No couldn't
verb
, Yes, she likes it/

-E -.
Yes, I did/ No. I didn't
- M. SURESAN
(q)
4) It'll (It will) - pronunciation It'll -
5) We'll (Wewill) - PronunciationWe'll - -
6) They'll (They will) '' -They'll -
vo:
1) be form 2) be form + ing form 3) be
form + past participle 4) Action (doing) verbs
5) shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,
might, must, need, ought, dare + 1st RDW
6) has, have, had, shall have, should have, will
have, would have, can have, could have, may
have, might have, must have, ought have,
need have, dare have + past participle.
Tx- u-i j x -E O
.
1) They have a nice building,
2) he has a car
six forms
- --u-x j N-J-*
.
N-J---.
.N. ---, x-
---:
A. Have, has ... Past participle
L verbs form h.
eg: They have gone (Verb - have + pp )
She has seen him (Verb - has + pp)
, LT n
have, has --, have, 1st Regular
Doing Word,
Doing Word
vo:
has- Second Regular
- ?
1)
h (singular), h (plural) .
News/ tidings singular
plural -- --L?
2) C n N-J-.
hast, hath, Goperwood, green poplar,
clave, whoredom, spies, besought, bade
---:
i) English
uncountable.
h o, h -o news.
C
p Singular
--. DE- a/ an . Tidings
n, news. F Tidings C plural.
C Old fashioned- p - .
ii) hast, hasth- Old forms of have and hasnot in use now.
Gopher
C North America -x E-
l .
Gopherwood- -i -\ Do yellow
wood E . Bible EJt-o l (Noah's Ark) \
Gopher wood.
Green Poplar = d. -Q-g Q---x --C.
Clave =
v
Whoredom = uG %Ah/ --%Ah
Spies = Plural of Spy - - -
besought - (past tense of beseech) = Request
bade - (Past tense of bid) - farewell, good bye
He bade farewell to her =
N p.
O\ p.
vo:
A lot of words,
A few of the things
'A'
j -u-- -- - --- -p-E? 'A'

-- -O--E ----?
-.-, j----
---: iii) a lot of - \ u/ \
h. A lot of words = .
A lot of words in Telugu are borrowed from
Sanskrit He drinks a lot of milk -
- \%
* a.
-.
A few of the things; a few of things . A few
of the things = h- x Eo (\
u). 'lot of' a p L.
few N-, few E negative meaning hC. A few Eo E
n hC.
--v- 1 -W- 2007
-- j---
Suhrid: You know I don't own a car yet, but I
am sure to, soon.
-x---
( E --, E y-
--C *a.)
313
Brihat: (Are) you going to take a loan to buy it?
Suhrid: Should I ask for permission to leave?
( x--E -A -?)
(C - --o B---o?)
Suhrid: No; I don't intend to. Not certainly from
any financial institution. If at all I do, I
may borrow a part of the amount from
my cousin.
Brihat: Of course. Every one has to.
(-, -j --Lq)
Suhrid: But so many have left already.
(F p- -C Rx-- )
(, l . Jn n
* v-. B-
cousin _--* p
B-)
Brihat: I suppose so. But they must have all

taken permission.
( --o. x-
-A B- x-)
Natural
and
short
(F (p B-) - F
--.)
( E----)
flowing
responses
practice
ho . J--Eo-E
conversation a-.
Question E/ - x--o-J sentences E helping
verbs (do, does, did, can, could, will, would,
etc; am, is, are, was, were, etc)
short responses

y-aE --o.
eg: Hemanth: Do you like this book?

Vasanth: Of course, I do.
(Question
(E- d---o)/
No. I don't (. -d
-)
E 'Do' response )
No; I don't intend to

Brihat: Why are you asking? Do you wish to
leave without permission?
Suhrid: I have to, but that'll only be a small

amount.
(-----o? -A B- x-E F J?)
(B---Lq, F C *o h
-C)
Suhrid: No, I don't, but I want to know the

exact practice.
Brihat: I think almost all of us in the company

will soon be owning cars.
( E . l--N ---E.)
Brihat: Follow the rule book. Isn't there a copy
of it in one of the racks?
( rule book . E vA
rack E- ?)
Suhrid: I don't think so. Will it be available with
any of our colleagues?
( E -----. C
-u- J _-o ?)
Brihat: I hope so. We'll find out from Nishant.
( P-h-o. E -.)
Suhrid: Do you want to ask him now?
(--Eo ------o?)
office
Suhrid: But I am not. I think he has left early to

see the car he wants to buy.
Brihat:
(F ----.
- car - V
- x---.)
What about you? (F -?)
vo: 1) Varma E
Verma
E
h?
2)
company
cars
-J
---)
Suhrid: Yea, they will be. At least I hope so.
(. . F -E
-P-ho.)
Brihat: The company's offering a liberal fuel
allowance is very tempting. That certainly is the reason for every one going
in for a car.
(Company
ho --i
u * -{. vA-x car
----- C ---
-)
tempt = -J{-.
The offer of a shirt free with every shirt you
shirt
buy is tempting (
Brihat: I want to. I am sure he is in.
(---o.
o- --o)
(
y
In time, on time
N?
3) --CE Tx ganges -- River Ganga
--a!
4) Out, late
- v1, v2, v3, v4 -.
>.N-, , K---->x
---: 1) Verma, Varma- - x
standard spelling D
u N non-English names.
\ spelling v correct, N-N
pE p. --, -
uh -d-E-d spell -a.
2) In time - E,
J_ v, h
E.

* C -{-- C.)
Suhrid: I do suppose so. Have you finished the
report?
( --o. y
Jh ?)
report
Brihat: I would have, but I still need some more

information. I am sure to, tomorrow.
He reached the station in time to catch the

train=
Train
----E j time h
station .
On time -o --E J_.
The meeting began on time. =
Correct
time
v-C.
Be in time for the function so that we can

begin it on time =
function time J_ v-G---E, y
h --E ( h-) \
.
3) English x --CE L-*-- B
Ganges. Greek * *a C. E
p Ganges Ganga -
. The Ganga rises in the Himalayas.
p English Ganga -
Correct.
4) Out, lateverbs
preposition/ adverb
tive/ adverb
(out
-s-Eo-d out,
-C, late- adjec-C d O V1, V2, V3
N -.
- --, \
N-J- --s-i- J-n-A verb
-C p out-outed-outed -a)
N
4) B: (Are) you going to take a loan?

S: No; I don't intend to (buy it)
5) But I don't think you need to (borrow)
6) I have to (borrow)
Observe the responses above.
(Oy h-Eo d----o?)
Brihat: But I don't think you need to.
Suhrid: It doesn't appear so.
free
(- T-) English conversation u ~-- i
Short responses
response
sentence
main verb
sentences
main verb, like)
repeat
u-i N:
a
E
(j
--. C u -E- -Lq

N --i English conversation
v.
lesson short responses --.
lesson E conversation O Eox O- Eo-x G_---j -;
O --J x x conversation practice O Suhrid,
- Brihat .
lesson E responses u ~: \
response a questions/ statements E main verb repeat -,
clipped infinitive .(infinitive
to go, to sing, to dance- to + 1st
Regular Doing Word). short responses
infinitive to v , 1st Regular Doing
Words C-h. O examples
response
to
infinitive
I Regular Doing Word
vA
,
T--o,
Jh - , to y
repeat
-Lq
-.
j *a vA sentence brackets
repeat E I RDW C .
1) Should I ask for...
Everyone has to.

I want to.
3) You know I don't

own a car yet, ...
but I am sure to.
4) Are you going to

take a loan?
No; I don't intend to.
5) ... borrow
But I don't think you

need to.
responses
'to'
practice
(y ---- ?)
\ to sing infinitive , to v
repeat h, response . sing, repeat
)
Sasi: a) I want to, but I have a cold.
(I want to sing
3) You know I don't' own a car yet, but I am

sure to (own), soon
N.
- M. SURESAN
vo: --L-, --L-, -o--, -v-N-.
What kind of friend you are?
-O-J-E ---Tx-- ---?

2) -- -N---Eo ----L?
3) Rupees RS --E, Number ---E
NO. --E --. ---E?
-.-N- -, -*---
----:
Pregnant woman L. L
- English J- .
L- o -Eo (period)
Lactation, Period of Lactation - a.
L- Lactating woman -a. C -u-J English L- A _-J.
Woman in her post natal period C
L- j . C doctors
ju J---E . Spoken English
.
vN--/ v-/ v-E --Tx--
Love/ beloved --.
friend = o-/ o--
friend you are? correct.
Let it be done now.
don't think so/ suppose so/ hope not
B: I want to (ask)
3)
infinitive
(\ sing, repeat )
short responses
o: Subject (I/ we/ you, etc) + think so/
2) S: Do you want to ask him?
DE
o
\
(-V {--V --x =
DE
-D-E -y-
-a
--E
(\
d C.
E Jh
b) I don't want to.
B: Of course, everyone has to (ask)
2) It being a rainy daytense, we took

rest
verb, took
tense- past
tense.
It
tense,
being a rainy day.)
clause
verb tense
took)
(j) Eo-- sentence

T-- -E- . D
Lq .
Lata: Don't you want to sing?
1) S: Should I ask for ...?
-- N?
2) It being a rainy day, we took rest
u tense form N-J-.
C passive voice ?
3) Do it now u-E passive voice form
N-J---.
-.---u, --
---: Question what kind of friend are
you? C correct. (y o-N? - ). Exclamation what
kind of friend you are?
correct,
(, o---u y!
). \- sentence
exclamation --- -d what kind of
(I RDW not repeated.

Only 'to' in the response)
2) Do you want to
ask him?

dialogues above:
vo: What kind of friend are you?
Response
Sentence
2) Listen to a radio
3)
- a-C.
--C- 3 -W- 2007
-- j---
Niyath: I presume so.
314
Mahith: It seems this hotel is known for making

things ready and well at a very short
notice.
Niyath: Our friends have all promised to come.

And if they are on time, we can have
the best of evenings.
(\ u-C j
N- hotel ( ' \--) * C.)
Niyath: So it seems.
( o--- h-E a. x --E h -vEo

- -a.)
( E--hC/ E--hC)
Mahith: Will any of them make speeches?
(-o -u- h?/ v-Th?)
Mahith: I am sure of it.
Niyath: I suppose so
( t C.)
Niyath: Is Himakar joining us? He'll be great
fun.
-E- : senE verb , response

.
responses conversation
@ h. --
English x--- impression L-T-hC.
C--- lessons E
conversations , \ conversation
O, O --JJ --x
practice . O-\ , DEo
--x G_- -.
tence
(h- --o)
-x---
Look at the following responses from the

conversation above:
1) I am/ I'm sure of it
(--o)
2) Let's (Let us) hope so
Mahith: If not others, Ashok is certain to.
3) I don't think so
(- --, x-
v )
(- h-o? -- h
- C.
fun=. ( n).
Let's hope so
Mahith: Let's hope so. The sky is a bit cloudy

and threatens to rain.
(h- Pl. h s
C, { a ---o.)
threaten= n C-J-.
threatens to rain= { a -
Niyath: I don't think so. These are just passing

clouds.
( ----. N
N- s.)
passing clouds= N- s
Mahith: Will all the invitees turn up?
(y-E--- h?)
turn up= --
( --o/ t-o.
u J-T-E P-ho)
natural free flowing

(- T N) -
u-i short responses (h-J --)
practice ho. --
short responses . N:
(x- h -----o).
ii) Subject + verb + to (clipped infinitive)

Eg: Sekhar: Do you want to go now?
Niyath: I'm afraid so. Some of them didn't

received the invitations I had sent by
courier. Only when I called them did
they come to know of it.
(C E--. courier y
- --C---. x
phone p N L- C.)
Mahith: Will the hotel people be able to make
everything ready by the time the
guests arrive?
( A--- a--p- --xFo l h?)

Q:1. a) Never have I
seen such an
interesting match
b) Never I have
seen such an
interesting match
2. a) I don't know, where he went
b) I don't know, where did he go
O u N?
3. a) The cliff is being climbed by
the boy
b) Will those happy days be
ever forgotten?
c) His words, must be listened to
d) Is my meaning understood?
(Is
*a--p understand L
, understood *aC?)
( E-- )
n It looks like that/ It doesn't look
like that E a. \-J, It, omit
a.
(Think so, believe so, suppose so, presume
feel so
so
,
a)
C .
a) Naresh: (Do) you think he is all right

now?
(-p --?)
Jagdish: I found him so
Suhas: I want to (clipped infinitive of to

go), but I doubt if my mom wants
me to (go)
responses - j L-
short responses , responses a sentences E verbs O
-E Helping verbs a
responses F, clipped infinitives a
responses E.
p --C short
responses. O x u-i N responses verb ,
response a sentence E verbs
.
Eg: Sarat: Do they like this arrangement?
( p x--d- ?)
Varun: I think so. (- --o)/
I don't think so. ( E -----)
e) The crackling of geese saved

Rome.
n N?
4. NE *a
N C---.
T--h J-T-C (N-
d). Tx- L?
5. I know her (A.V)
She is known to me (P.V.)
known
known
*aC d to me *aC.
words Tx- Eo
o? N-J-.
- J.Ramesh, J. Anil, Vadlamuru
A: 1. 'Never have I seen such an

interesting match' is correct.
When we begin a sentence with
an adverb like 'never' here, the
verb/ auxiliary verb comes
b) Ramesh: Do you think the situation is

bad?
6) I presume so
7) So it seems/ It seems so
10) Let's hope for the best

All these responses show the speaker's
opinion/ attitude.
OE
groups
N-D-a.
I. A) I think so/ I suppose so/ I believe so/ I presume so, etc.
( -o
n).
B) -- n , I
don't (think so/ suppose so/ believe so/
presume so)
x--ox U--Jh,
response, set (A). U--J---
response, set (B).
Bharat: (Do) you think congress will return to
power next time too?
(Congress
Arjun:
(J-nA J ----o?)
Suresh: I find it so.
9) I believe so
( Pl)
5) I'm afraid so
8) I suppose so
Mahith: Let's hope for the best.
Mahith: Your invitation has been rather at a short

notice. It was a surprize even to my sister. Because of it not all might turn up.
(F h \ u-C- Rx-C.
sister au C. -x
--a.)
( E--hC)
b) It doesn't appear so/ it doesn't
seem so
( E--)
Niyath: I believe so. Hope every thing will go well.
i) Subject (I, we, you, they, etc) + helping verbs

(Do/ does/ did/ can/could/ will/ would, etc) +
n't (not - only when necessary)
Niyath: I'd rather they all would.
4) I'd (I would) rather they all would
Sumanth: a) It appears/ It seems so.
(- E--hC/ E--hC)
h - responses
groups . p III Group l.
III. Group
a) Pranav: (Is) anything wrong with the
machine?
(Machine
j ?)
Prabhat: I am afraid, so.
( C)
n ---o E-,
sorry E. j N p-Lq-h
I'm afraid so .
afraid
b) Ajitha: Is his condition quite serious?
(E J-nA N-- ?)
Anitha: I'm afraid so.
(, *A-ho)
AJT C--- h-E

-F- ---o?)
I think so ()/
I don't think so ()
II. It seems so/ it appears so/ that appears to be

the case
c) Karuna: How is Aruna's condition?

(Aruna
J-nA C?)
Sahasa: I'm afraid, not at all good.
( -)
afraid
d) Bhakar: Is your father at home?
( E--hC/ E--hC/ N
E--hC/ E--hC)
DE opposite --:
It doesn't - seem so/ appear so
( E-- / E----)
Eg: Hemanth: Are they well prepared for
the test?
before the subject. You say

either, I have never seen such
an interesting match OR Never
have I seen such an interesting
match.
2. I don't know where he went.
The clause 'Where he went' is
a part of a statement and not a
question. So the question form
'where did he go' is wrong. No
comma between know and
where.
3. All the sentences here are in
the passive voice. Passive
voice
verb, 'be form + past
participle'
C.
a) is being climbed (is being be form + climbed - past par-
(K-~ x --u?)
ticiple).
d)
verb,
passive
is
'be' form
'understood'
past
participle
'understand'
present form
E
v hC.
E
-.
4. If he had listened to me, he
would have succeeded. He has
had it
(A\ C-JC)
verb y
prepositions
y ) concern,
Eo verbs
y v h. C
usage. EoEox usage,
grammar rules uA--
a.
5. Passive voice
by
to
(known
comprise
Bhavan: I'm afraid, no.
(E p afraid)
group short response, wonder hC. Wonder n au,
s. Short responses I wonder
- E.
a) Vaibhava: Is Prasanna joining us for the
picnic?
(vo
h?)
picnic
Sampada: I wonder.
( - /
---aE)
b) Ullas: Is Santosh willing to buy the car?
( car --E - o?)

Vikas: I wonder (-)
O conversation -y, -y
Lp short responses. conversational English a C short
responses --L--Eod p-a.
conversation bookish (h---*)
E----E short responses
-----. Practice l.
- M. SURESAN
--- 5 -W- 2007
-- j---
Sreyas: Wish he were here now. We could
have a splendid time.
-x---
315
Kowsal: Hi who do I see here? Oh, Sreyas.

Long time, no see, pal. How are
things?
(-\- p- -C.
-/ - -x)
splendid = j * N/ pj
Kowsal: I know a cousin of his. He works in
the electricity department here.
Shall I find out from him?
(, v ? -iC
--E/ Eo , Nv.
o? -?)
Sreyas: Delighted to see you, Kowsal. Every
thing OK with me. How are you?
(Eo ---o- C. o.
y o?)
( cousin - . E-\ electricity dept. E--h.

Eo -\ v J*?)
Sreyas: You'd (you had) better and quickly
too. He is a nice guy though uncommunicative.
(y y -\- *C.
Sampreet -- -
d--E---, *-.)
Kowsal: Fine. When did you come?
(-. p--a?)
Sreyas: Just yesterday. I thought I should
meet you the first thing this morning
and you see me here.
(Eo a. l d
-- Eo -------o.
\ F E--h-o.)
First thing use \. You should finish the report the first thing tomorrow =
y d-- -LqC, report Jh-. Do - The first
thing you should do tomorrow is ... .
you should do it the first
thing tomorrow more effective
C.
Kowsal: What else, then? (?)
Sreyas: What about Sampreet? Long since I
met or even heard of him. (Do you)
know where he is and how he is?
(v -? E ---EF, J* NE-F iC. -\, o F-o

?)
Kowsal: I wish I did. No idea at all.
(C Lh -,
L-)
Sreyas: He isn't the communicative sort, is
he?
(-- - d-- - ?)
Kowsal: He certainly isn't. We were the only
two he moved closely with when he
was here.
(-. -E-\--o-p Eo- oC E-l-J-)

Question:
1. Everything relating to it should
is halted. It is a line from an
English newspaper. Usually
should is followed by be. But
here it is 'is'. Is it the
usage correct?
2. He is charged with
attempt. Should not
'an' be prefixed to
attempt?
3. Why present tense is
used widely even though the
action is a past event. Eg: The
BIE as ordered all colleges not
to publish ranks.
4. Sd/- is seen before signature in
official letters. What does it
mean?
5. V3 of any verb should be preceded either by have / has / had
or be forms of verb. But following sentence violates the above
rule.
Kowsal: How long are you going to be here?
lesson
advanced type of
responses
higher level.
practice

short
----o.
-E
N h
l.

1) Delighted to see you -
C -C
Eo- ---o-p
delight= , J-Eo
Glad to see you, good to see you, pleasure
meeting you again after such a long time, exciting to see you again, etc
rarely, rather
practice
4) Wish he were here now.
(-E-\-
-C!
!)
response No.1
5) You'd (you had) better.
(yC *C.)
2) I wish I did =
E-- -! -s,
E J* L- -C E.
\ know verb repeat -,
did -o - knew .
You better pay/ you better to pay Kundan: Shall I see a doctor then?
doctor
Chandan: You had better.
N p
_---}?)
(C *C)
I'd rather you did

Sreyas:
( -/ Eo V -o-N-\?)
For another week. ( )
Kowsal: Why not longer? I'd (I would) rather

you did.
(Eo V----?)
Sreyas: So would I too, but I've got to get
back in a week.
( - C, E -E
AJT xLq C)
Kowsal: That's disappointing.
E--- C (-E Rx--)

Sreyas: Equally so far me. But the call of duty
doesn't let me stay longer, pal.
( E---- C. E \ \ --E
Nuh t p-)
Kowsal: I'd you were not so pompous.
(y p p -lE
J)
pompous = *o -*o N-- l l p p--Eo v-uEo ----, \ Sreyas, call of duty= Nuh
t . C example of pompous -
Sreyas: I used it for fun, but the fact is I've to
get back.
Anand: Your father is a diabetic. Does he go

for a walk every morning?
(O o
-h?)
Amar:
sugar
C. vA-W
I wish he did. He doesn't take care of

his health.
(h (walk R)
-C! p x
, E -E-. p -E
N d He did (went went= did go) ?)
responses practice l
You had better

you had better see a doctor
better
had better
Vismaya: Shall I buy the book?
Nischala: Better (you had better)
6) I'd (I would) rather you did.
-E-,
(yC h-E/ -E -J. (yC

d ) \ rather = prefer/ like)
Prem: Shall I give you the money now?
(s F-p--y?)
Syam: I'd (I would) rather you did.
(Ny-p--y d / h C. \ give E N -E)
Bhavya: Do you go to temple everyday?
(vA-W --h?)
Sravya: How I wish/ I wish I did, but I'm too
busy.
(R -, F BJ--.
\ did = did go = went)
3) He certainly isn't-
C --- lessons
response . \ effect certainly -o *a n.
Navya: Is Kusuma punctual?
(Kusuma punctual
?)
Kavya: She rarely is.
( punctual )
-s-Eo-d responses certainly,
7) I'd (I would) you were not so pompous.

pompous
I'd = I would = I wish
lessons
would
wish/ wishes
I told him not to buy the car, but he would
buy (wishes to buy it.)
I'd (I would) he did it =
--- d .
(--
N-J
(--) n E.
-C -E
J. ( ---a)
responses v-h practice
. -E--Lq N x,
were, did E past forms . C u
------E \ --op .
- M. SURESAN
( o. E AJT Rx-L)
'Read the passage given below'. In

this sentence given (V3 of give) is
used alone without have / has /had
or be forms of verb.
6. There was a great uproar in the
parliament over the bill, but still
the bill was passed. Here.
great - adjective; over - preposition ; Still -? ; passed - verb.
But still should not be used in
one sentence as conjunction.
But here both are conjunction
and are in one sentence.
7. In letter writing, punctuation
marks are not indicated after
station, date, subscription,
address. This method is seen in
Wren & Martyn revised edition
of course in old edition too,
which is a famous, standard
grammar book. Is this method
admissible?
K. Sainath, Tenali
Answer:
1. Everything related to it should
halted is wrong. Should be halted is
correct. It might be a printing error.
2. Yes. It should either be, 'an
attempt' or 'the attempt', depending on the context.
3. 'Has ordered' is present perfect
tense. The present perfect tense
refers to 1) a past action, time not
stated, 2) an action starting some
time in the past and going on till now
and 3) an action just completed, if
we use words like, just, just now, etc.
The BIE has ordered- this is right- it
indicates a past action, time not
stated. (The ordering is over- a past
action. When?- the time is not stated- use no)
4. Sd/- means signed. That is, it is
signed by the person whose
name follows, Sd/5. By V3 you mean the past participle, don't you? It can be used
independently, as in the sentence
= Read the passage given below.
E h Jh
. \-J you
E -,
h.
The use of given here is correct, and

therefore the sentence is correct
too. The past participle, without
have / has, or the be form before it,
acts like an adjective (and no like a
verb) and qualifies (tells some thing
about) the word before it. eg.
a) The man, seen in the park yesterday, is a writer (The man seen
= The man who was seen)
b) The book, written 200 years ago,
is still popular. (The book which
was written) such use of past
participle is right.
You are confused because, you call
the past participle, V3 (verb3). V3 is
a wrong name for the past participle,
because the past participle is not a
verb. Have / has / had etc + past
participle or be form+past participle
is a verb. When it is used so, it
makes a group of words a sentence,
or a clause, depending on whether
the group of words has complete
meaning or not.
a) The house was built 10 years

ago (sentence)
b) The house which was built 10
years ago (clause)
c) He has gone out (sentence)
d) If he has gone out (clause)
6. Still - adverb. Passed is not a
verb here, it's only a past participle. was passed (be form+past
participle) is the verb here. Still is
not a conjunction here. Still here
is an adverb. It means, in spite of
(what has been said before it).
So there is nothing wrong in
using but and still together,
though it is not necessary. Either
but or still can be used.
7. The practice now is to avoid
punctuation marks after station,
date subscription and address.
Using a comma after each line in
the address, a full stop after the
last time, commas after subscription, etc- this is totally out dated
and no longer is in practice.
--C- 10 -W- 2007
-x---
-- j---
316
Pramod: What was he complaining about?
( -- EJ*
h-o--?)
complain
Ankith: He wasn't satisfied with the arrangements here, he said.
(\ p-x %h- -----E

p--)
Pramod: We provided him with all that he had
wanted. What more did he expect
from us?
(-E-\---- a ?
P- *?)
Ankith: He is usually aware of others problems and doesn't usually complain. I
don't know why he found fault with us
so much.
lesson the use of certain prepositions

--. p preposition L
- rules O . N ---O
a-E h----Lq. - prepositions Fo (usage) O a. (-,
-J-O C. \ O E
--L N-J--?
English . English angry with a person with \ 'O .)
preposition p, ---C --C--
lessons -- --o.
( preposition p L - rule
C Jh practice x hC.
English x-, N, --Eo d
hC.)
-- --oC \-J h-a-. Preposition - noun/ pronoun/
verb , sentence E ,
o -Eo L about, at, in, into, out, on,
- prepositions . Ox
u-i --Eo-E --o. p Eo
j -- N l.
(- -u n --
, - complain
. Lo - p-d n --)
Ankith: He said he would settle it with you

tomorrow. He enquired about you
and told me that he would see you
tomorrow.
(C F J-\ ---E
p. Eo--, Eo ---E p.)
Pramod: Remind me of it tomorrow first thing
in the morning. I'll call him and ask
him why argued so long with you
about the arrangements.
Ankith: We omitted nothing from the list he

had given us. We even added a few
things to the list without his asking.
(-E-*a G * D
-x. J-Eo ---\
a)
Pramod: Instead of thanking us for that he was
making all sorts of comments on the
arrangements.
(E thanks p
px O Eo comments
h-o.)
Ankith: Tomorrow when you call him you tell
him of all this.
( y phone -- p)
2) He wasn't satisfied with the arrangements

3) What more did he expect from us
4) We provided him with all that ...
5) He is usually aware of others problems
6) I don't know why he found fault with us so
much
7) Did he pay for the extra chairs?
8) He would settle it with you
9) Remind me of it
11) We omitted nothing from the list.
12) We even added a few things to the list
13) Instead of thanking us for that ...
14) He was making all sorts of comments on
the arrangements
15) You tell him of all this
3) Could you give me explanation in

Telugu famous Alexander pope's
words.
"Words are like leaves; and
where they most abound much
fruit of sense beneath is seldom
found"
v , --o.
a) We can't expect any help

from him
b) I expect a reply from him today
4) Provide with:
--a.
The guests have been provided with all

comforts =
A Eo u --a--f.
(passive)
5) Aware of =
( N) L .
a) We are aware of your greatness =
F p-
b) He isn't aware of what has happened =
J-T -E L-.
6) Find fault with: C Phrasal verb. =
p--d/ EC-
11) Omit from=
-T-.
a) Laxman is always omitted unjustly from

the team=
d-* ~ t p u-
-T-h.
(\ English sentence, passive- ~ t
--T---- E n hC,
?)
12) Add to = a/ \
Subtract from = B
a) Don't add to the trouble that is there
already by arousing caste feeling =
-G--Eo ad, p- o d--

- \ l.
b) Don't add any more to it =
friend
u- p--d.
7) Pay for = Lx-.
EO a-l
13) Thank (somebody) for something =
Please pay for the coffee=
u-- - C --J
Coffee
s Lx. C common,
--J .
8) Settle (something) with some one=
-J--j o- J-\ --/

Bt--E .
India is trying its best to settle the border
issue with pakistan
J-l N N Pak J-\

--- h v-Ao-hC.
9) Remind (someone) of something = -J
N h--
a) She thanked him for his help=
E -E %-c- pC
b) Thank you for the trouble you taken to
help me=
--- O B-o v
%-c-.
14) Comment on/ Make comment on =
uu .
a) It is bad manners to comment on others'
appearance =
a) He remind me of the money I owed him =
Eo J* uu
-*.
-E po N h.
b) He makes silly comments on every one=
b) The scene reminded me of a similar incident in my life =
vA--x J< *a *a uu
h---
1) Complain about -
Eo J-j -%h
L--a (u ). \ preposition, about. J* n about
- . hear about, know about,
talk/ speak about, think about, say/ tell
(something) about, argue about ..
about
lesson
describe, discuss, explain,
mention, state
about
-x . --
p-x,
.
2) Satisfy with %h. N,
uh %h--.
1) Fruit is used both as singular and

plural. Usually when we refer to a
fruit of a single tree or a single
variety the plural of fruit is fruit.
Fruits (in the plural form) refers to
fruits of different varieties. eg.
The fruit of this tree is good. (The
reference here is to one fruit of
one tree). The fruit of the tree are
tasty (The reference is to many
fruit of the same tree - same variety)
N?
-J-*
1) What was he complaining about?
1) Fruit
from-
P-.
2) Spoken English
communicative English
3) Expect
He found fault with the actions of his friend
vo:
---,
- --?
b) The boss is not satisfied

with Mahesh

conversation between Pramod and Ankit
10) Why he argued with you so long?
( d-- y C h-.
--E phone F -
C- --.)
a) I am not satisfied with

these marks
Remind me of it
Pramod: Did he pay for the extra chairs that he

ordered?
( order - Ka
s Lx-?)
Fresh fruit(s) and vegetable are

good for health - accepted as
correct.
Eo- @N J-T
-- hC.
10) Argue with some one about some thing=
-J N p
a) I told him of/ about what's happened =
N J* -J C-
a) He doesn't like my arguing with him
about his orders =
J-T-Eo J* -E p.
b) Don't tell any one of/ about this=
DE J* -J O p.
E - N/ -- J*
E C- -E d .
b) Don't argue with elders about any thing=
- M. SURESAN
l--x N J< C-l.
2) Conversational English is the

English used in conversation what we usually call spoken
English.
Communicative English - I don't
know if the expression is correct?
I think communication English is
better- It refers to spoken and
written English as well. That is,
the English we use both in conversation and writing in informal
as well as formal situations.
3)
15) Tell some one of/ about something =
(v-x F, -
F) -x-N. K d-i
x-- E--*-x
K \-j x
\- C.
\ \-
E.
vo:
1) They went up the feast.
went
to
preposition
u
y
-L-!
2 a) The copy (notice) circulated to

the staff.
b) The copy (notice) communicated to the staff.
-d?
-.-s-, -V-
1) Went up (past tense of go up)

(archaic/ Bibliel)
English
--
n C.
They went up the feast = x
N .) n
p went up -.
They attended the feast

correct. Went to
rect.
o cor-
2. The copy (of the notice) circulated

to the staff =
s-C L-----
vA =
notice
The copy (of the notice) communicated to the staff.
u n -.
circulate = T (N-
) F/ notice -C-F
-C-* J---J -.
Communicate = N, T
v---,
N--j L----.
--- 12 -W- 2007
-- j---
Mallika:
-x---
317
(-%-d- -h, p- English

x-- J-*-
friends C fools
y--)
Champaka: Heard of it? Chandana has made

it to the IIT. Really great.
(No? - IIT *aC.

E p N-.)
made it = C-*C.
Mallika:
Right from her school days she

had been aiming at it. She has
been at it steadily, and now she
has made it at a single go.
But the pity is whenever she

opens her mouth to speak
English, a few fools among our
friends laugh at her.
Champaka: Mocking at people like that is certainly bad.
( -Lo ---R-- p.)

Mallika:
I am really delighted at her

achievement. She was hinting at
joining some spoken English institute to improve her English.
(School
V-o IIT OJ. E O C .

N CC.)
( C-*C h E - C. spoken
Eo important prepositions
ho . lesson at -.
Look at the following sentences from the dialogue
above.
1) Right from her school days
she had been aiming at it.
2) She has made it at a single go
3) ... she were as good at English
4) I am really surprised at it
5) ... a few fools ... laugh at her
6) Mocking at people ... is certainly bad
7) I am really delighted at her achievement
8) I started in disbelief at her rank
at
j L -sx
v --.
She had been aiming at it
Poor at =
N --L----/
----.
a) He poor at Maths = \ .
b) She is weak at languages =
( a--) / .
4) be surprised at/ be amazed at/ wonder at/
be astonished at at
Fo a-u-E -C* O y p hC.

5) Laugh at = J-E , N J*
y. smile at = *-y y
J-E --, N L---.
a) Draupadi laughed at Duryodhana's fall =
u-- --- v-C- -NyC.

b) He smiled at his friend.
6) Mock at =
Champaka: I wish she were as good at

English as she is at the sciences.
(Sciences
-- -p English
- -- p -C!)
Mallika:
I am really surprised at it. How

could she neglect English so?
(-au. English K
d--- C----L-TD?)
Champaka: But the good thing is, whenever
she gets an opportunity she tries
to speak in English.
( * N -N,
- *a--p--x English
x-- v-Ao-hC, C
* ?)
-- a-o short responses
C exercise practice .
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in English,
adding suitable responses.
1. Santan:
* N-x -\ --
?
2. Bharat: ,
3. Santan: o-\ B---?
4. Bharat: B-}-- -C , F h BJ-- o-E-p. v
wait --?
5. Santan: -- (afraid ). E
pack *, -- o
friend Lp.
6. Bharat: uo 12 j wait -?
7. Santan: -u---. (mind ). C
t-. -- --o,
o ? (Any Idea...?).
x - h _ -?
8. Bharat: -- -- P-ho (hope)
9. Santan: transport company
y -o. -\-- ---p T_---?
(overripe = T_--)
10. Bharat: E ----.
-x-d, pack N-Eo-d
C.
11. Santan: y O -J -x -?
12. Bharat: - --o (want) F,
x -- Ooty x.
13. Santan: x-p AJ--h?
14. Bharat: Lh -? x
_-o* phone *a -C.
15. Santan: x y- AJ--h?
English institute
--ox
- -p-C)
Champaka: I started at her rank in disbelief

when she showed her rank card to
me. She is really tops. We can't
but admire her.
rank card
--p,
t-
h---. E p
t. a-- .)
tops = N- p
can't but = p
1) Aim at:
Let's wish her all the best.
pistol
villain
(E ~u u-vA N)
2) At a single go = \/ v-o- .
a) He achieved the seemingly impossible at
a single go =
-u -E-*- NEo -d (v-o) C-.
b) The hero bashed the villain and all his

men at a single go =
villain
-
-,
-E -- \ -s *-\-d.
3) Good at English = English L
.
ANSWER
16. Bharat:
E --- . x
Ooty --v- South India
AJ--h---.
17. Santan: -y -x \- -----?
(invite)
18. Bharat:
--Lq-- (have to).

\ . -- --p
- p a. C
x ?
19. Santan: -h- ?
20. Bharat: - (wonder)
21. Santan: y-p x-E F l?
(intend)
22. Bharat:
x AJ-T--. y --
d (rather)
23. Santan: d-. Eo V-
\? 4, 5 V J--?
24. Bharat: , J--. -o --o.
\ - ----o.
25. Santan: B .
vo: Homographs,
Homonyms,
model answer
English
v. j n a
OC --L-T y-.
1. Santan: (Do) you know where I can buy

good mangoes?
2. Bharat: Of course I do
3. Santan: will/ can/ could you take me there?
polite
request
ho Eo d)
4. Bharat: I'd (I would) very much like to, but I

am a little busy. Can you wait till the
evening?
5. Santan: I'm afraid no/ I'm afraid I can't. I've
to get/ have them packed and sent
to my friend in Nagpur.
6. Bharat: Can't you wait at least till 12 noon.
7. Santan: I don't mind. That's OK for me. How
are the prices? Any idea/ Any idea
how the prices are? Won't they be
cheaper by the hundred?
8. Bharat: I hope so.
eg: bare
(C---i), bear (J, --) N homo-
Homophones-

n NJ-.
ii) a, e, i, o, u - O --y- --a 'r' -
---? --C silent ---?
, -
---: Homographs spelling ,
pronunciation n :
eg: minute (N--E) EN; minute
(iu) ~ t-i E.
Homonyms spelling, pronunciation n-o : can (
n- He can do it = -C --),
can (s--C). \ can, can homonyms.
Homophones - spellings , n ,
pronunciation o - knew and
new, steel and steal.
phones.
ii) British English
a, e, i, o, u - Ox
~ y-j- a 'r' silent.
('r' y Sx a, e, i, o, u -.)
form = (form 'r' o y hC, E
r y a/ e/ i/ o/ u -- -E 'r'
silent.
forum =
u
aE p--p x-Eo
- y/ -R .
OC J--dC)
b) He aims at Chief Ministership
rank
Mallika:
J---
a) She aimed the pistol at the villain
(\ r, o y *a, r
y hC. d r silent )
American English a, e, i, o, u y
a 'r' silent . American 'r'
Indians -. h j Ap
' ( ) l pronounce h.
form - British ()
form - American ()
J-E h y.
a) They mocked at him when he said that he

was very good at English =
English
b) We shouldn't mock at the poor =
--x - -y-.
-C-.
I am delighted at this chance = -
--*-a-- - ---C-h-o.
8) Stare at = a-u/ / t--
-j .
7) be delighted =
a) She stared at him in anger.

b) I stared at it in disbelief
Fo
at
-s.
practice
9. Santan: I am sending them through a transport company (by lorry). Will they be
overripe by the time they reach
there?
10. Bharat: I hope not. Depends on the quality
of the fruit and how we get them
packed.
11. Santan: Aren't you sending any to your
brother in law?
12. Bharat: I want to, but they have gone to
Ooty for holidays.
13. Santan: When will they return/ be back?
14. Bharat: (How) I wish I knew? (It's) a week
since they called me.
15. Santan: Will they return (be back/ come
back) soon?
16. Bharat: I don't think so. I think they'll tour
the whole of South India.
17. Santan: Aren't you inviting them here?
18. Bharat: I don't have to/ do have to? She is
my own sister, isn't she? She can
come to our home whenever she
likes. Isn't this her home as well?
19. Santan: Is she coming then?
20. Bharat: I wonder.
21. Santan: When do you intend to go to her?
22. Bharat: As soon as they are back/ come
back/ get back/ return. I'd rather
you go with me.
23. Santan: So would I. How long shall we be
there? Will four or five days do?
24. Bharat: That will (of course). I can't stay
there longer than that. I have a lot
of work here.
25. Santan: So have I/ That's the case with me
too.
- M. SURESAN
- 14 -W- 2007
-- j---
-x---
(- -j jeans J- .
-u -l-, shop --\-.)
318
Suman: You should have gone earlier.
(- x--LqC)
Suman: Your jeans are quite nice. You look
damn smart in them. Where did you
buy them and for how much?
(F jeans -C. \,
o?)
Sx h--- jeans, trousers (
- p pant C - pants
a), scissors N p plural.
E a pair of jeans, a pair of
trousers, a pair of scissors E \-Eo
p--E -. A pair of o-p N
singular \)
Aswath: Are they, really? Thanks for the compliment. I bought them at Smarty's for
Rs.700/-
Aswath: I didn't plan to, actually. I just walked

in when I saw the shop. I had ready
cash too. Anyway no regrets. I am
satisfied.
(x-E/ -E -- .
Shop E--- -L x. s
ready C.
----. jeans %h C.)
prepositions study
preposition
ho . 'At' -
- E--h- O E . -sx 'At' -
EoE C--- lesson --o. JEo lesson l.

conversation above:
b) The third rack in the shop

has only Computer books
Shop
E 3 rack
(--) Computer
books v o.
-j - x
x at (-u
)
in
\ v- at hC.
l l d-/ - x , in
hC.
b) Praveen: Hello, can I speak to your

brother?
brother
a) He arrived in Hyderabad/ Vizag/ Guntur/
a) She is at college now.
(O
2) That's really a good buy at that price.

3) .... I arrived at the shop half an hour before
they were closing.
4) You had better go at noon time.
6) The shopman was hinting at a
discount sale.
b) He arrived at (small places/ villages, very
( bank o)
, at the doctor's/ at hospital/ at work/ at
school/ at the restaurant- x
n at .
Rxx / j
etc.
c) Ekambar: Where are the boys?
(x--\?)
Nilambar: They are playing at their

uncle's.
(x uncle x ---o.)
-E--Lq N: Rxx , --- X x -
Sriram's . Sriram's
house/ home . Sri Ram's
.
d) Ram and Syam are at Bheem's
1) I bought them at Smarty's.
Eo Smarty's (shop)
o.
- =
(Bheem's home/ Bheem's house
).
M.SURESAN
Aswath: Let's go a few days later. The shopman was hinting at a discount sale
from the coming Monday. Wait till
then.
A wide variety of goods are available at

the shop.
b) She was at the fruit market while her husband was at the book shop =
a) I bought these mangoes at Rs. 70/- a

dozen
(Cl--V y l. shop
a - * discount sale
-aE - o. p-- -)
x - h-
- o.
c) There are few things that you can't get at
the departmental store =
( x dozen 70 / p
o) \ Eo x oD --L-.
Rate- dozen v d
( v . y
-?)
Suman: I can't but say it again. The jeans are

really fine.
(Sx p p / p--
o. Jeans !)
Aswath: I could have got even a better one
than this. I started late and arrived at
the shop just half an hour before they
were closing.
i) Despite, Beside
buying things at that shop

a)
shop h- o =
department store E h-

In the shop shop o N
-
When the fire brokeout, fortunately only a
few people were in the shop =
v--i--p %-d- -h
shop Cl-C v o.
-E-:
- --T-L?
ii) Could have been, would have been, need have

been, might have been, will have been
--
-.
---:
i) Despite = in spite of =
.---, -
--p-.
Despite his huge wealth, he leads a simple life =
-o-j--p-, E-- @N -o
Chilukuru is a small village.
time
o-p,
at
At 4, At 3.30, At 12.15 etc.
{ h-o-o-, x ---x.
Besides = in addition to = E
(also).
He gave me some money besides these books =
h---- - Gs-a.
ii) O -- lessons N- L.
period=
period
N , in
u--- n.
In 10 minutes = 10 EN--
(10 EN-x = within 10 minutes)
In an hour = / ----y
(within an hour = - )
In two days = v-V y
(v-Vx = within two days)
5) At leisure = BJ_
a) He is at leisure on Sundays =
Sundays
BJ_ .
b) I am not at leisure to discuss these matters =
2) At that price -
at.
b) I bought these mangoes for Rs. 90/-
(
N--x 90 -- o)
C h x - price- d, for,
o-p v at that
price . -s x price
n, rate E.
3) Arrive at- - arrive at a place
(Shop/ College/ Cinema/ at a part of a town/
a city, etc)
vo:
i) The Intermediate first year results would be

declared at 11.30 a.m.
Since action is carried out in future, will should be
used. But 'would' is given. Is it right usage? How?
ii) Explain the sentence (1) When you've got Charles to
deal with, this may mean he is only plotting. (2) He lived
what he wrote, and any attempt to understand this
unusual man begins and ends with the man himself.
- K. Sainath, Tenali
---:
Despite the rain, they went out =
Spoken English
small towns, etc).

He arrived at Chilukuru.
, u H x o.
-u rate
( h/ unit ), at,
price ( o h h- -- for
. n \-J, at
that price E .)
Suman: I think I'll go this evening. Why don't

you come with me.
vo:
Warangal, etc.
x-L)
Pramod: He is at the bank.
1) I bought them at Smarty's for Rs. 700.
5) You can select at leisure.
(y uo x *C.
p a (\-) .
BJ_ --a.)
thin crowd - a x thick/ large crowd
= l , wide range = \
h-/ . range = v
a) Computer books are

available at the shop
You had better go at noon time
Suman: That's really a good buy at that price.

I'd buy a pair too.
Aswath: You'd better go at noon time. That's

when the crowd is thin. You can
select at leisure. A wide range to
choose from.
(E? F v- thanks. Eo
700 -- o)
( -C * . \ .)
--, \ pair -E n.
. Jeans d, a pair of jeans
.
i) Yes. Would be declared is wrong.
It should be will be declared.

ii) 1) Charles is planning some thing evil. 2) His writing(s)
tell you how he lived, so there is no need to study his
book(s) to understand him. The only way to understand
him is to study the man.
N Ja-- BJ .
-
6) hint at =
a) The CM was hinting at reservations for

some more castes =
J-Eo - reservations y
J* CM - o.
b) He was hinting at starting new lines of
business =
h u-- v-G N
- o.
Practise the following aloud in Englishuse the proper prepositions:
Kapil:
N F Ja-?
. - o
Kapil: p-o ?
Akhil: Eo. Rxx
Kapil: J _-o* *aC h?
Akhil: x doctor hospital -. x
doctor -E p--d-o.
Kapil: C yh. - -*- .
Akhil: *-l.
Akhil:
ANSWER
Kapil: Did he discuss this with you?
Akhil: No. He just hinted at it
Kapil: When did he say this?
Akhil: Yesterday. At Kamesh's
Kapil: Who did he get this news from?
(from whom did he get this news?rect.
spoken English
C cor )
Akhil: At his doctor's, I suppose. His doctor

seems to have told him of/ about it.
Kapil: This is bad news for us. It's bad of him to
think so.
Akhil: Let's wait and see.
--C- 17 -W- 2007
-- j---
Dayal: Just what do you know about all this?
( O J* F ?)
Kripal: Not much. I was at my desk at office
when Dharma came in and started
shouting at us.
(\ L-. office
desk _ o-p t *a Ko - ---d)
Dayal: What was the cause of his anger?

conversation above:
1) What do you know about all this?
2) I was at my desk
3) He ... started shouting at us
4) What was the cause of his anger?
5) He said he was irritated at the delay in processing ... at our office.
6) He was tired of having to visit our office so
often.
(-E --E ---N?)

Kripal: He said he was irritated at the delay in
processing his papers at our office. He
was tired of having to visit our office so
often.
(E T- O u B---
office ho u LT-h--o. office d AJT AJT
N-T----o)
Dayal: Why don't you speed up his papers.
You shouldn't give him scope for complaining.
(E papers O -
? Complain \ -E- O Lp---l.)
scope= \/ -
Kripal: Anil looks into his matter and he was on
leave the whole of last week. Work has
piled up for him and he may take some
more time to study these papers.
(E u--Fo
E
h. -
. E
---C.
N --E -E
-C.)
7) You shouldn't give him scope for complaining.

8) Anil is looking into his matter.
b) He has been at play for an hour now=
-- --o.
3) shout at = -JE d Ad/
-.
9) He was on leave
10) Aren't you familiar with his file?
a) Who are you shouting at =
11) Anil might object to my handling the file.
-J-O
y?
12) I'll convince him of

the urgency of the
matter.
b) No use shouting at a
deaf man=
-x---
13) ... is not good for

our company.
1) Know about = know of =
N/ -JE J* --/ L-. C x .

N -E-
The school is on vacation =

School
D` .
/ x =
holidays
10) familiar with =
( E/ N) L
/ J- .
a) He was irritated at her comments.
a) He is quite familiar with India =
uu -E * L-T.
b) He is not familiar with the city =
b) People are irritated at his way of

talking=
M.SURESAN
.
.
go on leave = .
on a holiday = x -- N--E
x.
be on leave =
During vacation/ during the leave period.
319
N-- O J*
v- .
5) be irritated at = *---.
14) Don't worry about it any more.
Difference between 1) know and

2) know about.
-h-o
9) He was on leave =
-E .
-E L-.
c) I am familiar with him =
x B -- .
. ( l-J
J- C)
No scope for argument
Dayal: Aren't you familiar with his file? Can't

you attend to it without waiting for Anil
to deal with it?
(E file N F L-? y Eo
-, E --- -?)
Kripal: Anil might object to my handling the
file.
( file -j
a.)
Anil
u-
Dayal: If that happens, I'll convince Anil of the

urgency of the matter. People making
scenes in the office isn't good for the
company.
(C J-T, E- a--h.
v office %d- company *-C-)
Kripal: Then don't worry any more about it.
( E J* *A-)
Get through with the use of prepositions. Here

are some more prepositions that are quite frequent in spoken English.
vo:
1) When I went
to my friend's room
he was sleeping.
When I went to my
friend's room he had
slept.
a 1) I know him=

J- C.
2) I know about him= J*
-Eo / E J*
No.
b) I know Physics/ Zoology/ German, etc=

know
about
subject
Fo . \
y
.
-hC.
E J* L- C
?
c) I know about their marriage. \ h C I know their marriage,
E. (Compare, I know the date of their
marriage)
C x--- -*h
-hC, a-hC.
2) I was at my desk: desk _ -o.
: At C -xEoE
p--E E--hC. v lesson
. At office/ at (the) college/ at (the)
school, etc. -- - at work (E
), at play- ( ).
a) He is at work. Don't disturb him
( E o/ - E --o. Eo disturb l).
3) The climate of Hyderabad is better

than that of Vijayawada
that of
Than
.
L.
\
J--C ?
--o- --, --
6) (be) tired of =
- ---
n . N-T--
n -- a-C.
a) The Indian movie is tiring=
\ L
h Eo - G-x -C
u- L-/ ~--. (object + to)
b) I object to his joining us =
- -u-.
12) convince (somebody) of something =
pC N N.
c) They soon tired of the food and wanted a
change =
-J N a-p/ p-.
a) He convinced his father of the need for a
two wheeler =
- N--d p --o.
\. E -.
7) scope for =
a) We have to do what he asks us to do. No
scope for argument.
b) This sentence says it all very clearly.
There is no scope for any doubt =
u Eo pd -C.
--E \- .
8) Anil is looking into his matter.
look into =
Cyv --Eo }
o a--p.
b) You cannot convince me of the goodness of coffee or tea =
Coffee, tea
h-E y o
p--.
13) good for/ bad for =
-J */
a) Smoking is bad for health.

b) Walking is good for health
J-Q-L-.
a) The government is looking into the matter
N-Eo vy J-Q-L-hC.
b) The minister promised to look into the
matter=
14) worry about =
l .
Don't worry about me. I'm OK =
J* -l--. o.
N-Eo J-Q-L-h-E vA O a.
/ L .
a
: 1) When I went to my friend's
- C ---room
n N----o,
he was sleeping 2) When I
jC?
E
went to my friend's room, he had
2) They have said that they are going
,
(already) gone to bed -
to Hyderabad today. Reporting
-Eo -hC.
correct. --T--a.
, -Fo a-?
verb present tense E, future 2) Present perfect tense - pretense E
reporting sent tense though it talks of a vo:
past action, time not stated, an
speech verb . \ R.V.
action just completed or an action
Present Perfect Tense C-.
since then till now. So have said is
C -d?
present tense.
Spoken English
E- N d-h.
-E
to
u- / ~-.
a) Some among the audience objected to

some of the speaker's words =
b) I am tired of listening to him =
Hyderabad climate
Vijayawada climate
that (= the climate) of
Vijayawada
The climate of Hyderabad
is better than Vijayawada
Hyderabad climate better
sentence
Hyderabad
climate
Vijayawada
climate
1) What is the correct meaning
of cute? eg: She is so cute.
2) When do we use younger & youngest?
3) When do we use elder & eldest?
4) When do we use older & oldest?
3)
11) object
5) Avoid aping the west.
---:
. --, o-
1) Very attractive, beautiful and tender (delicate)

2) When we refer to the stages of life
(age) of human beings/ animals/ plants.
eg: a) He is younger than all others in the class/ in the family.
b) He is the youngest of all in the
class/ in the family
3) When we refer to the members of
the same family
eg: a) He is eldest of her children
(same family)
b) Dharmaraja was Bhima's
elder (same family)
4) Older and Oldest:

Old: 1) (of people/ animals/
plants) = aged (old in age)
2) (of things) - not new
i) He is older than me/ I (not of same family)
ii) He is older than all the other students
in the class (not of the same family)
iii) He is the oldest of all in the class
(not of the same family)
(of things). i) This Car is older
than many other cars here (has
been used longer/ bought earlier
than many other cars here)
ii) This is the oldest of all cars
here (first car to be here)
5) ape = to copy/ to imitate
Avoid aping the west =
Don't imitate the west.
--- 19 -W- 2007
-- j---
Alankar: (There are) no two opinions about it.

He is the best we have.
Nirankar: He is not for recognition of any sort.

He does service because he likes to.
(E N- Gv--
-. -o xx No)
( --i Jh-- uA-.

--d d h-.)
Nirankar: No doubt about it. Every one speaks

high of him.
( . vA-x J*
p- x--.)
Alankar: At the first sight people are likely to
mistake him for an ordinary man. But
a longer acquaintance of him helps a
better understanding of his talent
and his goodness.
(--J E --p j E E- --. E - \ J-,

vA, *- x -j
--- p--C.)
acquaintance (y---q '
-\, y \---) 1. J v, o-- 2. J--h (o- )
Nirankar: One good thing about him is his not
being proud of his greatness. By
nature he is humble.
(-E * N N-
p y --. -
EJy.)
Alankar: Another thing is his dislike for praise.
Though he's
got a number
of awards for
his services he
never boasts of
them. It is for this reason that people
have such a liking for him.
Alankar: We are privileged to be his friends.
( o--- vu .)
- prepositions --o. J-Eo prepositions,

prepositional phrases, prepositions a
l.
To be thorough with the use of preps (prepositions), read the dialogue above aloud, or practise it with your friend/s four or five times. This
is important.
b) I don't have a good opinion of him =

conversation above.
c) We are unable to understand their opinion on the matter.
J*/ O * G-v
.
\-\-p opinion on E .
1) (There are) no two

opinions about him.
4) Acquaintance of =
His acquaintance of her soon grew into love
=
-J o J-.
J- v C-TC.
-J o J- = Acquaintance of
a)
somebody (of).
b)
with something (with)
2) doubt about - doubt
2) No doubt about it.
-x---
3) At the first sight people are likely to mistake him for an ordinary man.
4) But longer acquaintance of him
helps a better understanding of
his talent.
5) One good thing about him is his
not being proud of his greatness.
M.SURESAN
6) By nature he is humble.
320
() y
p about -h-C.
I don't have any doubt
about his success.
( N- -
.)
Doubt -n:
1) Doubt (noun) =
2) Doubt (verb) = --.
-- n doubt
y preposition .
N L = Acquaintance
Sunil's acquaintance with computers is
very little = computers
J* F
L-C \.
(Acquaintance = J---h E )
5) proud of = N/ uhE J*
y--. a) He is proud of his car
b) Dasaradha had every reason to be proud
of his son.
c) India is proud of Dr. Kalam
6) by nature =
-/ y-q-l/ d-.
a) By nature he is kind though he appears

harsh =
No doubt about it
( N, -h - Td-. --o -\-

*a J* p
p-. --x -J
G-.)
Nirankar: Yea, that's why people have great
regard for him.
(. - --
.)
Alankar: Some of course are envious of him.
There are always those who are critical of others for no fault of theirs.
(- -J {u. p
- N-Jz
x-p .)
7) Another thing is his dislike for praise.

8) It is for this reason that people have a liking
for him.
9) ... people have great regard for him.
10) Some, of course, are envious of him.
11) ... those who are critical of others for no
fault of theirs.
Observe the use of preposition in the sentences above.
1) No two opinions about it. Opinion
-- G-v E. J O/
N-Eo J* J Gv -.
Someone's opinion about/ of somebody/
something.
a) What's your opinion about/ of the leader?
---:
1. -j u- --o
-- v ox --Eh-o.
2. u p -a--ox
LC.
3. EC- -K ox -.
4. b l -
o-E v ---o.
5. ---L p- Eo
hu-E - Nx--
p---o.
j u Tx- N-J-.
1) A big gang of mercenaries is suspected to be behind the attempt at

Ramu's life
2) It is now clear that there was a
pact for the murder
3) Information is on hand that the
accused are at large
4) Big leaders are supposed to be
behind the land grabs
5) The news doing the rounds
among political circles is that all
arrangements are in place for constituting the legislative council
To have + v3, To have + been +

v3
Eo ----Ly-.
He seems to have told her that he

completed the work =
E Jh Some members are believed to

--x p-x E-hC/
have complained that some minE--hC. (to have + past participle)
isters were obliging the CPI(M) I like to have seen the movie =
and TRS leaders. u-Eo
E --Lq----o.
- N-J--.
(- h -C)
vg,
(to have + past participle)
Spoken English
()
Q N-
E
=
Q -- .
\-J doubt y as to --.
C h v-C.
There is some doubt as to whether he has
as to
done it or not.
(\
C-- p-.)
3) At the first sight = p. First,
second, third at . --
sight (JE ) - at hC.
a) He passed at his second attempt =
( v-o
pass
u)
b) At the sight of the teacher the pupils

became silent =
- - x Ez-l o.
J* F G-v -N?
-v-o:
I have no doubt
about his character=
I don't doubt his character =
b) By nature he is lazy =
y-q-l J/ -J-
j.
8) for this reason - C --
reason , for hC.
liking for = -J-x/ N d/
G-. Liking y for
a) The teacher has liking for industrious students=
teacher
She likes to have been consulted

(to + have + been + past participle) (passive) =
v-C---Lq-E ---. (x
v-C* -LqC --C)
-C v CPI (M), TRS
----TC h-o-E -C
u --h-ox t---C.
(v/ Kdx t--o.)
-v-o: a. Spoken
English,
Written
English
b. 1) You completed the work?
2) Today is sunday?
3) Why you stopped here?
4) How long this goes on?
5) You came yesterday?
v --N?
vN Nu-n- ( Nu-n--x)
d.
b) She has a liking for western dresses =
a-u-jL d d .
O y
-- --o.
9) regard/ respect
for
h-E
Some ministers have no regard for government orders =
-C v- vy
h-y- ~u-.
6) Why you called me?

native speakers
grammatical
- ---, J E--*.
---
-sx
x--? N
-d?
. vu-o-J, --
---: a. Spoken English written
English , spoken Telugu
written Telugu o C.
Spoken English ---s x
sentences Jh - -
, y C-h. for example, you there?
You OK? --N spoken English
common. (\ verb --
.) written English
-? Are you there? Are
you OK? -Lq. -
--o.
\--- p- spoken
English informal C.
Written English formal.
(), grammar,
- --.
b. x p-? Question
p sentence, verb begin
-C. Ey subject
hC. 1st Regular Doing word/
Vocabulary
usage
2nd Regular Doing word (present

simple), Past Doing Word (past
subject
simple)
do, does and did
N-,
- h.
O -N question form
. N -Lq B:
1) Did you complete the work?

2) Is today Sunday?
3) Why did you stop here?
4) How long does this go on?
5) Did you come yesterday?
6) Why did you call me?
D native speaker x N.
- 21 -W- 2007
-- j---
Damodar: Where are you coming from?
Cl lessons study ho prepo-- preposition, 'from'

- Eo -s --.
from n --: * E.
sitions
(\--* h-o?)
Manohar: From Rohit's. I had been there
since 8 until I started back for home.
( -*. 8 * \
o, -----)
( --h-o--o-/ -x
x o--o-)
Manohar: Rohit had a present from his fathera bike. Looks very sleek. From its
looks you can say it is very expensive.
(Rohit
x o * A *aC bike.
C. E p-a C
K-j-E.)
sleek = car, bike N - -{-
Damodar: That's where my dad differs from
Rohit's. My
dad loves
me, but he
doesn't
show it. He
doesn't
believe in giving expensive gifts to me.
(\ x o
o . o
d. F K-j
---L-y
x - t-.)
Our college works from 10 to 4

college
Damodar: So you are on your way home.
10 * 4 E--hC.
It's about 300 km from Vijayawada to

Hyderabad=
300 km.
N-- * j--

N L--; J-Eo l.
dialogue above.
1) Rohit had a present from his father =
x o _--* -A .
( x o -A
a)
4) His income from the shopping complexes ...
a few lakhs per month.
-x---
5) From what I hear

they are going to buy
the building ...
321
6) nothing can prevent

them from buying it.
7) He suffers from asthma
( No Eo d college
\-o building x --o.)
Manohar: If only they think of it, nothing can
prevent them from buying it. Not a
surprize- they can afford it.
(x---F, - D x--. l -au , x

C.)
afford= s d-
Damodar: But I think Rohit's father's health
isn't that good. What exactly is
wrong?
(F o u
----.
u?)
Manohar: I think he suffers from asthma. That
comes from his excessive smoking.
The condition is awful during the
cold season.
( s ----o--. C K \ smoking x. L--Vx

J-nA -.)
asthma = s. Asthmatic = s-
---x. asthma - t.
Damodar: Unfortunately there is no permanent
relief from it.
Ja -A
(-Jo* a -A E )
Manohar: Yea. That's the problem.

Spoken English
c)
a)
Income from agriculture is not taxed

b)
30%
Income from rents is taxed at 30%
JE E--- .
prevent = / f-T-
a) This rain prevents me from going out =
From the way he is talking it is clear that

he doesn't like this arrangement.
{ o - x-F-- hC
-J Z--A o---
- Kd -f-h n -=
b) Kalam
3) Differ from = be different from =
.
a) v--, au v- C =
b)
l--xa
Lx-L=
6) Prevent (some one) from (something) =
x B--d p
d--E -hC =
Indian tradition differs a lot from western

tradition
u- x a --E o-=
I don't understand what is preventing the

political parties from electing Dr Kalam
for a 2nd term/ reelecting Dr Kalam
7) suffer from =
(j uC) --
-x ----o/ x
x x x C =
Fruits differ from one another in colour
and taste
He is suffering from jaundice
from its looks you can say ...

a) Please accept this small gift from me
Ea ( *) *o -
y-J-
b) Any body thinks it an honour to receive
an award from the president =
Z-A --O-/ Z-A */

Z-A a -\-Eo y-J-
-j p - N-h.
2) and 5) - from - Eo-d
2) from its looks = E -Eo/ Eo d
(-)
5) from what I hear = NoEo-d
(-)
c)
C N-x
C =
teacher
teacher
Each teacher differs from the other

teacher in methods of teaching
G-v-- differ with.

a) The son differs with the father in the matter of dowry =
i) Recite the verse/ poem =
2. He will be going to Hyderabad

on 18th Monday.
ii) Exclamation,interjection
He will be going to Hyderabad

on the 18th Monday future continuous =
18th Monday Hyderabad
(Almost the same as
he will go to Hyderabad on
18th Monday)
He will
be going ... Monday
He will go... Monday
certain.
h-E,
C,
--E
o \-
--*a- .
b)
stunt, A % Eo----* u-
Eo-- h Nh L-T- =
a _
--:
--:
The rain gave us some relief from the

heat (of the summer)
The comic scenes provided us some

relief from the stunt and sex scenes.
There I differ with you
1. He is going to Hyderabad on
18th Monday.
j - -C present
continuous tense C, C
future continuous tense C
. O n, -sx
- N-J-.
, o--
E \ NE--h-C.
h u.
8) Relief from = (- -*) Nh/
a) { -o* h *aC =
-o N- \ v
G-v o.
b) \ F N-Ch =
4) Income from =
conversational
He has jaundice/
He is down with jaundice/ He is laid up with
jaundice suffer from -
-v-o:
(-%-d- -h E-* Jh Nh
)
From what he says he may not be here

for long
8) ... there is no permanent relief

from it.
M.SURESAN
Damodar: From what I hear, they are going to

buy the building next to our college.
-Eo/ ---R-- d,
- J-T-E p-a.
b) p--Eo-d, --\ \ V-
----a =
3) That's where my dad differs from Rohit's.
1) Present from-
(Rohit x o o-.
\ --o shopping complexes * a -
Eo ~--C.)
a) from her looks you can say that something has gone wrong =
2) from its looks you can say ...
Manohar: Rohit's father is quite rich. His

income from the shopping complexes he owns in the town itself
amounts to a few lakhs per month.
u p-p.
certain He is
going to Hyderabad on 18th
Monday
O \
C *a p
--C.
-v-o:
ii ) Recite n -E
n -. d- u
p-p E -- -Tx-
-L?
ii) Exclamatory interjection
o --N?
iii) Commit, make, do- u
--N?
iv) Cheek _. J
-?
v) d-- -Eo
pL?
.-.-, d
N-K--i Eo,
, CvsAE uh-- l,
, etc. exclamation
sentence a. interjection p sentence .
C, -j x---o - L-T n interjection -C.
iii) Do j E--
. I do all the work in the
house - Eo
h. ( do o
n, do a
expressions N--
pages a.
lessons )
Make u j
--- Make food/
Coffee/ tea, etc. Make trouble
(Cause trouble
n)
E .
Commit -
C - -.
Commit a theft/ suicide/ murder etc. Commit a mistake
(p
.
-) , JC
Make a mistake
correct expression.
Commit one self/ be committed =
--Ej- (G-v/
l ) d-
. The Government is
committed to the welfare of

the people =
vy v
~--E d- C.
iv) x \ j
Eo h cheek
. _- - .
v) d -Eo rapping
with knuckles (q d
knuckles A-x joints)
--C- 24 -W- 2007
-- j---
Pradhan: Tomorrow is Sunday. How I welcome

it! I can be free from all work and
relax.
( C-. E- y.
O NvA B--a).
Vismaya: How about escaping from a dull
Sunday? Why not some outing
tomorrow?
(Eh--i C- * p--- ? \--j -

R C?)
outing = - V- v--E-j
N- x.
Pradhan: A fine idea! That'll certainly relieve us
from a routine Sunday
( * -! C
- C- *
N-h C.)
routine = -N-C J u-v.
Pradhan: His skill comes from practice. He is

mad after computers.
(E p Jh u x.
-E computers *a)
Vismaya: How long has he been practising
computers?
(----
h-o?)
Pradhan: I have an idea. Shall we go to our

cousins' at Vizag? They'll be very
pleased to have us.
( - *aC. Vizag
cousins . x
v-V- ----).
Vismaya: (Do) you mean those identical
twins? How
they
look
alike!
Difficult to
tell one from
another.
computers practice
Pradhan: Almost from his childhood.
( *o-<)
Vismaya: Is it?
Pradhan: His uncle from the states was the
inspiration. He is an SW Engineer
there.
(-J- o x u -E
v. \-- software engineer).
Police
l jD
jail
* J--.
N- (, u, - *)
3) relieve from =
-x---
v F -p
* Nh L-T-hC
322
It will give you relief.
lesson
preposition 'from'
note
b) Two prisoners have escaped from the jail
a) This
tablet
will
relieve you from your
headache =
( \ ).
E-i currency note M currency

--- d .
fake = counterfeit = M.
to fake = -.
E vl E-h, y x* p---.
Vismaya: Let's
go
there then.
Vismaya: Let us make it distinct from other

Sundays.
(N C--- C---E
pd-i x l)
-- J-Eo
b) A further rise in the taxable

income level will relieve me from
the tax =
--.
Study the following sentences
o- J-NA Sx
, o o * p-hC/
o d p-C.
1) I can be free from all the work and

can relax.
M.SURESAN
He faked innocence =
--y -
n tell one from the other .
p/ ---- n-o
--Eo- tell one from the other, \-
NE--h-C.
Spoken English -
--.
a) It is difficult to tell an Indian from a
Pakistani
l-J -B-, -hF p d .

b) Just by looking at them, it is difficult to tell
a sweet mango from a sour one =
His skill comes from practice
(a x
x? -J---J p
d )
identical= Eo N -- o
Pradhan: Even their mother had a problem in
their childhood. She distinguished one
from the other by having a black
thread around the wrist of one of them.
(x t d
C x *o-- -J---J
p--E. -E xt
x J --d x- dC
hd)
Vismaya: But they are good company. Isn't
one of them very good at computers? They say he is an adept at it.
(x time - -*--C.
x - computer
p-o----)
good company = -J--o time -
-*- x good company.
adept at = j-u---x
vo: 1. Being L . DEo -T -s --.

2. What is your purpose
being sent her to the club?
---:
DE n N-J-.
. XE---, d
Being
3) That'll certainly relieve us from a routine sunday.
7) His skill comes from practice.
E/ --D/ u
.
a) He'll be free from all responsibilities once
his daughter is married off =
x-t kx- -E u
/ u * N-h---.
b) He is now a healthy man. He is free from
all diseases =
-E-p -u o. Eo s
* --o
2) escape from = p---, J--.
a) You can never escape from the police if
they are really serious =
-- being bowled (bowled past participle) p E n

bowl -- E. being with
us - ; Thank you
for being with us: o thank you.
This being so =
from this being yours =
-d .
I hate being late =

late
E-d- -.
Being y past participle
Spoken English
E J/ y --o
Shakespeare N-~- .
playwright = dramatist = -
play ( n, ). Play
n . Drama o Play
\ - --E)
6) Their mother used to distinguish one from

the other
1) be free from =
C FC x
d being = to be =
C h-- confusion
.
2. What is your purpose in being
sent her to the club sentence
C
, n - d.
N-~- o
a) Shakespeare is distinct from other playwrights in English either before him or

after him =
5) Difficult to tell one from the other
n .
I like being (to be) a CM =
4) distinct from =
4) Let's make it distinct from other sundays
C -x
Being = to be.
CM
2) How about an escape from a dull sunday

tomorrow?
-Eo ,
N-- ,
C B p
d .
n tell them apart E .
Bad people and good people look alike. Not

possible to tell them apart =
f-x, * x .
, f p u .
7) comes from = C E-x/ --E-x
-.
a) He can't do anything on this own. This
comes from too much dependence on
others =
b) Dr Kalam, as a Scientist and President, is

distinct from others =
Scientist
, Z--A
Dr.
NP-d
C.
6) distinguish from =
-. C -
O \- -----x.
b) He never completes anything in time.
This comes from his habitual laziness =
-----/
n ----.
a) You cannot distinguish one from the other
between the twins =
xx -J, --J -- d .
b) It is difficult to distinguish a real currency
note from a fake note =
\ need, helping verb, did not

come , did , does not know
does , do not see do .
d \ needs .
-vo: 'Need' Eo N-
-a -N--J--.
-t, j--
---: Verb 'need'
- --.
(need = -)
1. She
needs some dressessentences

need
main verb, buy, take, give
C
.
2. She need not come sentences

verb need come;
--F Jh --E. C
-E --- -J- x
hC.
She needs the books

(
books
---)
She need not go now (x . -u not -p, need C helping verb

-C.)
-vo:
1. Please come over to the dais

and occupy a seat (or) Kindly
come on to the dais and occupy
a seat.
- C d?
- _ p-a?
2. Please come down here to a first

bench/ come here to first bench.
--- C d. _
p-a?
-, j--
---:
1) It is neither come on to
the dais or come over to the dais because both of them mean walking to the dais and not getting up
the dais. The proper expression is
please come up/ go up the dais and
take (occupy is literary) your seat.
2) Please come down ('here' not
always necessary) to a front (not
necessarily 'a first') bench- is
good enough.
'Why don't you take a front seat?'
'Please move to the front seat/
front benches' - All these are OK.
--- 26 -W- 2007
-- j---
Briyesh: Hi Vinamra, what's hot about the

presidential poll?
(Z-A Eo- J* h?)

hot news = / -h---i h
Briyesh: Yea. Especially Shekavat. He has

said he will withdraw from the fray if
Dr. Kalam is agrees to a second
term. Perhaps Shekavat doesn't
want to be an alsoran.
(. u -. Dr.
-J --- p -* N-N---E - o. -
-- --d .)
Vinamra: Good to hear that at least some parties have thought of a second term
for Dr. Kalam
(F Eo Kd-- Dr.
-J N y----
----i N.
term = E-o EKg .
Vinamra: Let's wait and see what happens

during the run-up to the election
The term of the president of India is five

years =
Z-A O x.
His first term is up =
(Eo- * l )
5) opt out of =
DE
(*- Z-A -N -- -h-o?)

Office - 1) u- C --J .
2) N -s n C.
Vinamra: We here that three are in the run for
the position.
(_ ox No.)
Briyesh: You mean Ms. Pratibha Patil,
Bhairan singh Shekavat, and quite
likely, Dr. Kalam
( y-, vA ,
-,
Dr.

?)
d) In the beginning, I didn't like him =

At the beginning of our acquaintance I
didn't like him =
He has opted for Engineering =
( --L-TC \)
the end y of *aC,

d, the end , at .
N-N---.
Opposite, opt for =
--, d--.
Briyesh: That's the only thing we can do.
--J -O- T-C

Briyesh: So who are running for the office of
the president finally?
Engineering
d--f.
a) He has opted out of the fray =
Prepositions
J* Cl-- Jaho . p--\
J--Eo-E -.
-* NN---o.
-x---
*
j-L-TC.
6) Agree with = -J --N-.

sentences from the conversation
above:
1) What is hot about the presidential
poll?
2) Some parties have thought of a
second term for Dr. Kalam.
3) Who are running for the presidentship?
323
b) She has opted out of

the committee =
Committee
a) I agree with you that Dr Kalam

is the best president we have
had =
Dr Kalam
-o Z--x
u p--o N-
F --N-ho.
M.SURESAN
8)
J- v-
- d .
(The beginning y of -, in.
The beginning y of h, at.)
Withdraw from = ---J- --/
N-N---/ Bank * s B--.
withdraw y p from hC.
a) He withdrew Rs 4000 from the bank =
u * 4000 B--o.
b) She withdrew from the beauty contest =
-* N-N--C.
C preposition .
-----i . O conversation
practice
n: vx, Eo-x
-
--
JE, alsoran .
(q-)
9) Alsoran-
He has opted out of the fray
Vinamra: I'm afraid

Dr. Kalam
might opt out of the fray. That'll be
unfortunate for India.
(Dr.
- -
d-a. C h -.
C -%-d .)
Briyesh: I do agree with you there. Very unfortunate that none of the parties, in the
beginning, were in favour of another
term for Dr. Kalam. They didn't even
think of it.
( N- y pC
p--o. -%-d- N---N Kd , d--, Dr.
-J o----E
- --)
Vinamra: That is so. The left parties claim
they believe in persons with clean
record being in such positions. Even
they didn't think of Dr. Kalam
4) We hear three are in the run

5) Dr. Kalam might opt out of the fray.
6) I do agree with you
7) In the beginning none of the parties were in
favour of another term for Dr. Kalam.
8) Dr. Shekavat has said that he will withdraw
from the contest.
9) Shekavat doesn't want to be an alsoran.
10) Let's wait and see what happens during the
run-up to the election.
1) Hot about =
N-Eo/ uhE J*
, -h- N-.
a) I have something hot about Vinod and
Visala. They are in love =
N, N J* -h- N
Rx-l vN----o.
b) Venkatesh: What's hot about the stock
market? (stock market
Briyesh: A man of such moral and intellectual

stature is inconvenient for them all.
Only the 3rd front, whatever their
motives, has thought of him and I am
sure a majority welcome him.
(share
-E-: The beginning/ the end y,

'of' -, - 'in' hC.
y 'of' h, -, 'at' .
C u.
b) In the end, only thirty students remained
=
*-J 30 C Nu-n NT-.

the end y 'of' . d, the end
'in' .
c) At the end of the class only 30 students

remained= Class
2) A second term for Dr Kalam =

Dr
N.
3) Run for = Eo- x .
a) How many are running for the position =
-N -C --h-o?
b) Dr Kalam is unwilling to run for presidentship a second time =
Vinamra: I think if he agrees to be in the run,

none of the others will be in the
reckoning. They will either withdraw
or lose.
p---, l v
o.
a) As of now/ Until now, only two are in the

run =
b) He has announced he is in the run too =
ox, v-. \-J, In the run = In the fray

(v) E .
fray = / N/ x.
Eo- v (E--- ) --E ----x -o.

b) He bet on a horse that was going to be an
alsoran=
-- v-O ----.
10) Run-up (to) =
u-i - J V.
a) During the run-up to the election =
Eo- J Vx.
b) Goddess Durga is worshiped in different
forms during the run-up for 9 days to
Vijayadasami=
N----N NtC V--

_--NE NN x -h.
c) There were frequent clashes during the
run-up to the election=
Eo- J Vx/ Eo---u--

- {- J-.
(clash = {/ x)
- * 30 C
Nu-n v NT-.
N- p--.)
u-~---N -J -- --d-. n, /
n..
4) In the run E .
Spoken English
a) In the beginning there were only 30 students in the class
J* -h-
( jA, --h- uh Kd- --u- .

x - -, 3rd front x
v o J* -o.
\C C y-A-h-E to d)
( h, N x-
-h-E -. x --J--- --)
vA N--/ Eo Nx h --N-.
(Agree y prepositions
n-. E J* y
--)
7) In the beginning = v-
N---N?)
Naresh: The shares have crashed.
(. --~ a--E-x
-x -E t--E
-. --x Dr.
Kalam J* -*--)
b) She doesn't always agree with her husband =
a) The alsorans are

complaining that the elections were not fair =
-v-o: N--, , J (~). O

Tx - --.
.V, *o-- (..->x)
---:
1)
2)
3)
N= the stone of the mango

No word in English
J Indian myna/ Indian mynah/
myna. (i)
-v-o: 1. When
and how to use although,

though, eventhough, still and yet.
2. What are the meanings and how to use

meanwhile, still later, still further, moreover, inspite of, despite of..
3. How to write essay writing and precise
from the articles of 'the Hindu'.
4. How to improve hand writing.
---:
1. Refer to the lessons from No. 295
onwards. In one of them you find the
meanings and use of although,
though, even though, still and yet
explained in detail.
2. The meanings and use of meanwhile, still later, still further, moreover, inspite of, despite - all these
words have been explained too in
some of the previous lessons. Click
on the computer.
3. That needs other skills. I'm afraid you'll have
to wait for some more time for lessons on
them.
4. Copy writing is the best way to improve your
hand writing.
.N-, --
- 28 -W- 2007
-- j---
Suvarna: Hi Rajitha, how are you?
( o?)
Rajitha: Not in the best of moods, you can
say.
Suvarna: What happened?
Rajitha: Yesterday was my first day as a
teacher, but what a flop it was!
(Teacher
( -)
( J-TC?)
Eo --V, E
Nu!)
Suvarna: I just can't believe it. I am confident of

your teaching ability. You certainly can
turnout to be the best of teachers.
( - t-- o. F
---n u O d Ny
C. h teacher y
--y--.)
Rajitha: I thought so too- that I was capable
of teaching. But I don't think I
impressed my students in my first
class.
teach
( -o
- n u E. F Bo class Nunx *
G-v L-T----.)
impress = * G-v L-T-.
He impressed me in his first appearance

itself on the screen =
-O --J E-*p * G-v

Lp-.
Suvarna: Don't worry. You are a teacher by
choice and you are sure to succeed.
Teacher
( y-.
. E y
teacher
p
N
-).
by choice=
-x.
y-C F
--p-,
-E.
u-
p
v x.
N
--E C).
choice = q = --.
entirely = Jh; due to = -x;
inspiration = v.
Q. i) English grammar
a----E * h- *---.
ii) Good morning,
Good afternoon and
Good evening
p- --- L----.
O---f, j--
A. i) O u -----i grammar book - C regular grammar
book , practice book A) Living English Structure by
Stannard
Allen
(Orient
Longman's)
B) Examine your English - by
Margaret Marisson.
ii)
Suvarna: You've taught only two classes. Two

classes can't be an indication of your
merit as a teacher =
classes.
classes
(Ny--- pC

v F vA-
* ?)
indication = *
Rajitha: I'm ashamed of myself Suvarna,

whatever you might say. My uncle in
his time was a great teacher, and I
feel I can't prove a worthy niece of his.
( J* _-hC.
Vx p teacher.
- T ----E
E-------E--hC).
worthy of = T.
1) the best of 'best' superlative degree.

superlative degree
of
No one else is worthy of the President's

office except Dr. Kalam =
Dr. Kalam
He is the greatest of all our actors. (He is

the greatest actor of all/ He is the greatest actor
\
-
y p
hC.
a) ---J p- =
p u~ -N
T----.
-x---
Suvarna: You are not

yet a failure.
I'm sure you'll
improve.
The Ganga is the

holiest of Indian rivers.
(E--j) Jh
t / Ny .
a) Kesav is confident of success = E
N O -E t C.
Rajitha: All right. Let me hope so.
(. P-h-o/
P-F)
324
2) confident of =
(y N--i-x .
p- ---.)
a)
Eo- A
N-v-i C=
b)
b) The businessman is not so confident of his son's abilities as his

successor =
M.SURESAN
4) choice of =
u- * uo 12
(12 noon )
Good morning. 12 noon *
4 PM Good
Afternoon. y Ev-
Good Evening. Ev-- -vN--p v Good Night.
Good Night y --.
Spoken English
English conversation , preposition

'of' Eo -s --.
Study the following sentences from the dialogue between Suvarna and Rajitha:
-- n u O
u--h t .
successor = -
3) capable of = n u .
a) Though old, he is capable of walking long
distances =
1) Not in the best of moods.
l-----p-,
n u --E. (-E-:
capable of y walking '-ing' form
: capable of y noun
a.)
2) I am confident of your teaching abilities

3) ... that I was capable of teaching
4) My choice of teaching was due to the inspiration of our great teachers
u~ -N vA - UPA -/ UPA au L-T-*C.

b) His choice of Vijayawada for his business
is a wise one =
u--E N--- -/ E L-j-.

5) afraid of = --.
Afraid of y 'ing' form v
, noun -a.
a) He is afraid of carrying so much large
cash =
(He is afraid to carry so
much large cash to carry
infinitive
d--x -E
C.
E
a)
b) She is afraid of snakes (Noun) =
- .
7) I am ashamed of myself
u- n u -E--E --.
(\ capable of y murder - noun)
E- -j -n u----x capable
. - a capable leader, a capable
8) I can't prove a worthy niece of his
manager, a capable teacher, etc.
6) Two classes can't be an indication of your

merit
p--p tenses
- N- p.
.-.--, j--
A. O teach h-oC social studies
d, History
past tense C. Geography,
Civics -N \- present tense
p-a. O -Lq ui E O teach ho class
CBSE Schools NCERT
Publish -
Social Studies
English Medium books O \ English Medium
teach --.
Q. i) Persons be -- am,
is, are, was, were o
v-u been (being) --Eo N-J---.
ii) Predicate should contain a verb
in a sentence.
verb
predicate
F C
ux
CL
N -h-o.
Subject + Verb
Predicate
They + Left ______ for Delhi
This + is ____ a mango grove
Her face + became ___ pale

verb
predicate
j u v
ux
j N-- N-J---.
iii) Study - read uu-Eo -.
- B.Venkateswarlu, Guntur
A. i) been
be
past participle.
Past participle verb
am, is,
are, was, wereverbs. been
perfect/
perfect continuous tense, Active,
Passive Voice
been
N
-vu --?
---L-?
ii) Predicate
subject
sentence
Sentences
subject
predicate
1. They left for Delhi
2. This is a mango grove
3. Her face became pale
Predicate
subject
sentence
p
*a
6) indication of =
*.
a) Dark clouds are an

indication of rain =
--s {-E
*- (*-h)
b) A player's performance in just one match

can't be an indication of his merit =
\ v-- v-z E
vA- * -. ( \ v-- B-d E vA- p).
7) ashamed of = _-- (--)
a) Politicians should be ashamed of their
corrupt practices=
} N-FA u-
- - _--L.
b) He felt ashamed of his low score =
b) I don't think he is capable of murder =
5) I am afraid of being a failure
Q.
--/ J .
a) UPA's choice of Ms Pratibha Patil as the

President was a surprise=
Not in the best of moods
He is an engineer by qualification but a

cricketer by choice =
engineering
cricketer
Rajitha: My choice of teaching as a career
was due to the inspiration of our
great teachers at high school and
college. I am afraid of being a failure
as a teacher.
(Teaching
High
School, College
teachers
Teacher
E Nu-|
--oC
J*
h. O
N:
E N
h. *a- verb
C. verb E predicate
\ \- _--f.
T N--
8) worthy of:
If we don't have religious tolerance we are
not worthy of being Indians =
- - -B-- --E .
(tolerance = ).
. group of words,
sentences .
iii) Study N-Eo Jh
n ----E, K~
-. Read o NEo ----E -.
a) Students study English,
Maths, etc.
b) We read newspapers, magazines, letters, story books,
etc.
Q. i) What is the difference between
American English pronunciation
and British? Why they got different pronunciation and some
spellings.
ii) Please give me a good advice to
improve spellings.
- S. Prakash, Ramachandrapuram
A. i) British English and American
English differ a lot in spellings,
pronunciation, vocabulary and
even in grammar. The difference
in American spellings is largely
due to Webster, (of Webster's
Dictionary fame) who simplified
the spelling system a lot. Their

(American) pronunciation is different too, because of the influence of a number of European
and other races who settled in
the US and use English almost
as their mother. The space here
is too short to answer in full your
question, I regret.
ii) Divide a word into its syllables and
spell each syllable separately.
Syllable is an independent sound
unit in a word. Take 'sentence'. This
word has two syllables - 1) Sen 2)
tence. This will help you to spell
better.
(1. We don't say, 'a good advice'
because 'advice' is uncountable.
Please give good advice's correct.
2. Why they got different pronunciation? - the correct form of this
question is: Why did they get different pronunciation? Don't feel
discouraged at my corrections.
Your English is good. It can be
better still)
--C- 1 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Unnat: Hi Uttam, it's Govind's birthday on

Monday next. (Do you) know that?
(a - N d--V.
?)
Uttam: Yea! He told me of it when we met last.
That was on the 12th I think. The birth
day is on the 18th, that is, on Monday
next, as you say.

conversation above:
1) ... it's Govind's birthday on Monday
2) That was on the 12th, the birth day is on the
18th
3) He is quite popular on the campus
4) He is on the list of those selected
5) I first happened to meet him on a train
(. Eo J* --J
---o-p p, 12 K . E d--V 18,
y-ox, -)
6) Did you read that book on personality development?

7) ... it is available on the market
They came here last Thursday =
Unnat: He is going to have a good number of

guests that day.
8) I think a good number of books on show are

useful
They came here on Thursday last
(V -E -C A- -o)
1, 2) On Monday, on the 12th, on the 18th.

Days of the week
dates
on
3) He is quite popular on the campus.
Uttam: He is quite popular on the campus, and

he is quite rich too. So he is making a
grand event of it.
(Campus
* - C,
E-- o. --E-
d---V ---o.)
Unnat: Yes. He is good at studies too, and

equally good at games. He is high on
the list of those selected for some
award.
(, v- x
. --A -- x
G- v-)
Uttam: I first happened to meet him on a train.
We were surprised to know
that we were
the same college. On the
occasion his
parents were with him too.
!
,
K
, on y
'the'
hC. j
-E- .
N: Day,
C a date \-\ --p,
date on .
( x)
*a- .
)
train
(D N )
Campus =
School/ University buildings,
Nu-- - (College/
d o
v L)
Campus ,
on
hC, in .
-x---
325
a) He is the tallest student on our campus
Nu-- -x .
b) He is the best player on the campus =
The college reopens on Monday

the 12th June.
(order of days, dates and time:
day,
date, month,
year, time -
c) The food sold on the train (in the train

is expensive=
y
D )
Nu-- x p
-.
on the premisses . In/
within the premisses .
M.SURESAN
t K--\.
) the
d) He is now on (in
Hyderabad=
-E-
Unnat: He insists on our being at the function

punctually.
( function
d----o.)
time
Unnat: I don't think it is available on the market.
(C market ---E
- .)
--
Uttam: It's on sale in the book exhibition at a

discount. I am going to buy it.
(
h- -v--z- h-Eo discount

t--o. ---o)
Unnat: I think a good number of books on

show there are very useful. It's a good
opportunity for those who love books.
(\ v-z- o h- -
--- ---o. h-Lo
vN---x-C * -)
Uttam: Let's go there this evening.
( v \- l)
Day, dates
on
.
, last, this, that,
h .
Days, dates
every and next
on
a) He will start here next Monday.

No 'on' before next
Monday. On next Monday
(a -
b) I see him here every 1st.
(C -F, lecturer o
uhy N h C-?)
The meeting will be held on Tuesday, the

17th of July 2007 at 5 P.M.
Eo prepositions J* -o. lesson English - a

'on' - l.
On the table, on the box, on the desk -
x on n, O, j E --
. --i English on -
J-Eo l.
Spoken English
(vA K -\ E-h
on every first )
c) I will meet him this Saturday.
premisses
hotel/ factory
(p plural) = u-
C buildings,
n/
d o -
b) I can't allow this on the premisses of my
company =
company
-- -
-p-.
on -Lq s ( s--Eo- p in NE-h-C)
4) On the list (G-) In the list
a) His name is the first on the list=
Mumbai
train
(in the train
--E -?
a?
E h--?
---NT-L-N
-E --?
F) Employee, employer
N-J---.
.-, -R
f) The Police arrested him on the plane to

London=
London x plane Eo -
B-o (in the plane ).
t--E-C/ t--o n
On the market , In the market
a) The book is on the market=
The book is available in shops
(He is in the market =
market

o)
b) There are very good

books on the subject on
the market =
Market N--j
* h---o.
6) A book on a subject = NE
-C-* h
a) There are many books on the subject=
A. i) She broke the

bat in two,
correct,
bat
NE -C-* h-
o
b) He wrote a book on fashions =
On sale:
O -h .
t-
a) The book is on sale=
v-z- - -{-- o.
--o--Eo.
correct.
D. i) and ii)
ii)
could you tell me the
time of arrival / arrival time of the
clear
express
i) and ii)

\- NJ*C n.
\
into two .
\, \-
NJ-*C n-
She broke
fashions
8) On sale, on show:
b) The flowers on show are very attractive=
I met him on the train to Mumbai=
I will meet him on Monday next.
C ux N j--N?
bus
h u-C / t C.
b) On the train -
I'll meet him next Monday =
Q.
A) i) She broke the bat in two
ii) She broke the bat into two
B) i) Let's have a break for lunch
ii) Lets break for lunch
iii) Lets break lunch
C) i) It's better you consult a doctor
ii) It's better you to consult a
doctor
D) i) Could you please tell me
when the express arrives
ii) Could you tell me the arrival
of the express
E) ing form
love
ing form
yours lovingly
ing form
o.
a) No smoking on the premisses.
G- -C
(o E- ----o
on this Saturday )
C .
bus
Nd x (-d x ) Eo
La--.
E-O
--E
Uttam: By the way, did you read that book on

personality development our lecturer
was talking about?
e) The Maoists shot him dead on the bus=
... it is available on the market
(o d-- train
--o. college x E
--E a-u-. -s
x parents \ o.
Hyderabad
bus to
C.
n
, j *-* ---
correct. , Could you
please tell me when the express

better.
arrives,
E. '-ing' form,
verb
His loving her
is known to all
loving
'-ing' form
verb
am + ing/ is + ing/ are
+ ing.
am/ is/ are
'-ing' forms
love
Am loving/ is
loving/ are loving - wrong.
love/ loves
am+ing/ is+ing/ are+ing
verbs list
lessons
Pratibha plus
F. Employee=
u--h/ uT.
u a-x/ u E-N--x.
Employer =
e.g: The proprietors of any company are the employers and the
people who work for salaries or
wages are the employees.
-F ----- employers.
R}--- u-x E-N-h.
-a.
(-- n @-E E-x
vN-h-)
) employees.
(-J L-)
\ (up .
\-j- a) Trainer - P~-,
Trainee - P~ -
a.
b) Examiner - K-~--x
---EC:
L Examinee - K-~----x/ K-~

Eo
. ---x. -er ( E --
x
.
x) -ee ( E---x) a
DE
-J-Q-L--.
-
.
E
--C--
,
----
- --a.
C
the bat into pieces

correct.
break in two
break into pieces
-E-:
(
\)
(\, \- N-)
B. i) and ii) -- n ,
correct. iii) let's break lunch
n . i) and ii) n,
lunch N B- E.
C. i) and ii) p. y doctor consult *C
- English , You had better consult a doctor, or It's better
for you to consult a doctor
correct.
--- 3 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Sampada: It's you Sanjana. Aren't you supposed to be on holiday? How come
I see you here now? (
y, -?
x \- x-E - ?/ ---o. Ny\ E-- ?)
Aren't you supposed to be? = F J*
-- ? = ---o.)
Sanjana: Yea. But we were back the day
before yesterday. And on my return I
had to rush to our village to see my
grand dad. I came back this morning.
(---. --o -A-J-a. --- ---o- ---E - --x-. --Sx - -V --l-o -a-.)
Sampada: How is he? ( o?)
Sanjana: He is quite old you know. He has
been on medicines for three weeks
now, and was on liquid diet for a
whole week the week before last. But
he is on the way to recovery.
( l- . -
--O o. -- -
v- o--.-F -p- ---o-. diet = / u (
B- J-N )
Sampada: Glad to hear that. How was your
holiday?
(F. -. O N C?
know.
(
. od -h---i N p
J. -V -\-o Shopping x.
y -_ \-j E
v. s-C feel u! p
o-d h-*aC. Bank card E. s!
---f Ep-*C.)
Sampada: I saw a similar situation on the TV
once. In one of the serials a character eats at a restaurant and see
that he hasn't a paisa on him.
(J TV Eo--o .
Serial v - -Rx Ao
y _ j E ---)
Sanjana: You know what was on my mind
then? That I'd be made to do some
work there, as they show it in the
movies.
(p -*a -
?E-x
-*--x j
E---h---E)
Sampada: Thank your
bank card. It saved you.
(Bank card
*-jC. C
Eo ~-*C.)
'on' --T -s J* --o . lesson
J-Eo -s l.
(singular)
Holiday
. E
p on hC.
'a'
a) We were on holiday in Kashmir last summer

=
N Qtx (x-)
N -Lq -s - - .
Practice ---.
4) On the beaches of Goa --v B
/ B--O-
b) You can't see her for a week. She has gone

on holiday =
a) You find beautiful Yellow sands on the

beaches of the bay of Bengal=
O - - ---.
(N N ) j RxC.
[A holiday= V
(During holidays (\
-x--- 326 plural)
= x.
Vacation = Nu--
, -N a V)
2) On my return = AJ-T--, *a
. j - J-T
n on --.
a) On her return home she found all
doors open and her jewellry missing
M.SURESAN
--
B -i
-C.
N -E-: On the sea coast, on the banks
of a river, etc (D/--v B/ B
- n)
a) Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishana
Vijayawada is on the Krishna
( n
--a)
Hyderabad is on the Musi
. --
s, --E *a- - n
spend on .
a) The Government has spent Rs Twenty lakh
on the project=
project
We were on holiday in Kashmir

/ J-TC?)
Sanjana: Oh, fine. We enjoyed every minute of
it. We spent a lot of time on the
beaches of Goa. Dad's friend here
has a cottage on the coast, and we
stayed there.
( - -*C. vA-~ -C.

beach - . o o- v B cottage C. \
o)
Sampada: What else then? (?)
Sanjana: Yes, I forget to tell you something
interesting. One morning I went
shopping alone at the end of it, I was
shocked to find I had not a paisa on
me. Felt very embarrassed. Then I
suddenly remembered I had the
bank card. What a relief I felt you

conversation above:
1) Aren't you supposed to be on holiday.
2) But on my return I had to rush to my village.
3) He has been on medicines, and was on liquid diet for a week.
4) We spent a lot of time on the beaches of
Goa.
5) Dad's friend has a cottage on the coast.
6) I was shocked to find I had not a paisa on
me.
7) I saw similar situation on the TV once.
1) On holiday. Holiday
?
-E. s holiday n
x/ -d/ B-E, \--j
N N x. n holiday
---p - holidays . Holiday
AJT / *a , --Fo *--, -v E----- -E-*C.
b) On his arrival here he drove to the hotel =

hotel
car
-E-\- -/ J

x.
3) On medicines, on liquid diet, etc.= -,
v- V -.
a) The patient has been on antibiotics for the
antibipast one week =
antibiotics
otics
T V-
O o/
B---o.
(Antibiotics = - L-T v- (bacteria) )
b) I've been on diet for the past two days.
--V- u a---o/ u O
o/ J-N-- O o.
Spoken English
b) He spent a lot of time on

such an unimportant matter=
-
6)... I had not a paise on me.
_ j
s -J _ / -- - n
on -
a) The cash on me worried me a lot= _
o l L-T-*C.
b) At any time you can find on him at least a
thousand rupees =
1000
_ F
-
---.
c) How can you go shopping without money on

you?=
shopping
A s
N?
Practice
uses of on
On liquid diet, on fruit

diet, on milk and bread, etc.
n \ E /*o E.In
1. Depends on, Depends upon L-----.
the wee hours of the morning n vA 12
2. Articles J* Jh - L h i -- --y, .
-.
6. English perfect x-- _
- o-p-x Tx x-. Oj--p-x
3. Designation -D-E pronunciation -p.
4. - -E -----o?(--Tx--) Tx dK q -(*o *o dK q
5. - Wee hours ---C. DE n N? --d) Tx u -L-d N.
7. u For ya. \ For
6. English perfect --x--- - ---L?
because(-x E/ --d E)
7. Tx jG- for u ---C. ?
>. -, K-- God punished him. For he is a sinner.
--Eo P~-. d.
---
vo: English Idioms a----E 'Cambridge International
1. DEo J* - NJ.
2.Living English Structure by Stannard Allen. Published by Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs' or 'Cambridge International
Dictionary of Idioms' - C -- ----?
Orient Longmans.
Cu , o
3. dezignein >---- (>, size )
You have to use both of them, because not all phrasal verbs
.
4. How are you able to get on with your heart burdened with so
much of anguish/with such a lot of anguish?
vy -
. 20
~- a C.
vu E
N O
5.Wee
vo:
-E
are idioms and not all idioms are phrasal verbs. But more impor-
tant than these books. Your reading as much as English as you
can, helps you to pick up idiomatic expressions in current use.

Read english newspapers, English short stories and novels.
This is the best and easiest way to learn idiomatic expressions. If you depend only on dictionaries you may know their
meanings but not always how to use them correctly.
vo: --Tx-- Question Tags -- - ?

? ? ? E -- j---?
-G.-Ah--, --
-. * doubt. ? ? ? ? E
- - English Question Tags -.
\-\-p Question tags ----p- J L- E effective C. e.g. You have the
money. Why don't you spend it?- DEo -, F _ sC.
a d? - F _ sC ?
a d? \ power -hC ? -
-x English Question tags ----p-, ? E
-- --Ja h. English oC ox --
- h J_ .
xi- 5 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Archana: Wherever did you buy that dress,

Vennela?
( \ o dress?)
\-j E
n. Questions
, \? E.
Wherever =
f - u \ C.)
Prices of dresses have come down.
(dresses
Vennela: Why?
Don't
you
like
it?
_)
Archana: I don't know about clothes, but gold

prices are up by 10% on last year.
Wherever did you pick up such a servant?
( \ J- --x n)
(-h N -L-- F
v --C 10
J-TC.)
Vennela: That's true. Every day I watch the
prices on the TV.
(? FC a-?)
Archana: It isn't as good as your other dresses are. Why do I see you in bad
dresses on occasion?
(F dress -- C.
-pp y -E dresses
E-h--?)
( vA-W
h.)
Archana: You don't seem to spend much on

conveyance either. I see you most
of the time going on foot. Not often
do I see you on your scooter.
TV
2) Expenditure on something.
(E-j d a, u)
Archana: That reminds me. Did you watch the

programme on channel 99 yesterday? It was really exciting.
( h-*aC. Eo y
channel 99
*a pro-
Vennela: You know, my expenditure on

clothes isn't much. It doesn't exceed
Rs 3000/- to Rs 4000 on average.
(F -h O a
3000 * 4000
--- N.
(exceed = N/ CN)
a) His expenditure on luxuries is little =
N- d a x/
N a--d-x.
b) Her expenditure on her dresses is very high
=
-h--O
\a C.
gramme
3) on average =
?.
-q
LT-
C.)
-x---
(conveyance allowance =
(E
* u v aa
u)]
Vennela: Who do you take with you when you
buy your dresses?
(y dresses -p- J-E

B--.)
Archana: Mom. What about you?
-
E-
h.
( -. -xL. Bye)
JEo -s
b) On average we spend Rs 200

on transport =
-- -Lx--v R}--- --P ----E--y .

(Sentence u depend on, sentence *j depend upon)
Preposition 'on'
Look at the following sentences

Vennela: Iam on my own. I walk because I get

excercise. I go on my own because I
depend on myself.
( -J . \-
h exercise . O --- -d -d J
.)
Archana: But you are yet to tell me where you
bought the dress?
(-L-
p-)
dress
\ o
Vennela: Not so well known. It is on the road

to the railway station. It is on the left
of the National Bank there.
( o / -J L- shop
-. Railway station x
C u n, v-- L---.
M.SURESAN
Spoken English
J,
road
on the street =
OC
I go on my own...
1) Why do I see you in bad dresses on occasion
a) I met him on the road
3) It doesn't exceed... on average
- top o -x v
, by bus, by car, by plane, by train, etc
. Top E j, on bike, on
4) I see you most of the time going on foot
scooter, on cycle, on horse, etc.
2) My expenditure on clothes isn't much
5) Not often do I see you on your scooter
5) on foot =
6) I am on my own/ I go on my own
a) I went all the way on foot =
7) I depend on myself
9) It is on the left of the National Bank
10) But gold prices are up by 10% on last year
12) Did you watch the programme on channel
99?
1) On occasion: occasion =
s.
-s.
on occasion = p--p.
on that occasion
a) He does smoke but on occasion =
smoke
h p--p.
b) On occasions like the Independence Day,

We specially honour the national flag =
yvu C-q -sx

B -E vu --Eoh.
occasion -p 'on' .
He was at arm's length from me =
b) He is too old to come here on foot =
b) Though she talks to the boys of her class,

she keeps them at arm's length to avoid
trouble =
class

--x- x, x -N-y, -u - -
9) On the left, on the right =
j, j
a) The shop is on the left of the bank =
shop, bank
(He went on foot = He footed the distance

6) I am on my own -
C -----i expression. DE
n: / -J.
a) I don't have any company. I am on my own =
J -u .
o/ -J o.
b) Once you join the hostel, you are on your
own. You have no one to take care of you =
Hostel J, F y . Eo
-- .
c) He did it on his own. No one helped him =
j C.
E -a)
(To the left, to the right
b) The bank is to the right of the shop.

