UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

VALIDATION OF LAM ASSESSMENT OF STAGES OF EMPLOYMENT READINESS FOR MALAY SPOKEN INJURED WORKERS.

NOOR EMELLIA BINTI JAMALUDIN

PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR BACHELOR OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY (HONS.)

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

APRIL 2009

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another neither person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of another degree or Diploma University or other institute, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text

____________________________ Name: Noor Emellia Binti Jamaludin Date:

This final year project report entitled Validation Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness for Malay Spoken Injured Workers was prepared under the supervision from Mr. V. Jaya Chandran as research supervisor and research coordinator. It was submitted by Noor Emellia Binti Jamaludin, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor (Hons.) of Occupational Therapy in Faculty of Health Sciences of Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), and was approved by:

_____________________________ Mr. V. Jaya Chandran Research Supervisor Research Coordinator Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

_____________________________ Mr. Mohamad Ghazali Bin Masuri Head of Occupational Therapy Program Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

_________________________ Prof. Dr. Abdul Rahim Bin Md. Noor Dean of Faculty of Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

Praise be to Allah SWT Most Gracious, Most Beneficent

Alhamdulillah, first and foremost I would like to express my greatest gratefulness towards Allah S.W.T, with His Most Gracious and Most Beneficent, I was able to complete this project. I would like to thanks my research supervisor, Mr. Jaya Chandran, for his guidance, encouragement, advice and support in order for me to complete this project. I would like to express my appreciation our Head of Occupational Therapy Program, Mr. Ghazali Bin Masuri for being supportive during the project was done. Nevertheless, thanks a lot to our Senior Occupational Therapy Lecturer, Mr. Mohd. Suleiman Bin Murad, for his guidance and encouragement from the beginning to the end of the project. Next, I would like to thank the statistician, Prof. Dr. Ishak Ghani, from Universiti Teknologi MARA, for his advice and consultation during the data analysis of my project. Last but not least, special thanks to the staffs at Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang and all the panel members for the expert review and staff at Pusat Bahasa for their support and cooperation in order to me to fulfill the project. Finally, special appreciation goes to my friends and family for being very supportive and cooperation from the beginning of the project.

Thank you.

VALIDATION OF LAM ASSESSMENT OF STAGES OF EMPLOYMENT READINESS FOR MALAY SPOKEN INJURED WORKERS.

NOOR EMELLIA BINTI JAMALUDIN V. JAYA CHANDRAN

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the psychometric properties of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness among Malay spoken injured workers. Method: There are 50 samples aged between 16 to 60 years old including 29 males and 21 female from Occupational Therapy Department of Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang, were recruited in this study. The samples were required to complete the self rated questionnaire of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. After 7 to 14 days, the samples were required to complete the same self rated questionnaire of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness again (test retest). Data gained was analyzed by using descriptive statistic, and reliability analysis (Cronbach Alpha). Result: The result shown good test retest reliability (Cronbach Alpha = 0.829, 0.956) with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged between 0.707 and 0.917. The alpha value of all items is more than 0.7, which indicate good test retest reliability. The translation is also not affecting the content validity. Each item scored by the expert review is 4 (agree) to 4.667 towards 5 (very agree). Conclusion: The content validity of the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness is confirmed and has good test retest reliability. This assessment tool is useful in reflecting the readiness of the injured workers to return to work.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter / topic Declaration Abstract Acknowledgement Table of content List of tables List abbreviation Chapter 1 (Introduction) 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Statement of problem 1.3 General and specific objectives 1.3.1 1.3.2 General objective Specific objective

Page

1.4 Research questions 1.5 Research hypothesis 1.6 Significance of study 1.7 Definition of terms Chapter 2 (Literature review) 2.1 Literature review Chapter 3 (Methodology) 3.1 Study design 3.2 Study location 3.3 Samples

3.31 Sampling size 3.32 Sampling method 3.33 Inclusion criteria 3.34 Exclusion criteria 3.4 Instrument 3.5 Data collection 3.6 Procedure of Translation 3.7 Data Analysis 3.8 Ethical Consideration Chapter 4 (Result) 4.1 Distribution of demographic characteristic of age group 4.2 Distribution of demographic characteristic of gender group 4.3 Distribution of samples according to diagnosis 4.4 Reliability Analysis Chapter 5 (Discussion) 5.1 Discussion 5.2 Validity and Reliability Analysis 5.3 Implication of Study 5.4 Limitation of Study Chapter 6 (Conclusion) 6.1 Conclusion 6.2 Recommendation for further research Chapter 7 (References) Chapter 8 (Appendixes)

8.1 Sample demographic data form 8.2 Consent letter 8.3 Original LASER (Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness) 8.4 Translated LASER (Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness) 8.5 Endorsement of the translation from Pusat Bahasa UiTM. 8.6 Review form (for panel members) 8.7 Permission letter from UiTM 8.8 Grant Chart and Budgeting

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Abbreviations N % r ADL ANOVA CI H1 H0 HSJ ICC LASER LS MDT NGRS RTW SD SF 36 SOCSO SPSS

Meaning Degree sign Frequency Percentage More or equal to Less or equal to Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient Activities of Daily Living Analysis of Variance Confidence Interval Alternative Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang Intraclass Correlation Coefficient Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness Likert Scale Multidisciplinary Team Numerical Graphic Rating Scale Return to Work Standard Deviation Short Form Pain Questionnaire 36 Social Security Organization Statistic Package for Social Science

23. 24. 25.

UiTM VAS VR

Universiti Teknologi MARA Visual Analog Scale Vocational Rehabilitation

10

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Every single person recognized the value of work in our daily living. Famous quote by Jastrebowski, W. (1857) He who complains against his work knoweth not life; work is an uplifting force by which all things may be moved. Repose is death, and work is life! This shows that returning the injured workers to their work is vitally important. Griswold (2003) states that work programs are designed for people who have a work related injury to enable them return to the workforce (cited in Crepeau, Cohn & Schell, 2003, p. 932). According to King (1993), cited by Griswold (2003), the majority of work program clients are males between 26 to 46 years of age (cited in Crepeau, Cohn & Schell, 2003, p 933). Based on Biernacki (1993), cited by Griswold (2003), occupational therapy practitioners also address this and help people examines the variety of roles and abilities they have to modify their self perception (cited in Crepeau, Cohn & Schell, 2003). Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER) was developed in 1997. According to Chan et al. (2006), the Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness, was designed in order to measure ones psychological readiness to return to work after an extended period of unemployment due to disability. LASER includes 14 items which describe in the pre-contemplation (6 statements), contemplation (4 statements) and action stages (4 statements). The worker will be rating the items on a five point Likert Scale. 1 point indicate strongly disagree and 5 points indicate strongly agree. The scores gained will be added and allocated under different sub scores. This sub scores will indicates the corresponding

11

stages of readiness of the worker towards the employment. The highest scores indicate that the workers tendency towards the corresponding stage. In the pre contemplation stage, the worker does not see unemployment as a problem to him/her, and often not interested in working, or believe that they cannot work. In the contemplation stage, the worker starts to consider the pros and cons of working; however they have not yet participated in any related action such as job searching and etc. Meanwhile in the action stage, the worker has decided to work and engage in behaviors to increase the probability to work.

