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Smith Reviewed work(s): Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 112, No. 4 (Oct., 2008), pp. 713-751 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20627516 . Accessed: 18/11/2011 08:12
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Archaeological
Research
at Aphrodisias
in Caria,
2002-2005
CHRISTOPHER
Abstract and excavation projects carried Survey, documentation, out at between 2002 and 2005 concentrated Aphrodisias on the the Bouleuterion, the study of the North Agora, and the City the Stadium, the Civil Basilica, Sebasteion, Wall. Research outside the city consisted of limited excava tion northeast of the City Wall. Site conservation focused on the Bouleuterion, of Aphrodite, the Temple conservation Agora, and the Stadium. Sculpture included continued on and as Demos. the reconservation and reinstallation the South projects work on the reliefs from the Sebastei of a portrait identified formerly (and wrongly) new include a sculptural discoveries
The main goals of the program of fieldwork begun in 1993 have been "to reexamine and tomake new records of themonuments discovered between 1961
and 1990, and to . . .understand them better in their
excavated
from fragments in depots. Newly a high-quality portrait sarcophagi, a and a remarkable young portrait of bearded period.*
recorded in plan drawings at a scale of 1:50 or larger. The pre-Christian phase of theTemple ofAphrodite, the South Agora, and the stage building of theTheater are being published by de Chaisemartin, Lemaire, and
Theodorescu.2 Doctoral dissertations have been com
larger urban context."1 Most of the major buildings and public spaces of Aphrodisias, with the notable exceptions of the Hadrianic Baths and the Theater and associated buildings, have now been studied and
ed by the Friends ofAphrodisias in the United States, London, the Kress Paris, Izmir, and Istanbul, by the 1984 Foundation, theWorld Monuments Fund, and several private Foundation, donors. We are public and Museums Aphrodisias The annual of Turkey to the grateful Ministry of Culture of the Re and the General Directorate of Monuments
work at Aphrodisias is supported by the In in cooperation with the Faculty of Arts and of New York University. Generous assistance is provid
T. Lees
2004), A. Hrychuk 2004), N. Hudson (archaeologist, T. Kaefer 2003-2004), (architect, 2002-2005), (archaeologist, B. Kirmizi (conservator, 2002), L. Klar (archaeologist, 2003), ologist, (ar (sculpture conservator, 2002-2003), J. Lenaghan A Leung (architect, 2002-2005), 2002-2005), chaeologist, I. Lockey L. Long 2003-2005), (archaeolo (archaeologist, S. Madole 2005), M. Marin gist, 2003-2005), (archaeologist, cola (conservator, C. 2005), H. Mark (architect, 2002-2005), 2004) K Moomaw 2004-2005), (conservator, (photographer, M. Morris , (conservator, 2003),J. Mylonopoulos (epig M. Nam 2003), P. Nikolos rapher, 2004-2005), (archaeologist,
for their permission and for their continuing staff of about 35 persons
2005. The directors of the project 2004; 21 June-21 August were R.R.R. Smith and C. Ratte. Between 2002 and 2005, staff members included M. Abbe (conservator, 2003, 2005), D. Af fleck (architect, 2005), O. Atvur (administrative agent, 2002 H. Awan N. Barnfield 2004-2005), (archaeologist, O. Bayazit (conservator, (sculpture conservator, 2003-2005), V. Baydoun 2002-2003), 2002), M. Berenfeld (archaeologist, 2005),
from Austria, France, Germany, Turkey, the United King dom, and the United States, together with a team of students from New York University. The season dates were 18 June-20
Miller
J. Ott
ki (sculpture
conservator, 2004), S. Norton (architect, 2005), U. Outschar 2003-2004), (archaeologist, (archaeologist, O. ?zt?rk G. Paul (archi 2002-2005), (architect, 2002-2005), E. Pmar (architect, 2003-2005), P. Privitera tect, 2002-2005), (architect, 2003), T. Proudfoot (sculpture conservator, 2002 , Quatember U. (architect, 2002), N. Quayle (sculpture F. conservator, 2002), J. Reynolds 2002-2005), (epigrapher, (architect, C. Roueche 2002-2004),
2005) Rojas
2005),
A. Berlin 2002-2004), 2003), (archaeologist, (archaeologist, L. Bier (topographer, A. Chaniotis 2002-2003), (epigrapher, N. de Chaisemartin 2002-2005), 1999-2000), (archaeologist, P. De Staebler (archae (epigrapher, 2002-2005), S. Dillon 2002-2005), 2002), M.A. (archaeologist, M. Doquang 2002-2005), (archae (photographer,
Stinson Stitz (archaeologist, (architect, 2002-2005),D. R. Trentinella 2005), J. Van Voorhis (archaeologist,
U. Roth 2002 (epigrapher, R. Royer (archi 2002-2004), (epigrapher, tect, 2002), H. Saltzmann (architect, 2003, 2005), B. Salway S. Sefton (architect, 2002), K Sever (epigrapher, 2002-2003), son (conservator, 2002-2005), conserva T. Smare (sculpture R. Spiel (structural engineer, 2004-2005), P. tor, 2002-2004), 2002), (archae
ologist, 2004),J. Dougherty sen (architect, 2003-2004), Forstenpointner servator, 2005), A. Galik (architect, Griesbach 2002-2005), 2002),
E. Elling (architect, 2004-2005), C. Fellman (architect, 2004), G. S. Fujioka 2004), (con (archaeozoologist, (archaeozoologist, 2004), H. G?ksel
G. Weissengruber 2004), R. Westmacott (archaeozoologist, R. Wilkins conservator, 2004-2005), (sculpture (photogra B. Yildinm In 2003-2005). pher, 2002-2003), (archaeologist, this report, Ratte is for the section on fieldwork, responsible and Smith is responsible for the section on sculpture. 1 Smith and Ratte 1995,42. 2 de Chaisemartin and Theodores 1998; de Chaisemartin cu 2006.