(Shop
--- l- .
= He walked.)
11) I watch the prices on the TV
b) The bank is on the next road
L -.
h -.
*- o.
D a idiom: Keep (somebody) at
arm's length = DE-n, JE \
.--, --E. B-- --
-- .
1. Be on cloud nine = -E -
.He was on cloud nine when the girl a) Keep him at arm's length =
F E \ B--F.
he loved agreed to marry him.
(- y J Eo-- 2. Herculean task = u-L- task - A-d
l).
i/ -u-i E.
- -J * Nh
, d- i E.
3. At arm's length = .
8) On the road/ on the way =
4) On Scooter:
1. Be on cloud nine
2. Herculean Task
3. At arm's length
4. To pour cold water
5. To cry over spilt milk.
freeing India from poverty is a Herculean

task =
327

a 200 -.
8) It is on the road to the railway station
( t. F -?)
vA N- xt O
-.
Vennela: I missed it. OK. I must be

going. Bye.
?)
Prasanna: The city bus.
a) Kumar depends on his mother for everything =
b) Her mother and father gone, Sasi has none

to depend upon =
[Pramod: What's your conveyance to office?

(Office
J- ----- - /
-J JC.
7) Depend on = J O, E-O --.
Depend y on/ upon.
a) I see two movies a

month on average
=
l.
(y \--j Rx - O
a -od E--.-p ---*-----. F scooter O
h-ox -.)
(Conveyance = --- -)
d) Without waiting for any one, she started on

her own=
Bank
C).
10) On last year =
-q O/ -q
--p, upon .
a) The percentage of passes this year are
up on last year =
C Bh-g -q
\.
b) His earnings are up on last year =
E - -q J-TC.
,
x
E, on the
In .
11), 12). TV, Radio
Programme
Programme
TV, on the radio, on the channel
--C - .
-.
--.
4) To pour cold water:
q-Eo
F--a-/-E--q----,
--Lo, plans N-Jz--/--C----.
(DE : To throw cold water.)
a) Our manager pours cold water
on every plan we come up with
=
- vA--C -v-A
vA--- A- \-J-* /- N--Jz*
E-q L-T-h.
(He can't accept any plan that it isn't his
own)
b) He threw cold water on our plans for a picnic

by refusing to lend his van in the last minute =
van
o --x- *J EN- y-E A- \-J* q F--J---

.
5) To cry over spilt milk =
L--- *A-.
(- d--).
e.g. Someone has stolen your bike. True. You
ought to have been more careful. No use
crying over split milk=
bike
E. F
T-. Ny v-h -LqC. p *A*
v- .
--C- 8 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Chalam: Your medicine has had a good effect

on me. I feel much better today,
though not all right.
(F O * v-
-*C/ E--C.
_ C J-nA , Jh
yn --)
Kundan: If my train had been on time, I couldn't have given you the medicine. You
are lucky that way.
( train time a F
y------ .
N y-%-d- --N)
Chalam: I approached you on my brother's
suggestion. I didn't know you had the
medicine for this kind of complaint.
( brother F _--a. / s F _
-E L-)
Kundan: It is home made. I got it from my
father and he had it from his father.
We make the medicine on the eve of
Ugadi.
(C ju. o _ *
EE a-o. x o
_ * ---o. C
V O -Eo ---
--d-)
Chalam: My brother says that it gives on the
spot relief to some.
(-C ~ E-
h-- brother)
Eo lessons preposition on --T-Lq -s ---o. On --T, --T-- --Eo-d n

Jh J- v C. d
communication J - -Lq-- on
correct L.
On Lq J-Eo -s-L-p l!
conversation above:
1) Your medicine has had a good effect on me
2) If my train had been on time
3) I approached you on my brother's suggestion
4) We make the medicine on the eve of Ugadi
5) It gives on the spot relief to some
6) When it was on trial...
7) On behalf of all the victims of this complaint
and on my behalf, I thank your grand father.
8) I know what's on
your mind.
9) Just go on taking this
medicine
Eo n
--- -.
1) Approach = 1) O--
2) Jn-
2) Complaint = \- n
u. -s uC x
L / uC (Doctors J-)
3) behalf = -
4) on and off = -
c) The plane landed right on time =
N time J_ (\ EN
) CTC.
d) The train arrived on time =
Train correct time
3) On my brother's suggestion =
o/
lecturer's
suggestion I bought
-x---
this book =
lecturer F
h o.
328
on some one's orders, on

some one's advice
b) He is here on his boss's orders
boss
(*a-. v-x
C E---.)
It seems = E--hC/ E--hC
Chalam: Well, on behalf of all the victims of
this complaint, and on my behalf, I
thank your grand father for developing it.
( uC/ , C---J
-, - O %-c-
* -C-*--)
Kundan: Don't be so formal, Chalam
( formal )
formal h/ l/ J- E-x v-Jh B B--
Chalam: I get this trouble on and off you know.
Now let's discuss the use of on in the sentences above.

1) effect on Effect
(J/ --E-O) v
y p on C.
a) Rain or the lack of it has an effect on crops =
{/ {- v --O
C.
b) The punishment of the boy had a disciplining effect on the rest of the class
=
Nu-Jn P~ N class O
v-P-~ L-T v -*C.
c) Magnet has an effect on the flow of current =
d
-.
d) They gave him the job on the minister's

recommendation =
vA -E u a.
u-i
(--) V J V/ J
v. Eve p on hC.
y of hC.
4) On the eve of = Eve of
a) Hemanth bought his children a number of

presents on the eve of Christmas/ on
Christmas eve =
Christmas
-J-V/ J v
x- - o.
b) It happened on the eve of the exam =
Nuvp O -\--E v
C.
2) On time: -- lesson In time
. In time -o --E
h (u u \ ) E
n hC.
a) All delegates arrived in time for the meeting =
Kundan: Just don't worry. I know what's on

your mind. You want to be sure it will
cure you permanently.
( -l--. ~ F
- .
F y E- h
t L F)
Chalam: You've hit the nail on the head.
correct
Kundan: Just go on taking this medicine for
another week. You will be rid of the
trouble for ever.
p)
(--- B-. y N---C)

be rid of = C-L---/ N---
Chalam: Thank you again and again.
(Sx Sx
Kundan: Not at all.
thanks)
( y-)
Spoken English
b) Hari arrived just on time to board the

plane =
Plane
\--E correct --E a.

-- u -.
-v-o: -C-u-- -- -v--T--L?

1. As light as a feather
2. Upset the apple cart
3. At daggers drawn
4. As cool as a cucumber
5. Make a mountain of a mole hill
a) The CM announced a cash award on the

spot for the swimmer who rescued the
children =
x- ~-* - u-vA \-
--\/ pp -A v--.
d) He was on trial for cheating =
G-- N- -\--o.
7) On behalf of = for= J -.
Behalf on, y of h.
E u - ~- -.
b) His lawyer signed on his behalf =
E - E .
J - o/ -J
l L-T-ho.
n mind on.
8) On one's mind =
a) Please tell me what's on your mind. Don't

you like the girl? =
F - / F l L
N-- p. t Fd ?
b) Something is on her mind. I can see that
from her face =
- C/ l -. v----C.
9) Just go on taking the medicine. \ on
preposition . to, keep Eo
verbs y on , verbs L E
----T- (continue) E n hC.
a) He goes on smoking in spite of his
doctor's advice =
l-o-p-
smoke
h .
b) He walked on another Km =
Km
-h x.
c) He kept on arguing though the others

were silent =
x---- Ch
o.
d) She sang on, but we were not interested
b) Hit by a lorry he died on the spot =
K E, --pp --.
(Spot \ n, / n)
On the spot relief = ~ E-
2) Upset the apple cart =
plans
J
.
Duryodhana and company wanted to bind Lord

Krishna, but he upset the apple
cart by exhibiting his universal form
u---- X%gE C-----, Ny---:

-Eo * x uEo
1) As light as a feather =
o .
L-j- (~ L)
3) At daggers drawn = l--F,
Though she is fat, she thinks
_--F -J-x
she is as light as a feather =
-/ -v- /
o, L h .
( \) --C.
Dagger - *o _.
-.-N-.---J, -j-
u N- -\--o.
Doctor
C K-~ V/ v
J-TC.
5) on the spot = ~/ \---\
( -p--p h-C)
vA-E--- ---E - (h
*a) --u.
c) He is on trial for murder =
a) He apologized on behalf of his wife =
I know what's on your mind

Kundan: It certainly does. When it was on trial
in the beginning, it acted immediately, it seems.
v - C.
un N-- trial .
DE- on hC.
c -E-\--o
c) On his doctor's advice he gaveup

smoking =
smoking
M.SURESAN
a) The new medicine is still on trial =

b) This model of the vehicle is still on trial =
t O/
my
(v, N)
v- . Trial on .
v n C h .
*aC.
a) On
6) On trial =
- d------p- C.
The former friends are now surprisingly at daggers drawn with

each other =
au N- Nv-L-p
-Jj h --o.
4) As cool as cucumber = --- - -.
Dharmaraj was as cool as
Cucumber even when provoked
Ny-*--p t-V
p-, ----
-- -.
Cucumber = -.
5) Make a mountain of a mole hill =
*o -N-Eo lC -/-
\ N--E \
vu y-/ ---
- .
The first warnings about AIDS
were taken as making mountain
of mole hill =
AIDS
J-* a-J--
-
--o--.
Figures of speech: j
expressions, figures of
speech (--). English
x--, figures of
speech - . O- --Fo -L---h.
--- 10 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Jaideep: Hi Pradeep, where's your new

home?
(O h x \?/ J x?)
Pradeep: Easy to locate. Just by the Head
Post Office.
(- . u
\)
(. t p- Eo l
L. N- ---L)
Pradeep: I think your new place is farther off
from college than the present one.
(O h x, p-o -
\ -)
office
Jaideep: When are you moving in? Have you

paid the advance?
(p --o? Advance
a-?
x = move; shift .
Pradeep: Not yet. I wanted to pay by cheque,
but the landlord insisted on cash.
Today and tomorrow are bank holidays. Perhaps I will have paid by
Tuesday or so.
( cheque y---o, E
-E (landlord) - y-E
d--d. V, bank
-. ----,
y Lx- --C)
farther - comparative of 'far'.

Superlative - farthest
Jaideep: Yea; but just by a kilometre. Any way
I have a bike. So no problem.
(. O v.
bike C.- - l
-u-)
Pradeep: But fuel prices are soaring by the
day.
(E (fuel- petrol/diesel etc,)

J-T---o ?)
makes
Pradeep: It's around Rs. 6000/-pm. Though

the rent is on the high side, the
house is by far bigger than our present home.
2) I wanted to pay by cheque
5) Mr Ramlal is
Marvari by birth
time
8) Fuel prices are soaring by the day
?)
(O h owner O o
y-ox h)
friend
Pradeep: Yes. He is. Mr. Ramlal- that's his

name - a Marvari by birth but settled
here.
( . d-
y, E \ n--f).
Jaideep: So the next few days you'll be busy
packing and moving.
(d a , V
x l, a- BJ
--o-)
Pradeep: So will I be. By now mom must have
packed some of the things. I must
help her.
-v-o: i) If I were you E . F

I singular- was
L.
were
?
ii) I am interested a. F, I am completed E --. ?
iii) * spoken English h p--.
~t---, -v-
---: i) If I were you - vh -E J-nA
--E C - y-
y u J- nA p .
x C . expressions
lessons N-J. E
.
ii) I am interested interested C h
LTo n, interested past participle -o. am interested ,
afraid my watch is running
5)
cricketers -J
- p.
By birth = d.
a) I am a Tamilian by birth.
10) I'm afraid my watch is running

M.SURESAN
( watch v 8.30. watch 10

EN- -h---.)
Pradeep: You're right. The tower clock is
showing 8.20.
(E. Tower OC - 8.20

-hC.)
Jaideep: OK. Then. We'll meet again. Bye.
lesson English conversation

preposition 'by' N- --.
--J L- N-, by J*: E
(passive voice ) E -L-
'by' - '-J- n.
a) This book was written by my friend
( h friend --C
h C
friend)
b) He was killed by a snake.
( --f
-*/ --- x E--)
\-J - : This book is by
him ( C h)
interest/ interests
passive
B-a. p
E n, h L-T---C -E.
I am completed am completed (passive of complete/
completes) n, Jh -
--- E. C ?
iii) Spoken English h-, CD market
o. O-- h Living
English structures by Stannard Allen.
-v-o:
1) by =
7)
(d- f / N / )
h- / - u -
E L-- 'by .
a) Hari is taller than Gopi by a foot =
J .
b) This car is more expensive than that car
by atleast some thousand rupees =
\ =
by the side of= beside.

a) He sat by me =
Tamilian.
b) Blind / deaf / mute by birth =
fast by 10 minutes.
\ -o.
b) I don't like to be by him=
\ --E d
y
car car F Eo -- \--C.

8) By the day = - / V V,
a) Vegetables prices are rising by the day=
2) by cheque = Cheque
VV -- JT o.
a) Payment by cheque are not accepted=

cheque
y Lx- B- (B--)
b) Pay by DD or money order= DD

(Demand Draft / Draft)
order
b) He is proving more dangerous by the day

=
V V v--
----o.
y-F/money
yF Lx-.
In cash/cash E .
by cash
He paid the amount in cash/He paid cash=
9) By my watch =
'by'
watch
3) By Tuesday -
sorry (
--x by n -F,
--E- -F, (-- --).
a) He will be here by 8 = E-N-Cx
(E-N--C --) -E-\--.
by now = p- / p-.
iv) Are you happy?; Do you happy?
v) Were you at home yesterday?;
Did you at home yesterday?
vi) Where were you? Where did you? Where
did he yesterday? Where was he yesterday? j ux N j-N? E --
T -sEo -.
vii) a) The teacher explained me the difficult
points of grammar.
b) The teacher explained the difficult
points of grammar to me. C d?
---: --C-- lessons *a six forms

of verbs . Are you play cricket, sentence . n - (verb d).
Do you play cricket? - Correct.
n, v
watch
a) I'm sorry. I can't go by your watch =
Lx-.
.-.-., -
i) Are you play cricket?; Do you play cricket?

ii) Are they happy?; Do they happy?
iii) Which class is he study?; Which class
does he study?
Spoken English
b) He is by far the best cricketer I' ve seen;
9) It's 8.30 by my watch
Jaideep: It's 8.30 by my watch. I'm
cooler than
N-- j-- - x
C.
6) By now mom must have packed

some of the things
P rices ar e soaring by the day

Jaideep: I remember your telling me that the
new landlord is a friend of your
father
a) Hyderabad is by far
Vijayawada;
7) Yea, but just by a K.M.
fast by 10 minutes.
( -. \.
p o
lC)
- (/ \\ \/ -p-p-
)
4) The house is by far

bigger than our present home
329
4) By far=
3) Perhaps I'll have paid by Tuesday
now?
(p
p-
L.
1) Just by the Post Office
Pradeep: OK. What's the time
*-- -a
c) By now the train must be at the next station =

train next station
-x---
(\ .O.
l
-)
p Rx---L.
no
difference.
(l v?
.
b) He must have left by now =
J-Eo -- l:
Jaideep: But one k.m.
Jaideep: What's the rent like?

What is the rent like? = What is the rent?
like
conversational.
v .
O ----)
watch
b) What's the time by your watch? =
watch
time
c) It's running fast/ slow by 10 mts.
10 EN- / -u -hC.
ii) O
n, happy o? E ? o
E - C *a -- 'be'
form . Happy d
Do - EE -L - . Are
they happy? correct, Do they happy,

wrong.
iv) j sentence , Do they happy?
(happy do () ?) wrong.
v) Do you at home? hC? o?--E
(be form) --Lq--. So were you... correct.
vi) --D be form v .
vii) Explain is always followed by to.
The correct sentence is The teacher explained to me... or
The teacher explained the.. grammar to
me, is correct.
- 12 -V-j 2007
Santushta: (Do) you know what happened
yesterday?
Sankalpa:
-- j---
Sankalpa: I can't wait to meet her. She was
such a nice girl!)
(Eo JT ?)
What happened? ( J-TC?)
Santushta: I met our childhood playmate

Samyukta.
( *o- o--
L -o -h
---o.)
playmate = L ---x.
Sankalpa: (Do) you mean our Samyukta?
How come?
(p--p l E C
E. * t!)
Santushta: She is equally anxious to see all of
us too. She said she would meet
us on the weekend.
( -o-Ko ----E
-- C. * Lo
----C.)
Sankalpa: What about her sister Sampada?
(x
( -h y-C?
J-TC?)
How come?= ?
How come you are here at this time? =
time y \ N?/
?
Santushta: I met her just by chance. I was
walking by the State Bank building.
When some one from behind put
their hands on my shoulder. As I
turned round in shock and surprise
who did I see there but our old
Samyukta!
(State Bank building
\ h
*
O . CvsA, a-u
\ AJT h, -?
h!)
Sankalpa: What is she and where is she?
( hC? \-C?)
sister
- NE- 'by' J*
---o . J-Eo N- p
l.
Spoken English
C?)
Santushta: An advocate by profession, she

frequently acts in TV serials it
seems.
(%Ah lawyer, F -
als -hC.)
TV seri-
Sankalpa: I see. How is she doing as a

lawyer?
(.
-

?)

dialogue above:
(Qualification
Engineer,
bank officer

F --oC
u. Bank Jv- N- C-J)
Sankalpa: Has she been here for long?
( -- \?)
Santushta: No; just two weeks since she was
transferred here. She has taken
residence somewhere near the
bank. She was asking about you
and our other friends.
(. -- transfer
\---*aC. Bank _-
\ x B-C. Eo,
friends J* -TC.)
3) By qualification an engineer but by choice a

bank officer.
1) By chance =
Santushta: Is seems she is quite a success on

the small screen. She has good
offers too, Samyukta says. Not far
off is the day when she may take
to full time acting.
(TV
.
* offers h-o-. TV
Jh uu V
.)
Good for her. (C *C)
-v-o: Tx n---C. F x--. -v- o: 1. Tx- pLx Ndq

s-C- C--N-L? - --A
N-un- --G-v---, ---- --
- -a--a ---.
. , H-
---: The best way to speak English is to

start speaking English in daily life whenever
you have an opportunity. Read as much
English as you can - short story books. Listen to TV English news casts. In the beginning you may not understand all of it, keep
listening. These are the ways you can speak
good English.
10th class students, write a few sentences on
any topic. Write longer passages. This is the
only way.
---oC medicine, --oC --.

%Ah-Ku
a) His parents are doctors by profession =
a) They met by chance on train and

became very close friends in just a year
-- train ---o x,
-q v-N-v--u.
M.SURESAN
, pronunciation
-d - u
-.
2. Tx- 6 verb forms -, vu N-J-.
Verb forms -J- j u d E
p.verb forms E
u Eo d . -.
. Nv
---: 1. Spoken English lesson No.1 *
computer download (Eenadu.net) E
lesson *, 1st 50 lessons
-. O ---Eo- -
--C.
engineering Nu-| o-p-

v----u, %Ah Ku.
c) Dr. YSR is a doctor by qualification but a

politician by choice =
--, -E
-, --S-
E Lx--v %Ah-Ku ju.

b) An advocate by profession, he takes an
interest in music =
%Ah-Ku lawyer, F U-
- h.
5) Go/ do by the book = E--- *a-
-/ j Y v .
a) In dealing with any situation, she always
goes by the book =
-s C -Lq E-
hC.
b) It's by chance that he entered politics. He

never thought he would make a career in
politics =
c) By luck I happened to meet my favourite

star =
cricket
4) By profession =
(C correct. -- %Ah
-oE --L .)
330
Sankalpa: That's right. She must be feeling

that she chose law by mistake.
b) Though an engineer by qualification, he

became a cricketer by profession =
4) An advocate by profession.
---x v-P-
--S- J-TC. --p - - E u-----E.
by luck , %-d- -h
n.
-C F-- Nu-|- Ku
ju/ ju Nu-| -x.
5) She goes by the

book.
6) She must be feeling that she
chose law by mistake.
( N -- -o. rules v -x
t. --, rules (Y)
v l p-.)
Sankalpa:
a) Some Telugu film actors are doctors by

qualification =
2) I was walking by the State Bank building.
She goes by the book

Santushta: By qualification an engineer, but by
choice a bank officer. She is an
officer in the industries sector of
the bank.
N-K--i cars building O

h.
3) By qualification = Nu-|- Ku
1) I met her just by chance.
-x---
Santushta: Not much

of a success, I understand. It seems she
goes by the book and
you know, in professions like law, just going
by the book doesn't
help.
c) Cars pass by the building at great speeds
%-d- -h G-
--- J-TC.
2) By the State Bank building
b) You cannot always play by the book =
p Y-v- - O-.
( -sx , L
E E- - v , playing by the book)
c) Srikanth never played by the book =
Srikanth (cricketer)
Y v p -.
( bowling , -\-L..
E E- -o N )
6) By mistake = --.
By
- \ n E .
\ walk by, pass by expressions by n, j, -j, v
O E.
a) By mistake I picked up her bag and left

my bag behind =
a) The procession has passed by the college =

college
b) The Maoists sometimes kill innocent people by mistake =
-T
--, bag B-E,

bag \ .
O RxC.
b) He walks by our home at 8 every evening
N-d, \-J -- ---

--.
vA vA 8 - O h--.
2. Verb
forms
sentence
-v-o:
- sentence - . 6 verb
-j E group of words
.
C-- n L----.
1. My father earns Rs.3000 whereas my mother earns Rs.7000.

2. You have not cleared my earlier loan on
other hand you are asking for another loan.
3. Kerala demand for more rice yet to be conceded.
4. Kumaraswamy to meet Manmohan.
---: 1. o- .3000 -Ch,

y-N, u-- (g-)
2.
y E-*a p Ba--,
Sx p ---o.
On the other hand - N-- -ho-p --. \ p Lx-- -J p ---o-.
\, on the contrary better (E
uA--).
3. \ Gu -o demand
y--- - J-
Gu - demand - p- (v)
4. t-- ---o --yN.
t 7000 -C-hC.
Whereas - - *--
--.
Spoken English -- -u- -x ---.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
--C- 15 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Bhaskar: Heard this? The police seized

Chandra by the collar and were taking away.
(C No? police v collar

d-E B--R}---o--\-)
Heard this? = Have you heard this?
Himakar: Where to, do you know?
Himakar: Shall we go by ourselves or shall we

take some one else with us?
( -J -, --J-j
B---?)
Bhaskar: The police are not easy to deal with.
Let's take Bhagavan with us. He
knows some police officers.
(Police x
. -- B--.
police officers .)
(\- ?)
Bhaskar: Where else? To the police station
(-\-?
police station
Himakar: What exactly did he do for the police

to act like that?
(Police
--E
?)
Himakar: Do you think he will come?
Himakar: Poor fellow.

Day by day
he is getting
deeper and
deeper into
trouble.
When did you see all this?
b) She held the old woman by the arm and

helped her cross the road =
(--h-----o?)
Bhaskar: He is one to stand by his friends. I'll
call him to be ready, so we can pick
him up on our way.
Bhaskar: God knows. Oh that reminds me. He

was swearing by God aloud that he
had not done anything.
(- L-L. hhC. G_- O

v , ----o)
( o-- -.
phone x ready -E
h, J E B--}a)
Himakar: OK, Let's go, then
( l-)
- d-E
-*C.
road
c) The villain held her by the hair and

dragged her out =
t-_ Vh d-E
.
2) swear by God = O v .
swear = -- Nt---E
v
b) He doesn't know me even by sight =
-E --J---i (o
, E L----E.)
7) Take by surprise = au L-T-.
a) He took me by surprise by calling at 12
midnight =
vA 12 -
au L-T-*C.
(-%-d- -. V--V
-ux/ x ----o.
yp ?)
-E --E l--
E au L-T*C.
(swore - past tense,

sworn - past participle)
-x---
Bhaskar: I didn't see it, I had it from one of the

shop keepers there who knows
Chandra by sight and me.
Study the following sentences

( -. \ ,
o v L--- p)
1) The police seized Chandra by the

collar
Himakar: He works mostly by night and sleeps

by day. He has mostly night duties.
Surprising why he was out during the
day.
( vA \ E--h,
--. night duties
\. -- --o
C a-u C)
Bhaskar: That takes me by surprise too. A
greater surprise is his having to do
anything with the police.
( C a-u- C. -
au police N-x )
Himakar: I think we'd better go to the police
station and know the actual position
( police station R} -\/ -\- *C)

Bhaskar: My tension is mounting by the hour.
Let's go and see him at once
( tension J-T-C. o Rx l )
-v-o: Excuse,
forgive, pardon -
- ---
-n- ~-N--- -! -- -s-x --T--- -N--J--.
-.-----, .--y-,
----Lx (o- ->-x)
---: C E - p vo. Excuse, forgive, pardon common meaning
p-, -, p-- x
-/ Jh--j P~/ T h
~N* C--.
- :
1) Excuse: J EJl-d-
i p- (specific
offenses ) -Lq E ---,
--E E--, E vl, -y
v-Jz-, - v-h E--
---- p-, p
E----E
v h-o.
b) Hari swears by Lord Rama =
J O v h-o.
V V
3) Day by day =
2) He was swearing by God..

3) Day by day he is getting deeper
into trouble
331
a) He swears that he
hasn't done that =
M.SURESAN
a) Day by day he is growing mischievous =
V--V K x-J
----o.
4) He works mostly by night

5) One of the shop keepers who knows
Chandra by sight ...
6) He works mostly by night and sleeps by the
day.
b) Day by day the city is expanding =

4) He works mostly by night
7) That takes me by surprise too.
by night =
a) He studies mostly by night =
vA- ( )
9) He is one to stand by his friends
vA- \ --.
AE
b) He finishes most of his work by day =
d-E .
The police seized him by the collar =
E collar d-E (---a-E) .

-JE d-, B-x, N p-
by Eo d-E n.
a) He took me by the hard and led me to his
room:
d-E E
room
x Cl---j- Jh--j-
P~-- ~N* C--.
B--}
8) By the hour =
i)
a) The temperature of
the patient is rising
by the hour =
temperature
J-T--C.
b) The water level under the bridge is rising

by the hour =
F-d -C.
ii) By the hour = p.
a) We pay him by the hour =
E Lxh.
b) We have hired the taxi by the hour =
l o v
B-o.
taxi
E l
9) Stand by (something/ somebody)=
V V J-T--C.
8) My tension is mounting by the hour

1) seize by the collar - seize =
b) She took him by surprise by offering help
He stands by his wor d

preposition 'by'
J* --o. lesson
'by' -Lq JEo -s l:
phone
E \ Jh h.
5) Know someone by sight = J-
.
a) I know Chandra by sight =
v J- C.
( v E . -N* -E J---.)
B) The Judge pardoned the misbehaviour of
the accused in the court = Court
v
p
Jh
~
N
*
a) We excuse his coming
C--.
late.
Presidential pardon = ~-G~.
b) The teacher excused the
3) Forgive: C - x pC.
students for their misbe-L-T- EE, --Eo, vEo -haviour
* Jh -T--E, E, c) I can't excuse his disre v --xx, v, , v-B--specting me
, P~ J O Jh ~N*
2) Pardon: C u N-
-.
. l-j- *o--j-, -n- NC- Ca) Gandhi always advised us to forgive even
-Lq P~ Cl-j- Jh---j- l--.
our enemies for whatever they do to us =
A) The President of India can pardon a con- - -E - v---j- ~N----E
vict. (P~ ---x Z-A ~N--a
D .
C- C)
N--E l- / -J
.
a) At the time of the marriage, the bride and
the bridegroom swear that they stand by
each other =
Rx - -- -J--
-E v h.
b) You can always rely on him. He stands by
his word =
y-Eo ta/ E O ---a.

-O E---.
b) I can never forgive her for the way she

insulted me =
o - N-E -p- ~N--.

C -E-:
i) h--x , l--x , --v-
(formal ) -A B---E excuse
me !
Excuse me/ If you don't mind, (May I sit
here?)
-sx x -A -
-\x-. -- u .
-j o f ---E ----E
excuse me .
ii) - pC N-E---, x
Sx p----E: Pardon me/ Pardon/
Beg your pardon .
--- 17 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Ghanatha: Hi Mahitha, welcome. (I have) been

looking forward to giving you a surprise.
(y, . Eo a-u
-h-E ---ho.)
Mahitha: What other news about Samatha?

(
Ghanatha: Samatha was frequently referring
to your jokes when she was here
last time.
Mahitha: What could that be? Out with it. I

can't wait to hear it.
(E-\- --J *a--p y jokes J* vh-N-h C.)
(s C? y p. -
p .)
out with it= (y) p/ --d.
I can't wait to hear it = C N--E
- / --o
Ghanatha: Here it is. Completely to your liking
and taste. The type of green dress
that you like so much.
(C. Jh F aD, F G--*

TC. y d- green dress.)
Mahitha: That's really wonderful. So thoughtful of you. All thanks to you for
remembering me during your shopping in Mumbai.
J* -N?)
Mahitha: Are you and Samatha the same age?
(y ?)
Ghanatha: No, she is senior to me by a year.
(, -q l.)
Mahitha: Did you meet our other friend in
Mumbai, Ajitha?
friend Ajitha
(Mumbai

---o?)
(p-.
E.
phone . > C,
s- o
x-t ---E)
thanks.)
so thoughtful of you:
Ghanatha: You remember I went to Mumbai

because my cousin Samatha invited me to stay for a few days in
Mumbai.
She took
me to a
modest
looking
shop where
we could get good dresses at moderate prices. The variety there
stunned me to silence.
2) To your liking =
7) yield to =
(E-j/ -J-j) T--.
a) Iraq yielded to the superior force of the

US =
b) This dress will be her liking =
d-E _-d- D dress.

, To someone's taste (J G--*
_d/ To someone's
delight = J
/ To someone's
= -J au
-x--- 332 surprise
L-T KA.
-J--o \ E T-C.
b) He yielded to her beauty =
-E T--.
8) to be limited to = J-N-i
a) Being old, his movements are limited to
the surroundings of his home =
%l-- x -L- J-- J-N.
3) All thanks to you =
b) His knowledge is limited to Andhra

Pradesh=
u---Fo F.
a) All thanks to you for your timely
Mahitha: She is doing fine, isn't she?
help =
( C ?)
Ghanatha: That she is. ( C)
Mahitha:
F d-E _d
a) The rain now is to her liking =
p { d-E _-d- C.
Ghanatha: I told you, it was rainy all through. I

called her and she said she had to
attend on her old mom. She is confined to bed
because of
asthma.
(p N. o J* --o-, o h---o-
-----i N-
- h---o-, J* vl B-o-p %-c L---- lA:
so thoughtful of you ( so kind of you) .
F --E Eo-N-
a) Hats off to his patience =
thanks.
M.SURESAN
OK, then.
-E v-v- J* v /
- J-N.
9) Hats off to = x/ a-.
E p x.
b) Hats off to your
sharp brain
The rain now is to her liking
(F h-C-, cousin
j tE L-*C. --i * dresses J lC E--E shop B--RxC.
\ jNu (variety) - Ea-d--LE C.)
stun= Ea-d- .
The sight stunned me= %u o
Ea-d--LE L E
- - C.
Mahitha: It's really fine, Ghana. I am convinced now that Mumbai is the
place for good dresses.
dresses
( .
j E -p--o.)
Ghanatha: I was about to choose a pink dress,

when Samatha pointed to this
dress. When I saw it I just yielded
to its temptation. Immediately
bought one for you and one for me.
pink =
dress
(
H
o . p
dress -*C. . C E-- E -{- T-.
F-, - o.)
Mahitha: Hats off to your taste. What else did

you see in Mumbai?
(F G--* x.
Mumbai ?)
Ghanatha: Not much. Because of the incessant rains our movements were
limited to a few parts of the city.
(\ -. --J--E {
x, -L- - Eo
v-- J-N--i--.)
incessant= ---= --J--E/
N--E
F -j v
x
10) Refer to =
study of the prepositions 'to' -

-- lesson :
To - -J (J),
E n. E- (p)
a) He gave it to me = a
b) He said to her that he had passed=
pass u-E p.
p to J-Eo -s l:
conversation above.
1) I have been looking forward to giving you a
surprise
3) All thanks to you
4) She took me to a modest looking shop
5) The variety there stunned me to silence
6) Samatha pointed to this
8) Our movements were limited to a few places
a) He was shocked to silence =
CvsA .
E----/
E--- d.
6) point to = -Eo .
a) He pointed to the blood stains on the
cloth =
a) The CM often refers to the Gandhi

family =
u-vA p D
J vh-N-h.
b) Refer to the dictionary for the meanings of words =
n-
dictionary
E v-C.
(Refer to the doctor =

Doctor v-C)
(- - l), Junior
(*o), Superior (-j), Inferior (\
) O-Eo y to .
12) be confined to = J-N---
confined to bed = (uC-x)
11) Senior
He has been confined to bed for weeks

now.
b) She delights in pointing to others' faults =
(Eo o.)
- p * -----.
9) Hats off to your taste

10) Samatha was referring to your jokes
-v-o: Do and make u N?
11) She is senior to me

12) She is confined to bed
1) Look forward to:
Look forward
to
v .
hC.
a) We are looking forward to our trip to

Kashmir =
Qt u- v
ho/ p--p E.
b) He is looking forward to playing in the big

match
match =
Important: Look forward to

ing form
F...
p (*) nA F thanks
p--\-- (y - d).
4) To a ... shop = Shop
a) He went to the shop = Shop x
b) She has gone to school = School
RxC.
5) To silence = ---
(-\-u-)
\, To = --/ .
f OC h - ---.
7) I yielded to the temptation
l
---h-o.
vh-N-/ v-C-.
b) They beat him to death =
2) Completely to your liking
b) No thanks to you for what I am now =
y
F hC.
noun
I look forward to the match (Match-noun).

I look forward to seeing the match. 'to'
seeing... ing form.
Don't make noise

noise
. Don't do
E --?
C--E Tx- -L?
1. \ -d--o \ -\-L.
2. u- h C.
3. F- y-d o. p- N--.
->.---yx, -
---:
Do and make - --u - N-J. Make produce

n ( E-- E --) j o
- - n -. Don't
make a noise o-p ( -N-)
-C . -E make
a noise .
C usage ().
, --
- C noise --d
make a noise .
1. Search for it
you've lost it.
where
2. She walks gracefully.

3.
--\C n y-d o/
y-\-o -J- English
expressions . English y (fat,
fattened, fatty) , - --.
n ( - \---)
overbearing. You are overbearing and
so you disobey/ defy/ disregard my words/
orders.
- 19 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Yasasvi: How long have we to wait here? I'm

not used to waiting for such a long
time
1) I am not used to waiting for such a long time.
(- --* ---L ? -
--*- --- - )
4) Why don't you complain to higher authorities?
Tejasvi: That's because you were in the US

for such a long time. Things are different here. In India we are accustomed to such long waits, and so we
don't complain about it. We've got
used to it.
(y -J- o
x -o. \ N
. D` EK-~-- - - -E J* l ----/
. ------C ?)
wait = waiting- EK-~
2) In India we are accustomed to such long waits.

3) We've got used to it.
5) (It's) hundred to one any action will be taken/
things will improve.
6) Six months ago to the day.
7) Compared to then, the queue now is much shorter.
8) Not to my knowledge
1) Not used to waiting
3) get used to
expressions o phrase, be used

to, \ 'be' be form (am, is, was,
were, have been, will be, would be N)
j -a E J time d.
Yasasvi: Why don't you complain to higher

authorities?
-x---
(j x-- u --?)
Authorities = C--
333
v- h lA h d -E--a,
time --Dl E - --.
b) Hari kept late hours. In the beginning his
wife had trouble, but in course of time, she
was used/ got used/ became used to staying
awake late in the nights =
J -u a-. x E u
sC C. E time -*--Dl, vA \E -----C.
b) He is not accustomed to getting up early

in the morning =
l / - - E--.
(getting up... ing form)
4) Complain to =
(-J-j) u .
a) She complained to the Principal about the

boy =
Principal
s-E J*
u C.
b) There is no use complaining to him about

his son's behaviour =
(to him)
-J-*,
u-- .
5) It's hundred to one: j J -
\ - (-\/ -)
-
W e've got used to it

Tejasvi: (It's) hundred to one any action will be
taken or things will improve.
(u x u B- F, J-nA -u -F
\)
Yasasvi: When was your last visit here?
(Ny-\- *-J-J *a--p?)

Tejasvi: Six months ago to the day. I remember it very well. Some one tried to
jump the queue. I objected to it. The
man then withdrew of course.
(Correct
ox v.
hC. - queue vo . u-
L. Rx--.
Jump the queue= u --/ u
AvN-.
Jump signals / Jump lights = Traffic signals/ lights=
A-v-N- (d---
--Rx--.)
Jump bail = (d) case bail N-, p--- (Police *\)
Yasasvi: Was the queue as long then?
(p u -?)
Tejasvi: Compared to then, the queue now is
much shorter.
(p u Lh, p u --
*oC)
Yasasvi: Has there ever been an occasion
when the queue moved as soon as it
was formed.
(u p-- - C \
p-j J-T?)
Tejasvi: Not to my knowledge. People stand
in the queue long before the time.
That means the queue not moving for
some time at least. All appeals to the
people concerned to open more
queues have been of no avail.
( L . j --E
u E--- v.
-x --j u --
C. DE -C-* x JEo u Lqo No
- .)
Yasasvi: Hope it will be over soon.
(C y ---E P-h-o)
preposi-- J-Eo p --.
study of prepositions
tion 'to'
be used to =
(be
get
- = get used to.

-a)
Very Important: be used to , used to
o ---.
u: n-, -- be used
to , used to o ---.
- -d :
a) It's hundred to one that we can see a corruption

free India =
N-F-A-E ---Eo
L - \ ( \-)
b) It's hundred to one that he will come =
2) be accustomed to =
DE n, ,
be used to . Be
accustomed to ( ) \ be
used to , noun
F, ...ing form F
hC.
a -/ - \.
ox
J_ V.
To the day = J_ V/ V.
6) Six months ago to the day =
a) I will have been here for a year next month

to the day =
M.SURESAN
Be used/ get used to
used to
n: -/ -
Be used/ get used to y p noun
F, .....ing form F hC. 1st Regular
Doing Word (take, walk, etc) .
n: EE - (xo, ----x, -
)/ -.
used to \ p 1st Regular Doing
Word v hC.
a) He is used to Coffee in the morning
(\ is used to y Coffee - Noun hC) = - l Coffee -.

b) He is used to taking Coffee
(- lo Coffee -.)
\ is used to \ ....ing form
hC.
- o -Eo d, am, is, was, will
be/ will get, would be/ would get + used to
-a.
:
a) In the beginning, you may find the new
system a bit difficult, but as time goes on,
you will get/ will be/ will become used to it
(the new system)
vo: 'off' ,
rather, up
- -sx
- N-J---.
>. , t
----: Off = away from a place, at a distance

(in space or time) eg: The village is 20 Kms
off from Hyderabad
-o , -
\ n.
( v j--
20 .O. - C)
He threw the ball off = AE -- N-. - Rx--, A-, , }, Ao,
- -y--E.
English went off (went), ate off (ate), ran
off (ran) off -. off
side- o \ -L \ E.
Off n, -- \ --
\. C-N n---C.
Rather, up J* --C-- p.
a- J_ -V, E-\
-q -C. (a
E-\ -q .)
b) It happened last year to the day =
a) He used to take a lot of Coffee those

Coffee
days =
used to
I Regular Doing
Word - take.
Vx
.
\
b) Before he became a CM, we used to

meet often =
CM
-
- x.
use to + 1st Regular Doing Word - p
-E E --C.
a) She is accustomed to the climate of this
place =
v ----E ---C. (climate - Noun)
vo:
1. How do I meet him?
simple future
simple present
E -C-*C?
2. Where do they play cricket?
W J* -Td, future J* -T-d?

G. --, x
----: How do I meet him? -Eo
---a?/ ---?/ ----?
E general meaning a- . \J -- future action (immediate future) , present simple English
y---.
Where do we go next from here?
-q J_ V J-T-C.
-
)
N-EhC
7) Compared to - -E- Lh/ La h.
(To the day - conversation
practice
a) Compared to last year, we have had less rain

this year/ It has rained less this year =
-C Lh, -q { \.
b) Compared to his brother, he is more talented =

brother
x
La h, --\
vA -.
( n, compared to , compared
with -)
8) To my knowledge = L- -.
a) To my knowledge that's the best hotel here
L--, \ C u
* hotel.
b) To the best of my knowledge, he is innocent =
L El/
--.
How shall I meet him?/ How should I meet

him? =
E --- ?/ E
---L?
C *aE future *-hC.
s Eo ---? .
DE How do I meet him p
-Eo ---? (\ -- - l . C spoken form).
Where do they play cricket? x-o -sE d, regular a, future
a.
A: They play two more games in the course
of this week
games
-)
B: Where do they play? (future- certain).
(\* y \- l?/
}?)
--C- 22 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Laxman: How about a movie this evening?
( v E---l?
Sri Ram: Nothing in the movies attracts me to
them these days. What's there in
them except a few dances and
fights?
( E-x o-J{---O .
C x Eo dances, fights
ph)
( E-x *-x - x
*-, f-x ---x v .)
cruel = v-i. The good = * x.
The bad = f-x
Laxman: That is so indeed. That's what makes
them so unrealistic. Any way, are we
going to the movie or aren't we?
(C . --x E-
-h-N- . -i,
p E- --o ?)
Laxman: That's the only means of entertainment we have.
(-\ -o N .)
means = _ /
Sri Ram: Sorry, no. I don't want to be bored to

death.
d) To a lesser or greater extent =
. a N d------ )
Sri Ram: The other day in one of the cinemas,

I saw two men coming to blows, over
a very small matter. They quarrelled
over who should keep their arm on
the arm rest.
-x---
334
Preposition 'to'
lesson
-s J-Eo -.

conversation above:
1) Nothing in the movies attracts me to them.
2) I saw two men coming to blows
3) To some extent
4) The singer sang the songs to perfection
5) I am opposed to songs in movies
6) The villain admitting to his crimes is abrupt
and unconvincing.
( E--o -\
N LT* v~--)
7) The good are very good to others, the bad,

very cruel to others
(--. x x -O x vi E -iC)
Laxman: What was the movie? You told me it
was Naaku Nene Neeku Neeve, didn't you. I've seen it too. The songs in
it are very good. The playback singer
sang the songs to perfection.
( E? , F F
o ? Eo.
x -o. - --Eo-E El-d
C.)
Sri Ram: I am opposed to songs in movies.
The best of English movies have no
songs in them. Still they hold our
attention.
(E-x - uA---h.
* English E-x -. N %dE -d-.)
hold attention = h Lp-
Laxman: In the movie we are talking about, the
villain admitting to his crimes is quite
abrupt and unconvincing.
( x---o E-
N -Fo U--J-
sudden t-u C)
abrupt = sudden. unconvincing = t-u
/ --E--- o
Sri Ram: In our movies the good are very good
to others, and the bad are very cruel
to others.
-----i N--
s a-- uA---.
[E-:
1) Oppose to y noun F, ...ing form
F hC. 1st Regular Doing Words
(come, go N) .
2) I am opposed to = I oppose. be
e) These people to a large extent are hard

working =
Laxman: Perhaps that was more entertaining

to the spectators than the movie.
Sri Ram: To some extent. It began with a fight

on the screen, and ended with it. So
the audience did not miss much.
c) I am not opposed to spending money on

useful things =
p v-B--x-O l-p
v --a.
- -- d- E---x.
We ar e opposed to his leadership

(o-V E x, l
s---- *o
N O. E---xE Ka-O
d--- N--O
x x.)
English cinema n, cinema
hall; E *v = movie /
picture / film. Arm rest = Ka
E----
E --yEo uA--h.
These changes are likely to affect every

one of us to a lesser or greater extent =
(sorry.
means - singular, Plural also, means
b) We are opposed to his leadership =
\---j/ \---j l/ p.
To some/ a little/ a
great/ a large/ to a
greater or lesser
extent
practice
conversation
O
Lp-.
,
'

E-x O o--J{- j.
Attract (Some one) to (something) =
-JE --E-x -J{-.

a) The songs in the movie attracted me to it
=
E--E o -J{-.
b) What attracted the parent to the school

was its discipline and tuition =
b) The students of the school to a great

extent/ to a large extent are from rural
areas =
school
Nu-n -- vO
vx.
c) To a certain extent we lost the contract

because of our fault =
contract
p-x.
, --
a) Lord Rama was very kind to his subjects
X- v x . (Subjects = V --
v. citizens = v-y-uE v)
M.SURESAN
N-i ---.
N-i C.
J--g/ N-i
--.
b) He directed the movie to perfection =
b) Some parents are very cruel to their children =
Lx--v x--x
v .
(, faithful to = Ny-/ , loyal to
= N--, obedient to = N-- etc.)
8) be bored to death = \ to -
n.
a) I don't want to meet him. He bores me to
death =
E E-N- El-P. (Direction/ z--y

.)
5) be opposed to = uA---
E ---------. a/
a--/ a-- N-T-h .
a) Gandhi was opposed to any kind of violence =
b) His classes bore us to death =
D N-i uA-/
Eo N uA---.
-v-o: --C -u-- Tx-
*o -jC, x -x-O x
----- R}C.
\ to N J-TD -C . -- 'to'
C sentences -a.
3) To some extent: --
E d -- .
to a large extent/ to a great extent E
-- n
7)
perfection =
a) What started as a small quarrel led to

their coming to blows =
5.
6.
7.
8.
s T-L-*-x p---o.
y noun F/ ...ing
F . 1st Regular Doing
.
---x J v-h- 'to' :
Admitted to
form
Word
a) She sang to perfection =
school E v-P-~, LxE/

vE -J{-.
2) come to blows = s----.
a) To some extent he is responsible for his

own troubles =
-Fo p--C.
b) He admitted to stealing the money =
expression:
4) To perfection =
(--N) p--
a) She admitted to all her crimes =
8) I don't want to be bored to death

1) Nothing in the movies attracts me to
them:
opposed = oppose.]
6) Admit to =
--L?
1. pC - F E.
2. y F - F
o -R h?
3. CDl CT L.
4. -u -
p- -E
v--.
p-x p -x.
u--kx -* F \-J Eth.
JT --E p% .
j d- -L-E d .
->.---yx, -
---:
1. Your business is just to do what I tell you to

do.
2. You mock at/ scoff at/ ridicule me? What are
you worth, after all?
4.
class
bore.
O Sentence p- -E n
pd ---,
-*---, FA, t N-, -t-D, p--? *J n B-o-x a righteous person -a.
v-- v --?
*-h-? v-- - dangerous -a. p O English :
The silence of a righteous (j) person is
more dangerous than the agony of a needy
person. (needy =
A, d L--E
-u)
5. The great are always firm.
(\ -- LT , d- L-T ? \
d- English .)
6. Even if I die a thousand times, I'll be form
once again for you/ another time/ a thousand and first time for you.
(O Eod)
7. I wasn't conscious to know/ to see what

happened.
8. Work willingly. Don't drudge. (Drudge -
3. You ought to be somewhat obedient.
d- J )
--- 24 -V-j 2007

Viswas: I am sorry I forgot the key. I lift it with
Madan
(u --N _ . C
_ CL a)
Nischal: Who with? (J _?)
Viswas: Does it matter who I left it with? I
don't have the key now.
(-J _ Eo --C
u. _ N
.)
Nischal: What are we going to open the trunk
with, then?
( trunk E h J)
Trunk - d
Viswas: I think I can open it with a wire.
(Wire
wire =
-- j---
Viswas: Till it was too late you were playing
chess with Murthy. If you had finished
early we could have gone to Madan
and taken it.
(Jh K \--/ uu y - -o. T*

_--Rx --Eo B-x.)
Nischal: Come on. Get the wire
Viswas: Do you need the hammer too?
Nischal: Be careful with the lock. I don't want it
broken.
(vh N. C -d d .)
Viswas: Be sure I don't to damage the lock
either. I am with you there.
-------o)
( d
t. N F)
Nischal: And Where is a wire now?
(J
wire
\ C?)
Viswas: Just don't be angry with me. I will

some how open the trunk for you.
Just wait for a few minutes.
( J O p-. F
Nischal: I'd rather part with some money than

with the lock. It looks so nice and is
imported. I don't want to lose it.
( h s- -d- F,
v . - * . Foreign C.
C -d-- -d .)
7) Be careful with the lock
c) The book is still with him =
8) I am with you there
h E _ C.
9) I'd rather part with some money than with the lock.
With
' -J, E n
L. n with , sentences
(3) and (4) h.
3) What are we going to open the trunk

with? =
trunk
5) It is filled with odds and ends:

Filled with = (
a) The bucket is filled with water=
bucket
b) Most Iraqis are filled with hatred for
Americans =
E-j) E
Fx E C.
l?
4) I think I can open it with a wire.
oE B Eo -------o.
a) He hit it with a hammer -
Eo Ah d.
\--C - -J--x-x y
E o.
-E-: filled with = full of
It is full of water = C Fx E C =
It is filled with water (C Fx E--C.)
trunk open
Nischal: Do you know where the wire you want is?
(F -Lq
wire
\- ?)
Viswas: Look at that small box over there. It is

filled with odds and ends. You will find
in it a small coil of wire, a pair of
pliers and a hammer. Get them.
(\ *o-d C .
Eo h-o. x
Bd, \, Ah .
E B-.)
Odds and ends. E Eo--
h-. u-i-N EN.
Coil = d the coils of the snake -
d. Pliers = x- - , size -
\ - -
x -. Hammer -Ah.Nischal: Why do you need a hammer? Hope
you don't want break the lock with it.
It is an expensive lock.
(Ah F? E Eo
---d-E P-ho. C - K-j
)
-v-o:
I shall be greatful for an
appropriate example and
also equivalent sentence in
telugu for each one of the
verb forms given below.
I form: ought be, dare be,
need be, can have been,
need have been, ought
have been, dare have been
II form: (be form+ ing form) can be+ ing, could
be + ing, Ought be+ ing, dare be+ ing,
need be+ ing
IV form: Need+1st RDW, Ought +1st RDW,
dare + 1st RDW
V form: can have+, pp, ought have+ pp, dare
have+pp, need have+pp
---:
c) He filled the drum with

rice =
drum
I am with you there

L. C
h.
h
d)
-.--T-v-, -
The six forms of the verbs in English are:
Viswas: OK.OK. Your

lock will be
safe.
Don't
worry.
(. F
v-
C. --)
---o Prepositions
lesson 'with' - --.
With A \- ' n
N L-
. DE J-Eo - o. E l.
-x---
b) What are you going

to with all the
money?
335
s y
---o?
c) I am going to a movie with my

friend =
o--E E ho
h J _
n hC.
With
1) I left it with Madan =

M.SURESAN
Study the following sentences from the dialogue above.

1) I left it with Madan
2) Who with?
3) What are we going to open the trunk with?
4) I can open it with a wire
5) It is filled with odds and ends
Eo _ C--.
2) Who with? = J _?
(- with whom? -.
conversation -, --
o-p, y pC--p, with whom?
who with? C \ N-E--hC.)
a) All the important documents are with the
lawyer =
Eo u-i v
_ o.
b) All my money is with my mother =
6) you were playing chess with Murthy

Gu E.
6) Play with =
-J
(, --)
a) India is playing the Ist test match with

England =
India
test match
England
C.
b) We cannot compete with Japan in technology=
Japan
-A---
-.
c) I don't want to fight with anybody =
J x---.
7) Be careful with =
h N---E, uh N--E, v-h .

a) Be careful with him. He may cheat you =
N vh. Eo -.
b) Be careful with the dinner set. It is very
delicate =
dinner set
(/ N -x
-n---, f v-)
vh. C Eo--iC. (, glass
T-L---E a-J-)
8) I am with you there =
s t _ C.
I) The 'be' form- (am, is are, was, were, shall
be, should be, etc- all forms having 'be' in the
end, and have been, has been, had been,
shall have been etc- all forms with 'been' in
the end)
eg: a) I am a teacher.
b) She has been have for the pass one week.
c) we shall be there tomorrow.
d) He will be our next CM.
II) Be + ...ing form
a) She is singing
(is - be form + singing - ing form)
b) They have been working here (have been
- be form + working -ing form)
c) She may be arriving tomorrow (may be be form +arriving - ing forms)
III) be form + past participle - passive voice
The work has been done (has been - be
form + done past participle)
IV) Have, has, had, shall have, should have,
will have, would have, etc + past participle
1) They have gone out (have + gone - pp)

2) She would have helped me ( would have
+ helped -pp)
V) Doing words
I Regular Doing
II Regular Doing
III Past Doing
Word
Word
Word
come
comes
came
see
sees
saw
talk
talks
talked
1) He comes here everyday
(comes - II RDW)
2) They talk to me over the phone quite
often (talk - I RDW)
3) He came here yesterday
(came - Past Doing Word)
VI) Shall
should
+ 1st RDW
will
would, etc
a) He will go there tomorrow
(will go - will + go - 1st RDW)
b) she can sing very well
(can sing - can + sing - 1st RDW)
F U--J-ho/ --N-ho.
-J --N-/
-Jn- / U--J-
be with somebody =
a) The CPI and CPM are with the Congress

in supporting Pratibha Patil =
CPI, CPM
vA---- l-Ay
v- -Jn-h-o.
b) He is with me there = N-
o -Jn-h-o / o /
--N-h-o.
9) I'd rather part with money:
part with =
a) He parted with his ring =
---/ -d--
---o.
b) He is not willing to part with so much
money for the sake of a book =
h s ---
-E-d .
c) He doesn't mind parting with any amount
of money for the site, as it is very valuable
n N-jC d E-
- js d- --
.
- 26 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Dheeraj: You seem to have had it heavy. I can

see that.
( \ Ao-d-o.
-h C)
Bharat: I do feel heavy. No doubt about. I
can't resist good food when I've an
opportunity. Tonight's dinner with the
mushroom soup going well with
biryani was really tempting.
(h - C \ A
x. - h * -{
d--. Gu-F d---
soup E- -J{-*C.)
Mushroom = d---.
Tempt = -J{-
Resist = -{/ E d-, C-J----.
Bharat: I am happy with him. He treats me

well. Only thing is I don't follow his
advice when it comes to food.
( doctor N %h C.
ju h.
N N- A N-
-)
Dheeraj: Well, hope to see you well tomorrow.
(Eo -u h-E
P-ho) Goodnight.
Bharat: Goodnight
uC -- n suffer --p suffer y from .

with .
preposition 'with' ho ?
v lesson with -Lq Eo -s
--o. J-Eo l:
c) He was down with typhoid = He suffered

from typhoid.
Study the use of 'with' in the following sentences from the conversation above:
3) I am not happy with my eating habit either
The drunkard cannot resist the temptation

of the bottle =
Happy
y with N
x-j ---.
-{- - d-
-x---
-.
We could not resist the might of the British
empire = British
a) The father is very happy with his son's

rank in the exam =
336
c) How much money will you be pleased

with? =
s- --h y?
5) He will be red with anger =
v--.
a) Come on. Cool down. Don't be red with
anger =
h --. v
-.
v-u--Eo -
Don't be r ed with anger
\-
Dheeraj: You were in bed with indigestion for a
week last month. You shouldn't have
eaten so much today.
( @-Jh
--f ? p- A--)
Bharat: I am not happy with my eating either.
But what could I do? Given my weakness for good food...
( N-K--i A N
- . ? A-x
o ---...)
Dheeraj: Your doctor will not be too pleased
with you when you see him tomorrow
and I am sure you're going to see
him.
(y F doctor _- R
q ---.
y p h )
Bharat: I know he will be red with anger. With
every visit of mine he grows angrier
and angrier. But I can't help it.
(- v--C.
Rx vA-K K
\---C. F x p.)
can't help it/ can't help doing something =
1) Tonight's dinner with the mushroom soup

going with the biryani was really tempting.
2) You were in bed with indigestion for a week.
3) I am not happy with my eating either
4) Your doctor will not be too pleased with you.
5) He will be red with anger
6) With every visit of mine ...
1) Dinner with: (a dish/ a food item) =
--V
N-
-) N.
Gu-F N.
( N u GuE
n)
F vA O
L-T--x (F vA -.
--- - )
Happy \ with hC; About
a.
b) My dinner with him yesterday was disappointing = -E Ao N E-with-
d) She is not happy about the arrangements

=
px x - .
4) Your doctor will not be too pleased with

you
be pleased with =
with
a) He is in bed with a fever
(Fx --o l
-o)
a-
-v-o:
1. Abandon- ed
2. Desert- ed
3. leave- left- left
4. Forsake, forsook, forsaken
O-Eo n C-L ?
N 1. abate- ed
2. lessen- lessened- lessened
3. mitigate- ed
4. diminish- ed
5. alleviate-ed
6. allay- allayed, allayed
7. reduce- reduced- reduced

8. decrease- ed
verbs Fo n T_--
- n--o -?
n-E English O -
-sEod verbs --T-? English
- a--- L?
.-v-, ---
a-o
b) She was down with jaundice
Pleased
---:
----o.
b) The teacher is not pleased with your

behaviour =
teacher
-x --C/ x
a.
-
n -u C-- E.
Abandon j o d---,
h- vl -- Jh E t
o-C-- E.
The driver abandoned the lorry after the accident. (Accident
driver
Lorry
y
C- R}--
d---).
KE \
--E
The match was abandoned because of the rain

match
C--). (v )
Some woman abandoned her child at the railway

station
n Et-u
Et-u v.
C h -E-.
A deserted village -
The building was deserted =
building
C- J--.
building
C-- Eo S} - l .
Forsake C---. Eo- x - o -
Lo C-- forsake.
The abandoned building -
All his close friends forsook him when he

badly needed their help=
( Y Gf C- R}--C)
Desert -- ---.
E o--- } - -E--op o C--.
The man deserted his wife and children =
If you continue like this, every one will forsake you =
u x- x t--C--.
The lover deserted the girl after eloping with
her -
t- *- C--.
c) She is pale with fear =
L--C.
6) With every visit of mine
- x n
with
a) With the winter approaching, people

have started wearing sweaters =
Q(--L)- O--h---x (),

sweaters -- v-G-.
b) With not many to support him, he withdrew from the contest =
\ C -Jn-----/
--x, * N-N--o.
c) With the students on strike, the college
had to be closed =
Nu-n t C--x/ C-,

- -Lq *aC.
n (x/ ) with English
\. Practice .
F - x
- .
Desert
Abandon, desert, forsake-
({ x
---.
hC.
a) I am pleased with the marks I got =

marks
(y ----o)
can't but do it.
- .
c) The teacher is not at all happy with your

progress =
teacher
a) The dinner with biryani =
C p/ C / ---p =
Dheeraj: I appreciate his concern for you.
----o. j -x
a L--E with C.
b) The captain is not

happy with the
bowling on the first
M.SURESAN
day =
bowling
captain
(j
--*C .
/ --, -J
n dinner/ lunch/ breakfast N
.
2) In bed with (some illness)- j --u
--/ . \ with
-E-.
b) He is shaking with fear =
K-~ \
*a rank v
-
o.
y --T, F --E
. (y -F --)
leave - C--.
-v-o: -C---E --- -- --- ---.

1. -- -- t.
v -- -- -
-C.
2. j G n , --N-h
-hC.
3. x C. *a *a l.
4. -O ---- - -x- --h--.
->.---yx, -
---:
1. That you can do it is confidence.

That you alone can do it is conceit.
2. To be merely told can't help you to
understand. Experience alone can.
3. Don't try to be smart?
English
(x C
, O )
4. I'll be waiting eagerly for your answers.
--C- 29 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Vidur: When we met last you were saying you

had a problem. Are you free from it?
owed with interest to the last paisa.
(- x Uncle Company
Manager o. -u
ju x Company *
--L-TC. p x--J j-
p Ba-C.)
Creditors = p-L-*a--x
( --J ---o-p
u -o. -- C?)
Sanjai: Thanks to Vyas. Everything has been
solved.
(E u %-c-. - x Fo
BJ--)
Vidur: He is really a helping type.
( E -)
Vidur: Finally when I thanked him profusely

for his help, he muttered not at all, and
with that he left.
Sanjai: It's really a wonder that with all his busy

activities he found the time to help me.
( BJ--E -
- - time J--
a-u)
Vidur: He certainly helps others. That's why
he is so popular with our friends.
(-- E-
h. - o---x G- C)
Vidur: He is a good speaker too. I've attended
a number of his speeches. The minute
he begins his speech, people listen to
him with interest.
( * h . - -u- - x. x v-G-*--p-- *
-h N)
Sanjai: Appearances are
deceptive,
they
say.
Inspite of his
greatness, he
looks so ordinary and unassuming.
Sanjai: Yea, he is like that. We rarely come

across people who are as embarrassed as he to receive thanks.
( -. Thanks --p
- s-C --x h)
Vidur: It's our fortune to have a friend like
Vyas.
(Vyas friend --
%-d )
Sanjai: So it is ()
study of prepositions with
-Lq -s JEo --
lesson
Vidur: That's why we should never judge people by appearances.
(- p -/ -- d x -.)
judge = ---
Sanjai: You know, for some time he was with his
uncle's company, as its manager. With
his managerial skills it was able to make
good profits. The company was able to
pay back its creditors all the money
-v-o:
delight/ excitement, etc. =
o-p-)
So, with
inspite of
h -/ q-- No (
h ; q- L-T-*C)
n -a.
a) With all his influence, he could not get the

license for his factory =
factory
license
b) With all his riches he does not enjoy a
happy life =
-- o-p-,
-C------.
o-p-
@N- --N--.
\-J, with j -E uA-, -x n .
c) They heard the news with shock =
h --J Cvs L-T-*C.

j sentences Eo- with, N
N (manner) L---hC ?
4) with his Uncle's Company = n E-.
a) He is with the Hindu paper as a
Circulation Manager =
- vA- Circulation
Eh-o/ o.
a) With all his responsibilities I wonder if he

can help us.
-x---
337
Manager
b) I am no longer with Speed Motors. I've

resigned =
(-E-o
u-
(-x)

-- E
E-p
.
N? (
'l uh
guage n
-o.)
L---.
o-
u lan--
---
Letter writing
Dear sir,
yours faithfully, Signature
left side
N Fo
a -a?
-t--, h--.
i) Communication gap =
--, h
vu-h---x, , -s-E
T-N ---, - (N-x, C
x) Eo J n -----/--n
--. \-J tone ( yE)
-s-E T-C ----x communication gap a.
.)
I wonder =
b) With all the books thrown about
the place how can I find the paper
I want =

from the dialogue above:
1) It's really a wonder that with all his
busy activities he found the time to
help me.
2) That's why he is so popular with
our friends.
h---Fo *----
\--- paper -M.SURESAN
C?
2) Popular with = G- L-T/ C
3) People listen to him with interest.

4) For sometime he was with his Uncle's
Company.
5) With his managerial skills it was able to
make profits.
6) ... and with that he left
1) With all his busy activitieswith
inspite of
\ v-h
-E-,
(--p-)
n -o ( BJ--E --
2)
a) Communication gap
---:
(*-J --C-* --E

thanks -h, 'not at all' E T Rx-).
Speed Motors
He thr ew one last look at her
( h--. j Ep--p E . p--j,

u E-, E-- Ep-h)
Appearances are deceptive - C English
- E n. -Eo
y ----E.
G)
- a. p- C accepted form. Letter

Writing N
- *a- - -Lq
rules .
j p *a,
Eo \ C h - rule - C.
u Commercial Correspondence
(u h v u-h - ) variety ,
p h- . - --E rules
- . p Correspondence Mr
(Mister) Mrs, etc., abbreviations \
fullstops C-
- h- o. y space
-- -- o. trends - -.
-v-o:
a) The teacher is very popular with his students and his colleagues as well =
5) With his managerial skills-
\ with
'. u j-u, E.
-j v -u-j C-- (J- \-J---).

6) with that he left = E Rx--.
a) He threw one last look at her. With that
he left =
*-J-J -j . .
\-o* Rx--.
b) He muttered something. With that he sat

down there silently =
-.
y \ a---.
a) Please listen to with interest =
pC -h N.
b) We received the news with great joy/
plete meaning, but just by having a verb, a

group of words may not have complete meaning.
Because a sentence has a verb (with
the meaning complete), so it is also a clause.

A clause has a verb and may/may not have
complete meaning. So a clause is not always
a sentence.
When he comes here - a group of words
with a verb- meaning not complete, so not a
comes here, his mother will be happy. In this
Do all the collective nouns come under neuter

gender?
clause with complete meaning, so it is the
verb. A sentence is a group of words with

complete meaning.
I am in Speed Motors
as an Executive
b) With his sharp brains he can solve any

problem =
--*v G-- d--- .

3) With interest = vl/ vl
A sentence must have a verb to have com-
sentence, 'his mother will be happy' is a

main clause.
He knows English - A word group with complete meaning - a sentence (It is also a group
of words with a verb - so a clause).
In
vA-, v--j
---.
b) The song is popular with film fans =
sentence. It is a subordinate clause. When he
---: A clause is a group of words with a
( with
-a.
a) With his acting talent, he can act any role
Nu-n, -u- G- --E.
I would like to know the clear difference

between "clause" and a "sentence".
. --, -T---.
. @-
-v-o:
Rupees three thousand and forty only.
ux rupees Eo amount
-? -- y?B.A.(Honours), M.A.
(Honours) vU, q N?
. XE-, p---J >x.
---: i) --p Rs (Rupees), amount
h. E C---p, x---p
v, -- --h- p, y
rupees .
: Rs 15000.00/ Rs 15000/--/--p 15000 rupees E (rupees)
a . L.
ii) Eo Universities course .
N -u degree/graduation \-n- . MA (Hons) degree
Course vA --J-*---J vu-
h. BA (Hons) graduation a-n-F,
MA (Hons), Post graduate a nE
*-h.
--- 31 -V-j 2007
-- j---
Abhai: Were you up late last night? I can see

that from your face.
(Eo - -\E o? ---C F

-----o./ F
h -hC.)
Vinai: Yes. I had to be up early as well this
morning.
(. l y
Lq *aC)
Abhai: Why so? What's up?
(-? N N?)
Vinai: It has been so for two days now. We
have a lot of back log to clear. The time
we are allowed is up to tomorrow.
(v-V- C J-nA.
E NT-L- C. -*a j -
v.)
back log = - h- --- E
Abhai: Why is that ? ( -jC?)
Vinai: Two of our colleagues have been laid
up with dengue. They've been on leave
for two weeks and so the work has piled
up
( E- l Dengue ---o. x - -
o. -E E-----C.)
Abhai: There are others too to share the work,
aren't there?
( E
-, y
-
o
?)
(x E -. Fo - h)
Abhai: So you'll be busy till your two colleagues are up and about.
colleagues
busy
Vinai: Yes. Unfortunately one of the computers is out of order too. It must be up by
tomorrow morning, or we have to work
on sunday too.
( O
* AJ
--o-.)
y
(. -%-d- -h u--x
--C. C p-l- j J. C- E--Lq hC.)
Abhai: Whatever you say, I don't feel upto
going to work on sundays. That's the
last thing I'd like to do.
(y-o , C-- E--

d . C .)
the last thing I'd do =
Vinai: Your's a good company- proper planning, no overwork, good perks etc. But
why have you upped the prices of your
products?
(O F *C. j xE. NAO-J -. *---. E O

-K --?)
Perks= -F, n u-- Lp
* -
Abhai: The raw materials are up by 20%. So
we couldn't help it.
( - J-
. p-.)
Vinai: Some other time then. My time is up. I
must be going.
(. Sx --. j C.
-xL.)
Abhai: Bye.
1) Were you up? 2) I had to be up.

To be up =
Spoken English
wake up
get up
be up
\-/ \E /
Ev--/
Ev--.
\- n
\-, Eo
\- N-EhC.
(wake up- I wake up
at 5, etc.,
wake
up
5) To be laid up with=
7) Their work isn't up to much.
s .
'flu
---C.
b) Laid up with paralysis, he can't move

about =
~- J x --.
-- --o to be down
with s--.
c) He is laid up with dengue = He is down
with dengue =
Dengue
x
h
vC. Eo
\ N--C be
up. .
Not up to much =
a) She is laid up with 'flu =
----
o.
-x---
Laid up with
expression No
338
C-*
(-E- not expression

) = u E/ %h- E.
a) Their work isn't up to much =
x E u / x (
E) J -.
b) He gave some money, but that isn't up to
much =
s a , E C
%h .
c) He repaired my bike, but that isn't up to
much=
bike repair , F C J .
When ar e you up usually?
Vinai: But their work isn't up to much. They

mess up everything.

conversation above
1) Were you up late last night?
2) I had to be up early as well.
3) What's up?
4) upto tomorrow
5) Two of our colleagues have been laid up.
6) So the work has piled up.
7) But their work isn't up to much.
8) You'll be busy till your colleagues are up and
about.
9) It must be up by tomorrow.
10) I don't feel up to going to work on sundays.
11) Why have you upped the prices of your
products?
lesson English conversation

- NE- up -- --.
up \ preposition . N parts of
speech . up - spoken English \.
a) I am up by 5 in the morning =
8) Till your colleagues are up and

about
C--x h .
. :
b) When are you up usually? =
To be up and about=
- p Ev--h?
s * -E A--.
c) Why are you up so early

today?=
a) Govind is better now. He should

be up and about in a few days =
M.SURESAN
y Ev----?
3) What's up?= N?
a) He is nowadays seen here frequently and

that too at odd times. What's he upto? / Is
he up to something? =
u ---\ , C- --E
--x E--h-o. N?/ o ---o?/ -- l?
b) I'm afraid he's up to something=
---o-E ---.
c) By their looks, they are upto something:
x h x l--
o-xC.
4) upto tomorrow. C --J L- .
\ n, upto = --.
I don't need it upto Saturday ( till Saturday)
E- C - .
-v-o: Please let me know brushing

aside grammar rules especially
in Indirect speech whether it is
modern English usage? Suggest
me a title to learn English idioms.
---:
.. , o
The same doubt, raised

by two others, also from Kurnool,
was cleared in these columns
some months ago. You must
have seen it. One of the exceptions to the rule (Main ClausePast Tense, Subordinate Clause
also past tense) is in situations
like the following:
(u
9) It must be up by
tomorrow - To be up
by some time -
--E j
repair ---E l .
computers).
a) Let it be up at least by Friday =
F v---E-j Eo l ,
Jh .
repairs
b) Will it be up by tomorrow? =
- C l ?
N J-nA h _ C.
Vx Jh -E
A--L. (vh J-n-AE d).
b) My mother is ok now. She has been up
and about since the day before =
t p -. o *
* A--C. Jh -C.
6) The work has piled up = E ---C.
(pile = -E O
a pile of books = -E O o
(-) h-.
pile= - -E O
He is piling book upon book -
10) (Not) be / (Not) feel up to =
j E ---- / -E Ep---. \ not .

a) He is not up to the job. He is certainly a
wrong choice =
E -. o E - (d--) *a- p.
b) I don't feel up to going to college today =
college x--E-- .
(-x-N)
11) up =
They have upped the prices of their products =
x -K -.
h- --E-O -h-o.
Work is piling up = E ---C)
Pile y up -E-.
I met Kiran yesterday.

He told me (yesterday) that he is
the Manager of a Bank here.
Strictly according to the rule it
should be, He... that he was the
Manager of a Bank here. But this
would imply that he is not the manager now. So here we don't apply
the rule. See also: The station
master told me half an hour ago
that the train is running late. This is
OK. In the sentence from your letter, ''... speaking on the occasion
the UPA deputy Chairman said
Sonia Gandhi will visit...'' will visit
is definitely wrong. As you say it
should be 'would visit'.
-v-o: -C -u-- --Tx--- - - ---:

--- --L----.
i) h L-.
ii) F p E- B--L.
iii) -E a--d.
iv) 1 .O. --.
v) --d Z
--a.
vi) J-n-AE AJT p
F-.
vii) 'C vA p-ho.
>. v, -b
i) I don't know/ I my
self don't know
what i will do/ I
am going to do
ii) You must take
her to the movie
iii) I made him sit/ I seated him
iv) I made her walk a distance of
1Km
v) The Maoists have given a call
for a bandh tomorrow
vi) Let this not happen again/ let
such a situation never happen
again
vii) I am getting/ subscribing to
the Hindu.
--C- 2 d- 2007
-- j---
Ranjan: Hi, Harsha, what's new?

Harsha: Nothing
Harsha: Have you booked your ticket?
( )
(F --o?)
Ranjan: I called you the other day but you

walked off in a hurry. In fact I called
you till you were out of earshot.
Ranjan: No. Not yet. I had been to the station

this morning for reserving my ticket.
The power was off for nearly an hour.
Having no patience to wait any longer
I came away. I'm going tomorrow
again.
(o -V Eo -h,
y y Rx--. N-- x L-.)
Harsha: I didn't really hear you, I swear.
Nothing is a greater pleasure than
talking to you.
(F E NE--. F
x C?)
Ranjan: I returned recently from Mumbai. There
I ran into our old friend and classmate
Charit. (Do) you remember him?
( --u j * AJ--a.
\ -- x-,
o- J- --o. J
F h ?)
( . --y l d- x
Jy ---. -F -
. * a-.
Sx h.)
Harsha: You don't seem to be in any hurry to
go back.
(AJT x-- --ox

Ep y.)
Ranjan: I am off the mood for work. I've a lot of
leave in credit. I want to be off work for
the whole period of leave.
(E - -x.
o. V-j--- E--- -E
C.)
Harsha: Of course I do. He is never off my

mind. Well, what about him?
(h----? E p
Ja-. -Eo J*?)
Ranjan: He is very well off now. He is a big
business man of sorts.
(p - -----.
u .)
(of sorts = -)
Harsha: That
makes
me happy. We
can be together for some
time.
Study the following uses of 'off' now:

1) Walk off,run off,etc =
x, off n, away E.
Rx--, J-- . (--
Rx--/ --L J-- E)
b) The father is a happy man because his

sons are all well off =
--- o--x- x v
- o.
Well off X badly off -
a) They walked off without listening to her =
-hC ,
pC NE--- x Rx--.
b) He threw it off the window =
( Z -o--o-
. vA --j--p- \o -E L .)
Ranjan: You can say that. He isn't without talent really. He is able to show that in
Mumbai. I think people are well off
once they get out of their homes.
(E. vA E---.
o- j -----o. yZ * -
E --.)
Harsha: So, when are you going to Mumbai
again?
( y Sx j p
h-o?)
Ranjan: I am off as soon as my ticket is ready.
I think that'll take another weak.
(
- h.
d-a.)
-v-o:- i) "A true book is the life blood of a matter's spirit''.

ii) When we use these phrases?
a) On the other hand.
b) As a matter of fact.
c) on the basis of.
*--. -B-- Lh,

y H--N .
. Rx---o.
d) Off you go. We don't
want you here any
more =
-x---
off
352
Get out. OJ\ -\-x v.
>. , --o
i) A true/ great book is the life blood of a master spirit correct form of the sentence.
-D
n E-i/p h -tE
v---i h.
ii) a) On the other hand - C on the one
hand .., on the other (hand)- C
G-v--/-N---/ -%-p- u ,
u ju L-- .
On the one hand they want to give
money, but on the other, they don't
want to give their money=
sLy
d, E --x s y d-.
N :
a
J* J-Eo N-
--.
a) They walked off with the victory/

the prize.

b) The boy rang the bell, and as I
1) I called you the other day but you
opened the door, he ran off =
walked off.
M.SURESAN
2) He is never off my mind.
3) He is very well off now.
c) They ran off towards the station =
4) So he is better off outside the state.
5) I think people are well off when they get out
of their homes.
3) be well off =
X
6) I am off as soon as my ticket is ready.
be badly off =
7) The power was off for nearly an hour.
a) You need not worry about Naresh. He's
8) I want to be off work for the whole period of
made it good in business and is well off
leave.
now =
preposition
adverb
'off'
adjective
Just don't worry what part of speech a word is,
so long as you are able to use it correctly in
your speech. Correct use, that's important.
b) We are badly off for investment, so we

are unable to start business =
d- d-/ d- h
u v-G--- o.
c) She isn't so badly off as not to have/ buy
good dresses =
* v -
.
4) So he is better off
outside the state =
Z E E C/
-C---o.
a) People are better off now than before
because of technological progress =
N/ -A >-\---o.
v d.
J--p-, J--.
} d j J--.
s-
s --.
Eox
. \-J
-Th.
He did not help me, on the other hand he

spread lies about me =
-D-E --- -n--N-?
--:
Eo * () N--.
c) Look. Off he goes =
He is never of f my mind
Harsha: So he is better off outside

the
home
state. That's
good for him.
So long as he was here, he was quite
badly off, for all his talent.
badly off =
a) Don't worry. Compared with the average

Indian, you aren't badly off =
-, -- O
-l v .
b) As a matter of fact =
o N--E h a-u/ --h

L-T-- expression, -n-E
.
We have known each other for a long
time. As a matter of fact, we were classmates at college =
-- -J-- -- .
-n-E college classmates.
I've helped him. As a matter of fact I've
helped him even before he has asked for it
=
. -n-E
o -- --f.
c) On the basis of =
N -; Eo-d.
- J* y *A\-. u ja. s -C*

E-- o.
Don't act on the basis of what you have

heard from others. Wait till you know the
facts.
- p--Eo-d O--.
h- ----- .
On the basis of my experience I draw
conclusions. =
-A -G-%Cl x -
p v J-nA (Jn-) _ C.
b) The team is better off without him =
- C.
6) I'm off = R}---x
a) It's already late. I'm off =
p- -u-iC. -- R}--o.
b) The bird is off to unknown lands =
L-E v-- ~ (TJ) C.

Nu --.
Off work = E x---.
jFo conversation u -
NE . practice .
7) Power is off =
iii) The property had

been sold before he
wanted to buy it. (earlier past action)
iv) He
cannot
help
accepting defeat/
He cannot but accept
o -Eo-d El--- h/
defeat.
El-- ---Eo-d .
--v-o: i) All the students in
-v-o:- -C -u- d-? -N--J--.
our class passed the exam.
i) Whom I have to meet?
ii) We have to write the exam well.
iii) The property was sold before he wanted to buy it.
iv) He cannot help but accept defeat.
--:
.--\--, --o-
O--T--- correct sentences:
i) Who have I to meet?
ii) All of the students in our class passed

the exam.
- -u- d-? -N--J--.

-Ng, j--
--: Both the sentences are correct. The

first sentence as well as the second
sentence means, Every one of the students in our class passed.
ii) Correct
--C- 5 -d 2007
-- j---
Manogna: (Have you) heard this? Anjana got a

prize again.
(No?
*aC)
Anjana
S}
Lochana: I'm afraid we can't start immediately.

We have to wait for some time.
( --- --o.
--L)
prize
Lochana: What is it this time for?
Manogna: Wait? What for and who for?
(J E?)
(- ? E-, J ?)
Manogna: For her excellence in studies and

for her talent for public speaking.
(-
--,
h %-y vA-)
Lochana: My brother has gone out to get

some mangoes, and curds for our
lunch. We shall have lunch here and
then start.
( brother --E
N x --E x.
\ ---.)
Lochana: She has won it for the third time in a

row, I think.
( prize , - C
-J -)
Manogna: Our friends are all admiration for
Anjana. The one good thing about
her is, for all the talent she has, she
is quite modest.
(-- o--
a---o. *
N N- vA o-p, EJy)
Lochana: In
the
beginning
she wasn't
for mincing
free by with
others. She
was a bit reserved. I mistook it for
her conceit. But as time went on she
opened out, and we now know her
for the good girl she is.
Manogna: I don't mind lunch here, but I'm afraid

mangoes and curds are not for me.
(\ - u-
, F N x )
Lochana: Oh,
that's
disappointing.
Why
can't you eat
them?
1) What is it this time for?

2) for her excellence in studies and for her talent for public speaking.
3) she has won it for the third time in a row.
4) Our friends are all admiration for her
5) for all the talent she has, she is quite modest.
6) I mistook it for her conceit
7) She is too bright for
a girl her age.
-x---
340
J
L-
N -sx
'for' n: , .
b) Our team has defeated them for the third

time yesterday =
-J team Eo } *C.
c) for ten years he suffered like any thing =
-x- --f.
G-, a- y
hC.
4) Admiration -
a) We all have great admiration for Abdul

Kalam.
--l- x --J G C/ p G-
b) Fans are people with great admiration for

their favourite actors =
I mistook it for her conceit
( -J L-N- d--C-. h - C. E
, , -J L---C.
p * x E)
Manogna: She is too bright for a girl her age,
and her background.
( -o x, J-n---* *a
xx E L-N- t )
Lochana: For now no one among us can be a
match for her in studies or in other
activities.
(vh--E --F, N-- x-F

)
Manogna: Now for our business. When are we
starting for Jamuna's?
( N--E-l.
Rx---p ---o?)
-v-o:
Spoken
English
C* C linguistic
doubts Ba--E --N. Aspect of
English verb
Halliday's,
Introduction
Functional Grammar
An
to
-N--J--.
- C J* --.
. -%g, j--
1. Take/ did take - past, 2. take, takes,
does take, do take- present, 3. will
take - future, 4. had taken - past in
past, 5. has taken - past in present, 6.
will have taken - past in future, 7. was
taking - present in past, 8. is taking present in present, 9. will be taking present in future, 10. was going to
take - future in past, 11. is going to
take - future in present, 12. will be
going to take - future in future, 13.
was going to have taken - past in
future in past, 14. is going to have
a) We are waiting for you=
( E- C. y-
A--N?)
Manogna: It's six months since the
doctor told me, "Look
Manogna, no curds and
mangoes for you". Since
then I've been avoiding
them.
M.SURESAN
(-%d. A-N?)
Manogna: Just don't worry. I'll make do with
whatever you have.
- \ o.
J
--E? ?
*aC
vo- .
1. What is it this time for? =

(prize)?
for
a) What did he get the prize for =
prize?
b) He was punished for misbehaviour -
--*a---E
vp-h P~---f (vp--h x

-E P~ C)
( --. y d---
J-d-)
Our study of prepositions

'for'
lesson
-- Eo --.
Study the use of 'for' in the following sentences from the conversation between
Manogna and Lochana:
taken - past in future in present, 15.

will be going to have taken - past in
future in future, 16. had been taking present in past in past, 17. has been
taking - present in past in present, 18.
will have been taking - present in past
in future, 19. was going to be taking present in future in past, 20. is going
to be taking - present in future in present, 21. will be gong to be taking present in future in future, 22. had
been going to take - future in past in
past, 23. has been going to take future in past in present, 24. will have
been going to take - future in past in
future, 25. had been going to have
takenpast in future in past in past,
26. has been going to have takenpast in future in past in present, 27.
will have been going to be taken past in future in past in future, 28. was
going to have been taking - present in
past in future in past, 29. is going to
have been taking - present in past in
future in present, 30. will be going to
c) I am here for some information =
c) They selected him for the job -
a) She has got the prize for the first time this
yearprize
-q d--J
*aC.
----:
Take - takes
forms, different tenses
forms
h- *a
-C-*N. O
No.2 - Present indefinite/ Simple

tense (Regular doing words) regular
eg: take, takes - regular
N
J - -,
vh-:
j -B--/- -.
Eo E
brother
E --C.
Don't mistake me for being rude =
O x o-E ---l.
6) For all = in spite of (--p-) n.
a) for all his wealth he is not happy =
/ o-p- -E
.
b) for all his sincerity, he could not get promotion =
*h-Cl o-p-/ *h-Cl E----p promotion ----.

7) Too bright for a girl her age =
- N* LN C t.
a) He is too tall for a boy his age =
u--E -EE .
3) 'for' o-J E , -
E L-- .
have been taken - present in past in

future in future, 31. had been going to
be taking - present in future in past in
past, 32. has been going to be taking
- present in future in past in future, 33.
will have been going to be taking present in future in past in future, 34.
had been going to have been taking present in past in future in past in
past, 35. has been going to have
been taking - present in past in future
in past in present, 36. will have been
going to have been taking - present in
past in future in past in future.
c) We have great respect for that

teacher =
teacher
She mistook him for his brother =
b) This book is for Ramesh and that

pen is for you =
pen
h
F
(), -
(F)
G---
J G- x p p
C. respect y
for hC.
.
d) Mistake for = --
-E o.
Lochana: Oh, what a pity! What are you going

to eat then?
E - N* --.
b) He dances too well for his weight =
-o/ u
h ( -o-x
p).
No.1 Past Simple/ Indefinite

(Past doing word)He took the book yesterday -
for
forms, N -s x ---C.
C J-T C -L--E , past in
the present, future in the present

E hC
Eo h B-o. expressions confusing
No.3 - Will take - future indefinite/ . O O d--simple future J u -- take *a verb forms n
C. He will take the book tomor- E E O conversation
-sEo d .
row. B-.
u N: O verb
4. Had taken - had + past participle
(Past perfect) - two past actions forms form No. 13, 14, 15, 19, 20,
J-T past action (1st past 21 to 35 --o verb forms
conversationF, writaction ) --C.
eg: He told me that he had taken ingF, , -.
(had + pp) the book (h B-o- \ N/ . verb
E p) past - B-, forms pC -J
p, J (1st) past action - n communication, break B-, y p 1st past C. E Jh Ja,
action - had taken (had + past partici- Pratibha Spoken English *a
ple) book *a-- N- past in lessons on verb forms practice
the past, past in present, past in . O question O practice
future, present in past, etc. OE d- -Lq verb forms- verb forms from
-- N confusing No. 1 to 11, No. 16 to 18, v.
-. - u practice verb vA spoken English
-LqC NN tenses verb lessons .
--- 7 -d 2007
Yagnik: I am not at all surprised that he has left
the town for good. He has conned you
all into subscribing to his bogus
schemes.
(-- CL Sx AJ-T-- J-- a-u . Nto--JF --- ---i

\--x Jp* --)
con=Nt* / u
---i schemes - - - offer
J _ s -.
conmen=
-- /
schemes s- --u-x
jxx, -- -x- .
con, conman- -
confidence trickster - Nt*
,
He conned me into buying a useless
car =
(E--E d)
Hemanth: What
do
you mean?
Did
you
know about
him?
-- j---
back what you've lost.
(y p-C AJT
E --).
Hemanth: Yea. The Police say that no other
criminal on their records is a match
for this one. They haven't been able
to catch him so far.
(. J-f---\ n,
O J--E --M o. -- E d----)
Yagnik: It will take some time for us to think of
it all. The police are not easy to deal
with, though for better or for worse we
have to go to them.
(DEo J* *----E h - -C.- -Mx u-

L .
F -o
x _--x-Lq.)
Hemanth: Now for our
knows him for the bad guy he is .
( ---. FN B-)
f---- .
o Rx -E --?
Hemanth: Ok, then. Let's go.
b) I know for what you are.
( )
J-Q-L-ho preposition 'for' --
JEo --.
Study the use of for
in
the
following
sentences.
-x---
341
y, y---- .
c) I know you for the liar you are.
y -l----E .
3) take for = -- / ----.
a) Sorry, I took you for your brother.
1) He has left the town

for good.
Sorry,
Yagnik: I have known him for the cheat he is,

all along. I had been warning all but no
one paid attention.
(- --o N o< / -- . Ko
a-J-h o, F N)
Hemanth: But you didn't warn me.
(F y- o J)
Yagnik: How could you expect me to take you
for a fool like all others? I have great
regard for your sound thinking.
(--x y ^--E
------o? y j -----E t)
Hemanth: Now for making good what we've
lost. What do you suggest that I do?
(. vh -d--oC AJT
a-- -*l. o -E
F ?)
Yagnik: I'am afraid it wait be that easy to get
-v-o:
1) Jewel/er (n)= One
who sells Jewels;
2) I have known him for the cheat he

is, all along.
lunch. Where shall we

eat?
B?)
3) How could you expect me to take

you for a fool?
4) I have great regard for your sound

thinking.
Yagnik: Let's
go
to
Pushti
Restaurant. That's the place
5) Now for making good what we've
for a good meal. Today is
M.SURESAN
lost.
sunday. They serve mango
6)
No
other
criminal
is a match for this one.
juice and perugu vada as sunday
1) for good =
specials.
(for good
(-d d- . C. N , C-
vu- f-h--\.)
Hemanth: Oh, what a pity? Neither of them is
for me. I'm allergic to both mango
juice and perugu vada. My doctor
said long ago, 'No mango juice for
you, Hemanth'
(s, -%-d . N
. ---Kb-. - d p p, , F
N E.
Yagnik: Don't worry. I'll have yours too.
\ * v-G-L? (-J O
p - --* C-N -Tx
structure *-J- * ----dE.)
uJ.
4) service tax is to be shown separately in the
(j u Lifco dictio- invoice and is payble based on the payment
realised and not on the total amount shown
nary C) -j
t- E in the invoice. DEo - --C--. N-J- a?('invoice service tax C --
*---Lq -C. payment ---
*C -d?
2) h-- @ 60 O -- C. invoice h
N? @ O . E --C-.
h n -d?)
. \ , --
N? format --n ----:1) One who sells Jewels- C u--.
J, English C N- (explana3) which \ is, was, in, to preposition)- N- u - -E
tions h n hC? N-J-.
\-C? C u . Clause. C
: 1. Bad Debt- a bad debt which is irrecovCorrect ( t-)
erable; under any circumstance is
@ = at the rate of = the price of a unit (
called a bad debt- which C E. 2)
dozen . 100 h- ,
\ 'a bad' --- j AJT - , litre ) --h- /- Eo
-E ---o.
h- p - @
uEo -- --C--
y-
* --)
a) He came here yesterday. He is here for

good.
4)
o J* ----o? F
^- ----o?
c) Don't take him for an ordinary
man.
-oO -u---.
o / u
Regard for =
a) I have great regard for that teacher.
-- x / - /
o.
b) People have no regard for him.
5)
- v- ~u .
C-, vh--E.
Now for =
a) Now for the money we need. How are we

going to get it?
vh -- s N *l. a---o Eo
b) Now for a cup of good coffee.
Eo a--\-. \ -, p-.
6)
b) They are yours for good.
-o?
b) What do you take me for? Do I

look a fool to you?
Now for a cup of good coffee
( yC? --- J* -- F
?)
brother
Eo O
vh * ?
@b
A match for =
a) No one can be a match for Tendulkar.
N F o- / F a- J-TC.
Tendulkar
c) Are you leaving for good?
y Sx-? (o- AJ-T--

h-o?)
C conversational English frequent.
@b / --.
b) They are a match for each other in slanging

match.
x Ax-- (-J-- Ad--, = slanging match) -J-- .
2) To know some one for some thing.

a) How can you expect her to marry him? She
4)
.
I bought these mangoes @ Rs 100 per
dozen (At the rate of Rs 100 a dozen =
100

p E)
Computer @ = at/- E Website
E. Computer ID -u
Company Internet - Company
, @ . :
pkrishna@yahoo.com
(pkrishna
yahoo.com) (.com = dot com. dot =
format =
-E
design, plan,
at
\)
.
The format of the application = application
.
C, j... C n
o. Payment realised Payment
--- E , -- -- Lx
E. \ realise = ---, E.
u --* English --C-p -u Last -* begin h. C
Eo-- Eo sentences N- -. -s-Eo -d --a.
3) Which
correct
-v-o: Is reading novels the rightway for achievO --C-* B
C.
ing fluency in English? If it is, the address

where I can get such novels and plays
would also be appreciated.
---:
. --Dl, o
Read the novels of James Hadley

Chase -they are short and help you to
pick up highly conversational and collquial forms of English. They are easy
to get from lending libraries in your city.
Read also English Chandamama, and
the novels of John Grisham, Irwing
Wallare, etc. Read an English daily,
preferably the Hindu.
-v-o: ' p * -p
f- o uEo 'He is as good
E p-a?
X
as he was bad'
---: He is as good now, as he was bad

sometime ago.
9 -d 2007
Lochana: Hi Rachana, what's wrong? You do
look ill.
(-- -iC? h s- E-ho)

Rachana: It's the flavoured milk and the
chocolate drink I took yesterday.
(Eo Bo x-f -N--\, -- -v x ?)

Lochana: What have they got to do with your
illness, dear?
-- j---
----?)
Rachana: She'll give me some anti allergic
medicine. That's no good. It has to
run its usual cense.
( --Jb -LhC. E--. -Kb Lq- , _-C)

Lochana: For better or for worse you'd better
see her. You'll have some relief.
Medicine does make a difference.
( y ----E
?)
Rachana: My Doctor long ago told me that
they were not for me. No essenced
drink or Chocolate for me. I am allergic to them.
( d p pC. N
-E. qq, x F-
-E, N allergy.)
Allergy Eo ----n, F, -- J-n-, J
K---y- ---, -x
x
-)
Lochana: Then why
did you take
them at all?
(-i, d _-J --x- --*-C.

- ---- ---C. ---- p- -L- ---C.)
Make a difference = p-
Rachana: I'll for now, I'll try things like vicks
and boiled and strained pepper
water.
(h. - vh--E
Vicks,
NJ
@N
b) He likes ice cream a lot, but the pity is that it
is not for him.
(
--v- - - d. F -%-d- -C- --E .)
c) This kind of job is not for her / Not for her is

this kind of Job =
-x---
u N
y-E / N J-.
342
(Not
for
him
c) For all the officer cares, the clerks may go to

the dogs =
-h -
d?
.)
j / -j ---)
E , n
go to hell
d) For all I care what does it matter how he

spends his money / He may spend his
money as he likes =
Rachana: They have a great temptation to me.

I like them so much. So, I said to
myself, "for all that I care, let me
have a go at them", and I took them.
And here I am, sneezing like hell
and with a running nose. My fondness for them has landed me in
trouble.
(N o -J{-h.
Ad . E Eo o. ' -i --C. -J
E B-. E B-o
. -, t, \
.)
To have a go at something =
j .
I'd like to have a go at walking all
the way up the hill.
(J -O-C -*-Rx (Bus

/ O )
-E C)
Lochana: I really pity you. For all the enjoyment you had, you might just as
well have not bothered about them.
Why don't you see a doctor?
(E Eo h -hC. y
C Cl- --E, E
d--E -LqC . d-
Boiled =
Strain =
Lochana: How long will it trouble

you?
(--C -E-o --o-x --Ch-C)

Rachana: At least for a week.
begin
h,
effect
s a d-
?
5) For all the enjoyment you had
M.SURESAN
Lochana: The bus is coming. Let's get into it.

(
- hC. \.)
For J-Eo -s lesson

l. Study the use of for in the following
sentences from the conversation above.
1) My Doctor told me long ago that they were
not for me.
2) No essenced drink or Chocolate for me.
3) My fondness for them has landed me in
trouble.
No mango juice for me / no, not

for me =
--N- - --.
d/--\
a) His fondness for Cricket is ruining his

studies.
(Cricket x -E-o \ E -
--hC.
b) Sugunas fondness for creams is costing her
a lot of money =
Creams x --o \ x
a --C.
c) His fondness for jokes often lands him in
trouble =
5) For all the enjoyment you had, you might

just as well have not bothered about it.
Jokes -E-o d x u \--o--.

4) For all that I care = -- . (
d--, - interest , E)
6) For better or for worse you'd better see her.
a) For all I care, let him hang himself =
4) For all that I care
1&2 ..... they were not for me - not for somebody expression
....
.
not for me = -EC
a) City life is not for me = City life is not suitable

for me / does not suit me =
-v-o:
a) For all that you got for the money,you might

as well not have spent it
N .
2.
(F )
= y C -Eo -
( E L,
- - C Ep)
\)
3) Fondness for =
-v-o: -Tx .
a---
Tenses
y Articles
step by step a-? N
a
F 50] Tx x--?
English a---E * h- p.
. , q-
---: O ' vA- Spoken English
lessons, No1 * -.
p-x practice ---. -
J-T / J-T--)
*;
not
d) Not for me this kind of entertainment =
(Something / Somebody going to the dogs =

(
No essenced drink or Chocolate for me
(-p
-
B-o?)
Officer
u O -- English *o *o story books v-G*,

English Newspapers -.
English N. O p- hC.
x---.
unless, lest , torn off, counter fire OE
--Th u, n
---.
. -u , -
---: 1) Unless he knows she is here, he

will not come =
a) He will come here only if he knows
she is here =
--E E,
b) For all I care, You may waste all your
money =
F s % , ! (N-, Ex~u-
-)
b) Unless you send the money you can't get the
books. You have to send the money to get
the books.
(You can get the books, if you send the
money.
(Unless =
-/ --p)
y d s --, s d --! (y d
s T- vA- -E)
b) For all the pleasure I had with so much
effort. I might as well have not tried at all =
v-o C - vo
----.
c) For all the distance covered at such an
expense by his car, he could have as well
taken flight
=
- a x--o
N- x-a.
6) For better for worse = -i
a) Let's go there, for better or for worse = i \--l.
(*-j, -j /L---i)
b) For better or for worse, I've chosen this job,
and I will continue in it =
*-j -j (j--) F u--o--o. - ---.

c) For better or for worse. I am quitting this job
=
j, j (-i) u
---o.
lest the police catch, him = He ran away so

that the police may not catch him.
3) Torn off =
*-.
a) He found his books torn off (by the child) =
h- ( *o Gf-) *- - -C -E.
c) Unless he has a degree, he cannot get the

job = He must have a degree to get the job.
b) He had the agreement torn off -
2) lest = so that not =
4) Counter fire = This expression doesn't

appear to be in use. It may mean, return fire.
Counter fire
English
return the
fire
p-Eo *-.
(j) -
-.
a) Start early lest you should miss (lest you
miss) the train = start early so that you may
not miss the train.
- \E L-h -E-\- - (v- p-- - y

--.)
h.
b)
He
ran away lest the police should catch /
unless = - / p.

ox
Ep-. ---p n-
E .
a) If some one fires at you, you return the fire.

(
-j OO p J-, O --p -- n.)
--C- 12 -d 2007
-- j---
Priya: Hi Sneha, long time, no see. Where

have you been all these days?
(o V-jC, -E.
\-o, Eo V?)
Sneha: Busy with a research project and
because of it I had to be away for
months gathering material.
( J-- u BJ--- o.
E -C-* - -Jh
- Lq *aC.)
Priya: Have you completed it?
Priya: I mistook him for your manager.
(EE O --- -E -f.)

Sneha: This guy is flexible, but he has no powers. The decisions are the manager's
and this man just signs for him.
( N , F E C- . Eg--Fo ---,
- v h.)
Priya: Why don't you change your job? You
can avoid these tours.
(F u a-? v p---?)
(Jh Eo?)
Sneha: No. It had to be suspended for want of
funds.
(. E - -v-d -\-L Lq *aC)
Sneha: Just for lack of time. I am so busy at

office that I don't find the time to look
for a new job.
(
Priya: You look run down.
(-- F- E--h-o)
Sneha: That's outside and restaurant food for
you! Before I left home I had been on
home food and no trouble whatever.
Once I left home I couldn't care what I
ate, and where I ate. That's affected
my health.
--x. h u
-\- G@ -.)
Priya: Any, you'd better take care of your
health. Any thing for health, you know.
Once you lose it, you can't be the same
again. That's for sure.
(-i,
F
u vh
-
*C. u
(, -x A A ---J!
x --- A A-Eo.
. -x -C-L y
Ao, \
Ao C
d----.
u jC
x.)
6) Just for lack of time

7) That's hotel food for you!
1&6) for want of = for lack of =
x/ -- x
c) for fear of waking the guards, we walked

quietly =
fq Ev----o
Ez-l .
a) for want of proper support he dropped the

idea of standing for the election =
d) for fear of contacting AIDS, they avoided

the AIDS patient =
j l --- Eo-x - ---o
q -\ h- x
x _- x-.
3) for fear or (for) favour = --x-F d/
hx-F / G-x-F
b) for want of time for preparation, they want

the exam to be put off =
a) you can't get help here for fear or favour
-x---
343
--u- j
--
x, x K~
-E --o.
x-F, G-x-F Ny-\

-. (y --F,
G----F F-y ----J-\)
b) Nothing can be had here for fear or
favour =
He is acting for the manager
Priya: I've preferred a local job mainly for fear

of losing my health.
(u j- -,
nE- o u do.)
Sneha: I have told my boss a number of times
to keep me here, but he wouldn't listen.
He is not one to do things for fear or for
favour.
(Eo-\ -E - -x
p. F NE----.
---F, G---EF E---
.)
Priya: You mean the present man? I thought
he was the nice sort.
(y-C p-o E J?
* - --o-o!)
Sneha: No. Not this man. He is not our manager. He is acting for the manager, as
he is on leave.
(. --. - --
. --- -M- o-,
--- - E--h-o/ ---
n E--h-o.)
-v-o: i) I was glad to hear from father that you

are still hale and hearty and can take your
4km walk every day - This sentence is
observed in Wren& Martin grammar book
(old). Please clarify the correctness of this
sentence.
ii) The foundations of many buildings would
have (got) damaged in the earthquake.
iii) By next September -- the shrubs would have
grown 4 ft high. Please clarify the correctness of these sentences using 'would have' one referring to past and another to future.
---:
. -n--, N--
i) I was glad to hear from father - This is the

main clause, and the verb in it 'was' is in the
past tense. But the verb in the subordinate
clause- are is in the present tense - strictly
speaking, it should be 'were', but then the
j L. J u p Sx
Jh .)
Sneha: You're right
(y J_ p.)
c) for want of funds the project

hasn't yet taken off =
E x vd
v .
d) for want of proper leadership,
the party is weak =

M.SURESAN
We've been studying the uses of the
preposition, 'for' for the past few days, haven't
for want of = for lack of.
we? Let's now look at some more uses of 'for'.
for want of
for lack of
lesson
for
English conexpression.
versation
Practice
Practice
Look at the following sen2) for fear of =
tences from the conversation above.
a) for fear of losing his ministership he says
1) It had to be suspended for want of funds.
yes to whatever the CM says =
2) I've preferred a local job mainly for fear of
losing health.
N,
N-Eh-C.
.
3) He is not one to do things for fear or (for)

favour
j -y x, Kd
Eh C.
. j
sEox,
,
-a. C *
.
x
vA N - x
p--E--x --.
b) He didn't raise his voice for fear of his

father =
4) He is acting for the manager

5) ... and the man just signs for him.
meaning would be affected. We'd get the

meaning, that they were still hale and hearty
when they heard from their father and not
after words. This does not express correctly
what person has heard from the father. In
informal English (especially when a present
situation/ a situation which is continuing is
referred to, the present tense verb is preferred even if the main clause verb is in the
past tense. eg: The station master told me an
hour ago that the train is running late by an
hour. This is accepted, if it applies to an on
going situation. Look at this again: I knew
from him yesterday that you are here for a
conference tomorrow. In such cases, the rule
is not strictly insisted upon.
ii) The foundations of many buildings would
have got damaged- this means that there
was a likelihood of the foundations being
damaged, but in fact they were not. If the
v x Ah x-.
speaker's meaning was that they were likely
to have been damaged, the sentence should
be - The foundations of many buildings might
have been/ might have got damaged.
iii) By next September the shrubs would have
grown four ft high- wrong. The reference
here is to an action expected to be complete
by some time in future.
The correct sentence is: By next September,
the shrubs will have grown 4' high.
-v-o: outstretched,
yet, someone else
OE
--Th u, n ---.
. -u , -
----: i) Outstretched = - */- *. (u K )
a) He ran to his mother with his arms outstretched =
/ - *
x-t-- j/ _- --h. (-T-L---)
x-F, G---x-F \ -.
(\ F\--- C
-, y ---C - d
)
c) (This is) not the place where you can get

money for fear or favour =
F-\ Gs-a--- .
\ for /
- E.
4&5) For the manager =
a) The P.S. signs for the minister =
NE-d q- v-K
h.
b) The CEO is acting for the chairman =
jt -
CEO
u--J-h-o.
\ for you
C, - E. (Hotel food
C -!)
7) That's hotel food for you! -
a) That's politicians for you! Interested only

in themselves and never in the people =
D -----. L-C !
yn, v vq .
That's.... for you! - C * conversational bit.
practice .
b) He was looking with his
neck outstretched =
* h-o.
ii) and yet = yet = though/

although/ eventhough =
/ --p-.
a) I gave him Rs. 1000/and yet he is not happy =
--La .
b) I told him to get out and yet he stands

there =
o Rx--to \ E-
o.
iii) Someone else =
--o.
a) He didn't do it. Someone else did it. I don't

know who.
(C -. -
. -L-.)
b) If you don't help me, someone else will =
y ----, --o
h.
--- 14 -d 2007
-- j---
Susen: I'm afraid I'm in for serious trouble.
( Bv-i s-C ---o--EphC.)