The result from present study is important in determine the psychometric properties of the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. Cultural characteristics of the clients also warrant further attention in developing effective treatments to match the specific needs of rehabilitation (Chan et al, 2006).

1.2 Statement of Problem

Return to work program was organized by hospital and SOCSO (Social Security Organization) or PERKESO (Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial) is one of the rehabilitation program. This rehabilitation program involves the injured workers and the occupational therapist. During return to work program, the injured workers will be undergo work conditioning and work hardening. The aims of the return to work program is to return injured workers to their previous job and roles, counseling and motivation services in order to improve the spirit to work and capability to do the work. In order to plan the intervention program for the worker, the initial assessment

12

needs to be carried out. Recently, only subjective assessment has been used by the case manager to screen out the patient psychological problems. In present, the subjective assessment is use to captured the stages of readiness to return to work of the injured workers. A standardized assessment is required in order to improve the quality of the assessment. Even though the English version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness can be used, the injured workers might not understand it in English. This assessment is self rating assessment. Spontaneous translation might be affect the validity and reliability of the assessment. Therefore, we need the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. The Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness can be used as a standardized assessment to assess stages of change of the worker and their readiness to be employed. With the standardized, valid and reliable assessment tool, the intervention program can be planned more effectively to the worker. Through Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness, the Malay spoken injured workers will have better understanding in rating themselves based on the questionnaire in the assessment. Through the assessment Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness, the stage of employment readiness of the worker can be identified. So that the suitable intervention and management strategies can be plan and develop to intervenes the worker.

13

1.3 Significance of Study

The study was conducted in order to validate the Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER) into Malay version. This study is vitally important in investigating the stages of readiness of returning to work among Malay spoken injured workers. It is important for the occupational therapy practitioners to identify the stages of readiness of the workers before they start planning the intervention program. The sample population that has been extracted for this study is the injured worker that has been referred for return to work program. Cultural characteristics of the clients also warrant further attention in developing effective treatments to match the specific needs of rehabilitation (Chan et al, 2006). By knowing the stages of readiness of the injured workers, the therapist can do well planning on the when to start the return program, suitable intervention need to be given, and how to tackle and identify the problems of the injured workers. By having well planning and suitable return to work program for every individual of injured workers, this will reduced the work related injuries by ensuring them to be recovered with the period of rehabilitation that has been planned. The research hopes that the present study will be useful tool in assessing the stages of readiness and can be applied in local and appropriate Malay spoken population.

14

1.4 Research Objectives

1.4.1

General Aim This study was designed in order to determine the psychometric properties of the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness.

1.4.2

Specific Objective a. To find out the validity of the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER). b. To find out the reliability of the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER).

1.5 Research Questions

The following are the research question that has been design to meet the research objective of the study:

a. What is the level of validity of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness? b. What is the level of reliability of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness?

15

1.6 Research Hypothesis

H0: There is no significance difference between psychometric properties of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness and Chinese version. H1: There is significance difference between psychometric properties of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness and Chinese version.

1.7 Definition of Terms

No. 1.

Term

Definition

Lam Assessment of Stages Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment of Employment Readiness Readiness (LASER) was developed in 1997 by (LASER) Prof. Lam. It is useful in reflecting the perception of returning to work of the injured workers.

1.

Return to work

Program for returning the worker to his/her pervious job. (E.g. work hardening program, work strengthening, work conditioning and etc.)

(Anonymous, 2008). 2. Vocational rehabilitation The restoration of work functions in individuals with mental or physical disabilities (Roose & Stein, 2000). 3. Validity Validity is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

16

4. 5.

Reliability Worker

Referring to consistency of measurement. One who works at a particular occupation or activity (Yahoo Dictionary, 2008).

6.

Injured worker

The worker who having injury, harm and damage that unable him/her to perform his/her previous job. (Anonymous, 2008).

7.

Perception

Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information

(Wikipedia, 2009).

17

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Chan et al. (2006) was done a study on Validation of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (C-LASER) for Chinese injured workers. The objective of the study was to validate the Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness in Chinese version among Chinese injured workers. There are 90 participants, which are 38 female and 52 male, were recruited from return to work in Hong Kong Workers Health Centre. 32 participants were suffered from low back pain, 22 upper limb traumatic injuries, 13 lower limb traumatic injuries, 11 repetitive strain injuries and 12 other types of injury. The participants were required to fulfill the self rated questionnaire of C-LASER during on admission to the return to work program and after 7 to 14 days of the admission date. The result shows that the reliability coefficient is range from 0.55 to 0.79. There is no significance difference in two assessments done (first assessment and second assessment). There is also no significance between human capital factors with the stage of readiness to return to work. In the discussion, the researchers reveals that the action stage group of workers was found to have significance higher physical function, less pain and higher social function than those in the pre contemplation stage group of workers. The researcher conclude that C-LASER is useful in differentiate the stages of readiness to work among injured workers. The researcher should improve in cultural relevance and expand the study to the other population such as psychiatric disabilities and etc. cultural characteristic might increase the effectiveness of the treatment and return to work program. Li et al. (2006) was done a study on The Effect of a training on work readiness Program for Workers with Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Randomized Control Trial (RCT) Study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the 3 weeks training

