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UPSC Civil Services Main 1979 - Mathematics

Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

July 19, 2010


Question 1(a) If a function f(z) is analytic and bounded in the whole plane, show that f(z) reduces to a constant. Hence show that every polynomial has a root. Solution. See 1989, question 2(b) for the rst part. See 1996 question 2(a) for the second part. Question 1(b) Evaluate the following integrals by the method of residues. 1.
2 0

sin2 a + bcos d (a > b > 0) 2.


0

(1 x
1 6

+ logx x)2 dx Solution. 1. Let I=


2 0

sin2 a + bcos d = 1 2
0

a 1 + bcos cos2 d Let I


1

= 1
2

1 2
0

a + bcos d. Put z = ei so that I


1

= 1 2
|z|=1

dz iz(a + b
2

= 1 i
|z|=1

dz (z + 1
z

bz2 + 2az + b 1 ))

The a integrand a2 b2 1 bz2 + 2az + b has two simple poles at z


1

= a + b a2 b2 ,z
2

= pole at b z=z
1

. Since a > b > 0, |z


2

| > 1, but |z
1

z
2

| = 1 so |z
1

| < 1 i.e. the lies within |z| 1. Residue at a2 b2 .z


1

is zz lim
1

bz2 Let zz
1

+ 2az + b = 2bz
1

1 = 2 a2 1 b2 . Thus I
1

= 2i 1 i 2 a2 1 b2 = I
2

+ 2a = 1 2
0 2

a + cos2 bcos d = 1 2 Re
0 2

e2i d a + bcos = 1 2 Re 1 i

2z2 dz
|z|=1

bz2 + 2az + b = Re 1 i 2i Residue of z2 bz2 + 2az + b at z = z


1

= 2 1 b z
1

z2
1

z
2

Thus I
1

I
2

= b(z
1

2 z
2

) b(z 2z2
1

1 z
2

) = 2

a2 2 b2 (1 z2
1

) = ( 1 a2 b2 + (a2 b2) ) b2 = a2 b2 ( a2 2a 2 a2 b2 b2 ) Thus I = a2 b2 a2 b2 a a+ 2 a2 b2 . 2. Let shown. f(z)


r

= is z
(1+z)2

a1

circle z and the contour C as of radius r oriented


6 log R

clockwise, and
R

a circle of radius R oriented anticlockwise. AB is along x-axis on which z = x, CD is the line on which z = xe2i. To avoid the branch point of the multiple valued function log z, we consider C positive side of the x-axis. We choose the branch of log z for which logz = log|z| + i,0 < 2. 2 AB O
r

DC

(a) Clearly f(z) has a double pole at z = 1. Residue of f(z) at z = 1 is

1 1! [ (z + 1)2z ]
at z=1

= d
1 6

dz logz [ z
1 6

(z + 1)2 z 1 6 z 5
6

]
at z=1=ei

log 6z z+6 at z = ei = + logz =


5

(
6

cos ) = logei + 6 6e
5i 6

= i + 6 6 5 6 isin 5 6 3 2 ) = 3 + i) (b) On
R

i + 6 6 1 2 i 12 1 (6 + i)( , z = Rei, |z+1| |z|1 = R1 and |logz| = |logRei| = |log R+i| log R + logR + 2 as 0 2. Thus
R

(1 z
1 6

+ logz z)2

dz
2

R
1 6

(logR (R 1)2 + 2) Rd = 2 (R R 7
6

1)2 (log R + 2) Clearly R lim [ R


7 6

log R 2R
7 6

(R 1)2 (R 1)2 ] + = 0, and therefore


R

lim
R

(1 z
1

+ logz z)2 dz = 0 (c) On


r

, z = rei, |z + 1| 1 |z| = 1 r and |logz| = |logrei| = |log r + i| log r + log r + 2 as 0 2. Thus


r

z
1 6

log z (1 + z)2 dz
2

r
1 6

(logr (1 r)2 + 2) rd = 2 (1 r
7 6

r)2 (log r + 2) But r0

lim [ r
7 6

log r (1 r)2 + 2r
7 6

(1 r)2 ] = 0, and therefore


r0

lim
r

z
1 6

log z (1 + z)2 dz = 0 By Cauchys residue theorem, using 1,2,3, we get


R r0

lim
C

f(z)dz =
0

(1 x
1 6

+ logx x)2 dx +
0

(xe2i)

1 6

log(xe2i)

(1 + x)2 dx because on AB, z = x and on CD, z = xe2i. Therefore


0

3 + i) ( 1 2 x 2 3 i ) (1 0
1 6

+ logx x)2 dx

(1 x
1 6

+ logx x)2 dx x
0

1 6

e x
2i 6 1 6

(1 (1 (log (1 2 ++ + x)2 x
2

x)2 +3 i)2i 2i) dx dx = 2i 12 (6 + i)( = 6 [ (6 + 3) + i(6 3 ) ] 3

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

1 2
0

3) (1) x
1 6

logx (1 + x)2 3 dx + 3 (1 + x
1 6

x)2 dx = 6 (6 + 2

0 0

3) (2) Multiplying (1) by (1 x


1 6

+ logx

x)2 dx (1 + x
1 6

x)2 dx = 6 ( 6 3 and adding


0

(1 x
1 6

+ logx x)2 dx = 6 3+ 3 18 [ 3 12 ] Thus


0

[ 6+ ] = 6

2
1 6

2 3 In addition, multiplying (2) by (1 x + logx x)2 dx = 2 3 and adding, we get 2


0

x
1 6

(1 + x)2 [ 3 + 3 + 6 3 ] giving us
0

dx = 6 6 x
1 6

2 (1 + x)2 3 4

dx =

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