Rasik: What makes you think so?
( -----o?)
Susen: Well, I felt that the job I was assigned
at office was not for me. So did I tell the
officer. She insisted, I do it. I refused.
(- -p-T-* E T-C
E E--*C. N- p. N- d--dC.
x---o.)
Rasik: Why do you feel it is not for you?
(F T-C--E -----o?)
Susen: For one thing, it means going out and
gathering information out of office
hours.
Susen: How does that concern you? Any way,

she is Ms Rajyalakshmi.
(F-?/ N -j F? ,
-- --u-~ t)
Rasik: I think I know her. Isn't she called
Rajyam for short? Her husband is a
Railway Officer, isn't he?
(N ---. N- u
E / h ? N h
jy - ?)
Susen: Yea. (Do) you know her then? If you
happen to see her tell her I wouldn't do
it for any thing.
( F-N ? J
y-N- -- p, --
-E E.)
( N---N- E AJT
- -J-Lq C, D
-q y.)
-x---
344
a) I am late. I am sure I'm in for trouble=
-u u. s-C ---oo. .
b) You are doing what you ought not to do.
You'll be in for trouble=
y --E E--h-o. s-x

-.
n 'in for it' E .
c) If she doesn't complete the work by the
evening, she is in for it =
I'd do it for the asking

Rasik: Ofcourse, you'd be paid special
allowance for it, wouldn't you?
( E vu u C
?)
Susen: Certainly. But that doesn't tempt me.
Rasik: If I were you, I'd do it for the asking.

What more could you ask for? You
needn't sit in the office turning over the
files.
( y-, C -- u
ox p------E. -
-L? - aE jq A---\-x.)
Susen: For that matter, I had the offer of such
a job long ago- I mean, a job that
would make me go out about a lot. I
hate having to move about. That's precisely why I preferred this job.
( N--E-h u
A- \ ----uC -p
*aC. A- f *.
----E *a-
.)
precisely = exactly = *a-.
Rasik: Who's your officer?
(O - ?)
vo:
Preposition- 'for' -- ---o

. -sx, n- spoken English D lesson l. p
- --, - NE--h
spoken English . For -Lq -s x
sentences EN T_ simple ,
- NE--h.
conversation above.
1) I'm in for serious trouble
2) The job I was assigned at office was not for me.
3) Why do you feel it is not for you
4) For one thing, it means going out and gathering information.
5) I'd do it for the asking.
6) For that matter, I had the offer... long ago
7) Isn't she called Rajyam for short?
1) Be in for =
s----\--/ P~
-. expression spoken English
common. O conversation
.
for
u N-J--.
ii) drawn, sink- O ---
--N-?
. p--V,
N--o
Bus
v- --J --u.
c) Injure -f ---E vu/
vu
d) Injure = d L-T-.
This has injured his reputation -
-C d L-T-*C.
---:
i. b) Hurt. Hurt --/ --a
v -x L , p E
i. a) Injure: K -E E-j --/
--a u -t v---x . (Injure -E vu, E v-u-.)
(Road accident, x T s, J-, C- v---x).
Hurt o-, v---h v
-\--. -N---j -i C
a) She injured her foot while playing tennis hurt.
Eo -op --C.
c) For one thing or another, he is almost

never at home =
N O x
p .
5) for the asking = -T aC. a
h/ u E.
y--T , h--/ - u h.
trouble
b) The book is yours for the asking. Ask him
y--- u. h F--C.
(--. a-h.)
c) There's a lot of demand for the IT people.
The jobs are there for the asking =
d) He is smoking too much. He is asking for

trouble =
-K \ t h-o. sC E
a-o/ ---o.
a) Vijayawada is hot in summer. For the

matter which coastal city isn't? =
e) You are buying that car? Don't ask for

trouble =
-N N-- C.
NE-h, h ?
= sC / -
---o? sC E--a-.
2 & 3) Not for me/ not for somebody.
(J--/ T-C --/
suit
b) The movie is just dances and stunts. For

that matter all Indian movies are just
that=
---)
a) A travel job is not for me =
E uq, dx v.
N--E-h Eo *v .
7) for short - C- ( N)
v- u .
b) Not for him is this kind of climate =
-- -E
)
(suit
c) Ice cream is not for her. Doctor told her

so long ago =
v . d p p-C.
4) for one thing: Conversation expression h-C. (-
--N-... .)
a) For one thing, politics are not for me; for
another/ secondly, I don't have the time =
a) My shoes are hurting me.
( L-T-h-o.)
N N- x -
-, C x x.
x * T C. -T a-h
u-.
6) for that matter = C N-
. n: N--E-h
M.SURESAN
(x, \. -xL. j.)
b) Four people were injured in the bus accidentwound, hurt-
asking
b) For one thing they never invite her and

for another, she doesn't like to go there =
a) He will help you for the asking. He will

help willingly =
-v -- E
Jh----
P~ p! (C
C u--J)
n, you/ he /...
( E - .
N-x Lp-----E -Jo?)
Susen: OK, OK. Leave it at that. I must rush to
office.
(Lx-h. E --{ .)
tempt= -J{-
i) Injure,
Rasik: For all the world I would do no such

thing. Who am I to interfere in such
matters?
--N- -- -. C
j .
b) You are hurting me by holding my hand

tight -
a) His
name
is
Veera
Venkata
Satyanarayana Prasad. They call him
Satyam for short =
O u--- v.
Eo u .
b) He comes from 'Gudem', short for
Tadepalligudem =
-C . --Lx-, C*
.
i. c) Wound
-- t-O * --a/
---x -- u x/
l l u - -.
a) Ten men were wounded in the attack -
d d-E L-T-h-o.
c) v--x L
He hurt his arm in the accident-
v- --A s -T-LC.
Hurt , p vu
d) --- s-B--.
You've hurt my feelings.
e) I feel hurt -
(-) L-TC.
C-C --f.
b) He wounded her with a knife.
-- Ah --a.
E E-T--
sink - h -.
ii) drown -
a) He (was) drowned while swimming =
- E-T--.
b) The ship sank off the coast of Ireland =
Ireland
B-E E-T--C.
- 16 -d 2007
-- j---
Prasasthi: Hi Sukrithi, can I have the two

books you've promised me?
(Ny-h-o h-
B--a?/ p y--?)
Sukrithi: I looked for them the whole day yesterday but I could find just one of
them. For the present make do with
it. I'll try to fish out the other one in
a day or two.
(Eo - A -.
--L-. vh--E E l.
-Eo A-- v-Aoh
Vx.)
make do = J--d--
fishout = A d--
Prasasthi: That's nice of you. You've taken a
lot of trouble for my sake.
( *! v-f)
Sukrithi: That's Sukrithi anything for a friend.
(D %A . -. o-- (hC))
Prasasthi: Privileged to have a chum like you.
(F h vu)
Sukrithi: I am sure it is some where in the

house. It's matter of time before I
get it for you.
(\ x E t.
h time --. F h-o-C)
We are discussing the uses of 'for'. The following are some more uses of for. Look at
the following sentences from the conversation above.
1) I looked for them the whole day yesterday.
2) For the present make do with it.
3) You've taken a lot of trouble for my sake
3) For somebody's/ someone's sake= for the

sake of someone/ for the sake of somebody
=
(vu-) -J-/ --E-
4) That book is yours for keeps
a) A father takes any kind of trouble for the

sake of his children =
5) Anything for a friend
x / x--i, v j h.
6) I'll try for what it is worth

1) Look for = search for =
a) I am looking for someone who can explain

this =
b) A mother is prepared for any sacrifice for

the sake of her children=
x
Lx u-E-j l---C.
C N-J--x- h-o/
---o.
b) What are you looking for? =
c) Harischandra gave
up his kingdom for the
sake of truth=
-x---
E-
---o?
Sukrithi: One more thing. That book is yours

for keeps. I
don't need it
any way.
345
u
uEo
o J-a-v.
b) Anything for a quiet life - that's my policy
v @N E-j l. D
N.
c) He will do anything for money =
s --j l.
4) for keeps = for ever = p-/ y-
a) I give it to you for keeps =
C p- F-a-ho.
b) I've travelled a lot. Now I think I'll be here
for keeps =
v- -E---/ -
A- -. p- \
------o.
Anything for a friend
( N.
h y
. -\--. - )
Prasasthi: I'm sorry that I can't keep it for ever.

I'll certainly return it to you once my
work is over. It's not fair on my part
to keep it for myself.
(- B. Sorry. E
j-- F AJTah. Eo
---- u )
Sukrithi: I am all appreciation for your honest
intentions.
(F E-B l--
Jh J{-ho.)
Prasasthi: Today is Sunday. There'll be a number of stalls of second hand books.
I'll see if I can get the second book
there. I'm not sure, but I'll try for
what it is worth.
( C- . h--t
---. h
\ -- h.
t . vo
h)
-v-o:
C u- --Tx-- - -- ---.
1. t J---
J- Lx-h?
2. t J---
J- Lx-h-?
3. t J---
J- Lx--Lq?
4. t J--- J- p?
5. t J--- J- p---a.
.. , --
---:
1. Do we pay fine/ Are we fined for not

wearing (if we don't wear) a helmet?
c) Looking for that book in these

huge piles of books is looking
for a needle in a haystack =
h- x h
-, f C --.
Needle in a hay stack= f--
C C idiom, O practice
.
expression practice .
For God's sake = *
F/ N u-E/
u-lE d c- p--E--F
.
a) For God's sake, stop beating the
child=
M.SURESAN
d) I am looking for some one to help me=
- x- ho.
vh--E.
2) For the present = For now =
a) This is all the money that I can give you

for present =
vh--E F y--L-T s .
b) Let's not say or do any thing for the present. Let's wait for his next move =
vh--E pl, ul.

- l/ * l.
c) Won't this do for the present? =
(, d) Gf
d . .
c) Has he given it to
you for keeps or
does he want it
back? =
C F p- a- S} B-?
[for keeps X for the time being ]
6) For what it is worth = p-x
t ----p, expression
.
a) I think I'll buy this shirt, for what it is worth
b) He is just a boy, how can he lift that

heavy box, for God's sake! =
shirt \, (o --
E/ -a, \ )
*o v, -j d
h--? (d p)
b) Take the old man's advice for what it is

worth =
c) For God's sake come out with the truth =
E p (/ c/ v
p)
5) Anything for- C N-
expression- practice . n E-j
l E.
a) Anything for the sake of/ for a friend=
o- E-j l
l B, l (
* --a)
c) Though I am not sure I can meet him, I'll
try for what it is worth =
E ---- t ,
v-Aoh (---).
Fo O conversation Eo @--i
-- -.
vh--EC ?
2. (Do) you mean we pay fine/ We are
fined for not wearing a helmet?
3. Have we to/ Must we/ should we pay
fine for not wearing a helmet?
4. Can't we help paying fine for not wearing a helmet?
5. Fine/ Penalty might have to be paid for
not wearing a helmet
-v-o:
---:
1) a) What do you want (Pronoun)
1) Possessive pronouns as subjects:

a) Mine is that blue car there
(C)
b) Ours is a most bigger house than

this
(C)
c) Yours is not so good as this
(FC/-
(-EC)
e) Hers is a very costly necklace
1. Possessive pronoun, Reflexive pronoun

subject
-a?
2. Question Words pronoun -
-sx -?
3. noun --%
- He, She, It, They o
-! Questions words pronoun
-Lq - N?
.V, ---E
(C)
f) Theirs are not clever ideas (
xN)
You can't use a reflexive pronoun as the

subject of a sentence.
2) a) who, whomwords,
question
Pronouns.
b) What, which, whose Noun

(What book, which pen,
whose car )
adjectives,
O \ j
- N
-- -J h N
(What- Adjective)
2) a) Which is the better? (Pronoun)
b) Which book is the better? (Adjective)
3) a) Whose is the book? (Pronoun)
OC)
d) His is a better solution
b) What book do you have?
Pronouns.
b) Whose book is this? (Adjective)

c) Where, whenAdverbs.
since when, by when
when
pronoun. When and where
conjunctions.
d) Why-
o-p
Eo-x
Pronoun
3) Question words relative pronouns

Two or more sentences
-Lq -:
L-- --N -- .
He bought a car. The car is blue-
. --p, The car which
he bought is blue -; 'Wh' word
----?
--C- 19 -d 2007
-- j---
Srikar: You look tired. Where have you been?
(---C -} N- d-
-E --v o. C p
d- Eo \ hC.)
(y ----x E--h-o.
- \--o?)
Sritej: Out, playing cricket.
(
-v- --o, .)
Srikar: I think Vijai will be made the captain

before the year is out.
Srikar: You have been out for a long time?

Have you been playing for long?
( x . - -o?)
( -q *-J- N- d-
h---.)
Sritej: I wish they did. He deserves to be the
captain.
Sritej: Today out of the six hours since midday

I have played for three hours.
(y uo * p--- 6
x, .)
( h -C. d-
- |.)
Srikar: What about Vijai himself? What does
he feel about captaincy?
Srikar: Did Vijai play today?
( N ? -----o d- N J*?)
(y N ?)
Sritej: He has been out of town for three days
now. I don't know when he will be back.
( V- x .
Sx AJ--h L-.)
Srikar: But he didn't play in the last match
either. He was in town then, wasn't he?
(
-- u-- ---. p
x o ?)
Sritej: He wasn't well then. Out of concern for

his health his dad told him to take rest.
(p---E x -. E u
x -l
x
o
NvA B--o.)
Srikar: He is a very
good player,
isn't he?
Sritej: He keeps out of this. He doesn't just

bother about it. All that he does is to play
to his ability.
( Lp--. Fo d-. -x h-- -.)

Srikar: I wish him the best of luck. He is a gem
of a player.
(E
-%d
-L -E
J. o-
---.)
( * - ?)
(. *a-. Z d -j 10
C v * -jC -\)
Srikar: I hear that he is out of favour with your
captain. Is that true?
Sritej: Yea. He is all for keeping him out of the
team. He is afraid Vijai might be made
captain in his place.
Rafi : Is your father in?
(O o -x o?)
Sunil: I'm afraid, no. He is out on some
important business. He has been out
for an hour now.
(. u-i E-O ---x. - x -/ --Rx -C).

Out of town = x - ( j
, l --i,
out of town .
out of city, in city
-x--- 346 NE-.)
p. x
n expression, English
.
out
Lesson
Out
Out
'out of', combination
J-* *a AC.
Sentences No.3 and 6:
Out of =
()
a) Out of the six hours of leisure, I spent 3

hours watching the TV =
NvA -, 3 TV
h -.
b) Out of the ten players selected for the
state team =
Z d C C.
c) Out of the six best in the class, she is the
top =
class E - h Nu-nx
t u-h.
d) She score a hundred out of a hundred
(\ Eo Je
\- E)

\--a.

Srikar: That's bad for the game.
(C *C .)
Sritej: A lot of players are anxious to have him
as our captain. That is adding to the fear
of the present captain.
submerge,
a) My dad has been out of town for
M.SURESAN
2) You have been out for a long time

3) Out of six hours since midday I've played for
4) He has been out of town
5) Out of concern for his health his dad told him
to take rest.
6) Out of the ten selected for the state team.
7) ... he is out of favour with your captain.
8) He is all for keeping him out of the team.
The fields were submerged by the flood

water =
Flood waters inundated the

whole area =
v
h Fx p-/
v-N-/ -J-.
Inundate n, -N---
j .
Requests for more information inundated our
office =
office
office
J - - u-n-
-/ u-n--
E-T--C.
-E: Inundate h vC.
Submerge: -
Inundate v- Fx- -
v h-j, vj
-.
o- v-V- x .
b) Who says he is out of town. He is very
much in =
1) Out, playing cricket
As she poured the coffee, the sugar cubes

coffee
were submerged under it =
cubes
Fx v-Eo
Jh -J-/p-.
points
5 points
v a.
Out of concern for =
l x.
a) Out of fear no one opened his mouth =
x Np-.
Inundate =
Sentence No 5:
two days now =
Fx E-T--.
\ Submerge = inundate. submerge vj, h-j
-/ n -C.
O --N-?
p--V, N--o
e) They were able to

get only five out of
ten points =
Out of station -
-
-J-* --,
. - .
,
\- NE--hC. s p J-Q-L-l?
N-
three hours.
(. Eo d -E
C. n N- d-
h-E E .)
inundate,
maroon
-E-. Ox
n: x E. (Opposite - 'in'
x )
He has been out of town
Sritej: Yea. You can say that. Out of the ten

selected for the state team, he is the
only player from our area.
vo:
An out of town guest =
No. 1, 2 and 4 sentences

out
--o. x E *a-
x o.
C -E-.
An out of towner = J h-/ J
* *a--.
My uncle is an out of towner here =
uncle J h
C--.
(stranger)/
A goofing out of towner =
J h
x -- -x, - -x,
J p-x.
c) As the flood waters surrounded the village,

the villagers were marooned =
vo:
--Fx
vEo d--d-, \ v-n-
v- - ---.
1. was announced / has been announced/ had

been announcedpast actions.
N --
O n N? -sx --T-h?
h -
news paper \- was + p.p/ were + p.p
-.
--T-h-o. ?
Maroon = Et--u-i p----
2. could O p-x past ability E J*
O-- C--.
-C ? could future a) When the ship sailed off without him, he
a? news paper you could enjoy
was marooned on the island =
enjoy -a E C future
Rx---, Et- ? O p-x you could enjoy past
-u-i Dy -J --.
enjoy --- ? N-J---.
b) Our car brokedown at the dead of night
, x
E-T-
and we were marooned where we did not

know =
l-vA T---,
-J Et-u v-, \
-L-, <- *\---.
1. Was announced - Past

time
action time
*a-
J-T
C v--L-
-E L---p.
-C,
b) Out of pity I helped him, but he is

ungrateful =
L/ L-x , F
%-o.
7) Out of favour = G- p--/--aE.
a) This fashion is out of favour with the
youth now =
fashion p G-
p-C./ p - a .
b) The MLA is out of favour with the CM =
MLA u-vA
p-.
G--Eo
Has been announced past action;

the time of action, not stated
announce
announce
has been + pp- Past action,
time not known)
(p
--C L- F
v --
Had been annonced

Past action
D past action.
J-TC.
By the time I reached there the result had

been announced =
-\- --p-/
-- C v----C.
Had been + pp = the 1st of two past actions.

All the three verbs are in the passive voice.
2. Could past ability
correct.
could
possibility in the present
or future
future
could
--C

L-- -a. p
u------ N-Eo
p-a.
She could be here any moment =
~--j \ -a (Present possibiltiy)
They could be here tommorrow = Rx-\
-a/ - C.
--- 21 -d 2007
Snehit: Why do you go on needling Karthik the
way you do?
( J Kh- p
-?)
needle= JE J* p
--E N-T-
Vaibhav: Keep out of this, Snehi. This no way
concerns you.
(DE y Lp--. F -C* N--.)

concern =
Snehit: I don't want two of my friends crossing
swords with each other. That's what I
am concerned about.
( o--L-l x--- -----. C - L-ThC.)

be concerned = ----.
I am concerned about my father's health =
o u - L-T-hC.
cross swords = x---
Vaibhav: you are out to help him I know. You
have always liked him better than
me.
-- j---
Vaibhav: If he was so much for having it out
with me why did you stop him? If as
you say he can be dangerous, so can
I be. In fact, I've been looking forward
to a confrontation with him.
( a---E -,
y . y--od
v , v---
--. --E -"
a---E p-- ---o.)
confrontation- -v-- \
--- -" (x).
showdown, confrontation - ----i . practice .
Snehit: Look here, Vaibhav. I am leaving here
for good before the year's out. So
before I leave, I want to see you as
friends.
(. -q h-u--
Rx--o. x- O lJo o- -E -J.)
for good= y-
b) The police have warned him to keep out of

the group clashes =
_- --x Lp----lE M o
a-J-.
c) When his mother and wife start arguing he
keeps out of it =
Lx, u --- Lp--

Keep out- (-) v-P-- /
v-P---lE p.
a) 'unsafe building, keep out' =
Building
~---/ ---n-A C.
v-P--.
Vaibhav: Good
luck.
Keep trying.
(Good
(--- -E F
. p -- F
d.)
Snehit: Come
on
Vaibhav. You
must be out of
your mind to
say that. I just
want you to
stay out of trouble. That's all. Karthik
can some times dangerous.
luck.
v-Aoh
)
-x---
347
b) 'Private
property.
Keep out' =
private
C
n.
v-P--.
y vAN ----, C F *a.

b) Any one who says politicians are honest is
out of their mind =
-
*a-x.
4) Stay out of trouble =
s-x -
a) I don't want to do any business. I am for
staying out of trouble =
u --, s-x --E.

b) You'd better stay out of all this =
N-x y Lp--.
n D, Keep out of, .
5) Have it out =
You ar e out to help him
(F a-\--xC. y s-x
- E J. .
Kh \\-p v)
Vaibhav: You could warn Karthik as well.
( N y Kh
pa .)
Snehit: (Are) you sure that I haven't? I've told
him very strongly to avoid a show
down with you. That's why he isn't provoked even when you try to.
(- p--E F ? d p
, F a- lA
lE. y a--d--E
v-Ao-* *a--
o.)
showdown =
a--
(-- -o N/ x N.)
provoke = a--d-/ Ny-.
vo: u--kx -*
F \-J Eth
vo Even if I die a
thousand times, I will
be born once again for
you
imagination/ impossible,
II
condition
answer Even if I
died a thousand times, I would be born
once again for you
E .
u E--,
--i N--
L ?
-C !
N-J---.
.--, K--
: O correct. future imaginary
--p, if I die - p-.
But your sentence 'If I died...', certainly
better. Thank you for pointing it out.
uses of out/ out of J-Q-L-ho

, N J-Eo -s
lesson J-Q-Ll.
-u C a-J-- -.
2) You are out to help him
Out to do some thing =
E---B-----x
/-
a--.
a) Why do you ask her.
Have it out with him
-
y? -E
a.
b) Unable to bear the insults any more he

wanted to have it out with his boss =
boss
--- J--
a------o.

E--- d Eg/
vo
1) Keep out of this.
Out for some thing =
2) You are out to help him.
-Eo -E d Eg-/
-v-o
-q- .
before the day/ the week/ the month,
etc is out = V/ --/ -, etc. .
F O ~ Ba--- Eg/ vo
a) He had finished reading the novel before the

day was out =
M.SURESAN
3) You must be out of your mind to say that.
a) He is out to take revenge on you =
4) I just want you to stay out of trouble.
5) If he was so much for having it out with me,
why did you stop him?
6) I am leaving here for good before the year is
out
1) Keep out of something =
j N- u -/ Lp-- .
a) Let me keep out of this affair between the
cousins. I don't want to have my fingers
burnt =
cousins u u- Lp------. a--------.
b) She is out to make it good in computers =

computers - -E Eg /
vo.
make it good= -
C) He is out only for one thing and that is
money =
E vo s.
3) Out of one's mind =
a-\/ n x-
ii) Every tide has its ebb.

iii) All men are mortal.
iv) Either way, it is good.
v) The harder I work, The greater is the
pleasure.
vi) Men may come, and men may go but. I
go on for ever.
: i) Sew - Sou - ; sow - ;
. u, -
brew - (v) stew - d u

p -C.
---x/ E-
u
iv) --i- -- ( Nx)
v) y d
/ vNh, .
vi) - a, a. F -p-
T---.
ii)
iii)
-V - Jh--.
b) The company had sold out all stock before a
week was out =
\--
company
- t-C.
c) He got the next promotion before the year

was out =
C A-- - yA promotion a-C.
a) You must be out of your mind to think you

can ever become a minister =
vo: i) Sew, Sow, Brew, Strew- - a- vo: i) v , Tenses * h, v N-J---. -C -u- -- -- -- ---.
6) before the years out = (year is out)
Eo *---. ii) Tx C-N-p sentence Jh n .

DE N? iii) Should, would, will
Future would forms p,
-sx --T- N-J-.
X, j---
: i) Living English structure by Stannard
Allen (with key) = O--T N O

--- h.
ii) - -v-
( x) n -C.
iii) Should, Would, Will.... O --
N lessons explain
. .
vo: 1. Give some examples of post mention
words. Whether post mention words are

used in formal English?
2. Whether the sentence- "I still remember

locking the door" - conveys past tense?
: 1. Examples of Post mention words

. ------, t-
(Words formed by combining the

meaning and the sound of two already
existing words)
a) Edutainment Education + Entertainment
(Nu + N)
b) Infotainment Information + Entertainment =
- + N
c) concerpt- concert + excerpt =
K* B Eo
2) I still remember locking the door - It
does convey a past action but I still
remember to have locked/ having
locked the door - conveys a past
action more clearly.
- 23 -d 2007
-- j---
Hemang: What's biting you? For God's sake

out with it!
(N- ---o? -
p!)
Tushar: My secret is out. My uncle, of all the
people my uncle, has come to know
of my affair with Mahima.
Tushar: She hasn't yet come to know of this
( -C -L-.)
Hemang: Talk to your people once again about
it.
(Sx O x -J x.)
Tushar: That's what I am trying to do.
( vo Oo.)
( u -----C. -
u o N, -u, -J , -u L-C.)
Hemang: Does he know you intend to marry
her too?
(y Rx - l- o--E ?)
Tushar: Why don't you hear me out? There
was a big scene at home yesterday.
Mom, dad and he hit the roof when I
told them that I want to marry her.
(pC Jh N? Eo l
scene x. - Rx
----- v--.)
hit the roof = N-K--i
Hemang: You told them that?
(-C p y x.)
Tushar: I told them that wasn't for a marriage
with Purnima, My uncle's daughter.
Reason - I'm against marriage
between
blood relations. So is
Purnima for
that matter.
Hemang: What happened then?
Out/ out of
lesson
N- ---o.
J--Eo-E l.

conversation above:
3) Hear (somebody) out =
1) For God's sake, out with it.
a) She complains that the judge hasn't heard

her out =
2) My secret is out.
a) He threw the books out the window =
h-oC Jh/ *-J- N

Judge
3) Why don't you hear me out?
pC *J N--E
--hC.
4) My uncle walked out the door.

5) She throw them out the window.
6) He was sitting in his room, with the lights out.
b) Though they heard me out patiently they

didn't change their opinion =
1) Out with it =
pC *J x - No-p, G-v-- x a--.

d ( N/ u N
C ;
---d-E -Fight it out - a
-E- .)
y/ x y
a) You seem to be hav N-Eo/ Ning something in
Eo a--/
mind. Come on, out
-x--- 348
J \J---.
with it =
h-- --* - N--.

(Out of the window )
b) She looked out the window =
--* - C.
(Out of the window )
c) As the car broke down, they all got out the
car (out of the car
and began to push
it =
-T--- x * CT
---d.
6) With the lights out =
D <x (D p----x/
J-----x)
My secr et is out
F - o-xC. F,
p/ --d.
(iC y?)
Tushar: Even before I could finish, my uncle
walked out the door in a huff. My
parents haven't cooled down yet. I
brought my mom some fruits and she
just threw them out the window.
( x- Jh --
u N-N BE Rx-. t,
o x---. t x a. E --* N-C.)
Hemang: What about your dad?
(O o -?)
Tushar: He wouldn't talk to me. He was sitting in silent anger in his room, with
the lights out.
a) She wants to fight it out with her

neighbours =
---x
a-------C (a/
x-- y)
b) Is something bothering you? Why

don't you out with it?
b) We were tired. We left them to

fight it out =
j Eo --h?
- p?
c) He was out with his intentions
finally =
M.SURESAN
*-J l-- ---d.

d) After a long interrogation she was out
with it =
- vPo-* y, N-
---dC.
2) My secret is out = u -----.
a) Your secret is out. We know everything
about you =
F u ----C. F J*
.
( x- -.
x-- C lights
p a-o.)
b) How much money he has is a secret, but

soon it will be out =
Hemang: What does Mahima say about it all?
_ s-D u. F C
y- -------C / -hC.
--.
a---E x C-. (J\--u)
c) How long this suspense? Let's fight it out

with them =
- C-l-? J
x , a--. (a/
x x)
4) and 5) Out the door; out the window

1) Out the door = out of the door =
y*
2) Out the window = out of the window = -*
Out of the door, Out of the window - x
out of , , u Spoken/
Colloquial (u--J) English out (of
) v NE-hC. p - out of ( * , y -
* n) , out -o.
a) The lights were out

when he walked in =
-L --a-p D J-.
b) In the middle of the meeting, the lights went

out =
- u D J-.
c) The lights were out, and the thief found his
chance =
D J--, - -*\C/
D J- -/ J- o,
- -*\C.
Fire () J----E out
a) Luckily the fire was out before much damage
was done =
%dh \ d J-.
b) The fire they lit in the open was out in an

hour =
-- x J-C.
Out -s-E T-x we can carry
on conversation in simple, natural English.
--- -*- (lesson No-347)

-*--J vo, E --, Portmanteau
(-) words post mention words
E -v--J--i-C. --E--.
Note:
( -C DEo J*?)
-v-o:
i) Please explain the difference between the
following transformation of sentences.
A.V.: I hate people who are looking at me.
P.V.: I hate people being looked at.
ii) A.V.: We hear the voices calling for help
P.V.: Voices are heard calling for help.- Why the type two
can't be transformed type one?
We hear the voices being called for help.
iii)
o A ApC -Tx- pa?
iv) What are the uses of participles?

v) Whether a Handbook of English grammar (Longman 1972)
is available at Hyderabad ?
---:
. ------, t-
i) I hate people who are looking at me- what exactly your idea
is, is not clear. If you mean, that in general, you hate people
looking at you, the sentence must be, I hate people who look
at me (that is, you don't like people/ any body looking at you
= You hate any body who looks at you) or better still, I hate
people looking at me.
If, on the other hand, you mean that you hate the people (a
particular group of people who are looking at you), then the
correct thing to say is, I hate the people who are looking at
me.
I hate people who look at me = If any body looks at me, I hate
them (you hate the act of looking)
I hate the people who are looking at me = Some people
(now) are looking at me and I hate them.
I hate people being looked at = I hate any body looking at
people.
It is not clear what your idea exactly is.
ii) Voices calling for help are being heard = We hear voices
calling for help.
(We hear voices being called for help - meaningless)
iii) She grimaced at me.
iv) Two participles - The present participle (going, coming,

walking, taking, etc)
The past participle (gone, seen, given, talked, liked, smelt,
etc)
The present participle with a 'be' form before it forms a verb
(am going, has been working, will be coming, etc)
It can be used as a subject and an object.
The past participle with a 'be' form before it forms passive
voiceis given, are taken, has been done, will be grown,
etc.
The past participle is used in news head lines: a) Comet
seen yesterday.
b) Stones thrown at police etc.
The past participle with have/has/had, shall have/ should
have/ will have etc) forms a verb: have gone, has seen, will
have bought, etc.
v) The book seems to be out of print. You can try for old copies
of it in 2nd hand book stalls.
--C- 26 -d 2007
-- j---
Nischit: We are really out of luck. We are just

a few minutes late. All the tickets have
been sold out.
(C -%d. Cl EN- v
-u a.
Eo q
tj-.)
Manjit: That means the movie is out for the
coming week, as we are busy through
it. We can see the movie only next
week.
( V E
d, -
BJ--.)
Nischit: Yea. It's out of the question. I doubt if
we could make it the next week either.
I have to visit my cousin who lives at a
little out of the way village in
Diviseema.
(. vh C. a-
-- C . -- CN-- h -
v >-
L.)
Manjit: You are certainly going out of your
way to meet him.
(h \ v B--o o
-.)
Nischit: I have to,
because we
used to be
very
close
when we went
to school. He
has been a bit
out of sorts for the past few weeks.
Something is seriously wrong. His son
called me yesterday and told me of it.
(O lJ u J-TC. *J F \ pF, E L-
vd p d q Gx ,
A \-j-E L---.)
Nischit: Exactly. But we got back the hundred
odd rupees from the tractor spares
dealer. This friend of mine was quite
happy but we had to spend a hundred
rupees on transport to get the money
back.
Manjit: Life is like that you know.
(@N .)
Out a expressions J-Q-Lho .
Conversations - / NE
JEo expressions p l.
conversations above:
1) We are really out of luck.
2) That means the movie is out for the coming
week.
3) It's out of the question.
4) I've to see a cousin of mine who lives at a little out of the way village in Diviseema.
5) You are certainly go
out of your way to
meet him.
K-~ x v /
/ - .
b) Coaching was out because we didn't find
a suitable coach =
5) Go out of your way (to do something) =

Go out of somebody's way (to do something)
j P~- --- P~ --C/

P~ u---/ P~-- --C.
\--E E vl BE
- C common,
spoken English- .
c) Walking is out for him four weeks as his

knee is in bandage =
a) He went out of his way to help the

stranger =
L d x 4
- .
-J-*-- -
--\---- .
3) Out of the question = Not possible/ not

allowed=
b) She went out of her way to help her distant cousin get a job =
u / -U-.
-x---
349
a) You want me to go
to the wedding in
these clothes. It is
out of the question =
u
\--E v--C. (
--\----- C.)
6) Be out of sorts = - --/ h
*- / sC
It's out of the question
( xL, p. o
x, \x. Cl -
y-n- o. h Bv-i
N-. x s Eo
p.)
Manjit: Didn't he visit you a few months ago
here?
(Cl Eo -E
\ a. --?)
Nischit: That's the guy. He came here to buy
some tractor spares and a good TV set.
(. vd N--, *
-E \ a.)
TV
Manjit: There was some argument between

you. Finally he proved you were out in
calculations, and as a result the bill
for the tractor parts was out by over
Rs 100 to Rs.125.
vo:
-C -u-- --Tx--
-- -- --
-.
1. -- (A--E)
y--?
2. sE ---d.
3.
-E E
-.
4. *a-- -.
5. o A?
6. Eo h- ---L.
7. L.
8. E h B---.
9. -E a--d.
10. B-----E U RxC.
11. --d Z --a.
12. - s a.
13. -T s y .
>. E, K--
6) He has been a bit out of sorts for

the past few weeks.
7) Finally he proved you were out in
calculations.... bill... was out by Rs
100 to Rs 125.
h- Rx x-? CE E/ *a E--.
1) Out of luck =
M.SURESAN
a) We were out of luck. We got
there too late to see our favourite hero =
b) She was out of luck to miss the seat just

by one mark =
\ \ \ -d- -%d.
2) The movie is out for the coming week =
E -u E O -E
C.
7) Out in (something) = p/ -
4) out of the way place =
-, v y -E /
- -E
a) Sorlagondi is an out of the way village on
the coast in Krishna district =
x-C %g >x -v-B- \

- -E .
a) Cricket is out for us for the coming two

weeks because of exams =
~u \ - x
pvA d--.
3. I'll not show him the movie

I will not let him see the
movie
I will not take him to
the movie
4. Only he must have written this nonsense.
5. Will you/ would you eat? (would- better)
6. We must know the prices of all articles.
7. We must see if (whether) she is in the shop
or not.
8. I took Ramu upto that post/ pillar.
9. I seated the baby/ I had the baby seated.
10. Geetha has gone to fetch Latha.
11. The Maoists have given a call for a bandh
tomorrow/ have called for a bandh tomorrow.
12. He gave me money even before I asked
him.
13. Though I have asked for the money he is
not giving it.
(O O
--x-).
(-E-y).
(B--x/- --).
vo: 1. He
is determined =
a) You are out in your counting =
F \ p/ y p \-
b) Your guess is out by more than Rs. 1000
b) Just for social service he started his hospital in an out of the way town =
2. I put (laid) baby to bed.
s-C C.
Sx
- (u).
V movie d/
- .
Out (\) = / - --.
---: 1. Shall I give you a banana to eat?
b) I feel out of sorts in his presence =

c) He was out of sorts with himself for delaying the work =
H- vA --? u.
%d. -u-u,
G- ---.
D` v x
- / h
* -C.
b) Helping the fellow again is out of

the question=
c) A poor man becoming a minister?

That's out of the question =
%d --/ -%d
a) She was out of sorts

after the long journey
Eg--
--f... N-J---.
2. A number of buses, a lot of buses.
u u N-?
3. I felt happy on seeing him; I felt happy by
seeing him
correct?
4. He remind me of the money I owed him
He reminded me
--C
E --C.
E L
? - u p-. -p He has reminded me of the money I
owed him E L ?
5. %d B--h u B-.
6. f-x C.
7. C.
8. O F-- ~ u-
Tx- pL?
, x
---: 1. He is determined - \ determined past participle , C condition --C, passive B--.
F p u --j
C/ u -- (p) C
F -.
c) The contractor's bill is out by about a lakh
rupees =
~ - p C,
v-d Gx.
Fo simple expressions - -x conversation simple , - C.
n, determined (Ea-/ -E-g

o/ L-T---) o E.
He is interested = h (--) o-.
2. A lot of buses = A number of buses.
3. I felt happy seeing him correct.
4. He reminded me, correct. He reminded me
Time
has reminded
situation
time
Past doing word
correct. eg: I saw him yesterday. He
reminded me of the money.
yesterday
Past time,
stated.
Past doing word (past
simple) correct.
5. If you bring it to our notice we will take
action.
6. Something has come in the way.
7. The gate is/ has been closed.
8. Why are you so vindictive against me/
Why are you so angry with me?
-D,
p-,
L, F
\-j
-sEo d,
p a. --
(\
E p . p
--p,
--- 28 d 2007
-- j---
Nischala: What do you know of him?
( P-ho. x N- J* *a- -------o o.)
( J* F ?)
Vignana: Who are you talking of?
(
y J J* x---o?)
Nischala: Of your friend's cousin, Virup.

(
O o--L > N J*.)
Vignana: How does he interest you?
(--x F h?)
Nischala: He has been proposed to me, dad
says.
(
Vignana: All the members of the family are

good. I can assure your father of it.
They live at a distance of a kilometre
from our home.
(x- *-x O o Eo
J* y--. * -O- -x.)
--E B--a-E
o -o.)
propose = Rx vA--C-.
Nischala: They are coming to see me on the

evening of Sunday. Won't you be
around?
He proposed his daughter to his colleague's son =
(x o - C-
v h-o. y-?)
JE -uT -
vA--C- Rx ---o-.
Vignana: Why me, of all? If you so wish I'll be

there, don't worry. But of which group
I am going to be, I'm not certain.
Vignana: So you are getting married. congrats!

(
Rx ----o-o .
G---.)
Nischala: A friend of my parent's has brought
up the proposal. Nothing certain yet.
(
q v Eo B--a. --/
-.)
Vignana: I know Virup
well. He is
the elder of
the two sons
of their parents.
He
stands 5'9''
or there abouts and is quite good
looking. He has a good job that fetches him a handsome salary. What
else can you ask for?
8) On the evening of sunday.
- Ja, J* n - -.
of, about. N interchangeable -
Ja n --p, of a
about a.
a) What do you know of/ about him? =
Nischala: You are my

classmate,
so you are
b) What did he talk of/ about me?=
--- J*
x-?
c) He says this of you /
-x---
about you =
350
The legs of the table (Table's legs

The
pages of the book (The book's pages
);
)
-, , v- x of
, 's -i---C- -p.
a) Hyderabad's software companies provide
jobs to tens of thousands of people=
j----E d- -F C v-
u- Lp-h-o.
--E J* F--?
? y --
hx. vK y. J ~
--L C
L--.)
Sentences (1) and (2) Know of, talking of =
b) APSRTC's fleet of buses carry lakhs of passengers everyday across the state=
..--.--.-.. C q vA-V
~-C v- -Z B---.
fleet = A group of buses/ lorries / ships, etc.
Eo J* ----C
-o.
Sentences 4 and 5; the elder of, the first

of, etc.
He is a gem of a man
. l x l-. h 5'9''
a. -. * @ a
u. L F?)
There abouts = /
Nischala: This is the first of the guys coming to
see me.
(
o Rx-- - ho
-uh ---.)
Vignana: I'm sure there won't be another,
because I haven't any doubt about
your liking each other. Certainly you
are made for each other.
3) A friend of my parent's =
there for me.
my parent's friend =
(y x--N d,
y --.)
Vignana: Just dont worry. He is a
gem of a man and the others are very good as well.
( ----.
--*-, -
* x.)
M.SURESAN
a) A friend of my brother/ My brother's friend

was here yesterday =
Nischala: Bye then, Viggy.
In this lesson we are going to study the uses

of the preposition 'of'.
'of'
O --?
- NE--hC

conversation above
1) What do you know of him?
2) Who are you talking of?
- Eo ----E
t, OJ-l -o d
x . OJ-l
-, -.)
Made for each other= - - J--
Nischala: Hope so. Dad wants to make sure of
the family background before moving further.
-v-o: C - n, ---.
i) far off ii) as if iii) derrick iv) else
e.g. no one else.
v) through fare vi) smoke scent vii)
pot pies viii) For the time being ix) and so,
x) or so xi) any one else, xii) is n't that so
-sx --T--a.
--
---: i) far off= distant= -i.
-u , -
Far Off
places =
-i v. ,
-, The place is
far off . Far Off p,
, n, not .
My College is n't far off from my home =
College - * .
- Distant E F,
Lxv
o-
x 'of' C, \,
-C*- E n hC.
u \ ,
of , 's (Apostrophe and s)
\ .
3) A friend of my parent's has brought up the

proposal.
4) He is the elder of the two sons.
Eo v o-- --\--o.
b) From the look of these houses we can say
that they are of the rich =
- x -Eo d p- -N -E.
- N- \ (possession/ ownership) E -p-, of 's better.
The books of my friend = my friend's books
of
's'
x
C.
\ -
The books on the table are my friend's =
5) This is the first of the guys.
-- -O o h- o--N =
6) Dad wants to make sure of the family background.
The books on the table are of my friend/

are of my friend's.
7) All the members of the family.
v E h--
- a long way off E F

. Eo , A long way off= ,
\.
The place is a long way off = v
The place isn't far off=
(_)
(ii) As if= -x, F . He talks as if he
alone was correct. ( -\ j-x
x- J ) As though/ As if
- , lessons NJ .
iii) Derrick= 1) - -i
Crane. 2) (Petroleum) E ~--o x
bore - Drill a Platform.
iv) Also -J-* N-- Lessons
-N--J-..
's
'of'
v) Thorough fare (through fare)= A Public Road.

vi) Smoke Scent, vii) Pot pies
Sentence,
v
J/ h n
(position) -p- of
.
a) He is the first of the
Indians to cross the
seas=
-v -Bx v- .
E )
(He is the first Indian
b) This is 45th episode of the serial =
J-- C 45 -.
-E-: \ of =
c) Sahadeva is the youngest of the Pandavas =
x -- *o-.
N J*
d L / t .
6) Sure of / certain of =
a) Are you sure of success =
N O F t ?
b) He is not sure of attending the marriage =
Rx J* t
.
Sure of sure about E --a.
7) _ N-A o uh.
e.g.: The members of a family, the students of
a class / of a college, the leaders of a
group,
8) The evening of sunday/ the morning of
monday/ the evening of 11th Oct 2006, etc.,
V/--K l, uo, ---j-N p- of

He told you of it. Is that not so
(Isn't that so?) =
C F
p. ?/ ?
-v-o: 1. o o Lx--v-
viii) For the time being = vh--E.
-t - .
ix) And so = d
2. F Nv - yt % - -u-- --Tx-- -- --L?
x) Or so= .
Kh, A-
It costs Rs 1000/- or so. C -u ----: 1. I shall be indebted life long/ all my
/- -u - v C.
life to my parents (who gave me this
He weights 70 Kgs or so=
life).
70 -@- -a.
2. It's my fortune to have a friend like you/ I'm.
xi) Any one else = --j.
blessed to have a friend like you/ I feel
Anyone else would not have done it= C - --.( x no one rewarded to have a friend like you. (English
x Christians d x y t O
else would have done it, better)
t )
xii) Is that not so? = ?
. N
.
ox
s L--
- 30 d 2007
-- j---
Dharani: Your dress is really marvellous.

Where did you buy it and how much
is it?
Vidushi: Though no fractures or sprains, his body

is aching a lot. I am sure he has to be off
duty for the coming two to three days.
(F dress s C. \
o? o?)
marvellous- - ' \ - =
s--i
Vidushi: I bought it at Quick Sale for a discount, of course. They knocked 20%
off the dress. So I got it for Rs. 400
less.
N- (-) - -, x p C.
, V office x--E
t)
fracture- va -/ x N-.
sprain- vp- -/
Dharani: Where was he going?
(\- h-o?)
(Quick Sales
Dress
discount o.
20 T_-.
-x 400 - \-
*aC.)
Dharani: Where is this shop?
shop
\?)
Vidushi: Near Governorpet branch of State

Bank of India, fifty yards off the main
road.
(State Bank of India Governorpet
branch
Main Road
_.
)
* 50
Dharani: I'd like to have a look at the dresses

too. How about going this evening?
Vidushi: He was on his way to our village 20

Km off Guntur.
( * 20 .O. o
v-E h-o)
Dharani: OK. We're getting right off the subject. When shall we go to the discount shop? When can you come?
(. N C-.
discount shop p
l? p - y?)
He ate off the whole fruit =
Off a place = away from a place =
2) He came from Chennai =
v-E /
a) He lives in Dilsukhnagar, a kilometre off
the main road to the east.
j o * a.
He came off from the place =
--C C, main road

p .O. .
\-o* a-.
E Jh .
Finish off the work = E Jh .
p off o N n, --
l. Look at the following sentences
3) Finish the work -
b) It is village off Guntur -
-L v.
c) It is an island off the coast of the Bay of
Bengal =
-x---
( uo
l)
2. Off the main road =
h A-.
Vidushi: Why can't we

go tomorrow
afternoon?
( \ dresses ---o. y v l?)

Vidushi: I'm afraid I
can't make it
this evening.
I've to take
my younger
brother
to
hospital. He fell off his bike this morning.
351
1) They knocked 20%

off the dress.
-- B-E h o DN.
3. fall off = C --
2) ... fifty yards off the

main road
a) The gale caused all the fruits to fall off the

tree =
gale -
--L (
-x O
L) d-o
xFo -.
He fell of f his bike
(y v .
to pvA B--}L. Bike OC
* --f .)
Dharani: How badly is he hurt?
( Bv T-?)
hurt = --/ x --
Vidushi: Fortunately they are minor injuries.
Just a few bruises.
(%dh *o *o . \-\
-U--C.)
bruise = (v , size -) -U
/ x t *--
Dharani: Sorry to hear that.
(C N--E C)
3) He fell off his bike
Dharani: OK. That suits me fine. I'm

off.
4) He has to be off duty for the coming two to three days.
(. O-
C. ho.
5) He was on his way to our village

20 km off Guntur.
Bye.)
6) I'm off.
-C - J , les1. Off the dress/ off the original
off n, --
M.SURESAN
price = T_-.
----o.
a) They knocked 50% off the original price =
Off - - English conversation
50 T_--.
. Off y-----i n, E E. - , a, Ao
b) You can get it at 25% off the price it is
-, E h-C E p-,
usually sold at - J---E-
-, a-, A- . --x
C 25 \ --C.
English off .
c) He is 3 to 4 Kgs off his weight a week
1) He ate the whole fruit =
ago- v E - 3, 4
_.
h Ao.
u h
Two hundred, four thousand, six lakh, eight

crore, etc.
singular)
vo: 1. With a view to y
verb ing a a to y
-a?
2. Lakh, Crore numbers p singular L, p plural L?
3. Barely, hardly, scarcely- N --n
, interchange -a?
.-.--u, N--phrases
verb ing form
(u-
u -C, C, ~-C,
xC n plural.
Hundreds of students get scholarships =
a?
-C Nu-n ...
Thousands of cars ply on this road =
cars
road
A--.
Lakhs of people have seen the movie =
~-C v E .
Crores of people consider Gandhi a
mahatma =
xC v ...
--:
3. Inter change -a. - -Eo
1. With a view to ( -l-) y p
-s NN -a.
'... ing' form v hC.
barely, hardly before, scarcely when
With a view to owning a house, we are sav.
ing money =
Boundary
-/ -
d d AE.
4. He has to be off duty for the coming week =
vo: 1. How
to teach Xth English medium

English prose and poetry in English?
x/ x C - l-,
s -o
2.
With a view to avoiding the heat of summer

we are going to Kashmir=
3. I have a half day of school tomorrow. Is it

correct?
E- uh English pL?
N d-- Qt -o.
--:
1. There are no hard and fast rules for the way
you teach a set of students. Teaching methods have to change according to the abilities
of the students, the number of students, the
class room atmosphere, etc. But the following
method may be tried.
1) Before beginning a lesson- put them some
questions about the contents of the lesson.
2) Let them read, on their own, a paragraph
or a part of a para, if the para is long.
3) Ask them if they have found answers to
your questions in the para.
4) Ask them to answer your questions.
5) Then explain the lesson in detail, but
before that explain the meanings of the
difficult words.
If it is a poem, read the whole poem first with
the necessary pauses. Set the words in
prose order and read again. Then follow the
method above.
2. Expressed protest.
3. Tomorrow the school is only for half a day/
The school works only for half a day tomorrow.
duty
- .
NC, E
. NC/ E -----.
off duty/ off work =
son
2. Hundred, Thousand, Lakh, Crore ..

singular.
b) He hit the ball so

hard that it fell off/ way
off the boundary =
a) I am off college for tomorrow and the day

after college
, x
b) He has been off office for the last two

days because of a fever =
office
v-V
6. I'm off = ho.
yx
x-.
a) I am wanted at home. I'm off =
--} -. ho.
h-o/ R}--.
b) He is off =
vo:
1.
' - not yet E p.

Not bought yet E - a? Not
buy yet -d?
2. No. Only yesterday I came to know he

had sold it off.
off
DE
-?
3. Said that (or) told
that
hC. F told y
E -C-, -d?
4. -d? E - -- English
-L?
. N- -, v (- >x)
--:
1. Not yet-
DE n, DE J question d
C. (Not yet= - E. C
---C J question d
C). Not bought Yet p.Have/ has not
bought yet- correct. Not buy yet- --C -p.
2. , t t-
(Nt--). Sold it off/ away
E h---C -E h emphasis
.
3. Say, tell differences -x N- L--. lessons -.4. Is it correct? --L.
- . P, (..->x)
--C- 2 d- 2007
-- j---
Ranjan: Hi, Harsha, what's new?

Harsha: Nothing
Harsha: Have you booked your ticket?
( )
(F --o?)
Ranjan: I called you the other day but you

walked off in a hurry. In fact I called
you till you were out of earshot.
Ranjan: No. Not yet. I had been to the station

this morning for reserving my ticket.
The power was off for nearly an hour.
Having no patience to wait any longer
I came away. I'm going tomorrow
again.
(o -V Eo -h,
y y Rx--. N-- x L-.)
Harsha: I didn't really hear you, I swear.
Nothing is a greater pleasure than
talking to you.
(F E NE--. F
x C?)
Ranjan: I returned recently from Mumbai. There
I ran into our old friend and classmate
Charit. (Do) you remember him?
( --u j * AJ--a.
\ -- x-,
o- J- --o. J
F h ?)
( . --y l d- x
Jy ---. -F -
. * a-.
Sx h.)
Harsha: You don't seem to be in any hurry to
go back.
(AJT x-- --ox

Ep y.)
Ranjan: I am off the mood for work. I've a lot of
leave in credit. I want to be off work for
the whole period of leave.
(E - -x.
o. V-j--- E--- -E
C.)
Harsha: Of course I do. He is never off my

mind. Well, what about him?
(h----? E p
Ja-. -Eo J*?)
Ranjan: He is very well off now. He is a big
business man of sorts.
(p - -----.
u .)
(of sorts = -)
Harsha: That
makes
me happy. We
can be together for some
time.
Study the following uses of 'off' now:

1) Walk off,run off,etc =
x, off n, away E.
Rx--, J-- . (--
Rx--/ --L J-- E)
b) The father is a happy man because his

sons are all well off =
--- o--x- x v
- o.
Well off X badly off -
a) They walked off without listening to her =
-hC ,
pC NE--- x Rx--.
b) He threw it off the window =
( Z -o--o-
. vA --j--p- \o -E L .)
Ranjan: You can say that. He isn't without talent really. He is able to show that in
Mumbai. I think people are well off
once they get out of their homes.
(E. vA E---.
o- j -----o. yZ * -
E --.)
Harsha: So, when are you going to Mumbai
again?
( y Sx j p
h-o?)
Ranjan: I am off as soon as my ticket is ready.
I think that'll take another weak.
(
- h.
d-a.)
-v-o:- i) "A true book is the life blood of a matter's spirit''.

ii) When we use these phrases?
a) On the other hand.
b) As a matter of fact.
c) on the basis of.
*--. -B-- Lh,

y H--N .
. Rx---o.
d) Off you go. We don't
want you here any
more =
-x---
off
352
Get out. OJ\ -\-x v.
>. , --o
i) A true/ great book is the life blood of a master spirit correct form of the sentence.
-D
n E-i/p h -tE
v---i h.
ii) a) On the other hand - C on the one
hand .., on the other (hand)- C
G-v--/-N---/ -%-p- u ,
u ju L-- .
On the one hand they want to give
money, but on the other, they don't
want to give their money=
sLy
d, E --x s y d-.
N :
a
J* J-Eo N-
--.
a) They walked off with the victory/

the prize.

b) The boy rang the bell, and as I
1) I called you the other day but you
opened the door, he ran off =
walked off.
M.SURESAN
2) He is never off my mind.
3) He is very well off now.
c) They ran off towards the station =
4) So he is better off outside the state.
5) I think people are well off when they get out
of their homes.
3) be well off =
X
6) I am off as soon as my ticket is ready.
be badly off =
7) The power was off for nearly an hour.
a) You need not worry about Naresh. He's
8) I want to be off work for the whole period of
made it good in business and is well off
leave.
now =
preposition
adverb
'off'
adjective
Just don't worry what part of speech a word is,
so long as you are able to use it correctly in
your speech. Correct use, that's important.
b) We are badly off for investment, so we

are unable to start business =
d- d-/ d- h
u v-G--- o.
c) She isn't so badly off as not to have/ buy
good dresses =
* v -
.
4) So he is better off
outside the state =
Z E E C/
-C---o.
a) People are better off now than before
because of technological progress =
N/ -A >-\---o.
v d.
J--p-, J--.
} d j J--.
s-
s --.
Eox
. \-J
-Th.
He did not help me, on the other hand he

spread lies about me =
-D-E --- -n--N-?
--:
Eo * () N--.
c) Look. Off he goes =
He is never of f my mind
Harsha: So he is better off outside

the
home
state. That's
good for him.
So long as he was here, he was quite
badly off, for all his talent.
badly off =
a) Don't worry. Compared with the average

Indian, you aren't badly off =
-, -- O
-l v .
b) As a matter of fact =
o N--E h a-u/ --h

L-T-- expression, -n-E
.
We have known each other for a long
time. As a matter of fact, we were classmates at college =
-- -J-- -- .
-n-E college classmates.
I've helped him. As a matter of fact I've
helped him even before he has asked for it
=
. -n-E
o -- --f.
c) On the basis of =
N -; Eo-d.
- J* y *A\-. u ja. s -C*

E-- o.
Don't act on the basis of what you have

heard from others. Wait till you know the
facts.
- p--Eo-d O--.
h- ----- .
On the basis of my experience I draw
conclusions. =
-A -G-%Cl x -
p v J-nA (Jn-) _ C.
b) The team is better off without him =
- C.
6) I'm off = R}---x
a) It's already late. I'm off =
p- -u-iC. -- R}--o.
b) The bird is off to unknown lands =
L-E v-- ~ (TJ) C.

Nu --.
Off work = E x---.
jFo conversation u -
NE . practice .
7) Power is off =
iii) The property had

been sold before he
wanted to buy it. (earlier past action)
iv) He
cannot
help
accepting defeat/
He cannot but accept
o -Eo-d El--- h/
defeat.
El-- ---Eo-d .
--v-o: i) All the students in
-v-o:- -C -u- d-? -N--J--.
our class passed the exam.
i) Whom I have to meet?
ii) We have to write the exam well.
iii) The property was sold before he wanted to buy it.
iv) He cannot help but accept defeat.
--:
.--\--, --o-
O--T--- correct sentences:
i) Who have I to meet?
ii) All of the students in our class passed

the exam.
- -u- d-? -N--J--.

-Ng, j--
--: Both the sentences are correct. The

first sentence as well as the second
sentence means, Every one of the students in our class passed.
ii) Correct
--- 4 d- 2007
-- j---
Dhruva: Hi Apsara, (I) haven't seen you in

months. (Have you) been out of town
or what?
(
- Eo -. x ?)
Apsara: I've moved to Hyderabad.
Dhruva: No, Apsara, in trying to prove yourself

right in preferring computers, you are
playing down teaching. I feel a
teacher finds it really challenging to
make a dull student understand their
teaching.
(--. u-q ---

y J E E--- v-o
--*- vuEo -E T_-h-o.
-A NuJn n-u- C- -- l .)
j--- / j-- o-E-p)

Dhruva: Aren't you any longer in teaching?
(
--*- - p? = p y
---N ?)
Apsara: No. My heart wasn't in it. So I changed
over to software. I find a lot of interest
and challenge in it.
( --*- / C.
-E u--q -.
h, EhC).
Dhruva: Students have lost a very good lecturer in you, I must say. I'd you had continued in teaching.
Apsara: May be. But there is no growth in it.

Once a teacher, always a teacher.
(a. F --*- -- D
? --- v, --
.)
Dhruva: OK. Wish you the best in your new
profession.
(
x. F h %Ah * --E
J.)
Apsara: Thank You.
Nu-n F * -aE p- pL. y -* T -C.)

Apsara: I don't believe that I was such a good
lecturer. Anyway I am happier now.
Surprisingly,
one in every
five people in
our company
happened to be
in teaching for
varying
periods.
lesson
In
expressions from the
conversation above:
1) I haven't seen you in
months.
-s Eo l.
phone --jC. =
Eo - -- - -.
, in years/ months/ weeks, etc. negative sentence (not ) F, first, last
yF .
-p, -- n, for
the past, for the last E . --.
b) Though trained as a dancer, her heart is

not in it =
u P~ C--p-,
/ h .
4) In somebody = -J
a) We have in him the future leader of the
country =
-E N-u ---o/
-E -y ~-o.
b) We lost a great singer in Leela.
b) I haven't seen him for the past 2 years =

I haven't seen him in two years =
M- (-- -%-A-) p -EE p.

vA
u (--x, N--x)
5) One in every = out of every =
-Eo -x-C./ x -Eo

-/ x Eo \-K -.
-x---
353
c) This is the first time

that he acted in a
year =
a) One in every ten students scored 100%

%
b) One in every 43 persons has diabetes =
vA 10 C Nu-Jn 100 *aC.
vA j_-J -J \ uC C.
C u -
. , English
v In a low
voice (\ ),
In a high voice (l
), etc.
6) In voice-
My hear t wasn't in it
- -p -aE t .
a-u- --N-- -F vA
--J --*-
ox.)
Dhruva: I used to hear that you spoken in a

very impressive voice and but in a
gentle voice while you taught. They
were in love with it.
(
- N---E y h--,
-F E--i C---E-E.
x F G--E-.)
Apsara: Perhaps so. My team members say

so too. But the thing is I prefer this job
to lecturing in that it offers a challenge, which I didn't find in lecturing.
N lecturing o
u- d , -
o , -a-J .)
-v-o: i) J - n -----E,
ii) English
Dictionary
x---E * Modern
h p--.
iii) Call centre v-Ao-h-o.
Tx fluent -
y--. -~t, -..
--: i) Oxford-
Advanced
learner's
Dictionary of current English
ii) Living English structure by stannard Allen.

iii)
Institute call centre trainB-.

--v-o: i) Eo Nv-E C-- ----Eo --o.
ii) O -E @N- . - -u- --Tx-- --
--- ---.
iii) Standard English Grammar h-Eo
*---.
-Kh, -A-
j *
ing course
2) Aren't you any longer in teaching
-q- -J -*C.
2) In teaching - - -s- x In
%Ah --C.
3) My heart wasn't in it.

4) Students have lost a very good
lecturer in you.
5) One in every five people in our
company.
a) He is in a job/ business, etc =
In
B: I'm in fashion technology.

(fashion technology
d/
v-y-, O.
J-Eo -s-L-p l.
1) In months (.. In a period of time) =
-.
expression months E ()
. n -Ej -a.
a) He hasn't called me in weeks =
He hasn't called for weeks now =
i) I'm extremely happy to have a friend like

you.
ii) I shall be indebted all my life for your help.
iii) Living English structure, by Stannard
Allen. (Orient Longmans co)
-v-o: Look, See, Watch N? s --T-L?-
a) Dushyantha was in love with Sakuntala.

b) They were in love with each other.
n N-J--\-x .
- C ----.
i
8) In that =
expression, practice
a) Many young heros in Telugu cinema are
fortunate in that they are the sons of
important people in the industry
=
E J-v--E v -- ( -) --C
%d.
E--ho)
3) My heart wasn't in it.
b) It is difficult in that it needs a lot of money
-h C-? -x --
= h --.
s - C, C d -E .
a) His heart is not in this job =
E u a .
He
seen me on my way to the station to
sentence
receive my uncle
He
has seen
past perfect tense
He had seen
E -.

E

-L ? -N--J--.
ii) She had worked as teacher before she got

married
She had worked as
teacher before she married
Married
past tense
Got
verb
o.
--?
.
a?
--:
. -, j--
Look= (v-Ao--*)
:
i)
He
seen
me ... C a- --j
Watch= K-~
Railway
station --x-J
C.
See= Ep- (I see a car at a dispast action d,
E
,
tance = car Ep-hC)

past actions d, He
Look at the sky at night = vA

saw me ... E -LqC.
j ). You see stars (~-v-- ii) ... Before she married -o-p, she marEh.)
ried him/ the name of the man corWe watch a movie/ TV etc.
rect. -- she married E C-.
. vO, x-
J--i J---.
7) In love with =
o.
-vo: i) Spoken English - -- --J
--:
-- Au x--C.
b) He shouted in a harsh voice =
d--/ vN-/ v
u-/ u-
o (u/ u, etc.
6) You spoke in a very impressive
M.SURESAN
h-o.)
voice, but in a gentle voice.
b) She is in journalism = journalist. (vA
7) They were in love with it.
--) E--hC.
8) I prefer this job in that it offers a challenge.
c) A: What are you in now?
-J L- N 'In' \-
(p h-o?)
' - n .
In the box/ in the class/ in government service,
etc. =
class/
a) She speaks in a
sweet voice =
-v-o: Stationery shop, stationary shop. -

- C d?
.N.--.-Jh,
N--o
--:
Stationery shop is correct.

Difference between stationary and stationery;
Stationary= Motionless,
Ea- o,
-E
A stationary Job =
(Office )
aE u.
A stationary vehicle=
T o/ --
o .
Stationery= Materials we use for writing.
- Paper, Pen,
Pencil,etc.
- J--
- 6 d- 2007
-- j---
Shanmukh: Where are you coming from?
(\ * h-o?)
Dhanush: I am just in from the movie, Nuvvu
Nakoddu. I was late by 10 minutes.
For some time I could not make
head or tail of what was going on.
(y--l E * p
ho. 10 EN- -u
x. ----- - - L--.)
Dhanush: He dresses himself quite smartly

too. He is always seen in the cut
that is in.
(h -{--
-. C fashion
x E-h--.)
cut= d fashion
Shanmukh: OK. Let's see what he is up to.
(x. -----o
l.)
not make head or tail of =
L----
Shanmukh: Why were you late?
( u u?)
Dhanush: Don't worry why I was late. You saw
the movie last week, didn't you?
Were you in at the start?
(- -u--u C-.
y Eo-- ?
* o? (?)
Shanmukh: Yea. I was there from the start.
Damodar took me to the movie. Of
late he has been quite in with me.
Don't know why.
(. < . B--x o. u
-o- -o.
L---.)
Dhanush: That's
his
nature.
He
had been in
with the management till
he got his promotion. Obviously he wants something from you if he is in with you.
conversation -- - 'in' - J-Eo lesson l.

Conversation ease --T- ---
*o *o expressions practice
-.
2) Were you in at the start -
\ expression, be in at something - n
j --o -.
a) I am lucky to have been in, right from the
start of the project -

conversation above.
%d, vd v * \
o. ( project ---o-p *
o.)
1) I am just in from the movie.

2) Were you in at the start?
b) They were not in at the end of the function =
3) Of late he has been quite in with me.
* x-\ .
3) be
in with (some
body) =
-x---
6) He is always seen in
the cut that is in.
c) He will be here in no time. Let's be ready

to receive him =
--E- -- d. Eo
y-A-- --.
5) be in on something =
N- v -/ L
.
a) I very much like to be in on your plans =
4) He has the knack of getting chummy with

people in no time.
5) ... already he wants
to be in on our plans
to start a business.
Vx x computers d/
y a--/ - d.
354
-J
h
-/ J _
-- -.
O -- ----o.
b) He must be in on the discussions about
his marriage -
Rx a - v L/
Lp---L.
c) She is in on things
that don't concern
her =
I am just in fr om the movie
( y . promotion
a-- management (-u) Eo-- o. F
Eo-- o F *
-E -h C.)
Shanmukh: He has the knack of getting chummy with people in no time. The
other day I introduced him to our
friend Satyam, and already he
wants to be in on our plans to start
a business.
(--- -J--j, o
-- L-N--
o. o-V E
u-E J- . .
u v-G----o
u- -----o.)
Knack= , Bank - Ba = j
-/ - -Lq L-N--
-v-o: i) English
grammar a----E *
h *-.
ii) '--- Tx-
Ramaanjaneyulu,
N
Ramanjaneyulu E h. O C
d? = 'Raa' ? 'Ra' E h.
'Maa' 'Ma' E
h? pd -.
.----, --
: i) Living English structure by stannard

Allen.
book practice .
E ,
_- a N
spell -a.
p ---- O
O spell h, O -C-*
x Eox spell ux
- . Rules
. Pronunciation --C
_-j spell -a.
ii) English
pronunciation
-E- : j expressions
-N) Fo simple
F -s--Cl
C. Practice
.
1) I am just in = E-p a
lesson -
In (Out uA-)
E. E -C-*
= p E/ -- .
a) He has been quite in with her for

some time =
(underlines
expressions,
effective
Cl
h/ Eo- -o.
b) The MLA is in with the Chief
Minister =
M.SURESAN
use of in
a) The train is in =
Train
*aC.
b) He had just been in when she started

asking him questions =
E , vo v-G*C. (vo { J--*C)

c) She has just been in. You can see her
there =
p E *aC. \
E-hC .
-v-o: i) 'K' j ~-Eo -- 'N' ~

v-T-h? N Tx
~- v-T--?
ii) O.K. n N? O.K. 'K'
n N? \ 'K' v-T-h?
iii) C.B.S.E. Nu-n- {-K -- C?
- XE-, -Nu--
: i) English \
latin, french * *a-N.
- -- spelling English
J, pronunciation p
, K silent u Knee,
Knowledge . O N y- v a.
-- !
ii) O.K. DE N- - N-
lessons a. .
MLA, u-vA Eo . -E u-vA

_ -- C.
Ramachandra Rao is in with the CM =
-v CM Eo--/
-- o-.
CM
d) I want you to get in on the project =
project F v ----o.
6) The cut that is in =
fashion
oC.
a) Jeans are in now =
p
l
4) In no time =
A y-
-C-E
N-x
Lp--C.
be in on get in on E a.
fashion jeans.
b) Stripes for men are in and plain colours

are out =
- -h-x (stripes) p
fashion (out)
fashion. Plain colours
- d.
a) You can learn swimming in no time. It's

easy =
a--E - d F. C
.
b) These days children learn computers in
no time. =
iii) Higher classes/ courses

Dictionary
Oxford: An Advanced Learner's
Dictionary of Current English.
Nu-n--
-J \ ---
-v-o: --Tx- -u-j-q- -n ---- -{--
K--E -Jh -- -a--?-u-j--

-L--E -- -a- --?-v-
--Tx- ----, -u-j-q ----- --
vocabulary --?
->. -, j----
: magazine F, h-F,
dictionary - * --E
. - j--N/ --- correct uh--JN .
- * dictionary -j-
-. dictionary E, word-list
n h J -x-/ - -- -.
c) Dresses are in and Saris are out =

Dresses
(Out)
p fashion, < fashion
p-C fashion = That is the in thing now.
-Lq--x
English O-j
-/
N/ x--
DEo exposure
-?
exposure
hC. India Today
magazines
regular --- -. C--p n dictionary -. n-E ---
, E note --E -
h-- --y dictionary . O-j-
- - o-p .- -
Daily English news-paper -.
--C- 9 d- 2007
-- j---
Dhaval: I saw you going into the bakery this

morning. Buying a cake or what?
(V y bakery
h-o-p . Cake -E
N?)
Sravan: He is into his late forties. He was saying that he was still Rs. 25000 into his
financier and that there was none to
take care of him.
( 40 f-. E
financier . 25000 o-F,
x E o.)
Sravan: Yea. I wanted to order a birthday cake

for my little sister.
(
x-L birthday cake order

-E.)
(Little sister is American for younger sister.)

Dhaval: Isn't that the girl that narrowly escaped
an accident last week when the auto
she was in crashed into a stationary
car?
( t ? EL*
o o auto
v v p--C?)
narrowly escaped = v p--C.
stationary = - -- o.
Sravan: Yea. That's the one. Lucky to be alive.
Otherwise we wouldn't be celebrating
her birthday.
(A %d.
d--V -Ey--x .)
Dhaval: Did he want you to drop the case

against him? What did you say to
him?
( Oo
y--o?)
B---o?
The auto crashed into the car =
crash=
a) The plane crashed into the jungle below
N -N- --C.
b) His bike bumped into the back of a lorry
E bike lorry Eo -dC.

N- Into , - n
. (Sentence No 6)

conversation above.
Time
1) I saw you going into the bakery.
a) He works late into the night =
2) ... when the auto she was in crashed into

a stationary car?
4) Isn't she into music?
--RxC/ car -dC.

j l--l -d-/
-- ---o prepositions
'into' - lesson -.
( p Engineering
--C ?)
a) He is into photography in a big way =
Auto car
( N J-Q-L-h o.)
3) She is well into her

last but one semester.
Sravan: No; How you

forget things!
She is well into
her last but one
semester.
case
Sravan: I just said I'd look into the matter.
Dhaval: I think she is in her 2nd year of

Engineering.
2nd year
vA l-- E h--
-x---
355
b) She carried on her

work till late into the
night =
photography h ---ho, photography E u u- p.

b) She is into software =
Computers
vl/ h -h, E -C-* N-- \ hC.
c) He is no longer interested in engineering.

He is into film acting now
E p Engineering h
. Ex -- h, vl
* vo O o.
Put into (Sentence No. 5)- a.
a) Put some more force into your words
when you make speeches =
F v-x F J- h
.
Isn't she into music?
(.
F
\/
F N- Ja--!
p *J semester J semester C.)
Last but one = *JE -JC.
Semester = Nu -q-
Dhaval: I am sorry. Isn't she into music too?
I often see her singing in the competitions on the TV.
(Sorry.
U- _ _C ? TV U
x Eh C.)
Sravan: You can say that. She is a fine singer.

If only she can put some more time
into it! Her studies are in the way.
(
*a-. * -E . h
U--E ----L-T
-C! F f hC.)
Dhaval: How is she able to manage both?
5) If only she can put some more

time into it
vA u u-- E
-h C.
6) She studies late into the night.
c) He did not get married till late into

his thirties =
7) The police are enquiring into it.

8) He is into his late forties.
Into
Into
- n --?
( v/ h)
E. (In = ; Into = E).
C sentence h.
30 x j
Rx --.
M.SURESAN
at an advanced stage =
-----, v-- --.
1) I saw you going into the bakery =

Bakery
3) be well into =
b) Indians have to put

some more spirit into
their play =
-x J J-
q -L/ -L.
Enquire into = N-J-.
a) The committee is enquiring into the
collapse of the dam =
Dam L NO
N- hC.
committee
b) They have not started enquiring into the

matter =
a) We are now well into the academic year
E/ Bakery .
a) He jumped into the river to save the child

which had fallen into the river =
C Gf ~-E, C-
.
b) He walked away into the dark night =
< vA- Rx-- (<-x

-* --x/ --u)
sentence No 2 :
Nu---q-
o. (v -.)
b) She is well into her last but one semester
*J semester
--C.
semester
N O x N- vG--.
look into the matter N
J-Q-L-.
-v
c) The minister promised to look into the

delay in the release of funds =
N- h,
vl --, _ _-.
E N-- uEo J-Q-L-h-E

vA -a.
4) Isn't she into music?

into something =
(-F _--hC?)
Sravan: Well, she studies late into the night.
She stopped practising since the accident. She had a few injuries and hasn't been totally fit.
(vA -- --C.
Accident p -* U
practice . Cl j,
Jh yn C.)
Dhaval: Isn't there any case about it?
(Eo J*
case
?)
Sravan: The police are enquiring into it. The

insurance people too are about it.
(Police
Insurance
N- h-o.
x J-Q-L-h-o.)
Dhaval: The police can be bribed into putting

the case into cold storage. Keep seeing your lawyer about it. What was the
auto driver's age?
(Police
case N -
u. O lawyer - . driver -q?)
practice h
hC. Vocabulary
--- List of words, their
practice.
v-o: Tx
Idioms, vocabulary
develop
---
L. English usage j
%d d? idioms j
? -
-C* * h-
*--. Anagram
N? C vocabulary -- ----C?
.-J- , x.
v, \L.
: h--.
Language is purely a matter of
synonyms and antonyms practice

(English news
papers, novels, stories, etc)
vocabulary, idioms automatic
Read
as much English as you can.
Read, read and read- that's the
only way to master English in
any aspect of it.
English
vocab, idioms, etc
Word lists, idioms
use
h - .
--,
Fo
h. d
O
C-N Fo
a-h.
nh
n -hC F
L.
--s --C.
So read newspaper everyday for

an hour at least.
Anagram is a word formed by

changing the order of letters in
another word.
E ~ - Jh p , - Anagram.
-- --E-- anagram
-. eg: Listen, and silent
are anagrams. Post and tops/

stop/ pots/ spot are all anagrams.
C. -E
Vocab ---
--C.
v-o: I am leaving Hyd for Mumbai.

I am going to Mumbai.
Mumbai destination
to
For
d
-a ? '
n hC ?
Mumbai h-o F
Mumbai ? NJ---.
.--.--.-Jh, jv-
: Leave for= go to. Leave

y for v, go y
v to hC. C usage
(). Eo N-
N-J-. - Eo Fx
. Eo C \--d--
. Fx, Fx,
Fx E \ ?
(usage) v, Eo Fx/
Eo Fx/ Eo Fx ,
/ / -.
Leave for, go to . Start
y start for .
I am starting for college =
college
-----o.
, , j
/ n
) C.
For
example
(college
--- 11 d- 2007
-- j---
Vittal: There are three books on the table.

One of them, of course is mine. Whose
are the other two?
(Table O h-- -o.
-. N
-JN?)
Venkat: How do I know? There are no names
written anywhere in the books.
( -hC?/ ?
h-x \ x -.)
Vittal: It is clear someone has left them here.
Weren't there some of our friends here
this morning?
( h- \ CL
x-E -hC. o-
--y-- lo \ o
?)
Venkat: Yea. I now remember. Harish and
Nikhil were here. There were books in
Nikhil's hands. The books must be his.
There isn't any doubt about it.
(. p h-hC. K,
E" \--o. Nikhil A h-o. h- E"- uL. --.)
Vittal: When will he come again?
(S} p--h ?)
Venkat: It's doubtful if he will come here today,
or even tomorrow. There was
some talk about
his going out of
town to play a
match.
p English u spoken English

a sentence structure l. lesson
There , It begin u sentences l.
There, it - n
. There = \; It = C/ C.
English There , it n-
sentence vG-E \-
. sentence vG-E
--p , there \ E, it
C/ C E n . J sentence
vE --Th.
Eg: Q: How many books are here?
A: There are four books here.
3) It would be useless to try.
. There , It begin u sen-
e) There would be a problem, if he were

here =
tences.
? h- o \/
\ h- o E p-E,
there begin sentence . \ there
\ E n -, sentence .
\ 4 h- o \ DE n .
-E sentence . there
-sx sentence vG-E v
.
It .
table O h-o.
\ meaning ax, Three books are
on the table -a. Grammatically correct.
F spoken English d-- sentence sentence . C
-sx -a.
Kumar brought five books. (of them = )
Three books are on the
table/ three (of them/ of
the) books are on the
table. Brackets
It is easy to understand it It
sentence
\
v-G---E
--T. (C n
- ) E
vu--i n .
-\ u. ( , u
- Improbable present)
1) There are three books on the table -
-x---
356
oN o , -- .
f) There was not (wasn't) any book here.
(\ h - Negative sentence)
g) There was expensive furniture in the
room, wasn't there? (Question Tag
there
furniture
K-j
C ?)
-E ? There, Introductory
there Eo N -a.
Introductory 'It'- It vu
sentences Eo tenses ,
negative , questions --Th. C a
lesson l.
EXERCISE
Match the words
under A, with their
meanings under B.
Ther e isn't any doubt about it

a) There is going to be trouble again
( --y--,
\- -.
match -E h-od - .)
there , it sentence
v--E --:
Vittal: You'd better put it away till he returns.

There is always a chance of the books
being misplaced.

from the dialogue above:
( AJTa h-
v-h . E S} \
d -- p .)
Venkat: I have gone through some of the
pages of the books. One of them interested me a lot. There is a well of information in the pages of the books.
( h-- C-.
h L-T-*C.
h @x - C.)
Well of information = - \-
. Well N ? --
N E.
Eo \ CC Nu-n-o?/ o ?
there , vC-
Introductory
there
.
2) There are no names written any
M.SURESAN
(Sentence Introduce hC
where in the books.
d) -D-E-E Tense j, number
3) There were books in Nikhil's hands.
singular or plural j, question tag j
4) There isn't any doubt about it.
. Negative sentences there
5) There is always a chance of the books being
begin -a.
misplaced.
6) There is a well of information in its pages.
jFo
there
vu
sentences.
Now look at the sentences beginning with

'it' in the dialogue above:
1) It is clear some one has left them there.
-v-o: I have a pen - I have

not a pen
I
have no pen, I don't have a
pen
He has two sisHe has not
ters
two sisters
He
doesn't have two sisters
?
-
-a?
a- l.)
p--- spoken English

u-i, - a prepositions -o. n, - --E,
practice -. Prepositions
Lh, 50% conversational skill *a-d.
-- prepositions -J-* -p- lessons
(from lesson No. 321 onwards) Sx-Sx CN
practice .
E .
d.
-a?
? N-J-.
v vx if clause
Had I not told you, you would
not have gone there.
F
p -----x- ~N o -s Had I not
told you, please excuse me
-a?
. %g-U--b, E--
h-
2)
i) I have a pen
negative I
have not a pen
Spoken British English
negative short form
I
haven't a pen
Venkat: Then let's wait till he comes back.
(F --
Vittal: I don't have it.
c) There will be six or seven people waiting

for you at the station.
wait
Future)
d) There would have been no problem, if
you had told us earlier of it.
(
Imaginary Past)
u -C-, y p
2) It is doubtful if he will come again.
Venkat: It'd be useless to try. Only yesterday

he lost his cell. I don't have his home
number. Do you have it?
Sx u --o.
b) Weren't there ten students there
yesterday? =
ii) I have no pen- grammatically

correct but rarely used in
spoken English.
iii) I don't have a pen- American
form and now most widely
used negative. This is the
best of the three forms.
~N DE correct
English
1) -sEo d p
time Lh: If I didn't tell you,
please excuse me.
time
1. Absolute
2. Booze
3. Comical
4. Exhibit
5. Minute
1) There are three books on the

table.
Vittal: Why don't we call him and tell him to

take his books away.
( vo E--. E-o-
cell -d--o. E number
L-. F ?/ F
_-?)
The words in the exercise are some of the

most frequently used words in spoken English.
A. Tiny
B. Amusing
C. Show
D. Protest
E. Yield
F. Get drunk
G. Complete
ANSWERS
1. G (
Jh Absolute right to the propertyh Jh-\).

2. F (p--)
3. B (u---i/ y d)
4. C (v-Jz-)
5. A. (Minute- \ pronunciation- iu
u \ -/ American- i =
~ t-i. minute particles = ~ t--)
L--:
If Ihaven't told you, I'm sorry

eg: 1) A: Why didn't you tell me
of it yesterday.
B: Didn't I? I am sorry
then/ Oh, If I didn't tell
you, I'm sorry.
-v-o: Tx- number

E h ? J Eo
d --p 'No' E
h?
. O-, C--
: . Number abbreviation (short form) No. No
number
abbreviation
2) A: You haven't told me of it.

B: If I haven't, I'm sorry.
3) Had I not told you, please
excuse me. Had I not told
you,
is
wrong
here.
(Because, Had I not told you
= If I had told you = I had told
you.
p
DE n p
. p, excuse vo
.)

-C vo pdi N- p D
. \
C N- D: Latin
Number - Numero
. -E
~ N, *J ~, 'o' L,
No E Number abbreviation -E (Mister E
~ M, *J ~ r
L, Mr, Mister abbreviation -x).
- 13 d- 2007
-- j---
Kundan: It has been difficult to get at you.

What are you so busy with?
(Eo ---/ F x-
d C. -x BJ-- o?)
Santan: Not that I am busy but that you contacted me at the wrong times perhaps.
busy
time
Kundan: It is so hot outside. Let's get inside
and talk.
--, y o j
--J* ----a.)

conversation above:
1) It has been difficult to get at you.
2) It is so hot outside
3) It rained all through yesterday and it is so hot
today.
4) It's quite pleasant in here.
5) It needs a careful study to understand it.
6) It might take another couple of days for me
to finish it.
7) It doesn't matter if it takes longer than that.
( / C. -L-Rx
x--.)
Santan: It rained all through yesterday and it
is so hot today. The weather is so
unpredictable.
(Eo . V . --Eo J* p.)

weather = V Qg nA
climate = -q - Q-g- nA
predict = u p.
unpredictable = p-E nA
( N/ uh- -J-*)
Kundan: It's quite pleasant in here. Why are
you turning on the AC? It's OK even
without it.
( \ x- C. AC
--h-o? C --
C.)
--
Ap Fx
turn off = switch off = lights, fans
N p-
, -.
turn off the tap =
Fx / / x
-.
Santan: The two books I gave you last week
are on the table. Have you finished
with them?
( F *a h table O-o. F E
--?/ N - -?)
Kundan: There are still a few chapters left in
the green covered book. It needs a
careful study to understand the book.
Very interesting but a bit difficult to
understand it.
(a- d o h-
chapters NT--o. h n
--E v-h - -.
-h C F n -
h d .)
Santan: Take as long as you like to return
them. I can wait.
(F d *a--p AJTy. -.)

I can wait = n
spoken English .
Kundan: It might take just a couple of days for me
to finish it. It won't be longer than that.
( V da N Jh
-E. -.)
Santan: It doesn't matter if it is longer than
that.
(-o \-- --)

c) It is I/ me that saved his life =
There
d) It was Jagdish that helped me =
it (sentence v-
--p) tense j -a, -s-Eod. u -- J-n-- (weather/
climate conditions) p--p It p.
.
Eo -C ' vu
x A--o-E.
C D -D-
vu.
C sentences -E-
a) Ramesh helped me
a) It is, very hot/ very cold/ not so cold/ not so

hot/ sultry
today.
()
b) It is very cold near

the poles and very
hot near the equator.
b) It is ramesh that
helped me =
-x---
357
Ramesh
-- C
(- )
Sampreet:
E-- N E.
(It is ... begin )
Vardhan: F E- x
o. (But there ...)
Sampreet: J _ sC N
p E d .
Vardhan: E x -.
Sampreet: -. \-J Eo- -x - x p
d .
Vardhan: - a d
-.
Sampreet: - C -
u- . E-Jj
x-.
ANSWER
It's quite pleasant in her e
turn on = switch on electric

bulbs/ tubes/ motors/
fans
E
.
turn on the tap
-E
- sentence It is ... that j

\ p- (emphasize) .
Study the use of 'It' in sentences above.

You must have noticed that in all the sentences above, 'It' just begins the sentence
and doesn't have its usual meaning it has
(this/ that).
lesson introductory 'there' v-i- sentences, N .

Now let's study how we can use 'It' to begin
sentences without 'It' having any special/ the
usual meaning it has.
% _ L, -u-
_ C.
c) It is raining heavily ( tense j
-s-Eo-d It v-G-L
. The rain is/ was etc coming/
falling p.
d) I thought it might rain =
{ h-E -o.
time expressions
introductory It .
(a)
- N -C.
vu hC.
(b)
e) It is not how much you spend that

matters; it is how you spend it that
matters =
a h--C u,
a h--C u.
M.SURESAN
matters = important/ u.
It doesn't matter = u-/ ---.
a) It is three days since he came here
(-E-\- *a V-jC.)
b) It is already late. Let's start =
c) It is too early to think of her marriage =
t Rx J* -*---E
time C.
-x It is true/ false/ a lie/ surprising/ a wonder/ doubtful ... -s x
-a spoken English common
and natural. lesson beginning
. -E-.
Road
driving easy
-, traffic ----x,
C.
b) It is a pity that I could not attend the function

function
--- *A-_ N.
c) It is a shame that the police are unable to
catch the thieves =
- M- d----- _-.
2) It is quite pleasant in here =
x- C. :
a) It is important for him to be here now =
\ p u
b) It is here that I met her last year =
-oC \.
Vardhan:
But there are also
people who say he
is not rich.
Sampreet: It is always difficult to say how

much money a person has.
Vardhan: It is not far from my home to his
place.
Sampreet: So what? It is sometimes difficult
for us to say what kind of people
who are close to us.
Vardhan: I haven't seen him spending much
either.
Practise the following aloud in English using

the introductory 'there' and 'it' as much as you
can. (Introductory 'there' and 'it'
Sampreet: It doesn't matter for us whether he

is rich or not. Let's talk of something else.
x .)
: i) On the eve of o-p, -s-
-v-o: i) Ahead of, on the eve of, on the occasion of
1) It has been difficult to get at you.

a) It was easy to drive the distance because
the road was good, and there wasn't
much traffic =
It is a fact that he is
rich.
EXERCISE
O---Eo-
p- -u-iC. -.
Sampreet:
O n hC?
Security has been tightened across the

country ahead of the Independence
day.
u ahead of on the eve

on the occasion of a? NJ-.
of
ii) a) Engines will not run without lubricants.

b) That bank will accepts only DDsnot cheques.
c) If the size of the firm is small, cash
transactions are in small amounts.
In case of large organizations cash
transactions will be in big amounts.
'will'
ux
N-u- -E ? N-J---.
v E,
E V v o n op-, C - N-- --.

Ahead of o-p, --/- -s
n C. d on the eve
o ahead of, better, correct.
ii) a) Engines will not run without lubricantswill not run = do not run.
fact of science
do not run
will not run
Will,
future form
habitual/ regular actions
\
C
-C,
J-.
--p-, -\J
--.
p .
e.g.: Boys will be boys =
-j v},
v}. ( *L d
au E)
b) That bank will accepts- C verb form
. That bank will accept
, That bank accepts
. \ That bank accepts, (habitual/ regular action d) better and correct. Will accept correct .
c) ... cash transactions are (will be )
in big amounts- correct. will N-uh --L- - h.
--C- 16 d- 2007
-- j---
Spurthi: Sure, climbing up this small hill is

easy. Let's start.
( *o-- \ . --.)
Pranathi: Saying is easy but doing is difficult.
We haven't had walking practice for
long.
(p L F d . - - ).
Spurthi: That's right. But I still feel walking up
the hill isn't any difficult. Why don't we
try? I feel debating whether to start or
not is wasting time.
(. -\ -d -o. v-Ao--? ---- l E J\-- % -.)

Pranathi: OK. As you wish. Let's start.
( E. ---.)
Spurthi: Just a few minutes. My brother
Sreekar is coming. He will join us in a
few minutes.
sentences h v-h J-Q-L-. Fo

'...ing' forms v-----o.
-- '...ing' form
, A.. n h.
e.g.: 1) Eating too much is not good =
\- A *C .
=
-a -u-E .
j sentences from No 1 to 5 Eo-
n -E-.
2) Smoking is bad for health
1) Climbing up the hill is easy =
-\ .
p v-h -E-. sentence
climbing to climb a n . sx '...ing' form
'to + 1st Regular Doing Word --a.
, , introductory 'It'
a (To + 1st Regular Doing Word Infinitive).
Introductory 'it'
ideas express

a.
Pranathi: Isn't there your other brother too?

Having as many people as possible
is always good.
(O brother o ?
x
\C
*C.)
y \- vo -.
(require = Jy y \ -=
-.scale= climb up = \.) =
Climbing up the hill is easy =
To scale the mountain requires a lot of

effort=
-\ =
Scaling the mountain requires a lot of effort.

(effort-
' \
-= vo/
v)
It is easy to climb up
the hill.
N sentences
a-a.
.
-x---
b) Being here at this

time is dangerous =
358
- \ - v-- =
To be here at this time is dangerous =
a) It requires a lot of effort to scale the mountain=
To climb up the hill is easy =
( . o X h-o.
Cl ~x Lo -h-o.)
higher level
It's (it is) dangerous to be here at this time.

Look at this now:
a) That you are late is surprising =
y u ---C a-u C =
It is surprising that you are late.
\ infinitive sentence v-G-

-. ...ing form a.
Your being late is surprising (are C 'be' form
d E being C ...ing form -C.
Important: That he is late ... that sentences begin spoken English
. x, introductory 'it' v C. That sentences begin
---
---,
Eo spoken English
- *C, it
v-G-- better.
Saying is easy but doing is ..
Spurthi: That's
right.
The more the merrier.
( . \ C, \--.)
\, The more= -\ , the
merrier= --.
merry= J ' \ - = .
Pranathi: By the time we get down the hill, it
will be evening. Do you think any
coffee and snack shops will be open
then?
( C C--p- -v--C. p coffee, snacks ()

shops J----?)
Spurthi: Don't worry. There will be plenty for
you to eat and drink. My brothers are
getting them.
(Worry
. A-, -
. brothers h-o.)
Pranathi: We had better start. Your brothers

will catchup with us, as they climb up
faster than us.
2) Saying is easy but doing is difficult =
EXERCISE 1
Practise aloud the following
using introductory 'it', or
introductory 'there'.
p -, F d =
To say is easy but to do is difficult=
It is easy to say but (it is) difficult
to do.
Sambhu:
v-h \.

3) Walking up the hill isn't any dif
p
*C.
M.SURESAN
ficult =
Vishnu: \ _ _
j - d . =
N* h---o. \-\
To walk up the hill isn't any difficult =
\ -- ?
It isn't any difficult to walk up the hill.
Sambhu: E. E p L.
4) Debating whether to start or not is a
E E
waste of time =
N.
To debate whether to start or not is a waste
Vishnu: lA DEo p-of time =
. p-C
---- l E J\
u, ---?
% =
Sambhu: Complaint --x v-
It is a waste of time to debate whether to
. C -Lq.
start or not.
Vishnu: C Lq -%-d-
5) Having as many people as possible is
. h. E.
Correct
( ---. O brothers
Lo --, x -
y \- d.)
catch up with= -o--x --.
always good =
It will be difficult for us to catch up with

Japan in technology=
It is always good to have as many people as

possible.
A-
n -- d .
Spurthi: OK then. Here we go.
Introductory 'It', 'There'

sentences
begin
spoken English
frequent
lesson
h, N

D --o ?
O vu-o- J* --.
conversation above:
1) Climbing up the hill is easy.
2) Saying is easy but doing is difficult.
3) ... walking up the hill isn't any difficult
4) Debating whether to start or not is a waste of
time.
5) Having as many people as possible is
always good.
-C =
To have as many people as possible
is always good =
(O-
C )
: , j p sx v, '...ing' form vG sentence , Infinitive (to + 1st Regular Doing

Word) F, Introductory 'It' F v-Gh.
J-Eo examples l.
a) Discussing this topic with him is useless =
To discuss with him this topic is useless =
It is (It's) useless to discuss this matter with
him. =
N -E Ja- E--.
b) Teaching children needs a lot of patience=
x- C-- p -=
To teach children needs a lot of patience =
It needs a lot of patience to teach children.
ANSWER
Sambhu: Be careful how you count/
count carefully. It is always
good to be accurate.
Vishnu: There are nearly more than a
hundred books here. It isn't
easy to count them one by one,
is it?
Sambhu: That's true. It requires/ needs a
lot of patience, but we can't
help it.
Vishnu: Isn't there any method to avoid
this? Is it so important and
urgent to do it now?
sambhu: There's no use complaining.
We have to do it.
Vishnu: It is important we have to do it.
What can we do. Let's do it
then.
j sentences introductory 'it'

v--i sentence ...ing' form F,
infinitive F v-G---a .
EXERCISE 2
A
B
1 Cowardice
A slip
2 Durable
B break/ destroy
3 Recur
C throw
4 Lapse
D happen again
5 Smash
E lasting
F fear
KEY: 1 F
(J--) 2 E (Eo-- -
h-) 3 D (--%---/ Sx
Sx -) 4 A (-) 5 B (y
--/ l d)
-v-o: Money,
cash,
payment,
amount..
-O--E -p- -- --T-- ---.

-.-u---, j---.
---: 1) Money- , currency (10, 100, 500, 1000
- x) o s Money. C O _,
O x, O Bank -a.
2) cash- C (coins) currency notes
(Rs. 10,100 x ) o-s. C O
-_, O x, -a-j ready o s.
Bank O ---o s, money -C
F cash -? O --
F, Bank F o -s money. vh O
-- O _/ O x o /
^ cash.
3) Payment = C 1) -J Lx.
2) Lx-*/ Lx--Lq h. Ccash ()
a, cheque, DD, postal order y a.
4) Amount = s -oC.
What is the amount you have paid?
(/ h s Lx-?)
a) I've paid some amount
/ h v Lx-.
b) I have to pay some more amount
Lx-Lq C.
--- 18 d- 2007
-- j---
10) I promise to do my best.
Srikar: (Do) you want to go now?
11) When do you propose to return.
(p x-----o?)
Sritej: I have to. My parents intend to leave for
Kolkotha next week, and they'd like me
to take care of the house when they are
away.
(xL. t-o, - x-
l- o. a- x -p
x ---E x---o.)
Intend = l- / l-P-
Srikar: I wish to tell you not to stop practising
music. Try not to waste even a single
minute. Remember the competitions
this month end.
(U vd v .
\-~ % - -
v-Ao. -x N
h-.)
Sritej: I hope to get one of the prizes this time.
I am determined to do my best. I've
decided to practice at least four hours a
day.
(J F -A a---E
P-ho. h-Dl v-Ao-- d- o. V -j vd
-E Eg---o.)
Srikar: That's good. Prize or no Prize, practice
seriously. Do your best. Effort is all.
(*C A *a -, F %
y
u.
Bv vd
u. vo
C
.)
12) I prefer to be here at least a week before

the competitions.
-J j sentences -E-:
vA verb y infinitive (to+ 1st Regular
Doing Word) -E-. C conversational english common pattern. C
practice .
All the following verbs are followed by the
infinitive (to+ 1st Regular Doing Word).
verbs
tense
infinitive
j
Fo -s-Eo-d
n 'E
-a. \
E-F, / E-F hC.
I want to go = x-E.
She is trying to sing = --E v-Ao-hC.
C verbs y, Conversation at the
beginning of the lesson N infinitive -a.
lowing, using the verbs with infinitives

wherever possible.
Vaibhav:
{- x-E d
C. y --E v-Ao.
Prasanth: u- x x-o.
{ j AJT h-E P-ho.
-L-T, F x d (prefer ).
Vaibhav:
Lo B-x--E
want, wish, like, hope, begin, start, decide
l--u. - x *C
(Eg----), agree (p--), promise,
.
offer (y-W-/ j E---
Prasanth: - x), propose (vA- p-.
C-, --) pre j
fer (d-- --Eo ?
o -), refuse
Vaibhav: ! F
(A- \-J-) p---x--- 359 p -*--.
-, forget (*--
EXERCISE II
Match the following
A
B
1. Gag
A. Fight
2. Kin
B. Experience
3. Offend
C. Anger
4. Rigid
D. Sibling
5. Undergo
E. muzzle
F. fall
G. stiff
KEY: 1-E; Muzzle
( \- xF-
)
The government is trying to gag/muzzle the
press.
(vy h vA- \ vo
hC.)
The robbers gagged the bank staff.
(u sC x
f
\ --.)
Gag - x \ f E
n C.
2-D; sibling = - Lx d
Gf o--t,
\ xx.
Kin d- n
C. n \ .
Kith and Kin = d/ -_.
3-C; offend = p-, -
.
Tr y not to waste a single minute
Sritej: Gagan has agreed to help me in my

practice. Don't worry. I refuse to get discouraged even if I don't get a prize. I
shall be satisfied if I can give out my
best.
( - U--J. -A -- E-q--. h Dl LT
%h--.)
Srikar: I promise to do my best too, to support
you. I'll have my Tabala ready by the
time you return. Bye the bye when do
you propose to return.
( h-E O ho. y a-p-

l C. C-, y-p AJT
-----o?)
propose = vA--C--/ ---.
Sritej: Depends. I prefer to be here at least a
week before the competitions.
); -N verbs o.
x-- O N -
pJ-h.
j - --E E- a.
Prasanth: j C !
1) Do you want to go now?
Vaibhav: y j -
(x-E ---o?) want +
L?
infinitive
Prasanth:
- Eo B-x
2) I have to go.
E o ?
( xL.) have + to go - infiniM.SURESAN
Vaibhav: - N
tive.
pL ?(Have to ). p-3) My parents intend to leave.
o B-x- .
(intend + to leave = x l- o.)
Prasanth: { j AJT - x
4) I wish to tell you...
--o. --
(wish + to tell = p-E ---o/ h.
--o.)
Vaibhav: !
5) Try not to waste a minute.
( EN % - -
ANSWER
vo u.)
Vaibhav: I like very much to attend the funcTry to learn English = English a--E vtion. You try to come as well.
Ao. Try + to learn - Infinitive.
Prasanth: I want to go to/attend the computer
6) I hope to get one of the prizes.
(hope + to get - infinitive -
-A --
( J-n- O -- C/
\ J-n-- d.
F \ ---o.)
Srikar: Ok then.

lesson
verbs
sentence
patterns
study
lessons
introductory there, Introductory it
sentence patterns
Study the use of the verbs in the conversation above:
1) Do you want to go now?
Eo

l.
E P-ho.)
7) I am determined to do my best.
(am determined + to do - Infinitive- my best
=
8) I've decided to practise.
(decided + to practise - Infinitive -
LT- -E %-E-a- o.)
3) My parents intend to leave for Kolkotta.

4) I wish to tell you not to stop.
5) Try not to waste a single minute.
9) Gagan has agreed to help me.