18

program on the work readiness designed for musculoskeletal injured workers with long term sick leave who had difficulties in resuming their work roles. The 3 weeks training program was developed in order to help injured workers to overcome the psychological and psychosocial problems and to help them for their work readiness on return to work based on the Employment readiness model. There 64 participants aged between 20 to 59 years old, were recruited and randomly divided into control group and training group. The first assessment was done during the initial interview (pre training) and the second assessment was conducted after 3 weeks of the first assessment (post training) in order to investigate the effect of the training program. This 3 weeks training program was consisted of individual vocational counseling and group based training. The strategies used for the individual training were raising consciousness, decisional balance and self efficacy. Meanwhile, for the group based training was included pain and stress management, job acquisition and preparation, pre employment training. There are 3 instruments has been used in this study in order to assess the psychological health status and behavioral changes on job readiness before and after the training program. As the result, the training group showed significance improvement in their work readiness (p< 0.05), their perception on health status measured by SF-36 (p<0.02), and level of anxiety (p<0.05) when comparing to control group. The researchers found that the key of behavioral change are control of chronic pain, negative motivation and anxiety level. Therefore, the researchers conclude that this 3 weeks training program is useful in improving injured workers motivation and their readiness to returning to work. Li Tsang et al. (2007) were done a study on Psychosocial aspects of Injured Workers Returning to Work (RTW) in Hong Kong. The purpose of the study is to explore the psychosocial aspects of injured workers their self perceived capacity and how these factors influence their success in returning to work (RTW). There 75 participants aged between 20 to 65 years old was recruited from one local healths

19

center. The participants were diagnosed with physical injuries or repetitive strain injuries, past three years, with difficulties to return to work. Previously, all the participants were participated in conventional rehabilitation services but still unable to return to work successfully. A comprehensive assessment was done before the participants joined the training, after they joined the training and after they engaged with the job seeking. This comprehensive assessment was done in order to explore any changes in the participants psychosocial status. The comprehensive assessment was consisted of an interview and four self rated assessments. The self rated assessments were Spinal Function Sort (SFS), Loma Linda University Medical Centre Activity Sort (LLUMC), Chinese Lams Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (C-LASER), Chinese State Trait Inventory (C-STAI) and Short Form 36 (SF-36). The result of the study shows that the importance of the C-LASER sub factors in order to differentiate the participants into action and pre contemplation stage which associates with the successful of the return to work program. The participants in action stage appeared to have higher confidence and advocacy level in job seeking. As a conclusion, the readiness of the injured workers is strongly associates with the success of the return to work program. The study was done by Xu et al. (2007) about Rehabilitation of Injured Workers with Chronic Pain: A Stage of Change Phenomenon. The main objective of the study is to explore the stages of change involved in return to work for a group of workers who had been suffering from chronic pain. There are 67 participants were selected, aged between 20 and 60 years old, were recruited from a 6 week return to work program that offered from Hong Kong Workers Health Centre and Department of Rehabilitation Sciences of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Before the 6 week return to work program was start, all participants were check by the physician in order to detect any physical or psychiatric conditions that might affect the successful of the program. The program was divided into 2, 3 week for rehabilitation/readiness components and 3 week

20

for placement components. In the first 3 weeks, the intervention that has been given to the participants are individual and vocational counseling, pain and stress management training, workplace adjustment and specific job skill training. The intervention was done by occupational therapist and social workers. The next forth to sixth week, the participants were exposing to the job placements including job interview and job trial under supervision of job coach. 6 instruments were used in order to explore the stage of change of the injured workers. There are Valpar 19, the DEXTER, and the Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER), the Chinese State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-C), the Loma Linda University Medical Center Activity Sort (LLUMC) and Short Form 36 (SF-36). As the result, the return to work outcomes was found significance by the readiness at the baseline. Meanwhile, during third week, return to work is significance with participants confidence in returning to work. As conclusion, the researcher concludes that the stage of change factors might influence the rehabilitation process and their continuation towards a productive work role. The following study was done by Wasiak et al, (2007) on Measuring Return to Work. The study is used to facilitate the investigation of return to work (RTW), current authors proposed a developmental conceptualization of RTW, 4 phases of expanded awareness: off work, work reintegration, work maintenance and advancement. According to Wasiak et al, (2007), returns to work as an individuals cognitive and behavioral response to the occurrence of work disability is likely to provide a more accurate understanding of RTW and related factors. This research was done in order to understanding and operationalizing the conceptualization towards return to work. A review of the return to work and related literature with databases searched including PubMed, EconLit and PsycInfo has been done by the researcher. After that, the researchers interpreted it within the context of the phases of RTW. The researchers found that outcomes such as goal setting, motivation, expectation, job seeking, work

21

maintenance, and career advancement require operationalization. The researchers conclude that lack of consistency and comprehensiveness of RTW measurement is one of the factors compromising the advancement of the field of the RTW research. Kominiski et al. (2008) was conducting a study on Return to Work and Degree of Recovery among Injured Workers in Californias Workers Compensation System. According to Kominiski et al, (2008), occupational medicine orientation includes behaviors related to the primary treating physician (PTP), understanding of an injured workers job, discussing how to avoid re injury, and suggesting work restrictions or job changes when appropriate. There are two systemic reviews of the literature showed that injured workers with access to the ergonomic workplace modifications and other accommodations were more likely to return to work as those without access to such program. Furthermore, employer-based disability prevention and management programs have been shown to have positive impact. Social support provided by the injured workers supervisor also improved return to work. Other than that, access to specialty care and physical therapy or occupational therapy care are associated with better health outcomes for at least some condition. Kominiski et al, (2008) stated that return to work and degree of recovery outcomes as likely to be persuaded by three major factors. There are; 1) the occupational medicine orientation and interpersonal behavior of the PTP, 2) access to timely care immediately after injury and 3) access to specialty care, including referral to specialists, physical therapists or occupational therapists, when necessary. In this study, a sample of 5269 claims with dates of injury between April 1 and June 30, 2005 were randomly selected from the states Workers Compensation Information System (WCIS), which is maintained by the Division of Workers Compensation. After exclusion, the final data set for this study included 965 individuals, excluding the 25 responses collected during the pilot test. The researcher examined three major categories of independent variables: 1) characteristics of the PTP; 2) access

22

to and timeliness of care; and 3) other covariates, including injury type, injury severity and injured worker demographics. Based on the result of the study, the researchers conclude that lack of access to timely care, defined as receiving treatment four or more days after injury, approached significance in the degree of recovery model. Problems accessing PT or OT services and specialist care also had a significant association with negative return to work and degree of recovery outcomes. The results clearly show the importance of access specialist and PT or OT services on return to work and degree of recovery. Injured workers with access problems to PT or OT and to specialist care were not significantly more likely to have negative outcomes than those who reported no problems accessing such services, although the direction of the coefficients suggests a higher likelihood of negative outcomes. Lillefjell et al. (2006) was conducting a study on Factors Predicting Work Ability Following Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. The main objective of the study is to investigate the outcome predictors of multidisciplinary rehabilitation in term of working ability. There are 143 participants aged between 20 to 67 years old with chronic pain. There are 3 instruments has been used in this study, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Norwegian version of the CCCP/WONCA Charts and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). All the participants were required to involve in the multidisciplinary rehabilitation program, which consisted with 5 weeks intensive period, 6 hours per day, 4 days per week and follow up period of 52 weeks. As the result, the work ability increased from 57.4% to 80%. Meanwhile, the strongest predictors of work ability are age, sleeplessness, cognitive function, overall health, pain experience, and anxiety. The researchers conclude that the important areas to improve work ability in rehabilitation program are emotional distress, cognitive function and overall health.