K G?rkay M. 2002-2005), (archaeologist, (conservator, 2002), C.H. Hallett (archaeologist, L. Hebert 2004), A. Hill (archae (archaeologist,
713
714 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
stoa into a
112
pleted on the conversion of theTemple ofAphrodite into a Christian church (Hebert), the Bishop's Palace (Berenfeld), the Civil Basilica (Stinson), and the City Other major foci of investigation Walls (De Staebler) .3
ports on several of these buildings, as well as the pub lication of a number of Late Roman pottery deposits.5 Monographic publications are in preparation. Since 1991, the aims of continuing sculpture re search at Aphrodisias
the mass
have included theNorth Agora (overseen byRatte), the Bouleuterion (Bier), and the Stadium (Welch, Leung, De Staebler) .4 fourthvolume ofAphrodisiasPapers has A recently appeared, featuring extended preliminary re
tered via arched portals aligned with the two aisles of the stoa. A trench dug in 1989 to reveal the southeast corner column of theAgora provided a preview of the present ground surface lies at 519.1 masl, 2.5 m above the stylobate level of theAgora stoas (516.6 masl). The top 1m of the overburden consists of agricultural use levels, the lower 1.5 m of debris. The seam between these two deposits corresponds with the level of the top of the "dado" (foundation block, orthostat, and capping course) of the back walls of the south and
east stoas. In most stratigraphy of this area. At the southeast corner, the
large
room,
en
have been
(1) to record in a
in the excavations
database
of material
found
that rose above this level has been removed, while the
much more substantial dado was left in
places,
the petit
appareil
masonry
terial from the old fieldbooks, inventory cards, and reports; (3) to study and publish thematerial in its
ancient
the archaeological
find
locations
of
that ma
place.
of Ottoman
categories
and
contexts;
and
(4)
to conserve
to northwest?from
Gate
of Aphrodisias Dissertations have been (by Brody) .6 on the Sculptor's Workshop and on the completed mythological reliefs from the Basilica,7 and in-depth studies of several sculptural subjects appear inAphro disias Papers 4.
monographs: one on theRoman portrait cently by two from the site (bySmith, Dillon, Hallett, Len sculpture aghan, and Van Voorhis) and one on theAphrodite
represented
most
re
(the east side of the South Agora) toward the standing columns of the southeast corner of theNorth
A area, terrace in the by southeast a line corner of the exca retained of reused architectural
Agora. vated
blocks, has been left in place (elevation at top 518.8 masl; fig. 3). The area in front (northwest) of this ter race coincided in level with the top of the dado of the stoa walls (518.0 masl). This area seems to have
been an outdoor
FIELDWORK
by installations such as a drainage channel, two small hearths, and the bottoms of three pithoi set into the
surface of the terrace.
agricultural
workshop,
as
indicated
North Agora
The North Agora was a centrally located public square, comprising 6x2 cityblocks. Between 2002 and
excavation occurred in four around side, and areas: the southeast door court of the Agora, the east side, the area the south the central a sunken
room to the east were framed by three equally spaced marble piers; the central pier is aligned with the inte
rior colonnade of the south stoa. Displaced voussoir
Farther to thewest, excavation showed that the two between the south stoa proper and the large entryways
blocks show that the spaces between these piers were spanned bymarble arches. All three piers were broken off at a level just above that of the top of the dado of
the stoa walls. The south
and to explore the area between the Agora and the Sebasteion to the east. The goals of excavation in the
second two areas were to
When initiallyexposed, the north opening was blocked by a crudely built wall, apparently also associated with
Ottoman
opening
was
not
excavated.
in an earlier (1998) geophysical survey. Southeast Corner of the Agora. Earlier research had shown that the south stoa of theAgora had two aisles,
the east stoa only one. Exploration of the southeast
investigate
anomalies
revealed
life-sizeddraped male figure (02.5; fig. 4) was packed up against the west side of thiswall. Found in debris on the east side of thewall?and apparently tumbled from it?was the back of aJulio-Claudian portrait head,
terracing
operations.8
The
body
of an
over
3 Hebert
2000;
2002; De 1998.
Staebler
2007;
Stinson
building inscription(102.3).
on the west is preserved the floor is composed side of the central pier at 517.75 masl; of broken reused stones, including a fragmentary Late Roman floor
2001.
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
715
scale 1:8000
>1
Fig.
1. City plan
of Aphrodisias
(drawing
by H. Mark).
which almost certainly belongs with thebody built into thewall (02.7; fig. 5).
Excavation beneath Ottoman levels revealed the
at 517.41-517.44 masl. In the north half of the room, the brick and tile debris was embedded in an other
wise 0.6 m clean layer of reddish-brown earth, an thick. Beneath this layer was opus approximately sectile pave
figs. 2, 3). The exterior walls are built in the same way as the back walls of theAgora stoas, with a dado 1m high, crowned by petit appareil masonry (mostly missing), but theyare considerably thicker (1.2 vs. 0.9 m). In the south side of the room, removal of theOt toman levels revealed a dense layer of brick and tile
debris, which rested in turn on an opus sectile pavement
ment comparable with the pavement to the south (at 516.80-516.87 masl; fig. 6). The higher floor on the south side of the room is retained by a rubble wall. Incorporated at equal in tervals into thiswall are two largemarble wall blocks, both reused and lyingon theirbacks. The tops of these blocks are levelwith (and presumably determined the level of) the floor to the south. Resting on top of them
716
CHRISTOPHER
112 [AJA
Fig. 2. Plan
of Aphrodisias
city center
(drawing
by H. Mark).
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
717
Fig. 3. Plan
of southeast
corner
of the North
Agora
(drawing
by H. Mark).
of several were
more
also
one object
pilas was
feature
is a marble
niche, centered in the north wall directly opposite the stairway (see figs. 3, 6). In the center of the north half of the room, the brick and tile debris layer rested directly on top of the floor. In places along the edges, by contrast, the debris lay on top of heaps of marble revetment (in
the northwest around corner, column and along base), on the south side, esp. the west numerous sherds
a flatmarble waterspout, flanked by small figures of dolphins (04.93). But themost important small finds were five fragments of the face of the portrait head
recovered earlier in the Ottoman levels in the north
west corner of the room (04.38, 04.41, 04.60, 04.61, 04.69), togetherwith the right ankle of the body incor porated into theOttoman terrace wall (04.42). All of these pieces were found in the reddish-brown debris layer,just above the floor and directly in front of the
niche in the north wall.
of window glass, and on many jumbled fragments of white and red wall plaster. The marble revetment had clearly been picked through, for it consisted mainly of small fragments, lying in no discernible order. A complete Corinthian pilaster capital was found lying on the threshold of the doorway (04.92), and frag
The room at the east end of the south stoa resembles the chalcidicum of a Roman basilica, such as those of the basilical stoa of the upper agora at Ephesos.9 It is was originally roofed without internal possible that it was clearly designed to be equal supports, although it in its long dimension (17.27 m) to three interaxials of
9The Peschl
at
Ephesos,
see
Alzinger
1974,26-37,49-51;
Fossel
718 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
on been the pedestals substantial.