(has agreed + to help - Infinitive -
Prasanth: I refuse to go with him. We have our

bikes, haven't we?
- p--o.)
10) I promise to do my best.
(promise + to do =
11 When do you propose to return?
(propose + to return -Infinitive -
h-E h-o.)
AJT -
E ---o?)
12) I prefer to be here.
(prefer + to be - Infinitive -
8) I've decided to practice...
\ -
d-o.)
Infinitive, E/ -/ n- j verbs
y -a.
9) Gagan has agreed to help me...
Exercise, Practise aloud in English the fol-
6) I hope to get one of the prizes.

7) I am determined to do my best
Vaibhav: Subhash has offered to take us on

his car. It's better to go with him, isn't
it?/is n't it better to go with him/ hadn't we better go with him?
vd
-E Eg---o.)
-x.
2) I have to (go).
class. I hope to return by the function time/in time for the function. If I
can, I'd like to go with you.
Vaibhav: Oh, I forgot to tell you. I gave my bike

to my mechanic to overhaul it.
Prasanth: My bike is there.
Vaibhav: What shall/ I do if you fail to return on
time.
Prasanth: Subhash is there to take you.
Vaibhav: But I have to tell him of it. If I don't,
none will be there to take me.
Prasanth: I am planning to return in time for
the function. If I can't I will ring you
up and tell you.
Vaibhav: OK.
The government's comments on Lord Sri

Rama has offended the Hindus.
(X- O vy uu - - J/ - s-B-.)
4-G; Rigid = d E.
The wooden plank is rigid.
( \-x d C. C --*
.)
A pencil is rigid. (Eq .)
G-v-- a--E-x rigid.
5-B; undergo = --N-.
I had to undergo a lot of trouble to get the
certificate.
(Jd-- a--E d -Lq *aC.)
-v-o: - N E,
Tx- mango E .
- -F, Tx-
Sunitha E .
-- -
N -C? Tx -F-E mango
N --?
, vO, j--
---: 1) E English -Ch -E J- hC. English t
Rose -. t-E H
E Lh, -- --?
2) O Raghu . English
? Eo x
* -
u ?
- 20 d- 2007
-- j---
c) They wish to have some rest
Adithya: So what do you want me to do?
(wish + to have - Infinitive)
( Eo-p-----?)
Subodh: Just allow him to stay in the job
another month and then decide.
( u- - -A/ F, y Eg-.)
verbs -- lesson .
p sentence pattern study .
He wants to go =
Dn x-----o-E .
She likes to sing =
Adithya: What then?
( y-?)
Subodh: Warn him strictly to mind his behaviour towards the women staff. Tell
him to leave them alone or else..
( s-C-x E v-h
N d a-J. x N
d----lE p. ...)
or else= ... C-h Bv J--- --\-Lq h-E p.
Adithya: I doubt very much if he will mend. You
are asking me to give him another
chance. Is that it?
( --C -.
- t-o---E
?)
Is that it = ?/
?
Conversation \. Practice
.
Subodh: Yea. But order him strictly just to
mind his business.
----C/ d---C.
j pattern --L-T verbs --E
, C pattern -a.
He wants me to go
( x-----o)
pattern:
He (subject) + wants (verb) + me + infinitive
verb infinitive u me
-E-. Compare the following.
a) He wants to go [wants (verb) to go
(infinitive) = x-----o.
6) ... you request me to help him [request

(verb) + me (somebody) + to help (infinitive)]
7) I wish someone to conduct a workshop
[ wish (verb) + someone (somebody) + to
conduct (infinitive) ]
b) He wants me to go- [wants (verb) + me

(somebody) + to go (infinitive)]
--, spoken English -

a sentence pattern C.
-J, verb + infinitive pattern , verb +
somebody+ something pattern .
(a)
1 a) Do you want to sing? (verb + infinitive) =
, (b) verb infinitive

. u somebody (me/ him/ her/
them/ us, Prasad, Sita,
etc) or something (the
bus/ the car) trouble/
the problem/ the disease)
hC -E-
y -----o?
-x---
b) Do you want her to

sing? (want + her
(somebody) + to
sing (infinitive) =
360
(. --tE v
d- p/
c-)
(y ----o?)

Gopi:
~ t E-\- t-o. -E
. (tell/ ask )
Anil: h- --
(expect )
Gopi: p-E o. (want,
teach )
Anil: o request .
Gopi: x o a-- -A--. -E -oC -u
-E o (want / like
)
Anil: vh L.
-Eo a--- vq--. xo -A B-E tE h.
Gopi: K-K A---o Jp--E.
a---
--.
Anil: - d-.
Gopi: , --l.
What do you want me to do?
Adithya: If he doesn't
mend?
(-- ---?)
mend/ mend one's ways
= v-h a-
C - a pattern, spo.
pattern, you can see in the
2 a) I like to stay =
ANSWER
ken English
-.
Subodh: You have the option. Show him the
door.
(y - lA C .
- .)
Adithya: You advise him to be careful then.
Tell him you've helped him to stay in
the job and that even if you request
me to help another time, there won't
be any use.
( Eo v-h -E
y. F --x F u-
o-E p. -- -
y u-Jn-* v- -E
p.)
Subodh: I'll, of course.
(h. p-)
Adithya: I wish some one were there to teach
my staff elementary behaviour and
office etiquette. I want some expert to
conduct a workshop on it.
( s-C F v-h Jp----- -C. E-O

workshop Ey------- L
.)
Office etiquette - etiquette = manners
Office etiquette - Office
manners.
(-).
-Lq
Workshop =
- O ju
C-- Ja--E Nc-Eo
q.
Subodh: That sounds good. We'll think of it.
(C C. -*l.)
EXERCISE
-- lesson verbs followed by infinitives,

sentence pattern -? (Infinitive =
to + 1st Regular Doing Word)
eg: a) She wants to sing
(wants + to sing - infinitive)
b) He likes to go (likes + to go - infinitive)

lesson.
d---o.
b) I like her to stay =
-E d---o.
verbs questions, not
.
3 a) Do you advise me to wait?

M.SURESAN
1) What do you want me to do?
[ Want - verb + me (somebody) + to do [ advise (verb) + me (somebody) + to wait
infinitive ] =
(infinitive) ]
2) (You) warn him strictly to mind..
b) When do you expect the bus to arrive?
[ Warn (verb) + him (somebody) + to mind
[ do expect (verb) + the bus (something)
(infinitive) ]
+ to arrive (infinitive) ] = Bus
3) You are asking me to give him...
[ are asking (verb) + me (somebody) + to
verbs
pattern
practice
give (infinitive) ]
Advise
allow
4) Order him to mind his business
ask
beg
command
[ Order (verb) + him (somebody) + to mind
compel
(infinitive) ]
encourage
force
5) You advise him to be careful.
help, instruct (=teach), invite, request,
[ advise (verb) + him (somebody) + to be
teach etc.
(infinitive) ]
( F ?)
o --?
p--h-E
---o?

.
C
( y),
(--A-)
(-),
(A--),
(c--),
(- ),
(vq--),
(-
)
-v-o: -C- u -. v q - .
1. He thinks
2. He is thinking
3. He has thought
4. He has been thinking
5. He thought 6. He was thinking
7. He had thought
8. He had been thinking
9. He will/ shall think
10. He will/ shall be thinking
11. He will/ shall have thought
12. He will/ shall have been thinking.
.------,
Nu----: 1) He thinks = - (-)/ --o (p) [-*-h
(-)/
-*-h-o
(p)]
2) He is thinking - is thinking- present continuous form - is/ are

thinking question form
He is thinking
He thinks
3) He has thought= a)
Gopi: I have told/ asked Lakshman to come,

but he hasn't.
Anil: I expect him to come too.
Gopi: He wanted me to teach him to swim.
(Teach him swimming
a)
Anil: He requested me too.

Gopi: It seems his dad doesn't allow him to
learn swimming. So he wants/ likes us to
keep it a secret.
Anil: Then we should be careful. In such a
case I don't encourage him to learn
swimming. I'd advise him to get his dad's
permission.
Gopi: He is begging us to teach him. Let's help
him to learn.
Anil: I don't like it.
Gopi: OK. Let's see.
5) He thought-
-
-*-/ --o.
N
6) He was thinking-
---o (v h.
)/ -*--.
.
- 7) He had thought- past
-o/ -*- () - --o/
(He has thought of buying a -*-.
house/ of a new plan.)
He had thought so before I corrected his opinion
b) -- --o-/
--*-.
(-Eo correct
He has thought that I am a
--o.)
fool, but now he knows he

has made a mistake.
4) He has been thinking =
/ - *
p, ---o-/
---*-h-o. Has been thinking - --. Has
thought \, n.
8) He had been thinking so until I

corrected him =
correct
- continue
).
11) He will have
thought = future
time
, -** .
By this day next week he will

have thought that I helped you.
( -E ).
12) He will have been thinking future
--E -* -*h-.
By this time tomorrow, he will
Eo

have been thinking about it.
-E: Verb think . - ----
9) He will/ think = --/ - -C-*C. c-h
*-h future .
-*. -E He sub10) He will/ be thinking = - ject --p think verb
*h (future shall - .
--C- 23 d- 2007
-- j---
Anant: Did you see Damodar anywhere

around? (It's) days since I met him.
(- o E- F?
-E V-jC.)
Jagan: Yea. I saw him shopping at the super
market last evening. What's the matter?
(---\x Eo- -v
-E. N-
N?)
Anant: I heard him tell Lalith he would be out
of town for a few days. Do you know
anything about it?
(Eo--V x -E L-
h No. F-i
N?)
Jagan: I observe you show a lot of interest in
Damodar nowadays. What could be
the reason?
(
--- x y u h
-- -E-h-o. N
?)
Anant: Just nothing. Of late I have noticed him
doing very well in computers. I would
have him help me; that's all.
( u u-q
-E-. E B---E
-o. .)
Jagan: I observe him
helping others
liberally. I find
him the helping
sort.
Anant: The other day I watched him doing a

program on the system. I found him do
it effortlessly and very fast. He's really
brilliant.
(o V u- O
vv h -. -
-E-. E N .)
effortlessly= vo -x E--
He acts effortlessly= v--o

--h = -E v--o
hC = ---p -E v-Ao-*-x .
Jagan: Is he so good at it? I haven't known it. I
just thought he knew his computers.
( h? u-q
- --o.)
Anant: Before he leaves town, I wish to have
his help on a project. Let me go find
him.
( x vd N-
L. --\--o
A d-.)
Jagan: OK.
Look at the verbs in the sentences above:

1) saw (see)
2) heard (hear)
3) observe
(-E-)
4) have noticed (notice =
-E-)
5) have
6) watched (watch-
E )
-E . Fo u-vC- -C-* verbs (verbs of sense perception. Sense = u-vC o/ \/
N/ / t, perception = v--h.
verbs see/ hear/ watch etc.
--p, O y ...ing form F, 1st
Regular Doing Word (come, go, walk etc.,) a; pattern :
see/ hear/ watch + ... ing form/ 1st Regular
Doing Word (Ist RDW):
--p a
n; E --- , h N, j -- -E-...
hC. C spoken English
NE sentence pattern: -p- -Eo-
-J-* --l.
See: a) I see him walking this way
every morning.
b) He heard you saying/ say (...ing form/

1st RDW) that he was wrong.
He listened to her singing/ sing for a few

minutes and selected her for singing in his
movie =
y E p -/
No/ - NE--*C.
watch = -E* .
--/ Cl EN- NE,

E- - B--o.
listen to y , ...ing form/ 1st RDW.
Hear= NE-.
listen to= vo N.
a) The police watched the thief entering/

enter the bank (...ing form / 1st RDW) =
u- h-/ x M-
-E* .
b) He watched her leaving/ leave (...ing
form/ 1st RDW) and
escaped =
-x---
vA E * x
h/
listen to:
I hear some noise =
l NE--hC.
I am listening to you =
C* -
x/ ---
-E* J-.
361
y pC No.
pattern a verbs J-Eo;
have (- n)
observe =
(See
+ Somebody/ something + ...
ing form)
h E--h.
sentence , see him

y, ... ing form 1st
RDW (go, walk, etc)
-a j n.
b) I see him walk this way every
morning.
-E-
a) I observe him studying/ study

(...ing form/ 1st RDW) late in to
the night =
M.SURESAN
[see + somebody/ something + walk (1st

RDW)]
vA l
---/ -
-E-.
b) He observes her walking/ walk
by his home every morning (...
ing form/ 1st RDW)=
c) They saw the train leaving/ leave (...ing

form + 1st RDW) the station =
vA Rx O x
-E-h.
smell = ( )
j d ---o-p/ ---
x .
a) Do you smell something burning/ burn
d) If anyone sees you doing/ do this, (...ing

form 1st RDW) they will report to the
police.
(Ny h-/ -o h
M- h).
Hear l-A a.
a) I heard the bell ringing/ bell ring (...ing
form/ 1st RDW) =
NE--*C.
-v-o: When
should be used the

following sentences, could
you please clarify by all
means?
(...ing form/ 1st RDW)=
-o h F?
b) If he smells the food cooking/ (...ing form/
1st RDW) his appetite increases =
h A- J
\---C.
appetite - /j , ant a
\ -= A- J
6) Sonia Gandhi is about to arrive

Kashmir.
---:
1) I saw him shopping at the supermarket.
1) Sonia Gandhi is due to arrive

Kashmir.
2) I heard him tell Lalith he would be out of

town.
2) Sonia Gandhi is bound to arrive

Kashmir.
Now for the meanings for the

sentences:
3) I observe you show a lot of interest in ...
3) Sonia Gandhi is likely to arrive

Kashmir.
1) Sonia Gandhi is due to arrive...

= She is expected to arrive/
we expect her to arrive/
Arrangements have been made
for her visit (In fact, we are
waiting for her arrival)
4) ...I've noticed him doing very well in computers.

5) I would have him help me.
6) I observe him helping others liberally.
7) I watched him doing a program.
4) Sonia Gandhi
Kashmir.
is
to
arrive
5) Sonia Gandhi has to arrive

Kashmir.
Kripal:
y
W
lo
x h,
\- h?
Dayal: o y -E-
h. computer class .
Kripal: F job *a-x F cousin p
No. E-?
Dayal: E, F p No.
Kripal: Congrats! F
L-T- -E-ho.
(observe ; -=glow)
Dayal: o - * - -E--E. - -o.
N--E o.
ANSWER
Kripal: Every morning I see you going/ go this
way. Where do you go?
Dayal: I see you observing me/ observe me
too. I go to computer classes.
Kripal: I heard your cousin telling/ tell me
about a job you've got. Is it true?
Dayal: Yea. I heard him telling you/ tell you.
Kripal: I observe your face glowing/ glow with
joy.
Dayal: I used to watch my father get up/ getting
up early in the morning and studying. I
thing that's the reason for my success.
2) Sonia Gandhi is bound to

arrive.. = She is certain / sure to
arrive - no doubt about it.
G. C--u, o
In all the sentences in

your list, arrive must be followed
by in.

dialogue above:
notice,
EXERCISE
I would have him help me
(--
- -E. - .)
3) Sonia Gandhi is likely to arrive =

There are good chances / There
is a probability of her arriving
(There are chances of her not
arriving as well. There is a slight
doubt about her arrival)
4) Sonia Gandhi is to arrive =
She will surely arrive here.
5) Sonia Gandhi has to arrive =
Sonia Gandhi is ordered to
come here or has the necessity
to come here, so she must
come. The sentence, though

grammatically
correct, doesn't
suit/ is not
applicable to a
person of Ms
Gandhi's status nobody can compel her to arrive
in Kashmir. No necessity either,
for her to arrive.
6) Sonia Gandhi is about to come
here = Ms Gandhi is arriving in a
short time.
-- 25 d- 2007
-- j---
Sampada: What makes you think so?
Arpitha:
(Eo -*- -N?/

y-- ---o?)
Think what? (E?)
Sampada: That Archana will help you solve the

problem.
( u Ba- a ---E)
Arpitha:
She let me believe so. She said she

would discuss the matter thoroughly with me and help me arrive at a
solution.
( E Nt-*C.
N Jh Ja* u
B- ----C.)
Sampada: That really surprises me. I haven't
known Archana spend so much
time on a friend. Never known her
help any one.
(C au L-T-hC. a
o---
*a- L-. -p
--x L.)
Arpitha:
She surprised me too. I haven't

even expected her to be interested
in my problem. Of late, however,
I've noticed her take an interest in
others.
b) I hear her sing/ singing in the mornings.

hear (verb) + her (somebody) + sing (I
RDW)/ singing (...ing form)
pattern
verbs
(other than verbs of sense perception)
lesson
conversation above.
1) Archana will help you solve your problem
2) She let me believe so
3) ... would help me arrive at a solution
4) I haven't known Archana spend so much
time on a friend.
5) Never known her help any one
6) ... I've noticed her take an interest in others.
7) She wouldn't have me stay alone
8) I wouldn't have her have any trouble on my
account.
- J-Eo
l.
1) and 3) Help -
verb N-
.
a) Help + somebody + to do (infinitive) +

something
b) Help + somebody + do (1st Regular
Doing Word) +
something
eg: a) Will
you
help me to
carry this
box? =
a) He made me walk to school.
p .
b) The principal won't (will not) have us
waste/ wasting our time. (Principal
time
% -E-y)
Will have (verb) + us (somebody) +

waste (I RDW)/ wasting (...ing form)
c) I will have you sing/ singing that song
again and again
( F Sx
Sx --)
Have n, pattern
spoken English common.
d) She has her friend
come and stay with
her.
-x---
362
Has (verb) + friend

(somebody) + come
... (1st RDW) =
(School
--)
b) Teachers should make students study.

(Teachers Nu-n- C-N- L/ C-
L)
sentences make y
infinitive --. C J-.
EXERCISE
Sekhar:
y-\- xLq *aC?

(make- go )
Chakri: room l- ----
x (l= tidy up)
Sekhar: Eo h- d-Ea
?
Chakri: Eo J* x--E-y
.
Sekhar: -
y
d--
-E-.
o y support
L-.
Chakri: I'm sorry. y o n --Ey- .
Sekhar: Doesn't matter. o E
.
Chakri: C -d
.
She let me believe so
( o
auJ*C.
u
h -E ---.
u - N- h
-E-.)
of late = lately = u. Late (-u),
of late/ lately --.
Sampada: You are lucky then. If she wants to
help she will help. She's that type.
(y %-d- ---L. -
p --hC .
.)
Arpitha:
You know she wouldn't even have

me stay alone in my room. She suggests that I move to her place.
That's still more surprising. Of
course I told her that I wouldn't
have her have trouble on my
account.
( , o room J -E-y-E C. o
x -C. C
a-u-. p--,
x ---
p--E.)
on my account = x, on (some body's)
account = J x.
Sampada: Any way, I am happy that you have
the help from the right person.
(-i, y j uh *
--o-
- C.)
lesson verbs of sense perception

(u-vC-- -C-* verbs) - see,
hear, smell, etc. C pattern -aE
--o.
verb + somebody/ something + Ist Regular
Doing Word (Ist RDW)/ ...ing form
b) Will you help me carry this

box?
? sentence a) help
+ somebody + to carry (Infinitive).
sentence b)
help + somebody + carry (1st RDW) -
n .
a) I have known her helping/ help a
, help --p
M.SURESAN
number of people.
...ing from .
(
C ---
2) let - Dn O allow (t-A-)/
)
E -E-y.
a) He let me in to the room= He allowed me
into the room =
room
o
E
--A-/ E-a.
b) Let him go = Eo xF.
c) Let me look at it = o Eo F.
sentences subject- you.
Let pattern: Let + somebody/
something + 1st RDW.
d) The teacher lets us ask questions- lets
(verb) + us (somebody) + ask (1st
RDW)= teacher
tLo vo----E-hC.
(o-
e) Why don't you let me talk?

do let (verb) + me
(somebody) + talk (1st RDW)
x--E-y?)
f) He let the child tear the book.
( Gf
h-Eo *-E-a/ Gf h-Eo
* -) Let (verb) + the child
(somebody) + tear (I RDW)

g) He let the car gather dust
(
t px/ dx/ j--o
d---. Let (verb) + the car
(something) + gather (1st RDW).
let y ...ing form . Only 1st RDW.
4, 7 and 8): Have- Have sentences
n allow ( E -E-y/
-E-y--- not have ).
eg: a) He saw the teacher enter/ entering the

class.
sentence
verb pattern:
a) I can't have you spending all that money=

I can't allow you to spend all that
money=
saw (verb) + the teacher + enter

(I RDW)/ entering (...ing form)
y s a--d -p-/
Eo s a--d-E-y.
o-- _- *a
-E J.
5) Know. C pattern
Verb + somebody/ something + 1st RDW/ ...ing form
-a.
Have known (verb) + her (somebody) +

helping (...ing form)/ help (I RDW)
b) No one knew him giving/ give any trouble

for others-
-- d L-T-
C -J L (L-T--)
Knew (verb) + him (somebody) + giving
(...ing form)/ give (1st RDW)
6) Noticedsee, observe
I noticed her work/ working late in to the
night.=
make
pattern
...ing form
-a.
ANSWER
Sekhar: What made you go there?
Chakri: I went there to help him (to) tidy up his
room.
Sekhar: Did he let you touch any of his things?
Chakri: I won't have you talk/ talking of him
like that.
Sekhar: I've noticed you like him/ liking him. I
haven't known you support/ supporting me.
Chakri: I'm sorry. I can't have you misunderstand/ misunderstanding me like that.
Sekhar: Doesn't matter. Let's go to a movie.
Chakri: That suits me fine.
J E - n
--p
hC.
-v-o: Jd j\ ?
E grapes E collective
grapes,
--Tx- -v- -- ->- N-D p? h- noun;
common noun
h- Nouns J* collective noun a collec---.
N-Jh exercise tion of persons or things taken
a bunch
vo N a.
together and spoken as one
of grapes C
Point out the Nouns and say whole E Ey-*- . DE
phrase
(a
whether they are common, v a bunch of grapes
group of words
collective
proper, collective or abstract. phrase hEo
a verb) d, C
noun
! N-J-- without
1. He gave me a bunch of
noun function hC d,
-.
grapes.
Noun phrase .
. , y- Eo
j u-E *a key bunch
Definition v A col collective noun , grapes ---: Noun C p lective noun is the name given
common noun N-N- word; a group of words to a collection of persons or
\-o. F \ a bunch . d a bunch of grapes things taken together or spoof grapes v~ Ah E hEo Noun B . ken as one . p
n *a--p a bunch of Noun word , phrase bunch v, a
grapes phrase hEo bunch E , grapes E collection. Grapes -?
collective noun p-a B. p- bunch,
bunch
- 27 d- 2007
-- j---
Sriram: You keep your room clean. I really

appreciate you for that.
(
F C v --.
Eo a--.)
Gopal: Oh, thank you. I feel out of sorts if I find
the place untidy. I want the place
always clean and tidy.
(Thanks.
C h- *----
*_ C.
p v \---Lq h
\ J.)
tidy = (h-) -Lq--
Sriram: It drives me mad too if I find things
thrown about. The other day Sekhar
perhaps walked in rain. He got his
shoes muddy and just walked into my
room.
(hFo x---
a-Ah--d-C. o--V
{ * p-
---o. p- C * a.)
Gopal: He has all bad manners. I have
observed him opening his mouth wide
whenever he yawns even when we are
in a serious discussion.
(- u--. -Lh J-h, j u N x--o-p .)

Sriram: That's true. The
other day at dinner he was licking his fingers
clean as he ate.
It made me really sick to watch him to do it.
8. It made me really sick.

9. Such things really turn me red.
10. I feel like beating him black and blue.
Like, find, drive, get, observed, lick, make,
turn, feelverbs
pattern
sentences
spoken English
--T---p
- NE--hC. C
\ - \ Eo pJ---hC.
pattern C.
j L-
verb + somebody/ something + adjective
(Eo, nAE L )
(Adjectives o, o--, , - n h. OE Jh-
. eg: happy = - o/ ---i, long= -j, clever= L-j, L-N-,
soft = h-j, etc- Fo adjectives.
E/ h Eo/ nAE L-N.
h, E, ... E-j
E vo - a adjective.
Doctor
s -E-.
b) The police found the doors openfound (verb) the doors (something) +
open (adj) =
- B police -E.
3) Want pattern hC.
a) Kiran wants his coffee hot- wants (verb) +
eg: AP is a big state-
his coffee (something) + hot (adjective) =
v-v-,
Z ? l Z . d l (big)
adjective.
coffee
-C?/
C?
() C. d
-x---
beautiful- adjective.
363
9) It turned me red=
o v--x C=
turned (verb) + me (somebody) + red
(adjective)
The news turned him paleturned (verb) + him (somebody) + pale
(adj)-
wants (verb) her

clothes (something)
+ clean (adj)
h E L-- C.
10) beata) She beat him blue and blackbeat (verb) + him (somebody) + blue and
black (adj) =
E *---CC.
She beat him blue and black
(C E. o dinner x
v -h-o. C
-*aC/ -*aC.)
lick= . sick= A d/
. sick n L-
s .
Gopal: Such things really turn me red too.
(-N E-
p-h.)
turn red = --\
(---N --p, E
E *-----E--hC.)
Gopal: By the way, will you take me to
Satyam? He has promised me some
books that I need for my record work. I
need them urgently. I don't know his
home. Take me there.
(C , o u _-J B---?
Eo h--L-h--o. N
record work -. x
L-. o-\- B-x.)
Sriram: OK. Let's go.
.)
Conversational English
sentence patterns
A - NE-
J-Eo lesson
l.
conversation above:
1. You keep your room clean.
2. I feel out of sorts if I find the place untidy.
3. I want (to have) the place clean and tidy.
4. It drives me mad too... if I find the place
untidy.
5. He got his shoes muddy.
6. I have observed him opening his mouth
wide.
7. He was licking his fingers clean.
verbs
4) drive:
a) He drives me mad-
1) You keep your room cleankeep (verb) + your room (something) + clean (adjective) =
F room y v
-.
drives (verb) + me (somebody)

+ mad (adj)-
a-\-h-o.
-
b) The noise is driving me crazy-
M.SURESAN
a) His sweater kept him warmkept (verb) + him (somebody) + warm
(adjective) =
sweater
b) This tablet will keep the temperature lowwill keep (verb) + the temperature
(something) + low (adjective)-
E a *C.
g-v- \- -C.
\ verb, find / --/ -E-
is driving (verb) + me (somebody) + crazy (adj) =
*a L-T-hC.
He opened the door wideopened (verb) + the door (something) +
wide (adj) =
was licking (verb) + his fingers (something) + clean (adjective) =
a) The doctor found him illfound (verb) + him (somebody) + ill

(adjective)-
v x --o.
EXERCISE 2
Match the words under A with their
meaning under B.
A
B
A hawk
2 well off
B rub clean
3 scrub
C cleanliness
4 peddle
D dirt
5 hygiene
E rich
F surrender
G cycle
KEY:
1 - F. Yield/ surrender=
T--.
The Australians yielded to the superior

bowling of Indians=
bowling
T--.
EXERCISE 1
Practise the following aloud in English: (Use the above pattern where possible)
p v aC.
y Eo J---h-o.
Sukumar: a. F fridge
S -E-.
-L F J?
Sampath: v-Fo E C-
-n-. F -l
L-T-h-o.
Sukumar: y a-\-h-o F . E- bottled drinks
x -E --
(want )
Sampath: F @g ----E
d C. v-\-.
Sukumar: OK. OK. Sorry p h*aC
. %g a.
AE, ----.
beat (verb) + the sheet

(something) + flat (adj)
hold, boil, burn, leave, paint, etc.
x J-.
7) He was licking his fingers clean-
b) The mechanic beat

the sheet flat-
verbs EoF
pattern verb +
somebody/ something + adjective pattern
-a. LT verbs : see, wish,
1 yield
6) ... opening his mouth wide-
tablet
2) I find the place untidy-
Sampath:
j sentences Eo
-E-:
Sriram: When I see him do such things, I feel

like beating him black and blue.
A d-*C.
made (verb) + me (somebody) +

sick (adjective) pattern.
L.
b) Suneeta wants her
clothes clean-
The car is beautiful car

beautiful
8) It made me sick=
ANSWER
Australians
The enemy yielded after a strong fight=
v T--.
( n) = C-)
(yield
Sampath: She has swept the floor clean. You

are making it dirty.
2 - E. Rich. He is quite well off, but his

brother is badly off =
Sukumar: That's OK. I have found the fridge

in the house empty. Do you want/
wish/ like to see me hungry?
-- F E brother O-E-.
3 - B. Scrub.
--N v----
- h-- l. She
Sampath: I left all the dishes full. Your lies are

driving me mad/ angry.
Sukumar: You are driving me mad. When I
come home I want the bottled
drinks chill.
Sampath: I find your words hard to digest.
Don't drive/ make me mad.
Sukumar: OK. Sorry. I remember now.
Krishna was here. I think he ate
and drank everything.
scrubbed the dirty marks off the floor =
-OC d---- l-C.

4 - A. - n Ox A- h--
--t. Peddler = Hawker= Ox
A- t---x.
5 - C. Hygiene. J--v u
-vx/ -u-E ---i J--v.
The hospital has no hygiene = -vA J--v . Unhygienic food=
-u L-T -J--v-i .
--- 2 -d- 2007

Chakradhar: Did you finish your assignment?
(
F j-- Jh--?)
assignment= -J u- p--p E.
Giridhar: Of course not. You remember, last
week I had my books stolen. Then
followed a sunday. No shops were
open to buy books. The next day I
had to leave town to call on my sick
uncle. I returned yesterday, and
because of the trade bandh, I found
all the shops closed.
(s-. h-C- F, --
h--- T-L-. y
C- *aC. h -O
h- ---E. s o
u - - V
- x-. Eo AJ--*a, u-
x Fo -
.)
Chakradhar: The boss is not all too happy. He
was expecting you to turn it in
last saturday itself.
( o. y
Eo E- ahE P---.)
all too= *-- (\)/ A.
Not , not .
He comes here all too often.
(--\- K \ h Eo-x
-d .
*C .)
-- j---
a) He left the box open.
( d J* C--.)
b) Sarala keeps her room clean.
( CE v -C.)
j sentences left (leave), keeps (keep)
verbs C pattern !
a) left (verb) + the box (something) + open
(adjective)
b) keeps (verbs) + her room (something) +
clean (adjective).
Verbs pattern
Verbs - lesson ? JEo
2) I found the all the shops closed.
The Kidnappers set the boy free.
(o-x xE C--.)
set (verb) + the boy (somebody) + free
(Adjective)
Pattern
verbs
pattern
F, C
(vA --x
--)
-
.
-Eo-
found (verb) + all the shops (something) +

closed(pp)
(
Eo .)
She finds herself cheated every time.
Verb + somebody/ something + past participle.

sentence
adjective
past participle (pp)
finds (verb) + herself (somebody) + cheated

(pp)

the
conversation
above
3) The theft of the

books and the
other things left
me shocked.
( j
h--o-.)
1) ...I had my books

stolen.
2) ...I found all
shops closed.
( ---x -E-h- vB-J)
-x---
the
364
left (verb) + me
(somebody)
+
shocked (pp)
(- h CM -.)
C-, I had my
--?
5) Have it donestolen, pattern
I will have the house cleaned (before I enter

it).
(x - E v --.)
Will have (verb) + the house (something) +
cleaned (pp)
The doctor will have him tested.
(d E K~h.)
will have (verb) + him (somebody) + tested (pp)
6) You have made your ability known to him.
have made (verb) + your ability (something)
+ known (pp)
We hear your name called.
(F - NE--hC.)
She finds herself cheated ever y time
Giridhar: What does he

know?
The
theft of the books and the other
things has left me shocked, and yet
this man wants the work completed
even before the due time.
(- -hC? h,
h- - o
-C. - -
E Jh --.)
due date/ due time= .
Chakradhar: Just don't worry. The due date is
still a week off. You borrow my
books and get it done by then. In
the mean time I'll tell the boss not
to trouble you.
( --.
VC. h- BE E
Jh-u. u Eo --d-lE .)
Giridhar: Just three more days and I'll have it
done.
(
( h--, h-
- o C.)
She leaves her child unattended.
4) ...and get it done (by then).

5) ...and I'll have it done.
leaves (verb) + her child (somebody/something) + unattended

(pp)
6) you have (already) made your

ability known (to him).
M.SURESAN
Observe all the sentences above. You find

the past participle of the end of almost all
the sentences. Don't worry about the word's
in brackets.
1) I had my books stolenhad (verb) + my books (something) + stolen
(past participle-pp).
have
pattern
spoken english
pattern.
--ao C
- a
He has his car painted once in four yearshas (verb) + his car (something) + painted(pp)
V . Eo
Jh h.)
Chakradhar: You have already made your
ability known to him. He knows
when he gives you a job you do it
well. That's we in the office hear
your name called whenever he
has a tough job on hand.
(F n u ---p- L-
. F E pTh yC
h-E - .
j d- i E yLq
, F -
N - .)
Giridhar: But it doesn't get me even a wood of
appreciation in the end.
(-? p .)
Chakradhar: Let it not worry you. He isn't
going to be here for long.
(--. --\ \--

-- .)
EXERCISE
Sagar:
here (verb) +your name

(something) + called (pp)
p j sentences
y E--LqC. lesson
verb + somebody /
something + adjective
3) ... The theft of the books and the

other things left me shocked.
7) We in the office hear your name

called.
books
E- AJ--a--J d-
. \---x?
(find )
Sudhir: d Y -
vx.
Sagar: y-p . -a --E
d---.
(leave )
Sudhir: - CL x-? -p- -F -- -h---Fo
--T-L-- -.
Sagar: -o?E J-*-d xE o?
(keep .)
Sudhir: ? -i x v
\--LqC.
(want, secured )
( Gf -----
C-L-Rx C.)
4) ...get it done.
pattern
- verbs EoF lesson

-x.
verb + somebody / something + past participle
pattern
-a.
patterns conversational English
y---- NE--h practice
u.
-v-o: i) Present
perfect
tense
for, since
--T--a? N--J--.
get (verb) + it (something) + done (pp)
( E-/ .)
He gets his house white washed once in
three years.
ii) I have been ill for 2

days. (
2 V
* --u
o.)
gets (verb) + his house (something) + white

washed (pp)
iii) It has been there for 3 days. (
( x--J x---h.)
C - V * \ C.)
The officer got the clerk transferred.

got (verb) + the clerk (somebody) + transferred (pp)
ANSWER
Sagar: When I returned home, I found the
house locked. Where have you been?
iv) He has been abroad for 10 days.

(
abroad
-C-V- *
o.)

---: i) Present perfect tense for,
since p- .
Sudhir: I had been to the laundry. I wanted

(to have) my clothes ironed.
Sagar: You're always like that. By the time I
came home, you leave the house
locked and go.
Sudhir: (Do) you mean that I leave it
unlocked? We shall then have all
over things stolen.
Sagar: Did I say that? Did I ask you to keep
the house opened?
Sudhir: Then What? I want the house fully
secured. Thats all.
Secured =
--Fo ,
E v-h
-v-o:
Your three sentences given as

examples for the Present perfect
tense: ii) I have been ill for 2 days, iii)
It has been here for 3 days, and iv)
He has been abroad for 10 days are
correct. However, They will be better/ clearer if you say, for the past 2/
3/ 10 days / for 2/ 3/ 10 days now,
instead of for 2/ 3/ 10 days.
Kill, murder, assassinate

n - ?-N--J--.
. u, -
---: Kill E. C --
--, j o E. Murder
u E-E
v.Assassination- ---u.
- - x -JE u
-N o--JE , assassinate.
- 4 -d- 2007
-- j---
Dharitri: Hi Bhumika, congrats!

Bhumika: What on?
lessons Eo verbs C
--aE --o.
patterns
(?)
Dharitri: I heard that they elected you chairperson of the students' union.
(Eo NuJn -E u-~-L

o--o-E No.)
Bhumika: Not a thing I like very much, you
know. My friends all forced me and
my dad wanted it too.
( d E -?
o- ----d. o
----o.)
Dharitri: Last time they made me chairperson
and it is now your turn.
(J o u-~--LE .
p F *aC.)
turn = , by turns = K
Bhumika: I find the job a nuisance. It is a
crown of thorns. It's going to prove a
waste of time for me. I can't concentrate on my studies.
( E -p ud E--hC.
x K. C --
% uC ----C.
O vl-- .)
Dharitri: That's true. That was my experience
too. But for it, I could have definitely
got a better score.
(C E.
-
.
,
* \
aN.)
a) verb + some body/ some thing + adjective

eg: I found the box empty.
( d S .)
Pattern: found (verb) + the box (some thing) +
empty (adjective)
b) verb + some body/ some thing + past
participle
eg: He wanted the work done.
Pattern: wanted (verb) + the work (some
thing) + done (past participle)
p lesson ---oC j
patterns _-j. pattern * adjective/ past participle ,
Noun . (Noun: E-j a
: leader, chairman, village, etc)
eg: They declare India winner.
(-p ----h-o. @ --C. u?)

Dharitri: Don't do that. You'll find it an advantage too. It will develop leadership
qualities in you. They may designate
you president of some other committees.
( . C F E-hC. F -y ~- --C. x Eo J-Eo N--

u-~L E--Na.)
designate = E--T--/ E--N-Bhumika: By the way, how is your sister Ila
and her new born child?
( v-- champions- -E-g--j--x

-E-).
found (verb)+the players (somebody) +
champions (noun)
NC/ u--E E-N/ E-T-.
Pattern: declared (verb) + India (some thing) +

winner (noun)
- pattern 1) verb + some-
years. \ p---
x C-. --
I studied here for 2 years since then
I have been studying here for 2 years
2) He has worked here since 2004.
-a?
(hj x --q E-N-h.)
a? -E-\ 2004 * E-. E--h o-E

n. --p He
designate (verb) + the best people (somebody) + officers (noun)
has been working here

since 2004
b) The company designated him manager.
body/ something +
adjective 2) verb +
some body/ something
+
past participle)
-v-o: 1) I have studied here for the past two

-a ?--
5) Designate=
a) They designate only the best people officers.
(- N- v--.)
-x---
(F -
N *aC.)
365
---:
1) I studied here for 2

years since then
correct
Since
then
implies that the action
started some time in the
past and has continued
till now/ is going on
even now. If you use,
studied, we don't get that meaning. Studied is past simple tense and talks only a
completed action in the past. The sentence, I have been studying here for the
past/ last two years, is correct.
--L-TEo verbs lesson

- pattern: verb + somebody/
something+ noun . pattern
a verbs u h \.
designate (verb) + him (somebody) + manager (noun)
Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at

They appointed him secretary,

appointed as
1) ... they elected you chairperson of

the students' union.
\ -E--LqC:
.
(C , O \ , x h-
o?)
Dharitri: They are fine. Just yesterday they
named the child Dharuni.
( o. Eo x
E d.)
Bhumika: That's fine. She is so cute, and
plump. I'd like to call her dimple, as
dimples appear on her cheeks when
she smiles.
( C. l l
. Ny- -_ O
d E--h.
E ---C.)
Dharitri: Her dad got promotion the day after
her birth. So he considers the baby
a bringer of luck.
I will name (verb) + it (some thing) +

Ayodhya (noun)
5) They may designate you president.

6) They named their child Dharuni.
7), 8) Call: consider
7) I'd like to call her dimple.
elected (verb) + you (somebody) + chair

person (noun)
patterns
adjective/ past participle
* noun
.)
f FE d- ---C.)
choose (---/- - --)
pattern -a.
Bhumika: Shall we see the baby this evening?
( v Rx l
?)
Dharitri: O.K.
DE -t- J--h.
consider (verb) + Gandhi (somebody) + a
mahatma (noun).
ANSWER
Preethi:
? -C- h---Fo *----

-od E--hC? (find throw )
C- a--p- E--*C.
(see ). h- dress
Eo T-L*
(notice, steal)
Preethi:
(X- E V- .)
made (verb) + Bharata (somebody) + King (noun)
pattern
.
a) They found the village a nice place.
(x- v *-C .)
found (verb) + the village (some thing) +
a nice place (noun)
-O--E -p- ----L?

.-.-u, j
---: I am able to - p (j)
--. I was able to - --L (past). I will be able to
- ----, future .
Preethi: What's wrong? I find things thrown

all over the place in the room.
hC.
make (verb) + him (somebody) + a fool (noun)
-v-o: 1. I am able to, 2. I was able to, 3. I will
EXERCISE
a) They often make him a fool.
(E x vJE h.)
2) It is correct to say. He has worked here

since 2004 for the past/ for the last / for
(a time period) now are important.
Practise aloud the following in English.
Priya:
2) They made me a chairperson.
The difference between a) I have studied

here for the past/ last 2 years, and b) I
have been studying for the past/ for the
last 2 years is very little or almost nil. The
verb Have been/ Has been+ ing is used to
stress continuity, though.
be able to
b) We consider Gandhi a mahatma.
The board chose Dhoni Captain.
DEE
called (verb) + him (somebody) + a fool (noun)
(Eo u-~--/- -u-~--L x-o--o.)
3) and 4): find.
pattern
a) She called him a fool.
No 1): They elected you chairperson.
pattern
b) Srirama made Bharata King.
( d -- x o
v- *aC. -E
x L--*a-E --o.)
a) They named their child Raghav.
b) If I build a house, I will name it Ayodhya.
4) You'll find it an advantage.
named (verb) + their child (somebody) +

Raghav (noun)
3) ... I find the job a nuisance.
Make
6) Name -
M.SURESAN
2) ... they made me chairperson.
(--
Appoint
- \,
8) He considers the baby a bringer of luck.
b) The Coach found the players champions.
You'll find it an advantage
Bhumika: I have second thoughts about it.I

feel like resigning. Shall I?
owner C x--. E
-. (get, white wash)
Priya: . filter NTL o
decoction Lx--x-o.
Preethi: - v - L .
friends Lo dirty \---.
a -L?
Priya: a-p- l d
-E-. Police phone .
x Cl EN-x \ a.
Priya:
Even as I entered the room, I saw

them scattered like that. I noticed
too some of our books and dresses
stolen.
Preethi: Only last week our landlord had our

room whitewashed. Look, there are
coffee marks all over the wall.
Priya:
Yes. The thief left the wall stained

with the decoction left in the filter.
Preethi: We must get it cleaned. Or else our

friends may consider us dirty. But
how did the thief enter in the first
place?
Priya:
Even as I came I noticed the lock

broken. I called the police. They
may be here in a few minutes.
--C- 7 -d- 2007
-- j---
Nischal: I find the book quite useful. Where

did you buy it? I had been looking for
it in a number of shops.
Sankalp: I find it surprising that none of you
could see it earlier than? It had been
there all along.
(O-y Eo ----
a-u E--hC/ au LT-hC. C - \ C)
Nischal: How about lending me the book for a
few days, I mean, after you are done
with it?
( h-Eo Eo V--
y -N/ h, , y
Jh-y?)
Sankalp: Why just lend? I'll present you the
book after I finish it. Have it for
keeps.
( t? h-Eo F -
ah C-N y. y op- --a.)
for keeps= y-/ for ever.
Nischal: So kind of you. Thanks, but why the
generosity?
(C F %--. Thanks. F
-?)
generosity= %y/ u.
Karna was generous- g -
-.
Bring, buy, get give, gift, lend, offer, tell present,

sing, read, order, cook, sell, pass
throw (
verbs
daily conversation (spoken English)
(C-)
-
? OE B l. Ox -E - -a. (2 patterns)
n.
N--)
1) I brought him a shirt
(--E
shirt
a)
Pattern: brought (verb) + him (somebody/

something) + a shirt (something)
3) Give
pattern
give + somebody + something

hC.
2) I brought a shirt for him
(--E
shirt
a)
Pattern: brought (verb) + a shirt (something/ somebody) + for (preposition) + him

(somebody)
(j verbs EoF -J-/ -J, E- n . -J C *o , EE \-verb \

.)
I brought him a shirt. (\ him *o-
EE \- verb \ .)
I brought a shirt for
him
I brought
him a shirt
spoken
English
a) Please give me the book

b) He will give you all the information
( it *a--p v, please give it

to him . C *o C verb
\ C.)
4) Gift - y
He gifted his beloved a diamond necklace
( v--L v necklace
- a)
-x---
\ NE--hC.
366
gifted (verb) + his

beloved (somebody) +
a diamond necklace
(something)
-v-o: 1. Everyone has a roof above his head.

Everyone has a roof above their head.
Everyone has a roof above their heads.
j ux C d? - everyone
both genders h d their
v their heads L !
their head N?N-J---.
2. Idioms proverbs N?
3. Provide y with p hC?
p ? N-J-.
.-o-V, j
---:
1. Every one has a roof

above their head
correct. Every one
both genders
L
d
Let me save you the tr ouble
Sankalp: You've given

me a number
of
books.
You've always
offered
me
help even before I asked for it. So my
gifting you this book, if at all it is
worth the name of a gift is just nothing.
(y o h- a. - C-
F-p l. d F h-Eo
F - y, E-- N E-, l N--.)
worth= N
Nischal: Show me the book once more. I want
to read the opening para.
j *a model sentences E
N verbs (underline -N) Fo
pattern -E-.
p lesson pattern: verb + somebody/ something + something

pattern
conversation
practice
l.
O
. - C.
S.No. verb somebody something

5 Show me the book
6 Read you the paragraph
Now look at the following sentences from the conversation at

the beginning of the lesson.
M.SURESAN
Sankalp: Here you are, but I see you have no

spects on. Don't worry. I'll read you
the paragraph.
(C, F x- E--
F _/ F } -od .
---. Para -.)
9 Buy us a number of books
2. I'll present you the book
10 Tell us bed time stories
3. You've given me a number of books
6. I'll read you the paragraph =
F paragraph CN NE--h.
(Read someone something = -J
N CN NE--)
4. My gifting you the book is nothing

6. I'll read you the paragraph
7. Save you the trouble =
7. Let me save you the trouble

8. I can wait till you send me the book
9. Dad used to buy us a number of books
10. He used to tell us bed time stories
1. lend =
-N-y
Could you lend me some money?
h s ph?
Nischal: Let me save you the trouble. I can

wait till you can send me the book.
lend (verb) + me (somebody) + some

money (some thing)
(F- p-F. y hEo -- -)
\ verb y some(h) hC.

sentence N a.
Sankalp: That's fine then. I'll finish it in two or

three days and give it to you. By the
way why are you so fond of books?
pattern
body
Could you lend some money to me?
( . v-Vx C
Jh- Fh. C , h--
F-- d?)
Nischal: Dad used to buy us a number of
books when we were children. He
used to tell us bed time stories too.
( o *o-p
h- -. --o-p
p-.)
Sankalp: Lucky there. Bye then. See you.
(h)
8 Send me the book
1. How about lending me the book?
5. Show me the book once more
(J h-Eo .
--E C)
7 Save you the trouble
lend + some body + some thing-
\ , C
u conversation .
pattern
F v p-h.
save = p-, j dEo.
j sentences from 1 to 10 E verbs
EoF somebody * ax -a.
correct preposition Lq C.
Grammatical C correct , conversation \ NE--C preposition E
pattern v.
EXERCISE
Conversation between Nischal and Sankalp
list of verbs
bring,
buy, etc.
verb + somebody +
something pattern
sentence
model sentences
y *a
:
vA-Fo
vA--E
. C
a-.
his or
her
E
L.

--h C
d their E ---C. their singular
N-L. - -sx
their = his or her (singular) (his and her
their head, correct.
) d
2. Idiom is a group of words with the meaning of the group of words as a whole having no connection with the meaning of any
word in the group.
eg: The long and short of - this is an
idiom.
The long
and short of what he says is he wants
money =
(summary)
idiom
long
short
the long and short
of
expression, idiom.
DE n E.

s -E.
E
nn-E-F,
E-F,
h-E a n-
.
Proverb a wise saying,
born out of the experience of the speakers of a language over a long period.
eg: All that glitters is not gold.
=
C proverb
J-- . = j -- --l. Proverbs
idioms -a. F idioms Fo
proverbs .
3. provide with = supply

provide
N:
a) provide somebody with something

b) provide something for somebody
c) provide something.
1. Please bring/ get/ give her a glass of water.
a) The hostel provides the boys (somebody) with all facilities (something) =
present (verb) + you (some body) + the

book (some thing)
2. He bought/ presented/ gifted her an

expensive jewel.
hostel x- Eo - Lp-hC
(hC)
The bridegroom presents the bride a ring.

That's the custom.
3. Please sing me the song you sang yesterday.
b) The free hospital provides real good

services (something) for the poor of the
area (somebody) =
2) I'll present you the book-
4. My dad ordered me a new pair of clothes.
(Rx , R}---J --Jh C \ .)

(custom - )
5. Please pass me the book.
presents (verb) + bride (somebody) + a ring

(something)
7. He sold them his new car.
6. She cooked her guests a nice dinner.

8. She threw him the book.
-t-vA \
- E-i --C-hC
c) The book provides the information

(something) you want =
h F
-- - hC.
--- 9 -d- 2007
-- j---
Vipul: Who gave this news to you?
eg: I gave him the book.
F -J-aK h?)
Vinay: Don't mind who gave it to me. The point

is why you didn't tell this to me.
( p--C C-. y-
N p---C u.)
Vipul: Gopal sent the message to me only
yesterday. We are meeting only now.
Thought of seeing you earlier but as
mom was cooking breakfast for me I
thought I had better wait till I finished.
Hence the delay.
gave (verb) + him (somebodybook (thing-
uh) + the
h/ N)
pattern verbs pattern
NE--h, -*-x:
I gave the book to him.
gave (verb) + the book (something) + to (preposition) + him (somebody)
conversation
verb + somebody + something
pattern, verb + something + preposition +
somebody
natural)
o \ NE--hC. C
C.
( h Eo .
p ---o. t v-d
h C h-u l--o. -x u.)
Now look at the following sentences:
(F _ T- -x-o. E
B---? N \
- *a N ?)
6) I'd have definitely got it for you.
(j - Bx-
-A y-.)
Vinay: Did he show the whole file to you? Are
you sure that the
file has all the
papers?
Gopal denied me the permission -
6) I'd have got it for you-
4) Why didn't you bring them to me?
a) Got (verb) + it (something) + for (prep.) +

you (somebody) =
5) Gopal denied the permission to me.
I'd have got you it -
7) Did he show the file to you?

8) We must present all this information to the
members.
9) We can ask him to
rush the file to us.
b) Got (verb) + you (somebody) + it (something)
-x---
10) He must pass the

file to us.
367
(, sentence No.2
'It' *a--p
pattern (a) \-
.)
-v-o:
1. --E, , -v- N?
2. \-J ---...
3. --J O .
4. O E-x -- ---o.
5. J-- --C -O--E -Tx-- -- ---a?
> N-, C--
---: 1) C
j ,
p-o E -L-
signature . p-i ( -C-*C)
signature E x.
name - DE -E .
-h C ?
-j -a.
v
h x-C.
-
.
Autograph - p/
v-Cl--C/ v-G--- uh G-- J --J O, a .
Don't mind who gave it to me
F- h
j -?
Eo T o-E F t--?)
Vipul: I didn't ask it of him, and he didn't offer

it to me either.
( -E - ,
y--E -.)
Vinay: We must present all this information to
the members tomorrow at the meeting.
If we don't, it is going to cause a lot of
trouble for us.
( - h u
L. C
d L-T-hC./ -x s .)
Vipul: I understand all that. We have still time.
We can call Gopal and ask him to rush
the file to us.
7) Did he show the file to you?
sentences
verb +
something + preposition + somebody
pattern
Fo
a) Did show (verb) + the file

(something) + to (prep.) + you?
(somebody)=
-E-.
1) Who gave this news to you?

Gave (verb) + this news (something) + to (preposition) + you?
(somebody)
b) Did he show you the file?M.SURESAN
j sentence verb + somebody

+ something pattern a--a.
Who gave you this news?
Gave (verb) + you (somebody) + this news?
(something)
sentences
verb +
something + prep. (preposition) + somepattern
body
j o
Eo-F
*,
verb + somebody + something pattern
(x. n---.
C. -
j y -E pa.)
rush= y
Vinay: Ok. Call him immediately and tell him
we have no time to lose. He must pass
the file to us as soon as possible.
(. - p.
E. j
y Oj y -E p.)
Vipul: It's done.
a-a.
2) Don't mind who gave it to mea) gave (verb) + it (something) + to (prep.)
+ me (somebody) =
Don't mind who gave me it.
b) gave (verb) + me (somebody) + it
(something)
*a--p, something, it -p pattern h ) It

pattern (a) \- .
(It
3) Gopal sent the message to me
( h E.)
lesson
bring, buy, give, get,
offer, refuse, send, sell, show, sing
verbs
verb + somebody/ something + somebody/
something pattern
spoken
English
pattern
verb
somebody (him, her, me, Sekhar,
Suguna)
something)
a) Denied (verb) + the permission (something) + to (prep.) + me (somebody) =

b) Denied (verb) + me (somebody) + the
permission (something)
2) Don't mind who gave it to me.

3) Gopal sent the message to me.
Vipul: Gopal denied the permission to me to

take the file out. Otherwise I would
have definitely got it for you.
5) Gopal denied the permission to me
1) Who gave this news to you?
Vinay: I see you don't have the papers. Why

didn't you bring them to me? That could
have provided better information to me.
F, C
NE-
F -y
o ? -
uh- L \- NE-
h, y \- (
N-Eo/ h- L NE--h.
sent (verb) + the message (something) + to

(prep.) + me (somebody)=
Gopal sent me the messagesent (verb) + me (somebody) + the message (something)
4) Why didn't you bring them to me?
Did bring (verb) + them (something/ somebody) + to (prep.) + me (somebody) =
Why didn't you bring me them?
= Did bring (verb) + me (somebody) + them
(something)
Did show (verb) + you (somebody) + the file (something)

8) We must present all this information to the members-
a) must present (verb) + all this information

(something) + to (prep.) + the members
(somebody)=
b) We must present the members all this
information- must present (verb) + the
members (somebody) + all this information (something)
9) We can ask him to rush the file to us =
a) to rush (infinitive) + the file (something)
+ to (prep.) + us (somebody)=
b) to rush us the file- to rush (infinitive) + us
(somebody) + the file (something)
10) He must pass the file to usa) must pass (verb) + the file (something)+
to (prep.) + us (somebody) =
b) He must pass us the fileMust pass (verb) + us (somebody) + the
file (something)
patterns meaning
\. -E--Lq N-:
1) Spoken English pattern (b)verb + somebody + something (He gave
you the book) pattern
pattern (a)
\ .
C - C .
-sEo d --Th.
2) j sentences pattern (a) \-
preposition 'to' *aC. verb d
preposition --C.
pattern (b) E \-
*C.
2) It happens/ It does happen sometimes

3) I'm bored/ I'm getting bored because I've
nothing to do.
4) everyone is unhapy/ suffering because of
what you've done
5) What will happen will happen
1. retinue 2. reunion 3. speak aside
4. off-spring
5. I go to temple
I go to the temple
-v-o:
O n ---.
,
o N?
6. If you will come, I will give it you.

If you come, I will give it you.
ux C d?
T-f, XE----f, -
---: 1. retinue= v uh -E, ~- x D s
( uh --)
The minister arrived with all his retinue at
the place of the meeting =
-n-L vA ---/ D
s- a.
2. Reunion= -q- N-- x
AJ-T ---.
The story ends happily with the reunion of
the separated lovers.
N-- vN--
Sx ---- ----C.
3. speak aside: N--E x N---
x- He spoke to his friend aside
so that the teacher couldn't hear it Teacher
friend
NE--
x-.
4. Offspring - A (singular and plural
offspring) - Man is the offspring of
the monkey ( -A-)
5. I go to temple - W -, u
x
I Go to the temple - o L--
E-O-o x
6. If you come I will give it to you. If clause,
(conditional clause
future tense
- L---
) x
- 11 -d- 2007
-- j---
Surekha: Come on; put on your clothes and

get ready. In another ten minutes we
must be at the station to see off
Bhavan.
(d---E l--. -C
EN--, - O\ p-
station L.)
Sumant: Yea. Let me first of all carry this jewellery up and lock it up in the safe.
Meanwhile you pack up the things to
be handed to him at the station.
(/ . Lo j
B-R}, locker d F.
y station -E--y-Lq
h-Lo pack u.)
Surekha: Don't forget to put out the lights
upstairs. You usually do.
(j lights p Ja-.
- y Ja---).
Sumant: Don't worry. I won't, this time.
(----. J Ja-x)
Surekha: Last time when I returned home I
found the lights on.
(--J AJ--a--J
lights --- ).
Sumant: You don't forget to turn off the gas
cylinder.
That's important.
d y
Ja-.)
(y F, \ time .
- o Ka--Eo-F -L
B---L)
Sumant: Bhavan will be very happy that we
will be there to see him off. Let's be
at the station well before the train
comes in.
(-E O\-L-a- --\

o- --h. Train
a \).
Surekha: OK. Lock up the jewels and come
down. Hurry up.
(-Fo d C . y
F)
Sumant: OK.
patterns
J-Eo
4) Don't forget to put out the lights =

put out =
put (verb) + out (prep) + lights (something)

a) He put out all lights before going to bed =
h table O .
put on J-.
--- D-Fo ph.

puts (verb) + out (prep) + the lights (some-
Put on your clothes and start =
thing)
d---E --.
expressions phrasal verbs .
OE conversation correct --LT, phrasal verbs,
b) The firemen put out the fire =

Fire department
(To--) x
--p-.
adverbials, adverb particles

grammatical
Put (verb) +
x h----\-.
-x---
lock (verb) + up (prep) + their home (something)
D, p-
Put the book on the table =
1) Put on your clothes -
Surekha: Hurry up then. Not much time left. I

have to bring in the chairs that are in
the varandah.
3) carry
p C: Eo verbs y
(usage) on, off, up, down, in, out,
away, back (N prepositions
a, adverbs a. -C d----) . N verb nFo
v-N h. O n practice x
\ h. -- -
Eo patterns verb pattern English
\ ---Th-o. --j- - -- ---C. OE
practice .
EXERCISE
out (prep) +
368
the fire (something)
Syam:
- * shirt --a
y? (put on
)
Prem: d-Fo
suit case o. C
d C.
_ .
Syam: F a--? E
\ ? (throw away )
Prem: L- .
Syam: y E table O C--.
E B. (pick up ). N.
put out the lights .. tur n of f the gas
(gas cylinder
1) put y on 2) see y off

y up, 4) Sx put y up
5) turn y off, and
6) lock up lock y up.
---E phrasal verbs . N
English y---. \--p phrasal
verb verb y a preposition, adverb
d, verb n C. C practice
-hC.
eg: put on- \ put o n-E, put on
o n-E C.
Put ? d/ E.
- NE-
J* lesson l.

conversation above.
1) Put on your clothes.
2) We must be at the station to see off Bhavan.
3) Let me first carry the jewellery up and lock it
up.
4) Don't forget to put out the lights.
5) Don't forget to turn off the gas.
5) Don't forget to turn off the gas

(cylinder)=
\ put on a sentence pattern

l: --. Put on your
Gas cylinder
d-/ -/
Ja-.
clothes/ Please put on your

sentences
subclothes
ject
you.
turn (verb) + off (prep) + the gas

(something)
Put on your clothes =
M.SURESAN
You put on your clothes.

You please put on your clothes.
Fx d-o y pump/ /
x -/ d--
Put on your clothes =
b) Turn off the lights before going out =
O d---.
sentence pattern:
---x- D p.
a) Put (verb) + on (prep/ adverb) + your

clothes (something)
turn (verb) + off (prep) + the lights (somethings)
b) He took off his shirt =

shirt
6) Lock up the jewels =
B-.
j expressions vA--E verb, verb

y preposition F, adverb ( E
J-TD L ) F h-o ?
Prem: Thank you.
/ -
a) He does not turn off the tap after collecting water/ drawing water =
Please put on your clothes =
- -d.
ANSWER
Syam: You could have put on a better shirt
than that.
Prem: All my shirts are in that suit case. The
suit case is locked up. I don't have the
keys.
Syam: Why didn't you bring the keys along?/
the keys with you? Where did you throw
them away?
Prem: That's what I don't know.
Pattern: took (verb) + off (prep/ adverb) +

his shirt (something)
lock (verb) + up (prep) + jewels (something)
Syam: You left them on the table. I picked them

up. Here they are.
2) We must be at the station to see off

Bhavan.
Nobody in that village locks up their

home =
Prem: Thank you.
see off (somebody) = see (somebody) off

verb
verb
O\Ly.
vo: 1. Now that I am a responsible per-
They saw me off at the bus stand =

Bus stand
*a o --.
son.
3) Carry the jewellery up =

pattern
carry up the jewellery.
carry (verb) + up (prep/ adverb) + the
jewellery (something)
v x .
a) He held up his hand =
6) Lock up the jewels.

In the sentences above, observe the expressions. 1) put on 2) see off 3) carry the jewellery
up 4) put out 5) turn off 6) lock up.
turn off =
j-h.
Held (verb) + up (prep) + his hand (something)
b) She entered the room and switched on
the light.
switched (verb) + on (prep) + the light
(something)
2. The director requested the

Government to make the following amendment: That the competent authority should verify their
service particulars...
j ux that -d?
that x n ?
H-y--, --t-
---: 1. Now that- \
- L--- a n
-x
(because).
Now that I'm a responsible person =
E-p u-- uhE

/ d.
2. - -u- That
n 'E. That
the
competent
authority ...
service
C-
C-J. J
N- E
E a--L E (that), v-yEo
u-Jn-.
--C- 14 -d- 2007

Nirmal: What are you waiting for still? Why
don't you put your clothes on and get
ready? Can't you see the time's up?
( E- h-o y?
h -E --? j
u-E n -?)
Satpal: Turn the fan on please. It's quite sultry
in here.
(h u u. \
hC.)
sultry =
-- j---
Nirmal: Keep pouring coffee down your throat
and you won't be far off from gastric
trouble and acidity. All right. I'll have
the coffee sent up, but ask the boy to
clear the earlier coffee things off the
table. Get ready soon.
(-* h , uZ
v, -- /
y- F N h. . F v-E p O-* B--.)
Nirmal: Don't you hear me? I've said the time's

up. Here am I hurrying you up and you
are still talking about drying up your
body.
Satpal: Thank you. I won't be more than ten

minutes.
( pC NE-- ? \
j u-E
y x --d-- J*
x-o.)
lesson English conversation - NE, spoken English

--yEo ( x English
- NE-x ) Lp, verb + adverb
particle (prep/ adv) pattern a sentence pattern . N J-Eo l p.
\-.
Satpal: Cool down. I do remember we've got to

go station to see Sundar off. I've found
it out. The train is late by an hour.
(_. d- Rx
O\ p-E hC. \o. j u.)
Nirmal: But we've still a lot of things to do
before that.
(F -- -Lq
o
?)
Satpal: What are they?
(N?)
C EN---o \ .)
4) We've to go to station to see Sundar off
b) I will send the books back.

Pattern: will send (verb)+ the books (something) + back (adverb)
send back something/ somebody =
send something/ somebody back
Look at the following sentences (a) and (b)

and observe the difference between the
two:
a) Come on, put on
your clothes
o-.
- , preposition or adverb
N d---. J -
u. --.
lesson , lesson
N- B h .
conversation between Nirmal and Satpal:
verb +
somebody/ something
+ on/ in/ up/ back, etc.
pattern
OEo
-x---
369
C.
(see (verb) + Sundar (somebody) + off)

= We've to go to station to see off Sunder
(see (verb) + off + Sundar (somebody))
5) We've to pick Nagaraj upon the way =
We've to pick up Nagaraj on the way.
(verb + somebody + up = verb + up + somebody)
6) We've to take the books back =
We've to take back the books
[take (verb) + the books (something) + back
= take (verb) + back + the books (something)]
7) Pack them up = Pack up them
[pack (verb) + them (something) + up =
pack (verb) + up + them (something)]
Why don't you put your clothes on?
Nirmal: We have to pick

Nagaraj up on
the way, drop him off at his office and
proceed.
(J -V \E E
- C xL.)
Satpal: Any thing else we've to do?
(-o -LqC?)
Nirmal: Don't you know we've to take the
books back from him, pack them up
neatly and hand them over to Sundar
at the station?
(E _ h- BE, E
F u , - dx
C-y-E L- F?)
Satpal: All that won't take much time, will it? I'll
be ready in just ten minutes. Be a good
friend and send some coffee up, will
you?
( L \ j d ? C
EN-x ---. * o-N ? h -?)
a) put (verb) + on (prep) + clothes

(something)
b) put (verb) + your clothes (something) + on (adv)
(Don't worry what name we give to a
word- prep or adverb. Just practise
and you'll be able to speak correctly.)
-E? (a) on, your clothes

C. (b) on, your clothes y
hC ? on position p o-p n p-. -u-Eo-d on
somebody/ something -F,
--F -a.
Compare (a) and (b) below:
a) I will send back the books.
Pattern: will send (verb) + back (prep) + the
books (something) =
h- AJT - =
ANSWER
Kinnera:
Gandharv: She is still dressing up the children/ dressing the children up.
I've packed up all the bags/
packed all the bags and brought
them along/ brought along them.
She will be in, in a few minutes.
Wish you good luck.
Kinnera:
You are on time. Where is your

wife?
How about some coffee?
Gandharv: I have drunk all the coffee at

home. My stomach can't take in
anymore/ can't take anymore in.
Kinnera:
Surprising to hear you don't want

coffee.
Gandharv: I picked up the habit/ I picked the

habit up because of night duties.
Slowly I want to give up the habit/
give the habit up.
Kinnera:
Wish you good luck.
9) Send some coffee up = Send up some

coffee
back, etc. + somebody/ something

pattern
patterns
(send (verb)+some coffee (something) + up =
1) Why don't you put your clothes on?

Do put (verb) + your clothes
(something) + on=
M.SURESAN
Kinnera:
y --E
a. O N-C?
Gandharv: N x- d hC.
uq Fo u d
a. --x a-hC.
(dress up )
Kinnera: h B-?
Gandharv: x o -.
d B-.
(Take in )
Kinnera: y l a-u C.
Gandharv: C j u x
- o. Lx -----o.
(Pick up, give up )
[hand (verb) + them

(something) + over =
O-Eo-F last lesson

pattern: verb + on/ in/ up/
a-a.
-E -a.
Practise the following aloud in English in

both the patterns shown above:
He Gandharv,
8) Hand them over to

Sunder = Hand over
them to Sundar
hand (verb) + over + them (something)
b) Come on, put your clothes on.
EXERCISE
Kinnera:
Why don't you put on your clothes?

Do put (verb) + on + your clothes (something)
2) Turn the fan on = Turn on the fan
(verb + something + on = verb + on + something)
3) Drying your body up= Drying up your body.
(verb + something + up = verb + up + something)
-v-o: English pronunciation --C-*

-Eo ----o. - -C symbols
sounds -- --- ----- --
-.
/ ^ / /a:/ /:// I / / i :/ / / / U / /u:/
/ 3:/ // / t/ /d3/ /U / /aU / /e/ /b/
->.-, --o
---: These are the sounds for the following symbols:

1. /
^ / = as in but (b^t)
2. /a:/=as in cart (ka:t) (C
-
flat d )
3. /:/= (C - v *
L)
= as in all (:L)
4. / I / = = as in fit (f It)
5. / i :/ = = as in meet (mi : t)
6 / / = as in ban (bn)- cat (kt)
= as in book (bU k)
= as in fool (f u:i )
7. / U / =
8 /u:/ =
send (verb) + up + some coffee (something)

10) Find the place out = Find out the place.
[find (verb) + the place (something) + out =
find (verb) + out + the place (something)]
C Eo x O----a, I mean,
p.
He hurried me up= o d .
He hurried up me . He found it out
. He found out it . C
practise x-o-p L- -C, -, grammar book --.
9. / 3:/=
C -
bird-(b3:d)
- 'r' (silent)
10. // = =as in ship
( Ip)
11. / t/ =
(t It)
=as in chit
as in
12. /d3/ =
jug = (d3^g)
13. /U /= - as in go
(correct Eng pronunciation- /
- C y a
l , u.
14. /aU / = as in now (naU )
15. /e/=as in tear (te-'r'
silent-)
16. /b/- C b -
O / I / /b/ -. / I / =
as in not= - v * not
a l.
-- 16 -d- 2007
-- j---
Anupama: (You) Know something. Karuna has

offered to help me complete my
project.
( N ? vd Jh
--E h-C.)
project = vd= p-T-* E
Nirupama: Karuna, of all? I find it quite
strange. Karuna helping someone
is rather unusual.
Nirupama: Yea. You are right. I've been just

lazy. To be lazy is sweet, I feel.
(
y d. l--. l
--.)
Anupama: So do I too, but the results are bad.
( E--hC. F L .)
Anupama: I'm fortunate perhaps.
( %d.)
Nirupama: True. You should think it a fortune
to get help from Karuna. But one
thing. She is very good at the subject and can see your project
through.
(E. F
%-d- --L. - b d
. -x F vd
h-u --.)
Anupama: I've been feeling it very difficult to
handle the subject. I've been looking for some one with whose help I
can finish it off. The last date isn't
far off too. Karuna's help is timely.
lessons
1) verb +
somebody/ something + adverbial pattern,
2) verb + preposition + somebody / something
pattern
verbs
( -? C
N E--hC? -J
---.)
-
--o.
-- verbs N- pattern (1)
* pattern (2) , pattern (2) * pattern
(1) a--aE .
pattern 1: Please put out the lights.
1) See your project through.

pattern: see (verb) + your project + through (adv)
a) I want to see the building through before
I leave for the states.
(dq x
d Jh ----o.)
b) Ramesh saw the arrangement through=
put (verb) + out (prep) + the lights (something)

pattern 2: Please put the lights out.
put (verb) + the lights (something) + out (adv)
-- -n: -D-- -p-- --E. --

verbs Spoken English - - y ----
- - \-o , N simple
x---E
-u- .
\ Eo \
x p--E ---.
p-xFo Jh--/ Jh -.
-- see through something -- -n
--- -- -n -h-C.
I can see through your plans =
-O -- -- -n ---.
2) Finish it off. finish (verb) + it (something)
+ off (adv)
-x---
Finish your work off/

finish off your work.
We can go to a
movie=
370
a) The government wants to speed up jalayagnam.
(-v--y ----c-Eo -y-J-/ --- ---E ----C.)

b) Unless he speeds up the construction he
can't finish it by next month =
- -- -d- --- ---- --a -- - -Jh ----.

speed up something= speed something up.
II. 1) I find it strange
2) You should think it a fortune to get help
from Karuna.
3) I've been feeling it very difficult to handle
the subject.
4) My boss may consider it a mistake
sentences
verbs: find, think, feel
and consider.
pattern
I find it strange.
pattern: find (verb) + it + strange (complement).
complement

OE
-\-
-- -u -Jh---E - -- (that which
( N-Eo
handle
My boss may consider it a mistake
o. J
-
Eo Jh -- E -o. *J D
. --E
*aC.)
timely= --i; timely rain= {;
untimely= --i; untimely death=
Nirupama: I've been putting my project off for

quite sometime now. I should
speed it up too. Otherwise my boss
may consider it a mistake to have
allotted me the project.
( v-dE
h-o. Eo L. -
vd -- --j-E
--a.)
Anupama: Do carry the project through to its
end. Yours is an easy project. No
reason for you to delay it.
(--Eo -Jh --. -F-C -- ---i-

-v-d. --Eo ---u ----E
-E-- .)
lesson study
verbs J-Eo j patterns
O , Eo verbs,
verb + it + something pattern
O-oN h. pattern *o
sentences conversation -T---E p--.
I. 1) She can see your project through.
2) I can finish it off.
3) I've been putting my project off.
4) I should speed it up.
E Jh . E- xa.
finish (verb) + your work +
(something) + off (adv) =
finish (verb) + off (prep) + your
work (something).
M.SURESAN
sentences
verb + something/
somebody + adverbial pattern
3) Put something off = Put off

something =
Fo
-E. u N. j ---x -Eo

expressions --h -n-E, --- -- --- -n-E -- -- -- --- --E---.
eg: 1) See your project through: ---- see
something through N/ E hux . \ see, through n, Jh n-E ?
phrasal verbs, - x h.
a) My friends have put off their trip.
put (verb) + off (prep) + their trip (something)=
o- v --o =
My friends have put their trip off.
put (verb) + their trip (something) + off (adv)
b) Sambhu has put off his marriage =
Sambhu has put his marriage off =
- - -- -Rx --- --o-.

4) Speed it up = -
speed (verb) + it (something) + up (adv)
= speed (verb) + up (prep) + the work
(something)
It
up it
*a--p,
.
speed it up
speed
completes
ment).
is
comple-
-- -\- verbs
--v- - pattern - h.
EXERCISE
Sambhu:
see,/ carry
Vishnu:
C v-G- . h-ux
.)
. (
N_ C. C
. -J --T- x
. (lend a hand .)
Sambhu: y --E --o?(give up .)
Vishnu: C . --x--o
o E ho. (look for
.)
Sambhu: --a ?(ask for
.)
ANSWER
Sambhu: You've begun it. See it through/ carry
it through.
Vishnu: I'm tired. None to lend me a hand/
lend a hand to me. Find it impossible
to carry it on alone.
Sambhu: (Do) you mean you want to give it
up?
Vishnu: Not that. I am looking for some one
to help me.
Sambhu: You can ask for/ take my help.
-v-o: Imaginary forms - should have ---p- had been/ had + pp

--L --! -N--J--.
-.--f, j---.
---: You are right. It should have been, had been/ had+pp
The verb forms in the three situations are as follows.
Situation
Probable
Present
(
vh- F,
future F
J- -
C)
'If' clause verbs

Present tense am, is, are;
1st RDW,
2nd RDW;
am+past participle,
is + past participle,
are + past participle
Main clause verbs

+ 1st
will be
will
shall be shall RDW
(go,
can be can
talk,
may be may
etc)
will
be +
shall
Past
may
Participle
can
Example: If Ramesh comes home, his mother will feel happy. (Both
Ramesh's coming home and his feeling happy are probable.
They are likely to happen.)
In the case of scientific facts, however, the main clause verb is usually in
the present simple tense. eg: If an object is heated it expands. (Main
clause verb - expands - present simple)
If clause
Situation
Improbable were/ past doingword (gave,
present
came, etc)/
were + Past
Participle
(Passive voice)
(we don't use
was here)
(vh
--EN)
Main
would
should
could
might
OR
would
should
could
might
}
}
clause
be/ 1st
RDW (go,
talk, etc)
be + PP
(Passive
Voice)
eg: If he were here; we would consult him
(E\
v-Ch. -\ p. -E
v-C- )
If he knew this he would be happy (-E-C Lh
L J-nA p --h)
Situation
Imaginary Past/
unreal past
(- j
J-TC, -\
E-F, -EC J-
-C E-F
--)
If clause
had been/
had + past
participle (PP)/
had been +
PP (Passive)
Main clause
would
have been
should have + PP
could
have been +
might
PP (Passive
Voice)
eg: 1) If he had been here, she would have met him
(-E\ , Eo ---C ( --)
2) If Saritha had answered one more question, she

would have got the top rank
question answer
top rank
(
a-C).
- 18 -d- 2007
-- j---
Sandhya: Dont you think it strange for Udaya

to behave like that towards us?
( -x N v-Jh F N E-- ?)
Sampada: There certainly is some change in
her, and I find it rather sudden.
(*a- pC, C
o-d *aC).
(C ---E p--E--hC.
workshop attend u ~
--Eo --.)
Sandhya: Ive attend it once. I dont mind
attending it a second time though I
call it a bit expensive. It is Rs 3000
for a three day workshop.
Sandhya: I suppose it to be sudden too. But I

find it a change for the better. She
is now gentle and soft spoken
unlike in the past.
( -t-h E--hC.
p *- E--hC.
E-p t-C E- x-C).
Sampada: Yea. Most of our friends used to
consider it difficult to talk to her. She
used to be rude. Now all thats
changed.
( o-x -C
x- d ---x.
h - C. J--C-p.)
Sandhya: I feel it possible because of the softskills workshops she has attended
in the past few weeks. The trainer
Mr.Sumukh held the workshops
and Udaya
took
them
quite
seriously.
( Cl--
_o soft-
( -J _-o. -J
_-- -u- , C
a--E --o-p-.
--V workshop -)
Sampada: Of course; I understand.
\- NE- senho. lesson

- --.
Spoken English
tence patterns
patterns
used to consider (verb) + it + difficult (adj) +

to talk to her (infinitive/ phrase)
a) They considered it a shame to lose the
game.
(x -- _-- J--)

conversation above.
considered (verb) + it + a shame (noun)

to lose the game (infinitive/ phrase)
1) Dont you think it strange for Udaya to

behave like that?
b) He considered it an honour to be chosen

leader.
2) I find it rather sudden
(-- -- p -
J-----.)
3) I suppose it to be
sudden too.
4) Most of our friends
used to consider it
difficult to talk to her.
-x---
371
considered (verb) + it
+ an honour (noun) +
to be chosen leader
(infinitive/ phrase)
EXERCISE
Gopi:
teacher _ - %d
---o. (think )
Ramu: E. vA NuJn pC n -x t N-h.
(feel )
Gopi: o teacher
Nu-Jn NPd --
N-- (consider, privilege )
Ramu: teaching N- - J----x, - best teacher
-\ -- |-F (deem,
consider, deplorable ).
ANSWER
Gopi: I think it a fortune to study under him.
Ramu: True. He feels it his duty to make every
student understand his
teaching.
I find it rather sudden
skills workshops
x -
p *a-----o. P~-
workshops Ey--,
workshops vl
-*C.)
softskills = uhy N--E (personality
development) -C-* --:
communication skills (-, h %y
ju/ uh--) positive attitude
(/- jJ), goal setting (u
El), time management ( Ev), interpersonal relations (uh-
-) O-Eo-F softskills .
%Ah, u-x v-P -B--- N
--- u. workshop =
class P~----x P~-
guidance , j --
a- lA.
Sampada: Do you really believe it to be useful
to attend such workshops?
( workshops _-
--- E E t-
y?)
Sandhya: Depends on the trainer. Some trainers are really effective.
(C P~--E/ workshop Ey---E-d C. -C trainers

E- Lo v-N --)
effective = a--L-T---
Sampada: (Do) you mean Sumukh is one
such?
(
y-C?)
trainer
Sandhya: Certainly. Not a few deem it a fortune to be trained by him.
(*a-. E P~
%-d N--x \ ).
Sampada: I see it is necessary for me now. Ill
take the earliest opportunity to
attend his workshop.
5) I feel it possible because of the

softskills work shops.
5) I feel it possible because of the

softskills workshop she has
attended.
feel (verb) + it + possible (adj.) +

phrase.
6) Not a few deem it a fortune to be

trained by him.
sentences Eo- verb y
hC ? it- pattern
v. vu--i n-O-
E--\.
a) He feels it respectable to talk to

elders like that =
it
M.SURESAN
1) Dont you think it strange for Udaya to

behave like that.
sentence pattern,
l-
x- --.
feels (verb) + it + respectable
(adj) + infinitive/ phrase.
b) She felt it dangerous to go alone in the

night =
vA -J x v----E
-C.
Do think (verb) + it + strange (adjective) +

for Udaya... (phrase - a group of words without a verb)
Pattern: felt (verb) + it + dangerous

(adjective) + to walk alone in the night
(infinitive/ phrase)
a) I think it my duty to inform the police of it,
6) Not a few deem it a fortune to be trained

by him =
Pattern: think (verb) + it + my duty (noun)

+ phrase.
pattern
it
noun/ adjective +
clause (a group of words with a verb)/
phrase, etc.
pattern
verbs:
find (sentence no.2 above), suppose (sensentence no.3), consider
tence no.4), feel (sentence no.5), deem
(sentence no.6)
L-T
E P~ %d ---x
\--.
deem= consider= J---.
Pattern: deem (verb) + it + a fortune (noun)
+ to be trained by him (phrase)
a) Every one deems it an honour to get the
title Padmasri =
(J---
2) Find:
a) She found it difficult to understand it.
vA-x tX -\ ,
- J---h/ - J---h.
b) I deem it a pleasure to invite the chief
guest up the dais =
Gopi: My brother also

considered it a
privilege to have
been his student.
Ramu: While there are those who deem it a

pleasure to listen to his teaching, we
consider it deplorable that he has not
got the best teacher award.
-v-o:
1. Only some snakes are
poisonous.
- Some snakes are only
poisons.
2. We reached home before
the Sun has set.
- We reached home after
the Sun had set.
3. No sooner he saw a snake he ran away.
- As soon as he saw a snake he ran away.
4. What can I do?
- What am I to do?
- u n L---.
-u, -
---:
1. Only some snakes/ some snakes only/

some snakes alone are poisonous
some
snakes are only poisonous
(-Eo
v N--J-i-N)
n-.
2. We reached home after the Sun had

set.
sentence correct. We reached
home before the Sun has set - wrong
found (verb) + it + difficult (adj) + phrase

b) They found it insulting to be there any
more.
found (verb) + it + insulting (ing form/ adj)
+ phrase.
3) I suppose it (to be) sudden
a) suppose (verb) + it + to be sudden
(phrase)
b) suppose (verb) + it + sudden (adjective)
Pattern b
h .
C t-h--
-.
4) Most of our friends used to consider it
difficult to talk to her.
u A-CE C OC y-E-
- N-h-o.
pattern --L-T verbs: think, find,
consider, feel, suppose, believe, deem, etc.
N -E-: verb + it + noun/ adj

+ phrase, etc., pattern - j verbs
Eo N- it, y to be a.
I think it strange for him to behave so = I think
it to be strange for him to behave so.
N verbs N .
pattern conversation, simple ,
effective - p--C. Practice
l.
(reached - past tense, has set - present

tense)
3. No sooner he saw a snake he ran away
Correct form of the sentence:
No sooner had he seen/ did he see the
snake, than he ran away = As soon as
he saw the snake he ran away.
C- p.
4. What can I do? =
--?
-Lq--p/ L? Both the sentences are correct. ---
a .
What am I to do=
--C 21 -d- 2007
-- j---
Kantha: I never thought it would be so difficult

getting a certificate from a government department.
lesson
tice
--. pattern prac O conversation .

(natural) C.
(vy * Jd--
d- E -p --.)
Observe the following sentences from the

dialogue above:
Sabitha: What did you think- that you could get

it in a jiffy?
1) .... it'd be so difficult getting a certificate from

a government office.
(---o y *- a---?)
in a jiffy- ~
Kantha: I knew it wouldn't be easy, but never
imagined it would be so difficult.
(C E ,
d -E -p --.)
Sabitha: I had a bitter experience too just a
month ago when I went for my caste
certificate. There was a lot of delay. I
had an argument with one of the
clerks there. It made no difference. I
then realised it was foolish arguing
with them.
( caste Jd-- a-E Rx--p -

-jC. -u-iC. \-
h C-. -x J-nA . p niC
x C- ^-y-E.)
Kantha: Just no use trying to do that; you
know. Grease
there
palms
and it will be
easy
getting
anything done
in a government office.
2) ... it was foolish arguing with them.

3) Just no use trying that
4) It will be easy getting anything done in a government office.
5) There's no use submitting it now.

There's no use talking to a fool.
1) .... it'd be difficult getting a certificate...
part of the sentence pattern l.

-- -E--Lq N \
-* sentences Fo , introductory 'it'/
'there' begin . (Introductory it/ there
OE -- NJ. - English
- sentences , There/ It v-Gh.
v-G-*--p there \ E F,
it C E F n .
eg: There are 10 students here =
\
C-C
Nu-n o.
It is easy to learn
English = English
a-- .
a) There + is (be form) + (no) use (noun) + talking (...ing from)

b) It's no good helping the undeserving.
It + is (be form) + (no) good (adjective) +
helping (...ing form)=
-v- *-C-.
|
the deserving = | o x
the undeserving = |--E x/ -v
C spoken English
- NE- sentence pattern.
Eo nouns, adjectives
v pattern
-x--- 372
.
deserve =
5) Is it any good staying here any longer? =

6)
\ o *?
O --- E-- =
It's/ There's no use depending on him.
j sentences Eo-- - ,
...ing form infinitive (to + 1 St RDW)
-a. (There o sentence p.)
1) ...It'd be so difficult getting... =
It'd be so difficult to get...
2) ...It was foolish arguing with them =
...it was foolish to argue with them
3) ...no use/ no good
Infinitive
y...
.
hC.
Sabitha: I got the certificate any way.
(h-E Jd-- a--o.

Kantha: What are you going to do with that?
It will be easy to get anything.
(- ---o?)
(pC K -u a. Eop Gt x v-
. *-J-C o --C.)
girly = t E -
Sabitha: That's disappointing really. So what
should I do now?
( E-- C. p
L?)
Kantha: Oh, I remember. With a late fee you
can submit it till this weekend.
(. p h-*aC. late fee

*-J- a.)
Sabitha: What's the late fee?
a
\ NE-
a
\.
O: O -E .
Pattern: It + would be (be form) + difficult (adjective) + getting (... ing

form) =
1. difficult (adj)
2. easy (adj)
M.SURESAN
Pattern: It + was (be form) + foolish (adjective)+ arguing (...ing form)=
x C- ^y.
3) (It's) just no use trying that.
Pattern: It + is (be form)+ (just)+ (no) use
(noun) + trying (... ing form) =
(It + be form + adjective)
Pattern: It + will be (be form) + easy (adj) +

getting (...ing form)=
5) There's no use submitting it now.
Pattern: There + is (be form) + (no) use
(noun) + submitting (... ing form)
sentences
pattern
It/ there
+ be from + adjective/ noun + ...ing form.
Eo
reservation
It's not easy getting reservation at this late

hour.
3)
C i -.
-u
.
\ @-E E ^y =
It's foolish working for such a low salary.
4)
\ * *C =
It's no good waiting here any more.
no good=
vo: 1.Opposite
words
Eo
-
?
adjectives v?Teacher-stuN
N: It + be form y + noun/ adjective- j hC. F there + be form y

v noun v hC.
1) a--p d
.
It is difficult convincing him =
4) It will be easy getting anything from him.
N-.
dent,
FatherMother,
Sondaughter
opposite
words
3. foolish (adj)
5. no use (noun)
2)
C v-Ao- E--.
hC,
*C n- .
-?
2.
-
--C.
3. -E --dC.
. -v-u, Xj
---: 1. -Eo - ---a.
O----ox Eo parts
of speech v (Adjectives
v- E - ?)
J--Eo- -- . A
part of speech (Noun, Adjective,
Verb, etc)
opposite
C--j Eo-
---a.
Student opposites .
Teacher,
Teacher, Learner; Master, Student
oppsite
father, mother; son,
daughter- oppsite genders
opposites
-.
v F
Kantha: Rather on the high side, I'm afraid, Rs

50/- a day.
(h \. V 50 -.)
Sabitha: What a nuisance having to pay so
much money!
Kantha: Don't delay any further. Post it soon.
( u . d .)
Sabitha: Yea. Let me rush.
(, o xF.)
.... it'd be difficult getting a certificate.
EXERCISE
?)

Spoken English
tions
It/ there
noun/ adjective +
...ing form pattern
nouns,
adjectives
nouns,
adjectives
2) ... it was foolish arguing with them.
Kantha: It's too late girly. There's no use submitting it now. The last date was the
day before.
(late fee
sentences , there, it
sentence begin -
. - E 'Introductory'
(J- ) there/ it E .
d .
Sabitha: Why are you asking so?
conversational Spoken
English
'...ing' form
pattern, ...infinitive
pattern
difficult, easy,
foolish,
4. no good (adj)
( ---o?)
4) It will be easy getting any thing from him=
Ther e's no use submitting it now
( vo --x . x --.
j -.
grease the palm = -
ing form
u informal situa- ( J- o--x)

- J---p sentence pattern

Abhishta:
\ * x -
i ?
Sushmita: y \ *
oC. (suggest )
Abhishta: o--. --v -\- wait
d . p C.
Sushmita: p complain *
E---x .
Abhishta: \ wait ---E *-
^-y.
Sushmita: . .
ANSWER
Abhishta: Is there any good/ Is it any good
waiting here?
Sushmita: It is you who suggested our waiting here.
Abhishta: I did suggest it, of course. I have
lost my patience.
Sushmita: I feel it's no good complaining
now.
Abhishta: It's foolish my suggesting that we
wait here.
Sushmita: Ok. Let's go.
.
2. --C-
She was afraid of him.
3. o --dC
She scared him/ frightened him/ terrified him.
vo: Spoken
Engish lessons -----*

--- - ---L?
. ---R, --t
---: Eenadu
spoken Engish lessons
-* download --E
-v- -B--a. vA u
Website ID C .
internet
-- 24 -d- 2007
Dr. Sita: Please avoid taking coffee so often.
It affects your health.
(Eo-x -. O
-uEo sBhC.)
Rao: I want to give up taking it too. I'll try from
today, not suddenly, but gradually.
( -- ---o, V
* v-Aoh. -t- , v-v.)
gradually = vuM = v-v-
Dr. Sita: First, stop taking coffee after
6 O' clock in the evening. That
sends you to sleep early.
( v 6 y
u. C O y Ev--d
hC.)
Rao: But I enjoy watching late night shows on
the TV.
( O l y
a v-z- .)
Dr. Sita: You'd better finish watching the TV
and go to bed before 10 or 10.30.
That makes for good health.
(vA C, C-o- O Jh--E Ev-. -u-E *C.)

Rao: My other problem is I can't get up earlier
than 7 in the morning.
( u l
-.)
Dr. Sita: Start
taking
much less coffee than you do
now.
That'll
solve all your
problems.
-- j---
gesture=
a n c/ j.
\ n j -- *o -
Accompany E \ -
--J L---x
Spoken English
ing form
RDW)
verbs
verbs y noun
F hC. Infinitive (to + 1st
.
Eo-E p
----o.
F...

dialogue above.
1) Please avoid taking coffee so often.
2) Stop taking coffee in the evening after 6 O'
clock.
3) You'd better finish watching the TV.
4) Start taking much less coffee.
5) I remember my dad saying so too.
a)
7) Risk =
b)
etc.) [stop
infinitive
a) Sita can not risk going out in this chill weather. She will be ill if she does =
n - x -.
n x-E (J,
y, ... ing/ noun , stop
y
n C. ]
3) Finish = a) Let him finish his speech-
speech E T-F
finish + his speech (noun)
6) I consider giving up coffee altogether.

7) Don't risk going back to your village so late
in the night.
b) He has just finished eating and is washing

his hands.
(p A T* -\--o.)
j sentences Eox verb y '...ing' form
finished + eating (...ing form)
-E-. '...ing' form Eo
Finish y infinitive
verbs y
noun
.
a. Infinitive v
. \-J infinitive
4) Start = DE y
*a n
...ing form, noun,
-x--- 373 infinitive
C.
/ v-- EE
- l--.
L --x -.
--h s -C.
[risk + going (...ing form)]
b) The hero risked his life to save the heroine =
-- ~-- vEo
\ -/ v--E J--.
risked + his life (noun)]
Avoid, stop, finish, remember,
consider, riskverbs
...ing
form
noun
Avoid, finish, consider, risk
infinitive
Stop
infinitive
Remember
infinitive
y -
F
F hC.
y
.
y
h E--- n
y
--E
hC.
h-
n . Start
y, ...ing form, noun,
infinitive -a.
J-Eo verbs
next lesson l.
Please avoid taking cof fee so often
(p--j- \ B-
--d-. C O uEo-F
BhC.)
Rao: I remember my dad in my childhood saying so too - that coffee affects sleep, and
when sleep is affected, health in general
is affected too.
Study the following.
, n
. (n
, v-G)
1) Avoid =
- \-- = j - .
a) We should avoid talking bad about

others =
- J* x
L.
M.SURESAN
avoid talking = avoid + ... ing form
( *o-- o p
hC. Ev h-F, E-x
u ---E.)
Dr. Sita: That's right. I consider giving up coffee altogether. But as you said, I'd
advise you to do it gradually.
(C d. Jh -
h E --o.
O-ox Eo v-v- .)
Rao: Thank you. Shall I make a move now? It's
already 10.30 perhaps time for you to go
to bed.
( x J? p- 10.30
uC. O Ev- --?)
Dr. Sita: Don't risk going back to your village
so late in the night. You can sleep
here for tonight and start early in the
morning. My brother is here to give
you company?
( vA x -.
vA \ -. lo xa. v O F h.)
Rao: Thank you for the gesture. No risk going
back now because I have my cousin
accompanying me. Five more minutes
and he will be here with his car. We'll be
back in the village in an hour.
(K-~x --O --l.)

noun
Dr. Sita: Ok, then; best of luck.
started an argument (noun) with me
a.
started arguing (..ing form) with me
c) Let's avoid this road. It's narrow =
C-l. C .
d) I avoid rice at night. I take only chapathis =
vA . -B B-.
avoid + rice (noun)
a) I remember the name very well =
e) As far as possible he avoids autos. He

goes by the city bus =
Oj x --x-. -- ----.
avoids + autos (noun)
2) Stop = stop
noun
F/
ing form
hC.
[remember + the name (noun)]
b) I remember seeing you somewhere =
Eo-\ -x hhC .
F
hC.
a) Stop talking =
C- v-G-.
h .
Remember y noun/... ing form
hC. Infinitive hC. F n
hC.
5) Remember =
avoid + (this) road (noun)
remember + seeing (...ing form)

c) Please remember to send me the book =
x- .
stop + talking (....ing form)

b) They have stopped coming here =
h - h--.
[Remember + to send (...infinitive)]
d) I didn't remember to post the letter =
x \- -.
Have stopped + coming (... ing form)
c) The police stopped the people from going in
to the office =
v -- x- M- -.
stopped + the people
compare a) and b) below:
(O ---o %--c--.
x -l v-----O-.
> h-o. EN-x
\--. x
v .)
b) Sumanth started to argue (infinitive) with

me..
avoid watching = avoid + ... ing form
= Gopal started telling me a story.
= Gopal started a story. (noun)
b) Avoid watching TV during exams
avoid
a) Gopal started to tell me (infinitive)

a story.
a) He stopped talking to me.

stopped + talking (... ing from)
b) He stopped to talk to me.
stopped + to talk - infinitive
--h d h--- .
[Remember + to post (infinitive)
6) Consider =
J---/ --.
a) I consider waiting here a waste of time.
(\ * ----E N-h-o
.)
consider + waiting (...ing form)
b) I still consider Sachin the best of players =
p- *- h v-- J--h.
[consider + Sachin (noun)]
vo: 1)
Come to
school regularly-
\ u--
!
2) You come to
school regularly-
y \
u-- ho.
\
u-- E
Nu-JnE -L--E -u --TL. -u --Th
\ u-- h-ox n?
3) E u E p--E C you -E-. Do your
duty first you do your duty first,
come to school in time you
come to school E p j-?
XE-, --t-
---: 1) You come to school regularly,
come to school regularly.
--F Nu-JlE L-- -a. you

come to school regularly op
sEo d y school v h n C.
you come to school regularly DE
school v- - n
hC.
2) y school v- ho/ h - n hC.
3) Do your duty first you do
your duty first F; come to school
on time --- you come to
school on time F *a-
j-.
--v- 26 -d- 2007
-- j---
Visisht: Hi Dheeraj, where do I see you going

every morning this way?
Visisht: OK then. I can't wait any longer. I will

accompany you from tomorrow.
(vA y-\- E--hN--j?)
( . v . * F h.)
Dheeraj: Don't you know I practise swimming

everyday. I like swimming very much.
Dheeraj: I'm afraid you are more a talker than

doer. I am not very sure that you'll
come tomorrow. You keep postponing things.
(W practice h-o. L F? d)
Visisht: Mind teaching me swimming too?
(y --JF --N E
-. y-h-E l
t . y h--p.)
( Jp-h?/ Jp--
F-o u--?)
Dheeraj: I'd love to. Let's start tomorrow itself.
3) Keep fearing and you'll never learn anything
Visisht: Why do you say so?
( d. v-Gl)
( a yD a-)
Dheeraj: I will teach you at the swimming pool.

It's quite safe.
(Fo swimming pool p. C

~.)
Visisht: Where else do
you go to swim
every day?
Dheeraj: I go to the river to swim. I find the

waters more refreshing. Time that I
left for the river. You will excuse my
going away now.
( C . C Fx \
x h. p- C
}- -u--C. -o,
-- ?)
Visisht: I can't help envying you. You are such
an excellent swimmer.
(Eo {u--- -.
* --N y)
Dheeraj: I hate, not swimming even for a day.
If I miss the swimming even for a day
I feel out of sorts.
( -V - -d . -V x-- *-
C )
vo: i) Future continuous tense

voice
mango will be
being eaten by me
passive
voice
be and being
verbs
perfect
participle
having beaten
Having
perfect tense
perfect participle
having
eaten)
ii) Being
-a?
E
.
Eo
, l-x
(
--T-h -.
-- --N-? -D-E
-J-* N-J---.
. -u, -
--:
i) Perfect continuous tenses

passive voice
has been + past participle/ have been + past participle
(present), had been + pp (past),
will/ shall have been + pp
(future)
b) Sunil wants to practise fluit=
(y pE V h)
-x---
( P-ho)
374
keeps + eating (...ing form)

b) The police have arrested him twice. Still
he keeps (on) stealing
keeps (on) + stealing (... ing form)
keep on = keep.
Modern usage
--T- n keep \
-. keep/ keep on y noun
, infinitive -o .
5) Can't help = p.
( n, can't
help clause
*ap)
-E help , -- n a
help .
practise + fluit (fluit noun).

Practise
infinitive
--T-
Doctor a-J-*--p- y n A / o.
E fluit a------o.
Dheeraj: OK. Let me

hope so.
Mind teaching me swimming?
(-F- -\-
- --E?)
vA-W u--hC
DE y
-a.
practise + singing (...ing form)noun
Visisht: I'll prove you wrong tomorrow.
infinitive
a) In spite of the doctor's warning, he keeps

eating fatty foods =
a) She practises singing every morning

=
keep = keep on =
verbs
form
(Eo J* - N-
E--- -
--C F)
Visisht: Somehow still waters scare me.
(- Ea- o Fx
/ Ea- o Fx
L-T-h.)
scare= --d-
Dheeraj: My experience of you is that you find

some excuse or the other not to do
something.
verb, mind
3) Keep fearing = keep on fearing
sentences Eo-F -E-

y ing form . x, -ing
noun a.
1) Practise- u
( ---o?)
Dheeraj: Keep fearing and you will never learn
anything.
5) I can't help envying you
Visisht: I am a bit afraid.
( h C.)
doesn't mind + (extra) class (Noun)
4) You'll excuse my going now
C--- lessons -2) Mind = u- -/ ~-oC:

-. DE y infinitive
1) Eo verbs y, noun F
.
ing form F v h-E (infinia) If you do the work properly, I
don't mind paying you more=
tive ),
y E J_ h, F
2) Eo verbs y noun/ ing
M.SURESAN
\ s y--E
form/ infinitive h-E,
u---.
3) Eo verbs y noun/ ing form
don't mind + paying (...ing form)
a--p a n-E, verbs y- ...infinib) People don't mind taxes if they are within
tive a--p a n-E -E.
limits = J-N-A o
lesson J-Eo verbs, with noun/
x v u- .
...ing forms --.
conversation above.
1) I practise swimming
(Mind= Would you mind)
- *a--
() -- (C
.)
ii) Being rich, he can buy a car.
(E-- o--x --.)

being = --x.
vo: -O exercise if you fail to
return on time --E ---, I am
--p. -- - ---a?
-. --s-u, --L
l--p-, x p.
can't help + going (... ing form)
b) Murali could not help the trip to
Hyderabad
He was killed by the Maoists =
--: In
N-d- --f
( - N-d--Eo
-)
time -
---E h, - -.
On time = --E *a-.
a) He was in time for the function =
- -- / h
a.
vo: 1) --l -uh- j- - -
-- (-v-----h) ---E --Tx-- Two persons
got run over and killed d-? died ---?
2) after all -- -n --N-?
.- j , -h--
-E -- --: 1)
planning to return in time for

the function
a) She can't help going now, though it is late

in the night =
c) The teacher doesn't mind an extra class if

it is before 4 =
( y
Ev--.)
He was very happy to have got a

chance to help her. (
F O {u p .
can't help + envying (... ing form)
don't mind + taxes (noun)
Having taken his food, he went to

bed.
( *---x --.)
perfect participle j N
-.
-R j-- v p-.
could not help + the trip (noun)
DE y , ... infinitive .
-E-: Mind, c - not
.
4 - -, teacher
class B----E u- .
2) Mind teaching me swimming?
Having walked the whole distance he is tired.
I can't help envying you
Correct. Kill, passive

voice
--/ - -n hC.
He was killed in an accident =
v- --
( --f)
2) After all = --.
a) After all, it is how much you
study that matters not how
long you study=
--/
*-J y C---C
, C---C u.
b) After all, Duryodhana had to

hide under water for fear of
Bhima =
--/ *-J,
H u--
Fxx \---Lq *aC.
vo: I wish I knew his phone number.
I wish I had his phone number.
-O- -n- --L----.

-. --, --f
--: I
wish I knew his phone

number = I wish I had his
phone number =
phone number
p
-E
Lh ---C =
_ E phone number
-C p
(u, -p E
phone no -L-/ -_
p E phone no
E --)
I wish I would know his phone
number
sentence
C j l y.
-.
I wish to know his phone

number =
Phone number
E
-----E C.
I wish I would know his phone

number.
--C- 28 -d- 2007
-- j---
Damodar: Doctors strongly advise walking

and jogging. That's OK. They do
keep us fit. But do they help slimming?
(--E, t-C --h-E docd h.