23

Gross et al. (2007) was done a study on Evaluation of a Short-form Functional Capacity Evaluation: Less may be best. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of short form functional capacity evaluation protocol. The study was designed as cluster randomized control trial. The data was gained from the major rehabilitation facility of the Workers Compensation Board of Alberta. The data was collected from all claimants that has been assess since October 18, 2004 to May 6, 2005. The functional capacity evaluation that has been used during the study was Isernhagen Work System FCE protocol. The components of this protocol are dynamic lifting, carrying, pushing and pulling. This protocol takes about 5 to 8 hours, within 2 days to be completed. The therapists were divided into 2 groups, which are short form functional capacity evaluation (FCE) and standard functional capacity evaluation (FCE). The short form group contained of 4 occupational therapists, 4 physical therapists, and 3 exercise therapists. Meanwhile the standard group consisted of 6 occupational therapists, 3 physical therapists and 3 exercise therapists. The short form FCE group was trained according to short form protocol. After the training session, the focus group discussion was organized in order to resolve problem that arise from the short form of FCE. Data was collected on subject characteristics, administrative outcomes (day to suspension of time loss benefits, days to claim closure, and future recurrence). The time has been taken during completing the assessments. As a result, there is a reduction of 43% in functional assessment time. The researchers conclude that, the short form of functional capacity evaluation is requires less time comparing to the standard functional capacity evaluation. However, the usage of the short form of functional capacity evaluation is not affecting the recovery outcome. Lillefjell (2006) was conducted a study on Gender differences in psychosocial influence and rehabilitation outcomes for work-disabled individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain. The purpose of the study is to investigate the gender differences

24

in rehabilitation outcome and how psychosocial factors may interact to influence rehabilitation outcome in work disabled with chronic musculoskeletal pain. There are 168 participants, aged between 20 to 66 years old were recruited from rehabilitation center in Mid Norway. All the participants were participated in the multidisciplinary rehabilitation based on bio-psycho-social theoretical model. The instrument tools that has been used in the data collection was self report measure, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Norwegian version of the COOP/WONCA Charts, and the 13 item of Norwegian version of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC). The result showed that there is significance (p<0.05) gender differences in sleeplessness, meaningfulness and manage ability. Women are reported more sleeplessness rather than men. Meanwhile, men are reporting significance higher in manageability and comprehensibility. However, there is no significance in pain or functional health status variables. The gender differences also affect the rehabilitation outcomes. The researchers conclude that these data (about the gender differences and psychosocial factors) are important in rehabilitation program due that all these factors influence the successful of the rehabilitation intervention. Gibson et al. (2005) was done a study on Functional Capacity Evaluation as a Performance Measure: Evidence for New Approach for Clients with Chronic Back Pain. The purpose of the study is to report the research and development of a new approach to Functional Capacity Evaluation, The Gibson Approach to Functional Capacity Evalaution (GAPP FCE) for chronic back pain. This study consisted of 4 studies and involved 7 healthy young adults and 19 participants with chronic back pain. Study 1 was conducted with the participants without injury. Study 2 was a pilot study, involved the participants with chronic back pain. Study 3 was involved the expert reviewers on the GAPP FCE. Meanwhile, the study 4 was designed to determine the interrater reliability and predictive validity of the GPP FCE. In the study 1, the results showed that, GPP FCE was feasible approach with good utility. For the study 2, the result reported that the

25

feasibility of using GPP FCE to the participants with chronic back pain. Meanwhile, for the study 3, the result showed that majority of the expert reviewers support the GPP FCE. Last but not least, the study 4 showed that the average time usage for administrating the GPP FCE was 3.18 hours. The result also showed very high agreement on a dichotomous rating of whether return to work was recommended or not. As the conclusion, the researchers conclude that the GPP FCE is having good face and content validity and has high interrater reliability.

26

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Study Design

This is a quantitative study that has been design to determine the psychometric properties of the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. This study is using test retest in the quantitative method, which is referring to the information in the form of numbers that can be measured.

3.2 Study Location

This study was conducted at the Occupational Therapy Department of Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang.

3.3 Sampling

3.3.1 Study Population and size

The total numbers of the samples were 50. There were 29 males and 21 female. The samples were patient at the Occupational Therapy Department of Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang. The samples were range from 16 to 60 years old.

27

3.3.2 Sampling Method

Convenience sampling method has been used in this study. A convenience sample is a sample where the samples are selected, in part or in whole, at the convenience of the researcher. The researcher makes no attempt, or only a limited attempt, to insure that this sample is an accurate presentation of some larger group or population.

3.3.3 Inclusion Criteria The inclusion criteria of the panel members of expert review: a. At least had Bachelor Degree in Occupational Therapy. b. Working experience should be at least 2 years. c. Familiar with Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness.

The inclusion criteria of the samples are: a. Sample was referred to Occupational Therapy Department of Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang. b. Sample was range from 16 to 60 years old. c. Samples race is Malay. d. Sample is able to read and understand the Malay language.

28

3.3.4 Exclusion Criteria

The exclusion criteria of the samples are: a. Sample is impaired cognitively. b. Sample is not referred for Occupational Therapy management. c. Sample is having problem in auditory and visual function. d. Samples age is below than 16 or above than 60 years old.

3.4 Instrument

Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER). The instrument used is Lam Assessment of Stages of Readiness (LASER) that has been translated into Bahasa Malaysia by qualified translator at Language Center of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)

Description:

The LASER was developed in order to measure clients readiness towards return to work. It is a 14 question, self rated questionnaire. It was designed to predict the subsequent employment outcomes, with three stages of readiness for interpretation: pre contemplation, contemplation and action, based on the parallel model for stages of work readiness (Lam, 1997).