112
of the south
been
substantially repaired, including the use of different typesof capitals and mismatched frieze blocks, and it is
possible that these renovations of the are large contemporary with the reconfiguration room."
The head partially recomposed from the small frag ments found in frontof the niche in the north wall of
the room and the one
larger
fragment
from
the area
and technique between the head and the body from the doorway area, together with the discovery of the
ankle text as fragment the smaller that joins the body head fragments, in the make same it con virtually
statue of Tiberius (14-37 Fig. 4. Reconstructed form of Zeus with bare feet from the southeast the North Agora. Aphrodisias Depot.
however,
from its original tially altered wall blocks have been large tals in the center of
the room;
of Tiberius found Fig. 5. Head chamber 2004 in the southeast disias Depot.
evidence
of the south
stoa of the Agora, tentatively dated see Roueche 1989, nos. 29, 30.
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
719
- ~"
l^___i^_P^___iWWB^M|MKPBBKfv>j-'
^r,---^ i%
i__999______|
Fig. 6. View
of southeast
corner
of the North
Agora,
looking west.
certain that the head and the body belong together, gests that the statue was set up in the niche. After the
abandonment of the room, the statue either fell or although no join is preserved. The evidence also sug
sias. Here,
a 4 x
18 m
trench
revealed
a dense
rubble
packing (at 518.1 masl) immediately below Ottoman agricultural levels,presumably the bedding for a stone
pavement. The Late Roman street in front of the Se
was pulled down and the head broken off and shat tered. Small pieces were left lyingabout, while a larger fragment was carried offwith the body for reuse in a
later wall. It is not, of course, certain that the statue
basteion
the same into this
sized ideal female head (04.57). Excavation through approximately 1m of mixed fill beneath this layer
uncovered a massive foundation built of mortared
to this it cannot be used setting, moreover, of the room?as, the function for instance, saale, room was dining may surely hall, rather conceived lecture have room, all or
rubble and faced with fine petit appareil masonry at the east end of the trench, possibly a retaining wall
for the structures on the east side of the street. This
foundation
room and, structures,
served of as a
these
multipurpose
In addition
the south the Agora Agora and stoa,
always
been
appropriate.
That is the elevation of the bottom of the fine petit ap pareil construction and the top of the less finely built
foundations foundation of both on structures; side of the east a in front of the probe the street was stopped in the
12 On
Kaisers?le,
see Burrell
2006.
720 CHRISTOPHER
area east of the large room revealed have run two under
[AJA
112
even with the base of thewall, but this surface was ap parently disturbed, and itwas not perceived during
excavation. A number of north-south drains and other
drainage
canal
that must
features were also revealed at higher elevations in the central part of the trench. Throughout the Roman At the time of the construction of theAgora stoas, the level of thisplaza would have lain between that of the bottoms of thewalls of the structures at both ends of the trench (516.4-516.5 masl) and that of the stylo bate of the propylon of the Sebasteion (517.0 masl). The hydraulic features revealed in themiddle of the
trench seem to period, this area seems to have been an open plaza.
and 516.1 masl, there was a densely packed gravelly layer,which yielded 84 Late Roman coins. The black
line of black spots detected by the geophysical survey in 1998 running north-south about 25 m south of the square foundation in the center of theAgora (figs. 2, 7).13The stratigraphy in this trenchwas similar to that in the center of the Agora. Immediately below the surface (517.2 masl) lay a clean deposit of gray-green silt, approximately 0.8 m thick. Between 516.4 masl
spots detected in the geophysical survey turned out to be architectural blocks from the south stoa of the
cornice blocks and an architrave?which
Agora?four
with continued underground drainage. In late antiq uity, the ground levelwas raised stillhigher: the area was filled in to approximately 1m above the original
surface, area was a stone possibly packing paved. was laid down, and the whole
represent
had been embedded in this layer in stone-lined pits. The architrave bears part of an inscription naming
"Diogenes," the same presumably Diogenes, son of son of Artemidoros, Diogenes, the made son of who
gradual
rise
in elevation,
Menandros,
dedicated
evidence
East Side of the Agora. The purpose of excavation on the east side of the square was to clarify further the organization of the space between theAgora and the
Sebasteion?an area
ous report that the south stoa of theNorth Agora was built at the same time as the north stoa of the South Agora, with which it shares a common back wall.15The
masl. At the same elevation was a water pipe, running
bottoms of the buried architectural blocks lay at 517 east-west along the north side of the pit containing the architrave block. Excavation did not proceed beyond this level, except for a 1 x 1 x 1m sounding on thewest side of the trench. Apparently, part of the south stoa had been dam
2). A small sounding dug in 2002 (trench NAg 02.1) had revealed part of the threshold of the east door of theAgora at 517 masl. It isunclear whether this is the original level of the threshold (0.5 m above the stylobate of the southeast corner of the Agora) or a rate, the ground level on the east side in this area was raised approximately 1m (as in the area to the south
discussed above), as shown secondary alteration. In the Late Roman period, at any
equal
to two
city blocks
(see fig.
aged beyond repair, and the decision had been made tobury the debris on the spot rather than clear itaway. The pits inwhich the blocks were buried were lined with stones to inhibit settling.The calamity, or period
of sustained
excavated in 2000, built up against the back of the east stoa of theAgora and furnished with a fine pattern mosaic floor at this level (517.9 masl). In 2004, excava tionwas resumed with the goal of exposing the rest of
this room, with mixed results. Patches of later
by
large
room,
partially
neglect,
that
damaged
the
in the center of
may be
stoa may
also
that monument
and walls built on top of themosaic make itdifficult to determine the original extent of the floor (and thus of the room that enclosed it), but it seems to have
been at least 12.5 m north-south and 15 m east-west.