C. N Lo _ x
h. -, E-
--h o--- --?)
(C. A N-- K
-E-h-o.)
Subhakar: Cut down your
become slim.
tors
Subhakar: They certainly do. But doctors also

recommend avoiding fatty foods.
Your doctor has told you that.
Remember.
(*a- N o--d h.
y \- o
-n- C---E -
h. F doctor p-C
F. h-.)
Damodar: The trouble, however is, people
like eating fatty foods as they are
tasty and tempting.
( *\x N *, -Jh- d E A--E d-.)

tempting = -J{/ J L-T.
Subhakar: Isn't that where we should need to
be careful? We should have a lot of
self control.
(\
vh L?
-O

--L.)
eating
you'll
(A T_-. o---.)
lessons
verbs followed only by
the '...ing' form or by the noun and not by the
infinitive.
ing forms/ nouns
verbs
verbs
Eo
a
J* --o. - J-Eo
p l.

conversation above.
1) Doctors strongly advise walking and jogging.
2) But doctors also recommend avoiding fatty
foods.
3) People like eating fatty foods.
4) I admit eating them.
5) Can you defend eating two varieties of ghee
sweets?
-E- j verbs y-
'...ing' form . Like, advise y v,
'...ing' v ,
noun/ infinitive
hC.
3) People like eating fatty foods.

like (verb) + eating (... ing form)
The Police Officer ill treated the MLA's

P.A. =
I like walking long distances =
M.L.A. PA
- d .
like (verb) + walking (...ing form).
like
noun
infinitive
,
p-x,
y
hC,
hC.
a) She likes cooking = -- -d
.
( d---C.)
admit + to + ...ing form/ admit + to + noun
hC.
b) He admitted to committing the murder =
u -d p--o.
admitted (verb) + to + committing (...ing
form)
likes (verb) + cooking (...ing form)

b) I like the mango a lot =
N---
d/
d---.
-x---
Let's have another

look at them:
Police Officer J / j u- --y-.

K l N p-- ,
commit =
u --
(-)/ a crime ()/
a murder (u)/ suicide (t-u), etc.
commit theft
like (verb) + the mango

(noun)
375
c) He likes to act tragic

roles =
c) She admitted (to) her theft =
- p-C.
-Jn---/ -Jn-
defend n
= ~-.
5) defend =
I like walking long distances
Damodar: I have been doing that for the past

two months, but I haven't lost much
weight.
( - Fo ho, _-.)
Subhakar: But you haven't been all that strict
about diet. Not always have you
gone without fatty foods. I do see
you still enjoying poori, butter non,
potato stuff and all that.
(A N- *a-
y. y \
-Eo C----.
Ny K, --, butter
non \ A h
o.)
Damodar: I admit eating them but not as often
as you seen to think.
(N A-o-E p-, F
y--- - v .)
Subhakar: But not rarely either. Can you
defend eating 2 varieties of ghee
sweets just yesterday? A large cup
of icecream too.
Eo
~h.
1) Advise
Damodar: You know I avoid a second helping

of them?
(-N -J A-E
F .)
second helping = -E -J
A
Subhakar: But you help your self to such large
quantities that you don't need a
second helping.
( y -- \
Ao- -J A -
.)
Damodar: There, there. You observe my eating too closely.
N v - d--/ N v
- d---.
( , y).
a) My father advises waking up

early =
y Ev-- *E o h.
b) We advise starting early to

avoid the risk of missing the
train =
train
likes (verb) + to act (infinitive)

4) I admit eating them =
N Aox -p--.
admit= j (u -E)
-x p--.
- ----E
M.SURESAN
p . -x
v .
admit (verb) + eating (...ing)
DE y, advise y noun/
a) She admitted ill treating her step son =
infinitive a. infinitive - A - J_ E
p -JE advise D L---h.
-- p-C.
a) The doctor has advised milk for the sickly child = s o Gf tE
admitted (verb) + ill treating (...ing form)
doctor a.
ill treat = J ---.
has advised (verb) + milk (noun)
b) The doctor has advised the mother to
give milk to the boy=
doctor
has advised (verb) + the mother
+ to give (infinitive)
c) He has advised me to take rest =
has advised (verb) + me
+ to take (infinitive)
2) Doctors also recommend avoiding fatty
foods.
recommend (verb) + avoiding (...ing form)
a) The manager recommended taking her
for the job =
Manager
recommended (verb) + taking (..ing form)
b) The experts recommend using copper
circuits
wire for the circuits =
tE Lx
x
a.
(
-J--*aC)
(-J
*aD)
( - . Eo-
Eo A N-, - l cup icecream
A -Jn---?)
The armed forces

defend the country =
u- E-N-- .
E-
T-B- *---o.
recommend (verb) + using (...ing form)

c) Experts recommend the use of copper
wire =
T B - *-E
E- -.
use (vb) = --T-. use (noun) =
-. , work (E--) - verb.
work- E noun.
recommend y infinitive p .
EXERCISE
Aswini:
y- a (-)
? (avoid )
Nivas: y coffee B-- .
cigarette h (stop, give up
)
Aswini: Doctors y
coffee B---E
h ? doctor
d J-n--x a -
(recommend )
Nivas: smoking coffee better .
-E y coffee --T-h,
o --a --- (continue, discontinue )
Aswini: *a- G-v
Nivas: Coffee -Jn----o y,
.
Aswini: Coffee B-- E o
. F cigarette .
Nivas: E. y A T. 1st
show time C.
Can you defend eating all that =
Fo A -Jn----?
(C -E p--?)
defend (verb) + eating (...ing form)
a) Teachers cannot defend beating students
=
Nu-n- d -u- -Jn-.

defend (verb) + beating (...ing form)
b) None can defend killing others =
-- y -Jn--.
defend (verb) + killing (noun)
c) He defended his actions =
u- -Jn---o.
defend (verb) + actions (noun)
ANSWER
Aswini: Why don't you avoid smoking?
Nivas: You stop taking coffee. I will
give up smoking.
Aswini: Doctors advise taking coffee
in fever. No doctor under any
circumstances recommends
smoking.
Nivas: So you mean coffee is better
than smoking. So you want to
continue taking coffee but you
want me to discontinue smoking.
Aswini: That's exactly what I mean
Nivas: You are defending taking coffee; that's all.
Aswini: I mean taking coffee is bad
too, but better than the cigarette.
Nivas: OK. Finish eating. It's time for
the first show.
--- 30 -d- 2007

Dhairya: I sent my brother Vikram out to get a
notebook for me. Don't know why he
isn't back yet.
( v Nv- -
B---tE . -- AJT
--.)
-- j---
Dhairya: That's very risky I don't know why
people take such risks.
(C v--. ---
h?)
Sahasa: Just to earn a living. That's all.
( .)
Sahasa: The shop isn't far off, is it?
( -- ?)
Dhairya: His classmate had come here to play
chess with him, and both of them left
together to get me the notebook.
Look at the sentence:

Nidhi has taken MPC group to do engineering
= Engineering
MPC group
(to do = to study)
--E EC
B-
C.
( --E E x-
a. l ---} a-.)
Sahasa: What's the notebook for?
(- p?)
Dhairya: I need it to make notes for the coming
exam, and I called you to help me in it.
(K~ hC , --q
-- --- - --iC. Eo L-*C
--E.)
Sahasa: I don't know how to help you.
Perhaps I'm no better at the subject
than you.
(F L-.
F - b d \ L--?)
Dhairya: I'm sure you are.
(y
-E
t.)
to do engineering =
To do (to + 1st Regular Doing
Word), infinitive.
sentence
to do engineering
to do (infinitive) purpose
>-F-J C--/ -
-E \

l-Eo --C ?
(Engineering -- l- -E-C MPC B-C)
purpose ---E infinitive
\- . English C
-, u spoken English .
the dialogue above.
1) I sent my brother out
to get a notebook for
me.
2) His classmate had
come here to play
chess with him.
2) come:
8) stop =
a) He came to my office to get some information =
-
- a.
vo - p--E EE
.)
came (verb) + to get (infinitive)

b) She comes here to teach the boy.
stopped (verb) + his work (verb) + to

answer (infinitive)
comes (verb) + to teach (infinitive)
p-
x
b) The speaker stopped his speech to

answer a question.
3) leave =
a) He left to meet his friend =
v --E
x.
(purpose)
left (verb) + to meet

(infinitive)
-x---
4) need =
376
a) He stopped his work to answer my question.
----
a) I need your support

to achieve this.
vo y-E h vEo .
9) to make a living = @--E/ @---C
a) People do all sorts of things to make a living =
(purpose)
@--E/ @--%A / d--v h-.
b) He does such things to get the favour of

his boss = Boss
purpose)
Let's sit down to work on them
Sahasa: OK. I'll try to

do what I can.
First of all we
should be thorough with the basics to understand
the subject well and to make notes.
( . - LTC -
v-Aoh. d-- v-N--
---L ~g, -bd n --o, q B-o.)
Dhairya: I think I'am well up in the basics.
(
basics =
be well up =
He is well up in physics =
q ----o.)
v-N--, -bd--j.
L .
-E >q
.
Sahasa: Then? (?)
Dhairya: I want you to help me out with the
13th and the 14th chapters.
( 13, 14 u- N- F
L.)
Sahasa: I think I can be some help to you
there. Why the delay then? Let's sit
down to work on them.
( N- F -----E --o. u?
aE E l.)
Dhairya: But I need the notebook. Here he is,
my brother, with the notebook. Why
the delay, Vikram?
( - L ? C
t a, --.
-- --u-i-C -N-v-?)
Vikram: I stopped on the way to watch a man
walking on stilts. Here's the notebook.
(J h- v O x*
-E -E . --C- ---.)
walking on stilts = h, Ox,
kh v N
h -h x. v- stilts
. -- stilt.
stilted house = h-- h
v , -j EJt-* x. -
flats, stilted houses ? Ground floor
h . First floor *
E--E x . N stilted houses.
3) Both of them left to get me a note(C C-- -purpose - F

book.
l --.)
4) I need it to make notes.
need (verb) + your support (some
5) I called you to help me.
thing) + to achieve (infinitive)
6) We should be thorough with the
b) The country needs a person like
basics to understand the subject
Gandhi to progress.
well.
M.SURESAN
(
v-A (-A -E) 7) Let's sit down to work on them.
purpose - D- uh E
8) I stopped on the way to watch a man on
.)
stilts.
needs (verb) + a person... (somebody) + to
9) Just to make a living.
progress (infinitive)
sentences Eo- pattern l.
5) call = -/ phone
a) She needs money to buy the necklace =
a) He called me to tell me what I had to do.
Necklace -E s -.
( p--E -purpose -
needs (verb) + money (somebody) + to buy
(infinitive) (Necklace
purpose
b) He brought his brother to help me.

brought (verb) + his brother (somebody) to
help me (Infinitive)
d n a
sentence pattern:
verb + somebody/ something + infinitive.

somebody/ something
\-\-p
--a.
eg: The Doctor came to see the patient.

came (verb) + to see (infinitive - purpose -
l)
conversation
(from 1 - 9)
verbs
E
-a. .
1) send:
* B
EoF
sentences
pattern
a) The manager sent his assistant to find

out the facts =
-n --E tE -
-d- .
b) She sent her daughter to the US to study
there=
JE -J- C \
--E.
sent (verb) + his assistant/ her daughter
(somebody) + to find/ to study (infinitive)
o L-/ phone .)
---v
(
h.
does (verb) + such things

(something) + to get
(infinitive)
In the past few lessons, we have seen verbs

followed by the '... ing form' or the noun, and
not by the 'infinitive'. In this lesson, we have
seen the verbs followed by the infinitive.
EXERCISE
nine sentence
... ing form
infinitive
--- .
for +
ANSWER
1) I sent my brother out to get a note book.
I sent my brother for getting a note book.
2) His classmate had come here to play
chess.
called (verb) = me (somebody) + to tell

(infinitive)
His classmate had come here for playing chess.
b) They called the station to find out the

position of the train.
3) Both of them left to get me a note book.
for getting me a notebook.
(purpose)
4) I need it to make notes =
called (verb) + the station (something) +

to find out (infinitive)
5) I called you to help me =
v N -----E
x d- .)
6) be =
a) I was at the station to receive my uncle =

purpose -
- B-----E
d o.)
was (be) + to receive (infinitive)

b) He should be here to help us =
--E \ L.
should be (be from) + to help (infinitive)
7) sit (
a-)
a) He sat down to study the map.
(u J-QL-E a-o.)
sat (verb) + to study (infinitive)
b) They sat down to eat the meal.
(x --E ao.)
I need it for making notes

I called you for helping me.
6) We should be thorough with the basics
to understand the subject =
We should be thorough with the basics
for understanding the subject.
7) Let's sit down to work on them for + ... ing
\
/ .
8) I stopped on the way to watch a man =

I stopped on the way for watching a man.
9) Just to make a living =
Just for making a living.
sentences 6, 7, 8
... ing
sentences
infinitive
ple
natural
for +
\- -.
v sim
C.
sat (verb) + to eat (infinitive)
- 1 --- 2007
-- j---
Vatsalya: (Do) you know how to cook?
(F ?)
Anuraga: What you've just tasted is my cooking.
(p y * C .)
Vatsalya: That's really marvellous. I just can't
understand how you are able to
cook so well.
( . ----o n .)
marvellous = - = s--i/
--i. marvel = = s/
.
Anuraga: Why do you wonder how people can
cook? It isn't that difficult. All that you
need is the interest and a little practice.
(-j --- a-u---? d C. --i--N- h/ a-- J, --.)

Vatsalya: How did you learn it and who did you
learn it from?
(y, J _--* a-o?)

Anuraga: Who else from? From my mother.
You should learn how to cook from
mom; she is so good at cooking.
(-J _o*.
t _o.
t _
a--L. N C.)
5) Just observe how my mother cooks.

6) Enquire any one how my mother cooks.
j sentences E verbs -E-. vAE y how begin u clause

-E- (clause = A group of words
with a verb). -u verbs y how,
what, when, where 'wh' words v-u clauses h. , v-u phrases a, O-Eo ,
verbs y noun/ ...ing form a. Let's
wonder + how + he can do it (clause)
study them more closely.

1) know:
noun/ ...ing form

'wh' words (how, when, where, what,
etc) + clause/ phrase (phrase: a group of
words without a verb)
DE y
Anuraga: Yea. That's what I suggest exactly.

During the next vacation, do come
down to our place, spend a few days
there and learn cooking.
(*a- ho. a x
J . Eo V-. a.)
Vatsalya: (Do) you want me to wait till then?
--?)
Anuraga: Yes. Just observe how my mother

cooks, and you've learnt cooking.
Anuraga: Enquire any of my relatives in our

place how my mother cooks. You will
know.
( d x -J-j N-J
(), t -,
F -hC.)
Vatsalya: What are you talking? Don't I know
how she cooks? Your cooking itself
is good, so hers must be certainly
better. Need I enquire how she
cooks?
a) He knows English
English
knows (verb) + English (noun)
(-E
b) He knows swimming
knows + swimming (...ing form)
( )
c) He knows how to swim

knows + how + to swim (infinitive/
phrase)
d) I know where we
can meet him.
know (verb) +
where ('wh' word)
+ we can meet
him (clause)
5) observe =
(--E- -L--
- -E-h-o)
- a-u----o.
wonder + that + he did ... (clause)
-x---
(xt _-o*
/ a-C.)
377
police
have been observing (verb) + the movements (Noun)
(\-J n how -a,

that )
4) learn = a--/ ---. Learn
y noun/ ... ing form/ wh clause .
a) She learnt English at school.
learnt + English (noun)
b) She is learning to
cook/ cooking from
her mother.
-E-.
a) The police have been observing the

movements of the suspects.
c) I wonder that he did all this =
b) The medical students observed how the

professor did the operation
( professor operation , ju
Nu-n -E-)
observed + how ('wh' word) + the professor did the operation (clause)
6) enquire =
N-J-/ -
)
(Inquire
a) He enquired about my brother's job =
is learning + to cook (infinitive) +

cooking (...ing form)
Important: Know
infinitive
y
h, -Lq E
x n hC,
E E .
brother

u-Eo
-.
enquired
J*
+
(C -Lq)
about
+ job
Computer
a) He knows how to do it =
She knows how to cook =
.
(knows + how + infinitive)
She knows to cook =
knows + to cook (infinitive)
(n --/ ---/
n--)
a) Kapil understands English
English

conversation above.
1) Do you know how to cook?
2) I just can't understand how you are able to
cook so well.
3) Why do you wonder how people can cook?
vo: 1. aisle
/ n
c) Dravid understands why he has been

dropped =
understands + why (wh word) + he has
been dropped (clause)
understand
y infinitive .
3) wonder = 1) a-u-- 2) E-Pa- o
N J* -*-.
a) I wonder at Sachin's batting talent =
batting
vA -au L-T-hC.
wonder + at (about) + ... talent (Noun)

b) I wonder how he can do it =
- ---s E --o
(-- )
u-- E ---.
enquired (verb) + whether + the train

would be late (clause)
verbs
verbs
enquire p, N Eo
y 'that' begin u clauses
a.
j
3. arsehole
3) Arsehole/
Asshole
(American) -
5. Has the cat has got your tongue?

6. Some arsehole had parked. So I
couldn't get out.
understands + how ('Wh' word) + to do

(infinitive)
2. debut
OE -L?
n ---.
understands + English (noun)]

b) Kapil understands how to do it =
Train
is learning (verb) + how ('wh' word) + he

can live ... (clause)
4. peninsula
kapil
c) He enquired whether the train would be

late =
*o/ \ - -
- a---o.
(Budget = >/ = o s
J--d--L/ s a dL
N.)
n---C.
C
-C
enquired + when ('wh' word) + the train

would come (clause)
has learnt + how + to operate

(infinitive)
d) Sukumar is learning how he can live on a
small budget =
-E-C -E .
?
p--h-E -/ N-J-
M.SURESAN
b) He knows to do it =
[Kapil
Train
a-C.
-E-C .
(knows + how + to do)
2) understand
b) He enquired when the train would come
c) Subhadra has learnt how to operate a computer =
-- C-- vN- n---C:

(y x---o?
- L-? F
C d N-C
-L. E JF -?)
Anuraga: Take a joke, girly. ( joke x.)
y that + clause h E
J-T-- au v-- -C.
-E .
(. t v-h
-E. F a--x.)
Vatsalya: Is that so? (?)
wonder
h.
(Noun)
( -O-x o O t
_--Rx a--- !)
wait
4) You should learn how to cook from my mother.
Do you know how to cook?
Vatsalya: You don't suggest that I go now to

your mom hundreds of kilometres
away just to learn how to cook!
(p--
---:
u n ---.
T-f XE--f, -
1) Aisle =
busses/ planes
(bus
A (Aisle) seat
seats
E--q, class rooms

,
, seats - u
-- W (window) seat,
-J.
E C . Aisle seat
u --J- --C)
2) Debut u/ u = h-,
v- -v--z. (First appearance on
the stage of a dancer/ actor, etc.) p
-- -- - ---o.
Tendulkar made his test debut in 1989
test match
( 1989- J
4)
C
- DE
n \ N-J---. Pronunciation - -. [English n - Anus] Ad--E
--, ^- -- n.
Peninsula- -E--u/ E-q 'E \
- -- Fx, u
v u o- - --,
peninsula - -G v,
--v, -- u ,
India. So India is a peninsula.
5) Has the cat got your tongue? / Lost your

tongue? =
6)
x-- ?/ y- x-- ?/ -o --?

^ (arsehole) f car
- park . -x -
--.
--C- 4 --- 2007
-- j---
Vipul: (I) missed you for almost a week.

Where had you been?

conversation above.
Prapul: I've just returned from Chinnapalle. I

was among our classmates who had
been there on a social work project.
We carried out some social work there
for about a week.
2) It's a pity that in a village of 6000 population,

there have been nineteen suicides.
(*o-x * p AJa. \-
social service u-v--E xq x.
\ u-v Ey.)
Vipul: Have there been suicides there too?
(\ t--u J-?)
Prapul: You mean of farmers? Oh, quite a
good number. It's a pity that in a village
of 6000 odd population there have
been nineteen suicides.
(j t-u J y-C? .
--- *x o v 19 t--u J-.)
Vipul: It's sad that the government hasn't
done much about it. They've
announced a number of schemes for
their welfare, though.
(-F--i N -N vy
Eo J* l ---C.
- v--*--p-.)
Prapul: It is unfortunate that most of the
schemes do not
reach the poorest
farmers.
They are little
benefited
by
these schemes
though they are meant for them.
1) Have there been suicides there too?
3) It's sad that the government hasn't done

much about it.
4) It's unfortunate that most of the schemes do
not reach the poor.
5) It's obvious that corrupt officials and politicians prevent the funds from going to the
farmers.
6) It's true...
EXERCISE
(C E)
6) It's true that middle men swindle most of the

funds.
a) It's true that some land grabbers have

government support =
7) It's probable that some poor farmers are not

aware of these schemes.
-C b--- vy l
C h/ n/ u.
8) Is it a fact that nearly Rs. 30 lakh meant for

your village...?
b) It was true that he had cheated the

government =
9) It's not surprising if it has been.
v-yEo --C n.
7) It's probable that...
lessons Introductory It/ there

probable = J/ -
sentences '...ing' form
a) It's probable that he came here when I
. p u Introductory It
was away =
vi, 'that' clause
p -(That vu
\ *a a/
clause) h
a - C.
l. C spoken
English very com-x--- 378 It's probable + that...
begin
(That clause)
mon.
Practise the following aloud using introductory

It/ there when possible.
Nakul:
-\- -- a-u.
-N au? h, -?
Nakul: F d-C L- ?
(clear .)
Manoj: y o n ----- N-. (sad .)
Nakul: F G-v ---
E ?
Manoj: C E. -l p--x
d -C n.
Nakul: l ---?
Manoj: C p?
Manoj:
ANSWER
Have ther e been suicides ther e too?
( - x- j
x. ---x J v-
x, N x --p-.)
Vipul: It is obvious that corrupt officials and
politicians prevent the funds from
going to the farmers.
(N-FA C--, -
E- j- - h-o-C -x.)
Prapul: It is true that middlemen swindle most
of the funds too.
(- Ex --E -h-o-C E.)

swindle = -
Vipul: It is probable that some poor farmers
are not aware of these schemes at all.
(C - j- - --
J* L--- u).
Prapul: Is it a fact that nearly Rs 30 lakh
meant for your village has been diverted to the MLA's village?
b) Is it probable that he can pass?
j N --/
-%-d- / a-u-/ -F/
N-- n- N \
. sentences
practice l.
1) Have there been suicides there
too?
u -
?
Is it probable + that... (That
clause)
8) Is it a fact that...?
M.SURESAN
-E-: \ 'There'
introductory. there sentence v-E. Question d verb y *aC.
( question answer: Yes, there have
been suicides there (= in that place -
there n hC) too.)
2) It's a pity that ... = C -F
Vipul: It is not surprising if it has been.
( J-T N .)
Prapul: Let's hope that India will see better
days.
(- * V hE Pl).
lessons It , There
u v-G---aE, p
n -E. Sentence v--E v
--E, E Introductory There/ It E ---o.
p Introductory 'It' spoken English
y---- NE- JEo- - pattern
--.
y E Eo --- -n?
Is it + a fact + that... (That clause)
b) It is not a fact that he came here =
-E-\- E .
It is (not) + a fact + that (That clause)
9) It's not surprising that ....
-- -F/ -.
It's (It is) a pity + that he couldn't pass (that
clause)
3) It's sad .... =
C N--
a) It's sad that Dravid has been dropped.

(Dravid
d- B--- N--.)
-l au
It's not surprising that/ it's no surprise that

=
au
Kesav: Most people here have lung diseases.
(~ --x u J-T--C
pd.)
It's + sad/ unjust/ clear + that... (that clause)
4) It's unfortunate that...
It's unfortunate that we lost the match.
=
It's + unfortunate + that ... (that clause)
u- -- -%d.
5) It's obvious. obvious =
(\ ---C y- u-o.)
Arjun: It is not surprising that they have
the diseases. The factory here pollutes the atmosphere.
(x u-- a-u .
\ udK ---Eo -
hC.)
It's not + surprising + that... (That clause)
It's a surprise that Dravid has been dropped
= Dravid
pd/ -x
a) It's obvious that Tennis is a game for the

rich =
Eo -- v -
v C pd/ -x.
It's + obvious + that ... (That clause)
b) It was obvious that it was a murder and

not a suicide =
C u, t-u -C -h C/
pd.
Nakul: It's clear that you don't like him.

Manoj: It's sad that you can't understand me.
Nakul: Isn't it a fact that you have differences
with him?
Manoj: It's true (that I have). It is clear that I
don't like people who lie/ liars.
Manoj: Need I say that again?
vo:
We reached home after
the sun had set.
correct
after
before
- -u--o. - -u---
---a -! -N--
--L----.
.-v---, -*---J-.
---:
1) We reached home before the sun has

set. 2) We reached home after the sun
had set.
-O--E -J-Q-L-l:
b) It's unjust that Dravid has been ignored.

(Dravid
c) It's clear that injustice has been done to
the south.
Manoj: What's so surprising about it?
Nakul: (Do) you mean he lies? He is a liar?
a) Is it a fact that you met him yesterday? =
It's a pity that he couldn't pass =
J------ u.)
(O v-E l-P-* 30 ~ -, MLA v-E Rx-* N

E-?)
fact =
Nakul: It's a surprise/

surprising that
he hasn't come.
1) We reached home before the sun has

set- Main clause verb- reached- past
tense; subordinate cl verb- has set- presensent tenseWe reached home
tence
before the sun had set
earlier past action- reaching
home.
reach, past perfect
Setting of
form, had reached
the sun- later past simple- set
correct sentence, We had
reached home before the sun set
----x,
p-.
o p ?
-x
L.
L.
-T- a-u.
It's + a surprise + that....
(u-h- -- --x -
n).
(That clause)
It's a surprise, Dravid losing
his place in the team. Introductory It
sentences
(C :
. j
a-E v-Ao-.

EoE
It's a pity/ surprise/ sad, etc + somebody/

something + ...ing form)
2) We reached home after the sun had

set =
sentence correct
had reached.
the sun
set.
u-h- y x
? x
n j
, -E,
u-h-, y, -E,
--- 6 --- 2007

Sita:
-- j---
Where can we meet Indira?
( C \ ---?)
a) I want to Know that =
Gopal: That's what I want to know too. Don't

you have any idea?
( --------oC .
F L-?)
Sita:
I'm afraid, no. Wait. I remember now.

She told me she was going to Mr.
Raju's. That's where we can find her.
(--. . p h-hC
. V h-o-E pC.
\ a.)
Gopal: Why on earth did she want to go to Mr.
Raju's?
(V x-E -C
?)
Sita:
She wanted to learn from Mrs Raju how

to make Jangri. That's why she went
there.
(XA V _ vU a----C. Rx--\-.)

Gopal: How do you know that she went there
for that?
(- Rx-E F ?)
Sita:
Just yesterday she was telling me that

Mrs Raju was good at making Jangri,
and that one of these she should learn
it from her. That's how I know she went
for that.
(XA V vU
h-E,
a--E
Eo C.
- \-
Rx-E.)
We were watching a serial, and in came

our friend Ramu. That's when both of
them left here for Raju's.
( TV serial ho. p
Nv a. Rx-
L V x.)
Gopal: Are both of them there? That's good. In
fact I've been trying to meet Ramu for
some time now. Shall we go there
then?
(Rx-l \--o ? C.
------o. - \-?)
We shall. Let me clean up the mess on
the dining table. I won't be a minute.
(. Dining table O ---

C. C v h. \ ~.)
mess = S, ---, -J--v
o. I won't be a minute = \ ~
. They won't be five minutes =
EN- u x.
C O English practice .
--------oC.
-E- , (a) (b) . (a) C
-ho. (b) , '' E, Eo \ ho.
, (b) C-J N-Eo \
p-, That's what, that's where, that's
when and that's how clause spoken
English NE--h. OE x
stress ---o E pd
p. C practice . E O con
versation . effective
C.
dialogue above.
b) He wants me to sweep. That's (exactly)

what insults me =
o ---. --- C.
(compare that insults me)
2) That's where we can find her =
1) That's what I want to know too.
\/ \ --- / -
J---\.
2) That's where we can find her.
a) Go to the first shop on the left of the road.

That's where you get any book. =
3) That's why she went there.
Road
jo shop x.
\ --C F h--i.
a: You get any
4) That's how I know she went there.

5) That's when both of them left for Mr. Raju's.
sentences
underline
expressions
practice
conversation
O
.
book there.
-x---
379
b) Oval? I know. That's

where Indians played
their first match. =
Oval
1) That's what I want to know =
(\-o* C \ p-Rx p-?)
Sita:
C --------o.
b) That's what I want to know =
*- y-. - - E-d-
--/ d , Eo-x --.)
(a. I like him for/ because of it)
b) She has the same opinions as I. That's
why I support her =
N. -
l-A-h.
4) That's when = p/ p.
a) You remember his uncle coming in.
That's when I left the place. =
F x uncle h-C-? p
-\-o* Rx--C.
(a: I left the place then)
b) That's exactly when I entered =
Correct
p v-P-*C.
(a: I entered
That's what I want to know too
Gopal: Can you tell me when Indira left here?
Sita:
Daily real life situations spoken English

( \--LqC sentences ),
\ (\ C J-TC sentences ),
p (p C sentences ),
( C sentences ),
- what, where, when, how . N - simple p-a.
O----- p- *C.
Eo -sx , \, p,
N- \ p - (stress
p -) *a--p, what, where, when
and how p-E-J.
--------oC .
(' vu)
(I want to know that a.
, \ that stress ,
E n . 'C ,
' C !)
Some more examples:
N- y-C?
. \-- Indians
match C?
c) That's where we met for the first

time, isn't it? =
\ ,
--J --C. (a!
M.SURESAN
a) That's what I don't like =
a-EC /
a-EC. a. I don't like that
C a.
-v-o:
1. Lay, lie, laid, lied,

weigh, weight, by,
byepronunciation
We met there for the first time,

didn't we?)
3) That's why =
/ -.
a) Sachin is not proud. That's why I like him,

even if he doesn't play well sometimes =
--/ -C-x Rx-\

.
O
--.
b) By this time next year, I shall have been

out of India/ in the US =
2. Will have been, shall

have been, can have
been, may have
been, dare have
been, need have
been-
a -q --E (= -E ) / US
. ( time ,
CL/ US J .)
Can have been -
O n,
L----.
3. i) In the light of, ii) lighter movement -
n, p.
.-u---, --
---:
1. layweigh=
, lie- ; laid- ; lied- j;

(--- v Ap
_- B--); weight= (j
p-x) by, bye= j.
2. Will have been/ shall have been- future
- T-/ ---o nA
(A state of being likely to have been/ to be
continuing by some time in future)
a) They will have been here by this time
tomorrow / by ten tomorrow morning =
He can have been the President-
president --L--.
C - - --. can have
been n can be \- --.
May have been - C h .
-a n He may have been
there = --\ -a n may
be \ --. may have + past
participle (been ) - He may have
gone- x-a DE-o He might
have gone \ --.
Dare/ need have been- N \ not
--.
He darenot have been there= \
ju / \ -
- ( \ n)
then)
5) That's how =
().
a) That's how he built

his house =

x d--.
b) People came up in life the hard way.

That's how he came up too =
d- ---x @N- j h---j.

j-*aD .
(a: He came up like that too)
: 1) That's what that ,
2) That's where there , 3) That's why ,
because/ for , 4) That's how , like that ,
and 5) That's when , then o ?
That's a expressions, *-*-x
emphasis . C conversation
u. Practice .
He need not have been there=
--\
-Lq - -- = ---\- ---
--o- ---\- Lq -
--\ o
--)
3) i) In the light of = v- h/ E/ -
-/ E L-
a) In the light of his remarks it is clear he
won't be here for long =
E uu- d h, -E-\ \
--C pd.
b) In the light of what has happened, I have
to change my opinion of things =
p
J-TEo d, Eo N- J*
G-v- a--Lq hC.
ii) lighter moments (lighter movements )
In lighter moments = (-j -/
serious E -s-)
a) In his lighter moments he is very jovial =
serious
jokes
-p, -,
h .
b) In her lighter moments, we can persuade

her to do any thing =
serious
-p, j --a/ j N a-p-a.

persuade = ap.
- 8 --- 2007
-- j---
Bhargav: Didn't you say you'd be back on

saturday itself? Why this delay?
(y E-- AJ--h--o--?
u?)
Sourabh: I thought I could but my cousin
Anand ...
cousin
Anand ...)
Bhargav: ..didn't let you. I know you would say
that. Last time too, it was Anand that
stopped you, wasn't it?
(-- --o F,
Sourabh: Not at all. I only feel bad if I'm not at

home when he comes. If he comes
when I am there I feel happy.
( . --*a--p --. op-h

---.)
Bhargav: I understand. ( n---C.)
Sourabh: Yes.
Bhargav: What holds you together, so fast?
(O l-JF d d----C?/
O lJ u d -?)
fast= d. \- fast
n -.
Sourabh: It's our closeness in our childhood
that keeps us so together. We spent
our childhood together for about four
years at our grand dad's.
(*o-- L
tLo Eo-- -C.
--x- *o-p
u x L J.)
closeness = Eo-u
Bhargav: He
doesn't
visit you as
often as you
visit him, does
he?
Observe the difference between sentence

A and sentence B below:
A. Maoists killed him.
(Eo E-y-. h-F

. --J Eo
, ?)
(N-d Eo )
B. It is Maoists that killed him.
(Eo C N-d)
-E-: A N-Eo -
ho. B Eo C N-d
o-p, N-d- vu. (We stress,
Maoists, Eo C Nd q, -
n)
3) It is his business that is in the way.
5) It is his warmth and hospitality that draws me

to him.
6) It is the uncertainty of his programme that
irritates me.
Introductory It
Look at the following pairs of sentences

again.
--p,
-E-:
A) India won the match because of Sachin.
It is Shekhar that got the prize.
(* x
match
Kavita: Why do you waste money?
4) After all, it is this togetherness that makes

human beings different from animals.
sentence
It + 'be' form + subject + 'that' clause.
L-*C)
B) It is because of
Sachin that India
won the match.
It + be form clause
begin
group
of words with a verb)
y 'that'
u clause (a
-x---
L-*-
* x. (--Jx )
380
hC.
(s- --h?)
Kanaka: Is it your money that I am spending?
Why are you worried?
( a----oC F s? y-
--?)
Conversation E sentences -El:
1) It was Anand that stopped you, wasn't it? =
Eo-C ? (- )
(Compare: Anand stopped you)
It clause + that clause
2) It is our closeness in childhood that keeps us
so together =
*o-p Eo-u to _-
-C.
It is our closeness ('It' clause) + that keeps
us so together (that clause)
3) It is his business
that is in the way.
It is ... that is in the way
(y-E _-
Rx- -,
-Eoo - ?)
Sourabh: True. It's his business that's in the

way. Whenever he can, he visits me
overnight and is back in the morning.
(E u Eo E-y.
O-o-p-x/ -L-T--p-x
vA- *a l Rx---.)
Bhargav: After all, it is this togetherness that
makes human beings different from
animals.
(-i, , -, -- -C)
Sourabh: It's his warmth and hospitality that
draws me to him.
(E , Au o -J{h.)
warmth= / u-
hospitality = Au
hospitable= A--
draw = attract = -J{-
Bhargav: You are as warm and hospitable to
him, aren't you?
(y E x -,
Au x ?)
Sourabh: That I am. I like him very much.
( . -
d.)
Bhargav: When is he coming here next time?
(-F-J \ p--h-o?)
Sourabh: His programme is uncertain. It's the
uncertainty of his programme that
some times irritates me. I want to be
sure that I'm at home for him.
(E programme E-Pa.
EPa \h * L-T-hC. -*a--p x L ?)
Bhargav: Why are you angry with him?
Sunil: I'm sorry that you've lost the

ring. No use worrying. Forget
it.
-hC : j NEo/ sentence j Eo

\ p- Introductory 'It' --o-. C practice
h, vu y---o NEo L----a.
(F --
C. Worry v-
. -*.)
A) Prasad helped me, not you =
C v, y
.
M.SURESAN
Suman: (It's) easy for you to say

that. After all, it is not your
ring that is lost, it's mine.
B) It is Prasad that helped me, not you =
2) It was our closeness in childhood that keeps

us so together.
( -. -i, C
F , C./ It's my ring
that is lost, not yours. (C
, FC -?)
C not (j sentence )
question .
vo:
---:
--C v. y-.
the dialogue above:
1) ... it was Anand that stopped you, wasn't it?
j uhE -J L- --p good

morning E greet u
j--?
. N--V,
--t-
---:
Good morning,
p-j, uo 12
v. y 4, 4.30 good
afternoon, y vA Ev----, good
evening, vA-, Ev---, vA *J--J --, good night.
vo: 1. I will get/ make them do the work.
2. I will get/ make them done the work.

3. I got/ made them do the work.
4. I got/ made them done the work.
j u j--? n N-J--. Get/ make *a--p

verb (\ do) Ist form ?
. XE-, v~-
1) I'll get them to do the work = I will make

them do the work = I'll have them do the
work = I'll have the work done by them.
2) I will get/ make them done the workWrong
3) I got them to do the work = I made them
do the work.
Got/made done - Wrong
Get/ Got + somebody + to do = make/ made
somebody + do. Past Doing Word
.
vo: C u- Tx-- -- --p-L.
1. E ?; 2. E -;
3. E ; 4. h --N?;
5. -- d--N?; 6. h?;
7. ?; 8. h-o?;
9. E ;
10. -h?;
11. -----o?;
12. -l----o?
. XN, t-- (v >x)
It is his business (It

clause) + that is in
the
way
(that
clause)
4) It is this togetherness that makes human

beings different from animals.
It is this togetherness (It clause) + that
makes human ... (That clause)
5) It is his warmth and hospitality that draws me
to him.
It is his warmth ... (It clause) + that draws
me to him. (That clause)
6) It is the uncertainty of his programme that
irritates me.
It is the uncertainty ... (It clause) + that irritates me (That clause).
'It' clause + That clause combination
conversation
practice
---: 1. Have you seen the movie?

2. Don't see movies
Don't see the movie
(E- )/
(j - movie
-l).
3. See the movie.
4. What's the use of seeing the movie?
seeing movies?
5. What do you lose if you don't see the
movie?
6. Do you see movies? (
Will you see the movie?
7. Don't you see movies?
Won't you see the movie
E- h?)
( E h?)
(-
?)/
( E ?)
8. Are you watching the movie?

9. Show me/ Take me to the movie.
10. Will you show?
11. Do you want to/ like to/ wish to see a
movie/ feel like seeing/ watching a
movie?
12. Don't you want to/ wish to/ like to see
the movie?
English
cinema = theatre (The hall
in which movies are shown).
movie/ the pictures/ film.
*v:
( p-h-o--Eo?)
--C- 11 --- 2007
-- j---
Pradeep: Were you at the theatre last night?

What movie did you go to?
Jaideep:
(Eo E-- _--o y?

E---x?)
What's the matter? (N N?)
Pradeep: Aren't you watching too many

movies?
(y K \ E
?)
Jaideep: Whoever told you that I had been to
a movie last night was lying.
(Eo E---x-E p---j

l p.)
Pradeep: Think whatever you like, you have
seen to many movies this week wasting time and money.
(i . p-
E- . s, %
?)
Jaideep: Ask whoever you like. I didn't go to
any movie last night. Whenever I
want to go to the pictures, I definitely inform you. You know that.
(y Jj T -. Eo
vA E- x-.
E--h F p h. FC
.)
Pradeep: Whoever denies it? However much I
advise you,
you don't cut
down on your
movies. True,
you
inform
me, but does it
reduce
the
number of movies you see?
y -J x-? n Whom --, Whom preposition L: To

Whom did you talk? E L.F Modern
English C -, ----i u- E--hC. Who did
you talk to? -LqC. \, preposition
'to' sentence * hC.
Who were you quarrelling with? (J
y x--C?) -E-, with sentence * .
a) Who are you calling? (JE -h-o?/
-J Phone h-o?)
b) Who do you want to consult?
(JE v-C------o?)
x \ whom , whom
%-u-i---x, modern spoken English .
a) Consult whoever you like, they will give

you the same advice =
b) Whenever he comes here, he brings

along his dog =
-J-j v-C, x h.
\ p-*a/ *apx,
\ B---h.
b) Advise whoever you like, but not me =
Fd *a x F y,
v .
j sentences whomever E
whoever -E-.
Now Look at the following sentences from the

1) Whoever told you that had been to a movie
was lying.
2) Think whatever you like, you have seen...
2) Think whatever you like ...

whatever =
j.
a) You do whatever I tell you to do =
3) Ask whoever you like.

4) Whenever I want to
go to the pictures, I
definitely inform you.
pC j C y u.
5) Whichever
movie
you take, you find it
loud, vulgar and dull.
-x---
b) Buy whatever you

want; I will give you
the money =
381
F-C-- C \;
E-h s.
c) I'll come at 12 or One, whenever I can =
o--, --, p L-T

p--h.
5) Whichever = ---/ j C.
a) Try both of them; eat whichever you find
the tastier =
F ; C \
C A.
b) Whichever of us reaches the cinema earlier should buy the tickets =
E- -Rx N--x q L.
(Which/ whichever h-- ,
-- .
Which of the candidates
is the better? =
Ask whoever you like
( o-?
*a F E- T_----?
E, p h E-. F
x F E- u _--)
Jaideep: OK. You shall not have cause to
complain from now on. Yes, I won't
be watching more than a movie a
fortnight.
(p * o p-d -
F-, ? . 15 V-
E \ E- )
Pradeep: What is there in the Indian movies to
attract us? Whichever movie you
take, you find it loud, vulgar and dull.
(-B E-x C Lo
J{-? y E Bo, C -, Qx--,
--h-- C.)
Jaideep: True, of course. I assure you I'll cut
down on movies.
(E. E- u T_-h-E
O ho.)
Observe the following:

Whatever, whoever, Whichever, Wherever,
Whenever, However, etc.
'Wh' words
(What, Who, When etc.)
ever
lesson
(\
*
C .
l.
O n, -
i) 'Wh' word ever --p F
('Wh' word , ever ) L --
.
ii) OE
j (Whatever), Whoever
(-j, -J-j, -J-j) Whichever
(-j, j, Wherever (\--),
Whenever (p-j), However (
) n .
Important: Modern English, u spoken
English Whom (-JE, -J)
. Whom -Lq Eo-x, Whom
(-JE, -J) n Who
--i (natural) English.
1) Whoever =
c) Whatever you know about it is not

correct =
-j--
Whoever has done it, has done it

well =
Eo J* F LC
j--, C J-.
(\-- Modern spoken English
, Whatever ,
simple 'What' -h-o.)
- --F/ ---j ,
.
b) Whoever violates the rule will be
punished =
M.SURESAN
E-- x--*
P~----. ( x P~
-C.)
3) Ask whoever you like =
-J-j , F d (F d *a---x-) h-o-? JE n-, whoever o. (whomever )
vo:
The decision comes in the
wake of centre accepting the
RIL formula on gas price
against the wishes of the state
government.
Dr Kakodkar's carefully- worded comments
come amidst a raging political debate on the
Indo-US nuclear deal in India with left parties and the opposition closely watching his
approach at IAEA.
verb simple past tense
simple present tense
Ox
\
d ---.
---:
u u---N.
L .
. C
-P--, N--
Newspaper
report
actions at a definite time
usage
simple
--p-, past
present
--. C
().
India match L-*C, E, match L-*
next day, report h? India wins the
match. (Wins- Simple Present). ,
Bridge crashes, 10 people die (Bridge

news
reporting
LC, -CC E-- E) C

y-; p-.
Eat whatever you like = Eat what

you like. Eat what you like
\-
NE--hC, FC d-i C A,
n.
4) Whenever = p----
a) Come whenever you like, our doors are
open to you =
Fd *a--p / y-p-- ,
- J F.
p o N x p--p present
tense --:
My father says that he saw you here yesterday.
father
O
O--o-p O -
-- . C p-.
vo:
i) rub shoulder with ii) rub the wrong way

iii) churn out -
---:
n, p.
.-u---, --
i) Rub shoulders with =

A-/ A--- / A o
.
a) We don't expect a boss to rub shoulders

with his subordinates =
j C--J--p
x A--E /
A-/ Ao E P.
b) I have a status of my own. I don't rub

shoulders with all and sundry =
n C. x/ Ex-J -A -- .
All and sundry = E---L-/- N---E
vA-x.
u-n x
? =
Who among the candidate is the better?)
c) Whichever way you look at it, it is a big

waste =
Eo * , C %.
Howevermuch = -j/
j.
6) However/
a) However great the Australian team is, it

has loss to India =
Z-L d p-, C
A --C.
b) However much the car costs, I will buy it
=
j , C .
N ever u -N--. OE
practice l.
ii) Rub the wrong side (wrong way
)=
p-
a) You rub the wrong side of the CM if you
ask him of land grabs
CM
= y
-b J* x-,
p-h.
b) (Are) you going to ask him for his bike?

you'll be rubbing him on the wrong side =
bike
y o
----o?
L-T-o? (y o
bike -T hC.)
iii) churn out \ h
.
a) The large number of engineering colleges across the state are churning out
engineering graduates by the thousands.
engineering colleges
engineering
Z-E
u
d--v-h-o.
b) The Telugu film industry is churning out

movies in a large number every year =
E J-v l u
E-- hC.
[churn= (-n) *-. Churn curds and
you get butter = - *-L o
hC)
-- 13 --- 2007
Dhanush: How did you come by that shirt,
Puneeth?
-- j---
Puneeth: I don't feel upto it now. Let's have
some coffee first.
(F! F d *aC?)
( C-p. h
.)
Puneeth: Why? Isn't it good?
(? C ?)
Dhanush: My God! How could you ever think
of wearing it?
(! d E
---?)
Puneeth: Cut the crap and tell me what you
find is wrong with it.
(h -, d N
p.)
Dhanush: The colour and the stripes across,
like the ones the sidekicks of the villains in movies wear.
( , f--, E-x
N -- --N-
o.)
Puneeth: Stop it. My aunt presented it to me.
She came to India for a few weeks'
stay from the US. It's a US product
you know.

conversation above:
1) How did you come by that shirt?
2) cut the crap
3) ... the sidekicks of the villain wear in the
movies.
4) So it all boils down to this
5) Perhaps it's paid (It has paid) to say so to
your aunt.
6) What you say to me, goes for you to
7) I don't feel up to it now.
1) Come by =
-/ j --
(u, E N)
a) You are a commerce graduate. How did you

come by this computer job?
a) No Telugu movie goes without the villain

having a number of sidekicks =
-- E N , E-
.
b) Most politicians have their sidekicks to carry
out nasty jobs =
t-_ - --
-- .
4) It all boils down to this = E.
C *, useful expression. O conversation .
(. C hu , Cl - - -E -J
* *aC. C US K .)
Dhanush: So it all boils down to this. Whatever
is American goes; Is that what you
mean?
( F
: j
-J-
C x--?)
y q vuN ? F
u-
*aC? -C--L-?
-x---
382
a) What the doctor has

said boils down to
over eating not
being
good
for
health =
b) It paid him to have supported the CM =
-Jn- - - uC/
- * uC.
c) It pays to tell the truth =
E p (p-) *C.
x .
/ o- *-C-.
C popular saying (\- NE
h).
d) Crime doesn't pay-
6) .... goes for you too.

go for =
Jh-.
a) What goes for the ordinary citizen in India

does not go for people's representatives and
ministers. They are above law =
- - Jh-N, v-vAE, v- Jh-. x d-E

B-.
b) What goes for the
male child, should go
for the female child
too, but not in our
society =
So it all boils down to this
Puneeth: That's what I

feel. Nothing can be wrong with any
thing American.
( G-v . -J- h
j *.)
Dhanush: Perhaps it's paid to say so to your
aunt. Otherwise she wouldn't have
given you anything. Is that right.
(O h-u , F
*j a. -- N F -O --a-C . ?)
Puneeth: Don't be silly.
(*a *a x-.)
Dhanush: What else did she get you?
( F *aC?)
Puneeth: What's your Interest? You want to
pull my legs still?
(F-? o---d--?)
Dhanush: Come now, Puneeth, be a sport.
What more did you have from her?
( F, - , p-.
* a F?/
F N-*aC?)
Puneeth: What you say of me, goes for you
too. Your brother brought you a pair
of jeans from the States last year. I
didn't notice anything special about
it. Such or even better jeans we can
get here at lower prices.
( J* y-C F Jh-hC.
-q O o F @q
a ? x vu- E- . -N, - *
@q \ \ --.)
Dhanush: OK. You must be happy that you've
paid me back in the same coin. Let's
stop here and think of having real
good walk for a few kilometres.
(x s s d-E o--.\ l,
Eo -O-x l.
-?)
b) Wherever did you come by those

sun glasses? They look awful on
your face =
d p / n
, A A -u-E
*C E.
b) Our argument boils down to
whether or not to buy the car
L x F\ J-
? F -E N
o.
c) Where did the management came
by such a lecturer? =
M.SURESAN
a- - -- \ J?
2) cut the crap = h-- /
N p C -- lessons
N-J, .
3) sidekicks = --. -E-- x N
--.Yes, boss - N p
t_ --.
vo:
1. i) What silence can achieve
speech can never; ii) speculation
iii) broad band -
OE - -L?
-- -N-un-
-B
o--C--.
ii) u OE Tx- -L?
2. i)
3. i) You ought to have been more careful.

verb - ought to + 'be' form.
ought to + 1st RDW
L ?
ii) The project has to be completed in a

week. Verb- has to + be + pp. has to +
1st RDW
iii) To be
=
-, l C
.
L ?
E --T-L?N-
--.
.-u---, --
---: 1. i) --/ -u x C-EC, (Ez-l) C--.
ii) Speculation = J- n-- -,
- E --E
- --. -x -n-, shares
N -E, t--p, --,
-- \ --
-G-f Jh-C, P-- Jh-L,

F -
--.
7) I don't feel up to it now: feel up to = (j
-) / h . \-
n not .
a) Having had no sleep the night before, I did
n't feel up to my usual morning walk =
5) It's paid = It has paid

(it pays
expression
tense
p)
it pays =
common, spoken English
----/ *C C
practice .
a) It pays to increase our vocabulary =
- -- ----/
p--j *C.
v Ev -- x, Jo
--C.
b) Because of his age, he doesn't feel up to any
work =
- x, F -
/ .
O -- j expressions
practice Oj x .
speculation.
E --,
h, -L x jh C.
- speculation.
active voice
to + 1st RDW
she
Who will win the match is a matter of

speculation =
He/ she has to complete (has to + 1st

RDW) the work in a week.
- -h--C
-Lq. (-N--n p.)
iii) Broad band: Internet, phones
- -l ---- v
communications C* technical
word.
2. i) Our students of today are the high

ranking officials/ administrators of tomorrow.
ii)
--u=
The good of the world.
-, O- --o-x has
hC subject he/
L.
iii) To be=
. I dont like to be here =

\ - d-.
To be good/ truthful is difficult = *-/
-E----B d .
vo: I came here to do the work.
I came here for doing the work.- Please

quote some examples using 'To' and 'for'
with meanings.
--: I came here to do the work = I came

-
3) i) ought to have been more careful-
\ v-h -LqC
(E N).
You ought to respect elders= p l
xE y -N-L. (F t) (ought to
.----, o-
here for doing the work =
-E -
E-\- a.
a) He sold his house to clear his debts = He
sold his house for clearing his debts =
+ 1st RDW)
p Ba- x t-.
ii) The project has to be completed in a
week- has to be completed passive voiceproject
Passive voice
correct.
D-E- -n --E-
C
---L.-
Jh--
b) He uses his knowledge to help others/ for

helping others =
-- - -- -- -N-c--Eo ---Th. J--Eo

---- Lesson No 375 .
15 --- 2007
Rohit: It's you, Ranjan? How come you are
here at this time?
(, y? \--o-,
p?)
-- j---
Rohit: Walking is good for health, no doubt.
But why don't you ask your dad for a
new bike?
( -u-E * .
O o h j --?)
Ranjan: Where else do you expect me to be?

It's now 6 and I am on my way to the
library.
Ranjan: He will come down heavily on m; if I

do that. I know better than to do that.
(\ E --o?
p j, . jv-K -o.)
( h o p--
O. * E--E
.)
Rohit: But you usually practise tennis at this

time, don't you? You practise in flood
lights too.

conversation above:
1) How come you are here at this time?
2) All my efforts to be a good player have come
to nothing.
3) You should have kept on with it
4) Finally you came round to your dad's view.
5) come to think of it, ....
6) some parts have come off
7) He will come down heavily on me.
1) How come...?
Spoken English
expression.
(F - y Eo vd
h- ? x-j-q y
-- ?)
Ranjan: I've given up. All my efforts to be a
good tennis player have come nothing. I've decided I can never become
a good tennis player. I didn't want to
be a mediocre.
( -. * Eo v
yo v-o L--. p
Eo --E -E Eg----o.
* - E---
d .
mediocre= O--- \ -
E -E x.
C
-
n =
-
uC? E - N -.
b) The government's attempts to keep the

land deal under wraps have come to
nothing =
N u- u -E
vy v-o N---u.
Keep under wraps - /
u
3) Kept on with it/ Keep on with some thing
-
EE --T- =
-x---
( A-A
v N-N--o.)
383
The movie is just mediocre. Nothing much to

talk of =
E
.
p---Lq .
5) Come to think of it.
', h-*aC/ ' A n

.
a) Come to think of it, I haven't seen him in
years.
continue.
a) In spite of severe opposition, the government keeps on with the acquirement of

land for SEZs=
a) Geeta: I've cancelled

my
Tirupathi trip.
worry . p J h.
-TC Lx-h.
Bv uA-- o-p vy SEZs

(vu Jn x)
n -J-h
C.
h-*aC. -E
-q---C.
b) I met him yesterday. We spend an hour
talking to each other. Come to think of it.
He wanted to see you =
Eo -E --o. -
x- . A
Eo ------o.
6) some parts have come off: come off -
( -E ) N-/ --.
come to think of it
Rohit: You
should
have kept on
with it. Don't you
think 8 to 9 months is too short a period for you to decide?
Sitha: How come?
(y Eo --T--LqC. y
Eg------E 8, 9 -E
-- ?)
b) How come you no longer are
Ranjan: It is too long, rather. Just 3 or 4

months is enough to help you decide.
Moreover my studies were being disturbed.
y -D- o y?
How come -
O conversation .
2) come to nothing: N---
(C \.
, y Eg-----.
j--C.)
Rohit: So finally you came round to your
dad's view that studies are more reliable than sports, when it comes to
career.
(K N-E h
\ --T- O o G-v-E a--o-.)
Ranjan: Yea. To some extent. Come to think of
it, I should have started on tennis at a
still younger age.
(. --. N-E h
Eo h *o---- vG* -LqC.)
Rohit: What happened to your bike? You are
on foot.
(F j iC? h E--h-o?)
Ranjan: You know it's an old bike that my dad
give me. Some of the parts have
come off and the mechanic has told
me that it's no use. Instead of my riding it, it rides me when it breaks down,
and that is too frequent.
(C j E , C
o -*aC. E Eo j-, -E C ----E p. C o ,
Eo Lq hC, C T-px C T--
\.)
acquire =
(?-E?)
d --C.
b) The system has come
off =
/ -J-
v N--. -
.
(y)
b) He kept on with his teaching
though he was old =
friends with Jajadish? =
a) The button has come

off the shirt =
7) Come down heavily on (some body) =
Bv N-Jz-
M.SURESAN
a) The government's attempts to gag the
a) I am sure that because of his recent losses, he will come round to our view =
press have come to nothing =
-E u L-T d x J
Sx h---.
vA- x \o vy v-o
N---u.
b) Don't worry. He will come round. He will

pay what we've demanded =
-v-o:
-v-o: 1) I wish it were possible.

3) I wish I didn't have to work.
- --- -n -N--J---.
-.--y-, -f ->-x.
---:
I wish it were possible= C u-i

-C! (p C u-)
I wish you were there= Ny-p \
-C (Ny-p \ )
I wish I did'nt have to work= p
E -Lq -
-C. ( p E--Lq hC.
C -d -)
-v-o: -- * - --
Tx L_ x---aE - j- C-. C E-? --- j h-Eo *-.
.---, --
---:
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

of Current English
Defining words
list
words
dictionary
meaning, use
ii) Should we pronounce the word 'THE' as

'dha' or 'dhee'? Please explain.
iii) What is the meaning of the following sentences and in what situations, we use that
type of sentences?
'You are fired'. 'I am fired'.
B--, j--
---: i) , (), /-(), (), (size ), , q, ,
/ N, , , He's= he is/ he
has (-sEo d), she's = she is/ she has
(-sEo d), it's = it is/ it has (-sEo
d), /N-, you'd (), , ,
,
i (C) before words
ii) Pronounce the as
beginning with vowel sounds - any of the
telugu sounds
, , , , , , , , -,
a) The opposition has come down heavily

on the government's policy =
vA-~ v-yEo Bv N-Jz-.

b) The officer came down heavily on the
clerk for delaying the file =
j u --, -
h Bv p-f.
Fo spoken English y---.
. Practise l.
pronounce 'the' as
before words
beginning with other sounds.
()
i) Give me the pronounciation of the following

short forms: I'm, we're, you're, they're, he's,
she's, it's, I've, we've, you've, they've, he's
(he has), she's, it's, I'd (I would/ I had), we'd,
you'd, they'd, he'd, she'd, it'd.
2) I wish you were there.
*
---.

a-.
-j--p-, -
-T.
4) To come round = J
(-- uA---*Eo
p--)
eg: the egg=
C ;
the book =
iii) You are fired = You are dismissed from the

job.
(Eo u * -T-)
o dismiss (-T-).
I'm fired =
vo:
Be good
, be quiet n N? -p-
--Th N-J--.
-- -, - -Lx
---:
Be =
/ .
(You) be here = OJ-\ / Ny-\-
.
Be good = You be good = */ *-N/ *--E-N .
Be quiet = you be quiet = Ez-l/ E-
.
To be = (Infinitive).
To be here is not good for us =
\ *-C-.
, , .
--C- 18 --- 2007
-- j---
Bhupesh: Whatever is keeping you busy,

Mukhesh? You've been irregular to
classes.
(Eo BJ--- --N? Class

v- -- y)
Mukhesh: I told you. I've signed up for the
Personality Development Course
by Dr. Paripurna. It is for 2 weeks.
That is in my way of attending
classes.
(p . Dr. J-g Ey--ho

uhy N course . C
. Class ----EC / C classes L-T-hC)
Bhupesh: It doesn't make any sense. What is
so urgent about the personality
development course? Why at the
cost of classes and attendance?
Personality Development Course
can wait, but not your regular classes and the university exams.
(C n E E. uhy N
course *a-CClasses, attendance
p?
p
--
C?
Personality development course
class
university
course
exams
-C, F
,
?/
B-a,
E
classes,
exams
?)
--
p--
Bhupesh: And you fell in with the idea thoughtlessly.
(y
-o.)
--*-
p--
Mukhesh: I've paid only half the fee. I'd better

stop it and attend classes regularly.
fee
classes
d. p
*---)
Bhupesh: That sounds good. Giving up the

course in the middle is bad, but
missing classes and attendance is
worse.
(C C. Course u . E classes and attendance - d--

-o
y)
Mukhesh: Thank you for the advice.
Now look at the following expressions from

the dialogue above.
1) I've signed up for the personality development course
c) Both the brothers have signed up for the

army =
l o--t, ju .
, sign up for = join. Modern
spoken English -s-Eo-d sign up
for \ - C. conversation O-p-x .
2) make sense = ( -) n C.
a) Ramesh: I want to buy a bike, but my
wife wants me to buy a scooter.
make
( bike ----o, F
N- scooter --C)
3) Set off the benefits of

the course against
the advantage of regular study.
Naresh: Buying a bike

makes sense. A bike
gives a higher mileage
than a scooter. It is
more economical.
2) It
doesn't
sense
-x---
384
a) The dark colour of the inside of the jewel

case sets off the brightness of the gold
chain =
J L --
v--E N-l C/
----x, J
J---C.
b) The fair complexion of the bride sets off
the dark complexion of the groom =
RxJ - , Rx--
/ ju E--hC.
complexion = skin colour = t
c) Set off the security of a government job
against the high pay of a private job =
v-y-u v-, wj u
\ @-E -E.
4) come up with (a suggestion/ an idea, etc) =
It doesn't make sense
Mukhesh: You are right,

of course. But then this course will
help me to take the exams with
more confidence.
(y , K-~
\ t-N-y -
course -----E -o.)
Bhupesh: Set off the benefits of this course
against advantages of regular
study. Regular study keeps you
thorough with the subject. And thoroughness gives you more confidence than any personality development course can.
( course x -, v-
---x L J-QL. v- ---x subject
~o hC. Subject O d,
personality development course
o, \ t-N-y-Eo L-T-hC.)
y-- y \
- = / .
thorough = N ~o/ Jh
L-. Thorough with - Thorough
y p with L. He is thorough
with the subject = - subject
~o/ Jh
advantage =
Mukhesh: Yes. Now I feel I should have

thought better.
(. -p--E--hC h
_ -*--LqC )
4) My cousin Rupesh came up with

(Bike
the suggestion
Scooter
bike
5) (That) sounds good.
mileage
6) That's in the way of my attending
Economical =
classes.
1) sign up for
(courses/ prob) Ram: I am going on bike to
grammes
Hyderabad.
a) I wanted to sign up for the yoga
(Bike
M.SURESAN
course, but the high fee held
Gopal: All the 265 km from Vijayawada?
me back =
It doesn't make sense. It's very
high fee
fee)
risky.
/ high fee
hold back =
b) Pranav has signed for the course but
hasn't attended a single class. He even
paid the fees =
course
3) set off (against)
fees
class
E.
=
x) .
O j--- -o)
F
-C
Mukhesh: We were discussing careers in general, and my cousin Rupesh cameup with the suggestion that we take
the course.
( - u-- J*
x--- cousin
course B--- -
a.)
P~ ---o,
(\- o ox -.
\ _/ .
v
.
d. F - \
.
-v -o:
(N-- * 265 -O-x? C n E E.

v--)
u o -/
j-uEo J-Q-L.
Ticket
i) Rather than
- --
-s-x -- --Th -N--J--.
ii) -> -a--Eo --Tx--
---?
iii) Phonetic transcription
-C--- -J--*
-N--J--.
a, lD, , z,
3, d3.
iv) English vocabulary

scription
Bhupesh: Who gave you the idea?
( - F--J-a?)
- n C/ L-j
\
hC. C .)
/
----:
, Phonetic tran --* h- ---.

-N-.--y-, -vQ -.
i) Rather than
, E , (
) E n. DEo u
--E N-- -E- E p- --.
a) Rather than buy the ticket and watch

the match on the field, I would watch it
on the TV free =
E field match --,

(x E) s a TV
h. (- , -a)
b) Rather than teach geography through

books, why don't you try the TV? =
-Eo h y C- --,
TV y C vo ?
c) Rather than see such movies, not
watching them is better =
E--- ,
E- --- .
ii) >--a--E- vu i English
expression . Decanting the gruel
(after allowing the cooked rice to settle)
-a. Gruel - v v \-- = >. Decanting = a-/---. (Coffee decoction, filter

-, coffee \ CT--
y --x)
iii) a, = - flat * --
J-*-d (C ---, C d) L
l cart a / father a .
-,
.
a) Just when I didn't

know what I should do,
my dad came up with the
idea that I set up a mineral water plant =
u --p, minerK vEo p - - a o.

al water
b) He came up with the idea that we collect

casettes of old songs sell them =
casettes -J* E
t- - .
5) sounds good = C.
a) His action plan for preparation for the
match sounds good = Match
---E E u C.
b) Their advice sounds good = x
*-C- C.
6) In the way = f/ --. DE
J* -- N-J.
lD, -
-- v Ap,
\- j Ap L l cot
KlDT.
h system symbol --.
C ( system ) lD -x.
: C lD D` .
(cot=clDt; all = :l - - . ' L--
- v Ap.
\- j Ap.)
z - C Zoo Z . Zoo = Zu:
3 - C measure , vision , s L-N.
d3 - C, Jam ' l.
iv) English vocabulary vocabulary books
o. N words,
meanings, antonyms h.
E
n - - C, E
use M. Vocabulary increase - \ _ English newspapers,
books O-- \- -
Pronunciation - Oxford: Advanced Learner's
Dictionary of current English
h.
--- 20 --- 2007
-- j---
Dheeraj: Interesting information has come to

light, you know?
( -h---i - ---*aC, F ?)
Neeraj: What about? (E J*?)
-sx spoken English
about what? what about? E \-
N.
Dheeraj: That Santosh has come into something.
( h *a-E.)
Neeraj: That comes as a surprize. Doesn't it?
(C a-u ?)
Dheeraj: You bet it does. (*a.)
j *a - You
.
Spoken English
expressions
- NE-
J-Eo --.
1) Come to light: j N --
/ o-d -J L-.
a) Some interesting facts about his past
have come to light. One of them is that he
had married another woman before he
married his present wife =
E Eo -h- E - a. x ---- u E.
b) His shady dealings have come to light
only recently =
bet
--O u --
a.
Neeraj: His aunt's will came his way a few

days ago. It's a big relief for him. He's
been down and out for some time
now.
c) With his role in the murder coming to light

he has gone underground =
(x h O- Eo V
- J-C. l --C.
- (s) o
)
will = O-
Dheeraj: He must be a happy guy now. The
will coming out of nowhere should
have come as a big boon to him.
( -L
p.
O- \- --fx
l
i L.)
boon = $ curse =
u v ----
c-- Rx--.
go underground = c-- x
2) Come into something = inherit property =
h / h
v-N-
a) He has come into
a large property
with the death of
his foster father=
x v--o G-v-----x x
Rx -J au L-T-*C.
b) Madhu: The minister has occupied two
hundred acres of Government land.
( vA 200 - vy NE
v-N-.)
u- x s -d--o.
- --- -J d .
b) I am down and out. I can't lend =
_ j-. F O p-y-.
c) The Pandavas were down and out when
they lost the game of die =
Sudha: Does it come as a surprize?

Ministers are there for only Govt land.
W -- - E---u.
Dice = *-. Die = *.
(-o a-u? v-C

-b ?)
4) Come (somebody's) way = ---x-N
-- /
/ -.
d) The Government isn't doing much for the

down and outs in the country =
-x---
a) Make the best of the

opportunities that
come your way =
385
-E E--- vy
.
6) Come out of nowhere =
o-d E--/ \--

a) Just when we were talking about him, he
came out of nowhere =
J x--o, -
\-- --fx
vu-~--u.
They almost came to blows
Neeraj: Unfortunately it's not going to be all

that smooth for him. His cousins are
in his way. There was a heated
exchange between him and them.
They almost came to blows.
(-%-d- -h E---. cousins f----o ( O- N-).

x l N J-TC.
d- *aC.)
heated exchange = ---
Dheeraj: Why should they dispute his right by
the will?
(O- y ---*a \
}- -L?)
Neeraj: They are envious naturally. They
were shouting at him like hell; they
wanted a share in the property which
he denied and rightly so.
(x {u-- ! O
x J-*---h-o. x
--o. --o. C correct !)
Dheeraj: He wants to see you about it because
your uncle is a lawyer.
(
N-i Eo -------o O uncle lawyer !)

Neeraj: OK. Let him come. I'll take him to my
uncle.
uncle
conversation above.
1) Interesting information has come to light.
2) That Santosh has come into something.
3) That comes as a surprize.
4) His aunt's will came his way a few days ago.
5) He's been down and out for some time now.
6) The will coming out of nowhere should have
come as a big boon to him.
7) They almost came to blows.
(F.
_- B--.)
b) Work hard for money.

It doesn't come as if from
nowhere/ come from nowhere =
F --- Cy-E-
.
v -
p h -u/ l h
- v-N-*C.
b) I am ready to take whatever

comes my way, praise or blame =
b) He never expected to come

into such a large fortune =
h ------E
--p --.
3) Come as a surprize =
-h-, E-, Eo -E-j l.

M.SURESAN
au L-T-
a) Their marriage has come as a surprize to
everyone, as their fathers had differences =
-v-o: 1) He is suffering from

"Othello syndrome".
Othello syndrome
u
N?
2) O -h-o DEo
Tx- -L?
3) a) Mx Rx a.
b) Mx Rx h-o.
c) Mx Rx h. Tx- pL?
4) a) The information given is correct.
b) The given information is correct.
j ux C jC? j
ux given (V3) part of speech -.
yA, j--.
-- -: 1) Othello Syndrome u v-h,
QEo -. u --E-.
2) What are you getting done?
3) a) I have been to Delhi
b) I am returning from Delhi
c) I will go to Delhi and come back/ return
4) (a) and (b)
correct. y-- ( - (x) *a

-) j- n.
'Information given' C \ --.
two sentences 'given' is past participle. C adjective EhC.
5) be down and out =
A j / Jh E- .
a) Because of his vices he is down and out,
and no one is willing to help him =
s - d- -L. \-o --
?
7) Come to blows = s----.
a) The Congress and the TDP workers
come to blows =
Congress, TDP
b) The heated exchange between the two
groups led to their coming to blows =
u--h s----o.
--_ Ty- s-- J-B-C.

Fo conversation NE-
expressions. xp practise .
-v-o: 1) Period of time Past tense C--p -v-o:

after
He published the book after a few months.
L E h- C.
DE
n, JEo ---- N-J---.
2) Will, shall v ---.
.--.----yx, -x.
---: 1) C J. He published the book
a few months later. '... a few months after'
after
after
his child's birth/ marriage, etc.
lessons
2)
o-p,
y, j L
C, .
-v-o: I need to have knowledge of phonetics to

improve my pronunciation? Kindly let me
have the pronunciation of following words
1) corps 2) corpse.
I am an engineering graduate. Which dictionary will serve me better?
The Army foiled an infiltration attempt when

they shot dead a militant near the LOC.
1. Shot dead both V2's. How possible?
2. 'A' pronounce
& :
when they take place?
where and
Explain 'The' pronounced as

&
why?
Please give the explanation with examples.
---:
t v, .
1) In the expression, shot dead, shot is not

V3 (Past participle), but the past simple
form (Past Doing Word) of shoot.
2) 'A' the indefinite article is pronounced ''
( - raise the tongue slightly when you
pronounce this) normally, and as 'ei'
(
when you stress it. It is never pronounced as :
book (a before 'book' not stressed)
ei book (a before book is stressed)
a) The is pronounced as
before words
beginning with Vowel sounds (not letters)- These sounds are
The
egg, The
ant, the
owl etc.
b) The is pronounced as
before words
beginning with consonant sounds
(sounds other than,
etc...).
The
pen, the
book, etc.
().
---:
E, ---.
Certainly. You should know phonetic symbols

thoroughly to be able to pronounce correctly.
OED (Oxford English Dictionary) offers a pronunciation CD with Oxford Advanced
Learner's Dictionary of current English.
- [ k : (r) ] =
1) Corps 2) Corpse - dead body [ k :ps ]
especially of a human being.
()
q
( \
Jh ' ' u l).
'C
, , , , , .
(--C)
(--C)
, , , ,
(--C)
(--)
()
, , , ,
()
- 22 --- 2007
-- j---
Nishith: You look dull and out of your head.

What's the matter?
( -E-q, -- ox
E--h-o. N?)
Sampath: Wouldn't you be if you scored low
and your dad were mad about it?
(F \ \-*a O o F
O T-J--, y --
?)
Nishith: Surely I wouldn't be mad enough to be
playing and watching cricket with the
exams round the corner. I was warning you, but you didn't care.
(K-~ _ ho-p F
v , -- *a E
. F o. y
d---.)
Sampath: Stop it. You always look for an
opportunity to blame me. Don't think
I am a child you can tutor?
( . p--p o p- E h-. -o
*o--x- F p----?)
tutor = C- u E /
-- p
Nishith: Don't go mad at me, Sampath. I was
only trying to find out why you were so
worried.
( O p. -
--
o ------o.)
standard spoken/ written English mad

*a n ----C. Modern
English mad *a/- n-N E
n - . Mad/ madness , , V, L-N-E (foolish/ stupid) C-q n-- \ -. *a/
-n-N E/ - nA J E n, crazy, insane, mentally unsound, of an
unsound mind expressions .
a) F-o a = Are you crazy.
b) -E - n-N -/ *a dC/ a-\C
= He is insane/ mentally unsound/ of an
unsound mind.
Lunatic =
Lunacy =
modern spoken English
*a-x;
p
--.
*a
mad

conversation above.
1) You look dull and out of your head.
2) I wouldn't be mad enough to be playing and
watching cricket....
3) Don't go mad at me.
4) I go mad and forget everything.
5) No cricket at the cost
of my studies.
6) He went mad and
had a party.
7) Madness...
(-E-: L-N-E / - E
n A-n-N E
n ) = v
L-N--\/ ^ .
a) You took that cheat as a partner? You are
mad =
E -n- B--o? F-
LN / C N-.
b) People who think that politicians are there to
serve people are just mad =
- v-- ---x
*ax (--/ L-N--E-x/ N--
n).
3) Go mad (at somebody) =
-x---
(J O)
= N-K--i
.
386
- - q d- stadi(v-nL) h -/ q-
E--C.
um
b) People go mad when they see the dancer on

the screen =
dancer
-O E v-- -q-- T-- (, p-x).
c) I go mad and forget everything =
-/ q- Fo Ja--.
6) He went mad and had a party =
party
No.5 - go mad
7) Madness =
--o.- C
.
a A-n-N E
n ^y n (\-
this/ that is (sheer) madness
N- n)
a) (Are you) selling away the house? That's

(sheer) madness =
I go mad and for get ever ything
Sampath: What can I

do? I can't
control my weakness for cricket.
When I see Sachin and Dhony playing, I go mad and forget everything.
( ? v x o -- - d------o.
*--F, E F --h
q a Fo J-*--.)
Nishith: Don't I love cricket too? But I tell
myself, 'no cricket at the cost of my
studies'.
( v d v ? F
p--, 'v x ----E.)
Sampath: I am nothing when compared with
Devanand. The other day when
India won, he went mad; and had a
party with all of us.
(-- Lh C \.
o L-*--p, -q-- J Kd -o.)
Nishith: That's real madness. Sachin and
Dhoni get money and fame when they
play. We lose our time and future.
Watching them getting money and
fame that affects our future.
(C E L-N--L E. *, F
x s, uB hC. xC
- , s -d, N-uh --C.)
Sampath: You watch and play cricket too,
don't you?
1) Out of your (somebody's) head

= crazy =
a) (Do) you want to buy that useless
car? You must be out of your
head, really =
a) He went mad at his friend for

cheating him =
*a .
E---L ----o? F E
*adC.
b) He must be out his head to hope
to be the next CM =
-- o O N-K--i *aC.
M.SURESAN
y -E P-* a (L-N-E-/ L-N--\.)

2) I wouldn't be mad enough to be playing
and watching cricket.
be mad
-v-o: Give me an example sentence for each one of the

verb forms given below
under each category
namely (I, II, IV and V)
and also equivalent sentence in Telugu.
a) No body says you shouldn't watch movies,

but not at the cost of your studies =
E- -lE , F E-x
- d -.
b) I am ready to help others, but not at the cost
of my job =
- ---- l F
-N d/ v L---
v .
I form: ought be, dare be, need be, can

have been, need have been, ought have
been, dare have been.
II form: (be form + ing form) can be + ing,
could be + ing, ought be + ing, dare be +
ing, need be + ing.
IV form: Need + 1st RDW, ought +1st
RDW, dare +1st RDW
-.--T-v-, -
be polite to elders.
moral obligation)
(y l x
x %l Lx--v- - --LqC p y --o Moral

obligation.
Ought to have been - You ought to have

been kind to him =
(Past- did not happen)
-~ x-- ----E
ju F?
-LqC, F ,
---: I form: Ought to be = You ought to
(E F _ a---LqC C.)
mad *a/ - n-N E, n
C (India ) N.
E--E - Rx-C. C
^y/ N-.
5) At the cost of = E d L--N-.
}-\ -a
- -* p
(u)
y - x
Nishith: I do, but only so long as if doesn't

come in the way of my studies.
Sampath: Nishith, surely there's something

I've to learn from you.
a) The whole stadium went mad when Youvraj

hit six sixes in a row =
Can have been - They can have been there
for some time =
possibility
V form: can have + pp, ought have + pp,

dare have + pp, need have + pp
(-, h. --? E-x

- - -----.)
h
-
h Lh, -O p-
h-E .
4) Go mad n = -, q-
T--
b) She is marrying that

good for nothing fellow. That's real madness =
n, *a
--,
(y
v
h ?)
b) Her husband, she knows, is sure

to go mad if he cames to know
what her new dress costs =
dress
x th-o? C
(h) ^/ N-.
sheer = h
Need have been - usually in questions, or

with not
You
need
not
have
been
there
y-\ - () ?
(F o)
Dare have been - With so many of my enemies there I dare not have been there and
came away =
C -v---\--o-p,
\ ju - . a-.
II form: She can be singing this song there
now. (possibility-
p-
\ - ---a)
He could be doing the same thing there =
E \- - / h a.
How dare you be talking so in my presence?

=
If I have money, I need not be serving you =
_ s F h -
.
IV form: Need I see him now? =
--E ---- --?

l- -N-
You ought to respect elders =

(Moral obligation)
You dare not smoke in my presence =

cigarette
-h?/ ju?
V form: He can have done it - --L-T a Possibility
You ought to have been polite = h u -LqC y (), F .
She dare not have been here if I had been

there =
(Possibility- past/ present- less possible then

can be + ing)
-\ , \
ju --C.
( R}--to
\ --E ju F?)
She need not be helping him:
You need not have been so kind to him =
Need be - Usually with not, or in questions:

You need not be here any longer
h - .
u- L
Dare be: How dare you be even when I've

asked you to get out?
(Ny-\
You ought to be taking care of your old parents at home instead of playing cards here:
E x y - --\
. (--- -/
-\-x).
- )
--C- 25 --- 2007
-- j---
---:
1)
-x---
387
-v-o:
1) Conjunction
passive
--Th u-
at time incident J*
a?
2) The News reporter said, "The S.I. (SubInspector of Police) was gunned down
when the Naxals were attacked (encountered).'' Indirect/ reported speech
u---- u j-?

DEo
---.
.N.--B, N--
-v-o: Sir, I have a doubt about "Countables &

Uncountables" especially these are the
nouns when used in abstract sense. Before
such nouns the marks '[C, U]' are indicated at
noun entry level in the Oxford Advanced
Learner's Dictionary. So, generally it implies
that if the marks '[C, U]' appears beside any
noun; they can be used both in countable &
un-countable form too- though they have
abstract sense in the meaning.
And you know sir, for the sake of readers
understanding example sentences are also
given at each noun entry level in the Oxford
Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Though, oh
well, I'm not able to distinguish the nouns used
in the example sentences whether they are
countables or uncountables. For example, you
can take a glance over the following example
sentences that are quoted from Oxford
Dictionary. And kindly clarify me in each example sentence the underlined noun whether is
countable or uncountable. And if it is in-fact a
countable/ uncountable, how it can be found
out with just having a glance over them? Here
I'm quoting the meanings and example sentences of that nouns used similarly in the
Oxford. They are:
I Failure: Not doing something (sth) '[C, U]':
The act of not doing sth, especially sth you
are expected to do.
1) The failure of the United Nations to maintain
food supplies.
2) Failures to comply with the regulations will
result in prosecution. Sir, please inform me
how recognize the word "Failure" used in
sentence whether it is a countable or
uncountable. If it is a countable or uncountable, how you yourself identify it? May be it
will look you a simple thing. But it confuses
me a lot and so you please don't think that
such question has not ever been asked by
others!
II Capability [C, U]: The ability or a qualities
necessary for doing sth.
3) Animals in the zoo have lost the capability
catching food for themselves.
4) Beyond the capabilities of current technology.
5) Age affects a range of persons capabilities.
Please let me know how to recognize the
noun capability used in each sentence
whether it is countable or uncountable. Just
explain in brief as I know fundamentals of
these. Could you please look at the following
sentence too?
III Extension [C, U]
(of sth) The act of
increasing the area of activity, group of people, etc. that is affected by sth.
6) The extension of new technology into developing countries.
7) a gradual extension of the powers of Central
Government.
-a. u E--C E -L-p-, - u.

eg: a) Instructions had been given and they
were followed.
b) The murder had been planned carefully
and executed quickly =
plan
active)
passive voice
u - v-h
---J (
Eo -sx
-- C.
2) Correct, \ passive --.
h Active voice when the police
attacked the naxalites they gunned down
the inspector
The news reporter said/ reported that
the SI had been gunned down when
the Naxalites had been attacked.
-a.
8) The bank plans various extensions to

its credit facilities. Please clarify me
of each underlined nouns used
above are C/ U. And how to assure
myself just having a glance over the
nouns whether they are countable or
uncountable? Hope you will see the
following too kindly with a bit of
patience.
IV Expectation: [C, U] a belief that sth
will happen because it is likely.
9) We are confident in our expectation of a full
recovery.
10) The was a general expectation that he
would win.
-v-o: 1) 'Bicycle' L d-L ---: 1) The tube has to be filled/ inflated (Passive).
Tx- E -L?
correct --N--?
3) Power has failed, Sx AJT
-Eo -?
.C , --
2) Right
Active Voice
I/ we/
you etc., have to get the tube filled/ inflated. (Inflate=
d-L ----Eo-d
x- x \ - n L E)
2) .
3) Power is back/ is on again. (Power has failed
Power has gone off/ power is off simpler)
countable or an uncountable. In the

sentence, the failure of the United
Nations to maintain food supplies ..., (1)
failure can be either a countable or
uncountable. In a sentence like, A failure of our school systems is ..., failure is
countable because, failure has a
before it and a failure here means one
of the failures. (The plural form of the
word). You see here failure used both
as a countable and an uncountable. In
such cases it doesnt matter how you use it.
In your second sentence, failure to comply
with the regulations .... (2) (you copied it wrongly as failures) the word failure is uncountable
C ountable .. Uncountable
11) I applied for the post more in
hope than expectation.
12) The expectation is that property
prices will rise. Please clarify the
noun 'expectation' used in the
each sentence whether it is
countable or uncountable.
because we dont find a before it.

We dont say either, failures (plural)
to comply with the regulations ...
II. Though the dictionary says that

capability is countable as well as
uncountable, it is more used as a
countable and on very few occasions
M.SURESAN
as an uncountable. Very rarely do we
V Expertise [U]: Expert knowledge of
see capability used without a before it, which
sth in a particular subject, activity or job.
means it is most often used as a countable.
13) We have the expertise to help you run your
business. The definite article 'the' might be
used before an uncountable noun like this?
Would mind letting me know of this?
VI Culture [C, U]: The beliefs and attitudes

about sth people in a particular group or
organizations.
14) A culture of failures exists in some schools.
15) We are living in a consumer culture.
16) The political culture of the United States &
Europe are very different. In which sentence from 14 to 16 the noun cultures used
as C or U? Would you please kindly clarify
me?
---:
-. ---Dl, o
A very good question, one which a number of

people want to know the answer to. The general rule is a countable has a plural form, and a/
an is invariably used before its singular form. If
a/ an is not found before a word, or if it is not
used in the plural form it is uncountable. Also
note that the same word with one meaning may
be countable, and with another, uncountable.
The word failure can be used both as a
countable and uncountable with the meaning,
the act of not doing something. This means you
won't be wrong whether you use it as a
In your first sentence, Animals in the zoo

have lost the capability of catching ..., (3) capability may be both countable and uncountable.
Whichever way you use it, the sentence is correct. In your sentences (4) and (5), capability is
clearly countable because, the plural form is
used (capabilities).
III 6) No problem here again. In this sentence,
extension, though shown as [U & C] is
uncountable with this meaning, an increase
in the area of an activity.
7) A gradual extension ... . Note the use of a
before extension. So here extension is
countable.
8) The bank plans various extensions- here,
note that the plural of extension is used. So
obviously it is countable.
IV. Expectation: In the sentence, We are confident ..., (9) expectations can either be a
countable or an uncountable. Usually in
such sentences, if the plural form is used, it
is countable.
10) This was a general expectation ... . Here,
a before (general) expectations shows
that it is countable.
11) I applied ... more in hope than expectation.
Note that there is no article a before
expectation, so it is uncountable. In this
sentence, hope is uncountable too.
Perhaps you know that hope, like expectation is both countable and uncountable. [My
hopes are that he will pass- hope, used in
plural- so countable. I have given up hope
of any help from him. Hope- no a before it,
so it is uncountable here.]
12) The expectation is - here we can also say,
The expectations are that the property ...
when you say, the expectation is , ... ,
expectation is both countable and uncountable. In the sentence, the expectations are
... the word is countable.
V Expertise: Why not? The must be used
before a countable or an uncountable, when
it is qualified, that is, when you get an
answer to the question which put to the
countable or the uncountable.
eg: a) Milk is a strong food.
In this sentence, milk is uncountable. No
the before it because you dont have an
answer to which milk is a strong food?' (That
is, milk here is not qualified.) So, no the
before it.
b) The milk in fridge is a day old.
Milk- uncountable. Which milk is a day old?
You get the answer: 'milk in the fridge (That
is, milk here is qualified). So you must use
the before it.
Another example:
a) Advice is easy to give. (Im sure you know
advice is uncountable.) Which advice is
easy to give? No answer to this question.
So no the before advice.
b) The advice I got from him was good.
Which advice was good? The answerAdvice I got from him. So you have to use the
before advice. We use the before uncountables when you get an answer to 'which'.
VI culture: This is a very good question again.
1) If the meaning of culture is the way of life,
customs and beliefs of a society, a country, culture is uncountable. Indian culture/ British culture, etc.
2) If culture means beliefs or attitudes of a
particular group, it is countable. eg: Team India
has a culture of yielding under pressure. This
means that Team Indias attitude
to
pressure
is yielding
In sentence No (14) , A culture of failures ...,
note the use of 'A' before culture. When a/ an is
used before a word it is countable. So, culture
in sentence No 14 is countable.
For the same reason [a consumer culture a
before culture] culture in sentence (15) also is
countable.
sentence No (16) : The phrase here is political cultures. (You have wrongly copied it as the
political culture)- cultures- This is the plural
form of culture. When a word can be used in
the plural, it is countable. So, in sentence No
16, cultures is countable.
(Ah)
(jJ)
(T--).
-- 27 --- 2007
-- j---
Pradeep: Ok then. I am leaving.
( , ho.)
Jaideep: Where?
(\-?)
Pradeep: I told you. I want to meet Sukhdev
and settle the matter with him.
(p . - --E
N - a---E.)
Jaideep: Now? Are you nuts? How are you
going, any way?
(p? a-o d F?
h-o?)
Pradeep: I have my bike.
y --- { -
h. --V p xL . pl
o .
let up = {, , d N _/ _ d
Thanks to the tablet, the pain finally let up =
x x / p *- T_C.
C Spoken English NE- .
O conversation practice .
Jaideep: I don't know why you are mad keen
on that property. There are others as
good.
a) He is nuts to throw up such a good job and

start his own industry =
( n/ h F -N
n --. * n
o ?)
-* u --E
J-v d-- *a-/ L-N-E E/
N-.
Pradeep: My mind is set on it. You can't

change it.
b) Knowing his character so well, she is nuts to

marry him =
( q n O C. yC
a-.)
- - L -E Rx --
N-.
Spoken English
N- n
nuts -, simple C. -O
---- ---.
( j C ?)
Jaideep: You must be really out of your mind
to risk going at this time of the night,
and that too, when it's raining cats
and dogs.
( vA-, D - {
-h x h-o- F
v J E---x.)
Pradeep: Don't drive me mad, Jai, with your
silly objections. I could have gone
this morning had it not been for your
foolish suggestion that I go this
evening.
(F vJ u--- p.
v xo F L-N
--\
--
lo Rx-
?)
Jaideep: OK. Do what you like.
(. Fd *a-x u.)
Spoken English
NEh
- E-
mad -C-* N J-Eo p
c) I was nuts to have

trusted you =
-x---
388
Eo t 'N.
j-- -- hG- -J-j

*a d-hC/ * L-T-hC.
5) Driving somebody nuts = driving somebody mad =
a-\--/ * d-
a) The heat of Vijayawada in summer drives

any body nuts =
N-- --N E a-\-hC/

* d-hC.
b) He is driving me nuts with his chatter =
--- - * d-h-o.
6) Drive somebody out of their mind =
a-\-/ * d
a-\ drive
like mad = j -E/ *a
.
C spoken English common
4) Drive like mad :
You drive me out of my mind
Jaideep: Whoever expected it would rain so

heavily?
( { h-E ----o?)
Pradeep: Whatever it is, I'm going. I've my rain
coat, so I can drive.
(C i ho.
C. wj --.)
Jaideep: My only fear is you are not a safe driver. You drive like mad and I'm afraid
for your safety.
( \ . y v-h wj
--. - F ~ J)
afraid of = -JE/ N J*
--
afraid for = JE J* worry
Pradeep: Thank you. But I've to go now.
Tomorrow is sunday, and Sukhdev
won't be home. He's been driving me
nuts with his threats that he will sell
away the property to someone else if
I don't give him a clear word.
(uq. F x-L-p. C, - x .
pd p-- hE -Jj
th C-J-- *
p-h-o.)
threat = C-J/ v;
threaten = C-J-
Jaideep: Are you going to be too late by just a
day? Call him and tell him that you
will settle it tomorrow.
(\ V N*-- ?
p a-h-E.)
Pradeep: You drive me out of my mind, Jai. Let
me settle it now. The rain seems to
let up. If you want I'll wait till the rain
stops. But go I must today. Tomorrow
morning I've other work to take
care of.
(E a-\-h-o y. Eo-p
aF. { T-- C.
2) be out of somebody's mind =
--. lesson
Dn vJ-E/ N- .
? Present day English *a/
a) You are out of your mind to think
t/ A--p/ A-n-N E
that projects are for people. They
n mad --F, mad
are to fill the pockets of ministers,
p nx u-iC, ,
engineers and contractors =
N, V--N. -J *a
v
-d v - C
dC (A vN-*C n)
M.SURESAN
F
a/ N-- ---C. N
mentally ill E -a. - v
, -Fx, vdx
t, A v n, mad
E
-E.
, ~--. Mad -C* Jb)
Are
you
out
of
your
mind to cross the road in
Eo l.
conversation above:
1) Are you nuts?
2) You must be really out of your mind to risk
going...
3) Don't drive me mad.
4) You drive like mad.
5) He's been driving me nuts with his threats.
6) You drive me out of my mind.
7) I don't know why you are mad keen on the
property.
1) Nuts:
*a (N-/ L-N--E-
n) /vJ
vo: C--ux -C O
lesson *aC. C (-v-x --oC) -a? p j u .
1.My friends have left for
Hyd. (My friends have
gone to Hyd).
2. I don't feel like studying here. (I don't feel
like to study here.)
3. I haven't the money. (I have no money.)
4. I am starting for college. (I am starting to
go to college.)
5. For spending a few days with me. (For
spending with me a few days.)
a) Don't drive me mad by always talking about

your favourite hero.
= }.
-v-h/
*a --.
b) He wants to make it to the IAS. He is

preparing like mad =
- -- *a/ Bv/
E ----o.
c) The sight of the elephant that villagers ran
like mad =
E---, v-n (N-Ki

) N J--h.
d) Greed makes him work like mad =
*a--d-x v----o.
7) be mad keen on somebody/ something =
such heavy traffic? =
- --- Dl o-p f
---- Fo a ( N-?).
3) Don't drive me mad = p-.
drive somebody mad = -J
p-.
a) I'm afraid to go on his

car. He drives like
mad.
-J-x/ -Ex N-K--i V

.
a) I am mad keen on the bike in the advertisement this morning =
--y-- --- v-- *a j

vJ V C.
b) The CM is mad keen on the names of Indira
Gandhi family =
C--D u x
N-K--i V.
(p F G- --- J* x
p-.)
b) The traffic jams in Hyderabad drives any one
mad =
6. You always come late. (You are always
come late.)
7. If I had money I would lend you. (If I had
money I would have lend you.)
8. I shall phone to you. (I shall phone you.)
.G.. t
: 1. ---a.
2. - ; feel like y noun or '...ing'
form hC. to + 1st regular doing word
(1st RDW) ( infinitive) .
3. -a. Spoken English \
I haven't the money .
4. -a. , I am starting for college,
simpler ?
5. -a.
6. You are always come late J- ?
. are come (are +1st RDW) form

-- ?
verb
7. If I had money, I would have lend you.

Would have lend,
would have lent
L. p- J-.
A) If I had had the money, I would have lent

correct.
sentence
you -
n- C. n _
s F p *a --E
(C Imaginary Past). B n
_ p s-. -E pa
vo-. ( J-T- (p)
F a--E p , F y -) C Improbable Present
-a.
B) If I had the money, I would lend you

A
8.
- 29 --- 2007
-- j---
Prasen: You look worried. What's the matter?

(
y -- E--h-o.
N N?)
Ranjan: I've bad news.
(-h pL F)
Prasen: Who does it concern? Yea, I can
guess. Isn't it about Santan?
(
J J*? , -----.
J ?)
concern = J*
It does not concern me = C
-C-*C
Ranjan: You are right. You know he had an
accident the day before. He is fighting
for life in Goodcare Hospital.
(
dent
Goodcare Hospital
y pC E. o acciuC --? p
v
---o)
Prasen: Very sorry to hear that. (It's) difficult to
imagine him lying sick or injured. So
fighting fit he had always been.
(C N E -- C.
s, - -E oE ---- d C.
p %, -u -.)
Ranjan: It's really a sad sight, his mom and
dad trying hard
to fight back
their tears, in
vain.
Fight -, E
. fight Spoken English , \J - L- n
h. OE conversation
. fight a Eo phrases ,
-Eo p --.
conversation above
1) He is fighting for life in Good care Hospital.
2) So fighting fit he had always been
3) ... his mom and dad trying hard to fight back
their tears.
4) The doctors have a real fight on their hands.
5) Hope they aren't fighting a losing battle.
6) Santan always fought shy of wearing a helmet.
1) fighting for life: Fighting for (his/ her/
somebody's life) = Trying hard to be alive,
especially, when some one is seriously
injured or very ill =
Viswamithra succumbed to Menaka's

charms =
-E Ny-N-v T-
Police ---J \-L-T yEo

---- -o.
c) He's been fighting for life for over a year

now =
(fight back = fight down)

c) She fought back her tears as her lover
delayed his return =
-.
-C %u- ---o/
u J-nA N- C.
2) fighting fit = -o fighting fit x
\ -u, % o-E.
a) Though 80 years old, he is fighting fit,
and is ready to contest the election. =
80 x -q \
-u _ o. Eo-x
v---x-F, s--x-F u J-nA
l o.
N- ob) This is a real surp v- prise. He was fighting
-E vo =
fit till yesterday and
-
today he is down with
389
%u -.
a heart attack =
v -u-- *a Fo-x -C.
4) Have a real fight on (somebody's) hands

=
a) Today's students have a real fight on their
hands to make it to Engineering or Medicine
Engineering
Medicine
b) Pakisthan has a real fight on its hands to
make it through to the final match=
match
Bv v--Lq .
Nu-n
--o,
--o vN-Lq hC.
*J
x- -n v--Lq
hC.
5) fighting a losing battle = L E L
vo /
---E L
-.
He is fighting for life
(x t,
o x Fx
---
ho un-v-o E N--
%u.)
in vain= v---E/ Ep--i
He tried hard for the post but in vain/ He

tried hard in vain for the post =
N
v-o un/
un vo .
Prasen: Why? Is his condition that critical?
(N? J-nA N-
?)
critical= (J u J-nA) N/ ~
E- nA/ p-EC
Ranjan: The doctors have a real fight on their
hands to save him =
(-E ~---E ju
Bv -Lq C/ d- Lq C.)
Prasen: Hope they aren't fighting a losing battle.
(x Ep P-ho.)
Ranjan: So do I. The trouble was Santan
always fought shy of wearing a helmet.
(*\-N- Helmet d----p -d -.)

Prasen: Yes. I've noticed it too. He'd wear it on
the main road and remove it on the
lanes. And I think the accident took
place on a lane.
(. C -E-. Main
road x--p d--.
x B-h. v
J-T---.)
Ranjan: That's true. ()
Prasen: I'm going to see him.
(
Ranjan: Hope you'll have good news for me.
(* h o B-hE
P-ho)
C E a-u. Eo---
o, y -
.
3) fight back = j ---o
EE -- --,-
- L-- --.
(v- *\o) - %u-

x ---o.
b) The cancer patient succumbed

to cancer after a determined
fight for life for over a year.
a) As the auto driver continued to
M.SURESAN
argue, the constable lost his
=
patience with great difficulty. He fought back
%-E-a- -C- %u-
his urge to beat him (Auto driver --E
--, cancer T.
C-h-- constable p-.
succumb- \ - = Tdriver d- J- --- A d
-. He succumbed to jaundice =
O
.)
x uC T-- ( uC
urge = -i J
E--.)
b) As the policeman demanded a bribe, I
She succumbed to the injuries =
T--C/ E--C.
vo: i) Get ' n
fought back/ fought down my hatred for

him =
C ? -sx NN
x - get, getting, get in, get on,
- -C-- lessons
N-J. .
be = to be = being = .
get lost, get to, get off, get out -
To be/ being honest is difficult =
--Th-.- O- n
---- N-J--.
ii) Make -- -.
be, to be, being, to be + past participle (V3), to have + past participle, to have
been + participle
--Eo --L----.
iii) Bv-- vAE o -E --o. uEo Tx- L?
iv) Happen, take place, going on --
--.
. XE-, p-
: i) Getting . Getting
good marks isn't easy = * \
.
Get in = -L . get on = l---.
ii) Make
E---B d .
j ;
--,
To be + pp =
e.g.: to be seen =
a) To be elected President of India is
great =
u-~- o--- p.
(u-~- Eo- p)
b) It is not good to be seen here = \ - *C . (Lo \ -j
*C )
To have been + PP = C to be + PP past
tense - - --.
a) The Lawyer seems to have been consulted
in the matter=
lawyer
N-
v-C---fd E--hC. ( N- x
lawyer v-C-*-x E--hC)
b) He seems to have been murdered=
I can't get on with this low salary =
--E - -o.)
a) The motorist, after a week long

fight for life is slowly recovering
=
motorist
u ---x E--hC.
\ @ l---.
Get to = O--/ _- x
Get lost = get out (Rx)
Get off = C (- *)
iii) People believe/ suppose/ think

active); It is believed/ supposed/ thought
passive) that extremists have kidnapped the minister.
(Fo
(Fo
a) In trying to deny his

hand in the landgrab, the
minister is fighting a losing
battle =
-b
v E - vA ho
vo Evp--.
b) You can't get him to repay the money. You are
only fighting a losing battle=
_*
s -d--. F vo Evp--
6) fight shy of = -d
/ --/
p- (avoid)
a) Women fought shy of wearing helmets in
the beginning=
helmet
x -x
J---E d---.
b) I don't know why you fight shy of discussing the problem with him =
-E u Ja---E F---d -/
-h-o n----.
c) Don't fight shy of expressing your opinions openly =
- F G-v-
p- --.
People believe the minister to have been

kidnapped by the extremists.
(to have been + PP --)

-N-/ - -/
- v .
a) The incident happened yesterday
- Eo J-TC.
iv) Happen-
b) The elephants damaging the crop happened last month =
-
J-TC .
Take place- C --. C
v-
a) The marriage took place last month =
- -R} J-TC.
b) The school anniversary takes place usually
school
in March =
J{--q -
Ja ----C.
Going on= ---o/ continuing
a) The meeting is going on = --C
(continuing/ taking place)
b) When the class was going on he stood upto
ask a question=
x --- vo
-- E--f .
-a.
--C- 2 -- 2007
-- j---
vo: 1. Present perfect continuous tense passive a--L?

2 Passive verb

Jh- ?
tense
: 1. Perfect continuous
--T-L?subject, object
.--- -, x
tenses (present, past and future)
Passive voice
.
verb tense , Passive
-C/--L.
2. Active voice
tense
e.g.: Active: He waters the plants everyday.- verb - waters,

tense -present simple.
sentence
passive: The plants are watered by him
Passive
subject, the
everyday. Verb - are watered - are + pp.
plants. (sentence
subject) Verb - are
watered. (subject
sentence
verb).
-Eo J* h, C E
y
u u-- /-
vo: 1) -O passive forms exercise Four : 1) Four were killed and ten were injured
were killed and ten injured in the accident yesterday
Four were
killed and ten were injured in the accident yesterday
E a.
-,
vo: 1. Past perfect, continuous, Future perfect
Did you bring my book yesterday? (last day

correct.
2)
) D
-J-* -N--J--.
2. Ba V n
C-- -C --T--a?
Have + pp/ has + pp past action, time

not stated
time
Have you brought my book, correct. Past
action, time stated
yesterday, last year etc.
Did you bring my book yesterday? correct.
-E
Have you bought my book.

Did you bring (my) book last day -
-C p --T-L?
l J-T E J* v x----p Eo present perfect simple
past Eo --T-L?
has he given? ( a?), Has he
taken? B--o? -a?
G., J-
: 1. Past
perfect, continuous, Future

perfect tenses
lessons
the following. 'A' is having a job. The emoluments paid are not sufficient to meet
both ends. So 'A' is doing another job, to
have more salary to meet. - I am wishing
some sentence and words, whether they
are correct or not?
1. A second string to the bow.
2. A substitute job to meet the demand.
3. Mercenary (Adj).
or sentence
- u- single word
---.
>.N. t-A,
: I Hope you don't mind noting the fol-
lowing: We don't say: a) A is having a job, b)

To meet both ends; but we say: a) A has a job,
b) To make both ends meet.
(@N --
L- -C-)
II. a) Doing a second job for additional income
= Make (some, a little, etc) money on the
side
b) A job a person does in addition to their main
= a sideline.
vo: -C-u-x ----C -O lesson - --*-a-C.