29

Outline of model of stages of employment readiness:

Stages Pre (Indifferent)

Description contemplation Clients do not see unemployment as a problem. They are often not interested in working or do not believe that they can work.

Contemplation (Decision)

Clients begin developing pros and cons of working. Barriers to work are clearly delineated and potential solutions are generated.

Action (Readiness)

Clients are combining desire to return to work with actions that typically lead to employment. They want to work and have decided to engage in behaviors to increase probability of hire.

Administration:

The LASER is modified with 4 more questions added to represent the other stage of preparation before the Action Stage. The subject needs to read through the instructions and complete all of them. If the subjects reading level is below primary 6, then the instructor has to read the instructions and each question to the subject. For each question, there is a statement describing how a person feels when starting a job service program. The subject has to indicate his / her level of agreement with each statement / question at that moment.

30

Scoring:

After the questionnaire is completed, the instructor has to transform the level of agreement of each question into a 5 point scale score. Then put the score into corresponding box in the scoring sheet, and add the scores for each stage. The highest score among the three groups indicates the stage where the subject tends to belong.

3.5 Procedure for Data Collection

The following are the steps that involved in data collection:

a. Step 1

The first step in the data collection was by obtaining the permission and consent letter from Faculty of Health Sciences, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM). The consent letter was send to the Hospital Director and Head of Occupational Therapy Department of Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang.

b. Step 2

The second step was identifying the samples that will be used. Check their appointment and their details (diagnosis, address, phone number if available).

31

c. Step 3

The third step was the distribution of questionnaire to the samples. The samples need to fill up the consent letter after the researcher briefly explains to the sample about the study detail.

d. Step 4

The next step was reassessment or redistributes the questionnaire to the samples after 7 to 14 days of last distribution. The same samples will need to answer to the questionnaire again. All the information was kept as privacy properties.

3.6 Procedure of Translation

The Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER) components were translated into Malay language by qualified translator from Pusat Bahasa, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM).

Forward Translation

Two translators were translated the English (Original) Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER) into the standard Malay language. The translators were bilingual (in both Malay and English language). One translator construct the backward translation and the another translator constructed forward translations

32

Synthesis of the translation

Both of translators have reviewed each translation and both of the translations were compiled. Both of the translators have come out with one end translation on Malay language version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER)

Backward translation

Both of the translators has reviewed the compiled translated question and translated it back into the original language. Expert committee review

The expert committee was consisted of 6 Occupational Therapists, with degree holder and familiar with Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER) and return to work (RTW) program. The translated Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER) has been reviewed by the committee to obtain the content validity to ensure the question able to measure what suppose to measure.

33

3.7 Data Analysis

The statistical package of social sciences, version 13 (SPSS) was used to analyze all the data including description and inferential statistic analysis.

Description statistic

By using frequencies and percentages, were used to analyze the data of the respondents demographic data.

Reliability analysis

By using reliability analysis based on the level of Cronbach Alpha in range of 0 1, to determine reliability level of the translated questionnaire by test and retest.

34

3.8 Ethical Consideration

Ethical issues will be taken into account before, during and after the study is conducted. These ethical considerations are vitally important to protect the human right in term of privacy, anonymity and confidentiality.

1. The letter of consent will be sent to original author of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER). 2. The data gained will be kept confidentially and the used of the study only. 3. The letter of consent will be send to the sample in order to get their permission to take part in the study. 4. The letter of consent was obtained from Head of Occupational Therapy Program and Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, (UiTM). 5. The letter of consent was sent to Hospital Director and Head of Occupational Therapy of Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang, in order to inform and get their permission to carry out the study.

35

CHAPTER 4 RESULT

Table 4.1.1: Distribution of demographic characteristic of age Range of age Frequency (n) Percentage (%) Mean Standard deviation (S.D) 11 20 21 30 31 40 41 50 51 60 Total 5 16 13 8 8 50 10.0 32.0 26.0 16.0 16.0 100.0 34.92 12.02

Table 4.1.1 shows that highest age group is 21 30 (n=16, 32%), follow by 31 40 (n=13, 26%), 41 50 (n=8, 16%) and 51 60 (n=8, 16%). Meanwhile lowest age group is 11 20 (n=5, 10%). The mean of samples age is 35 years old. Maximum age is 57 years old and minimum age is 18 years old. Based on observation of the data indicated the graph was not distributed equally in age group.

36

Table 4.1.2: Distribution of demographic characteristic of gender Frequency Male Female Total 29 21 50 Percent 58.0 42.0 100.0

Table 4.1.2 showed that the frequency distribution of sample according to age. The total number of the samples is 50 (n=50). The distribution of male samples is 58% (n=29), meanwhile distribution of female samples is 42% (n=21). Based on observation of the data indicated the graph was not distributed equally in gender group.

37

Table 4.1.3: Distribution of demographic characteristic of diagnosis

Frequency Upper limb 30

Percent 60.0

traumatic injury Lower limb 7 14.0

traumatic injury Repetitive strain injury Others (include 5 head injury, 10.0 8 16.0

heart problem, musculo dystrophy others) Total 50 100.0 and

Table 4.1.3 shows that the frequency distribution of samples according to diagnosis. The diagnoses were divided into 4 groups (upper limb traumatic injury, lower limb traumatic injury, repetitive strain injury, and others, which include head injury, heart problem and etc.). The highest diagnosis group was upper limb traumatic injury (n=30, 60%), followed by repetitive strain injury (n=8, 16%) and lower limb traumatic injury (n=7, 14%). The lowest diagnosis group was others types of injury (n=5, 10%). Based on observation of the data indicated the graph was not distributed equally in diagnosis group.

38

Table 4.1.4: Reliability analysis of each item in Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. No. Item No of Alpha value Intraclass sam ple 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 8 Item 9 Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 Item 14 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 0.893 0.862 0.932 0.913 0.920 0.892 0.886 0.918 0.936 0.887 0.929 0.925 0.956 0.829 test retest coefficient (ICC) 0.807 0.757 0.872 0.840 0.852 0.806 0.796 0.848 0.880 0.797 0.868 0.861 0.917 0.707 0.683 0.886 0.608 0.584 0.785 0.925 0.735 0.906 0.753 0.913 0.681 0.885 0.666 0.879 0.747 0.911 0.798 0.930 0.667 0.879 0.778 0.923 0.767 0.918 0.857 0.952 0.536 0.823 0.001 p< 0.005 95% Confident Sig.

interval (C.I)

Test retest reliability was estimated by correlating the scores of the consecutive administrations of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. The alpha value for each item ranged between 0.829 and 0.956. The intraclass coefficient (ICC) ranges 0.71 to 0.92, which indicates higher reliability when

39

comparing to the Chinese version. Significance value is 0.001, which is p< 0.005. The null hypothesis is rejected.