flooring
An intriguing possibility is that the area directly east of the east stoa was entirely filled in, in late antiquity,
with a series of rooms extending to the east like the large room at the east end of the south stoa. South Side of the Agora. Excavation in this area was limited to a single 3 x 8 m trench, dug to investigate a
court lined and paved with marble slabs (see fig. 2). The floor of the structure (514.2 masl) isapproximate ly3 m below themodern level and nearly 2 m below
SouthwestCorner of the Agora. A 3 x 16m trench dug in 2000 had revealed part of the south side of the large rectangular feature detected in this area by the geophysical survey, showing it to be a sunken pool or
the ancient ground level (ca. 516 masl). Excavation in 2003 (NAg 03.2) and 2004 (NAg 04.1) revealed the east and much of the south sides of this enigmatic fea
13 On 153-60.
the square
foundation,
see Ratte
and
Smith
2004,
14102.1.Jacopi
1939,87-8;
(reference
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
721
ture, together with a 4 m wide strip extending from the south side to the center and a 3 x 3 m area behind the east wall (figs. 8, 9). The stratigraphy is the same as that found in 2000,
terestwere a number of finds from the debris lying directly on the floor, including the end of the nose of the blue-gray horse from the Basilica (03.30), seven iron knives (04.23, 04.30-5), and a number of pieces of waterlogged wood, among them four large, curved oak boards (03.46, 03.48, 03.51, 04.87). Kuniholm re ports a radiocarbon date for one of the boards of 884
plus or minus seven years.16 This date gives a ter
C.E.,
minus post quern for the deposition of thisdebris layer, which may have been contemporary with the major Middle Byzantine renovation of the Temple/Church
and
Bishop's
Palace.
of the floor and walls is consistent throughout.17The first part to be built was the outer edge of the floor, a frame of neatly set and consistently sized blocks, on which the walls of the feature rest (see figs. 8, 9).
less regular, centers, especially near the center. Many
of the floor blocks have drafted margins with slightly two different kinds: single letters incised in themar gins (e.g., the same letteron opposite sides of a joint), which were clearlymeant to indicate the placement of
central bosses, which, as Chaniotis presumably out, points of persons are ab projecting and many bear mason's marks, of Fig. 7. View Agora, of trench NAg looking north. 02.3 on south side of the North
breviations
adjacent orthostat blocks are exposed (on the south wall), they are tied together by an iron pi-clamp. On the best-preserved parts of thewall, also on the south
side, the orthostat course is surmounted
ated with the building project.18 Resting on the floor is a course of marble ortho stats, 0.7 m high. In one place, where the tops of two
table features include a small hole at floor level in thewest wall, just north of the southwest corner. This hole, 0.18 m wide and 0.19 m high, is conical in sec tion, suggesting itwas cut after the wall was already built. Above the hole is a section of stone pipe reused at the top of the wall to drain water into the pool or
in connection court?perhaps hole underneath. age structure, ent excavation with the drain or seep
es of ashlar masonry
places, such as
by
two cours
In other
masonry
the northeast
rests direcdy on the orthostats, probably as the result of a major repair. The maximum preserved height of thewalls is 1.3m. A stairwaycarved out of a single block was revealed on the north side of the structure in 2000. Other no
built, and the entire area of the 3 x 3m trench seems to have been dug up at the same time as this rebuilding. The finds from the deposits behind the wall suggest a Late Roman date. Below this level, a siltygray-green
16 P. Kuniholm,
2004.
18 A. Chaniotis,
pers. comm.
2003.
722
CHRISTOPHER
112 [AJA
N700+
N695 +
N690 +
N685 +
N680 +
N675 +
N670 +
N665 +
Fig. 8. Plan
of southwest
corner
of the North
Agora
(drawing
by E. Ellingsen).
soil was revealed throughout the trench, presumably the earth present before the structurewas built. Only a small portion of thisdeposit was excavated. None of the few sherds thatwere recovered need be later than
the
the construction
in the
It is thus possible that this structure is contemporary with other major features in theAgora, including the
enclosing stoas and the monument in the center.
B.C.E.
or
early
first century
C.E.
ervoirs, probably the equivalents ofmodern holding struc ponds, and Chaniotis has suggested thatboth the ture under consideration and the pool in the South Agora may have served this function.20Although pos sible, both the very substantial construction and the
C.E.
of res
While the excavations have provided valuable in formation about the construction and history of this
structure, its function remains uncertain. The two ob
vious possibilities are a pool or some kind of sunken court.19Epigraphic evidence fromAphrodisias attests
prominent location of this feature would be unusual for a holding pond. Nor have anymajor inlet or outlet as pipes been discovered, such would be required for a fountain installation with a constant supply of fresh water, although theycould lie on theunexplored sides
of the structure. The other alternative, that the struc
20 Chaniotis
2008,74-6.
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
723
or is associated with a sanctuary space) haps assembly even more The results survey conjectural. geophysical south side or a structure in the center, but the excava
had suggested that theremight be an opening on the tions have eliminated these possibilities.
Conclusions About
excavation
useful to
theAgora.
Because
no
is planned,
remarks.
it may be
north
stoa of theAgora was dedicated byGaius Julius Zoilos, probably in the 20s B.C.E.21 The south stoa was built
more than a by Diogenes, also later, generation son of Menandros, for the north in the Tiberian the same period, benefactor Agora.
provide
While
eral
responsible
of the plan (see fig. 2) re It is for conjectural. possible, a room at the east end of large with the large room at the
east end of the south stoa, and it is also possible that the south stoa originally had large rooms like this at
both ends. In
general,
the North
Agora
provides
valu Fig. 9. View of east side of a sunken court or pool at the south west corner of the North Agora, looking north.