- -u - j---? -- d
-u ---.
1. If you study well. (If you are study well.)
2. He went to a movie last night. (He went
for a movie last night.)
3. Whom do you help? (Whom do you help
to?)
4. She came here to join a college. (She
came here to join in a college.
5. To join a software institute. (To join in a
software institute.)
6. How are you? (How you are?)
: 1. If you are study well - C p-?
.G.. t
Are study
verb from
Please remember: The verb must be in
one of the 6 forms given here: 1) The be
( p J-TD
) -s-
L ,
i-
3) What nonsense are you talking?; What

nonsense you are talking .
--N-?
4) Were you, by any chance, in college last

evening? in the college
The
-a?
L- ? --T-L ?
.--u, --
Has he given the money?
Has he taken your book? }Correct. Because

has given, has taken - refer to past actions,
time not stated.
past
actions.)
-x---
(p J-TD -L-E
-J-* - -
p,
N-
.
2. Have you brought my book? y
h a? (C correct)
vo: I. a) Please inform me the proper word for
DEo
( J-T E, V/ -p-
p-E) -s-x --. N
E L ?
- transformation principles (d)
shall be/ should be... + 1st RDW
active shall be/ should be... + pp
passive o. C -d?
390
Y ou ar e mistaken
i) A teacher by profession, he makes
some money on the side by writing
stories.
teacher
vo: 1. English
words
(%Ah-Ku
.
J- -C--.)
formal, informal
2. Went for a movie
J-.
- . Help y to preposition
. (I help/ helped him - --F
I help/ helped to him )
4. Join in p. Join a college correct.
5. C --- -u .
6. How you are? C correct question form
?(Question: Verb always before
3.
the subject)
DE
j- ?
-p,
.
O C d?
.
-N?
. y - , y -
f. u- Tx-
E -a?
.
O C
d?
8. Enter the house, enter into the house
u -N?
9. English vocabulary -C-* *
h *-.
.-P, jy--
: 1.Formal lA v E,
u --x. l--}, p
}, - J---E } --
-- -- --x- -?(o--, o-t-- --x---x). - -, lA J -x-. x u--J B
l-A C. C formal. officer , l uh- formal
. friends informal .
Lx--v-, u x- informal
.
2. Failing the word - fail your / his/ their word.
C
-?
Nu-n x
-J-* --x- L.
- --E-x
o.
O
. p
O
3.
-?).
. -C-* x .
----i sentences .
j u: Among those pens the one
with the black refill is mine OR Among
those the pen with the black refill is mine.
N?
. ' p- Tx-
-?
3. The pen which has black
O C d? -N?
h--:
-.
You see that are (be form) + study (1 st

RDW) is not among the 6 forms of the verb.
be from
Doing Words
Voice: It shall be done by you -Verb: shall be +

done - shall be + pp (done)
He
should carry it (A.V.verb: should carry - should
+ 1st RDW).
Passive: It should be carried
by him. Verb: should be carried (should be +
carried - pp)3) What nonsense are
you talking? correct. What nonsense you are
talking
correct question form
4)
college
college
in college
In the college
College
college
in the college
e.g.: My father was
in the college yesterday to meet the principal.
(
father
college
ZPHS, Ghatkesar
Teacher
You go to school at 9.30/ You
attend school everyday. The school
school
o ?
ii) A teacher, writing stories is his

sideline (sideline = a job in addition to the main job)
M.SURESAN
refill is mine among those.
iii) a) A second string to the bow: The correct
The
pen
that
has
black refill is mine among
form of this expression is, a) Have more
those
then string to your bow; b) Have another/
more strings to your bow.
4 The pens that are blue in colour are mine.
The meaning of these expressions is, "to have
The pens those are blue in colour are
more than one plan, idea or skill you can use
mine. it you need to." It does not mean an addition5 Depend on, depend upon al job.
6
b) A substitute job means a job that you do
instead of the job that you are doing now,
You have mistaknot an additional job.
en, You are mistaken
c) Mercenary means doing anything just for
the sake of money. The men who work for a
7 Happy Sankranti to everybody.
goonda are mercenaries because they do
Happy Sankranti everybody.
anything just for money.
form; 2) the be form + the ... ing form; 3) The
be form + the past participle; 4) have/ has/
had/ shall have/ will have, etc... + past participle; 5) The Doing Words and 6) shall,
should, will, would etc + the 1st RDW.
---E , were clauses

(common) d, four were killed and ten, injured
--a. p-, ten \- comma
clear C. x--p, ten \
comma , -E, ten -E ,
injured . 2) ? e.g.: You shall do
it. (AV. verb: shall + 1st RDW) DE Passive
O sentences mine among those C

j word order . --p clarity
- u. -E, Among those pens,
- -C.
4. The pens that are blue in colour, correct.
(The blue pens are mine/ mine are the
blue pens
simple

?)
. . sentence * *a-p 'depend upon' better. I depend on
him - depend, sentence -u *aC
d, on (upon p-).He
is not to be depended upon - \ depend
sentence * *aC. d depend upon
better (on p ).
6. y - = You have made a
mistake. y --f = You are mistaken. You have mistaken - sentence
- --- --D -p- --, sentence h--. You have mistaken him
for his brother - E t-E /o - --f y. You have mistaken
E C-h -Eo -- --C -L-.
5
7. Both are correct. Happy sankranthi to

everybody =
vA J vA.
(O E L*
o--})
x --vA -.
8. v-- v-P- Enter a place.
p -a--, --- C
n, enter into an agreement/ into
Happy Sankranthi every body =
every body
a conversation, etc.
9. Vocabulary
vu- - h-
---\--. O---p-x English
-.
-- 4 -- 2007
Nipun: Chandan is fighting the election this
time too, but it's going to be tougher for
him than last time.
(J Eo-x ho. ---J- J -

- \ d .)
Sugun: Yea. He has to fight more people for
leadership than he did last time.
(. -y J-
J \---C --Lq C.)
Nipun: He has the toughest challenge from
Nandan. Nandan has the support of a
sizable section of the voters.
-- j---
Last lesson
spoken English fight

-C-* . J-Eo
fight -C-*-, --. lesson
fight a Fo --E -C*- -- h.
dialogue above.
1) Chandan is fighting an election this time too.
2) He has to fight more people for leadership
than he did last time.
3) Chandan had to fight off his crowd of admirers to come out of the auditorium.
b) You don't always fight people to win. You

do it just for the pleasure of it.
4) Hari has still plenty of fight left in him.
(- d- . -x
p--_ _, - ---ho.)
sizeable/ sizable= \
Sugun: I disagree with you there. He is not
such a serious opposition to Nandan.
(C -p-. -
l .)
5) The next candidate that has a fighting

chance in him is Nandan.
6) Our friends fought about this issue for a
whole hour.
7) I left them to fight it out.
1) Fighting an election: Fight an election
-h C ? Eo-x
E.
Nipun: What do you know? The other day after

making a speech, Chandan had to fight
off his crowd of admirers to come out of
the auditorium. That's the following he
has.
a) Only the rich can

make it to the
Assembly
or
Parliament in India.
Fighting an election costs a lot =
( F? oV -u
*a y * ---a-
G--
u * -E -Lq
*aC.
G--E xo---.)
admirers= fans= G--.
following= l/ support.
The hero has a large fan following= hero
l u- G-/ -
C.
---E- - .
h.
3) Fight (something/ somebody) off = -JE/
N-Eo E-C v-Ao-, h
b u .
a) The stars had to fight off the crowds to
get out of the auditorium =
b) In spite of the early loss of wickets, the

Pak team has plenty of fight left in it.=
y wickets p---p-, Pak d

---/ J o.
5) Have a fighting chance = v-, % Ea N C----.
a) If you starts working at it, you still have a
fighting chance =
y d- -, y C---L -
C.
-nL * ---- E
Eo
Lq *aC.
b) Don't worry. Begin now. You still have a

fighting chance =
b) The police had to

fight off the demonstrators to take the
Minister out =
--. p v-G. F N--- o.

6) fight about = C---.
-x---
391
a) They fought about for
I left them to fight it out
Sugun: Do you know that the other candidate

Hari has still plenty of fight left in him?
You can't count him out.
( uJn J * y h, p o-E F?
o L- B---.)
Nipun: Still he may not be the force that
Nandan is. Chandan is still the
favourite, but the next candidate that
has a fighting chance in him is Nandan,
certainly not Hari.
( p/ d
vuJn . --C
-h-E. E y j
-- -n C F, J .)
Sugun: Let's wait and see. Yesterday our
friends Karthik, Ramesh, Pratap and
others fought about this issue for a
whole hour. I left them to fight it out.
(l. Eo o- Kh,
, v, - -
C---o. x a--E
a.)
Nipun: It's unfortunate that the candidates are
fighting on the basis of caste.
(x vA--C- -- %-d- )
Sugun: Nandan did not do it at first. But when
Chandan started it, Nandan wanted to
fight fire with fire and started the caste
appeal.
( -. E
Chandan Eo v-G-
x x- B-E,
vh- a.)
Nipun: OK. Let's wait and watch. (* l.)
2)
- -o Assembly
-F, Parliament F Eo---. Eo-x
a E.
vAE - B---a-
M- v-z-- ---dLq
*aC.
demonstrators = v-z-
b) To fight an election is one

thing, to win is quite another.
Though old, he fought the robbers

off =
Eo-x -- h,
-L--j--p-, ---x
M.SURESAN
- h.
J--.
To fight people = compete = --
4) Plenty of fight (left) in somebody =
.
/ h NTL .
a) He has to fight 5 other candidates to be
through to the assembly =
a) My grandmother still has plenty of fight

left in her to walk the whole distance. =
Hx x- --J
--Lq C.
-- -- t-t/
t / h NTL C.
-v-o:
a=
1. C.P.Brown Dictionary
pronunciation
- -C-* -C-N - n
. -N- --L---.
a - a- ,a' , a^ , a , a^ a , ,
d-ed-et -
E- e- e' e - , -,
- ..
i - i i - , ,
- '
O - O, O
, O -
- '
U - U U ,U U - , O-E -
-.
2. English paper C---p n --lE
O-. C-N y --E h ? O J Oxford
K -----C?
G.-Ah-, -
---:
O -N pronunciation (-a-)
-C-*-N.
i) a = a- = ()= cot
C L---p - v- Ap, \-- j Ap.
v
- aJ ', English a .
a = C, cot E -
v Ap, \- -j Ap
fall .
'a' English - , '
. '- -, fate (-)
.
ii) d E bad ' -.
Looked, booked d (ed), t -.
Looked = d.
iii) E (e) E, bet x, ' -.
' --- L. fete
() hC. feel
' hC.
iv) i - C fit, kill x ' .Magazine '-@
' -.
sign x ' -.
v) O - C British English ' go - ( L x --C). American English / Indian
English E hC go - / .
a whole night but did

not arrive at any settlement =
v C--E
Bt--E ---
x.
b) The boys in the back benches are fighting about the best actor =
*J benches ao x, h
J* C----o.
7) fight it out = j N Bt - (settle --)
a) He just left home leaving his wife and his
mother to fight it out =
---Rx--, LxF u
x---E.
b) Let's go. Let them fight it out =
l . x a-F (x,
).
vi) U -
DEo 'full' -x, ' . (full - )

rule x ' -.
()
But x U ' -.
2) C---p
dictionary
n
C-N, O -- -, N-hC, -- -h. ---, -s-Eo-d Eo
n dictionary - - x correct ---. - \--x - *a--p, C
mind E, auto register x,
v-o -- speech --C. C-N y Eo
-J-*-- ? -
-- h---. O
n -- . Telugu Medium
x Oxford Dictionary * defining
words list E -C. -- -
n -- N--- n
-- --. - n- - English - Telugu Dictionary
.
- 6 -- 2007
Subhakar: So, what's new?
( N-?)
Jayakar:
I am returning from Vishnu. A piece

of good news is that he has got
admission into IIM.
(Vishnu
_ * AJ--h-o.
-h. - IIM v G*C.)
(IIM = Indian Institute of Management)

Subhakar: That's really great. Getting admission into IIM is certainly an
achievement. I should walk a hundred miles to shake hands with
him.
(E p. IIM v
u C-*-x. ix
-j - shakehand yLq.)
Walk a hundred miles to shakehands with
somebody=
-j j -u Ch
.
Jayakar:
The thing to be appreciated here is

his fighting spirit. Really hats off to
his patience and perseverance.
( a---LqC d- i
C-- J/ C--- - J. E p,
d- a---Lq.)
appreciate: v-- v \ = a--;
patience- -q
? p/
.
perseverance- (bird ' ) N-q N \ -. n= d-
C--- Nv-N-E ; hats offJ- a--- .
.
-- j---
lessons spoken
-- NE- fight, E a
, . fight
-C-* , conversation
--L-T-N J-Eo o. lesson
E l. E O conversation
----.
English
Look at the following sentences from

1) The thing to be appreciated here is his fighting spirit.
2) fight back =
2) His failure in his first attempt roused his

desire to fight back.
4) Fight to the finish =
a) Pakistan fought back to avoid defeat=
a) This exam is going to be a fight to the finish for me =
N p---- -n --E-L*
-C.
4) He has fought to the finish.
v K~ N-
a--.
b) The tribals in India do not have the power

to fight back, though they are exploited=
5) He'd fight tooth and nail for any thing he

wants.
b) This time it is going to be a fight to the finish. Either he or me will stay=
- ---o-p-, TJ---
Eo C-J h .
(exploited= J ---
--; -h- --/ - u ---_-, they are
exploited -)
1) Fighting spirit-
C-- J/
d- -j C-- d Eg. ( Ep % -, Eq-- -)
-x---
392
3) Put up
fight=
J L--- -/
v-o-h. - -
L.
c) The third time was a fight to the finish.
The result was in his favour=
good
--J L-C. L - C.
5) Fight tooth and nail=
He has fought to the finish
Subhakar: His failure in his first attempt

roused his desire to fight back. It
did not disappoint him, but has
fought back successfully.
( o N--- -
-- J- F,
-E E-q-----.
-)
Jayakar:
Subhakar: Yea. He wanted to see it through to

the end and he did. He has fought
to the finish.
(. E ----o.
. *-J-- - hE.)
Jayakar:
d- -- C------x/
------x @N-
N C-h.
He has always been the fighting

type. He'd fight tooth and nail for
anything he wants.
(p y/ *-J--
v-Ao y -C. LqC a-- v-Ao-h
d Eg-.)
Subhakar: All said and done it's a great
achievement. I'll go to him and congratulate him personally.
(-i C --u. Rx
uh-- E G--C-h.)
d-, v-- -
- O----- / T- --/ N---u-- v-Aoh-. (v-o- -.)
b) It is not just enough to have

ambition. You should have the
fighting spirit=
by his fighting spirit. He fought so hard for

peace=
A -E -o D
(-) j C--
Eg/ % (--pJh) C. A
d - . (A
x ju -E-)
Q. i) Who
do you like the most?

Who/ Whom -
ii) Vis-a-vis
a?
-d?
n--N? --
T-L?
- Dhana, OU Campus,
Hyderabad.
A.
i) Who do you like most

present day spoken English
columns
'Whom'
Modern English
Indian speakers of
English- 'Whom'
Who
.
.
L,
DE J* -x N
J.
.
J* ----\--.
u/ vC.
ii) Vis-a-vis- Pronunciation: OO/ OO.
--, O \--- n.
La-h, / -u.
a) What do you think of India's relations
with the US vis-a-vis Pakistan? =
J- -, -n - La h o, F Gv-.
b) They are fighting tooth and nail for the

withdrawal of new taxes =
h o x d
---o.
C :
Fight fire with fire =
x x- B.
You set a thief to catch a thief. This is fighting fire with fire =
--?/ N--i-? x v
d v-o . x
a---Lq.
All credit = a---Lq N.
d----E E-T, x x B-.
j-
v vy
* Nu , --
- Gu , E Lh ...
Q. Please explain:
She neither returned the books nor paid
the bill. Besides ......... (complete as directed)
- NV Reddy, Ugranapalle
Q.
a) The residents of the

new colony are fighting tooth and nail for a
road and bus stop =
b) All credit to them for putting up a stiff

fight. Doesn't matter if they lost=
b) Congress
Govt's
free
power supply to
farmers vis-avis
TDP's
promise of a kilo
rice for two
rupees =
A.
d d-- -.
colony h road, bus stop

- h-o.
~/ C-- J
a) They lost the match in the end,
M.SURESAN
v . d- -j
but they did put up a good fight =
C-- Eg/ --pJh -.
--, F (- -)
c) Gandhi's desire for peace was matched
Bv v-o .
He has put up a good fight this

time, and has won. IIM was his life
time goal. His stand was IIM or his
father's business. He would not
study any other course.
(J a---E vN. IIM ---D @N-u. jJ, IIM F, -

x o uF. course
----E.)
goal = u
-/ vN-.
3) He has put up a good fight this time.
a) The one that succeeds in life is

always the one with
fighting spirit =
( E --) --
-.
Besides not returning the books, she did

not pay the bill.
u N-J---.
ii) I am interested in reading.
You are satisfied.
u
o ---.
tense
- Bharathi, Hyderabad
A.
i) They were living in America -

- J-T E p x
America E- -h-o E.
They had been living in America ,
E- x America
E-- v-G*, E- o-E.
They had been living in America when
Roosevelt became the PresidentRoosevelt
America
Roosevelt President
u~u--p- x
E--h-o x - \ o,
u- o E.
ii) Present Tense (Are - Present
Tense)
i) They were living in America.

They had been living in America.
--C- 9 -- 2007
-- j---
Q. Simple present tense

subject singular
verb
's'
'es'
"I go to school"
o-p
F, F -L
. E
--? 'I'
singular ? He, she, it
-j singulars o-p
ux verb s/ es
-C ?
Ba--.
- N. Bhanuchandar,
A. Simple present
singulars
's'/ 'es'
III person singular (He,
she, it)
s/ es
'I' first person singular
s/ es
you
you
plural subject
You are, You
were, You have been, etc.
Eo
a.
v
h.
d E
a.
n, y/
O .
p
J--h
Madhuvaripalem
Tx- h verb patterns model

Eo? 275 o-E C-,
E-? Fo h ---.
ii) Compartive degree o adjectives
--T -s- N-J---.
iii) It is of no use. DE n--N?
iv) Be + of u J* ---.
Q. i)
ii)
O vo h pd C. Eo
adjectives comparative degree
- ? N*
o --, h--, N--
La--p-x comparative degree h
C. - ?
Eo -s ? O
pd -.
- T.Satyanarayana, Bhimavaram iii) It is of no use E p English -A. i) English 275 patterns od
. It is no use . It is no use talk. Daily life ---u, ing to a fool -^ x- E-. Be + of C/C
Informal/ formal writing a, pat n hC.
terns 45/ 50 N. Patterns
- u-\--. iv) a) He has been of great help to me =
o.
conversation practise h, English
-, TV news telecasts N b) She is of a noble mind =
-h-i (p) -N .
patterns
English c) She is of Indian origin settled in the US=
-A C America n-communicate ,
-, p f-N.
d) They are of equal competence =
-x--- 393 .
x n u
o-x.
j o
a. Practise
.
sentences
Q. A doctor treats patients

tor treats the patients
---C d? A docd? The patients -E ---a? --L----.
- Dasaradhi Naik, Kasibugga

A. A doctor treats patients, correct.
The patients
patients?
question
answer
The patients
correct.
A doctor treats the patients in this area
(Doctor
patients
treat
patients in this area
patients
the
a) A teacher teaches students
students?- no answer. So, no 'the' before
students)
b) A teacher teaches the students who live
on this colony. Question
teacher students
teach
question
answer, students who live in
this colony
E p-?
-,
h p
vo -,
hC d, \
L.)
h? E
E
-.
hC?
C --C-a -. \--
, E h,
vo -.
Answer h, the . -.
'the'
Lecturers in this college teach well.
\ lecturers 'the' , ?
question : (which) lecturers
C-h?
Answer: Lecturers in this college.
\ C d, lecturers 'the'
L.
Lecturers teach. \ lecturers
'the' --? / which lecturers teach?
question l answer ?
-E, lecturers
teach o sentence
lecturers
'the' .
E
hC ? E students
'the' .
I pr efer cof fee to tea
Q. i) What is your plan? What will be your

plan?
u n -?
u p L-----.
ii) I prefer coffee to tea. EE prefer -x? N-J---.
- M.D. Mohiyoddin, Sangareddy.
A. i) What will be your plan? future
F v-R
.
What would be your plan?- C - vh u E N.
N?/ C?
If you were elected Chief Minister, what

would be your plan? =
CM
y p
Eo-- (p - ?)
F v-R N?
Q.
C - x - L----.
1) s X-; 2) p--; 3) u; 4) v; 5)
xC; 6) l -; 7) Ep%;
8) x-J?; 9) Fo -?; 10)
d ; 11) E-u--%A; 12) v-; 13) .
- G. Ashok, Godhur
A. 1) Born rich, 2) easily pleased, 3) a tough

guy/ a tough customer, 4) God's grace/
gift, 5) I own a house/ My home is my
own, 6) I have two sons, 7) Despair, 8)
Has the tea gone cold?
Is the tea cold
enough (to drink)? =
9) Are all of them
raw?, 10) One of somebody's occasional
visits/ a casual visit, 11) Unemployment
allowance, 12) The lunar region/ world,
13) The globe.
(x-J--?
- Ox),
- O- x--?,
Q. i) I am given
I will give you Rs. 1000/-. What

will be your plan? =
plan
ii) I was given
iii) I will be given.
F
N?
--L-h. F
N -d? O
n, q N-J---.
If I gave you Rs. 1000/-. What

would be your plan? =
- Ch. Ranjith Kumar, Medak.
A. O sentences Eo- verb, Be

F
form + participle [am/ was/ will be (be
u - a--
M.SURESAN
forms) + given (past participle)]
(y ) F plan N?
verb is in the passive voice- n hC?
What would be your plan? o-p DE
i) I am given = E-y---, \, N
J sentence (conversation ) d
sentences ' C y--C j-, ? j n p-. O sentences
E p-a. Independent senN correct. O sentence
tence What would be your plan? Jimporve -a.
. What will be your plan? is correct.
I am given homework everyday. (vA-W
ii) I prefer coffee to tea o-p coffee pre homework y---
fer -d. Prefer a-o
-, vA-W home work h)
prefer -d.
Q. i) The wall.
C / --C d?
ii) Which tense do we use with 'ever' and

'never'? with simple present or present
perfect? Please clarify.
- Adyan, Warangal
A. i)
l, , , , , , , , ,
, , , lx E--j v-u English , the E 'C
-. N l 'the' E
' -. Wall- ?
* -o l- (wall)
? -E the wall=
. C wall J-.
The (C) egg (); book.
The (C) idea (); The () university
( * -o lx
d)
ii) ever
(p/ p-j), never (p

/ p ) OE we can use
them in almost all tenses.

a) Nothing good ever happens here
(present tense)
ii) I was given -
y--f past N-y-f? vo answer sentence

improve -C.
I was given a prize =
-A y--f ( -A y-C). -A
a/ *aC.
iii) I will be given = E-y---/ y--C (Future ). C?
I will be given the money =
s y---C ( Gs-h,
future )
I am given - Present simple (PV)
I was given - Past simple (PV)
I will be given - Future simple (PV)
Q. Naturally, certainly, by the by, any how,

by all means
Eo ---.
- N.P. Santosh Kumar, Secunderabad.

A. Common sentence beginings in spoken
English.
b) Have you ever seen such a movie

(present perfect)
1) How about ... ?/ What about ... ?
c) Did he ever help you when he was

alive? (past)
3) In the first instance
d) Will you ever understand this?

(future), etc.
Same is the case with 'never'
a) He never comes here (Pr. tense)
b) He never knew about this (when he was
alive)- Past
c) He will never know (Future), etc.
2) At long last
(*-J/ d--)
(/ )
In the first instance why did you go there

at all?
( y---Rx--x-\-?)
4) As long as .../ so long as ...

As long as money
plays a role in elections we can't have
real democracy.
(C
u/ )
(Eo-x s v
--, E-i v-yu )
5) In case/ if/ suppose/ given/ assuming, etc.

6) Surely/ by no means/ at any rate/ at any
cost, etc.
--- 11 -- 2007
Nischala: Poor Jwala. Her brother has come
to a bad end. (I have) been expecting it, the way he was carrying on.
Nikhila:
Yea. Getting drunk all the time and

moving with anti social characters.
Her father tried to give him good
education, and launch him on a
good career, but that couldn't be.
(. p T - h A-. x o -E
C-N*, * u- x
- v-Ao-, F C ----C.)
Nischala: What's it now? Six months in jail, is
it?
(--C-p? -- j P~?)
Nikhila:
Something like that, I've been told.
(- - p.)
Nischala: Jwala used to tell me that her dad
was at the end of the rope trying to
set right her brother.
(y -C t-E
* _ d- x o
vo ----E.)
Nikhila:
Well, that appears to be the end of

story for him.
(- T---xC.)
Nischala: But there is still hope for him. The
six months in
jail
may
change him,
and he can
still have a
good career.
This may not be the end of the world
for him, may it?
-- j---
Nischala: He won't be here. His father has

taken a positive view of it. He feels
this is not the end of the world for his
son. He would go to the ends of the
earth to resettle him at some other
place.
(--\ . } o
J* j-J- o.
v @N-
u y--i-C --
. - --
Lp Bv vo h-o).
Nikhila:
Let's hope for the best.
( Pl).
c) It's no surprize Sanjay Dutt has come to

a bad end. He should not have been
found in possession of weapons =
Sanjay Dutt
P~ au
. -- _ ---Lq-C
.
Spoken English
- -,
-- - n-u , 'end'
L a E --E conversation
practise l.
dialogue above.
1) Her brother has come to a bad end.
2) ..... her dad was at the end of the rope trying
to set right her
brother.
3) Well, that appears to
be end of story for
him.
come to a bad end = come to a sticky

end.
2) At the end of the rope =
j vo
---/ N-T.
a) The teacher was at the end of her rope
teaching the boys
maths =
-x---
394
Nu-n-
p- v-o
NT -J-C.
a) The judge told Sanjay Dutt that the punishment was not the end of the world for
him, and that he had a lot of future ahead
= P~ ---E,
* N-u-h-E, u-Jh
o.
b) This failure in this exam need not be the
end of the world for you. Try again and
you will succeed =
fail
K-~ -
---x . Sx K~ .
pass -.
end of the world p not .
5) The be all and end all of (life) =
@N --C. (@N- Eo ui-C N-C).

a) Money is not the be all and end all of life,
is it? =
(That's) the end of stor y
( O ---.
C. jail -
p B---a;
@N- n---a. --x ?)
Nikhila:
What do you mean? With this conviction can he get any job?
( F l, -- ? P~ -o u
h?)
conviction = court - NC P~
Nischala: A job in government service or a private organisation is not the be all
and end all of life, is it?
(v-y-u F, private n
u F @N --C
?)
Nikhila:
What else can he do?
( --?)
Nischala: He can jolly well run his father's
business. It's profitable business
and he can assist his father.
(x o u \/
--a. x u x
C. x o a.)
jolly well =
You can jolly well talk what you like but
action is not that easy.
= pa, F. --p
-hC E.
Nikhila:
It seems he is repentant.
( a-h-p-odC.)
Nischala: That he is.
(.)
Nikhila:
But people don't forget things so

soon, you know.
(F v N--
- Ja- ?)
4) This may not be the end of the

world for him.
b) I am at the end of my rope. I can't

any more make them understand
this =
5) A job ... is not the be all and end

all of life.
s @N -C ?
b) His career is the be all

and end all of his life =
u-/ u @N -C.
c) Cricket appears to be the be all and end

all of his life =
v @N ---C E-hC.
N-T---J--. x
N n--ux u-.
3) End of story = T- -x/
N J*F uhE J*
F p O-/ pLq- ---x.
6) He would go to the ends of the

earth for his son.
1) Come to a bad end=
6) Go to the ends of the earth =
Ny-v-o / vj l-
vo , - C--
t-
, P~ , u
M.SURESAN
y-%--- x ( -E/ P~ --i) (j
a) Well, he is not coming here. That's the
)
end of story = --\- .
. ( p-Lq E.)
a) Saddam Hussain came to a bad end,
a) Gandhi went to the ends of the earth to

unite Hindus and Muslims =
b) He told his father that he'd marry only

that girl. (That's) the end of story =
b) Some of our elected representatives

would go to the ends of the earth to
amass wealth =
because of his inhuman behaviour =
- v-h x l
.
b) The way he is acting, he will certainly
come to a bad end:
h - -C/ - C.
EXERCISE
Match the words under A with
their meanings under B.
A
B
1. Indifferent
A false
2. Violate
B bogus
3. Launch
C break
4. Adjourn
D uninterested
5. Fake
E postpone
F start
G spend
Answers
1-D; uninterested =
vl-E/ E,
Ex~u .
Some doctors and nurses in govt
hospitals are indifferent to the
patients' health =
doctors, nurses
vy-vx
-C
Ex~u h/ d--.
He is indifferent to studies =
O vl-.
Indifferent y to hC.
t- Rx-----E x o
p-. . p-Lq--.
4) Not the end of the world = -x . (* --a, p ) (-Lq --.)
No parent can be indifferent to

their child's welfare =
Lxv x
~ x Ex-~u .
Indifferent X concerned (-l, h )
2. violate - (C) break= x--/
A-v-N- (E--/ d
E)
The police fined him for violating
traffic rules=
v E-- A-v-N-*--,
M- - --J-- NC-.
violate X observe (-)
Observe traffic rules =
(Traffic
E--- -.)
3. launch = (F) start = v-G-
j l h, u-
v-G-.
The minister, launched pulse
polio programme/ campaign last
sunday =
polio
vA
u-v/
, x u-- D Ny
vo / v v-Ao.
--d----E, j/ - v-oi h.
adjourn X complete/ conclude
Et- u-Eo C-
v-G-.
Rockets, satellites E
~u-, h -x v--d launch.
launch X terminate (T- )
pronunciation- .
4. Adjourn- - , bird '
' \-= (E) postpone
, --, u court
proceedings (u---) \L- / ---.
The speaker (of the assembly)
adjourned the assembly till
Monday =
Hx u-~ -Eo - EL--/

---E .
The judge adjourned the case till

the next month=
case
case
u-Jh
a /
N-- a .
( Jh / T-)
-= (B) bogus- / / M/ Nu. News
papers -- :
Fake encounters = -
-t -" .
: Police, -N-d --
-J-- -----p J
, encounter.
-- j d --,
5. Fake-
encounter.
The West Bengal government
encountered
opposition
in
Nandigram =
C-v v-y-E
vA-- (--) --uC.
Fake notes= M currency x/
x
He faked innocence = -y -.
fake X genuine (u-) = -, h--i/ E-i.
- 13 -- 2007
-- j---
Jayanthi: You appear very down today. What

could be wrong?
( N- E--h-o. C? a?
down= N-/ E-/ Ep %)
Vinathi: I've failed to make it to the civils a
second time. You can imagine my
disappointment. Try as I might, I'm
unable to get over it.
(Civils exam
Sx pass ---.
E y-----.
v-Ao-* Ep %- v
-d------o.)
get over= (- E) C--N-.
Jayanthi: Cheer up Vinathi. Keep your end up.
IAS is not the end of the road for
you.
(--. E L-T N-.

---C. -*- x-
. D ---)
Vinathi: That has been life time ambition, you
know.
(C @N - C,
?)
Jayanthi: Well, civils is not the career that
ends all careers, Vinathi. There are
other careers as bright as, or even
brighter than
IAS or IPS.
careers
civils
(IAS/
IPS
(Eo
(-J v-Aoh. cousin

vA -J select C.
J* (p) --C.
d tLo -h. d p- IAS
Lq.)
give something a try = v-Ao* /
v-Ao- C conversational. O
practise .
Jayanthi: All the best to you then. By the bye
has Unnathi called you?
(F N G-L. C .
oA F-o phone ?)
Vinathi: No. I've been waiting for it for weeks
on end. I will call her today.
(- E-- .
phone hEy)
2) A career that ends all careers (something

that ends all somethings) =
-E C
x N -Eo-- No
/ u .
a) At last, he thought he had bought a car
that would end all cars =
car
car
b) The youth of today think that a software
job in the US is the career that ends all
software job
careers =
career
*-J Eo
o-E --o.
-J-
lesson spoken English/ daily convero pC/ u-i--C N-h end a Eo expressions
o . C u
? J-Eo
-o expressionexpressions p practice .
-. N O O
Here is at last the
conversation
movie that ends all
. effective
movies =
395
-hC.
sation
At the end of the day expression

mon
NE-
j-/ *-J.
a) At the end of the day, how hard you've

worked is not important, how much
you've scored/ what marks you've got is
important =
-i/ *-/ -j
C, y d- C--E ,
FEo marks a-E.
b) At the end of the day what we've said

matters, not what we feel =
*-J
----oC , p--o
d------j.
4) End of the road/ the line = *J / j
-- --T--E nA.
a) Nutanprasad's injury was the end of the
road for him =
(shooting
--v-
)

-i--C/ -
--T-----.
Keep your end up
N)
v
pN/ u-i-O ? -pO, - pO, careers
o ?)
Vinathi: Well, that's a poor consolation you
know. You can never get rid of the
feeling that you could not achieve
what you wanted to. It keeps eating
you up.
( -E l----Lq. E
--oC C------
Lo - ? C Lo
C-h C.)
get rid of = C-L---
consolation= p,
poor consolation = j p
Jayanthi: That's true. Any way you've kept
your end of the deal. 'Do what you
ought to do, and leave to God the
rest', says the Geetha. So don't
worry.
(C E. y --L-T y ? 'y LqC y . L ---C, o --t U.
Vinathi: I'm afraid that hardly comforts me. At

the end of the day, it is the result that
matters, and not your effort.
(C L-T- .
-o, C- --
u F, vo E ?)
matters = u--.

1) Keep your end up
3) Keep (somebody's) end of the
2) Civils is not the career that ends
deal =
all careers
3) You've kept your end of the deal
a) The bowlers have done their
4) At the end of the road, it is the
job. The batsmen should now keep
result that matters, not the effort.
their end of the deal = Bowlers
M.SURESAN
5) She thinks no end of herself
6) I've been waiting for it for weeks on end.
batsmen
1) Keep (somebody's) end up = continue to
be happy and cheerful even in difficulties =
b) Son, I've paid your fees, bought you all
the books and provided all that you need.
a) Sita, wife of lord Sri Rama, kept her end
Now, you keep your end of the deal =
up even during her stay in the forests =
fees
*-J *aC *v N---o pC
- E /
u- .
(\ --L*a \ Nx
d) E .
u Ey--L.
dx q- x- ---.
-- X- u
-Eo p-/ x-- -C.
b) The one who keeps their end even in difficulties are real heroes =
dx
x- --L-- E-i O
c) All that you've lost is just an exam. Keep

your end up =
exam
fail
EXERCISE
their meanings under B
A
1. Precisely
A. Aim
2. Ridiculous
B. talk
3. Acquire
C. need
4. Purpose
D. earn
5. Mention
E. exactly
F. absurd
h C u
G. question
( ---o?)
Vinathi: I'll give it another try. My cousin
Pranathi has succeeded in her second attempt and she thinks no end of
herself. Our relatives too keep comparing us. So I must make it.
c) Though India has done its part of the job,

Pakistan has failed to keep its end of the
deal =
y
u.
-? -*/ - .
It matters little whether he comes or not =

Jayanthi: So what are you going to do?
, F
d. h--Fo E-a,
F\--- --Fo Lp-. F
u- y Ey- ( CN
* \ a-E).
- E----p-, n u- N--iC (
E--d--).
We
are precise in weighing gold =
X
vague
I have a
vague idea of his address =
address
(x -) -h.
*a- h
(p-d-i).
E
p-d /
J L-.
2-F. Ridiculous = absurd = up--i. It is ridiculous to say that
success can
overnight =
be
achieved
vA v N-Eo
C-- u-p. He
KEY: 1-E. Precisely= exactly- *a, accurate , correct . looks ridiculous in red trousers
and green shirt = v pants,
The time now is 8.49 AM precisegreen
teashirt u-ply. p correct (*a) 8.49 l. In running E--h-o. ( -E
yx) X sensible (uraces time is measured precisely
i)/ serious.
= x *a-
C com? n:
b) When she fell seriously ill she thought it

was the end of her career as an athlete =
Bv s--f-p v--J-
*-J- a----C/ -----C.
Athlete = Dx - a, any ' .
5) No end of = \-/ N--i
a) It is no end of trouble to get anything
done in a government office =
office
vy
E----- d /
l u.
b) She is no end happy with the money she

got as a prize =
--A *a s
- C.
6) On end = continuously =
a) We've been waiting for you for hours on

end =
F -
ho.
b) For weeks on end, he was to be seen

nowhere =
- --\ E-
--.
3-D. Acquire = earn =

Within three years
of entering politics, he acquired
property worth Rs. 60lakh. =
-C---
He is here with the purpose of

getting some information =
- --\ o.
-- 5-B. Mention = talk p/ -JE
x v-P-* -x- 60 J*, N-Eo J* x~ N h -C--- / vh-N-. The CM men. Degree ()/ fame/ tioned the Rs.2 per kilo scheme,
uA/ friendship/ money/ position while talking about his govern(N, nA) O-Eo-F -C-- ment's programme = vy
Eo acquire . v-R- -J* x-,
n C. The govern- -- Gu
J* CM x-/ vh-Nment has acquired land for col
. Don't mention his name,
lege - \ acquire = -J-.
said he to his daughter = E
4-A. Purpose = aim= l, ~u.
p, E v -
He went to Hyderabad with the
o X omit = (vh-N--)
purpose of learning computers =
C-.
Computers a--- (a-
l-) j- }.
/ .
--C- 16 -- 2007
-- j---
vo: After
15 overs Australia
were 121-2
cricket
were
was
uEo
vu~ v-
. - u
o
L
? C, d
N-J-.
.--t-J, --,
C-- ->-x
vo: i) Who/ what/ which
subject
do/ does/ did
subject
eg: Who broke the jug?
vox
--?
N?
ii) Who/ what/ which object -T -sx do/ does/ did .
eg: Who do you want to play with your
team?
object
N?
subject C? N-J-.
iii) Part of speech verb, adjectives
, adverb noun p
-. n, E N
--T-h? nEo B--
B-E, sentence pattern
l-A -N- --L----.
iv) Verb forms 6 o. N
N? N-J---.
>..-, j--
= N--E % --/- u (%-E N ).

b) Careful planning is the sine qua non of
success in any venture =
: p
vo:
- C.Madhu, Warangal
c,
p s hC E
p- - d . English c E
s p, k p, C
-* English
*a- N O --
C. C ---- -
d . -E c - h h, E pronunciation dictionary ----Lq.
Question tag I am a doctor,
arent I? E *a--p I am not a
doctor, am I? E h? are I?
E h? question
tag --h-o? ---.
- M.Moses, Vijayawada
: I am not a doctor, am I? .
Sentence Patterns
1) Beauty (Noun)
Noun (Subject)
Verb
Object
The beauty of Kashmir + attracts + a large ...
2) Beautiful (Adj)
Subject
Verb subject complement
(Adjective)
The scenery of Kashmir + is + beautiful
3) Beautifully (adv)
Sub
Verb
Object
Adverb
He + decorated + the house + beautifully
4) Beautify (verb)
Subject
Verb
Object
He
+
beautified
+
the place
iv) 6 forms of the verb
1. Be forms
2. Be form + ing form
3. Be form + past participle (PP) (Passive Voice)
4. Have/ has/ had/ will have/ shall have etc + PP
5. Doing words I RDW II RDW PDW
come,
comes, came
6. Shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/ could
may/ might/ must etc. + 1st RDW.
iii)
O question pd C. n-i--- example h-o, .

1. Beauty (n) =
.
?
The beauty of Kashmir attracts a large number of tourists.

2. Beautiful (adj) =
-i, o.
The scenery of Kashmir is beautiful.
3. Beautiful (Adv) =
He decorated the house beautifully.

4. Beautify (verb) =
He beautified the place by growing
a garden in it =
O-Eo-
/ --
J-.
ii) Who do you want to play with?

who, present day English
whom
subject you.
\ *
v-Eo .

. \
-
y -J ----o? o-p,
-x--- 396
subject is you.
sine qua non N?

p u/ -u- N--Ej * --/
u.
M.SURESAN
= EE Eo vA
o
\
-o.
d,
iv) You = y/- O. O
-o, you . You please
. - O expressions
.
i) Kindly clarify that, the
main clause should be
would or should or according to its subject (I, II or III
persons) in the sentences of
imaginary condition.
I have had a car for the past one year
E
a. DEo
past perfect.
b) I saw it last night
time - last night
saw - past simple
Have
had this job for the last

one year
example
She has
been this job for the last
one year
a) I have seen the movie
= - --E p
D p-- tense,
vo:
\ had --T-a vo she has
iii) Simple past - for past actions,

time known; past perfect for
past actions, time not stated.
vo: English spelling games J* Eo vo:

-: c, s N p N
h ---- N-J---.
x J* xp plur. India were 121/2 at

o-p n Lunch -E d (team) E
players 121 - -E.
-sx singular F
plural F a. India was
121/2 E a.
al
lunch
i) Who, which
quesdo, does, did
2)
tions
What
What do
you know? What does he want?
What did he say? 3) Who, which
negative questions
do, does, did
Who
does not know it? Which (of
you) did not do the home work,
subject,
etc.
who, what, which.
ii) sine qua non
a) Industry is the sine qua non for success
: x,
vo: i) Would, Should, Could -sx -T- pd --.

N?
iii) Simple past, past perfect p -T-L?
iv) - uhE - -C--p, ' O , ' , ' E u-Jh. -- --- o. Tx- uhE -Nh
-C---?
.--.-N. ----, -A-A
: i) Would, should, could --
N- -- a. .
ii) sine qua non - j-y-= j C- ---o-p ---i N/
. C E C-.
p?
-P-K-, --x
i) Have + past participle/ has +

past participle
v-i
-- J-T EE -.
car C = I have a car
(p).
:
i)
O p -sx, should
-- -u E-hC.
Modern English usages , should
would -s x
-J-*--C. Direct, Indirect
speech , conditionals requests
-- should x-Eo should --- British,
American English would v
--o. If I were you, I should
like to do it - C old usage. If I were
you, Id (would) like to do it - C
car
-q C =
?
u -q C -,
j sentence car job .
p-a sentence:
She has had this job for the last one year.
She has been this job for the last one year =
sentence verb has been. C be form (

* p--/
(state of being) hC).
d She has been this job for the last one year=
-q- u- C.
u ? u- C. She has been on this job for the last one year.
, p u- C E hC.
vo:
i) I am writing this letter with

a good intention.
intention
countable noun or
uncountable noun like information and furniture?
(l) C count- - uncountable.

--p- information, furniture
uncountable v .
ii) What about his letter?
ii) C x *a .
The text book of VIII (EM) preHow about his programme?
Mostly spoken form. -E
scribed by the Govt. of A.P.,
j - -ux verb iC? verbs . -N J-Eo
says that the main clause nor-F affirmative sentence Why trouble me now? (Why do
mally uses should, not
, passive voice you trouble me now )/
would.
Here
normally
Why not? ( -/
--.
means....?
?) etc.
iii) He is suffering from joint pain.
ii) How ro pronunce the word
(I dont like to go -
She is my dream girl- \ joint,
modern usage. Present day English
dais?
response - --?)
dream -i adjectives?
should- -Lq (u-)
iii) vA o -ZA?
iii)
Joint, dream -
EE --L-, a- iv) She came here to read the
nouns used as adjectives,
AJ v-v-- o -o? v
books.
--o.
college student college -.
- What are the question forms
She
came
here
for
reading
the
ii) Dias -
in English for such type of
books - - o iv) n .
iii) DE English j- u-. C
questions?
N-J-.
---- N-J-.
- I.V.Ramaswamy, Karimnagar
i) Intention
able.
- Dr.P.Anjaneyulu, Srikakulam
--- 18 -- 2007
-- j---
Jayanth: (Its) days since met you. Whatever

has happened to you?
(Eo V--uC. N
N?)
au ---E What
Whatever .
to meet all the expenses. So

nobody need put their hand in their
pocket. Do take some money now.
( ---- sC.
d x s a
d--- .)
Sumanth: What do you think? I have my

hands full. The President of our
association has given me the
responsibility of making all the
arrangements for the conference
next week.
Jayanth: That I know. Let me first of all have

the list and the invitations.
(----o? q BJ
o. u-~
a J ---E -Lq
pxFo u- Jh
pT-.)
conference = -
(Fo v _ o.
\- _, .)
Jayanth: He can be sure he has placed the job

in capable hands. He can be rest
assured that nothing can go wrong.
( EE -n- p-T--
t- -a. - -E EPa- -a.
be rest assured = EPa-
Sumanth: Fortunately I have the time and
money in hand. That does make
things easy. But at times I have to
get my hands
dirty too, as
the workers
are a bit lazy
and irregular.
(C . y-E-
G, y- y.)
Sumanth: They are all at the printers who is
near at hand. Come, lets go.

Spoken English
daily real life situations
hand
expressions
h-j/ N--i, --j, -T uh h-o-.

a) If Dr. Vaidya is treating you, you are in safe
hands

vu
C. - -- . Fo
simple expressions. -
-, - x h. practice l.
Now look at the following expressions from
the dialogue above.
1) I have my hands full.
2) He can be sure that
he has placed the job
in capable hands.
3) I have the time and
money in hand.
= II ju F ju h-o-x-, y ~--i x ox ( ju y
~- ).
b) With Kumble as captain, the team is in capable hands
=
x -u (captain ) -d -n A od (x -n-E).
-x---
3) Something in hand/
to have something in
hand/ have time/
money in hand =
397
j ---
supervisor --p-/ E - --p-, ---i j v

l.
b) This job is only for these who are willing to
get their hands dirty =
j v d- }/ -d d----x u.
c) As he is educated, he doesnt want to get his
hands dirty =
--o d -d
d .
5) To have enough on ones hands =
(-J) L- E .
a) She has enough on her hands with her new
born child and so cannot do any job =
p d Gf L- E. E u .
I have my hands full
(%-d- -h
E Lq
s, o. x E -- C. F p-p- E-x l x, J -- x x
Eo Lq hC).
Jayanth: Are you handling the invitations too?
(y- F ?)
Sumanth: Yes, I am.
(.)
Jayanth: Why dont you let me take care of the
invitations? You have enough on
your hands already with the arrangements.
(y- N C--? p-x- y BJ

o.)
Sumanth: Thank you. Thats a big relief.
(uq. C l Nh.)
Jayanth: Let me have the list of invitees. I will
have some of them delivered by
hand, and the rest through courier
service or by post.
(y-E- G y, Eo-E
A --C-- -h, N-N
J- y F, d y F
-.)
Sumanth: Am I clear then that the matter is
entirely in your hands?
( N F x
ox ?)
Jayanth: They are certainly out of your hands.
Dont you worry, any more about
them.
(N F x N-p. Eo J*
- .)
Sumanth: I can speed up this work now.
( F E y Jh a.)
Jayanth: So you can.
(.)
Sumanth: Our association has enough money
L- E---- - E-L
-Fo h-.
4) ... I have to get my hands dirty.

5) You have enough on your hands.
6) Am I clear then that the matter is

entirely in your hands.
1) Have (somebodys) hands full- I/
we/ you/ they have my/ our/ your/
their hands full. He/ she has his/
her hands full =
j E x
q- BJ .
a) He has plenty of money in hand
M.SURESAN
x t Rx p-x q BJ
o.
b) I have my hands already full with repairs to
my house. I cant attend to any other work
now =
b) We still have a week in hand

before the exams =
K-~-- V
C.
c) I havent much time in hand =
t E E
BJ o, -F --E-p.
2) In somebodys good/ safe/ capable, etc
hands =
a) Though he is a supervisor, he is ready to get

his hands dirty if there is a need =
EXERCISE
1. (B) escape =
p---/ J-, u M- d-, d-E --.
The parents of one of the students who killed their classmate

have been absconding since the
shooting incident =
classmate
La Nunx
a) The matter is no longer in my hands. It is

now entirely in my lawyers hands =
N p _ ( ). A C/
---o.
b) The whole affair is in your hands. You can do
as you like =
\ j .
d) Though he has the amount in hand, he is
unwilling to spend =
-Lq s _ o-p-, a d
- d-.
4) To get my hands dirty = j v /
-d
ANSWERS
6) Something in somebodys hands =
- J D- .
= - _
sC.
a) He has his hands full with the arrangements

for his daughters marriage =

A
B
1. Abscond
A
Stop
2. Irrelevant
B
Escape
3. Greedy
C
Gentle
4. Mild
D
Surrender
5. Withhold
E
Unconnected
F
Covetous
G
Generous
b) He
doesnt
have
enough on his hands,
so he gets all sorts of
silly ideas =
F x C. y- C -.
Affair - - N/
a) I dont know anything about the affair =
N O L-.
b) People suspect an affair between the two =
v Rx-l-J ---.
An engineers qualification is irrelevant to a bank job =
Bank cashier
Surrender
mild Eo n
y- o/ -E/ Bv--E/
>-F Nu-|- bank u--E
vC-h--E X severe (Bv-l X Relevant.
harsh (J--i)/ violent
)/
3. (F) covetous = o/
(
t--i).
u/ o
5.
(A)
Stop
= o- -.
Most politicians are greedy. They
enter politics only because of
their greed =
He withheld important information =
u-i --Eo - - -.
While talking of the ability of a

player, remarks about his
appearance, or to his girl friend
are irrelevant =
-- ---x \--C
---. } -x vP-E x
.
covetous = hj J
.
4. (C) Gentle = E/ --E
J -Lx--v p- A--o (M--, d-E -).

The cashier of the bank is
absconding =
J-- X
= T--.
2. (E) unconnected = --s-i/
s Cl-E (out of place)/
--l-i. N J*
x op
N vh-N-, irrelevant.
v-- h J* xo-p %-AE J* F,

o---LE J* F
uu -s/ -l.
Unlike the father who is rude

the son is mild =
()
-j v ,
E--h.
Kunthi withheld the secret of

Karnas birth till the end =
g t -uEo A *
dC/ - p-.
Results of certain candidates
have been withheld =
u-n L- ---f ( -.)
- 20 -- 2007
Vasanth: Could you get back your money?
(F s F AJT *a?)
Bharath: You know better than to expect that.
This is India. Once you lose some
thing it is lost forever.
( P- L-N--\. C ---? -J y -d C AJT x.)
-- j---
Vasanth: So certainly are most criminals.
Cleverness and crime go hand in
hand. Suppose a thief is caught and
jailed once he won't stop stealing. He
would only think of how to steal next
time without being caught. That
sharpens his cleverness.
(-C -x L-N---x.
L-N-- p L
. -J -
jx- -
. J-, J d---
- -*h. -*h L-N-O-J--
x)
Vasanth: Did you report to the police?

(Police
report
?)
Bharath: What'll be the use? In most cases

you have to grease their palms. It's
hundred to one that they catch the
thief and if at all they do, you don't
get all your money back. Sometimes
they are hand in glove with thieves.
( -? -sx
x -L-yLq hC. x
d-- J . d- J-T s
AJ-T-. Eo-x
M- *
C.)
grease the palm= -; palm=
-; grease -- v,
v J C-- n.
Vasanth: Not all policemen or police officials
are corrupt. The amount you've lost
is not small
either.
The
Inspector of
your area is
supposed to
be
honest.
Just give it a
try. The police station is close at
hand to your place too.
irregularities=
execution =
Bharath: OK. I will give a report for what it is

worth. Let's see what happens.
v-/ E-- x-;

Ey-;
execute = Ey--;
Executive = l l n x N- ---J/ Ey- C-J.
(. E N E d report
*a h. --
l.)
b) The poling staff in one of the booths were

acting hand in glove with one of the candidates =
Vasanth: Good luck.
polling v-E sC, u-Jn

t-\-u.
daily
Spoken English
c) Some times the

police are hand in
glove with criminals
=
-- NE-
hand a J-Eo
-----i
J --.
-x---
b) I don't have the information at hand now.

Wait for an hour and I can get it for you.=
-/ N- vh _
. --. F N- Ch.
c) The exams are close at hand and you
haven't even started preparation =
K-~ _ --o. Ny
o- d-.
d) The doctor is close at hand. Consult him=
Doctor
_ o . -o-.
N-/ l
uh L / --E-- N--
.
3) Go hand in hand =
a) Over eating and illness go hand in hand=
Eo-x M
--x * -.
398
A A s L .
(A A x s h
*a-)
Industr y and success go hand in hand
( M-, C-- N-F-A---. -- y -do s \--. v-Ao.

Police station O --_ .)
Bharath: The thief that has stolen my money
seems to be an old hand at it. He left
no traces whatever of his crime.
Thieves must be clever fellows, as I
can see now.
( s T-L-* --Vc o. \ -E
-C-* h --.
L-j x E -p
-hC.)
vo: -O
2) close/ near at hand =
/
O/ _/ A--_ (n/
s/ uh) .
1) Hand in glove =
a) We see daily reports in news papers that

engineers and contractors are hand in glove
in the irregularities in the execution of projects =
projects
h vA-x W - h
Ey- J v--
>-Fx v-dx t-\---o.
E
E p.
E
pL
? N
B---x
-\-x
J-!
C. D -- !
Belong \ ing form
hC F is L--. check your
belongings before you leave !
- O.V.Laxmi, Kanuru
O p----o- pd -L--
. Belong am/ is/ are + ing form
N-- O--oC. That certainly is
right. Belong am/ is/ are + ing form
--E -p-- l -- C-- -.
belong v am/ is/ are +
ing form E verbs o-, h
... ing form (E , am/ is/ are
) --a- ?
a) Loving the poor is the quality of great

people=
Match the words under A

with their meanings under B
A
b) Hoping to get a high rank he studied well.

c) Needing my help he came to me.
d) Belonging to this group is an honour.
vo:
i)
- - -W -x-- --C-Nh--.
ii) -- --- --h-.
iii) Nu-n- -.
iv) Nu-n- C-N-.
u- Tx- pL?
.--%g, -E-,
1. Feeble
A. oppose
2. Grave
B. abandon
3. Object
C. accept
5. Desert
D. weak
E. violent
F. serious
--x vN- px ~.
G. confront
1-D. Feeble= weak =
i/ F- o.
She was too feeble to walk=
--- -- C.
He was old and spoke in a
feeble voice =
%l, ---i
x-.
X strong/ robust ()
1. We make the students study (everyday)

3. I have made the students play
Bv-i/ H--i.
The consequences of your
action will be very grave. =
4. I made the students study.
vo: E -h uEo English

pL?
..-v-, _-o-
I will get/ have it done. -J- C Lh/ I will make him/ her/
somebody do it.
EXERCISE
(concern = worry; Grave
n C;
grave X light.)
3-A. Object = oppose=
(\)
u- -/ ~-.
They objected to my presence at the meeting =
Key and explanation:
2-F. Grave = serious =
2. We make them play
career -, communication
ju L . (communication ju career -.)
\- _- shops O-. C
-o x-Lq.
M.SURESAN
N-x/ x/
u N-x t-\-.
F u L- Bv
.
It is a matter of grave concern, the missing of the child
=
%, N p
--E
. (%
N p)
c) Communication abilities and career

prospects go hand in hand =
a) We don't have any shops close/

near at hand. For everything we
have to go long distances. =
4. Fierce
is + ing form
belong
Regular Doing Actions
simple present
This land
belongs to him - correct.
Regular
milk
I
am drinking milk
I drink milk

1) Sometimes they are hand in glove
with thieves.
2) The police station is close at hand
to your place.
3) Cleverness and crime go hand in
hand.
b) Industry and success

go hand in hand =
Gf p--
Bv-i - L-T-C C.
-\ --E x u L-.
They object to the way she
dresses =
d J
B x ~--h.
Object y to hC. E
y noun F, ... ing form
F hC.
I object to noise (noun)=
- -u-.
I object to wasting (... ing
form) money =
X allow.
s %
-u-.
4-E. Fierce = violent =
b-u---i/ ---i.
The Tiger is a fierce animal=
L (v%).
Bv-i E fierce
competition .
There is fierce competition

between the two parties.
fierce X mild/ gentle.
5-B. Desert = abandon =
(-J-j/ o-)
d--- Eq- C--.
The man deserted his wife
and children =
u, xLo C--- (C\--E--x ).

A deserted place = vEo \ x- S-
Rx- C deserted place
-C.
The police found the room
deserted =
C Et--u
M-.
Desert
NC-E-y-
* J-- .
The policeman deserted his
post of duty =
J -A / J p- M Rx-/ J--.
desert (C-L--)x support
desert (J--) x stay
desert (NC-E-y- * Rx-) x attend.
desert - J n
E .
--C- 23 -- 2007
-- j---
vo:
1. Big, large, great
n
! sx --T-
-.
2. C--u-
x
N-J.
i) -x
*v.
ii) --- u- J-C.
iii) J .
iv) v-d- u-- x p.
v) \ o. C\ h-o.
3. -- E vu x---- .
.-u, x
:
1. Big, large- h- J-Eo (size ) --. l-j
n spoken English large o big
\- . Large Cl vC.
He needs a big sized shirt./ This shirt is
too big for him
Ready made
companies, commercial Ads
big
large
large size/ extra
large size etc.
spoken
English
A big
group/ a big company/ a big
car, etc
/ a big city/ country
-h
--:
.)
-v-o:
Sir, I have some doubts of telugu
translations
relating
to
modal
auxiliaries.
1. a) I shall have completed the work.
b) I should have completed the work.
2. a) I will have completed the work.
b) I would have completed the work.
3. a) I can have completed the work.
b) I could have completed the work.
4. a) I may have completed the work.
b) I might have completed the work.
5. I need have completed the work.
6. I ought to have completed the work.
7. I must have completed the work Explain the difference in Telugu.
Suggest me a good book for collocations & some informal English dictionaries & informal spoken English books.
.--%g, t
:
1. a)
(future --)
E Jh .
b) E Jh -LqC ()
F -.
2. a) = 1 a) = future E-Jh
-v-o:
-
x a--d.
ii) Ask them to sit down-
iii)
. -u written language
x big n large --.
Big, -- --p, J-Eo -s x,
l (-) x, u-i x n
hC. He is a big man / is in a big position
, - v- n.
Large x . A large man
u-E o E n
hC. Big u-i-/ -A u-i
n C. Today is the big day of her life/
Sancranthi is a big festival for the hindus.
large
Large
Great =
A great city size
-.
n: l-j.
p. p--Eo
\
*-hC.
-, v-u- vu. - -E/ -E h- J-E (size), great . She showed
great courage = p/ \ -Eo
C. Sita had great patience - p
. x big/ large .
-E--: A large number/ a large amount
/ a large quantity, etc.

(a large amount =
amount =
s
l h)
j expressions
N---x
-u big
.
j l h A big
2. i) It is the officers that ruined me/ the officers ditched

me.
ii) Sanjaydutt got interim bail.
iii) Land struggle intensified (for that)
iv) What is wrong in naming projects after people of sacrifice?/ after people who have made sacrifices?
v)
\ o...
= They have ploughed the field and
are waiting for rain.

3.
J-v -- --x x- v-u. 200 x, v --Eo English --x L- A u-. C English x America x (Canada
), Australia Rx n----. C,
---C --
-h English ---. C science and Technology
-C-* G-%-Cl
English x x \-
-x--- 399 -.
He wanted to go too
E h-- .
E
i) Please make them sit down-
x aE p. j u-
Tx u correct
-. p- j --
N-J-.
NuJn L-j--. vB
N--. all rounder o.'y all rounder N
E -L --E English
-v-o:
Oxford advanced learner's
dictionary
''proverbs
and sayings''
*-
a.
n v L. F E ux
--T- --. sEo d E --E, d
C---E j h
*-. -.-v-u, --u-
:
Oxford Advanced
Learner's Dictionary
proverbs

-C-*
_ h, n EhC. A stitch in time saves
nine - C
proverb ?
Oxford Advanced Learner's
Dictionary
stitch
proverb
*a n-x
n C, .
book -Lq - .
9. What about your parents? - What is about your

vo:
(-o C--ux -C O lessons -C. parents?
-).
u -- 'to' 'use' . \ to 10. I will send it through Ramu - I will send it by
b) E- Jh -E F
Ramu.
use
-a? ux to ,
-.
NJ
.
--G, --t
3. a) E Jh --L---E
Does
she
think
of
going
home
Does
1.
:
C -
she think of going to home.
M.SURESAN
C .
1, 2, 4, 5 & 6. Home, there, here - O- to
2. I go there every sunday - I go to there
b) --L E F . Go home, go there, come here etc.
every sunday.
.
3.
Talk
to you = Talk with you (Both correct).
3. He wants to talk you - He wants to talk to you - He
4. a) E Jh ---?(doubt) (preWithout somebody / something = /
wants to talk with you (with -a?)
sent)
N without y of p .
4. He wishes to go home - He wishes to go to home.
b) E-Jh ---- (doubt8. Grateful (%--Vc- )
5. He is coming here tomorrow- He is coming to here
past)
tomorrow.
I am grateful to you ( uh to) for this
5. a) x need have + pp
6. I am going there next week- I am going to there
help ( N--E - E , for)
need not have + pp (not )
next week.
I am grateful to your help J-. O --E
= - . F
C--u .
(N) d E , for L.
.
7. Without him the picnic can't be fun - Without of
9. What about something? / somebody? - \
6. E LqC (C t) F
him the picnic can't be fun.
What y is verbs O .
-.
8. I am grateful to you for your help - I am grateful to
10. Send it through, correct. By - wrong.
7. E *a-.
your help.
(He must have forgotten it = --
Eo Ja- .)
vo:
-- l----o.
Cambridge Dictionary of collocations
1. To , Too u , E p--p
Too = A. It is too costly = C u (

--- N-. Read novels to
?
NJ
.
--/- -).
improve your spoken English skills. Read
2.
E,
Tx
Too...
to L --.
India Today and such other English
L, Eo --- y.
magazines.
He is too selfish to help others =
.---, .--y--, --Lx
-- ---- yn--.
You are all rounder what we call
:
2. d--= with perseverance/ tenacity.
you -- -d?
1. To , too --? To x-/
She showed a lot of perseverance/ tenacity and
iv) x C (prize) *aC
---J n, to them, to him, to her, to
finally won = - p d- --* C-*C.
Ram, to Lakshman E --. I gave it to
o u-E Tx- By my coach.
--F/- --F (l-u--y-)= Intentionally/
Ram = a. n -I got it J--?deliberately.
. To Hyderabad, To Nellore = j---,
-, -N---o
a) He intentionally delayed starting so that he would
x- E. E time n from
:
miss the train and stay at home = Train p-
10 to 4 (10 * 4 ) E .
i) Correct.
x -E, l---y---/- --E ---
To go, to come, to see infinitives , to
-u ---.
ii) You are an all rounder. What shall
go = x--E-/ --x/ x-/ --l-E,
b) She deliberately appeared in ordinary clothes so
we call you?
--.
that people might not know she was rich = - iii) I got it because of my coach (by my
Too = Also = .
- E---L-E --- --,

coach \ J-).
He wanted to go too =
-, -h- C.
--- 25 -- 2007
-x---
-- j---
400
June 12, 2005

ken English course.
lessons
4
0
0
v---uC spoC 400th lesson. E-- Eo

Jh --L-T--
- - C. achievement
u--, - y p.
course -----F, English ju x------oE ---! d, English medium C-N--x,
Jh vO -u medium --x -v-Ap-Ch-o.
lessons - - \ ---- --Ch. -- *a
lessons --C-* Eo u-i -:
vA lesson - ( conversation) v----C ?
-- O - - spoken English
h o uh v lesson E --
practise . y v Ja Sx practise .
400 lessons E -- (at the beginning of each lesson) Eu @N--E Eo -s J* o.
dialogues O u- x, --J/ ---
_-o*, xd -sx (complex situations)
simple (--i), natural (--i) spoken
English forms O English conversation ---. Then
Chakora: Chakita is the girl who told me about
it.
(-N- p t )
Champa: She is the girl who saw it all happen.

So what she told you must be correct.
correct
(J-TC C . d
L.)
pC
Chakora: The information I had had earlier

was different.
So you say
Chakita's
information is
more reliable.
you can speak English with

ease.
(-u. v-o x---x--).

lessons *a
vocabulary (---/
) Eu @N-
English .
E -J .
Voice (Active & Passive),

Degrees of comparison,
Direct and Indirect speechgrammar exercises
practise
OE
-. ---i--p -s-E T--d E

L---J. E practise . O
sentence E sentence (voice,
degrees, direct & indirect speech) a- v-Ao-l. Situation d type of sentence suitable -
Eo .
Get, give, take, see, put, do, talk, walk, sleep, make, hand, go,
find, look, come, stand, buy, bring, know, pay, mind, hot, learn,
want, mean
expressions
spoken English lessons
practise
conversation
language simple
conversational
expressions practise
lessons
ing
Most important:
ing

English pronunciation, public speak -C-* N- L--h. E .
- J x-- clarity of think(--x pd) ,clarity of speech (x pd)
C. -E pd -*- a-.
u ho vocabulary items Fo ---i
, Cladvanced level spoken English . n--, N-, E sentences, pronunciation,
uA-- (Antonyms) ho. O O -- -.
A ---i - a
--E
--- (Increase your word power).
O -O ---. p-- O - . -- h,
-sx a L-- ? -Eo-E
vo u x h u a. We wish all our readers a fur -. p O
C. (vC-, %- ). ther period of purposeful spoken English course.

.
u NN -sx
(. 15000 - A *aC. E-p --o

necklace s o.)
Chakora: (She) must be a brilliant girl. (L-j
x L.)
Champa: Of course. She is.
a) Gandhi was the leader. He preached

peace and non violence
( -
C. A C-.)
-F 'Who' --a.
Gandhi was the leader who preached

peace and non violence.
b) Sachin is the cricketer. He has the record
for most runs.
I met a man yesterday. He was my schoolmate.

schoolmate)
(Eo ---E ---o.
2) She is a girl who you can always trust.

(= She is a girl + you can always trust her-
t y-p t--T t).

sentences who C--
p, simpler .
She is a girl who you can always tr ust
(--
L-
- Go C.
y *a --
t--T--.)
reliable = J-- = -----T/ t--T
Champa: Yea. It is. (Do) you know she is a girl

who you can always trust.
(.
. t--T t E F
?)
Chakora: I do, of course. But isn't she the girl

whose essay got the best prize in
the last month's competition?
(C
L-? t u-E--
u-- x h A *aC?)
Champa: That's right. She got a cash prize

of Rs.15000/-. With it she bought
the necklace she wears now.
EXERCISE
advanced level
ken English forms
(o--n)spoEo lesson
l. (-- lessons
forms --o.)
sentences who, which, whose,
where - --a
.
h
= Sachin is the cricketer who has

the record for most runs.
-- --o
? Present day English
( English) whom
-J-*---E, E
Who --oE. :
M.SURESAN
The man who I met yesterday was my
1) Chakita is the girl who told me about it.
schoolmate. (Eo -J-j ---o,
2) She is a girl who you can always trust.
schoolmate- Eo3) Isn't she the girl whose essay got the best
---o- schoolmate.
prize in the essay competition.
English The man whom I met ...
1) Chakita is the girl. She told me about itE hC. u spoken English
sentences 'Who' j *a
Whom p .) j sentence C
sentence (1) -.
sentences - x hC ?
Chakita is the girl who told me about it.
He is the leader (who)

everyone
admires.
G--E-/ a--)
3) Isn't she the girl? + Her essay got the first

prize = Isn't she the girl whose essay got the
prize?
J (whose) u-E-j 1st prize

*a, ? - 1st
prize *aC u-E ?
a) He is the student whose books were
stolen.
s h- T-L-.
b) The man whose car was lost is my friend
=
friend =
friend
J j

.
who, whose, which sentences --a. Eo N a lesson .
3-A. Dilemma = fix; (Dilemma-

Fix o n. n
\--- N L.
\ -) = Cl/ a, GT-, etc.
E J-nA.
Dilemma x resolution (Eg)
Pronunciation: -E \
A
B
We all know about Lakshmana's 4-E. Vice = wickedness = t_/
-.
1. Accompany
A. fix
dilemma = ~ t- Cl J- nA
Accompany x avoid (C--)
/ y u-. Vices \-
2. Burden
B. agitate
Whether to stay with u- n -.
2-C. Burden = load = / .
3. Dilemma
C. load
Sita to protect her or obey her comA man of many vices = u-The burden of the school bag is too
4. Vice
D. go with
mand to go in search of SriRamao uh.
heavy for the children to carry =
5. Spin
E. wickedness
\ * x -- - N- ~--, Drinking, gambling (W), sex
F. turn
N c v -Fo vices. Drugs vice.
.
ANSWERS
Indulge in vice = u--E -/
burden \- , u- x-? E.
The left parties are in a dilemma
.
u- p-.
1-D. Accompany= go with =
whether to support the nuclear deal
He
has
the
burden
of
educating
his
He indulges in all vices = -E-Eo
(-J) L x.
or to get out of the coalition and face
son
and
marrying
off
his
daughter.
u- o.
a
mid
term
poll
=
Sita accompanied SriRama to the
, Rx u- --~ ClnA p N- Vice x virtue ().
forests = u-E X--
(L) RxC. Wherever he goes she -- C.
Congress -Jn-- Sita (Lord Rama's wife) was a
He has a huge debt burden =
accompanies him = --\- R
g* j-T u- Eo-- woman of great virtue (--A).
- l C.
E (L) -C.
l---? C-l o. Truth, honesty - Fo virtues.
Match the words A with their
meanings under B
Duties should accompany rights =
(admire =
She is a girl who you can

trust = She is a girl you
can trust.
5-F. Spin = turn =
T-T A- (
d A-. A top ()
spins = T-T A--C.
The Earth spins around its axis =

axis)
N d (~ =
A--C.
Spin bowling = A T-T -d
AJ-x bowl . Spin
Ap . Kumble spins.
B. Agitate = - .
BCs are agitating for more reservareservations
tions = BC
_ \
- h-o.
Agitate = shake.
Be agitated =
We
are agitated about the increasing
number of kidnaps = Kidnaps
- .
\- x - -o.
- 27 -- 2007
-- j---
Pradhan: What are you reading?
Pradhan: How do you find the book that you

are reading now?
( ---o?)
Pramukh: (I am reading) the book (that) you
gave me yesterday
(Ny-p --o h
C?)
Pramukh: Quite interesting.
(Eo Ny*a h)
Pradhan: Here is another book on the same
subject. Read this too.
( N--O C h. C
)
Pramukh: Let me finish the one I am reading now.
( C/ Jh h L-TC
C/ Jh h L-T-hC)
Pradhan: But our friends Prakash and Prasad
who read a lot of such books find it
not so good.
(p --o h Jh-F.)
(F h- C
Nv v, v- a)
that/ which- -E
Ca. C best/ simple.
sentences
who, which,
that, whose, where and when
practise
conversation
lesson
-- . *o-*o
L--
a. C
--L-T
E- hC. N
l:
I have seen the movie (which/ that) you

wanted me to see (that/ which omit
best)= I've seen the movie you wanted me
to see.
Pradhan: When exactly did you meet them?

conversation above:
3) You are reading Pranav's book. He wants

it back-
( y C Jh---.
Eo V hEo --EtE -?)
Pramukh: Just at the time when you left me for

home
1) I am reading the book that you gave me yesterday.
Pradhan: The time for which he would let me

have it was four days. The days that
have passed are already six. It
won't look nice to ask him for some
more time. Any way I'll try. He may
not mind it.
y _--*
Rx----p.)
Pradhan: Pranav, whose book you are reading now, wants it back tomorrow.
(y ---oC, v h C
---o)
Pramukh: I'm afraid I can't finish it so soon.
Couldn't you ask him to let me have
it for a few more days?
( o----oC
V. p
--V-j-. Sx
h time
-
-.
vAoh. -------a.)
Pramukh: Yea. That reminds me. I met them

yesterday at the book shop where
good second hand books are sold.
(. h-*aC. * second hand

books t shop ---o.)
(Correct
2) Let me finish the one I am reading now.

3) Pranav whose book
you are reading now
wants it back.
Pradhan: I see.
(

-x---

401
4) The time for which

he lent me this book
was four days.
OE -
y v h ---o. o-
---o- whose .
Pranav whose book you are reading wants
it back.
a) Parasurama's
guru
was
Siva.
Parasurama could not bear Rama breaking Siva's bow.
whose
(-J-j) -:
I studied at that college ..
Pramukh: Is the book that you have better

than this?
(F _-o h DE- ?)
Pradhan: It is for the person who reads it to
decide. In these matters everyone
has their opinions.
(C--x Eg-----Lq N
C. N-x J G-v x.)
Pramukh: I do agree with you there. Tastes differ as rivers differ.
(y pC p--.
Fx - G--
.)
tastes differ as rivers differ- () =
-G-o-*/ v--Cl, >y--*.
EXERCISE
A
5) The days that have passed are

lesson sentences
six.
L-- Who, whose, which, that,
6) It is for the person who reads it to
-----
decide.
. C h advanced stage of
conversational aspect.
7) I met them at the book where
jn- -C-*C. -good second hand books are
--p spoken English p
sold.
*o-*o sentences
M.SURESAN
1) I am reading the book=
N p ? p
h --o.
*o x x---x---E, J--y
h? - That you gave me yesterday.
o-d-.
y Eo *a h. \ That
Sunil was here yesterday. He is my classwhich a.
mate. p-. spoken lan2) Let me finish the book (that) you gave me
guage *o sentences -
yesterday C- j sentence
L x- -C, ...
sentences L N.
Sunil who was here yesterday is my classmate.
sentences that F which F
(Eo \ o sunil classmate)
a. - that \ --o.
E--D congress Ce---_Eo v-N - h

YSR C.
2-D. Wield= Handle (verb)= (1)
Congress YSR C-Eo --h.

unwieldy X manageable
3-A. Hardware= Metal ware=
1. Clout
A Metal ware
2. Wield
B Rent
3. Hardware
C Slow
4. Reign
D Handle
5. Lease
E Rule
F Power
G split
KEY: 1-F. Clout= Power=
h
(h, -- u --x, s- x a
h, --).
Kumar has the clout to get the

contract= contract
(influence)
- h
(h), --
---o.
YSR's opinions carry a lot of

clout with congress high command including Sonia Gandhi=
(j h-) -
----.
A Boy of ten years cannot wield
a motor cycle=
motor cycle
handle
x v
- - (
/
Eo , Eo -
a- h -E )= A
bike is unwieldy for a ten yearold boy.
-- - --
h-, E-x, J--
u %-E-t--E, v--vT -C-* h-.
ware= h/ h-.
(2) Computer E v electronic . (X software =
Computer - -T programs, etc.)
4-E. Reign= Rule.
The teacher found the class

unwieldy because it had about a
hundred students=
class
control
/ --.
(2) YSR wields a lot of clout in

congress
X%-g----
A, -u- -CC.
Nu-n-o
----.
(\ wield= C---N
--)=
Reign- (pronunciation-
)=
Srikrishnadevaraya's reign is
known for its peace and prosperity=
During the reign of Congress =
Congress
-.
b) The lease is for a period of ten

years=
c) He gets a lease of Rs. 10000 a
month=
lease=
lease
holder=
tenant.
A second lease of life=
l- x.
C l.
(Eo --y).
l--o-/
-=
-- v * --/ --.
He narrowly escaped death=
v p---o.
He has a second lease of life=
Sx t Ah-x.
G. Split= <.
The party split in two= Party
(split- split- split).
q --?
5) The days that have passed are six= Days

have passed. They are six.
6) It is for the person who reads it to decide
it= It is for the person to decide it. Which person- the one who reads it.
7) I met them at the book shop + Good second hand books are sold= I met them at
the book shop where good second hand
books are sold.
8) I studied at that college + You are talking
about it= You are talking about the college
where (in which) I studied =
college
y x-J.
-oC --o
sentences - practise
.
vo: 1.
Your invitation has

been rather at a short
notice.
D`--L l
(, --x E
\ -E l--y/
x a l/ / )
nEo
l--a.
bow=
4) The time for which

he lent me this book
was four days= He lent me this book + The
time was four days.
5-B. Lease= Rent.
a) He leased out his site to the

factory
factory=
Parasurama whose
guru was Siva could
not bear Rama breaking his bow.
2. I would rather they all

would.
rather
n N?
3. Presume a-J-L?
G.-,
: 1) Rather= h/- \-/
(-- sC -L-T--/ ----d --)
Your invitation has been rather at a short
notice=
O -- pC---E uC
h \= tLo O L-* -s-E,
-j --E time J----a.
2) I would rather= I'd rather- \ rather
----= --E-- -Eo
\ d--.
I'd rather have coffee than tea=
tea
coffee
E \ d---.
v'Wu 'Wu
. 'Wu \---.
3) Presume- pronunciationsize
<LC.
--C- 30 -- 2007
Q:
-- j---
agree + infinitive (Agree to go; Agree
Kindly clarify about the idiomatic

usage of the verb 'agree'. We
say, a) We agree with you, b)
We agree to your proposal, c)
We agree on the dates fixed.
to pay, etc)
3) Agree=
(--) U---E
( a y).
We agreed on the 29th as the date
We do not have a clear idea

about the context in which these
form of the idiom should be used.
- S. Sivaprasad, Machilipatnam
A:
of the meeting =
- 29 C Eg---o/
U---E a.
Agree
y a preposition,
E n d C.
1) Agree= --N-/ -G-v .
n Agree with somebody.
4) If two or more reports about an incident are

the same, they agree with each/ one another
=
--E J--
He agreed with me about the need to hold

a meeting =
- --- N
--N/ , G- idiomatic
v
.
a) The information I received does not agree

with your report of it =
*a -, Nyho report .
usage
b) His story agrees with what

the police have said =
(Agree + with people)

2) Agree =
p--/ U--J-, u
N --d ---p, C
a--p, Agree to something.
a) The management agreed to the postponement of its decision =
Eg-Eo
--- -u U-J-*C. (Agree to + an idea/ proposal)
b) The management may not agree to a

reduction in the hours of work =
T_---E -u
U--J-a.
c) After some argument, he agreed
to pay what I had wanted =
y --T- Lx- U--J-.

Q:
, police *a - C.
5) Agree with something = N-Eo C-/ tA-.
3)
5) Difference between funeral & cremation.

6) Difference between cool & cold.
marriage &
-x--- 402
A:
J* N-
Intransitive
verbobject
verb.
answer
verb.
nEo d, time of
d Eo---j a)
2) Transitive verb , object o verb.
-JE? EE? vo - a
1) Principal verb
action (Tense)
verb. He sees me every day. Verb- sees=
simple, complex and compound sentences

1. In spite of his poverty, he is honest. (simple)
Though he is poor, he is honest. (complex)
He is poor, but he is honest. (compound)
2. Owing to illness, he was absent.
As he was ill, he was absent.
He was ill and so he was absent.
3. Incase of working hard, you will pass.
If you work hard, you will pass.
You must work hard, and then you will pass.
4. Incase of not working hard, you will fail.
Unless you work hard, you will fail.
You must work hard otherwise you will fail.
5. He came in order to talk to me.
He came, so that he could talk to me.
He came and talked to me.
6. Soon after his arrival we left.
As soon as he come, we left.
He came and at once we left.
7. On seeing/ having seen the police, the thief
ran away.
When the thief saw the police, he ran
away.
The thief saw the police and he ran away.
- A. Sudhakar, Bhiknoor
n L---.
wedding.
- P. Sreenivasarao,
Pithapuram
1) A dictionary gives the definitions, meanings, and explanations of words. A thesaurus gives lists of synonyms without
detailed explanation.
2)
intransitive verbs
Naxals/ Maoists conduct recce (reconnaissance) about their targets
(x ~u -
o - J*)
3) 'Privilege' in sentences like, "I feel it a privilege .../ I have the privilege .../ I
take it (as) a privilege ...". (we
don't say, I take the privilege ...)
something of which you feel
proud and lucky
privilege)
funeral & cremation
4) I have read in the

Hindu "36 foot
Ganesh idol". We have to use feet. But
here foot is used, why?
between
h/ -h,
-JE? Ans: me.
d see transitive
(object o) verb.
- P. Sivanagaraju, Musunuru
Q:
N?
' *--- qq \ .
\? E spelling N?
'I take privilege' - privilege usage --.
( y, %-d N-
--j
4) 36 foot Ganesa idol is correct. We say, "The

idol is 36 feet tall" or "It is a 36 foot tall idol".
He is six feet tall= He is a six foot tall man.
That is the accepted usage.
5) A funeral is the religious ceremony or ceremonies performed at the death of a person.
Cremation is the burning of a dead body as
different from burial which means laying the
body underground.
He agr eed with me
a?
A:
1) Dictionary - Thesaurus
2) I came to read
What is
7) Difference
y
--P-~ C-h?
be forms (am, is, are,

Eo N- --T--
J.
3. Tx J
uEo Tx-
pL?
Q:
a) Do you agree
with death punishment =
1. Principal verb
was, were)
2. Transitive, Intransitive verbs
M.SURESAN
-JE? EE E vo
go there every day. Verb- go = x

x?/ E x?Answer ?
-E go, intransitive verb.
3) I don't know English well./ I am not good at
English/ poor at English.
A:
7 sets of simple, complex and compound sentences

set
simple, compound, complex
sentences
phrase
conjunctions
. vA

n . x
,
a.
a
E n .
simple, complex, compound

Set 1: 1) In spite of =
= 3) but =
--p- = 2) though =
/ F.
Set 2: 4) Owing to = -x = 5) As = --x = 6) and so.
Set 3: 7) In case of = J- n-A = 8) If =
= 9) and then = --p
Set 4: 10) In case of = 11) unless = p
= 12) Otherwise = -
Set 5: 13) in order to = = 14) so that =
- = 15) and = .
Set 6: 16) soon after = y = 17) as
soon as = 18) at once =
Set 7: 19) on seeing = having seen =
x = 20) when = p = 21) and = Sx.
--p-
Q:
C * question. British English, Recce

(J) - \ E --.
Reconnaissance (JE \ ) British short form Recce,
American English, Recon. O n v
n-, h -n u, -L-- -C* - -J-, - l-.
1)
2)
-h, --J-v, A--h

- Tx --N?
C - N-J-.
6) Cool- comfortable- anything cool gives

us comfort and is pleasant. 'Cold'
makes us feel uncomfortable. Cool
water is what we like to drink, where
as cold water is not pleasant to drink.
Cool =
cold =
(The coffee has gone cold, I
can't drink it)
xE,
L o/ x---
-.
7) Marriage is the union of a man and a woman

resulting in their living together as a husband
and wife. Wedding is the religious ceremony
at which a man and a woman marry each
other. Marriage is also their legal relationship.
He married her is more common than he wedded her. Wedded the meaning of married is
out dated.
InventionComputer, TV, cell phone-
h %d-.
Fo Inventions
E E %d-.
Discovery- o EE \, --Climate - Weather
Test- Examination
J , n --.
Invention - Discovery Anthem - Song
AnthemU -E, A, \%-A
Elementary - Primary
C
v-
3) Date of birth
v
vu
Christian era
Jointly/ together
o , vu
L?
-s x v
4) W.e.f. Jh N?
C. '--- B U
5) Rx V, J-{ V ---
national anthem (National song ).
Tx- E G--C-L?
Song j.
- Challa Devadas, Vemulapadu
Elementary- v--- o (u
A: 1) -h = Jointly/ together
Nu)elementary questions - L--i
--J-v =Dairy industry
d--.
A--h= Exaggeration
Primary- v-N--i/ u-i Nu N2) Climate = v- -q- Q Elementary education (American) =
g-nA (, , L, , J-nA -q
Primary education (British) = education for
-)
people from 5 years to 11 years old.
Weather- v- -V Q-g- nA.
This is of primary importance = A uTest, Exam lD, u-iD .
i N.
Test \-J exam - F, exam 3) p h-o Christian Era. J
- F Ey- K~. -
date 12'3'1987 C Christian Era.
u-i . Nu-| qualification
oC 2007 Christian Era.
--E LqC, exam v F, 4) With effect from- j x a K/
test . Modern English examination
/ -q
exam -. examination 5) i) Wish you a long and happy married life.
vC. p - , India
ii) May yours be a long and happy married
p.
life.
--- 1 ----J 2008
-- j---
Sugandhi: (Do) you remember Sunayana?

She brought me a dress from
Singapore.
(- h? * dress *aC.)
Supushpa: (Do) you mean your childhood
friend? She lives in Kolkota. Isn't
that the one?
(
y-C F *o- o-LE

J* ? --
C ?)
Look at the following pairs of sentences

(j ---E C u - .)
1) (Do) you remember sunayana? She brought
me a dress from Singapore.
2) (DO) you mean your childhood friend? She
lives in Kolkota.
3) The lecturer has given me an assignment. I
have to complete it tomorrow.
4) You are a lucky girl. Your lecturer gives easy
assignments.
Sugandhi: Yes. That she is. She is coming

home to tea with me. How about
joining us?
5) Last night you went to a movie. How was it?
(. C.
hC. y -?)
7) You are giving tea to Sunayana. You have to

make arrangements for it.
Supushpa: I'm afraid I can't. The lecturer has

given me an assignment. I have to
complete it by tomorrow.
sentence pairs (u ) -
--E v-Aol: :
( , sorry. lecturer
assignment *aC. Eo -- Jh L.)
Sugandhi: My lecturer gave me an assignment as well. But I finished it yesterday itself.
*aC assignment. C Eo -.)
lecturer
Supushpa: You are a lucky girl. Your lecturer

gives easy
assignments.
(y %-d-
---LN.
O lecturer
Fo --i
hC.)
6) He has directed four movies so far. They

have all been crowd pullers.
1) (Do) you remember Sunayana. She brought

me a dress from Singapore = (D0) you
remember Sunayana Who brought me a
dress from Singapore.
-F
L ?)
2) (Do) you mean your

childhood
friend?
She lives in Kolkota =
Do you mean your
a) He is the lucky guy. His essay got the first

prize=
he is the lucky guy
whose essay got the first prize =
grocery = d ; provisions = , p, *- etc.

\ -LqC, buy y shop
a preposition 'from' \ E (DEo
J*) next lesson \- --.)
%-d- -. u-E
-A *aC =
J uE-j -A *a .
u-E A C .
403
6) He has directed four movies so far. They

have all been crowd pullers
p ,
E--Fo v- N. Whose
join l.
-F -a ?
He is a great actor
--a,
He has directed four movies so far all of which

have been crowd pullers.
which
n ad,
-
The four movies he has

directed so far have all
been crowd pullers. [The
four movies (which) he
has directed so far have
all been crowd pullers.]
A doctor who specialises in hear t diseases
Sugandhi: Last night you went to a movie.

How was it?
(-- o F *o- hEo

J- y-C?)
(Eo vA E---x.
C?)
Supushpa: You certainly missed it. It was really interesting. I went with two of my
cousins. They really liked it.
(y E -d--o. *
E-. C -h--
C. cousins l-J x.
x-C *aC.)
Sugandhi: The director is Nirdesac. So it must
have been good.
(E z- El- . -E
C.)
Supushpa: He has directed 4 movies so far.
They have all been crowd pullers.
(-- *v- z-y

---. Fo --{-.)
Sugandhi: Well, I must be going. I've to make
arrangements.
(. x-L. px L.)
Supushpa: What arrangements?
( px?)
Sugandhi: I told you.
(p ?)
Supushpa: Oh now I remember. You are giving tea to Sunayana. You have to
make arrangements for it.
( h-*aC. - tea ho . y px
uL.)
Sugandhi: Bye.
The grocery from which we buy our provisions is shut = The grocery which we buy our
provisions from is shut = The grocery we buy
our provisions from is shut.
-x---
childhood friend who lives in

Kolkota?
assignments h, } O/ C y
C ---i -
C --i assignments a lecturer
o %-d- ---LN y)
b) He is a great actor. His films are all popular

=
(Who
assignments
lesson sentences
sentence Who,
which, that, whose, where, etc. . JEoE p l. C Cl d d
J- practise -.
whose films are all

popular.
5) Last night you went to a movie.
How was it? =
Let's join these
two sentences.
sentences
Eo vA E--}. C?
N- -a.
This is how we use 'Who' to join

two sentences. Some more
examples.
M.SURESAN
i) How was the movie to which you
a) My friend took me to a doctor. He
went last night?
specialises in heart diseases = My friend
OR
took me to a doctor who specialises in heart
diseases.
ii) How was the movie which you went to, last
b) She is our classmate Surekha. She gets the
night?
top score in every subject =
class(i)
to which you went, (ii)
mate
subject
top
which you went to
score
sentence
Sentence (i) ....to which you went
She is our classmate Surekha who gets the
Modern English
top score in every subject.
Which you went to last night?
correct.
3) The lecturer has given me an assignment. I
sentences
which
have to complete it by tomorrow. (Lecturer
Which
best.
assignment
How was the movie you went to last night?
sentences
which
simplest

. vA

a--C OE
:
*aC. - C Jh

L.)
--a.
The lecturer has given em an assignment
which I have to complete by tomorrow.
who
which
second sentence
begin
(. h-
N--i
) C Cl -*h
N --a
.
I have to complete by tomorrow the assignment which the lecturer has given me.
sentences
which
better.
B-a. B-
The lecturer has given me an assignment I

have to complete by tomorrow/ I have to
complete by tomorrow the assignment the
lecturer has given me.
ho j sentences which
. Which - that -a. C
lesson -E.
4) You are a lucky girl. You lecturer gives easy
assignments whose
-F L--
(J a- --i
-E-
E hC.
-u .
C .
--.
B CN
C
.
vo:
V
verb. V1 = (verb1) = present tense. V2 = (verb2) = past
tense. V3 = (verb3) = past participle. V4 = (verb4) = present participle.
j --Fo -d? OE
J* xh N-J-.
. ---, j, t
: O -N correct. V verb
y, to go, to see etc. N infinitives. O -J-* -- lessons
- -N-- --L-. .
V1= Present simple tense.
a) He has copied his answer from a book. It is

here =
answer
copy
join

h *
. C-\-C. -F
h,
The book from which he has copied his
answer is here = The book he has copied his
answer from is here (Which
).
b) He kept his books in this bag. It is lying here

bag
The bag in which he kept
his books is lying here = The bag he kept his
books in is lying here (which
( h
\ C) =
d. C).
7) You are giving tea to Sunayana. You have to

make arrangements for it,
Which
j -.
You have to make arrangements for the tea

(which) you are giving to sunayana.
He bought the House. His brother wanted
to buy it too = He bought the house (which)
his brother wanted to buy too.
--o E } o/ t o.
V3- Past participle - e.g.: gone, taken
verbs
V1, V2
N. N
,
.
Past participle j 'be' form
h p, be form + participle, verb
-C.
e.g.: The shop is closed (verb - is - be

form + closed - past participle)verbs passive voice
Have/ has/ had/ shall have/ would have
+ past participleverbs
.
-N
-.
e.g.: He would have gone [verb-would have +
gone (pp) ]
b) She takes coffee in the mornings. (takesV1)
V4= Present participle- going, coming

'ing' forms. Past participle
'ing' forms
(present participles)
verbs
'be' form
be form + ing
form
verbs
c) I went to the doctor yesterday (went-V2)
He is going [verb-is(be)+ ing]
d) She took milk this morning (took-V2)
She is coming [verb-is(be)+ing]
e.g.: go, goes, take, takes etc.

a) I go to the part once a week (go-v.)
. O p,
-.
- 3 ----J 2008
-- j---
Visesh: You are in a very smart shirt today.

Where did you buy it?
(y -o shirt W_
C. \ o?)
Sasesh: I usually buy all my clothes from
smartdress. I bought this there as
well.
( h-Fo smartdress
. C \.)
Visesh: Seems to be the good sort.
(*--- (*-) E-ho--.)

Sasesh: He really is. He is one of the people
who like company.
(E. - -u ---x --.)

Visesh: I like to meet him.
(E --------o.)
Visesh: You were talking to a tall guy yesterday. Who was he?
Sasesh: You will have the opportunity when he

comes here next week.
(Eo y _ o --
x---o. --?)
(a- -E-\- *a--p F

----C.)
Sasesh: Don't you remember? He is Raghu. I

spent my last summer with him. He is
my distant cousin.
Visesh: Yea. I remember now. But why did

you go to him? I usually remember
something about his helping you.
who, whose, which,

sentences
a ---o-? lesson
o --o .
- prepositions J* --oC ( lessons ) h a--L.
hC . Prepositions : above, after,
(. p h-*aC .
y _- --}?
F J*
pd hC .)
vague (= p-d-
i) X clear. (vague- )
along, at, before, between, by, down, for, from,

in, into, like, near, of, off,
on, out of, over, since,
through, under, up, with,
without
(h- F? N - o . cousin
.)
Sasesh: You were out of town at the time. I

had to spend
time
with
someone. So I
went to him. He
is very good at
a number of
games. Chess is one of them. I learnt
it from him.
lessons
that, where, when
a) Of which college are you a student? =

college
b) Which college
are you a student of? - (a), (b)
(b),
(Preposition- 'of'
common.
Nu-JnN? =
* C) \
yC shop o? = Which shop
did you buy it from? (From which shop did you

buy it?
)
C L= I want a knife
to cut it with. (with * .)
C h-- p , sentences join p j sentences
preposition * correct.
-x---
404
Now look at the following pairs of sentences

and observe how we
can join them with the
preposition in the end.
6) He is good at a number of games. Chesss is

one of them = Chess is one of the number of
games he is good at. (
games
chess
7) Have you seen the cricket bat at my place? He
used to practise with it = Have you seen at my
place the cricket bat he used to practise with?
sentence pairs
preposition
Spoken English
conversation
effective
pairs of sentences
which, that, whose,
where, and when
omit
omit
examples
prepositions
1) We cut the fruit with this knife. It is very
sharp.
a) This knife which we
cut the fruit with
(prep) is very sharp.
b) This knife we cut the
fruit with is very
sharp.
- *a
, j
(u * .
) L---p,
--.
C.
Eo
N. j
, E L---p

.
J-Eo
l,
* ax.
-E --a:
This knife we cut the fr uit with..
( - y x .
J time --L-? -E
} }.
-. chess .
_ C a-o.)
Visesh: I now understand why you play the
game so well.
(p -n--uC y
chess -.)
Sasesh: Have you seen the cricket bat at my
place? He used to practise with it. He
gave it to me.
( x cricket bat
y. E practise . C -a---.)
EXERCISE
A
1. Hatch
A. Offend
2. Rude
B. Dishonour
3. Abuse
C. Quarrel
4. Scandal
D. Impolite
5. Dispute
E. Brood
F. Refined
G. Polished
KEY:
OE
place, positions, time, or
Terrorists hatched the plan to kill

MS Benazir Bhutto even before
she returned to Pakistan =
Benazir Bhutto -
Bv-- u -v
o.
2-D. Rude = Impolite = Ill mannered-
-x u-
--/ /
v-Jh.
He was rude enough not to offer

even a seat to his visitor =
1-E. Hatch = Brood =
--*a A-CE a-E

p- .
(~) x CT f *
x - a -.
She told him rudely to get out =
All the eggs have been hatched=
v u -E
---x-C.
Rude X Refined (\)
Eo x* x -a.
The eggs are about to hatch =
x-* (x-d vj)

x - --o,
~--j.
To hatch (a plan) = j u
-Eo/ v -C-.
1) You are in very smart shirt today.
Where did you buy it? = Where

L-- nouns/ pronouns
did you buy the smart shirt you
. OE N-
are in? (In * hC ?)
lessons .
2) I usually buy all my clothes from
Who, whose, etc.
smartdress. I bought this there as
sentences L---p preposiwell = I bought this from smarttions \ --C u-i
dress where I usually buy all my
M.SURESAN
N Modern Spoken English .
clothes from (from- prep)
Prepositions sentences *
3)
You
were
talking
to a tall guy yesterday. Who
p .
was he? = Who was the tall guy you were
In which class are you? (y class?)
to, yesterday? (to- prep)
sentence , preposition (prep) sentence 4) talking
He is Raghu. I spent my last summer with
C ? Modern English
him = He is Raghu, who I spent my last sum(u Spoken English) , sentence *
mer with. (with- prep)
hC preposition, .
5) I had to spend time with someone. So I went
Which class are you in? (y class
to him = I went to him to spend time with.
o?/ y class?)
(with- prep)
which L. b) which
L. (b) -- C. .
a)
method
l cricketer -J--
Ad--o. } ----- umpire
dC.
He abused me for no fault of
mine =
--
o --*a-d Ad/
s---.
Abuse X Praise/ Commend
(a--)
Abuse n--o.
Spoken English C
. N n yA lesson .
4-B. Scandal = Dishonour=
3-A. Abuse = Offend =
s---/ --*a-x Ad
--.
The two cricketers abused each
other and it took some time for
the umpire to calm them-
-- Cvs---
v-h, u--
= scam.
Lalu Prasad Yadav was involved
in the fodder scandal =
-
- v
-/
-\-o = (involved)
2) I am looking for a stick. I want to beat the

dog with it
join
( v ho. E
\ d-) OE h:
a) I am looking for a stick which I want to
beat the dog with.
b) I am looking for a stick I want to beat the
dog with.
a) is more common and more accepted than (b).
N d . -E
Oo English -.
Q.
People in public service should

guard themselves against scandals=
v-- o--}---
Cvs-A- a-u
v-h--L.
Scandal X Honour/ Glory
(=/ j)
5-C. Dispute = Quarrel.
Border dispute =
River waters dispute =
N.
J-l N.
D
N.
Nobody buys disputed property-
N-x o hE .
Dispute X Agreement
good G. Polished =
mannered.
He is a polished young man =
manners
(Refined
synonym).
\/
o -.
DE
i) Applications called for for

the post of ...
for
- -u-
-x ---T---a?
ii) Ex former --N-?
Most Ministers are involved in

some scandal or the other =
-C v v-
Cvs--- v-h, au o-x.
practise
- A. Kiranmai, Hyderabad
A.
Applications called for, for the post of...

for
for,
Applications - Applications called for =
Applications which have been called for.
for, for the post of =
-x --.
u .
n -- .
Q. Biodata, Resume --N-?
ii) Ex= former-
- GVSM Patnaik, Chinamerangi
A.
Biodata
J @N N- u
@N- C-* N- G. (Nu-|-) Job application L--aN.
Resume (Vu- Vu, size ) =
u--E apply --p,
application a Nu-|-, -/ p u-- N-.
Biodata - Resume \ N-Lh. Resume vA N h.
Resume (American English) = Curriculum
Vitae (CV) (British English)
Resume
etc
n J v, u,
E u-/ summary.
--C- 6 ----J 2008

Q.
-- j---
i) Assent, Consent;
ii) Astonished, Surprised;

iii) Avenge, Revenge;
iv) Bill, Act-
- --
n N-J---.
.-u, x
i) Assent = C--
o-J U-/
U- L--.
A.
We were astonished at the six year old

boy's memory and his ability to do complicated mathematics =
x
y c--h, x-d- i \-j --, Cvs L-T-*C.
(Astonish = , n- EL*- au).
iii) Avenge - -C-* J J-T
u--E vB- C-.
eg: He avenged his father's death =
vE -- vB- Ba--o.
The president assented/ gave his assented to the bill passed by the parliament =
Parliament
bill
I was surprized at his presence there =
--\
a-u-- (--\
----/ o).
Q.
1. Each, every
~vA-- v hOu--b-E
-, --- vB- Ba--o.
Revenge = J-T u--E
vB- Ba--.
Avenge, Revenge
x
Rx v t-A-/ --A-.
vC--i-. j p
-sx v .
ii) Astonished, surprized- - n
a-u-- . , surprized
-E - j J-T--p
L . Astonish surprize
\ au Cvs L-T-C E.
-E N- ---x L
au.
Duryodhana took revenge on

Pandavas because he felt
insulted by Drowpadi =
vC
--E-*- u--
vB- Ba--o.
iv) Parliament/ Assemblies C
Bt Bill. C
Z-A/
Governor U C
y d Act
-C.
vA
C L? j ?
sentences
to, for
3. He sold half of his property.

Half of the fruit is bad.
u- of a?
? Woollen clothes
golden medal, wooden horse
4. Cotton clothes, iron box

wool clothes, gold medal
wood horse
- T. Siva, Nandikotkuru
group vA h/ vA uh (\\) E.
group Fo/ E.
\ o vA s- h C.
Every boy here has a book=
\ o s----J h---o. :
Each of them received a gift =
xx vA \ \ -A .
Every one of them received gifts =
x- -- .
N
-
L---.
- K. Vijay, Kadapa
----
Telugu to
English Dictionary,
the best.
Q.
1. Future tense
will
--T shall,
u N-J-.
2. Mayor feminine noun - Mayoress
! J N--- lady o-p
mayoress
L.
Mayor -o.
?
I request you to
kindly let me know
the Indirect speech
for this: "Do you go
to Agra this year?''
she said to Kamala.
She asked Kamala
if she would go to
Agra that year.
car
-x--- 405
x/ --Rx vA
M.SURESAN
car
4.
3. Spoken English-367
lesson
Who gave
this news to you?
Who did give this news to
you?
J--
Each, Every
He said this in an aside =
C o (--
NE--).
3. Half of his property = Half his property-
a) Tools are useful to mechanics for their repairing work=

(for repairing work),
mechanics
to
mechanics)
---.
(F/ uh) for your research
F J---/ N--E)
b) This book is useful to you

(
correct.
* vo. Cotton, iron N-, cotton/ iron
n-Na adjectives cotton, iron. -E
cotton cloth/ clothes, iron trunk, iron rod .
Wool N- wool E n a adjective,
woollen E C d woollen clothes .
E n, gold C. Golden
C. - n gold
\- - C. - n golden
, \- -u -. -- (u
N o) n- (- n ) golden, (usage).
Wool, woollen , wood, wooden. Wooden- \---
wooden furniture; wooden chair, etc. (wood work= \-E).
Wooden n, --O -E--E.
Convenient for somebody for something
This actor's face is wooden =
A car will be convenient for me for my movements =
--O --. (--).
AJ-- car -u C.
rules , N . ---x, dictionary,
grammar books ----Lq.
2. Mayor, actor, poet, etc
feminine forms (Mayoress, actress, poetess,
Modern English
etc)
o-p-,
-E
. --x-j, --x-j

p lA.
Whom - Who
eg: She is a
great singer
(Songstress
=
E )
3.
Who Question begin --p, E
-
y helping verbs like do, does & did
--? N-J---.
. C who = n .
4. The point is why you didn't tell this to
English -JE, -J,
me E p. Question word y
whom who -o.
helping verb L ? Why didn't

Whom p English )
(
you tell this to me E --?
who -JE -J n whom
- T. Vijayapal, Vijayawada
p questions who
y do, does, did (helpA. 1. Shall, will N- - lessons o. . ing verbs) .
E p. -
- A. Bunganna, Kurnool
A.
Q.
-. v \ .
C AE .
Mars = --
Venus = v-v.
4. Side = \. Aside = -J L--
--J -u x-.
3.
cars x/ Eo cars x
(\-o Eo cars x) .
2. Useful to somebody = uh (to) ---, useful for
something= N--E --- (for)
1. Each
Every
p-
Get going. Don't hangout here any longer =
I saw every car pass by =
Each boy here has a book =
A.
Hyderabad
-t- -
-a?
English to Telugu to
dictioEnglish
naries
author
A.
Corporate = l u n -C*. Corporate hospital = (vy/ tO n N?

v-x) -%-p- , u-
2. Hang out n N? -D-E-E u
--~ Ey- vA.
, -s --T-L?
Corporate Industries = l l u
3. Men are from mars and women from
n Ey- J-v-.
venus - u n N?
Corporate culture = -u-
n t-, %p-,
4. Side, Aside n,
l-, working habits.