40

Table 4.1.5: Test-retest reliability coefficients of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. No No of item Intraclass coefficient Intraclass coefficient

(Malay version) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 8 Item 9 Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 Item 14 0.81 0.76 0.87 0.84 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.85 0.88 0.79 0.87 0.86 0.92 0.71

(Chinese version) 0.79 0.74 0.77 0.70 0.64 0.69 0.59 0.69 0.72 0.59 0.73 0.55 0.63 0.60

The table shows that the comparison of test-retest reliability coefficient between Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness and Chinese version. The reliability coefficients (intraclass correlation, ICC) on the item scores of the 14 items for Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness, ranged from 0.71 to 0.92. Meanwhile, for the Chinese version, it ranged from 0.55 to 0.79. The lowest items in the Malay version are item 2, 7, 10, and 14. This 4 items ICC values lower than

41

0.80. Comparing to Chinese version, the items in Malay version has higher intraclass coefficient which indicate higher reliability.

42

Table 4.1.5: Content validity of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Item Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 8 Item 9 Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 Item 14 Mean 4.00 4.33 4.56 4.33 4.67 4.50 4.17 4.03 4.17 4.00 4.00 4.17 4.11 4.00

The panel members rate between 4.00 (agree) to 4.67 towards 5 (very agree) for each item in the Malay version. This shows that translation of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness into Malay version is not affecting the content validity.

43

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION

5.1 Discussion

The study was designed in order to determine the psychometric properties of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness among Malay spoken injured workers. There are 6 occupational therapy practitioners were participated in panel members of expert review. Meanwhile, 50 samples were participating (in test retest) of the research.

5.2 Reliability and Validity Analysis In order to check the reliability of each item in Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness, Cronbach Alpha test-retest analysis was used. The result showed that the Cronbach Alpha values for each item were range between 0.83 and 0.96. The alpha value for every item is more than 0.7, which indicate high reliability. The test-retest reliability intraclass coefficient (ICC) ranges between 0.71 and 0.92. Them item 2, 7, 10 and 14 showed lower intraclass coeffiecient (ICC), which is lower than 0.8. Comparing to previous study in Chinese version by Chan et al. (2006), item 7, 10 and 12 have lowest intraclass coefficient (ICC), which is less than 0.6. This shows that Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness has higher test-retest reliability coefficient when comparing to Chinese version. Meanwhile, in order to check the content validity of each item in Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness, the draft of it has been distributed to the 6 expert reviewers. The expert reviewer are required to rate each

44

item based on the clarity of the translation and expression. The expert members are required to rate each item on the Likert Scale, which indicate 1 for very disagree, 2 for disagree, 3 for neutral, 4 for agree and 5 for very disagree. As the result, all item in the draft of Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness were rated between 4.0 (agree) to 4.7, which is towards 5.0 (very agree). Therefore no modification and adjustment are required. This indicates that the translation is not affecting the content validity of the items. Meanwhile, in previous study done by Chan et al. (2006), 9 out of 14 item were rated with 4 (agree) and 5 (very agree). However 4 items were rated by 3 (neutral) and 1 item with 2 (disagree). Modification and adjustment has been done by the recommendation proposed by the panel members.

5.3 Implication of Study

Regarding to the result of the study, the establishment of adapted assessment in assessing the perception of injured workers towards return to work into local practice has been verified. Malay version of Lam Assessment has been verified as a valid and reliable tool and ready to be used for the appropriate Malay spoken injured workers. This assessment tool will help the occupational therapy practitioners in planning more effective and efficient return to work program for the injured workers. The effective and well planning return to work program based on the perception of the injured workers will ensure the injured workers returning to their work on time and within the short time frame. The work related injuries cost might be reduced due to reduction in terms of compensation, loss of working days, costs of hiring, and training new employees and temporary workers.

45

5.4 Limitation of Study

a. The population of the sample was limited. The result of the study cannot be generalized to the whole population. b. The group of age, gender and diagnosis is not evenly distributed. c. No geographical representative in collecting the samples. d. The use of convenience sampling techniques. e. Only find out the psychometric properties but not reveal the factors that associate with returning to work.

46

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion This study was about find out the psychometric properties of the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. The result in this study shows that each item in the Malay version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness has good reliability. Comparing to the Chinese version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness, the Malay version has higher reliability in test retest. The translation of the Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness into Malay version is not affecting the content validity of each item. Most of the occupational therapists that used to be the expert reviewer comment that, this assessment tool will be useful in assessing the stages of readiness in returning to work. The Malay language version of Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment of Readiness (LASER) has been confirmed its content validity and reliability. It can be used and apply to the appropriate Malay spoken injured workers population in order to improve Occupational Therapy services in planning the return to work program for effective and efficient result.

47

6.2 Recommendation for further research a. Enlarge the number of samples. b. Use randomized control study. c. Considering more on the age, gender and diagnosis so that it is evenly distributed. d. Considering to involved more samples from differences geographical population. e. Translate into other language such as Tamil f. Considering the educational level, monthly income and level of pain with the stages of readiness in returning to work should be revealed in future.

48

CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES

Anonymous (2000). Definition of a Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder: Licence to Mislabel Low Back Pain? . Lippincott William & Wilkins Inc. 15 (3).

Anonymous (2008). Good Practices to prevent Musculoskeletal disorders European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Retrieved on 20th December 2008 at http://osha.europa.eu/good_practice/risks/msd

Anonymous (2008). Musculoskeletal disorders Single Entry Point European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Retrieved on 20th December 2008 at

http://osha.europa.eu/en/topics/msds

Anonymous (2008). Research Design. Retrieved on 20th December 2008 at http://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/005847ch1.pdf

Anonymous (2008). Return to Work / Stay at Work. Retrieved on 20th December 2008 at http://www.tdi.state.tx.us/wc/employee/index.html

Anonymous (2006) Statistic Report of Social Security Organization (2006). Malaysia Social Security Organization (SOCSO). Retrieved on 20th December 2008 at www.perkeso.gov.my

Anonymous (2008). Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 20th December 2008 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

49

Chan et al., (2006). Validation of Lam assessment of employment readiness (C-LASER) for Chinese injured workers. The Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation Issues, 16:697705.