The discovery of the large room at the east end of the stoa adds new detail to this picture. It is comparable with the chalcidica of the basilical stoa at Ephesos, the southwest corner of theAgora of Nysa (where the
aisles of a double-colonnaded stoa terminate later room in simi at the lar arched east end of and a similar but portals), stoa at Iasos.22 south the
period
of transition.
mantled, south
the
large
room
at
end certain we
of
rebuilt.
do
occasioned as
or more
Although the area enclosed by these grand (but shopless) porticoes remained largely open, itwas not entirely empty of independent structures. The
square monument (altar? heroon?) in the center of to the east, and just or court corner may the sunken in the southwest pool at the same as the construc all have been built time the square, fountain tion of the enclosing subsequent and stoas. How the square was as an or more used every exclu In a decorative
ofAphrodisias in the early seventh century. In the centuries that followed, it seems quite likely
that
in the Late Roman surface of theAgora show that it remained a busy place until the general abandonment
numbers
the open
area
of
the
center
of
the Agora
was
sively a
unclear.
at any rate, it experienced renovation. The monument in the center of major were the square and the adjacent fountain razed and or court was to the southwest covered the over, pool was the south stoa dis substantially repaired, partially the fourth
or fifth century,
or court into the pool dumped ner of the area. In the Ottoman
of what had been the North Agora formed the west edge of the village that spread over the area between
the Theater and the present-day museum, as shown
21 Reynolds monium 7.
1982,
163, doc.
34; Smith
1993, 7, 11-12,
testi
22For Nysa, see Idil 2006. For Iasos, see Berti 11 on plan); Gros 1996, 116-17.
1993,191
(no.
[AJA
112
remained
prime agricultural land, well watered and filled with clean soil, until Aphrodisias was declared a protected archaeological zone in the 1970s.
Bouleuterion The Bouleuterion, the most
= 1.425), while the narrower doorways (1.23 m) equal 4M modules of 0.285 m (4M x 0.285 = 1.235).
Orchestra. Trench Boul 4 was of the Bouleuterion in order across dug to examine the orchestra earlier strata.
When
important building as
The trenchwas 3m wide and 6.75 m long; itseast side was aligned with the north-south axis of the building. first uncovered
was
sec opus
lifted after
supervised by Bier from 1994 until his untimely death inMarch 2004.23 In previous seasons, Bier had shown
that the extant structure was built in the later second
sectilefloor did not fill the entire orchestra; an outer ring, 1.3 m wide, consisted only of mortared rubble (see fig. 10). Bier believed
a remnant was of an smaller and was earlier arrangement, the auditorium when descended the
century C.E. In 2002 and 2003, he supervised a series of small excavations designed to investigate earlier construction on the site: in the stage building, the or
chestra, was and underneath the radial
orchestra
of the auditorium
work carried out
season of follow-up
supporting
vaults
Trench stage building (counting fromwest to east) .24 Boul 1 uncovered the north face of a deeply founded
StageBuilding. In 2000, two small soundings (trench es Boul 3 and Boul 1) had been dug up against the northwest corners of the third and fourth podia of the
had
statue.26
petit appareil wall running between and underneath the podia on both sides. Trench Boul 3 revealed the extension of this wall, which was interrupted by a door
at the same
recovered during removal of the 0.3 m thick subfloor in the area of trench Boul 4 (02.18A-O). Below this
level, excavation revealed a
way
place
as
the
central
doorway
of
the
of theAgora; the level on top of its foundations (516.1 masl) is close to the stylobate level of the north stoa of theAgora (516.2 masl). In 2002, continued excavation in Boul 1 gave the thickness of tal development wall (2.65 m), and continued excavation inBoul 3 this
the bottom masl. of its foundations Further cleaning on undisturbed around the bases revealed
possibly
contemporary
with
the monumen
0.6 m wide and concentric with the orchestra (not shown in fig. 10; itsouter edge lies 1.9 m in from the edge of the orchestra; the elevation on top is 516.44 masl). Bier believed that thiswas the original edge of
the orchestra, before itwas
curving
foundation
wall,
into a sunken pit. Bonded with the back of this lower apparently part of the supporting structure of the au
ditorium. ered No other architectural Below features were uncov rested in the trench. the orchestra subfloor curving wall was a radial wall extending to the north,
enlarged
and
transformed
soil at 515.85
of the podia of the extant stage building revealed the west side of the early doorway uncovered in trench Boul 3 (wdth. 1.43m) and showed that therewere also doorways in the earlywall in the same places as the first
and
a layer of light brown earth, 0.2 m thick, containing only Late Hellenistic and earlier pottery on top of a lens of clean, sandy gravel, 0.08 m thick,which laydi Rear Chamber 3. The upper part of the auditorium of theBouleuterion was supported by a series of radial
vaulted Chambers substructures, 1-9. Connected labeled with from west the rear to east Rear chambers are rectly on undisturbed soil at 516.18 masl.
m). The widths of these doorways correspond closely to the basic planning module of theNorth Agora. The
interaxial measurement of the exterior colonnades of
fifth doorways
of the extant
structure
(wdth.
1.23
of 0.285 m. The wider doorway in the stage building of the Bouleu terion (1.43 m) equals 5modules of0.285 m (5x0.285 theAgora is 2.85 m, or 10 modules
much cruder ramped vaults, which project under the Rear Chamber
seating of the lower cavea. The vault connected with
in the
23 Bier 2008. 24 Ratte and Smith 2004,161-62. ern (trench Boul 00.2)" sounding sounding (trench Boul00.1)."
page 161, "In the west should read "In the eastern On
25 For an illustration, see Erim 1986, 63. 26 Smith and Ratte 2000, 230 n. 14; Smith 16.
et al. 2006,
no.
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
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IN CARIA
725
Fig.
10. Plan
of Bouleuterion,
showing
locations
of trenches
(drawing
by L. Bier).
1960s, to a point 4.0 m in from itsouter edge. Rear Chamber 3 was chosen for examination of earlier
strata because it is located
trench (trench Boul 6) along the south wall of the chamber, from a point 1m east of the south doorway to the inner edge (as excavated) of the vault, which projects under the lower cavea of the auditorium. The
tagonal tombmonument, which certainlyprecedes the extant Bouleuterion (see fig. 2).27 Thus, any possible earlier building on this site would have to lie south and/or east of this tomb. The initial excavation took place in a 2.0 x 6.8 m
just
southeast
of a small
oc
elevation at thebeginning of the excavations was 517.6 masl. Excavation proceeded through construction fill associated with the extant Bouleuterion (present to 516.4-516.5 masl), followed by a pebble floor and a
sequence of earlier deposits, apparently cut by the side walls of the chamber, until groundwater made further
excavation
features were found, and neither the bottoms of the side walls of the chamber nor undisturbed soil was ex posed. The bottom of the vault thatprojects under the
lower cavea was reached, however, at 516.2 masl. The
impossible
at 516.0
masl.
