Cell Structure and Functions Vocabulary

Discovering Cells 1. Microscope: An instrument which enlarges small objects. 2. Simple microscope: Contains only one lens. Example- Hand lens. 3. Compound microscope: Light microscope containing more then one lens. 4. Animalcules: One-celled organisms. Example-water from a pond. 5. Bacteria: Tiny single celled organisms. 6. Magnification: Ability to make things look larger. 7. Convex Lens: A curved glass lens with the center being thicker than the edges. 8. Resolution: The ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object. Looking inside cells 1. Organelles: Tiny structures in a cell, which carry out specific functions in the cell. 2. Cell Wall: A rigid-layer of non-living material surrounding the cells of plants and other organisms. Made of material called cellulose.

3. Cell membrane: All cells have cell membranes which is located inside of the cell wall. 4. Nucleus: The cells brain controlling the cells activities. 5. Chromatin: Strands which contain genetic material which give instruction in order for the cell to function. 6. Nucleolus: Where ribosomes are made. 7. Cytoplasm: Between the cell membrane and nucleus. 8. Mitochondria: Produces most of the energy the cell needs to perform its functions. 9. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Carry proteins and other materials from one part of the cell to another. 10. Ribosome: Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and others are found floating in the cytoplasm. Function is to produce proteins then transported to the Golgi bodies. 11. Golgi Bodies: Receive proteins and other newly formed material from the endoplasmic reticulum and then distributes them to other cell parts and outside too. 12. Chloroplasts: Capture energy from the sunlight and produces food for the cell.

13. Vacuoles: Storage area of a cell. Most plant cells have one large Vacuole. Some animal cells have a vacuole others dont. 14. Lysosomes: Break down large food particles into smaller particles since it contains chemicals. Prokaryote/Eukaryote Cells 1. Prokaryote Cell: Does not have a nucleus. Example: Bacteria Cell. Does not have a membrane that encloses the organelle. Has circular DNA. Bacterial Flagellum: helps in movement. Ribosomes are smaller than eukaryote cell. Does not have mitochondria. Capsule: protective coating helps protect attack. Cell wall: helps keep its shape.

2. Eukaryote Cell: Plant and Animal Cells. Difference between Prokaryote and Eukaryote Cells Eukaryote Plant Cells have: o Cell Wall o One large vacuole

o Chloroplasts o Plasmodesmata- Bridge between cells which transfers materials. Animal Cells have: o Lysosomes-breaking down of food and warn out cell parts. o Centrioles- helps the cells division, found near the nucleus. o Flagella. Prokaryote Bacteria Cells have: o Flagella- helps in movement (organelle) Cell Evolution 1. Cyanobacteria: They were the first producers in the world. They produce their own food and created oxygen 2. Symbiotic: Relationship between two organisms in which they both benefit ( lamprey and sea turtle). Chemical Compounds in Cells 1. Elements: is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Example-oxygen and nitrogen. 2. Atom: is the smallest unit of an element. 3. Element: made up of only one atom.

4. Compound: When two or more elements chemically combine. 5. Molecule: the smallest unit of most compounds. 6. Organic compound: Most compound containing carbon. 7. Inorganic compound: compounds that do not contain carbon. Exception: carbon dioxide has carbon yet considered an inorganic compound. 8. Carbohydrate: Energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Found in a cell membrane. 9. Proteins: Large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and in some cases sulfur. 10. Amino Acids: What protein molecules are made up of. 11. Enzyme: A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing. 12. Lipids: Fats, oils and waxes are energy rich organic compounds. 13. Lipids: Where cells store energy for later on use. 14. Nucleic Acid: very large organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Cellular Respiration

1. Cellular respiration: the breaking down of macromolecules such as glucose to produce energy (ATP) and water. Produces 38 ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria matrix. 2. Fermentation: Break down of glucose without oxygen. Occurs in the cytosol. 3. Aerobic Pathway: Cellular respiration. 4. Anaerobic Pathway: Fermentation 5. Plants: Autotrophs (Self-producers) 6. Animals: Heterotrophs (Consumers) 7. Hydrolysis: to add water. 8. Glycolysis: splitting of sugar to create 2 molecules of ATP. Occurs in the cytosol outside the mitochondria. 9. Grooming Phase: migration from cytosol to matrix. 10. Alcoholic Fermentation End Products: 2 ATP 2 CO2 2 Ethanol

11. Lactic Acid Fermentation End Products: 2 molecule of lactic acid produced.

2 ATP.

Differences and Similarities (Cellular Respiration and Fermintation) Cellular respiration: Has Oxygen Located in the mitochondria Yields more ATP. (38 ATP)

Fermentation: Doesnt have Oxygen. Located in the cytosol. Yields only 2 ATP.

Similarities: Begins with glucose, produce ATP. Structure and Function of Cell Membrane 1. Diffusion: the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration to form equilibrium. 2. Simple Diffusion: when small molecules can diffuse between the phospholipid molecules and through the lipid bilayer. 3. Passive Transport: Diffusion through the lipid bilayer: molecules are small enough to fit through.

Facilitated diffusion: needs protein.

4. Active Transport: Uses energy in the form of ATP. Materials flow against the concentration gradient. Low concentration to high concentration.

5. Micelle: when the hydrophobic and hydrophilic heads form a circle. 6. Phospholipid Bilayer: to make the membrane. 7. Hydrophilic: Likes water. 8. Hydrophobic: Does not like water. Plastids 1. Plastids- one of three types of round, oval or disk-shaped bodies which is located in the cytoplasm organelles of plant cells. Performs the synthesis of proteins, storage of starch oil and food. 2. 3 Different types of plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts. 3. Chloroplasts: Structure in a green plant leaf. Photosynthesis occurs here. Distinguished from the other two types since it is the only one green. Characterized by the green color.

Green color is a result of 2 pigments: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Located: stem and leaf of a plant. Example: any plant.

4. Chromoplasts: Colored pigments are synthesized and stored here. Usually orange and yellow caridenoids(pigment with nutrient) Pigments in the fruit and floral petals attracting pollinating animals. Located: fruits and flowers. Example: apple

5. Leucoplasts: Colorless plastid located in the roots of plants. Store starch and lipids. Protein synthesis, fatty acids, amino acids found here. Does not need color since they do not need to attract animals. Located: Roots Example: Potatoes

Endocytosis and Exocytosis 1. Exocytosis: Reverse process of endocytosis where the vesicles merge with plasma membrane and secrete their contents from the cell.

2. Endocytosis: Process by which membranes invaginate and take substance into the cell. 3. Three types of Endocytosis: Phagocytosis: takes in any solids around it into the cell.

Example-Pseudopodium: when white blood cells ingulf a bacteria they form pseudopodium (fake foot) around the bacteria and then bring it into the cell forming a food vacuole. Pinocytosis: takes in all liquid around the cell. It is not selective.

Example- A cell pulls substances circulating the blood stream. Receptor mediated endocytosis- starts by the activation of the receptor. It has specific receptors for each which are always activated. Example- The cell pulling only cholesterol out of the blood stream. 4. Hereditary Hypercholesteremia: If your genetic code produces a defective receptor protein.