Chetwyn C. H. Chan & Stella W. S. Cheng (2007). 4th Asia Pasific Occupational Therapy Congress 2007 Post Congress Workshop (Return to work Assessment, Intervention and Outcomes). Coaked & Steed (2003). SPSS Analysis without Anguish Version 11.0 for Windows. John Wiley & Sons. Australia.

Crepeau et al, (2003). Willard & Spackmans Occupational Therapy (10th ed). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. United State of America.

Fisher et al, (2003). Return to work after lower limb amputation. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 2003, 26:5156

Gross et al. (2007). Evaluation of a Short-form Functional Capacity Evaluation: Less may be best. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2007, 17:422 435

Kominiski et al. (2008). Return to Work and Degree of Recovery among Injured Workers in Californias Workers Compensation System. Journal of Occupational Environment Medicine. 50, pp 296 - 305

Lam CS, Chan F, Mc Mohan BT(1991). Factorial structure of the change assessment questionnaire for individual with traumatic head injuries. Rehabilitation

Psychology;. 36: 189-99

50

Li et al. (2006). The Effect of a training on work readiness program for workers with musculoskeletal injuries: A randomized control trial (RCT) study. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2006, 16:529 541

Li Tsang et al. (2007). Psychosocial Aspects of Injured Workers Returning to Work (RTW) in Hong Kong. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2007, 17:279 288

Lillefjell et al. (2006). Factors Predicting Work Ability Following Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2006, 16:543 556

Marc F. Kern (2008). Stages of Change Model. Retrieved on 20th December 2008 at http://www.addictioninfo.org/authors/2/Marc-F.-Kern

Sbriccoli P. et al., (2004). Static Load Repetition Is a Risk Factor in the Development of Lumbar Cumulative Musculoskeletal Disorder. Lippincott William & Wilkins Inc. 29(23), pp 26432653.

Sobeth et al, (2007). Return to Work After Severe Multiple Injuries: A Multidimensional Approach on Status 1 and 2 Years Postinjury. The journal of Trauma Injury, Infection and Critical Care. 6(2), pp 471-480

Wasiak R. et al., (2007). Measuring Return to Work. The Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation.

51

Xu et al. (2007). Rehabilitation of Injured Workers with Chronic Pain: A Stage of Change Phenomenon. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 2007, 17:727 742

Yusof Y. (2008) The Validity and Reliability of Malay Language of Oswestry Disability Questionnaire for Kelantan Population. Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM).

52

CHAPTER 8 APPENDIX

8.1 Sample demographic data form

BORANG PENILAIAN / ASSESSMENT FORM

NO. KAD PENGENALAN / IC NO.: _________________________________________ JANTINA / GENDER: _____________ UMUR / AGE: ________ TAHUN / YEARS OLD ALAMAT TETAP / PERMANENT ADDRESS: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ PEKERJAAN / OCCUPATION: ____________________________________________ DIAGNOSIS: ___________________________________________________________

TANDAKAN PADA JAWAPAN YANG BERKENAAN / TICK () AT RELATED ANSWER

TAHAP PENDIDIKAN / EDUCATION LEVEL: _____ SEKOLAH RENDAH / PRIMARY SCHOOL _____ SEKOLAH MENENGAH / SECONDARY SCHOOL _____ DIPLOMA / DIPLOMA LEVEL _____ IJAZAH / DEGREE LEVEL _____ IJAZAH SARJANA DAN KE ATAS / MASTER LEVEL AND ABOVE

53

PENDAPATAN BULANAN / MONTHLY INCOME: _____ KURANG DARIPADA RM 1000 / LESS THAN RM 1000 _____ ANTARA RM 1000 RM 1500 / BETWEEN RM 1000 RM 1500 _____ ANTARA RM 1500 RM 2000 / BETWEEN RM 1500 RM 2000 _____ LEBIH DARIPADA RM 2000 / MORE THAN RM 2000

54

8.2 Consent letter

RESEARCH PROJECT: VALIDATION OF M - LASER (LAM ASSESSMENT OF STAGES OF EMPLOYMENT READINESS) FOR MALAY SPOKEN INJURED WORKERS.

SURAT KEBENARAN / CONSENT LETTER

NO. KAD PENGENALAN / IC NO.: _________________________________________ JANTINA / GENDER: _____________ UMUR / AGE: ________ TAHUN / YEARS OLD ALAMAT TETAP / PERMANENT ADDRESS: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ PEKERJAAN / OCCUPATION: ____________________________________________ TANDATANGAN: ________________________________________________________

DENGAN BERIKUT;

MENANDATANGANI

BORANG

INI,

SAYA

MENGESAHKAN

YANG

1. SAYA

TELAH

MEMBACA,

MEMAHAMI

DAN

BERSETUJU

UNTUK

MENYERTAI KAJIAN INI 2. SAYA BERPUAS HATI DENGAN JAWAPAN YANG SAYA DIBERIKAN ATAS SOALAN-SOALAN SOALSELIDIK 3. SAYA, SECARA SUKARELA, BERSETUJU MENYERTAI KAJIAN INI,

MEMATUHI SEGALA PROSEDUR KAJIAN DAN MEMBERI MAKLUMAT YANG DIPERLUKAN KEPADA PENYELIDIK APABILA DIMINTA

55

4. SAYA BOLEH MENARIK DIRI DARIPADA KAJIAN INI PADA BILA-BILA MASA 5. SAYA TELAH MENERIMA SATU SALINAN BORANG PENILAIAN DAN KEBENARAN PESERTA

56

8.3 Original LASER (Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness)

57

8.4 Translated LASER (Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness)

The Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER-Versi Bahasa Melayu) Nama: _____________________Jantina: Lelaki Perempuan Tarikh Penilaian :____________ Tarikh Lahir: _______________