N?
Side, Aside
2. Hangout = * Rx--T-L?
- \ a.
- Naaz Sultana,
-E n N?
I saw each car pass by =
--N-?
It is convenient to/ for me. etc.
Q.
Corporate
Corporate
hospital, corporate industries, corporate culture -
Don't hangout her e any longer
2. It is useful to/ for me.
A.
Q.
Parasurama avenged his father's killing by

Karthaveeryarjuna by killing Kshatriyas =
-C-*
Z-A
U- L-.
Consent= -A/ --A-.
The father gave
his consent/ consented to their
marriage =
Her delivery of dialogues is wooden =
() --x -- E-.
(Dialogues - -.)
Who gave it to you =
FC a?
Q.
Who did you give it to? =

Who saw you there? =
Eo-\ ?
Who did you see there? =
y-\ JE .
?
Why you didn't tell this to me \
n, y- p---C, E n,
Question d helping verb ,
. The point is why you didn't ..
correct.
Nobody knows where he is (--\--o
-J -L--) ..where he is = \--o
question -. -E Where is he
... Where he is - correct.
19.08.2007
E
C p
. F
\ C ? (
Eo h -C
?
yC -J--a?
4. The point is why you didn't tell this to

me?
sentence
Why you didn't tell
this to me,
question
Spoken
English
Out of the six best
in the class she is the top
best
superlative)
Out of the six top students
in the class she is the best.
- P. Srinivas, Vegayammapeta
A.
Best
C \ -E
? One of the best C C ? He is one of the
best students in the class
of the six
top students, she is the best,
? C,
o-p -E--Lq N
- top Eox
pC/ -J p- E
? -u top C
-J/ N--E.
--- 8 ----J 2008
-- j---
Tejas: Vihar, you've been searching for a book.

Is this it?
(y h ---o.
C?)
Tejas: It is not just reading, you know. I have to

study it and make notes. Just a few days.
Let's say the weekend.
(C - -. Eo
J-Q-L* CN notes L. Cl
V. .)
Vihar: That certainly it is. Where did you see it?
(*a- . \ E--*C F?)

Tejas: You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give
it back to you.
(yC N--- a.
DEoa-o.)
Here it is. (C)
Vihar: OK then. But do let me have it.
(. F h v y)
Look at the following sentence pairs from the
dialogue above.
1) You've been searching for a book. Is this it?
Vihar: How forgetful of me. I lent the book to

him. I clean forgot it.
( A-- ! - h aE Jh -*---o.)
Tejas: What's the book about?
2) You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give it

back to you.
(s--i h C. t-N-y
-- hC.)
Tejas: How about lending it to me for a few
days?
(Eo V-- --h h?)

Vihar: Certainly, but let me finish it. This author
has a son. He is famous too.
-F, sentences E L---p

h vh -. Cl d . .
4) It is a wonderful book. It tells us how to develop self confidence.
Vinai who you lent the book to, asked me to

give it back to you.
6) He writes books on the same subject. They

are well known too.
7) Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recommended
their books to me. He conducts training programmes on the same subject.
Who,
whose, which, that, when,
where
senjoin
tences
( N- O
h?)
Vinai who you lent the book to = Vinai to

whom you lent the book - whom
who to
p
-E
---E, E--
-x .
A: I gave the book to Satish.

B: Who to? (To whom
-x---
406
[I bought a pen yesterday. It is this.

Pen, subject
sentence
which/ that omit
. -E
-.)
L---p
This is the pen which/ that I bought yesterday

= This is the pen I bought yesterday.
5) The author has a son. He is famous too =
The author has a son who is famous too.
(\
-.)
Vihar: He does. They are well known too.
(- h a. C
J l-A h -
(. h- - sentences join -- --*-- = - h
o.)
a-E -*--)
. join --p, -E
Tejas: Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recom- sentence, English *
4) It is a wonderful book. It tells us
mended their books to me. He also con- a; uA-- a.
how to develop self confidence.
join
n v
ducts training programmes on these sub-
It is wonderful book which (that)
. C u.
jects.
tells
us how to develop self confiM.SURESAN
(x h- --E lecturer 1) You've been searching for a book.
dence.
Is this it? - book- inanimate (---i/
Sambasiva Rao p.
(\ which/ that, C-E .
v-E -E which join h.)
Nx P~ -- Ey--h.)
-, \ which/ that L-C, sentence
Is this the book which you've been searching
Vihar: When do you think you can finish the
subject
J*.)
for?
book?
sentence
No.1 which/ that,
-- . --x which C-(h-Eo p Jh----E book
J*
h. \ book subject
-aE.
o?)
E
which/
that, C--a.
Is this book you've been looking for.
EXERCISE I
EXERCISE II
meanings under B
1) He has two sons. They are the same height

as he. (who)
1. Braggart
A. Sideview (of head)
2) There are two rooms upstairs. They have

not been used for years. (which/ that)
2. Profile
B. Stink
3. Deserve
C. Wish
3) Is that your teacher? His son left for the

states last week. (whose)
4. Stench
D. Earn
5. Frown
E. Boaster
4) A few attended the lecture. They found it

interesting. (who/ that)
5) This pen is Ramesh's. He is not here now.
(whose)
ANSWERS
F. Glare
G. Outline
KEY:
1-E. Braggart = Boaster =
p p--x/ v-s L--x. Brag = Boast

= v-s -/ p p--.
1) He has two sons who are the same height

as he.
Team India did not live up to its brag=
2) There are two rooms upstairs which/ that

have not been used for years.
d v-s E ----C.
3) Is that your teacher whose son left for the

states last week?
4) The few who attended the lecture found it
interesting.
5) Ramesh whose pen this is is not here.
Uttarakumara (the Mahabharatam) was a

braggart/ boaster=
- h---- v-s--J.
Each political party boasts of its achievement=
vA Kd C-*--E J* p p-C.
2- A, G. Profile = Sideview (of head), Outline

(sideview of a person's head & face),
\-* --p uh -
(--*
--p ).
NT RamaRao had an impressive profile =
NT - (sideview) -q-
-d--C.
-JE/ -E J* u-i N-
profile.
Let me have a profile of the company =
E N- (E Jv ~-h)
.
High profile = v--i.
He is a high profile actor.
3-D. Deserve= Earn=
| .
Kumble deserves to be the captain =

Captain
who
u.
Omit
6) He writes books on the same subject. They

are well known too.
sentences
He writes books on
the same subjects which are well known too
which books
subject
- x T | C.
Most ministers don't deserve to be ministers
E L -. p
J* p-, E _-o
J* p--x--C. d u
*a--p, which L --,
and L- problem .
The stench of cor r uption fills India
Join the following pairs of sentences

using who, whom, whose, which/ that.
) = -J?
3) I lent the book to
him. I clean forgot
about it = I clean
forgot (that) I lent it
to him.
--
a
(p-. o Eo Jh--F. ?
- --o.
-o-.)
Tejas: Does he write on the same

subjects too?
2) You lent it to Vinai. He asked me to give it

back to you.
3) I had lent it to him. I clean forgot about it.
5) The author has a son. He is famous too.
(Eo J* h C?)
Vihar: It's a wonderful book. It tells us how to
develop self confidence.
He writes books on the same subject

and they are famous too.
which
---, -.
The books (which/ that) he writes on

the same subject are famous too.
(\
which/ that
C--a)
7) Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao recommended

their books to me. He conducts training programmes on the same subject.
= Our lecturer Sambasiva Rao who recommended their books to me conducts training
programmes on the same subject.
sentence pairs (u -) -
d- i-. -E h practice . O join ----- v j-u---\--, -, practise h
hC.
4-B. Stench= Stink =
y-/ / x .
The stench of the dead bodies at the place of
the accident filled the air =
y-
(x, ) E----\ .
The stench of corruption fills India =
N-FA x-- E C.
The stench of something burning could be
felt strongly =
X fragrance
5-F. Frown = Glare =
L y- hC.
(-)
*x* / Bv
-tA -.
The minute I turn on the TV, I see a frown on
my dad's face =
TV on
h ,
o -O *x- / tA .
frown = , -tA *x-.
Elders frown at youngsters talking of love and
sex =
*o-x v, % J* x l--x p-hC.

Glare = .
He deserves the punishment/ to be punished
He glared at me when I asked for more salary

=
frown X smile.
vx \--C -- |--.
(earn = vA, % x | -C---)
=
P~ |.
undeserving = |--E.
\ @ -T-- j
.
- 10 ----J 2008
-- j---
Ramesh: Do you know if Jagadish is back from

the US?
( --. - \ ,
- * cell phones F -. Eo cell phones market
x--h--o.)
(-D -J * AJ--a
C F-i ?)
Naresh: Of course he is. He landed in Chennai
a few days ago. I don't remember
exactly whether it was last Wednesday
or Thursday, but he called me from
Chennai one of those days.
(a-. Eo--V j o
C. --, -- h-
F, v-Vx -V phone
.)
Ramesh: He told us that he would get us some
books from the US. Any idea if he has
brought them or not?
(-J * - h- h-o. a --o ?)

Naresh: No. He said he would call you too.
Didn't he?
(. F phone h-E o. ?)
Ramesh: He must have. I haven't had my cell
about me for the past few
days.
( . Cl--V-
cell _ .)
Naresh: Why? What happened?
Ramesh: Help me choose one.
(-
select
-d).
Naresh: Depends on whether you want an

ordinary cell or one with additional
features like Camera, FM radio, etc.
(F- cell E-O --

C cell ,
- features- Camera, FM radio
N --Eo-d.)
Ramesh: Depends on my pocket too, doesn't it?
Naresh:
(C ---d C
?)
It certainly does. (-)
Ramesh: Let
us
I do not know whether/ if he did it or his

brother=
C C t C
L-. / lJ u N-Eo
J* x--p whether/ if .
I am unable to say whether I am happy or sad
see
tomorrow.
( l).
-x---
407
p----=
o,
-
o,
o E.
6) I am not sure if I can get the same kind of

piece again.
7) Depends on whether you want an ordinary
cell or one with additional features.
1) Is Jagadish back from the US? Do you
know:
sentences
if/ whether
(-D -J * AJ--a?
F-o ?)
L-:
Do you know if Jagadish is back from the US
(or not)?
2) Was it last Wednesday or Thursday? + I don't

remember = I do not remember
whether/ if it was last Wednesday or
Thursday.
Has he come? Do you know?
(-D?)
Ramesh: It hit the floor as it slipped from my
pocket. The cell technician doubts if it
can be repaired at all.
3) Has he brought them or not?

(Have you) any idea? = (Have
you) any idea whether/ if he has
brought them or not?
2) Direct speech 4) The cell phone technician doubts if it can be
o 'Non Wh' questions repaired at all = Can it be repaired at all (or

not)? + The cell phone technician doubts.
--o ? p
Indirect speech a--p,
( -* J -O C. -- n- 5)
Is it an expensive piece or not? + I do not
If/ whether --E.
L E--h E cell technician -.
know = I do not know if/ whether it is an
"Can you do it?" he said to me.

-- C).
expensive piece (or not)

(Direct speech)
Naresh: I do not know if it is an expensive
6) Can I get the same kind of piece? + I am not
- Lq hC.
He asked me if (whether) he could
piece, but it is very nice to look at.
M.SURESAN
sure = I am not sure whether/ if I can get the
l.
--E
do it.
same kind of piece.
(C K-j C L-
Has he come? Do you know?

F, --E -C).
sentences Eo- whether/ if sentence
(= a? F ?) sen- Now lookat the following
sentences from the
u
hC ? sentence
Ramesh: You let it is expensive. I am not sure if
tences join h:
passage above.
if/ whether v-G--a.
I can get the same kind of piece
Do you know whether/ if he has come or not?
1) Do you know if Jagadish is back from the US?
again.
= -- a F ?
a) Is he is going to help me? + It is doubtful=
2) I don't remember exactly whether it was last
sentences
If he is going to help me (or not) is doubt(*a- C K-j. -C

ful/ It is doubtful if he is going to help me.
-- N , whether F if F - a. Wednesday or Thursday.
\- whether - j--. - 3) Any idea if he has brought them or not?
--)
b) Is he a Congressman or TDP man? + It is
very difficult to say = If/ whether he is a
Naresh: Don't worry. You can get much better whether ?/ ? E v. If 4) The cell phone technician doubts if it can be
repaired at all.
Congressman or TDP man is difficult to
pieces than that for a much less price. ?/ ? n
say.
The market is flood with all kinds of o. (If= n C ?) 5) I do not know whether it is an expensive
If *o-, \- -.
piece.
cells.
EXERCISE I
Ram:
--\ o F ?
-hC? --\- ---
N L- .
Ram: F-o -- - h E?
Som: E . V h
h L-E N.
Ram: \- Rx , N h-- E .
Som: -E N -J Ja-h-E
- -*-. Officer
PA Ja---C?
Ram: L-.
Som:
ANSWER
Ram: Do you know if he is there?
Som: How do I know? I don't even know if he
has started for the place or not.
Ram: Do you doubt if he has started or not?
Som: Not that. What I don't know is whether
he will start today or tomorrow.
Ram: My fear is even if he goes there whether
he will remember this or not.
Som: I forgot to ask him who he is going to discuss the matter with the Officer or his PA?
Ram: I don't know either.
Who, whose,
which, that, when, where
sentences
join
join
join
Spoken
English
common. Real life situations
practise
--
EXERCISE II
meanings under B
A
B
1. Fuss
A. Dodge/ Avoid
2. Renew
B. Stopgap
3. Circumvent C. Injury
4. Trait
D. Complain
5. Makeshift
E. Characteristic
F. Resume
G. Rotate.
KEY: 1-D. Fuss= Complain=
*o*o N-
J* / ---d/ v---.
He fusses over a few rupees he had to spend

extra =
v----\ a--E
--o ( ----o).
"Mom, I bunked just one class in a whole

month. Why fuss so much about it" =
t h --xC \ class
. - h Eo J*?
Don't make a fuss about small things. Get on
with the work =
*o *o N- J*
- E-F.
fussy= v-u-E N- d--.
She is fussy about even about the water she
drinks =
- Fx N-
---i d.
fussy x easy going.
2-F. Renew = Resume =
-v--G-/
--l-J-.
(J
y--E ~)
We have to renew our driving licenses which

expire this month end =
expire
driving licenses
4-E. Trait = Characteristic =
--
--l-J---L.
The lease is for 6 years. It can be renewed

further =
l x. y Eo Sx
--T--a. --J-NA ----y
Sx -T- renew.
Renewed vigour= h h, h q.
Renew X Terminate.
3-A. Circumvent= Dodge/ avoid.
n: J--- f-h d
AJT x. Road f d,
, road, E circumvent hC.
E d AJT hC)
\- n: dEo, --u o
E-- L-N C--N-.
He is circumvented the tax law by registering
a part of his property in his brother-in-law's
name =
o d Jh-- , --JC h .
For every law, there is a circumvention = vA
dFo x--- f
C (C English proverb).
Circumvent X Confront (-\-).
a) Honesty, truth and non violence were the

important traits of Gandhi=
E-B,
u, , D y--E u
~-.
b) Most traits are hereditary = ~-
---u.
5-B. Makeshift= Stopgap = temporary =
\-L- ---.
a) The speaker made his speech from on a
makeshift stage =
\-L- p--*
C OC-* v-T-.
b) Madamme Curie, the discoverer of

radioactivity carried on her experiments in
a make shift lab =
Mme Curie
lab
--Jt hE -o
J-- p---p p--o (\ E) --T-*C.
Stopgap = vh--E p--- A, \
A a--.
Makeshift/ Stopgap X Permanent
Fo
English. O
.
high frequency words in Spoken

conversation
practice
--C- 13 ----J 2008

Q.
-- j---
1.
Eo Kd q-j
E C.
DE n N?
2. English j
C ~, l- .
~- lEo --.
' l-E tion, ssion, shun Eo
spellings h.
Puff - rough (ff = gh = )
Though (\ gh N--) lA
E spelling, pronunciation x,
picket
pronunciation phonetics
(IPA)
y a-? J
English is not a phonetic

language
--?
3. Hello, Good morning one and all E
group of members wish -a?
4. Sister concern company n N?
p --T-L?
5. Glad to see you- So am I... \ So am I
n N?
English, unphonetic.
3.
-a
4. Sister concern/ company

company,
company sister concern (company). concern = company
-u o
u o
5. Glad to see you =
- o.
So am I =
o.
So am I
(-)
6. Nerd =
1)
n N?
7. Sale, Sell n, N-J-.
- M.Navitha, Nalgonda
/ Old fashioned/ bore
2) computers
1. Picket is the name of an area in

Hyderbad, just as Koti, Sultan Bazar are.
RTC bus
Picket
(Picket
bus
.
O
E \-
v--E) x
E
Picket English n,
strike (t) ho Jt-, JF factory, company E x- f--.
2. IPA , English E letters of alphabet
(a, b, c, ... z) N L l-
--x, English spelling is
unphonetic . C E Eo-x,
, Eo-x ' -.
h
o-.
7. Sale = t;
Sell= t.
M.SURESAN
--- - --- -Ba-.

1) --- English -?
Condolence meeting a?
2) t *o N? ---
3) Functions -sx A-- y-E---E
-C* English x-L?
' C-----J-* l-, Na-
A--, v~--, -- %--y -\-
4) ' busy o -- Na--, tLo Eo* *a--
--ho. J -- ~
-E -o
5) ' ... -J-E --C---J--Lq-C --o
6) ' - -Eo -o- - C
7) t/ ---x x--. J
--E -A - E-- uh
/ J o - J* tJh-! -p- -- --x--L? O --J* j books --? ---.
8) Letter Writing Books -JN B--L?
9) O having A--E -C* o.
E lesson (1) Having lost his parents in
-- o. J
u
'- o. N-J-.
2. What does the glass contain?/

What's there in that glass
= ( x C?)
3. I was at college ( o).
DEo I was in college -a?
- N.Suguna Santhi, Vizag
Q.
A. 1. Think
= -*-/ -- -n o.
'-- n think = suppose. I think so =
---o. Think about it = Eo J*
-*-.
2. Both are correct.

3. I was at college - correct.
college
x C--vA- *a h-E \ vh-N-h-o. "All I can say is
A.
that I have full faith in the Judiciary. I am

thankful to the people of the country..."
I am grateful to the people of
I am thankful
the country
No reference is
made to divine beings
L ?
E -x?
-x--- 408
I, We, They
You singular
Plurals?
Direct, Indirect speech
eg: He asked "Have you seen her
anywhere?"
He asked me if
(whether) I had seen her anywhere,
If (whether)
N,
?
-a? N-J---.
- P.Arun Prasad, Vizag
5) May I now request Sri .... to come up the dais

and take his/ her seat.
J* *o -
6) We are grateful to them all for sparing their

valuable time to us.
-, ' F --\j ?. DEE
The Member of Legislative Assembly ?
Councillor
article C L?
Nobody/ anybody y has/ have C
hC? Singular or plural? Verb C?
He, She, It III person singular ?
II person ?
7) Our heartfelt condolences to the bereaved

family. The late ---- (Name of the dead person) was closely associated with this institution and helped the institution to grow. We
remember
with
gratitude his/ her
contribution to the
institution. May
his/ her soul rest in
peace.
English for various occasions
books
--A-- -y- ..
--h?
Book D & Ind speech J* C. E 4 types J-Q-L---o. 1.

Statements (2) Yes/ No Questions (3) Wh
& How Questions (4) to infinitives
(Command & Request)
ple on the dais, the other guests, the audience and the other invitees.
4) We are extremely happy to have amidst us,
Sri ...... , who inspite of their being busy have
taken the time off to be here this evening.
May god shower his blessings on them!
. .
8) Letter Writing English Grammar & Composition
O standard book y.
9) Having -E p- lesson
. Am having/ is having/ are having-
expressions LT (possession)
n . A/ n hC.
LT (-J h C n)
. Having lost his parents- expressions having, verb form v. having , LT n a have
-. Having lost his parents= Lx-v- p- x n hC.
have gone/ has seen/ had done
expressions have/ has/ had LT
E n a have/ has/ had
v . Having gone, has
done etc have, has verb forms v
-- -C -E-L.
At college
-u standard English
o n I was in the college
-
o. C .
There are 1800 students in the college = College
C--x 1800 E.
I studied at that college = college C-.
J* a.
eg: I. He said "I am very happy."' DE He
Said that he was very happy p.
II. He asked me "Are you happy?". DEE He
asked me if I was happy p. \ If
? He asked me He told/ said
his childhood, parental love is new to them.
me he was happy a?
(2) Having made the mistake repentance
III. He asked me "why are you happy?". DEE
filled him. (3) Having seen his mother after a
He asked me why I was happy p.
long time was a great joy for him. (4) Having
IV. He said to me "Buy a Computer". DEE He
been elected unanimously, he felt very happy.
told me, to buy a computer. O J*
4 J-i---o. Having phrase N?
speech J* N-J---.
Have Eo--- a?
- - -, o- ->-x.
M.L.A./ M.P. article -- A. 1) -- = Condolence Meeting
T-L. Jh vG--- G The -- 2) t *o = Memorial.
T-? The Member of Parliament/ 3) My hearty welcome to the distinguished peo-
suppose
=
I think
he is watching the T.V.
You are right. Thankful = - x %c

L-- . - x %-c- grateful to somebody , L. --j-,
Thankful , . Thankful to
God E
-\-x
grateful
.
- Thankful - E. I am
Thankful I have such good parents = -
Lx--v--o-
-
%-VcE/ %-Vc--. (E-: Thankful v.
Thankful to God .)
May I now r equest .. to ..
Q.
Q. 1. Think = -*-,
Eo ----o-
(so) am I =
6. The nerd
A.
Have
possess=own=
N: 1) Have=
LT
( n am having/ is having/ are having

).
2) Have= A/ (am having/ is having/
are having n- ).
3) Present perfect, past perfect tenses verb
v, vu n Auxiliary/ helping verb .
4) Having seen/ Having gone expressions
, have C participle ,
/ --y/ --x n-.
Having gone n h.
MLA, MP an , a
(MLA, MP = ..., .. ?
l- v--u
English -- an ).
Nobody/ Anybody III person singular (He/
she)
has
general sense
a
MLA,
MP
The
A/ An or The
lessons
A/ The Councillor.
d
y. Jh
, hC.
,
hC.
--
.
Person
Singular
II
You
III
He, She, it
Plural
We
(y)
You
(O)
They
You
y p plural verb .
direct * indirect Jh,
B that v-Gh.
2) Wh questions Indirect Jh quotations B 'Wh' word v-Gh. \
asked v. Tell .
3) Non Wh questions , quotations B,
Whether/ if v-Gh. \ asked
Having done his duty, he went home for
v hC Tell .
rest = duty Jh---E/ h--
4) Buy a Computer- C imperative sentence
NvA }.
(-/ c--, etc). --x tell/ ask
Having seen it, I understand why people
- a. N- -Lh
are talking like that = C --x
-n---C - o. lessons .
1) Statement
quotations
--- 15 ----J 2008

Q.
She, Women, Lady,

Girl -
-- j---
Q.
A.
- MVS Kondala Rao,

Visakhapatnam
A.
She
O --o.
Women = Y. Lady
n Y .
- Y n, Woman
. n Lady p
- .
Women, Lady
Q.
1. He developed skills while he was working in police department. (or)

He developed skills when he was working in police department.
While when usage confusion
C. N-J---.
Inflammable = Flammable.
--
n- -- ---- --E.
C--E ---- N-J-.
1. Ever =
p-j/ p--j
I am always ready to help you =
F - -p l
b) Have you ever been to London? =
y p-j London x?
. Get the vegetables. Meanwhile
Q.
-x--- 409
1. Some words in English are - i (

sound, some are e (
sound.
e.g.: a) I (
sound words are: fight,
kite, might, night, wife, knife,
ride.
b) E
sound words are: kill, mill, silk,
nill, grim, kiss, miss, big - How to recognize their sound with respect to
these words. If there is any rule to
identify please mention.
()
3. I am told there are many crocodiles in the

lake. (or)
c) Mention the pronunciation of these

words: Fill, live, milestone, file, hive
I am told that there are many crocodiles in

the lake.
While/ When he was reading something the

police entered the room.
While they were playing, he was studying -
(x --o - ---o)
\ when .
2. In = ; Inside = . -L
inside . .
a) The box was hidden in the room.
b) The box was hidden somewhere inside
the room. A
room
B
room
n,
. n
\.
In= . Inside = .
3. That omit , \-j , p .
Throughout his stay here he was helpful

to others =
M.SURESAN
Live =
2. Could you mention the meanings of these

phrases in Telugu.
i) With regard to; ii) In regard to; iii) In reference to; iv) Where of; v) Where on;
vi) Where in.
- Gurram Shankar, Keshavapatnam
A.
1. a)
-u syllable o E spelling 'i' y consonant

*a (a, e, i, o, u E l) * e
-E 'e' E pronounce h. single syllable
o gh, i y h Eo
-. -E O first
set of words , fait, kait, mait ... -
pronounce h.
b) O set of words , i y double consonant (u) , * e -x, i E pronounce h. Kill,
mill, nill, kiss, miss - i followed by double consonants, and no e in the end.
So 'i' has the sound of . Big, grim etc
e
'i'
* . -E
-.
L = / @N-
-\ oEo V/ o--
.
9. else/ or else = -.
Q.
Live =
j = A o/ @--i/
-n-i p---p --o.
Live (j) telecast - --o NEo p---p - (TV ).
2. i) With regard to = -s-/ NEo J*- with regard to = In
.
.
1. a) We have to advice them.
j ux C d. n N?
v b correct ?
u- h- have to advice (N) E C.
C a-p? N-J-.
Have to + V1
2. a) If he runs fast, he will catch the bus.

b) If he runs fastly, he will catch the bus correct?
fast adverb
adverb
fastly
regard to.
ii)
Study well, else/ or else you

can't pass =
pass
b) We have to advise them.
In regard to
\ .
with regard to
u N
(J*) p.
iii) In reference
to with
(about).
3. If I drop the chalk piece, it will break to pieces (or)

break into pieces. Which is correct?
4. a) He is dead.
b) He is died + V3
Object
verb
She is died
N -d? b u S + H.V
v v p.v. --T--a?
E
p.v. ?
E --T--. E-
-C n C j-? ----.
\-
reference to = Eo J*
With reference to your application,

please attend an interview on ... =
application
Interview
O
J*, -s
.
O ... D
iv) Where of = of which =
()
The book where of the sentences are
a part = The book of which the sentence are a part =
o h.
He bought some land where of (of
which) he gave an acre to his sister.
v) Where on/ Where upon =
- He called her a liar
where on/ where upon she walked out-
E L-
/ J-N
-l- --o-.
E-O \-o* Rx--C (
-).
vi) Where in= = in which. I
showed him the letter where in he
found the amount clearly written=
h pd o -
.
j
\
?
--T--a?
break into pieces
With regard to his health, I can't say

anything =
with regard to
- C d? that \ ,
\ -- -.
p- .
E--h-op E--ho .
When he was working..= \ E--h-o-p
When --p, - p
-p, pp, -x.
While * *J
. continuity important
-p when a. while
a.
c) Fill -
while, when
\-
(tunnel) C.
h.
8. through out =
We have to advise them
\ N-J---.
- B.Appala Raju, Visakhapatnam

A. 1. While
action continuing during
a period of time
While he was working... =
train
O
.
-
o .
One finds difficulty in answering phone call

even inside one's own home.
inside
The train travels through a tunnel =
I will cook the

rice =
- ju . -
- Gs-a.
5. still later = y/ y.
u-- u
~. , o,
I came late. He came still
\-B = fealater =
meanwhile
ture.
v-
u. -
-R ~ = feau.
ture. Magazines/ Newspapers E QJ{.
6. still further- .
4. moreover = --.
Still further delay will be dangerous.
The doctor not only treated him. Moreover
u v-.
he gave him some
7. through = .
money =
a) I am ever ready to help you =
2.
Doctor
~.
Truthfulness was the important feature of

his character. =
- G. Naresh, Armoor
A.
2. One finds difficulty in answering phone call

even in one's home. (or)
- in
3. feature =
1) ever 2) meanwhile 3) feature 4) more

over 5) still later 6) still further 7) through
8) throughout 9) else, or else.
--Vx o _-/ --Q- Y

ladies -x. v-yu v--x p
-_-E C Y-j- women .
x v-lP* v-T ladies and gentlemen expression v lady
NT-L-C. \--J --F, --R--F,
- formal F --x- lady .
Girl t E
--.
Q.
v-L u - Highly
E C.
-Eo- In -O- --x h-o.
-O- j- n- ---.
Inflammable
-
\, p
--T- NJ--.
- M. Satyanarayana,
Hyderabad.
- R.Chittibabu, Tanuku
A.
1. Sentence b correct. Have to advice (N)

1) Have to
plain infinitive
2) Advice verb
(advise)
p.
y p
.
d \
.
2) Fast adverb fast v. fastly .
3) It will break into pieces, correct. Break it to
pieces
J-.
4) Die past participle died. Die

intransitive verb (verb without an object). We
don't use the past participle of an intransitive
verb after a 'be' form. So he is died - wrong.
Dead =
Adjective. 'Be'
from (is)
adjective
He is
dead - correct.
E--/ E- o
y
. d
Is died (be from + PP(V3) of an intransitive verb)
verb ? She is died / \

p. --C = She is killed. (She
has been killed).
--C- 20 ----J 2008
-- j---
Q. Please
clarify the following doubts and

give example of each
one in telugu translations.
4) Nothing else =
I can only pity you. I can do nothing else =
Eoo L --- (-- -Fj --L

--). - E -.
5) Nobody else = - .
1. Anything else
Nobody else can play so well as Sachin =
2. Anybody else
* - -.
-\--.
3. Someone else
6) Somewhere else -
4. Nothing else
We can't find it here. Let's look for it somewhere else =
5. Nobody else
6. Some where else
7. If conditions
lessons
and 3
E . --C C-. F condition 2

-
p --T-h. -sx
--T-h? ---- N-J---.
- Anthati Penchalaiah, Rajampeta
A. 1) Anything else -
-o ?
Have you anything else to say? =
O pLqC-o ?
2) Anybody else = --o.
Anybody else in Sita's position might not
have gone to the forests with her husband
=
J-n-x -o h -u-
x- .
3) Someone else = --o.
Main clause
+ 1st RDW
would/ should/ could/ might

hC.
Condition II p- (present) N-Eo -C).
C-\ . -\-- l.
(p) y (u - ) E h. (
- Present )
7) If I were you, I would do it=
Condition III
Anything else/ Anybody else

- B--- J-T
(-), -E --C (p ).
C condition II.
Dx, If y,
were F, past
simple
Doing
(Past
Word)
Fo -. --J-o .
F hC;
-x--- 410
-C-- -n-- --- N-J---.
1. In connection with
2. In the wake of
3. By dint of
4. By virtue of
5. For the sake of
6. In accordance with
7. In compliance with
A.
1) In connection with= 10) In reference to/ with

reference to= 16) in/ with regard to=
(l _
vh-N-ho) N--E -C-*/- E -J-*.
In connection with/ in reference to/ with reference

to/ in regard to/ with regard to the books you have
asked for, I wish to tell you that I cannot lend them
to you at present =
y o--T h- N-/- -h-- -C-*/- -h- J*, E F

E-p--y--E h-o. -E: expressions Fo
v-C.
In accordance with/ In compliance with

8. In consequence with (of)
9. In lieu of
Spoken English
- -.
Formal written
English
in regard to
with
regard to, in reference to
with reference to
-O
- \. Ox
10. In reference to (and)
\ --.
with reference to
2) In the wake of =
11. In the event of

12. On account of
13. Owing to
14. With a view to
15. With an eye to
16. In regard to (and)
with regard to
17. In course of
18. On behalf of
19. conformity
20. by reason of
21. agreeable to
22. by means of
23. in favour of
24. not withstanding
25. in association with
E L- ( - -A J--, u J--- J*
p-p- C .
a) The cyclone brought in its wake, floods and
epidemics =
-- y J-- -, u--- -a.

b) In the wake of his unthought of action, we had
to hang down our heads in shame =
- --* u --L- _
----Lq --*aC.
c) Cricket lovers in India protested in the wake of
wrong umpiring =
p umpiring J-N-/ -E J--

cricket G-- E--- -L-.
3) By dint of = l-A-y= 22) by means of
He achieved success by dint of his hard =
26. away from

27. in comparison to
28. instead of
29. due to.
- MV Subrahmanyam,
Chillakur, Nellore
-% y - N C-.
(by dint of = y)
4) By virtue of = --.
He got the job by virtue of his experience.
(- - - -- --u *aC).
By virtue of being the collector, he is superior to

the other officials =
Collector
--x - N- --C----
could have + participle /
F hC.
If he had consulted me, I would have given

him correct advice.
= - o v-C* , (v-C-) -- j a---E

(y-)
C past.
He saved all the money with a view to buying a

house =
x - l- - s ---.=
15) With an eye to - C with a view to
.
17) In the course of = / --T--- - .
She got married and in the course of time
became a mother of two children.
In the course of their journey they visited a number of places =
\
5) for the sake of =
should have + past participle/
M.SURESAN
In the event of an accident, call no 108

Q.
would have + past participle/
might have + past participle
(- o ,
x---- , x. C
Past --
-.
If he took the medicines, he would be cured

=
I can't help you. Ask someone else =
If he had seen me, he

would have talked to me
\ If y, had been/ had + past parhC.

Main clause
ticiple
-/- .
Gandhi sacrificed his life for the sake of HinduMuslim unity.
x u D v--Jp-.
v-/ ----.
6) In accordance with =
The marriage took place in accordance with Hindu

customs =
- v Rx J-TC.
7) In compliance with= E--- l--/- E--- ---/- ----.
In compliance with the orders from the government, the boys were admitted into the hostel =
v - - v- .
-.
18) on behalf of =
I am signing on behalf of my minor children =
i x - --o.
E- ---/ --.
19) In conformity with =
In conformity with your orders we are starting for

Delhi =
O - v - Mx -l--o.
20) By reason of = 12) on account of.
21) Agreeable to =
vy --- -x- dx a.
8) In consequence of = pL-.
In consequence of his foolish actions he lost all
his property =
p--.
I am agreeable to this proposal =
vA--- -p--o.
(-J) -.
23) In favour of =
The umpire ruled in favour of the Australian team
- ^ u L- h -d-o. In consequence with

.
9) In lieu of = .
In the event of/ On account of
The company offered them cash

in lieu of the prize he had won =
- --o
Gs-*aC.
prize
11) In the event of = If
- -F -
- Eg
24) notwithstanding = In spite of =
( J-n-A).
In the event of an accident, call no 108.
(v J-T-/ --J-- -J-n-A, no 108 phone

--)
12) On account of = -x =
because of = 13) owing to:
On account of the rain/ because of the rain/
owing to the rain the match was cancelled =
{ -
= Australian team
umpire.
match
l-C.
14) With a view to = -l-.
25) In association with =
--p-
h.
The State Government in association with the

company is starting a hospital =
Z vy company L vA
v-G-hC.
26) Away from = --/- -
27) In comparison to = La h
A is much better in comparison to B.
28) Instead of =
29) Due to = Owing to.
-- 22 ----J 2008
-- j---
Midhun: What's biting you? Why do you look so

worried?
Midhun: You'd better request the principal for a

few more days' time.
(-E-o ----C? ---- ---ox E--h-o?)
(J-Eo V y-E principal request u/ u *C)
Aslesh: I have to pay the fees tomorrow. I

haven't the money to pay. I don't know
what to do.
( fees dL. _ s
. L- )
Aslesh: I don't think he will allow me any more

time. I'll try, any way. But you haven't
told me where to meet this uncle of
yours? Is his bank in this place?
( time h-E --
. v-Ao-h. F y O
u\ --- p-.
bank x-?)
xL?/ \, p, L? Midhun: Yes. It is. I am just wondering when to L expressions o-. OE --see him. He is not easy to meet. Wait. - --x conversation sim( d -- o pF. h
Let's go home. I'll ask my dad to call ple natural C. Practise .
F - - bank
him and see if he is in. I'll have my dad
* Nu- -a.)
- \ J-nA p
talk to him about it. Let's go.
enterprizing = --
L- . E ? DE..
(. \. o --- 1) What to do. (= )
Aslesh: I don't know which bank to go to. I
. . --ldon't know anybody connected with
a) Eg--------o
. o - phone
any bank.
= He is unable to decide what to do
bank o
( bank } L- . Bank
b) y
-\- uh L-.)
-*--C.
.
Midhun: I know who we can go to for help. My

She has forgotten
o -
distant uncle is a bank manager. He is
what to do next.
411
x
h
.
)
close to our family.
(- J _-J--x
.
u bank manager.
- Eo- .)
Aslesh: So? (?)
Aslesh: Thank you. That's kind of you.
Midhun: I will take you to him and ask him if he
(Very important- -E-:

can help you
L--- senSpoken English daily real life
tences , ' C -i-( Eo _- B---. situations expressions
p What to do . --
--o F --- C--- lesson Whether/
'--L-p? sentence
--)
if - ? p
, n a-, "What to do
Aslesh: Come on, Midhun, I have to pay the _ _ - Eu-@-N-
now?" j English .
fees tomorrow. How can I wait till you -u C-l- L--
M.SURESAN
compare (A) and (B).
take me to your uncle and do all these expressions l.
things.
Look at the following expressions from the (A) I want to know what to do now? (
-------o \ What to do, sen(--o y? fees d-LqC conversation above:
tence v. d \ C correct.
. O u _-J y o B- 1) I don't know what to do.
R} Fo - --?)
2) Let me tell you how to get over this difficulty. (B) I have no money. What to do now?
( _ s-. -L-p? \
Midhun: Can't you borrow money from some- 3) I don't know which bank to go to.
What to do now C sentence -.
4) I know who we can go to.
one till you get the bank loan?
sentence -o C p.) C
(Bank loan a-- -J--_-j p 5) I don't know who to approach for a bank loan.
6)
I'm
just
wondering
when
to
see
him.
u h----Lq N.
a--?)
s
x, , --L-p? = What is to
j
sentences Eo- E- pattern: 'Wh'
Aslesh: That's exactly the problem. I don't
be done now? ( What to do? , .)
word + Infinitive (to + Ist Regular doing word.
know who to approach for a hand loan
What ('wh' word) + to do (Infinitive) -E- Kumar: We've waited for an hour. Jeevan hasn't
of a few thousand rupees.
. j expressions (those underlined) Fo come. (- . @ .)

( u. Eo - p-
words begin u E. Kesav: What's (what is) to be done now? (p- J _---x--C L- ,'Wh'Jo
---, \-, p, l?/ L?) (--x What to do? p)
)
Midhun: Let me tell you how to get over the difficulty. If only you are a little enterprizing you can approach a bank for an
educational loan.
2. Let me tell you how to get over the difficulty =
d CN o pF.
a) He has told her how to do it =
p.
b Please show us how to separate these
two =
-F -- p--.
3. I don't know which bank to go to =
bank
x L- .
A) She can't decide which dress to wear for

the party =
Party dress a---C.
I don't know what to do
EXERCISE
A
1 Forgive
A Sharp
2 Longing
B Repeat
3 Hitch
C Reduce
4 Recur
D Excuse
5 Steep
E Extending
F Obstacle
(forgive - present; forgave - past; forgivenpast participle)

Forgive X Retaliate
(J-L--) = s-s/ vB- Ba--. (Hit back).

2 - G. Yearning = -i J/ -*--/
--d--
b) I foresee a few hitches on our walking

tour=
(foresee=
a) The boy is unable to study well because

of his longing for home/ longing for his
mother, etc =
c) There was a hitch towards the end of the

programme because of the drizzle =
-O/ Lx-O -x
J ------o.
b) I have a longing to hear his voice again=
G Yearning
N- ~ o .
KEY:
1 - D. Excuse = Pardon =
~N-.
Oh God, please forgive us our sins =
- ~N.
To err is human but to forgive is divine =
-x , ~N- j-.
(Divine = - -C-*)
I can never forgive him for what he has
done to me =
- --E --E
o- ~N--.
{ *a--p- u-v -
J-T--C.
c) We can understand his longing to hear

her songs =
- N-
J- n --.
Long = --/ --.
Longing x Indifference (-h)
3 - F. Obstacle = f/ u/ -/
sC. j E Cl -uEo --
f.
a) In spite of the rain the programme went

off without any hitch=
v Eo *o s ----E ---o
-)
uv * p x h sC
L-TC.
4 - B. Recur = repeat = Sx Sx -N-,
--%---
a) The Maoist violence recurs frequently in
the backward regions of the state =
Z
--- vx Nd - Sx
Sx -- C.
b) Some illnesses recur and surgery is the

only permanent cure for them =
Eo
u Sx Sx h-. ---
Y *q y E-.
c) The earthquake recurred three times and

damaged the area permanently=
B) He didn't tell me which book to

refer to =
h-Eo
p-.
4) I know who we can go to =
-J--_J }
.
a) -JE v-C- n =
I don't see who to consult (see= understand)
b)
u-n E---L--x. -JE

o----C l vo =
All candidates are equally bad. The big
question is who to elect
5) I don't know who to approach for help
C-
sentence (4)
6) I am just wondering when to see him =
-o-p - E -*-ho.
a) p -l- F-o p?
Did he tell you when to start?

b)
-p Jh-- F-o idea ?=

(Do you have/ Have you) any idea when to
complete the work?
7) a)
h \ - h p =
Please tell me where to look for the book?
b)
vA \ Ev-- =
Show me where to sleep for tonight.
-x - v
y- s-AC.
5 - A. Sharp = (/ y-/ x
N) E- o/ E-j/ \ \- v--- o.
1) The car rolled down the steep mountainside =
2) The old man found it difficult to climb up the steep flight of stairs =
E- o y -O*
Jx-- .
E- o x-\ --- d-
-E--*C.
Flight of stairs = x p. -x-N \-J N-K- - = Steep rise in prices.
The prices of vegetables have risen steeply/
sharply over the past week =

Vx -- N-K- J-.
(sharp \- n = -j. F
\ n, \--J, E- E)
steep x gradual/ moderate.
Gradual = v, v. Moderate =
h (Moderate price = \, \
h / --i ).
- 24 ----J 2008
-- j---
Abhijith: Hi Adbhuth, weren't you supposed to

be in Vijayawada today? How come I
see you here?
(y V N--- -E
--o. \ E--h-o-?)
Adbhuth: You're right. I was told to be in
Vijayawada today. But because of a
last minute change in the programme
I had to cancel my trip.
(E. Eo- N--- -o. E *J EN p-x

v --Lq *aC)
Abhijith: Who's responsible for the change?
Abhijith: I think he is soon going to be

replaced; the present director, I mean.
(y- o -h-o---,
, p-o director .)
Adbhuth: What good that's going to be?
(-x v---?)
Abhijith: The company will be placed on the
path to growth.
(Company G-%Cl _ C)
Adbhuth: How are you so sure of it?
( *a p--?)
Abhijith: The new director may prove more efficient than the present one. At least
that is what is hoped.
This house was built ten years ago=
x x d--C
( p- ?)
Spoken Telugu ? x
(
E) x d .
Adbhuth: Our director is. He is believed to have
(h director p-o director
told the manager to change the pro-n- a. E F \ Spoken English passive voice
gramme.
-. -, d-E , dC
P-h-o)
(verb) p N( director. Programme a-E Adbhuth: OK. Let's hope
-E vu.
manager p-x t--o)
so too.
-- subject (E
Abhijith: What on earth for?
(?)
(
---) L---p
N_ --p, on earth
Pl)
412
passive
-Lq.

Adbhuth: Who knows? We are expected to follow orders. That's what I
do. So long as I am paid
properly why should I
bother?
2) I was told to be in Vijayawada today.

Verb - was told (PV)
3) He is believed to have told the manager.
Verb - is believed (PV)
4) We are expected to follow orders.
Verb - are expected (PV)
5) So long as I am paid properly.
Verb - am paid (PV)
6) That's well said.
Verb - is said (PV)
7) Programmes are often changed.
W hat on ear th for?
(-J ? x
c --E x--. D .
The Road has been repaired=
p Advanced level of
@ J_ -- ?- Spoken English ----o.
Road repair C (--C
--L?)
-).
u ---Abhijith: That's well said. Our director is con- LqC -s--- passive voice
Road repair -- L-/
sidered very efficient. But aren't such .
p d passive- has been

sudden changes a waste of money?
English u Spoken
repaired - \ -. --x
Difficult to believe efficiency and
English O----- passive
v Spoken English passive
M.SURESAN
wastage can go together.
----C.
voice - *-E
( p. director
p.
u
v
A
The
lunch
was
cooked by my sister.
-n- J---h. E -t
active
voice
E
verb
,
passive
by
my
sister- C -.
p-x s % ? n u, s
x (grammar ), Eo passive L-- -, My sister cooked the lunch (active)
% L -E t d .)
- N%-, % (artificial) , -, - C ?
efficient = --
Spoken
English -y -hC. ---E
' \ - = -n-j;
passive
voice
-Lq - E . h--: Active voice subjects efficiency= --
' \ - = n u Verb L E vu yLq *a, EE I, we, you, he, she, they, someone, nobody, a
Adbhuth: True. Programmes are often changed subject clear p------, passive man, the boy, etc people, etc --p E
passive ---- *C,
only because of improper planning. - -, .
(By me, by us, expressions ).
Improper planning is the result of inefeg: This house was built ten years ago.
ficiency.
Verb - was built (was- be form + built - past
(E. Programmes a, participle- voice - passive)

j v-R -- x. j hC ? Verb, be form + past participle
v-R --, --n L-.) (PP) C passive. - '' E
inefficiency= E---
n hC.
' \ -= --n
EXERCISE
meanings under B.
A
B
1. Awkward
A. Terrify
2. Twist
B. Vary
3. Landscape
C. Clumsy
4. Scare
D. Delicate
5. Fluctuate
E. Bend
F. Scenery
G. Straighten
KEY: 1-C. Awkward= Clumsy =
j E
--- , --.
a) As he walked up the stage, he appeared

very awkward =
C OC * x--p
--, - E--.
b) 'Have you any money?'

'I'm sorry, I don't have any' he said.
awkwardly = 'F _ s-i ?
', o-- s-C -d
c) She tried to dance but she was quite awkward =
dance
- v-Ao-*C,
F - --C.
Awkward -
y (y bird ) \
-. Awkward situation- s-C-
J-nA. OJ- L-* friend, O
*a--p, O Lx--v---E --Eh O
position awkward C. Awkward
-u-i n C.
Now look at the passive expressions used in

1) Weren't you (= Were you not) supposed to be
in Vijayawada today?
p--p x o p-Eo Ja/

v--J* p. (x o p--,
p-C--)
Twist X straighten (= T o-Eo
)
3-F. Landscape = Scenery= v%-A-%u.
The landscape of Kashmir is beautiful=
Awkward
ful/ adroit =
Qt v%-A-%u - C.
He twisted my arm behind my back =
AE - L-A-p.
The landscape of Araku valley is enchanting=
%u v--lLo hC.
enchanting = -d-, v--l .
4-A. Scare = Terrify= L-T-
The sudden appearance of the dog scared
the child =
The road twists and turns too often =
-- \ E--,
Gf --d-C.
As she fell she twisted her neck =
The thought of death punishment scared the

murderer =
road
K A--C/ ---- C.
-- AJ-T--C.
Twist p-Eo v--J* p.
When he reported the matter to me he twisted what his father had said =
Verb - is going to be replaced (PV)

9) That's what is hoped.
Verb - is hoped (PV)
1) You are supposed -

(Eo/ F J*) ---o
a) You are supposed to be the leader =
y ---E ---o (----o)

b) You are supposed to be in Delhi today =
Oy-V Mx o-E ---o.

p p
- O--- .
2) I was told =
a) We were told you were going to buy a flat=
flat
---o-E o.
b) This was reported to the Principal =
C Principal p.
( J*) t--o.
3) He is believed =
Tendulkar is believed to be the best batsman

in the world =
-\ u p batsman E
t--o.
4) We are expected = Lo Ph-o.
5) I am paid = Lx----
Lx-h.
N-N . More in the next lesson.
verb = were supposed (PV)
He sat in an awkward position.
(, - n) $ skill--u, Awkward (sCi n) $ graceful ().

2-E. Twist = Bend = . Twisted rod =
* f. (Twist - Twisted - Twisted)
Verb - are changed (PV)

8) He is going to be replaced.
--P~ J* - - --d-*C.
The sight of our headmaster scares us =
headmaster E-h , ---.
Scare X reassure (ju nN---)
On seeing the policeman, the thief was

scared and I felt reassured = Police
- --dC, ju L-TC.
5-B. Fluctuate = Vary =
- J--, u-, .
The price of petroleum fluctuates in the international market =
-b-B N- vL --.
Fluctuating voltage = Current voltage
N-K--i p.
His mood fluctuated between the happiest
and the saddest =
-nA A
* A -E TC.
Fluctuate X Persist (= nA --).
This price has persisted for the past few
weaks =
Cl - ( N/
p ) ---C.
D) Delicate = Eo--i. A baby's skin is delicate = Gf t Eo- C. An egg
shell is delicate = f Eo.
Delicate X tough (%-i).
--C- 27 ----J 2008
vo:
-- j---
1. To be + pp form
J* L----.
DEo N- n --L. ---
to be won n N?
2. Would be J* L---. Would be + pp
form N n --L? ---
would be done, would be won n N?
Would be - -- n --L?
3.
Tx- EE -h --E -L?

EE -h --E -L?
4. C-- N d?
I. a) What does the poet
says?
7.
\ Eo jx t--- --E
All types of cycles will be sold here L ?
All types of cycles are sold here E
? E n Eo jx \ t o E hC ?
--G->-, j---
: 1. to be + pp (am/ is/ are/ shall be/

was/ can be, etc + past participle) form
verb passive voice
C.
(pp = past participle E ?)
To be won = -----Lq ox.
Three prizes to be won=
More work to be done =
II. a) Where does she goes?
--- (-Lq) E C.
2. Would be - DE -J-* -x
N-J-. -* N-u p-E C
.
b) Where does she go?

III. a) What does he thinks?
b) What does he think?
Question F, not
F p--p does hC ?
J does --T-*--p 1st
RDW h? C p-?
N-J-.
6. Am, is, are vh -Eo L---h
? am+pp, is + pp, are+ pp n
--L?
Was come p E p. F was + pp,
were + pp J* L--- ! --p
was + pp N p--C? He is come
d --p He was come p?
-x--- 413
I thought that he would be there =
would be + pp = would be done,

would be seen, etc.
He Know that it would be done =
C ----E - L-C.
, I am young, amn't I ? , I am
-o. 'be' form
-, not hC. F 'aren't'
hC?
I am young, aren't I?
amn't I ?
LqC? Eo h-x amn't I , J-Eo-- aren't

I h-o. p--?
G.-,
: I am young, aren't I? correct. \ 'I"
N- v, question tag n't (not) *a--p,
aren't I? E hC, L. C , (usage) d
N- . h----Lq. Sx
question tag , "I" not - am I? hC.
vo: He said, "I will come here"... u-E Indirect
Speech come n go h? N-J-.
Fq xj
"I will come here"..
I promise to
pay
the
bearer the sum of one hundred rupees
E
C. E N?
E, ,
qu-J, Pa----J
: . He said that he would go there, correct.
Currency notes vC* - u Reserve
Bank of India C. bank governor, -o vuN- (monetary value s N) L O C.
-- -o --J-j (bearer = C-) - vu (s) Lx-h-E Reserve
Bank of India Governor O C.
vo: What is the difference of Invention and Discovery.

. lg, -_
: Invention - E Eo %d- Electric bulb,
TV, Telephone
E, Inventions .
Discovery - o Eo - / n --/
---.
Invention/ Discovery
-J- C
3. I will make (somebody) do it/ I will get it/ have

it done.
4. 1b, 2b and 3b correct.
not/ question
5. 2nd RDW
does + 1st RDW
Does
2nd Regular Doing Word
He likes me X He does not like me
likes + not / ? = (does like)
correct
Does + 1st RDW
6. am + pp/ is + pp/ are + pp- Regular
passive voice
--\ E --o -oC p

* future d would be.
'Question Tag'
correct, aren't I ?
not
-- -----E
-o ( :
-h-E -o).
5. 2nd RDW
vo:
She hoped that she would be given the prize =

Prize
We all expected that the match would be won
by India = Match
match
y----E P-*C.
----- ( ---) --.
b) What does the poet say?
Columbus discovered America -
Columbus.
M.SURESAN
--p
v hC.
He is seen (is + seen - pp of see) here everyday =
vA-W (Regular) --\ ---.

(vA-W --\ Eh.)
They are given (are + given - pp of give) coffee
every morning =
vA x coffee y---
(x coffee h)
Was + pp/ Were + pp- J-T -.
It was done yesterday - Eo --C
They were taken home =
N B--x--f.
-E: be form object o verbs v
past participle . -JE/ EE E
v
verb vo - answer a verbs
object C. come- -JE/ E
J EE

?- Answer . -E was come/
L---h.
were come . p.
I am taught (am + taught - pp of
7. Will be sold future tE
teach) for an hour everyday =
n. Are sold v p-/ p
(vA W (Regular)
t-E. Book Shops h---p
C----. ( t-----
d are sold L.
vA-W - C-h.)
He is seen her e ever yday

vo: j-C, v%A -C, , -J-v-t - simple present tense
tense
Jg-h. J-T-- --- simple past

pL. --- u v u v
uC. C J-v-t . J-T-- -E.
channels , News
Papers Indo-Pak
match ends in a draw match ends
ends simple present tense
? o The talks 'fail'

-x No. x- -----o. --C learners
, beginners -p- -- -h-o-x -? C v
v --C? N-J--.
. %g-U--b, E--
: A very good question.
News Paper reporting u headings J-T--

N-- present simple report * ho
--B (convention). -- immediate past J-T N- Eo-x simple present L-h.
vo: No Smoking, Missing, Drinking Water, Parking v---

-ing form
h--? Do not smoke here, missed E a ! 'p-- --E 'missing' j n-Eo-h?

Drinking water 'Fx -o E n --o. -F Drinking water E / p-?
parking E
n --L? ---
N-J---.
walking stick
.-, T-u
: Missing p- n hC. Correct. , \ missing ---/ - n hC. d p--
--E missing correct -. Drinking -o
- n hC.
Eg: I come to express my gratitude to you.
O %-c- L-- E-\- a.

\ I have come j a.
- news paper headings Twenty die as train derails
(Train d p- 20 C
), Elephants destroys crops
in a draw ? and kill villagers (Lo
-- -)
headings h. The use of simple present for past
events, headlines v J-N. Headlines C -
(News report/ story ) v - JT day/ date L,
past simple -.
News paper regular - --- learners/ beginners
confusion -T--C. Eo TV channels p
India won the match E h-. C India wins E F, India
has won E F L. India wins o-p journalistic language -C. India has won o-p past action, time not
stated -C.
O * -.
working women = u / ho Y
walking stick -ho v E .
C - a expression.
Printing ink printing (vC) ink hC F
vC ink E .
missed = p-
missed chance = (-)
p- --.
\ missed, past participle.
He missed the chance = - --Eo do.
\ missed - past simple.
N o. E -s-- n
-L.
-ho v -
The discovery of the law of gravitation =
walking stick = stick used for walking.
u--{ l-Eo n --oC.
writing table = table which we use for writing
-- 29 ----J 2008
-- j---
Amogh: A piece of good news. You've been

selected for the college team.
English v-u-o passive voice

J* Ja-ho . English passive voice
(-- ---h. --y college team vu o-p- ---i--p -u-)
-F, --- --p
Akhil: That's real good news. Are you sure of N%- -E ---o-?
it?
u by (-J-) E --C (C
(* h C. E E-?/ F Telugu passive form) E pd L--d ?)
p, by X/ Y/ Z E passive voice -Amogh: The team has been announced. Your . E-- -- (subject) *a- L- --p,
name is on the list.
active voice p- -E
(d v--. F G- C) h--. u Spoken English ... by
Akhil: I am really happy about it. Thank you. me/ him/ you/ us/ her/ them/ it/ somebody a
passive voice u n . By a
Who else are included in it?
( E - o. Thank passive C - - *C.
you. -Jo a--o--?)
Amogh: Our friend Sunil has been dropped. He
was found to have a knee problem.
the dialogue above. See if they can be only in

passive voice or if they can be better if they are
in active voice. ( Sentences passive voice
(F- C--. -E L
v
u C)
passive voice
E
Akhil: When is the match? (Match p?)
Ja h _
Amogh: The match will be held this 15th and
).
players will be asked to report for pracu-Fo passive.
tice from the 3rd onwards.
(Match, 15th -C.
--x--JE 3 * practice ----.)
Akhil:
I would have been there too

if I had been in town yesterday.
I'd have got all this information myself.
( --- -----o)
Amogh: The winners in the match will be sent to
Mumbai to play the finals.
Akhil:
finals
This will please my parents no end.

Thank you again for giving me this
wonderful piece of news. I am really
thrilled.
( t-oh N-K--i
--C. F Sx Sx
thanks, s--i - --E.
E --J- C)
thrill= -p-/ --J.
EXERCISE
meanings under B.
A
1 Blossom
A Terrible dream
2 Stigma
B Push
3 Junk
C Pleasure
4 Thrust
D Flower
5 Nightmare
E Heart
F Disgrace
G Waste
KEY:
Match
15 Ey-----C.
match 15 C/ --C.
6) Players will be asked to report for practice

from the 3rd. verb- will be asked- be form +
practice
PP - passive=
-x---
-x 3 *
----E ---= Players 3*

practice t-
414 .
v-- N--E
vu y-, d v-- h.
v--? DE vu . -sx English passive v
-. The selection committee
N-, The selection committee has
announced the team a.
passive better , selection committee omit
.
3) Who else are included? passive form
active d , a--x- L-d.
\ English active x.
The team has been announced
(Eo x , -\ -o.)
(\ L-*---x
j -)
5) The match will be held this 15th. verb- will be

held - 'be' form + PP - passive=
1-D. Blossom= Flower =
/ Ah. u d/ \-O o-p.
The blossoms on the plants in the garden

were very fragrant=
-E \ ---E-a.
Blossom- x (Countable- singular, plural
a).
Mango blossom- N--.
Cherry blossom- J \ .
Blossom N- - E n.
Buds blossom in the spring season=
_ N--h/ p-h.
N--- - --Eo blossom .
1) You have been selected for the

college team=
college team
--f. (
y u/ Eo
) verb- have been + selected
7) The winners in the match will be

sent to Mumbai. Verb- will be
sent- be form + PP - passive
voice =
---
L-*---x j -.
2) The team has been announced.
-E- , j English senM.SURESAN
verb- has been announced- be
tences Fo verb passive o.
form + pp (passive voice) = Team v--- N passive voice English J
-C Team v--. n h-C-?
3) Who else are included in the team? Verb- are 1) y u DEo passive p-.
+ included (be form + PP) passive = Team
- Eo C pd-- a--f? Team d. Eo active p
-Jo a?
- You have been selected.
4) Our friend Sunil has been dropped. Verb- has
2) The team has been announced. DEo active
been dropped = be form + PP- passive voice=
Sunil
-T---f. voice p h d , v- C pd L- d.
F- -T-.
[be form + past participle (PP)]
She blossomed into a fine young girl =
-i t- C-T-.
His business blossomed into a profitable
activity=
u C C-TC.
Rx-/ Rx-- s v-A-e-/ --/ -C-E N.

Karna carried with him throughout his life the
stigma of a casteless man =
Their friendship blossomed into love =
x o v C-TC.
The trees are in blossom = x p-h-o.
to blossom (G-%Cl / p-) X
to decay (P-/ ~-)
2-F. Stigma= Disgrace=
\ v-A-e N N/
-C-E v-h.
Alcoholism is a stigma =
--h-Eo (--u -u--Eo) Bv

vAe/ ---- N-hC.
In the Indian society a woman's remarriage is
considered a stigma=
- Y R} --
\/ --E E N-h.
The stigma of AIDS/ The stigma attached to
AIDS makes it difficult to control it =
AIDS
J* -, v-A-e--i/ _---Lq N- N---x E

E-v d- --C.
Pregnancy before marriage/ without marriage is a stigma =
\ v-Ae g @N-
Lq *aC.
Stigma X honour ()
3-G. Junk= Waste=
h/ E----i h-.
I want to spend the coming sunday clearing
all the junk at home =
C- x E--E -x-Eo-E
-----o.
He bought that chair in a junk shop=
KaE E--E x shop o.

Most TV serials and Indian movies are just
junk=
TV serials,
E-x -- h.
Junk food= A -n.
(- -j, - AL --u--i A x J NJa @b, -
N)
He speaks all junk = --- x-C h.
Junk heap = h--d.
Throw it on the junk heap =
4) Sunil has been dropped=
F- -T- ( p
p--- . vu
drop --, \ English
active d . Sx The selection
committee has dropped Sunil L, selection
committee extra Ja)
5) The match will be held this 15th. \ active
x match Ey--h--C L----d.
6) Players will be asked to report for practice
from the 3rd.
active
Team management will ask the players to
report ..
u,
E - p.
passive forms Spoken English
v. C--E -E-.
a) Immediate action should be taken to check
bird flu (pv) = Bird flu
~ u B--L.
b) A large number of birds have been culled =
l u x -.
cull = u T_--/ uC E--
--, ~- .
4-B. Thrust = Push =
(EL-j) .
He Thrust his hands into the pocket and

brought out a five hundred rupee note =
- AE Ja/ E*a 500 -- - B.

She thrust past the crowd and ran off =
\-* * J--C.
I thrust a hundred rupee note in the clerk's
hand and I got my certificate immediately =
h A - note d.
. certificate a-C.
Thrust X withdraw (\ )
5-A. Nightmare = Terrible dream =
---i / ---i -.
Waiting in the queue for Lord Venkateswara's
darsanam is a nightmare =
--y--yN z-- u E--

- -.
Travelling long distances without reservation
can be a nightmare=
J-y- \ jx v- ---i - a.
He gets nightmares almost every day =
vA--W - --/ ---i

--h.
Eo h--d N-.
- 31 ----J 2008
-- j---
Achyuth: Hi Ananth, take this.
(O -o ?/ --O ---o -! < N- . C

B. y Eo d---.)
(, C B.)
Ananth: What's it and why give it to me?
(C? ---h-o?)
Achyuth: Can't you see? It's a wrist watch and
it's my gift to you.
lessons < Important of passive voice J* discuss ho !

(n--? C . C h----LqC.
F.)
1) E-- -- (subject) L- --p active
Ananth: What's this supposed to be for? What's
voice is always preferable and passive voice
is to be avoided.
the occasion?
(C E-? s?)
2) Subject
short
pd L---p, D sentence (p-- pd p---p u j O -E N-,

-x- passive voice preferable. C--, \---C p--p.)
-- pd L---p, passive
Passive forms, u Spoken English - h) They have been informed of it - x N --. C English l u.
L---J-/ L---J-.
(F T-L---C ?/ F Lq-N:
a) He was murdered/ was found murdered.
T-L- ?-E F Be said to/ Be known to/ Be found to/ Be sup- forms Fo Spoken English - (- E-*C.)
posed to, etc.,
C. practise .
- y---o.)
b) The bank was burgled/ robbed - Bank
Ananth: Thank you, but this brand of watches is I/ We (be) told/ informed, etc.
--C (Bank - J-TC
conversation between Achyuth and Ananth.
known to be very expensive, so I can't O-Eo- - n:
.)
accept it.
1) What's this supa) He is said to know all
c) Jewellry worth lakhs was stolen = ~ posed to be for? =
(uq. - < Kabout it = E
N TL-f (C E-E -?
j--N -J . -E N - ). , v-- passive.
B----o.)
2) Your watch was
E -o.
415
d) He was injured in an accident = --- vstolen
Achyuth: Look here. This is just nothing when I
--f.
think of how much you've
Achyuth: Your watch was stolen, wasn't it? You
haven't had a watch since then. So I
thought I would gift you a watch.
helped me. This was

awarded to me in some
contest, and I have two
other watches. It's been
idle for some time.
What's this supposed to be for?
(. y Lh ---.
C -y--C/ -*aC.
< o. C -
C. -E F-ho.)
Ananth: I feel a watch is not a necessity. It's
worn more as an ornament rather than
as a utility.
(
- C - E . -- h- \-
Eo -- J-h.)
utility = Eu-@-N- --- h
3) This brand of watches is known to

be very expensive =
brand
watches
b) They are known to be great players =
K----E --
x p v---E -J
.
This fact is known to all = E
-J . (every one knows it).
c) The little girl was found crying for
her lost chain =
e) He was taken to hospital (passive)
--Fo passive .
Practise .
3) This brand of watches
is
known to be very expensive
brand watches
K-j--E -J .
4) This was awarded to me.
.
4) This was awarded to me.
M.SURESAN
-d-o -
h -E-* *o-x.
d) Tendulkar is supposed to be the best batsman in the world =
5) It is worn more as an ornament

rather than as a utility.
6) Are n't cell phones widely used?
In all the sentences above, the verbs are all

be forms + pps and so are in the passive voice.
passive
active
subject
1st sentence
(What's this supconversation
posed to be for?)
--/ -\- N \
passive .
a) Sachin was awarded the man of the match
prize.
b) He was rewarded for his courage =
- -
-E - -A *aC.
-\- v- N Fo
---E , 5) It is worn more as an ornament rather than
u-h -u-q-- -.
L---- x, as a utility
Achyuth: Aren't cell phones widely used? Are be supposed to must - (L/
\
p
.
= --- h- -
they necessary?
- N a) n C.
J-h.
(-q NJ-N --? (?) e) You are supposed to pay the fees by the 15th NE-hC. O .
C
C E d \ passive.
N --?)
= 15 x y V dL.
A: Come, take this money? (C s
Ananth: They aren't, for all people.
6) Aren't cell phones widely used? =
B.)
f) What am I supposed to do now? =
(-J .)
Cell phones -- (v)?
-L-p? ( --?)
B: What's this supposed to be for? (E----Achyuth: But aren't they used? So is it with
j
p -sx v passive
?)
C .
watches. Come now. Do take it. You'll
E h--.
g) We are told to wait here = tLo \ * 2) Your watch was stolen =
love it.
F watch T-L---C/ T-L---.
--o.
EXERCISE
meanings under B.
A
1 Blame
A Improbable
2 Unlikely
B Ladle
3 lntimate
C Complain
4 Scoop
D Inspire
5 Motivate
E Close
F Expel
G Include
KEY
1-C. Blame = Complain =

(Find fault with)
--/
EC-/ p--d
a) I don't blame any body for my failures =

b) Don't
blame me later. I have warned you enough.
j-u- JF EC- .
Eo L- a-J-. y o--
y. c) He always blames it on others =
--p p---. (
p--E), Blame EC-
, E n . I will take a
blame for it =
E E--/
E u -h. Blame X Praise/
Commend = -/ a--.
2-A. Unlikely = Improbable = -.
probable = N/ J - o.
a) India is unlikely to win = L -
. b) He is unlikely to go = } / x---a. c) ''Will there be an
election soon?'' (y Eo---i- -?) ''Quite unlikely'' (x/ - ).
Unlikely X Likely (/ --a) -E. Like (d--/ L ) ,
likely, unlikely - .
3-E. lntimate = Close = Eo--i, u
o-E, uh- -- .
Duryodhana, Sakuni and Karna were very intimate =
Intimate friends -
u--, g, E Eo- v-o--.

.
, v --E intimate
. Varma and Geetha were supposed to
have intimate relationship = -t, -U-
Eo- --E --. Intimate
X Aloof =
For sometime they have been aloof from each
other =
hvA- v-J---, j hvA

v-J / ---t N-.
o.
5-D. Motivate = Inspire =
/ -- .
- x J
Intimate (verb)
L---- n
C.
He has intimated to me his decision to start a
business =
I
don't have any intimation about it from him =
u v-G--o EgEo L---J- (p).
Eo J* _ * -
.Intimate (L---)X Conceal ()
4-B. Scoop = Ladle = --/ j o spoon,
J (Ladle) j B. He
scooped up, the tender coconut from the shell
after pouring the water in a glass
( sJ
Fx x y *p-E sJE
B.) p--p Ice cream
scoops h . Spoon Bh d
scoop . 2) Scoop - -n ---B
-J-/ spoon. 3) Scoop n
Journalism (hvA--) -C-*C.
Scoop X Cover.
v--/ v-
L-T- (u *--) J--p.
Kumble is a good captain who can motivate his

team =
captain
Only self interest motivates most
politicians -
d v-/ J-p *
x.
yn* --- -- v-hC. (} yn* E
C.) Better salaries and working conditions motivates employees = -j @,
-j E J-n- u-- v-/
vq-- --. Motivate X Deter ()
F-Expel = - \-J-. a) The principal
expelled the students from the college =

Principal,
college
(Dismissed). b) Two men suspected to
have terrorist connections have been expelled
from the country. Terrorists
Nu-n-
* - \-J-
o
l uh-- --* -- \-J--.
G - Include = Add = a.
--C 3 -v--J 2008

vo: -C -u- -n- vo: i) Corps,
.-.-f, jv-
1. a)
- E d--o/
--E C.
b) ( v-Jz-*) *
-Lq-E --o. (-
).
2. a) -
(p)
b) () - h
C/ --p /
---E ( ).
3 a) u PC-- -E d---o (p).
b) u PC--
() ----x (-).
4. a) The mechanic was to repair the car
todaywas to repair ... today
Is to repair
mechanic car
repair
n J .
V
L
E n hC. (V -
y-E).
b) Mechanic V car repair -LqC (F -).
5. E--- ( E--)
- N N-J- t.
6. x- Q-y-C- (Q-y-C----) - %h L-T* C.
vo: C--E --Tx-- -- --?
1. v F u j NTR
ii)
iii) The crying need of the country is food.

iv) I succeeded in neither attempts.
v) We should try to bring him round by our
argument.
vi) Still waters run deep.
vii) We should not while away our time unnecessarily.
viii) He is a square man in a round hole.
ix) The globe-trotter has walked round the
world twice.
x) The roar of the lion broke the still of the
night.
.-u, x
i) Corps - Pronunciation r
NCC
National Cadet Corps =
Cadet officer
( C silent-
) = jE-- ( N--o
hC. NCC =
l-. C
B jE .
ju
P~ -x).
Corpse - q = .
Polyandry=
L-v= h %y (J
\ ho (Y) (v-C)
Polygamy (L-N)= uy= J
\ A-o u-.
Pooh-Pooh- , (vA---, l, v-R, - E)
N y- h, E---E-E d-.
He pooh-poohed my theory - l h
E d---/ -.
Pooh= j - h-o-p
'< . - ideas -
- -
-, , .
-x--- 416
Poignant-
M.SURESAN
u' %Eo C-La-/

y---J (Eo-/ x-N).
ii)
uncle
except).
p Rx- --a (\ but=
-E--p u--N (crying need)

.
iv) v-o- x N -.
v) --- E _- B-
--L/ a--pL.
vi) -E-a- --o -F- - -\-. (---d-E)
vii) Eo --- % --.
iii)
(While away= waste.)

viii)
---E-/ J-n-x o.
J-n-x -.
An honest man in today's politics is a square

peg in a round hole =
--x E---B-- --.

peg = . square peg= --- o -
round hole = v o
ix) -- J (Globe = / v; trotter
= J) -x v d - .
x) --b vA Ez-lEo (stillness) <La-- C.
This will be the scenario
vo: 1. N J* Tx- --2.
grammar mistakes -o.

ju ----E, p -E - ---L? * h- *---.
C n, a ---.
i) spectrum, ii) infrastructure, iii) seeking,
iv) mortality, v) delegation, vi) scenario, vii)
stream, viii) dispite.
:
1.
3. BSNL
1. NTR is the Andhra cine idol.

2. If I say once, it is saying a hundred times.
3. BSNL employees staged a half-naked
protest/ demonstration (or) BSNL employees paraded half naked.
4. Don't belch in public.
5. You gain weight/ put on weight/ you
become fat if you eat out.
6. You have put on weight. Do exercise.
7. Do you have/ have you school/ classes
tomorrow?
8. Though his father shouted for him he was
in no hurry. Stretching his body he walked
at leisure to his father.

a-, n- ---.
C u- - N-J--.
ii) All but my uncle attended the marriage.
2. If I tell once, it means telling 100 times.
--C E- j- J--?
u- l o v-z .
4. --J d a.
5. Hotel h d hC.
6. F d *aC. q--j .
7. O \ ?
8. v d L-*, N E-C x
N--E x.
N.-.->.- -V, X%-g-o
corpse, polyandry, polygamy,

pooh-pooh, pooh, poignant.
N--J--.
1. a) I would like to act in
that play.
b) I should like to have
acted in that play.
2. a) To help him would
be a pleasure.
b) To have helped him
would have been a
pleasure.
3. a) The tourists would like to see the ruins.
b) The tourists would like to have seen
the ruins.
4. a) The mechanic was to repair the car
today.
b) The mechanic was to have repaired
the car today.
5. To have explained matters to him before
he died was my duty.
6. To have been able to bless the couple
would have given him great satisfaction.
-- j---
.f\, -,
O -x grammar mistakes -oE O Lh O correct English L---x. O C E L---p, Eo

correct - d
. O -
p English O L-
J * correct --.
practice \----Dl, p T_--.
Living English Structure by Stannard Allen
O ----- h.
BJ -x
Oxford
Learner's Dictionary of Current English
2.
. n E
sentences . O mistakes T_-.
i) Spectrum- p
Z v---q-E A
v. x--, prism * Rx--p
E- A g-- v.
-v-o: i) He used to write with this

pen.
ii) He used this pen to write
with.
iii) Come here.
j ---E usedn't
he?, --E didn't he?,
--E don't you? j-? N-J---.
iv)
Spectrum=
v .
The participants were from the ends of social

spectrum=
_-o-x --E v h ( *-* -H, * , p) o-E.

ii) Infrastructure= -v-Z-a () =
n/ / company -- - L -- (basic facilities)-
v) Delegation -
L---=
1) vA-EC%.
Indian trade delegation in the US =
-J- o -- -u vA-EC%.
2) -Lq--E -x p--p.
The Information minister was happy about the
CM's delegation of some of his work=
-uvA E - vA
buildings, electricity, roads, water etc.
pp, -Eo L-T-*C.
iii) Seeking
vi) Scenario = -J
1) j o -E v-Ao-.
1) -O E- E N-
He is seeking a good job =
v pp E--L, --
* u v-o hp--p -L E L-C. p Eo
o.
screenplay .
2)
2) N-u-h N- ---
I am seeking a good building for my
. This will be the scenario in AP- No
school = school *
party will get an absolute majority in the next
---o.
election. AP N-u *v C-
party a Eo- x *a--i majoriiv) Mortality = 1) --i
ty .
2) EKg - (-q/ , etc)
J - u. (Mortality rate = vii) Stream = Z 1) *o C 2) v. 3)
q, -i vA-- Nu-n _.
- vA u-C -C
--- N
viii) Despite = In spite of = --p-
3) : Hospital Mortality = pvA
Despite the rain he went out = { o-p.
--- --}- (O spelling J--- despite correct).
Pronunciation -L \---.
' u, t--l-j uAt c @N-h. G%Cl , -Eo,

E, vO--, Eo
2020 v-N
h. u- --
vA-W vA-c a.
OE Tx- L----.
.-P---f, --
: Sentences 1 and 2 question tag, 'Didn't he?'.

'Usedn't he?'
correct.
p-C .
Sentence 3 - Come here
Q.
Tag:
Come here, will you?
Imperative sentences (c ,
u-n-, - L sentences) , question tags p
future forms (shall/ will)
h.
Lets go now, shall we?
4) "I pledge to abide by truth and
to discharge my duty aided by a
spiritual vision. While I seek my
growth, I will strive to help my
family and village to grow, and to
make my country the foremost
country in the world".
--- 5 --v--J 2008
-- j---
Chethan: As I was on my way home, I ran into

your uncle.
Chethan: Go when you like. I've done my job telling you of it.
( -x--J O - J-TC.
run into = -- Jj ---/
-J-j ---
(F d *a--p x. E F
p .)
Chandan: Who?
Chandan: By the way, did you talk to Ganesh

about our programme next week.
(C -F, a- vv
J* x-?)
(-JF)
Chethan: Your uncle.
(O .)
Chandan: (It) Can't be. Unless he cancelled his
trip to Nellore.
(-. x v-Eo
l p.)
Chethan: Yea. That's what he told me indeed.
He was supposed to have left for
Nellore yesterday morning, but something came in the way and he had to
stay back.
(. pD . Eo
l x- ----E - J-T-F, f*a T-Lq *a-E o.)
Chandan: Oh. Hence my not getting the call
from him from Nellore.
(D. -x x
* -
.)
Chethan: He wants to see you this
evening. He said he
would call you in the
mean time.
Chandan: Because of some work at home I

couldn't go to his place. If I had gone
I would have known about it.
(x E x Rx- x---. x L--C.)

Chethan: He asked me to tell you to see him
today.
(E y v -----E
F p--o.)
Chandan: I will, ofcourse provided I can get my
bike back in the evening. I've given it
for servicing.
(p-, j v h.
Eo Ky-- *a o.)
Exercise: Match the words under A with
A
1. Rejoice
A. Swarm about
2. Cobbler
B. Physical
C. Experience
4. Manual
D. Include
5. Undergo
E. Feel happy
Chethan: Sorry, I haven't been able to get at

him. Though I tried his number three
to four times yesterday he was out of
reach. Unless we go home to him we
can't get him.
Spoken English
active voice
passive voice
direct and indirect speech
connectivesphrases, clauses and parts of sentences
English
word order
j,

(-E d--- o. Eo j,
L -
x -
, E -----. J* ---- -.
u d, \
h p J-d
----L. - J
.)
E J* N- \ L--Chandan: He is usually at home in the mornho. Practise .
ings. That's the best time to see him.
Look at the following sentences form the
conversation above:
Therefore
you go to
him tomorrow morning.
-x---
( l--
417
1) Can't be unless he
cancelled his trip to
Nellore- unless
b) I can't do it unless the boss gives me permission =

boss
boss
--Ah p/ --Ah F
C -.(
--Ah C -.)
-E-: unless J-n-x E ---
(present F, future E) C L---hC. -- -E N-Eo, E-E Eo
p-- --C .
c) Unless you study well, you can't pass- y
C-N- p y -. (C-N-
pass -- present/ future).
d) Unless he knows you are here, he will not
come =
Ny\o-E Lh p \-/ L-h h.

unless = p. if= -.
unless = if not; if = unless not -C n
unless = p/
E if = -
U nless he cancelled his trip
(E-o - v ------o. E F
h-E p.)
3. Infest
F. Decrease
G. Maker/ Repairer of
footwear
Key
1-E. Rejoice = Feel happy =
Parents rejoice at the success of
their children =
--/
-C-.
x N Lx--v
Ch.
When she got a good rank in Eamcet her parents rejoiced =
Eamcet
rank
*
Lx--v- L-T-*C.
Kaikayi had cause to rejoice when Rama
walked to the forest =
-- x
j L-T-*C./ j --E
uC.
We rejoice on the Independence = yvu
2) Unless we go to him in the morning, we can't get him.
x .
--E ---- C
* . d y
--- _- p-l x.)
3) That's what he told me indeed

4) Hence my not getting the call from
Nellore.
Chethan: We can decide the pro5) He will see you meanwhile.

gramme ourselves. All that
6) Because of some work at home I
M.SURESAN
we need to tell him about is
couldn't go to his place.
how many of his men we
7)
By
the
way
did you talk to Ganesh about our
require and when we need them. As
programme next week.
such there is no need to meet him
8) Though I tried his number I found him out of
now.
reach.
( vv Eg---a. ---
p-Lq-x --- - --C p L, E. vh--E
J-n-x -E ---- .)
Chandan: Ok. As you please.
(F d.)
C-q -Ch. Rejoicing j / - ---
Rejoice X Mourn (N--/ "-) We
-
-~ --E
20 . \--o. (d,
=
F
-)
v-h ----.)
-, C-\, s-C- -,
--x \- . x . a) The
place is infested with rats = -
. The tables in the eatery are infested
with flies = -- E q
.
The area is infested with pick pockets and
cheats =
v h --, -x.
J-T L-, p- =
J-T--N Lh o p--.
c) Unless he has the money, he can't buy a car

= if he has the money he can buy a car.
It is a thief infested area =
vo:
v --
1. Paper
E
? J news
--?
Swarm =
A swarm of files/ mosquitoes =
of trouble even to get a small thing done in a

govt office =
-x = t--
(only)
if I know what has happened, I can comment
=
B-- p/ B--
F,
=
1) unless: p/ --E
B-
a) Unless you start now you cannot see him =
C.
Ny-p ---J p y ----E - -s-x,
-. (p ---J- -y--E --- B
--. B--a/ B----a. N
-.)
E J* a-J.
3-A. Infest = Swarm about =
p /
.
b) Unless I know what exactly has happened, I

can't comment =
d) Unless she takes the medicines, she can't

recover =
If she takes the medicines she can recover =
2-G. Cobbler = Maker/ Repairer of footwear =

repair
The cobbler wouldn't repair (mend) my
shoes for less than Rs. 20/- =
shoes repair
repair
mend.
your shoes need mending =
shoes
repairing
Mend your behaviour =
mourn the death of Gandhi on every Jan 30 =
s - F
=
s
hC.
F
? unless o sentence not h,
if o sentence not .
9) As such there is no need to meet him.
-, -- - .
-/
(u x .)
4-B. Manual = Physical = K---i. manual
labour = K-/ j v. Computer ,
Nu-a h - -
J.Manual X Automatic. Manual
n = v, - o-p, N
~-- L *o--h. (TV ,
cell phones o-p a h-.)
5-C. Undergo = Experience = --N-/
- N--. He have to undergo a lot
vA -J 30-, DE --E
N-h.
a) Unless you pay you can't get the

certificate =
certificate
if you pay you
can get the certificate =
certificate
vy u--x *o-E ---o --Lq (--N-Lq)

hC. b) parents undergo a lot of agony
when their children are ill = x s-- Lx-v ~ N-h.
Agony = ~.Undergo X Avoid/ escape.
D. Include = a. He is included in the
team = -E team a--o/
team o.
plural
papers
2. Nobody go(es) there
d?
3. Nobody has/ have a pen.
--, x
1. Paper
plural
paper
EC, --E, printing

n --p.
Paper -o n = 1) Document
(ui v) 2) Newspaper. n
--p, paper plural C.
I've lost some of my papers = vx Eo
-d--o. (Certificates, h -C-*
v N)
His photo appeared

(Newspapers) today =
in
the
papers
- -- V
vA-x C.
2. Nobody- singular,
goes correct.
3.
j --x,
he/ she
d,
has correct.
verb,
- 7 --v--J 2008
-- j---
Venu: How's the new house you've bought?
(y o h x C?)
Gopal: It's not as such a house, but a set of
rooms interconnected. Just a few amenities. That's all.
(C x x , -E
L- . --- .)
amenities = -
Venu: So it's going to take quite some time for
you to move in then.
( - h time
d-a-o-.)
Gopal: You can say that. (y correct) It needs
Gopal: Don't I know it? I had hell with the workers when I was on the job.
( L- ? x d-op E-x -.)

hell= .
on the job = E/ E-O \
n x d.
Venu: These construction workers are such
callous fellows that they don't care what
happens to you.
( construction workers ( Y,
v-, plumbers) --i x
d--.)
callous= feeling E.
but, despite, in spite of, however --/ - O-Though,

E
o
n / --p-.
n -- not ... as such (not ) \ B
--o. O -F
---N-/ sentence
some repairs and alterations. As such it
.
E n. C Spoken English
is not suitable for family to move in.
Gopal: That's true. However we can't do without
Though
(he
is)
tall,
he is not handsome =
common. Practice .
them.
(E Eo -t-, p -.
. (He is not handa) He is not as such the leader, but is regarded

(E. F x E - ?)
o-- x -.)
some though he is tall E a) = He is
as one= -- - ,
Venu: When do you expect it to be ready?
Venu: OK. I must be going. See you.
tall but (he is) not handsome.
F --.
(p- j -----o?)
(. }L.)
It is an express train, but it is very slow =
b) The car is not as such my own, but I can use
Gopal: Not before Vinayaka chavithi, any way,
Spoken English -u u
though it is an express train, it is very slow = C
it as long as I want to =
though the work is going on fast.
l N-- p l
express, C slow.
Car
(-i N- NA v , F Eo Despite = in spite of = --p- n,
, E-v _ --o-p-.) h-C-F *o *o N\--- though, but . OE --p S} sentence
---h *\x Venu: How much is it going to cost you?
J--C.
418 --a.
.
( a---C F?)
(Despite
h u,
Gopal: Despite all the care I am
vC. Spoken English )
taking, it is likely to exceed
Rs. 4 lac. Such matters as
these often cost more than
our estimates.
1) As such=
It's not as such a house..
( v-h B-- lesson Eo *o N-

o-p-, ~ - -a. N---p -- n, --. (Last les -- .)
son -- , if,
Venu: Provided you personally supervise what- unless . N J-Eo
ever the masons, the carpenters, the p l.)
plumbers and the electricians do.
(x, v-, Fx-j- a-x,

electricians EE y _-
---.)
Gopal: That's right. Our supervision always
makes a lot of difference.
(. \ -
hC.)
Venu: It's rather tiring and a big strain not only
on your pocket, but also on your mind
and body.
( E h N L-T--C-
C. s a , -,
K--E v.)
EXERCISE
meanings under B
A
B
1. Bluff
A. Basic
2. Incentive
B. Advanced
3. Staunch
C. Trick
4. Surpass
D. Inducement
5. Fundamental
E. Strong
F. Excel
G. Secretive
KEY: 1-C. Bluff = Trick -
-l p p-J
d-/ -T-/ -.
He bluffed to me that he was a CBI man =

CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation)
Now look at the following sentences from the conversation

above.
1) It's not as such a house, but ...
c) The PM as such doesn't decide

matters. There is the cabinet and
more importantly Mrs Sonia
Gandhi =
vvA -
Eg B-.
vA-_, - u
E--D -o--?
M.SURESAN
2) As such it is not suitable for a family to move in.
p. . C
n .
3) Not before Vinayaka chavithi any way, though

the work is going on fast.
a) Though/ Although/ Even though he is rich, he

leads a simple life =
4) Despite all the care I am taking it is likely to

exceed Rs. 4 lac.
b) Though he can speak Telugu, he doesn't =
5) Provided you personally supervise what they do.
x---L-T--p- x-.
6) The workers are such callous fellows that

they don't care what happens to you.
c) Though many do not like him, they follow him
7) That's true. However we can't do without them.

That he always carries a gun with him is just
a bluff =
p -E d -/ -.
They bluffed their way past the security to the

minister =
-J E p-E/ -*
v s-C-E- vA- x.
2-D. Incentive = Inducement = vq-/
v-. n-E u- \ n, q- E-- vq--
h/ a --, commission (@-E -), -oA (promotion)
N. Nu-n--a merit prizes/ scholarships incentives.
The chance of getting bribes acts as an
incentive in some government departments
=
C* -E t--L-/ -. u j E------
p o--x/ p x o-x -C-* x --, bluffing.
Eo vy x -
vq- E--hC.
Inducement= v-/ J--p.
She bluffs that she is the close relative of the

DIG = DIG
His taking alcohol is the result of his friend's

inducement =
_ d-oE p--C
( ) .
He says he can speak three or four languages, but I doubt he is bluffing =
x------o.
F - l h-o-E /
--E.
2) Though= although= even though=
E--j E--- @N-h.
C o Sx

-.
Ev LThC.
Incentive X Disincentive.
Inducement X determent
(E-)
d/ -i -Ja
l/ Jx N- (loyalty) N-.
3-E. Staunch = Strong =
He is a staunch supporter of congress party

=
Congress party -i l--/ d congress C.

Britain is staunch ally of the US =
vG -J -i Nv-.
ally (j) = Nv-/ Nv-Kd, etc.
He is a staunch believer in Mahatma's principles =
D t d Nt--.
Staunch X wavering (Eg---- T--)
4-F. Surpass = Excel = C--N-.
The sales surpassed all our estimations =
, o- vq L-.
Induce = v--.
The old woman induce the girl to prostitution
=
- t-E uG-
CC.
Though he has (a) good command of

English, he rarely uses English =
English
English
He has
(a) good command of English but he uses
English rarely = In spite of his good command of
English, he uses it rarely = Despite (Spoken
English
his command of English, he
uses English rarely.
t- -- C--N-/ -.
Tendulkar, by scoring this century surpassed
himself =
score

- -\
C--N-.
- L---p-,
- - =
However= but. Sentence

English
but
however
but (written
) v-G. v-G--Lq--p
Though the book is very useful it is priced high

=
The book is very useful, but it is high priced. = In
spite of the book being useful/ In spite of the
usefulness of the book, it is high priced =
Despite (In spite of
the book/
being useful/ usefulness of the book, it is high
priced = The book is very useful. However, it is
high priced.
but
sentences
h -----i--p- \ =
y )
--C d------p-, -
--J-h.
Nothing would induce me to vote for him
again =
The drug induces sleep=
Observe the following.
(-E-. \
,
--.)
Japan excels all the western countries in

technology =
-A au
- C--N-*C.
Surpass/ excel X underperform (
P-*---E- \ C-)
5-A. Fundamental = Basic = L---i/
v-N (A--u-i)
Violence is against the fundamental principles of Hinduism =
C vN/ L v- uA-.
Truth is fundamental to Gandhism = u
D--y-E v-N--i-C/ A u-i-C.
These are the fundamentals of maths- addition, subtraction, multiplication and division =
, B-, -, - N --E
.
Fundamental (v-N)
X Advanced (o--n)
Fundamental (u-i)
X Secondary (\ v-u-o)
Food, clothing and shelter are fundamental.
The rest are secondary =
, f, N @N u---.
N-N y.
G) Secretive = - y.
--C 10 -v--J 2008

-v-o: -C-- -J-* -N-
-- j---
4) & 5) As far as = So far as =
As far as I know = So far as I know =
-J--.
1. You are not supposed to
go there.
2.
d--f
.
3. The fight have taken

place between one another/ between each other.
6)
L-----.
yC --E --= yC
---.
7) I have been to Vijayawada-
N--- Rx a. (\- Rx--x) N-- E.

I have been to him=
4. As far as; 5. So far as

6. You are not supposed to have done it.
7. I have been to VijayawadaVijayawada
I have been to him
.
- n h?
8. Where as; 9. Have to be taken
E --E/ _J Rx a
E. (L----a).
8) Whereas = L-- .
He is tall whereas his brother is short =
F t d.
B---L
9) Have to be taken =
--, x
1) You are not supposed to go there =
These medicines have to be taken for a

month-
-- B--L (
B-L).
y-\- x ----/ y-\-

x--.
-v-o: 1. a) What is poetry?, b) What is prose?,

c) What is novel?, d) What is fiction?
simple
definitions
2.
English
prose
substance
matter
tense
simple present
tenses
O
-C*
y-.
-u --
-----p

,
C-
? sEo d Eo
--T--a?
*o u *a E N-J--.
3. ''The grass is always greener on the other

side is"-
2) I wrote as much as I worked hard.

3) The fight has (fight have
fight
it
has
taken place between one
another- correct
between each other-
L)
l-J- \--C -j;
lJ u -j.
d,
-x--- 419
n N?
.M---vA, --Lx-
: 1. (a) Poetry= Ny / u=
A piece of writing in metrical lines (measured lines) expressing deep thought,
feeling and emotion.
I have had cof fee just now

-v-o: 1) Having,
being, getting.
-O- n--
b) To be a captain is difficult = Captain
s--/
o--x - car
h C.
----- -N--J--.
- --a prepositions, keeping -n
(2) having + past partici---.
ple- Having done, having
3) Make, do -- --N-?
gone, etc E--
4) To be, will be -- --N-?
5) Future continuous tense - will be --- x/ - n
M.SURESAN
.
to be ---a?
a) Having seen the movie, he can tell us
6) Have (v1), had (v2), had (v3) -N--J--.
whether it is good or bad = E
Have had, had had - ----L-y-.
- ?/ ---x,
7) -N-- take off ---. -- verb
p--.
\- off- ---, coming up.. -J-*
b)
Having
studied in the college for 2 years,
---.
I know a lot about it = college
8) Direct, Interrogative sentence -
x C-N---x EoJ*
-- sentences who h-?
p--.
-- -n --L. -N--J--.
c) Having gone there, he saw for himself what
9) --C -u-- --Tx-- ---.
kind of place it is = \- x x C
1. ---J --d --x-C. 2. -F- ---J -J-*
v- ----L.
--o- - -n -- --. 3. -F- -
Being
=
o-x, -
-E ---J--j- ----a. 4. - --
1)
Being
ill,
he cannot attend college= s
h-- - - h- --.
o
x
, college .
-j.-.-T-J, --
2)
Being
tall,
he can bowl well= _
: Having (1) LT o n
x
/ - bowl --.
a) Having a car, he can easily go places =
2)
&
3)
Get,
Keep
a , make, do
-x - x A-
lessons
N- p. .
-.
4)
to
be
=
(
p-j a)
b) Having cancer, he is unable to move about
a) To be here any longer is dangerous =
- cancer o--x A------o.
\ v v- (p).
c) Having a lot of money, he can offered car
2) Keep
Tx- "I do not want to open the secret" p-a?

better pL?
interrogative sentence regular "why you are
going?" d "Why are you going?" d? N-J-.
--E, N--
: 1. u N- ---d/ --
L--= reveal.
I don't want to reveal the secret.
2. Question
question
verb
subject
So, why are you going? [(are (verb) + you (subject)] correct.
hC.
Each line, or each set of lines has a definite

pattern of syllables, stressed and unstressed.
b) Any piece of writing, long or short, on any
topic and with a logical sequence of thought.
c) Novel = A long story with a definite plot, and
having a logical sequence of events.
d) Fiction = Any story- a short story or a novel.
-sEo d n - tense
-a. narrate -p present
tense F, past tense F .
English poem *a n NJE
-. p- N-Jh. vh
n- x y----o.
3. ''--T- x- * -E . --oN
o , --oN - --
- y.
2.
(The grass is always greener on the other

side of the fence =
-L f \
f a).
Had had - the past perfect tense of have - for
the earlier of two past actives:
d . (p--)
future ?
a) He will be here in a few minutes = Cl
EN-x --\-- (future).
I had had a Maruthi car before I bought this

Honda =
Will be
b) They will be ministers if he becomes the

CM=
CM
(future).
x v-
5) question pd . future continuous to be .

6) Have (pr.tense) - had (past tense) had (past
participle) have had, had had
verbs
have had
have
had
had
had
have, had, verb form
Independent status
O n LT E -? n O,
,
,
,

, .
E p-\
.
. .
I have had 2 cups of coffee so far = verb have had - have + had (past participle of
have) - tense present perfecttime
n 1) p-L- LT 2)
-p, LT 3) p j B- (A/ ).
a) I have had the opportunity once = \-J
- L-TC (Past - time not
known).
b) They have had three chances so far=
p--- x - a.
c) I have had coffee just now, I don't want any
more =
coffee
-v-o: ' u --- p----- o u-Eo
Imagination is its important quality.
-v-o: Please translate the following sentence in Telugu.

"A contract contingent on not happening of some event in future can be
enforced if that event becomes impossible."
: ''N-u- - -
>.-.----, x
-o J-n-A/ vA--C O
C-J p, - ---
-x- --hC. (English
u - p-d ).
Bo. \--.
-v-o:
-
B C.
7) Take off, coming up, put out -O--Eo--E prepositional phrases/ phrasal verbs . N
- a--F O rules
. -, '' L_ d---
N-Eo . a- English
, n h-F n- .
English phrasal verbs . ---x
Fo -h.
8) Direct, Interrogative sentence - Indirect
speech , other kinds of sentences
who hC ?
He asked me who had done it. sentence
Indirect speech v statement
(Interrogative ) . \- -
who *aC ? O N pd
-.
9) 1) Every one has their own likes and dislikes.
2) I do not understand who you are talking
about.
3) You can get/have this job done by any one
you like OR you can get any body to/
have any body do the job OR you
can make anybody do the job.
4) Of these four books, these two are better
than the other two books. OR These
two are the better of the 4 books.
Rapidex book,
spoken English lessons,
English books
---o.
h--d---o. F - x---p reply
y y-----o.
--.
C n L----.
i) I don't try to speak loudly.
ii) I try not to speak loudly.
.-.-FN,
-L-T-J, --_- ->-x
: ju ,
p- x-
x-
-. --x p
E-hC.
i) G_- x-- vAo-. (G_- x--Lq-p ---)
ii) G_- x-- v-Ao-h. (G_-
x- *C ---p).
- 14 --v--J 2008
-- j---
Gopal: I discussed the matter with him yesterday for nearly two hours.
Gopal: Yea. Such things do happen. Why some

times? Quite often.
(F N Eo - - Ja-)
( N ---. Eo-x? --.)
Padma: Hence you couldn't see me yesterday,

you mean?
Padma: You can always score high providing/

provided you know the technique of
preparation. A thorough study of previous years' question papers will help
you know what areas you've to study
well. Not always it is necessary to study
the subject from end to end.
(-x Eo y o ----
-----o ?)
Gopal: Exactly. He was rather unwilling to
come here, but somehow I persuaded
him to finally he agreed.
(, \- a- h
-d - o, F -E
p-.)
persuade = -- (, bird ' ) =
a--p/ p-.
I can persuade him to join our team =
team x --E p--.
Padma: How is he preparing for the exams?
(---Lq Lh K-~x \
\ a--a. --C question
papers K-Q-Lh C-N
L---C. Subject --*
*-J-- - p - )
Gopal: That's true. OK. Shall we start for the
college now?
(E.
College
----?)
Padma: OK.
(K-~-- ----o?)
Gopal: Quite well, I hope. He is the hard working type. So he is sure to succeed.
( --o. h d-
. N --- -o.)
Padma: You can't always be sure.
Sometimes not withstanding one's efforts, one is not
sure of success. There's
that element of luck too,
isn't there?
Gopal:
-x---
420
b) It's been raining heavily for the past twenty four hours. Hence the late arrival of a
number of trains =
Sukumar is going to marry the girl, notwithstanding his parents' objection =
24 -
K { -hC. -- jxFo
-u --o.
hence vC. Conversation
. So, therefore, because N
\ .
Lx--v u--- -o-p- -

t-E x---o.
Notwithstanding, Jh u, vC.
n a nevertheless .
Spoken English NE-- (-j
n--u- vC v- \
c) He is lazy. Hence his unwillingness to work
a. x---p - ).
= l--h. E---
O --L-T In spite
d--.
of, though, but, although, even though -OE
2) Rather = \ ( aE
last lesson N-J ?
N-)
5) Because of = -x.
He was rather unwilling
Spoken English - -Lq-a con(p --E d p. nectives *o *o --

Eo-x, d v-Ao-*, x English correct , -
N ---E d t. ---o ? p J-Eo
%-d- -C -L ?)
l.
Yea. I agree with you there. How hard
you've worked or whether you've
worked hard at all doesn't matter.
Ultimately it is the marks that you get
that counts, isn't it?
(. y-C -p-. y
d- -f, d- -f C
u. *-J Eo \ y a-o-- u, ?)
Padma: That's because of the exam system we
have. We sometimes see surprize
results- the not so thorough student
scoring more than the thorough one.

conversation above.
1) Hence you couldn't see me, you mean
2) He was rather unwilling.
3) Notwithstanding one's efforts, one is not sure

of success.
4) Ultimately it is the marks that you get that
matters.
5) That's because of the exam system we have.
6) You can always score high providing you
know the technique of preparation.
1) Hence = for this reason =
(C K~ N--x. Eo-x au---i L- h N

~o L- NuJn ,
L-E NuJn \ \ .)
EXERCISE:

A
B
1 Aviation
A Stop
2 Intentional B Polite and pleasant
behaviour
3 Pause
C Mark
4 Grace
D Doubtless
5 Scar
E Aircraft technology
F Think
G Deliberate
Key and explanation:
1) Aviation - (E) = Aircraft technology.
N Et, N--, N--Y

-C* N-/ N--.
a) You have to study aviation to become a

pilot = Pilot
aviation
u-
-L.
b) Aviation has advanced tremendously

since the Wright brothers flew their plane =
Wright brothers
N-Eo E-dp--*
p- N--Y vt- G-%Cl
C. Civil Aviation = N N (N-- N--(Air forcemilitary aviation ).
-.
a) Kumar is quite hardworking. Hence his

success =
d- E--h/
% h. N--E- .
b) It's difficult to imagine the world without

aviation =
N-- E v-Eo
--- d .
Avian = ~- -C-*. Aviation- pronunciation- -N--- \
-. Avionics - N-- electronic J--- -C* Y.
2) Intentional - (G) = deliberate = l---y-i. j -o l-- .
a) His delay in meeting her was intentional =
-- -/ l---y-- u
/ - -u ---o.
b) He withheld the information intentionally =
-/ l---y-- Eo -/ - E-y-.
Intentional X Unintentional (--)
a) My remarks were unintentional =
uu -- -N (l---y
)
3) Pause - (A) = Stop = .
a) The speaker during his speech paused to
have water =
-u u
Fx .
a) The day is rather hot =
-
C (-x u)
b) The movie is rather dull
=
E N
( )
M.SURESAN
N :
1)The movie is dull = E -.
2) The movie is rather dull = -.
3) The movie is very dull= E
h C.
(rather, very \.)
c) The modern movies are rather noisy =
vh E- / --\
.
3) Notwithstanding = In spite of = --p-.
Notwithstanding public opposition, the government wants to postpone the elections =
a) Because of his fever he can't

attend class today =
Because he has a fever he can't
attend class today =
y x/ y
-- x class .
Because of y p noun/ ing form
hC. Because y p verb hC.
b) Because of his help I passed the exam.
[Because of + help (noun)] =
pass
= Because he
helped me I passed the exam [Because +
helped (verb)]
pass
u.
= x
u.
6) Providing = Provided = if
- (Condition)
a) Provided/ Providing you pay the money in

advance, you can get the books =
y
s--- F h---h.
b) I don't mind your coming to the movie provided/ providing you pay for your ticket
ticket
=F
y s d- y
E--h u- .
c) Provided he is fit he can join the team =

fit
team
( nA )
a.
v-u-A-- o-p-, vy Eo--

----C.
b) Don't hurry. Pause for a while to think
about it clearly =
---. h E
J* pd -*--.
c) She paused for breath as she spoke very

angrily=
x-
TC, J a---.
[Electronic J--x, pause button C
? Eo \ C T--C]
Pause X resume (Sx v-G-)
He resumed his walk after a half an hour's
rest =
- NvA y Sx
v-G-.
4) Grace - (B) = Polite and pleasant behaviour=
-- -/ --F-.
a) He had the grace to accept defeat =
-NE U--J-- -/ / --F-

-NE p--o.
b) True, your daughter married against your
will. Now that it's over have the grace to
bless her and accept the marriage =
E. O t Fd E Rx -C.
--- ---C-?
--F- Q-y-C* RxE C.
c) Though very elderly, he had the grace
to accept his mistakes and apologize =
l--j, p- p-E ~-
/ --F- -.
5) Scar - (C) = Mark = a --x-F,
dF L N--i a.
a) A knife wound has left a deep scar on his
face =
Ah , -O
l a NT-LaC.
b) You can recognize him by the scar on his

hand =
A-O o a -
y--E Jh--a.
c) The scar that the fire has cause hasn't

heeled yet =
x a
--.
Heel = , a, N -.
--C 17 -v--J 2008

Q.
-- j---
Unveil =
=
N \-J-- [Veil= . Unveil

-T--). j o d---
-- v-Jz-- u Nv,
*h-- - -E. p h
cars, -o market
N- -Eo unveil -o.
Initiate - E-- E \---.
v-G-/ v ux -.
1. Launch- unveil- initiate- introduce -
N?
2. Sounds good! expression
meaning?
3. CBFC
certified
rates
(abbreviation full form)
4. It's a girlthing
expression
C English
?
5. Good bye y-
"bye" p--x?
6. Suomoto statement, slated, busted n
N?
7. English- Telugu dictionary *-.
8. - V school ? English
expression ?
9. -C --E English
pL?
G. B Hb, -
A. 1. Launch = u-, p--E C- u N l h vG-Launch AIDS eradication campaign= AIDS
Et-
(Campaign-
u
-).
Launching serious measures against corruption =
1) The government wants to initiate certain

economic reforms =
vy Eo Jn
\--- v-G-----C.
2) The chairman initiated the discussion about

the new policies=
-x---
(Launch a rocket/ spaceship/ ship).
companies h- --
v---d- launch.
\-- h
-KE v----d-C
company.
market
get
I will you get you for that. You bastard!
u s-C o. -
Eo
-h E C. C -d? u-
n -- N-J-.
.-.-X-, j--
Correct. (F E/ F h.)
expressions Fo usage C*-N. -
x OE -sEo d n -- -C.
expressions *a--p dictionary
-C.
1. No one knows when he will come or whether he will
come at all.
2. Coordinating conjunctions
complex
compound
3. Word formation
DE n--N?
A.
o u
C ---a?
* h L-----.
--, @-, - >x
1. --p--h, h -J L-.
2. Coordinating conjunctions- and, but, yet, so, therefore,

else, or else, or etc.,
sentences
compound sentences.
3. Word power by Norman Lewis
-.
Q.
--
-- u-Jh B--o. (
case d- x --.)
Slated = u-v- . The inauguration of the bridge is slated for next month=
bridge
v--q u-v C.
(---d--)
Bust= d-/ y .
He busted the TV = TV E ---d.
Busted= broken
B: Sounds good. Here you are =
421
C ( t-). -C B-.
Could you kindly tell me which of the following is right?