No
architectural
side walls of thisvault are well built, but the vault itself
27 On
1986,64;
Cormack
2004,173.
726 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
112
is very crude. Apparently, the space between thewalls was filledwith earth during construction; rocks were heaped on top of the earth in the form of theunderside of the vault; the stones and mortar of the vault were
then laid on this earth-and-rubble "form." The same
skeletal remains of an infant,approximately six months A old.29 similar cooking pot covered with a tile,partially
exposed in the northwest similar corner surfaces of were the trench, was at left in situ. Two encountered
517.2 masl and 517.1 masl; fourmore thickened-rim bowls were found at the lower level, two used as lids covering the other two (bowls: 02.32,02.34; lids: 02.33, 02.35). Bowl 02.34 contained
fetus.
to the north, running through the doorway between Rear Chambers 3 and 4. At elevation 516.9 masl, the top of what proved to be a square foundation, 2.2 m along a side, was revealed (fig. 11 [not shown in fig.
human
10]). This foundation, built of unmortared rubble and the Bouleuterion?with the city street aligned?like is preserved to a height of one or two stones. It grid, more likely the base of a smallmonument than part is
of a larger the central structure.
the firsthard surface is 517.4 masl; set into this sur more infantburials placed in the lower face were two halves of broken cooking pots and covered with in verted bowls (fig. 12; pots: 04.48, 04.49; lid: 04.53). At
a level about 0.1 m lower, another burial was found;
The north section of the trenchwas separated from the south half by a 0.5 m baulk and extended as far as the outer edge of the chamber. Here, the level of
vault, and themarble platform fills the space beneath thisvault. It consists of largemarble paving slabs, 0.24 m thick, apparently laid up against the side walls of
the chamber. Excavation showed that these slabs rest on
at the same level as the orchestra floor (517.72 masl). The south end of the chamber is covered by a barrel
Boul 5, divided into a north and a south section by a 0.5 m wide baulk?was dug along thewest side of this chamber to look for earlier buildings and to examine a marble platform in the south end of the chamber
here, two thickened-rim bowls were placed on top of each other (the lower bowl right side up, the upper bowl upside down), with the bones underneath (not inside) the lower bowl. The pots used in the burials are tentativelydated to the sixth century byHudson,30 while all the surround
correct, the burials level, intrusions into a sixth-century no traces of were per although pits are
fifth-century
ceived. The lowest Late Roman level (517.1 masl) lay directly over foundation deposits associated with the
construction of the Bouleuterion. Excavation
through
on the foundation of thewest wall of the chamber. The function of thisplatform isunclear. It seems unlikely that it ispurely structural,but it isdifficult to imagine
abutting
the architectural
site, and,
indeed,
of excavation
The south section of the trench extended 2.5 m north of the north edge of themarble platform. The ground levelbefore excavation was 517.7 masl. At 517.5
masl, a hard surface was reached,
of the stage building are suggestive. It ispossible that leuterion, but it may also have been associated with the north stoa of theAgora; perhaps itwas the back wall of a large niche, with doorways leading into the peri We know from the "workshop inscription" that there was a Bouleuterion atAphrodisias in the firstcentury C.E.,32 but itdoes not have to have been situated on the
style-like area of the "Bouleuterion stoa" complex.31 the early wall revealed here belonged to an earlier Bou
chips embedded in it.Lying on this surface near the sidewall of the chamber was a cluster of four thickened rim bowls (02.26,02.36-8). Sunk into a pit in the same floorwas a cooking pot (02.25) with a bowl placed up side down on top of it (02.39). Inside the pot were the
with many
limestone
been
a examined by physical tain that they are comparable. 30 Hudson 2008, 322-24.
31 The None of the other burials have but it seems cer would
width
of the wall
uncovered
in trench Boul
00.1
anthropologist,
also be appropriate rable with the South Gate (see Scherrer and Trinkl
for an arch-like
32Reynoldsl996.
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
727
Fig.
in trench Boul
5 in situ.
[AJA
112
Imperial Bouleuterion;
in another Oikos structure, of the East a formal
it is possible
such as the Bouleuterion in
met Roman
by a combination of archaeological and epigraphic evidence to the Flavian period. In plan, the building consists of twomajor elements: the long hall (108 x
before
the second half of the second century.33 The extant building remained in use at least until
the late fifth a statue of century, when Pytheas, was or in the set up on its stage a lo stage
receiving
Bouleuterion
29 m), comprising the nave and side aisles, and the south hall (16.5 x 29.0 m), a single large room at the south end of the long hall. The long hall and north end of the building have been themajor focus of ex cavation and architectural study.The basic outlines of the south hall have always been clear from the standing
remains, but until recently the only excavations car
cal benefactor,
building.34 The surprisingdiscovery of a series of infant burials in the rear chamber of the building suggests went out of use within the next century.Hudson that it has suggested that these burials were associated with themid sixth-century plague.35 Another (notmutually exclusive) possibility is that this location was chosen
ried out in this area were a series of trenches dug in 1962.37 In 2005, in addition to ongoing architectural trench (trench SWC 11) was recording, a5.5x13.6m
Agora, a long, oblong court or avenue flanked by triple storied portico-like buildings, and at the far end of the court, a hexastyle prostyle Corinthian temple. In 2005, a number of small trenches (Seb 05.1-5) were dug in
connection with
The Sebasteion is the sanctuary of the imperial cult directly east of theNorth Agora (see figs. 1, 2 [9]). The complex consists of an elaborate gateway opposite the
west wall, subsequently blocked. On the interior, the pier-buttresses project 1.0m from the face of thewall,
on the exterior, to expose 1.2-1.3 the entire m. Trench SWC 11 was sited so as width of the pier-buttresses
pier-buttresses, dividing thewall into three bays, with petit appareil walls running between the buttresses; therewas originally a doorway in the north bay of the
study the fallen architectural blocks; and to expose the floor (figs. 13, 14). The side walls of the south hall consist of four large
a program
of
partial
anastylosis
of the
sure in trench Seb 05.2 of the southwest corner of the raised platform of the temple, (2) the recovery in the
same trench of a number of fragments of one or more
the expo
and a 3.8 m wide stripof the inside of the hall. It runs southward from the northwest corner of the hall to a line 3.4 m north of the south edge of the hall. Further
of itsacroteria (05.50), (3) the recovery in trench Seb 05.1 of a Roman portrait bust (05.49) from the wall of an Ottoman cellar built on top of the Late Roman
street between
the temple
and
of the Se
antine graves associated with the Triconch Church to the southwest. Two graves projecting slightlyfrom
the east untouched. farther the scarp A in the south third grave was end of the trench in the at the were east left scarp of revealed excavated
to the south, the southwest corner pier has collapsed in a jumble of huge blocks, which were not removed. Excavation beneath the topsoil revealed, just below the surface (519.7 masl), the tops of threeMiddle Byz
the east
differentorientation, possibly the building on a slightly same as that of the citygrid. Only a small part of this wall was revealed (bydigging more deeply in a sound ing beneath the Late Roman street level firstopened up in the 1980s); itsbottom was not reached. Civil Basilica is one of the most important associated with the South Agora, the public buildings secondary public square built in the Early and High Imperial periods between the North Agora and the The Civil Basilica (see fig. 2 [17]).36 The Civil Basilica is dated
to the north
request a well-ar
ticulated skeleton with the head facing to thewest but no grave goods). The graves were set into the top of a 1.5 m thick layer of architectural debris. This layer consisted of petit appareil blocks and rubble (from the side walls of the basilica), approximately 75 large (from the architectural articulation of the side wall), and hundreds of fragments ofmarble wall decoration (esp. toward the bottom of the layer). The earth around the debris was very loose, as if ithad ac blocks
