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4
Employment Insecurity Leads to Stress
ILO Enterprise and Household surveys show:
5
Income Insecurity Leads to Stress
ILO Enterprise and Household surveys show:
6
% respondents
A
rg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
en 100
tin
a
Br
az
il
Ch
ile
Ba
ng
la
de
sh
Ch
in
a
In
di
Income insufficient
In a
do
ne
sia
Et
hi
op
ia
G
ha
Ta na
n
So zan
ut ia
h
Income irregular
A
fri
ca
H
un
ga
ry
Income Insecurity
Ru
ss
ia
U
kr
ai
ne
Could not save
7
% respondents
A
rg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
en 70
tin
a
Br
az
il
Ch
ile
Ba
ng
la
de
sh
Income level
Ch
in
a
In
In dia
do
ne
sia
Et
hi
op
ia
G
ha
Ta na
n
Non-wage benefits
So zan
ut ia
h
A
fri
ca
H
un
ga
ry
Ru
ss
i
U a
kr
ai
ne
Income Dissatisfaction
8
Future Income Insecurity
100
Unsure if can keep job
90
Household income reducing
80 Expect poverty in old age
70
% respondents
60
50
40
30
20
10
ry
U a
a
sh
Ta na
ia
ile
sia
ia
ne
il
ca
i
tin
di
in
az
ss
So zan
op
ga
de
fri
ha
ai
Ch
ne
Ch
In
Br
Ru
en
kr
hi
un
la
A
G
do
n
rg
Et
ng
H
h
In
A
ut
Ba
9
% respondents
A
rg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
en 100
tin
a
Br
az
il
Ch
ile
Ba
ng
la
de
sh
Ch
in
a
In
In dia
do
ne
sia
Et
hi
op
ia
G
ha
Ta na
n
So zan
ut ia
h
A
fri
ca
H
un
ga
ry
Ru
ss
i
Outstanding debt
U a
kr
ai
ne
Financial crisis in past
Past Financial Crises & Indebtedness
10
Main Causes of Financial Crisis
Country Urban Rural
Crisis % Crisis %
Bangladesh 1. Medical cost 26.4 1. Medical cost 29.6
2. Business failure 25.5 2. Crop failure 17.8
3. Loss of job 17.9 3. Marriage cost 12.6
Ethiopia 1. Commodity prices 24.0 1. Crop failure 28.8
2. Cost of medicine 9.1 2. Commodity prices 16.3
3. Loss of work – illness 8.6 3. Cost of medicine 10.0
Indonesia 1. Cost of medicine 32.7 1. Cost of medicine 33.2
2. Loss of job 13.3 2. Crop failure 18.3
3. Crop failure 11.1 3. Commodity prices 6.5
Ghana 1. Medical cost 38.3 1. Medical cost 41.5
2. Funeral cost 16.9 2. Funeral cost 23.7
3. Children’s education 7.9 3. Children’s education 4.8
Tanzania 1. Medical cost 22.1 1. Crop failure 32.3
2. Business failure 15.1 2. Natural disaster 17.2
3. Natural disaster 11.6 3. Medical cost 14.0
India 1. Loss of job/employment 31.8 1. Expenditure on social 45.9
opportunities functions/Illness
2. Expenditure on social 30.2 2. Rise in price of essential 29.5
functions/Illness commodities or inputs
3. Loss of work due to illness 16.5 3. Loss of job 14.9
South Africa 1. Death of a household 9.3 n.a. n.a.