1. a) By whom will have the mango been
eaten?
b) By whom will the mango have been
eaten?
2. a) He asked me which my book was.
b) He asked me which was my book.
3. What does the following sentence mean?"I'm afraid you've to wait". a) expressing
fear b) expressing inability c) expressing
apology d) ordering
4. Are there any particular rules on the placement of 'by agent' in passive voice? Which
of the following is more natural?
a) The gods are worshipped by her at her
husband's side?
3. Central Board of Film Censor fixed rates =

censor
rates.
a) The company is
introducing a new
product into the market =
N-FA uA- u
-J-~- -/
h -v- -- launch.
Q.
The judge took the case suomoto =
7. Sankara Narayana's English to Telugu

Dictionary.
The gover nment wants to initiate ..
Space ships, rockets
A.
b) The producers are introducing two new

actors in the movie.
Et- E-
h N-- J-* a
l h - J- ---o.
u-~ v-G-.
2. Sounds good = OK = C.
Introduce= 1) J- . 2) h
A: I wish to exchange my ring for your wrist
-K-, ---, l-- v---d.
watch =
O*a O wrist watch
B------o.
v-G-.
Q.
Q.
E--
Eg--*
expression English .
5. Good bye/ bye - y- . AJT -- v.
6. Suomoto Statement = --o--E/ J
J/ u-n
B-E p--/ uu.
4. It's a girl thing-
M.SURESAN
1. ''Eo o-o. C v
o. DEE Tx-
L?
2. Op-ed page N?
3. ' W h
F Tx hC. DEE
Tx- p--?
4. ''- h-
-\. uEo Tx L?
5. She married him. She got
married him. n---i ?
6. ' Vd V.
d.
uEo Tx-
?
7. Eo - n L
to English dictionary
*---.
. N, Lx
b) The gods are worshipped at her husband's side by her. How to determine
the placement of by agent?
5. If you were Raju's friend, what advise
would you have given him? - Is this sentence correct?
- Udaya Kumar Esikela, Tadpatri.
A. 1. b) is correct. When a verb has 2/ more
words in it, the subject comes after the
first word in the verb. Still better than b is
who will the mangoes have been eaten
by? - But the use of passive here is
unnecessary and sounds artificial.
Don't you think active voice is natural and simpler here? Who will have eaten the mangoes?
(Active) isn't this simpler than such cumbersome .. and ugly construction as by whom ..?
A.
1. Among the coloured pens

there, the red one is mine.
Q.
3. If you read the Eenadu every day,

you can learn English.
4. Go out and get some cards and
covers.
5. She married him - correct.
She got married him - wrong.
9.
C. O n,
O Rx --
d-J --?
E correct J- English .
Kindred (- -, Bird )
_ _ n a- Kindred = J
, J _J d. (We are kindred and
can take her to wife -a.) English
x, , - o--tx x
Rx - not uncommon.
Adjective of quality, Adjective of quantity J* L----. Dictionary E adjectives Fo O-O

-- ? \--ho Eo - ---. eg: Bankrupt, clement, clever, little,
2. Op-ed page =
Op-edpage
newspaper
, editorial page
(-- >) opposite (- o) page -
page -- h
uu (comments), u-i
-O p -- -
.
8. Don't you/ we have

school today?
sorry, sound, thin, red, blue, small, large, wan, versant.
A.
.--, -vA.
\ x-- adjectives J* ---- ? n, -
Lh N parts of speech C -- E O
---.
Eo L adjectives, adjectives of quality.
u L-N adjectives of number, few, some, etc.
hEo L-N adjectives of quantity- little, some
English
much, etc.
Dictionary
adjectives, adjectives of quality, adjectives of quantity or adjectives of number
She got married to him, correct.

6. The cock has hair whereas the
hen doesn't.
7. Use Telugu-English Dictionary by
Sankara Narayana.
.
O list E
adjectives
little
adjectives of quality. Small, large
(small no, large quantity etc) adjectives of quantity.
Spoken English
2. (a) is correct. As the sentence is a statement

(not a question), the verb in the second
clause should come after its verb. So sentence (a) is correct.
3. Answer is c. I'm afraid = I'm sorry.
4. We usually use passive voice only when the
agent is not known or when we are not certain
about the agent. So the use of by is most
often unnecessary. Where it is necessary, it is
better to avoid passive.
Compare: a) The steam engine was invented
by James Watt (PV)
b) James Watt invented the steam engine.
Doesn't b) appear natural and simpler than
a). So when you know the agent of an action,
av is always preferable.
p N--Fo
-sEo d
vh --.
Re. rules of the placement of the by agent, it

is better placed immediately after the verb.
He gave them a book - They were given by
him a book is better than they were given a
book by him, but both these passive forms are
uncalled for. He gave them a book is better,
simpler, and natural.
a) Why don't you say, she worshipped the
gods at her husband's side? Isn't this better
than the ugly pv construction in your letter?
(a) and (b) are equally bad, and I would
advise you to use the av form here.
5. No. It is wrong- correction: If you were Ravi's
friend what advice would you give him (not
advise, not would you have given him).
--- 19 --v--J 2008

Chitra: Hi, Saila, how about having an icecream?
(Icecream
B--?)
Saila: I'd rather have something hot than icecream.

(Icecream
o A---
-- j---
Saila: That's not so important. What ultimately

matters is affordability and taste.
( u -? *-
aC, u-iD, - T
, * ?)
Chitra: That's true. Let me go then.
lesson Spoken English , NE- -----i *o *o

J* --. -s-E _d
( B--- OE conversation simple ,
y-?)
- u natural C.
-o)
Chitra: You mean you want something hot even

in this hot weather?
Saila: You heard me.
( pC No ?)
-J j p d---/ N--
You heard me .
Chitra: Well, then. You go to the restaurant
across the road and have what ever you
want hot. Then you get back to the
room. In the mean time, I'll have a good
cup of icecream and come back to the
room.
(. Oy road - o --Rx
B-- B-E room a. u * icecream
AE room -)
Saila: That restaurant is awful. I'll
go to some other restaurant.
( -
C. restaurant
j .)
awful = / - aE
N-Eo Jgh.
Chitra: Indeed it is! I once had something to eat
there a month ago, and since then I
haven't stepped into it. What they serve
is junk.
(*a- C -. - \
Ao. . Sx p--* E-
d-. x A/ x f
---N h)
Saila: More over the prices are very high as
well.
(--, \.)
Chitra: The place is, however clean and tidy,
and looks posh.
( restaurant v v
C, p E--hC.)
posh = --W, K-j, E --
o. Banjara Hills in Hyderabad is a posh
area. The Taj Krishna is a posh hotel.
EXERCISE
meanings under B
A
B
1 Affection
A Divide
2 Vertical
B Obscenity
3 Split
C Impolite
4 Pornography
D Unconditional
5 Discourteous
E Fondness
F Hatred
G Straight up
KEY: 1) Affection = (E) Fondness =
v/
~/ d (u uh-x --J).
a) Chandram has great affection for his sister

=
v x x- ~/ v.
b) In movies heroes show great affection for

their sisters and are ready to give them
heroes
their life =

conversation above.
1) I'd rather have something hot than an icecream
n: N d
p---p rather .
d) I rather believe he is corrupt = NF-A-- E--hC ( d p-)
e) She rather suspects her husband's character=
2) Indeed it is!
3) ... since then I haven't stepped into it again.
4) What ultimately matters is affordability and
taste.
5) In the meantime/
meanwhile I'll have
a good cup of icecream.
c) Tarun: You know a man bit a dog?
Rather
hO --/
h --E-hC.
Rather n:
Do you call it scarlet?
It's rather pale red=
-x---
422
, C -? ,
.
F O E?
E! () h L-N x.
Eo-- \- , E-/ *a-
n indeed .
Praneeth: Is he a great player?
Praphul: Indeed he is!
(Eq--/
3) Since =
She is an actor, or rather, a

rather
dancer. .
() o n, -
h -a.
. aEC h \
E--*--p rather E
2) Indeed = really = E.
? The movie is rather
--C
lengthy- E l (l--
? A friend in need is a
------E )
friend indeed = -- -
M.SURESAN
o- E-i o-.
a) The book is rather boring =
h h N. The injuries are rather
Spoken English E/ *a-
serious = h Bvi.
E --o N-Eo U--J--
rather C sentences B
indeed .
.
a) 'Sachin is the greatest batsman in the
world' (v-- * p batsman)
I'd rather have hot coffee than an icecream - \ rather = prefer (--E-
'Indeed he is' (*a- )
\ d--). -sx
b) Kumar: Are you really going to help him?
I would rather I'd rather E
(E - -o?)
.
Kesav: Indeed I am- yes/ Yes, (I am),
b) She'd rather die than tell a lie = -indeed. (, *a-.)
E-j lF, l v p.
Indeed ?/ E-? n
c) I'd rather starve than eat in that restaurant
a-uEo/ - (t-E N--i)
= h F x A.
L-- .
p--* (
*)
a) We first met two years ago. Since

then we have been close friends=
x -o. p--* v o- o.
1) Rather - last lesson
2) Vertical= (G) Straight up=
E-/ E-.
a) Palm and coconut trees usually have vertical and straight growth =
, sJ x
- E- --.
b) The rocket rose vertically = rocket
E- j *C.
c) A helicopter can rise vertically whereas a
plane cannot = Helicopter
x E-
--, N -.
Vertical X Horizontal = N --.
Vertical expansion (of a building) = h
O h d- .
d) In some cities there is a ban on vertical
expansion of buildings=
level
Eo -- y) E C.
3) Split = (A) = Divide = <, <a.
h O (
b) The original Islam religion split in two - the

sunny and the shia
= d-- x
<LC 1) Fo 2) .
c) The nuclear pact issue with the US has

split the ruling coalition =
--J-
p C-- o g
v-yEo <LaC.
Split wood = d- x <a.
Split X Unite.
Split
The split in the
party has weakened it = Party
split X union
<L E n.
<L Eo ----*C. n
(-).
Split verdict = Eo- x \ party Jh
-J .
verdict = Bp \ v Bp
4) Pornography= (B) Obscenity/ vulgarity
(Qx-). Qx u %- E-o E, , - - blue

films (uh- o *v) .
c) He doesn't show his wife any affection =
a) The party split in two because of the differences between the two top leaders =
The government has banned the movie/

novel under the anti pornography act =
Affection X Dislike
d) A man walking on water indeed! Come

now, be sensible =
Indeed it is!
[Split (pr.tense) - split (past tense) - split

(past participle)]
Affection is always followed by for.
(E \ -? ? N E---
-. (au)
*a-)
E-x
xx x
v -h, x- v u-E-j
l---.
u-x v/ ~ -.
(E \ J- ?)
Varun: A man biting a dog indeed! I've yet
to see such a thing.
u - u *a G-v---
x Kd <LC.
E/ - vy Qx uA- d
E-C-*C.
b) Since/ eversince he came here, he has

been playing with us=
--\- *a--p-
-* o.
Since n, because = -x.
(since = As = because).
Since he is rich he can buy a car =
car
E x,
--.
Since the prices are up, we are not able to

buy a number of things =
J-T---x,
h- -- o.
5) In the meanwhile/ meantime = .
a) I will certainly meet him tomorrow. In the
meantime don't tell him I am here =
-E p ---.
E-\--o-E - .
b) My car will be ready only tomorrow. In the

meanwhile I have to make do with my bike
=
car
ready
bike
-
-C.
l--L .
Pornography
short form, porn ().

*a % E.
Soft porn = n-o Eo-- \-
-B E--x-N.
Porn movie =
Pornographic X Decent
5. Discourteous = (C) impolite =
Impolite = rude.
E/ =
a) The student's behaviour to the teacher

was discourteous = Teacher
x NuJn
v-h / - C.
b) His answers were discourteous =
-- - o.
(Courtesy = q = / u. Courtesy
costs nothing = u- C / u-x s-. courtesy = politeness)
Discourteous X Courteous (- ,
bird ' .)
D) Unconditional = --.
Unconditional withdrawal of strike = --
t ---.
- 21 --v--J 2008
-- j---
Ratnasri: Just as I was coming in, I noticed you

watching the TV.
(L h--, y
-E-)
TV
h-
Sreekar: No mom. I had just turned on the TV

and you entered.
Sreekar: Even higher than what I've got? It's

difficult, mom.
(p- --\ marks ?

d , t)
Ratnasri: Nothing is difficult. (D d
-)
d, -
Sreekar: Even Teja who is usually first in our

class scored less than me last time.
Ratnasri: No more of TV now, get back to your

books.
(- class first
J \
\--a ?)
(t.
y a.)
(
Sx.)
TV
TV
. F h- B
Ratnasri: Stop talking and start studying.
Sreekar: Just as you say. I am going back to

my books.
Sreekar: The clothes are really good. Your

choice is really nice.
Just as, even- n, - J.

Just as = p ( - J-T--p)
(y G . ---E---o
Sx.)
(d -o. F
E C.)
a) Just as the train started, some one pulled

the chain =
(- --d)
Ratnasri: That's a good boy. I promised to buy

you new clothes if you got good
score. You got good scores in last
week's tests. Accordingly I bought you
a shirt and a pair of pants/ trousers for
you.
(*--N. F \ -h
h--d h--o/ -a. F
K-~ marks
a. o v-
shirt, pants Ba.)
(pair of pants = -- pants
E, plural p
- pant . j
pants . Eo Eo
pairs of pants/ trousers. , a pair of
Ratnasri: Try them on.
Train
(-E , J-- )
Sreekar: OK.
-l--,
chain
b) Just as the police entered the room, he

escaped through the other door=
C- v-P--, y
* J--.
2) Just as n a .
423
y
F J v-
Just as you order = F c v-
2) Even = , C :
Just as you wish =
a) Even a man like Gandhi made mistakes =
Police
-x---
'Just as you say' =
D- p .
b) Even in America we can't get things like this
=
-J- bus bus

--E --.
(Even though = --p-;
even = )
Even = .
a) Just as your mother loves you, every mother loves her child =
Just as you say
pants/ trousers)
Sreekar: Oh, thank you, mom, but just one pair.
Is that all?
(Thanks
t. ?
?)
Ratnasri: Get better marks this time. I promise
you a surprize gift.
marks
(J *
a. y-E -A, ---p h.)
surprize gift- h-E ---p
a gift.

expressions from the
conversation above.
F Lx Eo vN-h-ox/ vN-h, vA
Lx x--- vN-hC.
1) Just as I was coming

in I noticed you watching the TV.
2) Just as you say.
M.SURESAN
3) Accordingly I bought
you clothes.
4) Even higher than what I've got.
5) Even Teja who is usually first in our class,
scored less than me.
J- h -.
c) Some people say that our buses are better

than even those in the states =
a) He got even higher marks than

what he got last time =
--J \
\ a--o.
b) He is not happy with the Rs.2 Crore he has.

He wants an even higher amount than that
= o x -- ------. \ ---o.
b) Just as you think you are good, so does

everyone think they are good=
y *---E y---ox/ y - vA-x --.

C :
Just as you say = y .
c) 'Sit here till I come back'
Q.
( AJ--a-- \ a)
1) Voice, tenses
J* L-----.
verb R} -, R}
-n--o?
3) Despite, in spite of -- i
?
.X-%-g- -, x.
A. 1) Lesson 1 to 30 - tenses, Lesson 25 90 - voice -- -.
2) Marry = -R} ---. He married her
= -- -R} - -o-.
Marry = Rx -; He married his
daughter (off) to an engineer = x
--t-E engineer --*a Rx
. N- -pa Rx
- n He married her to an
2) Marry (v)
EXERCISE
2 Wrap= (A) cover = i)

A
1 Absorb
2 Wrap
3 Frighten
4 Previous
5 Substantial
B
A Cover
B Terrify
C Earlier
D Suck up
E Shadowy
F Large
G Hot
Key and Explanation:
1 Absorb = (D) Suck in =
1) Immediately after he brought

the book home, he wrapped it
in brown paper =
h B---, E
brown paper d--.
2) He wrapped the gift article in
colourful paper =
(-
E) a--.
Sponge absorbs/ sucks in water
= sponge
FE a--C.
Some kinds of phenyl absorb

moisture =
Eo j
a-h.
A child can't absorb the type of

information it gets at school =
--x - -Eo/
Nc-Eo x -R --.
These springs absorb any
amount of shock =
springs
--- x L sj d---.
( ---Eo- shock
absorbers . N -
x L - d-x h)
Absorb X emit/ discharge =
- .
p;
ii) h-- paper
pack (h-- d-).
-
- pack .
3) As it was very cold she
wrapped the baby in a blanket
= L x
Gf p- pC.
4) The food is wrapped in foil =
A---Eo -
.
(foil)
pack
5) Every thing about the murder

is wrapped in secrecy=
u -C* Eo
N- -u p
o ( -
-u ).
Wrap X
expose.
unwrap=
unwrap/
reveal/
p/ N
-T-.
reveal=
(-u/ - )
L----/ -_
/ x--,
expose = ---d
(-u/ -)
3 Frighten= (B) Terrify= N-K-i L-T-/
-v-- u
1) The sight of the dog frightened the child =
1) In the precious lesson too,

there was an exercise on
vocabulary =
lesson
vocabulary exercise
2) In his previous visit, he stayed
for only two days =
---

C.
---- *a--p,
v-V o.
Previous X Next (yA)
5) Substantial = \-/
2) Your threats do not frighten

me =
large
1) The government has allotted
substantial
funds
for
Jalayagnam =
F C-J- Eo LT-/ F C-J--

--.
--c-E vy
\-/ %-Cl E -*C.
3) We are frightened when we

imagine ghosts and spirits =
2) The doctor's treatment has

brought about a substantial
improvement in the patient's
condition =
doctor
\ E-- Gf
-vA L-T-*C.
- - J*
-- -C.
Frighten X Reassure = ju/
L-T-.
The sight of the police reassured
the villagers, frightened by the
Maoists =
Ndx L-T-* o
v-h- police x E--
ju L-T-*C.
4. Previous = (C) earlier - --.
ju T J-nA
---C.
3) There is a substantial
increase in the salaries of the
employees =
u- @
(\-) J-.
Substantial (-d- ) X
Meagre = yp-i.
The rise in the salary is meagre
=
@ -- yp.
engineer/ He married her off to an engineer.

marry somebody to somebody
-R} - n
E J
-/ x N- --.
x- l-t- Rxx - = He
has married his two daughters off. \
off -. -x- Rx
-o-- N-K-n hC.
3) Despite, in spite of -J-* u NJ .
Q. -O Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
--E, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
of Current English --F -. -
y? American accent --* dictionary -*--.
-
A.
SK Sardar, Nellore
\. O dictionary , vA
-E British accent, E \ NAME
abbreviation American accent -EhC.
.
--C 24 -v--J 2008

Q.
-- j---
1. Think, thought
-- N-- C--E -Ch --. a)

h-E ---o.
b) h---E --o. c) Eo h-E
--o.
A.
1. a) I think they will come tomorrow.

b) I think they may/ might come tomorrow.
c) I thought they would come yesterday.
2. I thought they would take it
correct.
I thoughtthought past tense
\
( E) --o-p () x
B-- C future d would .
He said that he would help me. (
h-E o oC , p-o*
future d would help).
2. I thought that they will take it. I thought that

they would take it.
- C d?
- Madhu, Hyderabad
Q.
1. There is a question in a spoken

English- "Are quality soaps available
here?" Is it correct expression?
A.
1. Strictly speaking the expression quality soaps is

wrong. It should be quality brands of soap, if the
reference is to the soap brands of the same company or different companies. Only in commercial
language, 'soaps' is used, as for example,
2. What are the steps to be followed in

writing a story writing because it is
major challenge for X class students
including in which tense is should be
explain.
-x---
3. If teaching of English attractive to the

students what method
should be followed
English to English or
English to Telugu (version) or Translation
method for high school
students (mother tongue students)
424
2. As we are short of space here, we are sorry

we can't explain 'story writing' now. We shall
do it when time and space permit. Our
regrets. (This is a page on spoken English,
and so it has the priority.)
3. Depends on the type of students you have. If
they are English medium students, English to
English is preferable. If on the other hand
they are Telugu medium students start with
translation method, and gradually take them
4. Comprise is not followed by 'of'. The book

comprises ten chapters.
5. Do you have...? = Have you got...?
Both the forms show possession. However,
do/ does/ did have... is common in American
English in statements and in questions
(meaning possession).
Have you got...?
With the meaning of possession in British English
in statements and questions.
The book comprises ten chapters

'Godrej Soaps Ltd,' and the use is limited only to
business products. In ordinary conversation,
however, 'soaps' is not used.
4. America comprises of fifty one states in this sentence does comprise takes
of or not? Explain.
A TV serial is also called 'soap.' Here 'soap' (with

the meaning of a TV serial) is countable.. I was
watching a soap (a TV serial) yesterday. 'How many
soaps are telecast by the channel?' - These are OK.
5. What is the difference between do you

have, have you got?
- G.Shankar, Karimnagar
Q.
1.
lesson
- "I went to my
uncle's yesterday. They were tidying up their home"
tidying up their place
Possessive form
place
-O -
--E --a. -F
?
? N-
J--.
2. - lesson -
"Perhaps you are

afraid you may put on weight"
perhaps you are afraid
you will put on weight
a. F
-a ?
n N-Jh
3. Vocabulary
ditch
"He ditched her after he found
another girl friend"
"He
ditched her after he had found
another girl friend"
Q.
-O--E ---T-- -N-- -N-J--.

- G. Ram Mohan Rao, Alampuram.
A.
a) He does most of the work,

thereby reducing my part of the
work=
\ -
h (Ex/ -E L-/
-) E
T_h.
- P. Ratnakar, Visakhapatnam
1. Tidying up their home = Tidying up
their place.
home
place
x
o .
2.
b) He got elected as an MP and

thereby gained a number of
privileges and a lot of influence
=
MP
\, perhaps, 'you are afraid'

E -C-*C ? -E,
Perhaps you are afraid, is correct.
Perhaps you may be afraid
Take the second part of the
sentence: You are afraid you may
put on weightOf course, perhaps
and may are not used in the same
sentence. Here perhaps goes with
are afraid.
- Eo--u, -E --/ -p-L-

vu \, -- -C-.
p.
p-C DE J--
C ?
3. After words like before/ after, had +

past participle
had + past
participle
correct. Simple past
- E-
p --\--.
h
y-.
He returned home after he attended

class.
After he had attended
after
\
o --
C d.
I went to his college, but he had

already left/ left by then.
had + pp
x
*a- -Lq.
There-for, there-of, there-to,

there-upon, there-by, so as to-
Fo v-C--
d -u J--
\ --.
1) There-by: j
p-/- L --/ L-.
o. F
A.
There for, there of, there to, so as

to-
Q.
C p -j C, d--J---/
v-C -- . n: j p/
L J/- ;
--i.
b) The bee worked while the cricket sang
E .
adverbial use: The match is over.
A.
p-Fo, E Ja
-- --- --/
---J-- d---o.
b) He has the right to use the
building and any land attached
there to =
d-Eo, E Ja o
nEo - \ -
C.
6) So as to =
b) The terrorists were seen

crossing
the
border.
Thereupon the security forces
opened fire =
J-l -o Bv---
/ O v
p v-G-.
5) There-to = j p /
-- --L- --.
-
hEF, E/ E C
-Eo-F t \ .
a) The girls sang while the boys played.

(contrast)
sense of
-- *-@-N- O uu
-/ -- O-
G-- ---- O-
.
b) They are estimating the cost of

the house and talking about
the repairs needed there for =
n used to show contrast

E h- . C u- while
n -x N-J-.
a) Rajasekhar made some comments on Chiranjeevi. There

upon the fans of Chiranjeevi
attacked him =
-d
l *\-C, E
( ) - -L-.
a) He has no right to all the property or any part there of=
M.SURESAN
d-EoF, s-Eo-F
-- -.
4) There upon = O .
a) The building was caught in a

huge fire and the causes therefor are not known =
x ho. -/ -
---u repairs -J-*
x---o.
3) There-of= jp/--
L- --J-/- - -C-*.
Have you is also used in British English with

the same meaning as have you got?
b) She hasn't used the building or

any part there of =
2) There-for-
1. While
2. 'Over'
on to English - English
method. When you
use
translation
method, put them a no
of questions on the
lesson content and
encourage them to
answer only in English.
Have you got.. is not used

in questions at all in
American English. Have got is used in
American English to say that someone has
something rather than another. eg: I don't
have a car, but I've got a bike.
a) She is not so rich as to buy a

car =
Car
o seats -/
-E stadium
- x.
c) He is most of the time at home
so as to make his son study =
a) I am willing to follow the agreement and any other conditions

attached there to =
1. Used to show contrast
- u
o ju/ Jh uA--.
The girls sang while the boys played \
Girls X Boys, sang, different from played-
N-i / ju (contrast) L
while .
He supports the congress while his wife is a
congress
member of the TDP
TDP
example
bees
crickworked sang
contrast
while
et
(
l--
u
)
u
heard or said by means of or using: ,
OJ-*a
I don't want to say over the telephone
,
o
3. For n as to be E . E n
--C.
They left him on the battle field for 2. Match --C n, over \
dead.
N Gopal did it for me ( on adverb. They are well well .
account of) \ on account of n N-J-Heard or said by means of or using E
-.
y-j/ o- N/ p E.
- G. Naresh, Armour
E-- .
b) We went to the stadium early

so as to get the front seats =
- C-N---_,
--\ x .
I don't want to say anything over phone =

phone
phone
phone
y/
---.
D p--
3. for = as to be =
o-x C n.
E-- -
(E-- E C---x) E C---\.
b) I took him for a good man = -E *---- -o.
2) for = / . Gopal did it for me =
C / .
3) for = on account of = -x C 3 n.
I don't like him for he is a bad man = f, -x (for/ on account of ) -
d .
1) a) They left him for dead =
-- 26 --v--J 2008
-- j---
Rahim: You here? Out on an evening?
(Ny-\?
--?)
Rohit: (Do) You have company on your walks?
---
(F --j h- F -.)
Rahim: Barely any.
Rohit: Why the surprise?
( -- -.)
Rahim: Because I seldom see you moving out

in the evenings.
(Oy - -
d.)
Rohit: You're right ofcourse. But that's not going
to be the case any longer. I no longer
want to be at home in the evenings.
Rohit: Don't you feel lonely?
(---J --o-x --E--?)

Rahim: At no time.
(-p- --.)
Rohit: (Do you/ would you)
you?
mind my joining
3) No longer = Not any longer.
( F --a?)
(E. -. v
x -E -- .)
Rahim: Most welcome.
vA o Nu-JnE -
.
(p .)
Rahim: Why this sudden change?
b) They seldom meet each other = x -J-

( -t p --x.)
lessons < --x a - ---/ x ---
.
Rohit: Because I've come to realise that Eo common phrases ho ? J-Eo
evenings are enjoyable outdoors.
c)
I
seldom see Kumar helping others =
p l.
(-v - -E Look at the following sentences from the - - h/
-- h-
--o d.)
conversation above.
.
Rahim: What did you use to do in the evenings 1) ... Because I selearlier? Watching TV serials perhaps.
( -v- ---N?
O J-q h-.)
2) Any
dom see you moving out in the

evenings.
-x---
Rohit: TV serials? I never watch them. I turn on

the TV only to watch the news
channels. How do you spend
your evenings?
(
O J-x? -p E
. u q
O d--
. y --
-v?)
a) We are already late.
2) ... That's not going to be the case

any longer.
(. f O, h.)
Rohit: (Do) you do it everyday?
b) We were at the same school, but we never

talked to each other =
school

-o F p x---.
c) He never talks bad of others = --
J* p- x-.
3) I no longer want to be at home in

the evenings.
4) I never watch them.
Rahim: Scarcely ever do I miss my evening

walk.
1) Seldom = rarely =
a) I've seldom seen a student with such a talent
(v ---- .)
Exercise: Match The words under A with
A
B
1 Cord
A Shake
2 Omen
B Report
3 Fulfil
C Sign
4 Shiver
D Disappoint
5 Hearsay
E Thin rope
F Accomplish
G Frown
KEY: 1-E; 2-C; 3-F; 4-A; 5-B.
EXPLANATION
1-E. Cord = Thin rope =
/ .
(wire) cord = Telephone J----
wire \. Cordless --. Wire
E- (phone ) J--. They
tightened the wire cord around her neck =
d wire \ GT-. He connected the motor to the wheel with a piece of/
length of cord =
wire
\ v-
2-C. Omen = Sign =

Good omen =
E L-.
.Bad omen
.
M.SURESAN
6) Barely any.
a) A cat crossing you on your way out is considered a bad omen =
Lx
z-- N-h.
b) Seeing the picture of god as you get up is
a good omen =
- t E-

--i/ N-u-h *,
u ----E *.
Ominous =
a) The wicked foursome considered the

arrival of Lord Krishna ominous =
d
-d
(u---) %g
-Eo (---E)
5) Scarcely (ever) = Barely = Hardly

ever =
/ (j -), .
a) She scarcely (ever)/ barely (ever)/

hardly (ever) comes here =
\- /
L.
Let's not delay any longer =
5) Scarcely ever do I miss..
(-W?)
() / -O--.
Rx--O
t. yq u--E .
b) Musharaff can rule no longer = - O- J--L vo .)
4) Never = p---/ .
a) He never drinks = .
Scar cely ever do I miss..
Rahim: Like this. Out on the road taking long

walks.
z-,
425
longer
( J*)
-v.
No longer =
a) They will sell milk no longer. They have

changed over to sweets business =
----o-x N-.
b) Kaikeyi's silence as Dasaratha entered her
palace was ominous =
j Ez-l Eo - --.
3-F. Fulfil = Accomplish = --oC C/ J --a--
a) Dr Kalam's urges youngsters to dream of
great things and work hard to fulfil them =
p p E E C--/ -a--- %-E -d

s.
urge - = d / s-C-
b) He fulfiled his father's desire that he should
becoming an engineer =
engineer
o v J- --a.
fulfil dreams/ desires/ wishes, etc, -/ -oC C-.
Accomplish = C-.
Tendulkar accomplished the rare feat of

scoring 38 centuries = 38
--K- d --\ -j C-.

Accomplish X Fail (N---)
4-A. Shiver = Shake - --- {/ Ly/ x.
The boy shivered at the sight of what he
thought was a ghost =
--oC
E--- x ---.
b) Gone are the days when students shivered

at the sight of their teachers =
-u- Nu-n () -
V .
c) The poor old women was shivering in the

cold of rainy night =
{ vA L
%l ---C.
p u. -v u
l.
b) They can't wait any longer = Rx
v * -.
b) His friends hardly/ scarcely/ barely/ recognised him. He had changed and aged so
much =
c) They have told him they won't help

him any longer.
c) Laxman scarcely/ hardly/ barely fails his team

=
( - -
v E, -x p-.)
Sending shivers down the spine =
d-.
The thought of AIDS sends shivers down
our spines =
q J-* -
d-hC.
Spine = o- = back bone.
5-B. Hearsay = Report = - p-
N-/ N N- (g-Jg N) E --a/ E-E
*a L-.
a) 'Their marriage? Yea, I know about it. But
it's only hearsay. =
'x -x? ,
. --C p N-.
( E L-).
b) Do you know about it for certain?
('FC *a ?)
'No. It's just hearsay.'
'. - No.)
E L-T-
D. Disappoint =
a) His marks in the exam disappointed his

father =
K-~ \ v
E L-T-.
b) The movie is really disappointing =
E E L-T-*C.
o- E h--d-.
- J--, --a-C.
-~ t- -- --d- -E--- -- --/

-E---- --p-L.
vo: Ram,
-
a?
speed, wive
verb
Ram- Rammed -Rammed

Speed - Sped - Sped
Wive - Wived - Wived
N -d? --
y.
. u, x
: Ram, speed v
verbs -a.
1. The bus rammed the truck from behind =
bus
KE, --* Ao -dC. u

-Eo ,
\- --*.
2. Speed 1) - ( -x
E). The work on the project has been
speeded up = vd - -f ().
Speed -Sped - Sped = Rx--. The
car sped away on hitting the cyclist = cyclist
car
---C.

--E .

.
Disappoint X Satisfy
v
o: 1. Hospital Jp-*F L
G. Frown= Look angrily ( )
G--.
(----)
2. C
t-u E Ny--h-o.
a) In the beginning a career in the movie was
u Tx- -L?
frowned at = Vx E
.----, N---
-- l -T-- -x.
b) He frowned at me when I pointed to his
defects =
---J O
.
Frown X Smile (*-y)
Wive, prose
conversation
verb
Poetic
Not accepted.
: 1.Though he was admitted in the hos-
pital, there wasn't much improvement/

He was admitted in the hospital but
things didn't improve.
2. I am convinced that it is not a suicide.
- 28 --v--J 2008
-- j---
Vandana: Well, this is a secret. On no account

should tell another soul of it.
(n--u? C u. -x Oy N v
p--)
Varshita: You know very well that at no time
have I leaked out a secret. Be
assured that it's going to be between
you and me.
(p -u ---d-E F . C E-lJ u
N--E - .)
Vandana: I know it very well, of course. You
know our classmates Vachana and
Vasudha. They are by no means to
be trusted with any secret.
(C . classmates , ? x
u Nt p.)
Varshita: On the one hand they are eager for
information, but on the other, they
can never keep a secret. There
comes the trouble. They are the first
people to misunderstand us if they
know we have this secret
from them.
Varshita: Why such a lot of money? It's my

cousin's shop and I can get them at
substantial concession for you. Rs.
5000/- will do.
(-? C cousin shop.

F * concession p---.
. 5000 .)
Vandana: But still keep it. Just in case. You can
always give me back the balance.
(-j *C. . NTh

AJ-T-au)
Varshita: I am likely to be back on Sunday, or
at the most on Monday.
Vandana: That's OK.
dialogue above:
1) On no account should you tell another soul of it.
2) ... at no time have I leaked out a secret.
3) They are by no means to be trusted with any
secret.
4) On the one hand
they are eager for
information, but on
the other they can
never keep a secret.
2) At no time = Not at anytime =
-s
.
a) At no time during the freedom struggle did
Gandhi ask his followers to be violent =
yvu - - D
--- --E p-.
b) At no time during his stay here, did he call
me = He did not call me at anytime during
his stay here =
-x---
426
-\ o-p
phone .
4) On the one hand, on the other... On the

one hand =
expression
j-u- L--
.
a) On the one hand he wants a car, but on

the other he doubts his ability to bear the
fuel costs =
petrol
-j-,
.
b) on the one hand he is against doing a job

but on the other he doesn't want to lose
the money he gets from the job
= --\ u ---E, \
u x a s -----E.
He is by no means innocent
(-j-, Fo ---E , -j-

u -. \
hC *\.
h-o-E Lh Lo d--
n ---C-x)
Vandana: For heaven's sake, you are not going
to tell them of this, are you?
(
J -, y-x N p
?)
Varshita: I am the last, I promise you, to part
with this secret to them. Be sure of it.
Vandana: That's fine. I believe you. Now about
your buying some dresses for me in
Chennai. When are you leaving?
( . Eo t--o.
p y Chennai *
dresses a N. y p
-l---o?
Varshita: The day after. By the evening train.
(x v)
Vandana: I want you to buy 3 very good dresses of the latest cut. Here, take this
Rs. 6000/-.
EXERCISE
c) At no time was he seen without a

gun =
6) But still keep it. Just in case.

Let's now look at some of the conversational expressions shown
above.
1 Adequate
A Plan
2 Reform
B Friendly
x-F.
---x-j y 5
CL x--E O-, D A .
b) The work shall not be delayed on any

account =
---x-j , E -u---E Ox.
c) See that the police do not come here on

any account =
police
T |, n u
n C.
c) He is not adequate for the task = -
E T n u .
Adequate X Inadequate.
2) Reform= Change for improvement =
(to guests/ visitors)
\-/ \-J-.
3 Strategy
C Punishment
4 Hospitable
D Ill
5 Penalty
E Enough
a) A lot of reforms have been made in the

educational system =
Nu-N--
F Change
(for improvement)
G Meagre
KEY: 1-E, 2-F, 3-A, 4-B, 5-C.
Explanations:
1) Adequate= Enough= Sufficient=
L.
a) We don't have adequate water supply

during the summer =
-N L-/
T- F} - .
b) His knowledge is adequate to teach elementary classes =
v-N ---
C-- L- c C.
N-_-F/ -F, j E p- ----o-p--F .
a) For God's/ heaven's sake, listen to me =

(
N_/ ) pC N.
p E--.
3) By no means = not at all =
.
b) For heaven's sake, please finish the work

by tomorrow =
a) He is by no means innocent. He
can't be cheated so easily.
c) For heaven's sake, don't disturb me =
M.SURESAN
1) On no account/ Not on any
account =
(For whatever
reason)
by no means= not by any means
a) On no account shall you leave office
b) She is not by any means a bad singer. She
before 5 and that too without my permisis famous at home as well as abroad =
sion =
office
--xj
\ .
5) For heaven's sake/ for God's

sake/ for goodness's sake/ for
Christ's sake =
( A--) -
E Jh u.
F,
L
T
.
=
-- . - 6) Just in case = o - /
-j *C/ - .
-.
Adequate

meanings under B
A
5) For heaven's sake, you aren't

going to tell them of this secret,
are you?
-j- -E,
J---
\- J-.
b) The finance minister has promised a
number of economic reforms =
Jn--vA
Jn \- h-E
a.
3) Strategy = Plan = u.
a) What is your strategy to overcome this
difficulty? =
--Eo - F
u N?
b) The defence ministry has worked out a

strategy to deal with the border situation
=
J-l N ~-- uEo

*-*C.
E--E -- . , N--
C.
c) In spite of the many brands of cars on the

market, they are by no means within the
reach of the common man =
cars
\-

p-p-, -u
-- .
strategic =
u-ti.
Strategic changes are necessary to be able

to face aggression =
E -\-- u-t p--.

4) Hospitable = Friendly (to guests/ visitors)=
A-u-Na/ A- --d
yo.
A hospitable person receives guests very
warmly and is happy when their guests are
happy.
a) Take some extra money. Just in case you

need it, you can have it =
s B-x. ---i C.
b) Let me have your phone number. Not that

I'm going to disturb you, but just in case =
phone no.
phone
disturb
O
y.
NtLo
l-E . --i C E.
c) Start an hour early. Just in case ... =
-l. -j *C.
-- J--- L \
a v -\-, C inhospitable
climate/ inhospitable region (v).
5) Penalty = Punishment = P~.
a) The penalty for this offense is 6 months
jail =
-E
-.
(offense)
P~
b) Follow the rules or face the penalty =
E-- v - P~\.
a) Indians by nature are very hospitable =
-B- y- Au N-
.
b) No guest ever goes unfed at his home.
He is so hospitable =
AC x }. Au
- p.
Hospitable X Cold = A- x Ex~u.
He was very cold to the guests =
A- -J----.
Inhospitable = DE, hospitable
.
c) He paid the penalty for harassing his wife

for dowry =
u o C-*--,
T P~ --N-.
(Pay penalty = P~ --N-)
Penalty X Reward (-).
Penal = P~ -C-*.
G) Meagre = \-j/ ypi
X adequate (L-), plenty (-i).
--C 2 --Ja 2008

Q.
Tx
-- j---
A.
imperative sentence
sit down, stand
up
Stand
-E -- -- ?
E E-- E n
? J --p
sit down, stand up
sit, stand -? - a, E-
F a, j E-
? N-J-.
--E, N--
, Stand n--o. (usage)

v sit down E-o nA (standing position) * a-. stand up ao
position -* E---. Stand = -
E---; He was standing at the station the
whole day. Stand up = aox E---.
He stood up to answer the questions = vo
- p- (--) aE o
E--o. , sit - a-
We sat for three hours at the station =
-- ao/ a o. Unable to
stand any longer, he sat down = -v E---
(-- E-o) a-o.
Sit
Q.
1. Please explain me word order and its

rules to be followed while using modern
English usage.
2. What is the meaning of cleft sentence? Give
me some examples.
3. While using question tags, if the stress is on
a particular word, it conveys different meaning. eg: "Tomorrow is a holiday isn't it?".
If the stress changes from word to word the
meaning varies. Please explain in detail.
4. Please explain me enchoative verbs. What
are their uses in modern English?
5. Seeing is believing. This is a structure in
English. eg: Whether following sentence can
be used as an example of the above structure. The best service you are doing to society is refraing from doing the bad things.
6. Doubt relating to usage of between - among.
When we refer to more than two things
generally we use among. If we have a definite number in our mind
between can also be
used.
For
eg:
Luxemburg lies between
Belgium, Germany and
France. Pl. explain.
b) Question/ Interrogative sentence.

i) Is
he
here?
verb subject
ii) Are
they
helping verb
iii) Where
'Wh' word
iv) Where
'Wh' word
coming?
subject
main verb
is
he?
vb
sb
is
he
vb
going?
subject
(A 'Wh' word is a word beginning with 'Wh' like..

What, Where, When, Why, Who, Whose,
Which and how-usually used for asking questions).
-x---
427
The exclamatory sentence- a sentence

expressing surprize or a sudden feeling.
i) What a fool he is!
'Wh' word Noun Sb Vb
ii) How
hot
the day
is!
'Wh' word adjective
sb
vb
iii) How
she
sings!
well
'Wh' word Adverb
sb
vb
The word order in the exclamatory sentence is:
'Wh' word+Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb+Subject+Verb.
Sometimes the exclamatory sentence may not
have the noun/ Adj/ Adv after the 'wh' word.
eg: How he shouts!
In any version of English including modern
English, any sentence has one of the four word
orders shown above.
(Feel free to write again
if you find this answer
not clear enough, but let
your question be clear).
2) A cleft sentence is a
sentence that begins
with an 'it clause' or 'that
M.SURESAN
clause' (clauses begin-
row is a holiday or not, the word holiday is

uttered with falling intonation and 'isn't it?'
with rising intonation.
a) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? (The
speaker is sure that tomorrow is a holiday)
b) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? (The
speaker is not sure whether tomorrow is a
holiday, so holiday is said with falling intonation and isn't with rising intonation.
4) It is not 'enchoative' but 'inchoative'
verb. An inchoative verb expresses a
change of state, that is, a change from one
condition to another. eg: The college will
close for summer vacation on the 12th April.
In this sentence, 'will close' (instead of 'will be
closed') expresses a change of state (open to
closed), happening on its own, without anybody causing it. So, 'will close' (close) is an
inchoative verb. So is the verb, 'opened' an
inchoative verb in the sentence, The shops
opened as usual that day.
5) In one way it is, and in another way, it isn't.
Seeing is believing- the structure of the sentence is Subject + Verb +
Complement. In the sentence- the best service you
are doing to society is
refraing from..., if you take
the whole clause 'The best
you are doing to society' as
the subject of the sentence, its structure is
the same as that of 'seeing is believing'.
However, if you take the subject of the sentence, 'seeing is believing', as a present participle (and not a clause), the sentence, 'The
best service...' is not the same structure.
The sentences, 'Refraining from evil is doing
the best service to society/ Doing the best service to society is refraing from evil- are exactly
the same structure as, 'seeing is believing'.
6) Here, between is correct. We use 'between'
(and not among) when we refer to an area or
any geographical feature (rivers, mountain
ranges, etc.) separating two or more points.
(---
-)
Seeing is believing
.-------, t-
A.
1. The question is not clear. If you mean the

word order in different kinds of sentences
here is the answer.
a) The Statement/ The assertive sentence
(A sentence saying something- eg: The
book is on the table. He has not come.)
Word order in a statement.
The book
is
on the table
subject
verb
We see here that the statement has the subject (sb) + verb (vb) word order. That is, in a
statement the subject comes first and the
verb, next.
Q.
C--E Tx --.
1. vh--E S o.
p u- .
2. y, EN-h--v.
C, -C .
3. Interview Rx--p, Lo interview --E - - . xE N --p
\-\-JE good morning (evening)
-- -J L -J good
morning all of you E ?
4. He passed Degree DE passive
voice pL?
5. yn (-)
-J-j --. -j
T---. F v E
.
6. The shop is open at 10'o clock
o-p shop -J---j open
---C ? --p The
shop opened at 10 L ?
>.---yx, -
A.
We see there are two kinds of questionsNon 'Wh' questions- Questions without 'Wh'
words (eg: questions (i) and (ii) above) and
'Wh' questions- questions beginning with 'wh'
words. In both kinds of questions, the subject
comes after the verb, or after the helping verb.
When there are two/ more words in a question
the first of them is the helping verb and the others are main verb.
The imperative sentence: (orders, wishes,
etc.) In most of them the subject is 'you' but
not stated.
i) (you) get out - Sb + Vb
ii) (you) please come in - Sb + Vb.
1. Right now/ At present I am jobless/ unemployed.

(Jobless
-u-- .)
2. You and I are just instrumental. It
is she that does and gets done
everything.
3. Good morning, sirs/ sirs and
Madam (s) if both men and women
are on the board of interview.
4. The degree was passed by him passive
passive.
passives
lessons
passive
u
E
*a
OC .
5. He is very selfish. For his selfish

purposes, he doesn't hesitate to
cheat. He is upto anything if it
serves his purposes.
Q.
C -- Ba-.
1. A cup is in the saucer (or) on the

saucer.
2. The teacher is sitting in the chair (or)
on the chair.
3. Wednesday
4. Drought
E -L?
E v-, J- v- ---o.
Nt -A h Tx dq
drout C. J C d?
5. listen E -L?
6. Every day, daily --N? --
-sx --T-L?
j. \--, _-u-
A.
1) A cup on a saucer
2) Sit on a simple
(-xE) chair/
(-o Ka)/
Sit in an arm chair
Sit in an easy chair.
6. Open
\ verb . Open \
J* o n adjective.
The shop is open = Shop J*
C. The shop is opened at 10
everyday (Passive) = Shop ---C W 10 -.
ning with 'It' or 'that') and has another clause

following it.
eg: i) It is this chapter that I found difficult to
understand.
ii) That is the picture I want you to look at.
Sentence No.1 has an 'It clause' (It is this chapter), followed by the other clause, 'That I
found...) sentence (2) has a 'That clause' (that
is the picture) followed by the other clause 'I
want you to look at'.
3) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it. If you are sure
that tomorrow is a holiday, the stress on holiday, and isn't it has a fall, that is, holiday and
isn't it? are said with a falling intonation.
However, if you are not sure whether tomor-
3)
-b b E h size
L
5) v
6) Everyday = daily. daily bread
(Eu ) expressions
daily everyday .
4)
Q.
1. It is two pounds heavy.

It is two pounds in weight.
ux C d?
---L?
2. She is five feet three inches tall.
She is five foot three inches tall
ux -N?
3. It is a 5 foot 9 inch bed.
inches
inch,
pound
-a?
-j-N ----
--?
T-f XE--f, -
u
A.
1) It is two pounds heavy= It is

two pounds in weight - Both are
correct.
2) She is 5 feet three inches tall
correct. She is five foot
three inches tall - wrong. Look
at the following:
a i) She is five feet three inches
tall=
ii) She is a five feet three inch
girl
b i) The tower is sixty feet tall =

ii) It is a sixty foot tall tower.
3) It is a 5 foot 9 inch bed
is a 5 feet 9 inch bed
;
.
It
observe the following:

a) He bought a bed measuring
5 feet 9 inches = He bought
a 5 feet 9 inch bed.
x, feet (plural),
.
inch
(singular)
b) He bought the estate for Rs.

2 crore.
Rs. 2 crore
=
2 crore rupees
The estate he
bought is a two crore rupee
(rupees
estate.
(
C---p
) =
)

-C-* h- , singular number (j -x) v
. units (foot,
inches)
o-p, -Eo
v singular .
Example No. 3 (Bed) .
Measurements,
--- 4- -Ja 2008
-- j---
Narayana: Well, you've seen the boy. How do

you like him?
Looks - appearance
()
o E.
(s-E ? d--f?)
Sampanna: Except that he is slightly fat, he is
OK, dad.
He fell for her looks.

Lakshmi:
(Cl --F, o)
Narayana: He isn't as tall as the boy we saw
last week, is he?
(-- v-
\ ?)
Sampanna: Of course, no. But this boy is fairer.
(. F s h-,
\)
Narayana: Then is he OK for you? Shall I tell
the boy's father of it?
( -E-- l-
-u.)
And he fits in with your requirement
of a software man. What more do
you want?
( y--o E J--,
software engineer . L
F?
requirement= ---iC.
Our requirement is a good principal for our
college=
college
principal.
- p
( F *a--x? s
v p?)
Sampanna: But ... (F ...)
Narayana: Why the 'but' again? (Sx F
?) You wanted a
1) Except that =
a) Except that it is hot during the summer,
Vijayawada is a good place to live in =
-\--p/ -p
-N \- p --E (E--) N-- * .
-x---
428
3) Ultimately =
*-J (Eo-- u)
()
a) It isn't important how well you have studied
ultimately it is your marks that count =
b) Except that Sri Rama was unkind to Sita,

he was quite admirable =
y-- C---C u-. Eo

marks F- a- - *-J \--aC/
C.
( x J- o- p, X-
p a---_-.)
b) Who bother how well you know the subject. Ultimately what marks you get
matters/ what matters ultimately is
the marks =
what matters ultimately is..
software man from

Hyderabad
with
a
salary of more than Rs.
30000. Accordingly we
have brought you two
software Engineers. What else do
you want?
(j--- E-h .
30 j @ a- software
x --o. --
lJo B-*a .
L F?)
Lakshmi:
This boy is to my liking too.
( a.)
Sampanna: Mom, I need some time to decide.
Lakshmi:
(t time L Eg----)
How long? ( ?)
Narayana: Look here Sampanna. Looks are

important. But what matters ultimately is how good the young man
is. I've heard only good reports
about him.
(o, , u.
F Eo--o u-iC, s
-*-C. J*
No.)
EXERCISE
meanings under B.
A
B
1. Weary
A. Unplanned
2. Antique
B. Infertile
3. Barren
C. Fast
4. Random
D. Illness
5. Infirmity
E. Ancient
F. Silly
G. Tired.
KEY: 1 - G 2 - E 3 - B 4 - A 5 - D.
(*-J G-v-- u?
--T-x h time - --vV. v - O?)
Lakshmi:
We can wait, but the boy and his

people may not. OK. Take your
time, but don't blame us later if the
match slips from our hands.
-*---x --C, v --.

B) I've just returned from office, and am
weary after 9 hours of work =
p office * a, 9 E-
---.
Weary N_ n
C.
I am weary of these classes and exams.
Wish very much for a holiday =
a---T/
(finally).
Sachin is an admirable
cricketer.
Ultimately the world champion Australia

had to bite the dust =
Admire =
G--E* a-
-.
M.SURESAN
c) I didn't tell him anything

except that you are here =
*-J v -x d -Lq *aC.

J_ J--, -J--.
4) fit in with =
a) His actions do not fit in with his words =
u, - J- (, - --)
b) This cell phone exactly fits in with my
requirements =
cell phone
( , s, x-x
-. Time B, F
u--y J--E tLo .)
a) We both agreed to equal share in profits

and accordingly I got Rs.50000/- as my
share of the property =
c) Why should I change my habits to fit in

with their way of life? =

conversation above:
1) Except that he is slightly fat, he is OK.
2) Accordingly we've brought two software engineers.
3) But what matters ultimately is how good the
young man is.
4) And he fits in with your requirements.
x -- l B---E po. v- .50,000

*aC.
class , exams N_ C.
h .
You weary me = y N L-T-ho/ o N-T-h-o.
2) Antique = Ancient = v<--i/ ---i
(u h-, --
-E C, -x N-j-N).
a) Antique tables and vessels are on display in the museum =
museum
tables,
-
v-z- o.
---.
A) Having walked the long distance, she is

weary, and cannot walk any more =
Admirable =
x---T.
Ny-\--o- N p -- p.
2) Accordingly = v-
b) She bought an antique piece of jewellry

at a very high price =
Explanation:
1) Weary = Tired =
Sampanna: It's my opinion that counts ultimately. All that I've asked for is a little
time, say two or three days. Can't
you both wait?
F subject ao N
d---. *-J yEo marks
a--o-- u/ h.
c) Ultimately = *d-*--J n C
d - --Eo oC.
Antique x Modern
3) Barren = Infertile =
Eq--i (N)/ H/
N ( N).
a) Most of Rayalaseema is barren =
-- Eq--i-C/
- .
b) It's a barren land= C E--E
N.
c) The Nagarjuna Sagar dam has changed
a lot of barren land into arable land.
(Arable =
E-a).
b) He wanted my signature on the document

and accordingly I signed the document =
v --o.
v- -v O .
barren x fertile
(---i).
The Godavari districts are very fertile =
-J >x ---i-N.
(fertilizer= - , fertile
hC. fertilize = - ).
4) Random = Unplanned = plan, ,
h - , ~-E-C h C
y--.
a) the random killing of people by the terrorists has left many in deep shock =
N-~---- v-- v-
--CE Cvs-A -C.
b) The selection of the players was done at
random =
v--- lA v
/ vA--C/ v C
-- .
c) Because of the random parking of cars, it

took half an hour for me to get my car out
=
cars park
car
Random thoughts =
--
--x
- a- dC.
--E--
E --.
5. Infirmity = Illness = s/ -u nA.
The infirmity of old age keeps him home =
-L- x L -u nA.
J_ J--C.
---
x @ N--
J---x, -x - a-L?
d) The furniture in their office fits in with their

desire to give it a modern look =
office furniture,
office
-E
y- J- J_ J--C.
fits in with common. O --x
practise .
Q.
We had visiting us at this time

a nervous first cousin of mine
named Briggs Beall.
verb 'had visiting'
tense
had
verb
past participle
(past
perfect tense )
had been + verb + ing
(past perfect continuous tense )
- u--E
-
-
--C? --- -y-
- --L
- --
- --L -.
-\- -- -- - --L----.
A.
Ch.Silar Saheb, Piduguralla
sentence verb, had; had visiting

. sentence -- commas _ T
- L_ n -C: We had, visiting us at this time, a nervous first cousin =
We had, at this time, a nervous first cousin
visiting us.
sentence
verb, had (Past Doing Word Past simple tense).
pattern:
p -hC .
-D-E
subject
verb
object
( a phrase)
We + had + visiting us ..
= We + had + a nervous cousin visiting us.
= We + had + an uncle working as a collector.
(Briggs Beall
cousin,
OJ*a u n, -
-
-
---- y- -,
J-TC.
--C 2 --Ja 2008

Q.
Tx
-- j---
A.
imperative sentence
sit down, stand
up
Stand
-E -- -- ?
E E-- E n
? J --p
sit down, stand up
sit, stand -? - a, E-
F a, j E-
? N-J-.
--E, N--
, Stand n--o. (usage)

v sit down E-o nA (standing position) * a-. stand up ao
position -* E---. Stand = -
E---; He was standing at the station the
whole day. Stand up = aox E---.
He stood up to answer the questions = vo
- p- (--) aE o
E--o. , sit - a-
We sat for three hours at the station =
-- ao/ a o. Unable to
stand any longer, he sat down = -v E---
(-- E-o) a-o.
Sit
Q.
1. Please explain me word order and its

rules to be followed while using modern
English usage.
2. What is the meaning of cleft sentence? Give
me some examples.
3. While using question tags, if the stress is on
a particular word, it conveys different meaning. eg: "Tomorrow is a holiday isn't it?".
If the stress changes from word to word the
meaning varies. Please explain in detail.
4. Please explain me enchoative verbs. What
are their uses in modern English?
5. Seeing is believing. This is a structure in
English. eg: Whether following sentence can
be used as an example of the above structure. The best service you are doing to society is refraing from doing the bad things.
6. Doubt relating to usage of between - among.
When we refer to more than two things
generally we use among. If we have a definite number in our mind
between can also be
used.
For
eg:
Luxemburg lies between
Belgium, Germany and
France. Pl. explain.
b) Question/ Interrogative sentence.

i) Is
he
here?
verb subject
ii) Are
they
helping verb
iii) Where
'Wh' word
iv) Where
'Wh' word
coming?
subject
main verb
is
he?
vb
sb
is
he
vb
going?
subject
(A 'Wh' word is a word beginning with 'Wh' like..

What, Where, When, Why, Who, Whose,
Which and how-usually used for asking questions).
-x---
427
The exclamatory sentence- a sentence

expressing surprize or a sudden feeling.
i) What a fool he is!
'Wh' word Noun Sb Vb
ii) How
hot
the day
is!
'Wh' word adjective
sb
vb
iii) How
she
sings!
well
'Wh' word Adverb
sb
vb
The word order in the exclamatory sentence is:
'Wh' word+Noun/ Adjective/ Adverb+Subject+Verb.
Sometimes the exclamatory sentence may not
have the noun/ Adj/ Adv after the 'wh' word.
eg: How he shouts!
In any version of English including modern
English, any sentence has one of the four word
orders shown above.
(Feel free to write again
if you find this answer
not clear enough, but let
your question be clear).
2) A cleft sentence is a
sentence that begins
with an 'it clause' or 'that
M.SURESAN
clause' (clauses begin-
row is a holiday or not, the word holiday is

uttered with falling intonation and 'isn't it?'
with rising intonation.
a) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? (The
speaker is sure that tomorrow is a holiday)
b) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it? (The
speaker is not sure whether tomorrow is a
holiday, so holiday is said with falling intonation and isn't with rising intonation.
4) It is not 'enchoative' but 'inchoative'
verb. An inchoative verb expresses a
change of state, that is, a change from one
condition to another. eg: The college will
close for summer vacation on the 12th April.
In this sentence, 'will close' (instead of 'will be
closed') expresses a change of state (open to
closed), happening on its own, without anybody causing it. So, 'will close' (close) is an
inchoative verb. So is the verb, 'opened' an
inchoative verb in the sentence, The shops
opened as usual that day.
5) In one way it is, and in another way, it isn't.
Seeing is believing- the structure of the sentence is Subject + Verb +
Complement. In the sentence- the best service you
are doing to society is
refraing from..., if you take
the whole clause 'The best
you are doing to society' as
the subject of the sentence, its structure is
the same as that of 'seeing is believing'.
However, if you take the subject of the sentence, 'seeing is believing', as a present participle (and not a clause), the sentence, 'The
best service...' is not the same structure.
The sentences, 'Refraining from evil is doing
the best service to society/ Doing the best service to society is refraing from evil- are exactly
the same structure as, 'seeing is believing'.
6) Here, between is correct. We use 'between'
(and not among) when we refer to an area or
any geographical feature (rivers, mountain
ranges, etc.) separating two or more points.
(---
-)
Seeing is believing
.-------, t-
A.
1. The question is not clear. If you mean the

word order in different kinds of sentences
here is the answer.
a) The Statement/ The assertive sentence
(A sentence saying something- eg: The
book is on the table. He has not come.)
Word order in a statement.
The book
is
on the table
subject
verb
We see here that the statement has the subject (sb) + verb (vb) word order. That is, in a
statement the subject comes first and the
verb, next.
Q.
C--E Tx --.
1. vh--E S o.
p u- .
2. y, EN-h--v.
C, -C .
3. Interview Rx--p, Lo interview --E - - . xE N --p
\-\-JE good morning (evening)
-- -J L -J good
morning all of you E ?
4. He passed Degree DE passive
voice pL?
5. yn (-)
-J-j --. -j
T---. F v E
.
6. The shop is open at 10'o clock
o-p shop -J---j open
---C ? --p The
shop opened at 10 L ?
>.---yx, -
A.
We see there are two kinds of questionsNon 'Wh' questions- Questions without 'Wh'
words (eg: questions (i) and (ii) above) and
'Wh' questions- questions beginning with 'wh'
words. In both kinds of questions, the subject
comes after the verb, or after the helping verb.
When there are two/ more words in a question
the first of them is the helping verb and the others are main verb.
The imperative sentence: (orders, wishes,
etc.) In most of them the subject is 'you' but
not stated.
i) (you) get out - Sb + Vb
ii) (you) please come in - Sb + Vb.
1. Right now/ At present I am jobless/ unemployed.

(Jobless
-u-- .)
2. You and I are just instrumental. It
is she that does and gets done
everything.
3. Good morning, sirs/ sirs and
Madam (s) if both men and women
are on the board of interview.
4. The degree was passed by him passive
passive.
passives
lessons
passive
u
E
*a
OC .
5. He is very selfish. For his selfish

purposes, he doesn't hesitate to
cheat. He is upto anything if it
serves his purposes.
Q.
C -- Ba-.
1. A cup is in the saucer (or) on the

saucer.
2. The teacher is sitting in the chair (or)
on the chair.
3. Wednesday
4. Drought
E -L?
E v-, J- v- ---o.
Nt -A h Tx dq
drout C. J C d?
5. listen E -L?
6. Every day, daily --N? --
-sx --T-L?
j. \--, _-u-
A.
1) A cup on a saucer
2) Sit on a simple
(-xE) chair/
(-o Ka)/
Sit in an arm chair
Sit in an easy chair.
6. Open
\ verb . Open \
J* o n adjective.
The shop is open = Shop J*
C. The shop is opened at 10
everyday (Passive) = Shop ---C W 10 -.
ning with 'It' or 'that') and has another clause

following it.
eg: i) It is this chapter that I found difficult to
understand.
ii) That is the picture I want you to look at.
Sentence No.1 has an 'It clause' (It is this chapter), followed by the other clause, 'That I
found...) sentence (2) has a 'That clause' (that
is the picture) followed by the other clause 'I
want you to look at'.
3) Tomorrow is a holiday, isn't it. If you are sure
that tomorrow is a holiday, the stress on holiday, and isn't it has a fall, that is, holiday and
isn't it? are said with a falling intonation.
However, if you are not sure whether tomor-
3)
-b b E h size
L
5) v
6) Everyday = daily. daily bread
(Eu ) expressions
daily everyday .
4)
Q.
1. It is two pounds heavy.

It is two pounds in weight.
ux C d?
---L?
2. She is five feet three inches tall.
She is five foot three inches tall
ux -N?
3. It is a 5 foot 9 inch bed.
inches
inch,
pound
-a?
-j-N ----
--?
T-f XE--f, -
u
A.
1) It is two pounds heavy= It is

two pounds in weight - Both are
correct.
2) She is 5 feet three inches tall
correct. She is five foot
three inches tall - wrong. Look
at the following:
a i) She is five feet three inches
tall=
ii) She is a five feet three inch
girl
b i) The tower is sixty feet tall =

ii) It is a sixty foot tall tower.
3) It is a 5 foot 9 inch bed
is a 5 feet 9 inch bed
;
.
It
observe the following:

a) He bought a bed measuring
5 feet 9 inches = He bought
a 5 feet 9 inch bed.
x, feet (plural),
.
inch
(singular)
b) He bought the estate for Rs.

2 crore.
Rs. 2 crore
=
2 crore rupees
The estate he
bought is a two crore rupee
(rupees
estate.
(
C---p
) =
)

-C-* h- , singular number (j -x) v
. units (foot,
inches)
o-p, -Eo
v singular .
Example No. 3 (Bed) .
Measurements,
--- 4- -Ja 2008
-- j---
Narayana: Well, you've seen the boy. How do

you like him?
Looks - appearance
()
o E.
(s-E ? d--f?)
Sampanna: Except that he is slightly fat, he is
OK, dad.
He fell for her looks.

Lakshmi:
(Cl --F, o)
Narayana: He isn't as tall as the boy we saw
last week, is he?
(-- v-
\ ?)
Sampanna: Of course, no. But this boy is fairer.
(. F s h-,
\)
Narayana: Then is he OK for you? Shall I tell
the boy's father of it?
( -E-- l-
-u.)
And he fits in with your requirement
of a software man. What more do
you want?
( y--o E J--,
software engineer . L
F?
requirement= ---iC.
Our requirement is a good principal for our
college=
college
principal.
- p
( F *a--x? s
v p?)
Sampanna: But ... (F ...)
Narayana: Why the 'but' again? (Sx F
?) You wanted a
1) Except that =
a) Except that it is hot during the summer,
Vijayawada is a good place to live in =
-\--p/ -p
-N \- p --E (E--) N-- * .
-x---
428
3) Ultimately =
*-J (Eo-- u)
()
a) It isn't important how well you have studied
ultimately it is your marks that count =
b) Except that Sri Rama was unkind to Sita,

he was quite admirable =
y-- C---C u-. Eo

marks F- a- - *-J \--aC/
C.
( x J- o- p, X-
p a---_-.)
b) Who bother how well you know the subject. Ultimately what marks you get
matters/ what matters ultimately is
the marks =
what matters ultimately is..
software man from

Hyderabad
with
a
salary of more than Rs.
30000. Accordingly we
have brought you two
software Engineers. What else do
you want?
(j--- E-h .
30 j @ a- software
x --o. --
lJo B-*a .
L F?)
Lakshmi:
This boy is to my liking too.
( a.)
Sampanna: Mom, I need some time to decide.
Lakshmi:
(t time L Eg----)
How long? ( ?)
Narayana: Look here Sampanna. Looks are

important. But what matters ultimately is how good the young man
is. I've heard only good reports
about him.
(o, , u.
F Eo--o u-iC, s
-*-C. J*
No.)
EXERCISE
meanings under B.
A
B
1. Weary
A. Unplanned
2. Antique
B. Infertile
3. Barren
C. Fast
4. Random
D. Illness
5. Infirmity
E. Ancient
F. Silly
G. Tired.
KEY: 1 - G 2 - E 3 - B 4 - A 5 - D.
(*-J G-v-- u?
--T-x h time - --vV. v - O?)
Lakshmi:
We can wait, but the boy and his

people may not. OK. Take your
time, but don't blame us later if the
match slips from our hands.
-*---x --C, v --.

B) I've just returned from office, and am
weary after 9 hours of work =
p office * a, 9 E-
---.
Weary N_ n
C.
I am weary of these classes and exams.
Wish very much for a holiday =
a---T/
(finally).
Sachin is an admirable
cricketer.
Ultimately the world champion Australia

had to bite the dust =
Admire =
G--E* a-
-.
M.SURESAN
c) I didn't tell him anything

except that you are here =
*-J v -x d -Lq *aC.

J_ J--, -J--.
4) fit in with =
a) His actions do not fit in with his words =
u, - J- (, - --)
b) This cell phone exactly fits in with my
requirements =
cell phone
( , s, x-x
-. Time B, F
u--y J--E tLo .)
a) We both agreed to equal share in profits

and accordingly I got Rs.50000/- as my
share of the property =
c) Why should I change my habits to fit in

with their way of life? =

conversation above:
1) Except that he is slightly fat, he is OK.
2) Accordingly we've brought two software engineers.
3) But what matters ultimately is how good the
young man is.
4) And he fits in with your requirements.
x -- l B---E po. v- .50,000

*aC.
class , exams N_ C.
h .
You weary me = y N L-T-ho/ o N-T-h-o.
2) Antique = Ancient = v<--i/ ---i
(u h-, --
-E C, -x N-j-N).
a) Antique tables and vessels are on display in the museum =
museum
tables,
-
v-z- o.
---.
A) Having walked the long distance, she is

weary, and cannot walk any more =
Admirable =
x---T.
Ny-\--o- N p -- p.
2) Accordingly = v-
b) She bought an antique piece of jewellry

at a very high price =
Explanation:
1) Weary = Tired =
Sampanna: It's my opinion that counts ultimately. All that I've asked for is a little
time, say two or three days. Can't
you both wait?
F subject ao N
d---. *-J yEo marks
a--o-- u/ h.
c) Ultimately = *d-*--J n C
d - --Eo oC.
Antique x Modern
3) Barren = Infertile =
Eq--i (N)/ H/
N ( N).
a) Most of Rayalaseema is barren =
-- Eq--i-C/
- .
b) It's a barren land= C E--E
N.
c) The Nagarjuna Sagar dam has changed
a lot of barren land into arable land.
(Arable =
E-a).
b) He wanted my signature on the document

and accordingly I signed the document =
v --o.
v- -v O .
barren x fertile
(---i).
The Godavari districts are very fertile =
-J >x ---i-N.
(fertilizer= - , fertile
hC. fertilize = - ).
4) Random = Unplanned = plan, ,
h - , ~-E-C h C
y--.
a) the random killing of people by the terrorists has left many in deep shock =
N-~---- v-- v-
--CE Cvs-A -C.
b) The selection of the players was done at
random =
v--- lA v
/ vA--C/ v C
-- .
c) Because of the random parking of cars, it

took half an hour for me to get my car out
=
cars park
car
Random thoughts =
--
--x
- a- dC.
--E--
E --.
5. Infirmity = Illness = s/ -u nA.
The infirmity of old age keeps him home =
-L- x L -u nA.
J_ J--C.
---
x @ N--
J---x, -x - a-L?
d) The furniture in their office fits in with their

desire to give it a modern look =
office furniture,
office
-E
y- J- J_ J--C.
fits in with common. O --x
practise .
Q.
We had visiting us at this time

a nervous first cousin of mine
named Briggs Beall.
verb 'had visiting'
tense
had
verb
past participle
(past
perfect tense )
had been + verb + ing
(past perfect continuous tense )
- u--E
-
-
--C? --- -y-
- --L
- --
- --L -.
-\- -- -- - --L----.
A.
Ch.Silar Saheb, Piduguralla
sentence verb, had; had visiting

. sentence -- commas _ T
- L_ n -C: We had, visiting us at this time, a nervous first cousin =
We had, at this time, a nervous first cousin
visiting us.
sentence
verb, had (Past Doing Word Past simple tense).
pattern:
p -hC .
-D-E
subject
verb
object
( a phrase)
We + had + visiting us ..
= We + had + a nervous cousin visiting us.
= We + had + an uncle working as a collector.
(Briggs Beall
cousin,
OJ*a u n, -
-
-
---- y- -,
J-TC.
- 6 --Ja 2008
-- j---
Spoorthi: Hi Keerthi, hasn't the rain blown over

yet? Do look out the window.
({ J--y-? J*
.)
Keerthi: Don't you hear the pit-a-pat? There
hasn't been any let up for an hour
now. As I see, there won't be any, for
another half an hour.
(---o l F NE---? ---* J--- C ? -

Jy --o.)
Spoorthi: Won't it ever stop?
(-- ?)
Keerthi: But why are so impatient?
( -- o-?)
Spoorthi: See, owing to this untimely rain, we
aren't able to go out. Rain is certainly
enjoyable but not when you want to
go to a movie.
Spoorthi: A movie is different you know. Any

way, I want to go to movie and go, I
will. In case you wish to join me you
are welcome. Aarthi will give me company if you don't.
(E p- . -i
x-----o, p h. y
-- . y company
y-- Jh hC)
Keerthi: All right. Please yourself.
conversation above:
1) Hasn't the rain blown over yet?
2) There hasn't been any let up.
3) Owing to this untimely rain we aren't able to
go out.
4) Seeing that you have an assignment to complete ...
5) I want to see the movie so that after some
diversion ...
6) You can listen to music in order to feel fresh.
(. / -- *a
{ x ---x----o.
{ -, F E---x---o-p
v .)
-x---
429
Politics are full of controversies =
4) Seeing that -
h/ x
--x p N-.
controversial= (v-- ' Cl '
\ \ -)= N--p--i.
a) Seeing that she did not have any money, I

couldn't ask her to pay up =
His controversial remarks have led to group

clashes =
_ s -- /
N L s Lx--E .
N--p uu _
-{ J-B-.
c) The communal clashes have blown over
and the village is back to normal =
-{ l---. v
J-n-A *aC.
2) Let up = (xx, {, s, N
_- d)
b) Seeing that there wasn't enough food for

more than one, I ate out =
-J- \ C J--E
L/ -.
5) So that = -- (l L--)
a) He is conducting social service camps so
that the poor can benefit
=
Ther e hasn't been any let up
Keerthi: Seeing
that
you have an
assignment to
complete by
tomorrow,
I
just can't imagine your thinking of
going to a movie.
(- Jh---Lq assignment dE, Ny-p E---x----

-----o.)
Spoorthi: I want to see the movie so that after
some diversion, I can, with a fresh
mind, resume my assignment.
(E-p E---x-----oC,
E * *a y, h p
y fresh mind assignment S}
v-G---aE.)
diversion = ho E * h p
resume = v-G-
Keerthi: Instead, you can listen to some music
in order to feel fresh.
(E--,
U N-a)
feel
EXERCISE
{-N, x-x --N, -u--x-N T-/ ---.
Bh
a) The cyclone has blown over and there is
calm around =
C.
TC, J- ----
Blow over, Let up-
v C.
M.SURESAN
----N.
b) The controversy over the cricketers'
3) Owing to= because of= -x/ -.
behaviour has blown over and they are
back to serious game =
v-x - J* N ---C/
l---TC. } O %d -o/ x %d -O-C RxC.
controversy- v- ' Cl, ' \
\ -. n N.
Arunkumar's statements let to a controversy
= -\ O --- uu N--E
J-B-.
Ants hoard food =

meanings under B
B
1. Hoard
A. Cheer
2. Applaud
B. A small,
thin creature
3. Worm
C. back part
4. Rear
D. Amass
5. Jovial
E. Merry
F. Gloomy
G. Grand
1) Hoard = Amass -
s/ u-N -
-d
a) Misers
(--) hoard money- s

---E a--d- --.
b) Traders hoard stocks = u- -h, (N o- \
t-)
Black marketers and hoarders = < t-x (Ey-- -, o * t-x)
a) Owing to ill health, he gave up his job =
Hoard X squander (\y) = Na--N-

a-d % .
2) Applaud = Cheer = p-x-
p/ {Eo -.
a) Every one stood up to applaud as
Tendulkar scored his 100th run =
-\ B-
* px d a--o.
b) As she finished her song, the audience
applauded her =
h-- v-- --y-- a--o.

Applaud X denounce ( N-Jz-
u --)
3) Worm = A small creature = ~ t (*o)
v vN, *o *o -
a) He threw the flour away as there were
worms in it =
-----x Eo
-.
---, d, -J-v v-x/ Fx
E- --Fo worms.
his old age =
l-u L- s-, p* s ho.

( so that to simpler.)
He is working hard so that he can get a rank

= He is working hard to get a rank.
6) In order to = to =
a) Reserve your ticket in advance in order to

avoid last minute rush =
*J EN - p---- ticket reserve -.
b) Owing to rise in prices the common man

finds it difficult to lead a good life =
b) Walk fast in order to catch the bus = Walk

fast to catch the bus =
J-T-- E * @N -----o.
Owing to = Due to; due to p 'be'
form y .
The chutney had worms in it =
b) He is saving money
from now so that he can
have enough money in
-u x/ u
--o.
< -Eo ---
KEY: 1-D, 2-A, 3-B, 4-C, 5-E.

Explanation:
There has been no let up

in the naxalite violence in
Chattisgarh =
1) Has (not) blown over: Blow over =
--}
PG- Ey-h-o.
o ---o.
Worms were crawling on the dead body =
O - --o.
Earthworm = -; silk worm = d-; Bookworm = h- --E
----x. x -- The mango had worms in it.
4) Rear= back part-
He sat in the rear of the bus =
x a-o--.
The tractor had a trailer attached to the rear
of it =
Tractor
trailer T-L* C.
( -x rear mirror C
a -- driver l)
Rear wheels = back wheels ( v).
v- - x-O
rearing.
The horse reared and sped away-
Bus
to
--- y -. In order
, p-- , to
*C.
a) People like his company because he is

jovial =
- -,
- - ---
Nyh d.
b) She always has a jovial smile on her face

and that endears her to all =
p
-, o--y--i *--y
C. -x -J G.
Endear = d/ G- L-T-.
He has endeared himself to every one in his
office because of his good nature =
* y--x J G-Eo .
Jovial X Serious.
F) Gloomy= sorrowful/ sad=
N----i/
---i.
He appeared very gloomy because of his
father's recent death =
v x-O * ---C.
v u E---
N- o.
Rear X Front.
Gloomy X Cheerful.
5) Jovial = Merry =
Nyh .
-, ---,
Gloomy
Gloomy X bright.
<- o n C.
--C- 9 --Ja 2008

Q.
-- j---
1. Compound
sentence
sentence
complex
simple
a-
a?
2. Compound, complex, compound complex sentence
English
3. He took the jar which was on the table and

broke it into pieces. (CDCX).
Simple: Taking the jar from on the table
he broke it into pieces.
2.
---Eo-d, x/ Eo
d, -sEo d C. , x--p type of sentence L E
-** -? x *
. -*-h -. sentence p--C automatic a-hC.
regular practice . Spoken
English \ short sentences (not
u-
-p, x---p v
N L-----.
- Seshanna, Adoni
A.
1.
a-a.
eg 1: The book is about gardening and has

sold well because it
is
very
useful
Compound,
(CDCX)
always simple, may be complex/ compound

too
speech
Complex
prepare
Simple ..
Simple: Very useful,
senthe
book
tence
about gardening has sold well.
choice
sentence select
2. Very few know and fewer still have
heard about what exactly happened.
(CDCX)
Simple: Very few know about the happening, still fewer hearing
430
about it.
) . j
y----o-p,
--p
, p
N-
C. -E
-E x ?
-x---
Q.
' ---L --
tenses 12 A. 1. English E p JTE --,

- N->-?
tenses (verb L E J-T ), vA tense
- h-, -,
form of the verb, , u. N-u E
tenses vu \.
? Sir --v- correct - E p J-T--C L-, time expressions (p, ,
2. News papers x
--, etc) O \ ---. 'The" article L
-- B .
? eg: The Hindu, The New
Indian Express. E DC
2. DC , paper title print ---a. E
?
E J* x---p, The Deccan Chronicle
L.
3. Respected Sir, Dear Sir, SirO C correct?
3. Sir correct. Dear Sir, Respected Sir, j
- A. Sudhakar, Bhiknoor
English usage .
1. English
O x--.
.
6. Any one who hasn't written?
J _ o? ?
7. Have all of you got books?/ Do all
--. J y .
of you books?/ Have all of you
---o?
books?
27. C -J a-.
8. You should write this every day.
28. ! --E ?
M.SURESAN
9. Has any one yet to show (EE?
29. C -J ---?
E
pL
?) their homework/ exercise,
30. - h-ov?
etc./ Is there anyone who has yet to show?
31. a-Ex -j o?
10. Haven't you studied/ learnt answer to the
32. a-E L .
third question.
33. J--Cl--- - -. --E
11. Ifthekhar, have you got it written?
34. --l! -T--p p----?
35. L----x ---. 12. Stay off/ stand at some distance.
13. I am going to bank to deposit the cheque.
36. NtLo -- ---?
19. You've learnt the

answers to three
questions. Learn two
more tomorrow.
20. Don't you study

unless I ask you to? Don't you learn otherwise?
21. You said you couldn't read. Have you
learnt?
22. Come forward.
23. Mugup/ Memorise/ cram.
24. One of you go and come back.
25. Do all of you have it?
26. You get it/ Have it written one by one.
Have all of you got it written?
27. Give it to whose it is.
28. Sir, shall we call them?
29. Are all of you able to see it?/ Do all of
you see it?
30. Why are you making a noise?
31. Anyone/ is there anyone who has yet to
learn?
- Md. Irshad Alibaig, Kandukur
14. Do remember everything. If you forget you

will be beaten.
1. O ---a? O n, --E
a? ? , Have you come
15. How long ago did I tell you?/ How long is

it since I told you.
33. In a short while the pass bell goes. Wait till

then.
2. Don't slander/ backbite others.
16. Is any one yet to come?
3. How much they have written isn't important.

How neatly they have written is.
17. Study them till you learn.
34. Non sense. Why didn't you tell me when I

asked you?
prepared?
4. Have all of you shown _?
Q.
O cafe a- J* N-Jh '

'u E p. E DEE ' L
? (The 'a' in cafe sounds like that of 'a'
in cat. ' , ' u l.)
. Cafe
E
E
E a-
lEo - - h?
u, u, u E h h
? cafe E a h h. -E cafe
u , Jh ' h -. Strictly speaking, cat, bag, bankOx u, u, u, E , , u,
D`- J-. N Fo
D` vy . '
' u l -
N u.
5. Ravi, write down the names of

those who shout/ make a noise.
23.
24.
25.
26.
- P. Babu, Geddanapalli
A.
Q.
Don't slander/ backbite others
C- -u-- Tx-
--- --L---
-.
1. O ---a?
2. \x-O
p.
3. --oC u. - F-
--oC u.
4. -?
5. O! J-* xx !
6. Ex -j o?
7. -J h- o?
8. OE y W h L.
9. x -j o?
10. vo a--?
11. h-! y ---o?
12. ! -
13. u \----E ho.
14. h--d-. Ja- E
p! o -.
15. EoV-j-C O p!
16. -Lqx -j o?
17. N a--- a-.
18. * -- F A h?
19. V 3 vo C- ? 2 vo
a-E .
20. h- O C-C? -?
21. - -o. *a?
22. !
Q.
(Eo?)
1. Please explain the

meaning and context
of .. a) not with standing, b) hitherto, c) on
the cards, d) on the
ropes.
2. Suggest some good and

comprehensive books for
'Idioms and phrases' and
'phrasal verbs'.
Cafe - pronunciation- K ae f e i
'a', cat
a, bag
a, bank
3. I have a pocket size dictionary

of
HARRAP'S
(London) Company. I now
wish to have a big and
concised one of that company. Where can I get it
from?
- D.KondalaRao, Srikakulam
A.
1. a) Notwithstanding = In
spite of.
18. If you don't come from at least now, I'll see

your end/ you've had it.
on the ropes,
hitherto .. --- ..
Not withstanding her wealth,
she leads a simple life = She
is wealthy, but she leads a
simple life.
Notwithstanding the police
presence, thieves entered
the house = Though the
police were present, thieves
entered the house.
b) Hitherto = till now.
i) The survey revealed certain
hitherto unknown facts = The
survey brought certain facts,
not known to any one till now.
ii) Hitherto he has been smoking. He has started drinking
too= Till now he has been
smoking, ..
c) On the cards = likely to

happen = may happen.
A new plan to provide
houses to the houseless is
on cards = A plan will soon
be there to provide house
to the houseless.
d) On the ropes = in a very bad
situation - about to be defeated. Having lost 6 wickets for
just 85 runs, the home team
is on the ropes... the home
team will be defeated.
2. Mcmordy's Book of Idioms,
and Cambridge International
Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.
3. The best is Oxford Advanced
Learners
Dictionary
of
Current English. Buy this and
you don't need the books
mentioned in (2).
32. You must all come well prepared tomorrow.
35. I didn't attend because I didn't know.

36. Why don't you study when I ask you to?
-,- -, -, -, - ?
Q.
English
u
A.
a, e, i, o, u
Vowels
(vowels)
vowels Eo a, e, i, o,
(, , , , ) -
-- j-C? , , , , E
p-LqC. N-J---.
- B. Prabhakar, Husnabad.
N l , ~-.
o-p -E a
E \ l J
. l- * ~--
vowels . O-ox
, ~- (a, e, i, o, u) , ,
, , l- v L--
. English speech -T 20 vowels sounds L--
. Eo-F p d vowels
, a, e, i, o, u \-\-, ~ L, L l L.
(Language is speech. Not writing.)
--- 11 --Ja 2008
-- j---
Sampreeth: Who were you talking to yesterday?
(- ---
? y --\-x.)
(Eo y -J x---o?)
Santhript:
Don't you know? You talk as if you

hadn't seen him. It was Vallabh I
was talking to.
(F L-? o -x x. x---oC x-)

Sampreeth: As soon as I came, he left, and it
was rather dim. So, I wasn't sure it
was Vallabh.
( Rx--.
p <- C. -E
x- E L--).
Santhript:
Santhript:
Take it easy old boy.
( ox. d--.)
Sampreeth: You needn't say that either. I am
the last man to take you amiss.
(C y p-\-x. Eo
p n -.)
Take somebody amiss = Jo n
--
Santhript:
Why didn't you ask me yesterday

itself?
In no circumstances can there be

any misunderstanding between us.
( J-n-x u -pn )
(Eo N ----?)
Sampreeth: I had some thing more important
on my mind. You remember too I
was in a great hurry.
-x---
3) Even if you were in a hurry you could have

asked me
4) I am the last man to take you amiss
5) In no circumstances can there be any misunderstanding between us
6) Thank you all the same
u -E--LqC: As if/ as though

*a--p, E y verb p was/
were/ PDW (Past Doing Word) .
, p (present) A L---hC. had been/ had, pp past
N-Eo L---hC.
1) As if/ As though =
431
(- u-i N
v C.
--
-p
- oE
F
hC.)
-x, F .
C Spoken English -s
\. d practise l.
d) Why do you look at me as if I was/ were a

cheat?=
(As if I wasBritish, As if I wereAmerican)
was/ were
-x h-o-N j?
You talk as if you hadn't seen him
Santhript:
Even if you were in a hurry you

could have asked me
(-
o o-T a ?).
But why are we wasting time on

something past? Why all that
enquiry about Vallabh? Do go and
see him if you want to.
( ---E J*
%? N-- x- J* ----- R} -.)
Sampreeth: As if I wouldn't if I wanted to. You
don't need to say that.
EXERCISE
Match the expressions under A
with their meanings under B
A
B
1. Keep back A. Faultless
2. Display
B. Escape
punishment
3. Sound
C. Bend
4. Get away with D. withhold
5. Stoop
E. Reveal
F. Exhibit
G. Unhappy
KEY: 1-D, 2-F, 3-A, 4-B, 5-C.
Explanation:
1) Keep back = Withhold =
( t )
Santhript:
OK. Shall we have some drink?

Shall I get you some coffee?
(j -? *
y F?)
(Coffee
--E-- C-p.
--p- thanks)
dialogue above.
1) You talk as if you hadn't seen him
2) As soon as I came he left
@N J-*
Eo u-i h--
p- --E/
-E -.
b) Don't keep anything back
from him. It is important
that he know everything
that concerns him =
_ D -l/
L--Lq -l. - C-* Eo N-
L- u.
keep back X reveal (L--)
a) I suspect he has kept

back from us some important facts about his earlier
life =
v-z.
a) There was a display of
excellent batsmanship by
Rohit sharma =
batsmanship (batsman
--t
\
ju) v-Jz-.
Q. 1. "We arranged to meet at 7:30

but she never turned up."
"We arranged to meet at 7:30 but
she didn't turn up yet."
- uEo
-E p-a?2. C u -d?
Why didn't you turn up to the party yesterday?

Sorry! I am not going to turn up my duty to-day.
Kavitha didn't turn up to yesterday class?
I've been waiting for her since 3:30 pm but she
didn't turn up yet. - P. Sumalatha, Hyderabad.
A.
1) We arranged ..... but she never turned up

= We arranged .... but she did not turn up.
Yet
\ .
b) The hawkers displayed

their wares on the pavement =
road platform
OC t--O
x,
h-- v-Jz-.
Hawkers = peddlers =
(shops
Ox
t---x.
E-x)
pavement = road
j ---- h
d platforms. Platform/ foot
path j .
Pavement E correct .
Pavement dwellers = pavement
O E- x.
c) There was a display of the

latest model jewellery at
the ornament show=
model
v-z
-- v-z
C.
Display X conceal.
'Never turned up' is almost the same as 'did

not turn up' (Never turned up =
she did not turn up =
---.
.)
Yet = / p-. C has not turned up =
p- , n. Did not turn up/
Never turned up = () .
e) He talks as if/ as though his bowling alone

bowling
helped his team to win=
team
Present
As if/ As though
verb- helped (Past Doing Word).
bowling
x
v
-h-ox (p
) x--/ . -E-:
y
(
v N--E -).

E--E--j-x
c K h-.
(- E--E-E )
coffee
Sampreeth: Don't feel like it now. Thanks all the

same.
2) Display = exhibition =
-. j N/
- Jh--F, F
p- .
a) He orders me about as
if/ as though I were his
servant =
Sampreeth: I am sure of that too.
M.SURESAN
b) She behaves as if she

alone knew the truth =
\--E E L-x v-Jh-h-. ( \--E , - --C )
f) He is shivering as if he had seen a ghost=
- Eo -x (-) ---o. \ As if/ as though y

verb, had + pp - C past action
(-x) --C.
c) You look as though you didn't have anything to eat so far =
-- N A-x E--h-o y.
(Ao F A- F- E--h-o.)
3) Sound = faultless
(-E).
a) Though he is eighty years
old, he enjoys sound
health =
80 x
jp-, -u
o.
b) His financial position is

sound =
4) Get away with = escape

punishment =
p- P~
p---.
a) Though he grabbed a lot
of land he got away with it
=
N b --p-
P~--- p--o.
Jn J-nA
/
C.
b) Don't drive without your

helmet on. You cannot get
away with it = Helmet
c) The advice he gives is

always sound =
-. P~-- p---.
d) A Sound mind in a sound

body =
c) It is surprising that he got

away with just 3 months in
jail though he cheated
people of lakhs of rupees
=
-a
p *.
K---u
---u.
e) Sound thinking = j
----R.
Of an unsound mind = A
nN--E.
Sound X unsound (J--E)
~ -
--p-,
jail P~ p-- a-u C.
5) Stoop = Bend = /
C--.
d) I've been waiting for since 3.30, but she

(till
hasn't turned up yet. Yet=
now)
have + pp / has + pp
Past Doing Word (did turn)
-p---
o-p,
--.
.
Q. 1. -- --o u- p-E O --- "Gita is singing and
working at the same time" E \-o.
2) a) Turn up to - wrong. turn up for, correct.
"Gita is working while singing songs" (U
(Why didn't you turn up for the party yes - E--hC) -a-?
terday?).
2. Ravi is eating while watching T.V. (N O
b) Sorry, I am not going to turn up for duty
- o A-o) -a-?
today. (my duty \ J-.Turn up
y, for L, duty/ party etc. )
3. - dance interest --E "He is
interested in dance" E h?
c) Kavitha didn't turn up for yesterday's class.
\ -oC,
,
x---oC p
(present) N.
a) He stooped to kiss the little boy =
*o x-E
l--d---
.
b) She stooped to pick up

her ring which had slipped
down =
J---- Eo B---
TC.
c) Politicians stoop to any

level for their selfish purposes =
yn-v---- -----
n-j C---.
d) I can't stoop to lying just

for a thousand rupees =
-
-l p n
C---.
j list , keep back, get
away with expressions
phrasal verbs .
He interests in dance
4. Pronunciation
dictionary
- Madhavan, Hyderabad.
A. 1) Gita is singing and working at the same
time = Gita is singing while she is working/
while she is at work/ as she is singing =
Gita is working while singing - OK.
2) Ravi is eating while watching the TV - OK.
3) He interests
He is interested
(dance
4) Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of
Current English.
E -a-?
*---.
-- -- h L
T-h E n ?
) C.
- h
- 13 --Ja 2008
Q.
1.
-- j---
2. Let my advice be followed- correct.
' \-J p
-x p-x.
uEo Tx-
pL?
2. Follow my advice.
passive
My
advice should be followed
Let my advice be
followed
DEE
E a?
?
'N- Tx- -?
3.
4. What a beautiful buildHe

ing is it!
exclaimed that what a
beautiful building it was
DEE
- KSR, Marturu
1. If Bhasha says so
once, he has said it
a hundred times/ If
Bhasha says so
once, it is saying so
a hundred times.
Q.
1) But then they have

had their heroes too.
-N--J--.
--hC?
x-- A-l N?
Eo vN-h-o E p-.
E
F o h-o E
pL?
- V Purushotham, Ammakkapeta
heroes
-x
-) o.
x (-
a) I have had three cups of coffee

3 cups
so far =
of coffee
p---
T o.
Q.
4.
'He exclaimed that it was a

very beautiful building'
--.
L.
sentence/ clause/ phrase
J* h, -a , u pronoun.
5. Antecedent:
a) He stopped the ball and threw it at the

stumps.
sentence
ball, it
antecedent (It,
ball
Q.
J* hC
?)
DE
,
432
1. I am talking
I am speaking
The teacher spoke to the students about the

exams=
teacher
o K-~ J*
Nu-n-
N?
x
.
(
Nu
No)
2. F E -h. DEE Tx- I
We talked about our school days =
will show you a film ? I will take you
V J* x--o. (\ o x- VD Anand, Koppole
a film ?
x--x).
A. 1) Speak u- i
N-
-s talk
J* formal -J--j Speak - talk speak
?
x-. Speak x-2) I will show you a film, correct . I will take
--o--J N x- \ you to a film, correct.
x--. Talk, p u N-
I will show you a film film (cineJ --a. -~--E -C
ma ) O B, x -h- n
a-x---, ---- talk
hC.
C. Speak -s- .
b) She gave me a book which was very

interesting.
which (pronoun)
book antecedent.
-x---
2) Sports & Games, get - obtain,

steal - rob
3) I am a student, aren't I?
question tag aren't I
4)
5)
I love you
1)
3. Poems/ Verses/ Compositions/ Pieces of

poetry.
M.SURESAN
b) They robbed him of

his watch and chain =
watch
T hey have had their her oes too
u-E n, Have,
had \--\ -T-* -Eo u
--.
A.
(My advice should be followed is the passive of "You should follow my advice")
\-J p ..
E a?
5. Grammar antecedent N?
A.
Be form + participle
b) He has had this car for a year

now =
car
car
-q- -
C ( LT o)
c) He has just had his dinner =
--p -.
\ tense - present perfect form:
Have/ has + pp of 'have' (had)
2)
- n, v,
v ---Eo-F L sports
. - J lJ u/ x u
v , \--C u
-J J - sports
. Running race (
), high jump, long jump-
-L V3, -- Be form + ing -L V4

-- -. -E Rx---, h , h
clear L-E verbs - -- -v-
Eo -- ? N-J---. - P Janaki Rao, Salur
A. V3 Past Participle ? '...ing' form V4
. Strictly speaking (correct ) Past Participle
(V3), Present Participle (V4)- ing form verbs . O-ox N
-- (Non finite) verbs.
R}--- = He must have gone. be for m + ..
h = He must have been doing it.
h = He must be coming.
j sentences verb - must have + pp, would have been +
ing, and must be + ing. sentences past participle,
present participle ---. - 'be' form, must
have + pp form o. Rx---. h ,
h N Non finite verbs (-- v) .
- verbs N L E--Eo (past) *a- L--h-o . O n ---LqC past participle ,
be form + past participle/ have/ has/ had, etc + pp o ,
2) '...ing' form , be form + ing form o .
'pp' (V3), '...ing' form, verbs . Past participle Eo
, F, verb .
eg: a) The book given to him- -E--y-- h (-E--*a
h )
b) The song sung at the party= party -- () .
c) The man talking to the woman (... ing from) =
Y x---o-.
d) The girl reading the book = h --o t
a), b) pp, c) d) '..ing' form hC ,
E N verbs .
Q.
a) He got the permission
x -J \--C
_-, \ (--)
\ team _--a N sports. --, -J,
lJ u, x v
_ v Tennis, football,
cricket N, games.
get = = obtain.
get, spoken form,
obtain vC. get =
/ a--/ -C--/ B-- -. obtain=
v, C
vo L-. Get
vo --a. compare:
Man, person, candidate-
---.
A. Man= -.
-A . ,
vC.
obtain
a) He got his degree

b) He obtained his degree
b)
v E --C.
T-L-. -J
L-- x h v-
B--- (-u).
Rob=

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[-

Well, I think. How did you do ?

Spoken English Conversational English

do MCA. I am preparing for the

What group are going to study in

entrance tests and do MSc

Not sure yet, though dad wants me

No idea as yet. What's going to be

Kavita : Same here. Not decided yet.

---Fo -E- ...!

Well, You know I've taken the

CAT for joining in IIM. Waiting for

1. Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna

final degree exams are over. But

Suneetha : Not yet decided. What are your

the results. If I make it, I'll join

verb is, Sentence-2

[ Sentences N-Eo pN.

. (a), (b) (c),

Structure ) Subject + Verb

biggest state in south India.

Spoken English Grammar

Supriya : Hi, Suneetha, What a relief! The

entrance tests of all MCA

verb 'do speak', Sentence-3, 4

b) The Eenadu was published first from

Kavita: Not bad. I could have done better.

state in South India!

'She sings well'

Sentence 'She' Subject. 'Sings well'

Statement Subject ], Verb y

a) (Yes), They are students

b) (Yes), Rani is the leader

c) (No), I am not happy

d) (Yes), He was here last night -----?

Karuna: Yes. There was the first lesson in

Kranthi: Was anything important in it?

Karuna: Yes. Very important point was

parts of the human

Where are you?

3. They are happy

am, is, are p[ (now) vh

When are your classes every day?

When is the first show?

O-p-[- College (vA V)

\[ every day -- --].

]] itch () scratch (v\),

Answer: Why are you here at this time

My mother has a cold.

email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

Were you there yesterday?

Raghav: I was there, of course.

When were you there?

Raghav: I was there exactly at 6 when the

Who else was there yesterday?

Raghav: Anil, and Sunil were also there.

I was here yesterday

Why were you here yesterday?

sentences english practice

vo: Had, would short forms I had/would - I'd

B) I thought he'd do it.

Example: They'd done it.

bake, cake, case, date, face, game, hate,