PRACTICAL NO: 6

AIM:Study of wireless communication protocol.

IrDA:

The infrared data association (IrDA) promotes interoperable, low cost, infrared data communication that support a walk up and point-to-point user mode. Data transfer rate of 9.6 kbps and 4 Mbps. IrDA hardware deployed in notebook computers, printers, PDAs, digital cameras, public phones, cell phones. Lack of suitable drivers has slowed use by applications.

BLUETOOTH:

New, global standard for wireless connectivity. Based on low-cost, short-range radio link. Connection established when within 10 meters of each other. No line-of-sight required.

e.g., Connect to printer in another room.

IEEE 802.11 WIRELESS PROTOCOL:In 1997 the IEEE adopted the first wireless local area network (WLAN) standard, IEEE 802.11. This standard defines the media access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers for a LAN with wireless connectivity. It addresses local area networking where the connected devices communicate over the air to other devices that are within close proximity to each other There are two different ways to configure a network. 1. Infrastructure network 2. Ad-hoc network

WIRELESS LAN IN INFRASTRUCTURE MODE: This architecture uses fixed network access points with which mobile nodes can communicate. System is divided into small cells called BSS which are connected to each other through a infrastrucure. It widden LAN s capablity by bridging wireless nodes to wired nodes. It is similar to present day cellular network.

WIRELESS LAN IN AD HOC MODE: In this network, there is no infrastructure or access point. The nodes form a cluster and communicate with each other. Special algorithms are designed to select a master station from given stations.

IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS:-

THE 802.11 LAYER DESCRIPTION:The IEEE places parameters for both physical and MAC layers of the network.

PHY LAYER:

physical layer.

handles transmission of data between nodes. provisions for data transfer rates of 1 or 2 Mbps. operates in 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz frequency band (RF). also operates in 300 to 428,000 GHz (IR) frequency band.

The physical layer is divided into three layers

FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM:- this layer contains clocking information to synchronise the receivers clock to the clock of transmitted packet.

DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM:- this layer is responsible for synchronizing and receiving data bits correctly.

INFRARED: - infrared provide line of sight transmission so it is considered a secure medium for transmission.

MAC LAYER: medium access control layer protocol responsible for maintaining order in shared medium collision avoidance/detection performs fragmentation, retransmission of packets, acknowledgment.

THE CSMA/CA PROTOCOL:-

In this protocol the following steps are performed to send a data

When a node has to transmit a data, it first sense the channel is free or not. It sends RTS(Request to send) packet of full length. If the channel is free, the receiver send a short CTS (clear to send) packet.

Otherwise it chooses a back-off factor, which determines the time for which it waits, until it is allowed to send the packet.

After this exchange, the time when the channel is free, the sender waits for a short time (back-off time) and then transmits the data. Since the possibility that two sender chooses same back-off time is less, so the chances of collision are minimized. When the packet is received successfully as determined by cyclic redundancy check (CRC) , the receiving node transmit a acknowledgment (ACK) packet to the sender.