cumulated over the centuries around and on top of
government
representative
(revealing
Theater
33 For 3-5.
Oikos,
see Smith
and Ratte
1997,
che
34Roueche 35 Hudson
2008. test trench to the south of the Basilica, reexamined in the middle of the hall. in
the plague
in general,
see Roue
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
729
N470
N465
N460
N455
N450
N445
1:50 |s| Fig. 14. View of trench SWC silica, looking south. 11 in south hall of the Civil Ba
Fig. 13. Plan of trench SWC 11 in the south hall of the Civil Basilica (drawing by P. Stinson and H. Mark).
this great jumble of stones. Removal of the debris re vealed the marble floor of the basilica, buckled and broken but complete through the southern two-thirds of the trench (at elevations 518.2-518.4 masl); to the was missing, but itspink mortar north, the floor itself bedding was preserved. As reconstructed by Stinson, the inner faces of the side walls of the south hall were decorated with elabo
rate three-storied
were articulated as pilasters; the faces of the walls between them were revetted with marble, including elaborate skoutlosis (patterned) decoration. In the
first story, the Ionic colonnade and
engaged
facades.
The
pier-buttresses
It is possible that the statue originally stood in one of the bays between the pier-buttresses of thewest wall or in front of the south side of the pier aligned with the west colonnade of the long hall.
A second remarkable
portrait head found on the floor just northeast of the north intermediate pier (05.25). Found nearby were pieces of the hand and drapery of the statue towhich the head belonged, as well as a fragment of a scroll.
by
an
extraordinary
late second-century
marble
frieze of the nave of the Basilica were continued into the south hall; the second and third stories were Co rinthian,with a palm frieze in the second storyand an acanthus scroll in the third story. In the bays between the piers of the first storywere arches framing large niches; it is likely that a similar arrangement was con tinued in the upper stories.
mask-and-garland
working drawing, incised in the marble floor of the hall. The drawing shows a sectional view through the entablature of the right-hand side a building with a "Syrian" lintel,namely an arch framed by a pedimental roof.The large scale suggests that this isa 1:1 drawing, but itdoes not match any of the known elements of the Basilica, and it ispossible that themarble floor of the Basilica was used as a drawing board for the con
struction or renovation of another building.38
discovery
was
an architectural
drawings
inscribed
of Augustus
(Haselberger
1996).
730 CHRISTOPHER
SMITH
[ATA
112
the column aligned with the east side of the stairway.41 Itwas presumably connected with the back wall of the
portico beam
to the building from the south (fig. 15). In 1999 and was revealed (Stair 2000, part of one of these stairways way 3, counting fromwest to east), togetherwith a sec tion of a portico thatran along the frontof the Stadium
side of the building. Most importantwas the discovery of a series of six external stairways thatprovided access
appearance
of the south
for the bottoms of all the cornice blocks bear regular thewest side, by contrast, the blocks are not all where theyhad fallen but had clearly been moved lying On
cuttings.
by
a wooden
beam
socketed
into
the cornice,
around
portico in front of the next stairway to the east (Stair way 4 in trench Stad 20; the stairwayhad been partially exposed in 1999 in trench Stad 14). A third trench, dug in 2002 (trench Stad 18), examined the area of themodern tractorpath into the Stadium, which runs through a break in the seating in the southeast corner
(in trenches Stad 12,15) ,39 Investigation of this stairway continued in 2003 and 2004 (in trench Stad 19). In addition, another small trenchwas dug to explore the
(esp. the columns shafts). The architrave and frieze have been replaced, moreover, by large architrave blocks apparently reused from an earlier
structure. Two of these blocks were uncovered, one
completely, the other inpart. The blocks are 0.72 and 0.74 m high, almost equal to the combined height to the architrave and frieze of theportico to the east (0.81 m), and theyhave been cut back along their long axes in order to fitthewidth of the columns of the portico. The cornice placed on top of them is identical to that
on the east. The reuse of these blocks
of the building. A fourth small trench, also dug in 2002 (trench Stad 17), examined the juncture between the Stadium and the fourth-centuryCity Wall. Trench Stad 19. Earlier excavation had exposed the east side of Stairway 3 and the portico in front. The goals of trench Stad 19were to uncover thewest side
of the tinued approach the portico to determine whether the portico stairway, to the west, if so to ascertain and whether to the stairway structure continued was open con the
pair or modification of the original design. No evidence for any structure spanning the space
in front
represents
a re
of the stairway
was
revealed,
so itwas
presum
m on the south (fig. 16). The uppermost stratumbelow the topsoilwas a layer of nearly sterile, reddish-brown gravelly earth, present
in thicknesses of 0.5 to 1.5 m
together
with
an area
of 2.0 x 10.5
side, the corner block and the fourth block to the east both had shallow cuttings on them, approximately 0.5 m square. In both places, there are dowel holes in the centers of the cuttings. Both cuttings would have been centered over columns (the firstover the corner column, the other over the next column to the east); thus it seems likely that the cuttingswere for acroteria
lined was up with turned the columns. over and The examined. western corner block top and also It is flat on
over).