member
2. Loss of job/employment 6.5 n.a. n.a.
3. Death of wage-earning 3.6 n.a. n.a.
household member
11
Socio-Economic Insecurity, Stress
& Disease
Systematic understatement of the inequality of workers’
health insecurity (workers’ health information limited,
unreliable)
Economic liberalization Ö shift away from statutory regulation
Ö worse working conditions, increased stress, declining
health
Flexible labour relations Ö worse working conditions Ö
hazard exposures, work-related stress, disease, injury rates
“Time insecurity” is global, magnified by work intensification
management practices, increased commuting time, growing
insecurities
12
Socio-Economic Insecurity, Stress
& Disease
Aptly captured by Karasek (2005):
13
Causes of Absence from Work
Note: These findings refer to time off due to stress at work or stress outside work
25
Injury
Illness
20 Stress
% respondents
15
10
U a
a
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na
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a
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in
ar
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Ch
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a
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In
g
Br
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kr
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la
A
G
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H
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14
Socio-Economic Insecurity, Stress
& Disease
Globally heart attacks, suicide, strokes expected to be top
occupational diseases of 21st century (stress)
Globally depression impt. cause premature death/disability
(WHO, 2001) incl. death from overwork (karoshi) (Hazards, 2003)
much of which is stress-related
ILO Enterprise and Household surveys show:
Transition countries’ industrial enterprises lack safety
depts./committees Ö workers more vulnerable to occupational
accidents & diseases
Over half of workers in Indonesia have no workplace OSH
department/committee
The poor report extremely poor working conditions
Women more disadvantaged, with less protection than men 15
% respondents
A
rg
0
10
20
30
40
50
en
60
tin
a
Br
az
il
Ch
ile
Ba
ng
la
de
sh
Ch
Unsafe workplace
in
a
In
In dia
do
ne
sia
Et
hi
op
ia
G
ha
Ta na
n
So zan
ut ia
h
A
fri
ca
H
un
ga
ry
Workplace Safety
Ru
ss
i
U a
kr
ai
ne
No safety committee/department/specialist
16
Socio-Economic Insecurity, Stress
& Disease
ILO Household surveys show:
Majority in developing & transitional countries bear costs
work-related accidents/illnesses, no benefits for incidents (least
able to afford it)
Sick/injured workers work without taking leave (fear income
or job loss) (Increased “Presenteeism”)
Majority families surveyed in Africa & Eastern Europe have
difficulty paying for basic health care
88% of families in Ukraine
60% in Ghana and Ethiopia
Workers in African countries, rural women workers, & casual
workers least likely to have insurance against work accidents
or injury 17
% respondents
A
rg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
en 90
tin
a
Br
az
il
Ch
ile
Ba
ng
la
de
sh
Ch
in
a
In
di
In a
do
ne
sia
Et
hi
op
ia
G
Ill health
ha
Ta na
n
So zan
ut ia
h
A
fri
ca
H
un
ga
ry
Lack of Healthcare
Ru
ss
i
U a
No access to adequate healthcare
Income insufficient for healthcare
kr
ai
ne
18
Socio-Economic Insecurity, Stress
& Disease
ILO Enterprise and Household surveys show:
Social support based on informal networks are
buffers during economic shocks
Informal networks: the glue holding people together
during increasing insecurity
But:
Informal systems declining in developing countries
Many workers have no access to such networks
Informal networks are culture-bound
Who can give when more have less?
19
Rely on Whom During Crisis
Country Urban Rural
Whom % Whom %
Bangladesh 1. Relatives 66.9 1. Family/siblings/relatives 53.4
2. Friends/neighbours 18.6 2. Moneylender 20.8
3. Moneylender 4.6 3. Bank 13.1
Ethiopia 1. Friends/neighbours 25.7 1. Family/siblings/relatives 21.7
2. Relatives 19.2 2. Friends /neighbours 20.8
3. Officials/government 5.2 3. Officials/government 11.3
Russia 1. Support from relatives 34.0 1. Support from relatives 33.2
2. Other household members 18.8 2. Social payment from State 20.8
3. Social payment from state 14.8 3. Other household members 15.6
Indonesia 1. Relatives 61.9 1. Relatives 61.2
2. Friends/neighbours 21.0 2. Friends/neighbours 27.0
3. Employer 4.3 3. Bank 2.1
Ghana 1. Friends/neighbours 35.3 1. Friends/neighbours 41.8
2. Land or asset sales 25.9 2. Land or asset sales 25.7
3. Money lenders 2.9 3. Money lenders 2.5
Tanzania 1. Relatives 50.3 1. Relatives 44.1
2. Friends/neighbours 30.9 2. Friends/neighbours 33.5
3. Employer 3.4 3. n.a. n.a.
India 1. Relatives 66.1 1. Relatives 72.5
2. Friends/neighbours/mayor 12.8 2. Bank 16.0
3. Bank 6.2 3. Friends/neighbours/mayor 4.8
South Africa 1. Friends/neighbours 21.2 n.a. n.a.
2. Bank 20.9 n.a. n.a.
3. Employer 3.8 n.a. n.a.
20
(Lack of) Social Support
100
Not union member at work
90
Negative attitude to trade union
80
Trust management to look after
70 workers' welfare
% respondents
60
50
40
30
20
10
ry
ia
ia
a
sh
Ta na
a
ile
sia
ia
ne
il
ca
tin
di
in
az
ss
So zan
op
ga
de
fri
ha
ai
Ch
ne
In
Ch
Br
Ru
en
kr
hi
un
la
A
G
do
n
rg
U
Et
ng
H
h
In
A
ut
Ba
21
Gendered Disadvantages
100
Discrimination against women at work
90 Loosing job due to pregnancy
80 Not entitled to maternity leave
70
% respondents
60
50
40
30
20
10
ry
ia
ia
a
sh
Ta na
a
ile
sia
ia
ne
il
ca
tin
di
in
az
ss
So zan
op
ga
de
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ha
ai
Ch
ne
In
Ch
Br
Ru
en
kr
hi
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la
A
G
do
n
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U
Et
ng
H
h
In
A
ut
Ba
22
Harassment:
Important Cause of Stress
ILO Enterprise and Household surveys show:
Harassment (physical, sexual, psychological) causes
stress & ill health esp. among women workers
(19% women wage workers in Tanzania, 11% women
workers in Bangladesh, 1 in 5 female workers in China
suffering effects of harassment)
Women experience more than men
Harassment from managers & authorities Ö
stress
Most countries lack policies to deal with
harassment at work 23
Lack of social protection combined
with globalized economic trends
causes life to become very stressful,
rife with increasing
insecurities. Work-related stress and
ill health became global sicknesses.
26