Soal selidik ini bertujuan untuk membantu kami

memahami anda. Setiap

keperluan penyataan

menggambarkan perasaan individu memulakan yang setelah pekerjaan berasaskan Tidak TeragakSetuju Sangat bersetuju

perkhidmatan. Untuk setiap Sangat pernyataan, sila tandakan tidak mengikut persetujuan untuk sila setiap buat anda tahap bersetuju dan

bersetuju agak/ belum memutuskan

penyataan, pilihan

berasaskan perasaan anda sekarang. Untuk setiap

pilihan, anda seharusnya tidak membuat pilihan

berasaskan apa yang telah

58

anda rasai dahulu ataupun apa yang akan anda rasai. 1. Saya fikir mungkin saya harus mencari yang lain. bersedia jenis untuk

pekerjaan

2. Saya akan melakukan sesuatu bagi bersedia

untuk mencari pekerjaan baru. 3. Saya fikir lebih

berfaedah sekiranya saya berusaha pekerjaan. 4. Saya tidak faham untuk mencari

mengapa perlunya saya di sini memandangkan saya tidak boleh bekerja. 5.Akhirnya saya melakukan sesuatu pekerjaan. 6. Saya berpendapat tibalah mencari dalam mencari

bahawa masanya

mungkin saya

59

kerja. 7. Membazir masa sahaja saya persiapkan diri dalam mencari pekerjaan kerana saya memang tidak boleh bekerja. 8.Saya berpendapat

bekerja adalah tidak bagus namun boleh tiada saya apa yang

lakukan

tentangnya sekarang. 9. Saya memang perkerjaan

memerlukan

dan seharusnya berusaha untuk mencarinya. 10. Ramai yang bahawa

memngatakan

saya sepatutnya mencari pekerjaan, tidak sedemikian. 11. Semua orang boleh mengatakan tentang namun saya

berpendapat

kemahuan dalam mencari pekerjaan tetapi saya

60

sebenarnya melakukan tentangnya. 12. Perkara ini

sedang sesuatu

amat tolong

membosankan, jangan ganggu saya.

13. Saya aktif berusaha dalam mencari pekerjaan. 14. Sia-sia sahaja saya bersedia pekerjaan memang bekerja. untuk mencari saya mahu

kerana tidak

61

The Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER)

Nama: _____________________Jantina: Lelaki Perempuan Tarikh Penilaian :____________ Tarikh Lahir: _______________

Pra-Pertimbangan

Pertimbangan

Bertindak

4.

1.

2.

7.

3.

5.

8.

6.

11.

10.

9.

13.

12.

14

Jumlah:

Jumlah:

Jumlah:

62

8.5 Backward translation of Malay language version Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER)

The Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER-Versi Bahasa Melayu) Name: _____________________Gender: Male Female Date of assessment :________________ Date of Birth : _______________

This questionnaire helps us to understand your need. Every statement differentiates feeling for every person when starting a new service job. Please indicate the level of agreement you have with each statement. In each case, make your choice in terms of how you feel right now, not what you have felt in the past or would like to feel 1. I think I might be ready to look for some kind of job. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree

2. I am doing something to get ready to look for a job. 3. It might be worth if I trying to

63

find a job. 4. I am not able to work and I do not see why I have to be here. 5.Finally, Im doing something in finding a job. 6. I have been thinking that it might be time for me to find a job. 7. Getting myself ready to find a job is pretty much a waste of time because I cant work anyway. 8. I think working is not good but there is nothing I can do now. 9. I know I need to get a job and really think I should work on finding one. 10. People tell me that I should get a job, but I dont think so. 11. Anyone can talk about wanting to find a job, but I am actually doing something about it. 12. This thing about job is so boring. Why just people dont

64

bother me? 13. I am actively doing something to find a job. 14. Its pretty much a waste of time getting ready to find a job because I really dont want to work.

65

The Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness (LASER)

Name: _____________________Gender: Male Female Date of assessment:____________ Date of Birth: _______________

Pre-Contemplation Stage

Contemplation Stage

Action Stage

4.

1.

2.

7.

3.

5.

8.

6.

11.

10.

9.

13.

12.

14

Total :

Total :

Total :

66

8.6 Endorsement of the translation from Pusat Bahasa UiTM.

67

8.7 Review form (for panel members)

RESEARCH PROJECT: VALIDATION OF LASER (LAM ASSESSMENT OF STAGES OF EMPLOYMENT READINESS) FOR MALAY SPOKEN INJURED WORKERS.

REVIEW FORM INSTRUCTION: THERE ARE 14 ITEMS IN LASER (LAM ASSESSMENT OF STAGES OF EMPLOYMENT READINESS). THE PANEL MEMBERS ARE REQUIRE TO RATE ON A FIVE-POINT LIKERT SCALE WITH 1 REPRESENTING MOST DISAGREE AND 5 REPRESENTING MOST AGREE. THE COMMENTS OF THE PANEL MEMBERS INDICATED THAT THE MAJOR CONCERNS WERE WITH THE CLARITY OF THE TRANSLATIONS OF THE EXPRESSION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE PHRASES.

PANEL MEMBERS DETAIL NAME: ________________________________________________________________ I/C NO.: _______________________________________________________________ POSITION: _____________________________________________________________ WORKING EXPERIENCES (YEARS): _______________________________________ COMMENT: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ DATE: ________________________________________________________________ SIGNATURE: ___________________________________________________________

68

RATING SHEET: 1 REPRESENTING VERY DISAGREE 2 REPRESENTING DISAGREE 3 REPRESENTING NEUTRAL 4 REPRESENTING AGREE 5 REPRESENTING VERY AGREE

ITEM 1: _______ ITEM 2: _______ ITEM 3: _______ ITEM 4: _______ ITEM 5: _______ ITEM 6: _______ ITEM 7: _______ ITEM 8: _______ ITEM 9: _______ ITEM 10: ______ ITEM 11: ______ ITEM 12: ______ ITEM 13: ______ ITEM 14: ______

69

8.9 Permission letter from UiTM

70

9.0 Consultation form from Statistician

71

9.1 Grant Chart and Budgeting

Grant Chart

2008 Task performed Problem identification Prioritizing problem Analysis Justification Literature review Develop hypothesis X X X X X X X X X to be O S O N D

2009 J F M A

and objective Choose variable Choose type of study Choose technique Sampling Plan for data collection Plan for data X X X X X sampling X X X

processing Ethical consideration Submit proposal Pre-testing X X X X X X X X

72

Data collection Data analysis Report writing 1st draft report 2nd draft report Final report Submit report

X X

X X X X

73

Budgeting

No

Item

Units

Price unit (RM)

per Sub total (RM)

1.

Stationery Pen Pencil Eraser Stapler Staples A4 paper comb Printer cartridge 2 2 boxes 5 1 1 box 2 comb 1 1.50 2.00 0.50 3.50 1.50 12.00 60.00 80.00 2 usage months 30.00 3.00 4.00 2.50 3.50 1.50 24.00 60.00 80.00 60.00

2. 3.

Translation Fee Phone calls

5. 6.

Photostat Transportation 2 usage

50.00 months 200.00

50.00 200.00

Total

RM 488.50

74