On
the east
Excavation
through this layer quickly revealed two column pedestals marking the continuation of the portico on thewest side of the stairway, together with
the fallen stairway columns and and entablature blocks. where Above the in the area of the portico, this red
throughout
the trench.40
the apparent
acroterion
emplacements was it
are
dish gravel was thinnest, it layon top of stone and tile debris, presumably from the portico and the enclosed spaces on either side of the stairway.To the south, or in front of the portico, the reddish gravel laydirectly on the hard-packed earthen road surface on which the architectural remains of the portico had fallen (521.8
1.4-1.5 m below the present ground surface).
a dowel (like the acroteria of the Sebasteion). Trench Stad 20. The purpose of this 6 x 6 m trench was to examine the portico in front of Stairway 4. The
or at this spot,
set without
trench was sited so as to expose the west end of the portico on the east side of the stairway.The stratigra phywas similar to thatencountered in frontof Stairway 3. As was the case with the portico on the east side of Stairway 3, the corner of the entablature was revealed where ithad fallen, together with one verywell lying
Corinthian capital. But as was the case with
masl,
In 2000, the entire entablature of the east side of the portico was revealed, lyingwhere it had fallen when the building collapsed. As noted in an earlier
report, the entablature terminated in a corner above
preserved
surface
sloped
down
to 523 masl.
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
Fig.
15. Plan
of the Stadium,
showing
locations
of trenches
(drawing
by A. Leung).
apparently have
some
disturbance
of the area
after
the col
ing that this portico may have been partially rebuilt. As in trench 19, there is no evidence for an arch or
other structural There element were block. this corner. exposed springing no cuttings from or on on resting of the one top
umns remained partially standing, or lyingat odd an would have interferedwith plowing) gles (where they for some time after the entablature had fallen down. The column fragments discovered in the trench have Doric fluting and so are presumably reused, suggest
the south side of the building or a tunnel like those at the east and west ends of the building. Trench Stad 18 (3 x 15m) was situated along the line of thewall exposed in the east side of the tractor masonry of this path (figs.17,18). A vertical seam in the wall was revealed 1.0m north of the south edge of the trench. South of this seam, thewall isbuilt in its lower part of ashlar masonry supporting a rubble vault.North of the seam, there isno sign of a vault, and thewall is built of reused blocks, includingmany seat blocks from the Stadium. This evidence suggests that the south part of the tractorpath is indeed a structuralvault, originally blind. At some laterdate, the back (north) wall of this
vault was
cornice
Trench Stad 18.A modern tractorpath into the inte rior of the Stadium runs through a break in the seating in the southeast corner of the building, in frontof the
location of Stairway 6. Before excavation
sageway into the Stadium; the seats thatwere removed in thisprocess were then reused in the retaining walls tion required the removal of Stairway 6 or whether it was possible to enter the tunnel by way of structural
vaults present underneath beneath the stairway, Stairways 3 and like those 5.42 known to be of the passageway. It is unclear whether this modifica
punched
through
so as to extend
it into a pas
presumed
began, wall faces supporting a ramped vault visible on both sides of the tractor path suggested that itfollows the line of an ancient feature: possibly a structuralvault like those that supported the earthen embankment on
1998, 239-41;
Ratte
732 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
112
Fig.
16. View
of trench Stad
19, looking
north.
Excavation through post-Antique debris and fill in a 2 x 3 m sounding in front of the seam between the original vault construction and the secondary pas sage revealed two seat blocks reused as a step leading into the vault/tunnel at a level 3 m below the present was not possible todig below this lev ground surface. It el. Further to the north, the passageway was filled with large debris and was not completely excavated. At the meets the podium wall of the Stadium, point where it a large block remains in situ on the east side however,
of the passageway; itmust have served as a doorjamb.
than the long sides. The stratigraphic evidence sug gests that the extension of the vault into a tunnel was associated with the conversion of the east end of the
Theater to ca. 400 into an arena, C.E.44 dated by numismatic evidence
incorporated into the retaining wall of the Stadium, and they do not run under the seating area. This is a ramped vault, which extends well beneath the seat ing area. It ispossible that there are other such vaults throughout the Stadium, or that the curving ends of the building were built differently and more securely
Cleaning east of the passage showed that the reddish gravel packing that covered the first several rows of seating when the east end of the Stadium was modified
for use as an arena runs up
the north wall of the passageway. It also became clear thatat least in thisarea, thepacking covers thefirstfive rows of seats (rather than just the first twoor three, as documented on the north side of the arena) .43
The structural vault later transformed into a tun
against
and
is retained
by
nel is different from the other vaults on the south side of the Stadium. The latter are level barrel vaults
preserved row of seats (row 26). The back wall of the building, however, runs in a straight line, at a 30? an measured gle to the CityWall, which is built over it; at a perpendicular along a radius of the curve of the auditorium, thiswall lies 7.5 m from the topmost row
Trench Stad 17. This trench explored the southwest corner of the Stadium, at the point where itmeets the CityWall (see fig. 15). As exposed in the trench, the back of the rubble packing of the auditorium de scribes a curve (concentric with the curving seating of the ends of the building), 3.33 m from the topmost
2000,225.
2000,226.
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
733
N1140
-f
Fig.
17. Plan
of trench Stad
18 (drawing
by A. Leung).
structural Fig. 18. View of vertical seam between later passageway in trench Stad 18, looking east.
vault and
of seats. It is thus possible that the outside ends of the Stadium described half of a dodecagon. A drain chan nel and a mortared rubble wall running parallel with the CityWall attest the continued use of this area in the Late Roman period. Conclusions About theStadium. Numismatic and ce
evidence suggests a date for the initial construc
century CityWall.
the portico was
ramic
tion of the Stadium in the late firstcentury C.E.45 The architecture of the portico running along the north side of the Stadium seems about a century later, and
no evidence for an earlier
was contempo thewalls.46Another possibility is that it with the conversion of the east end of the Stadium rary into an arena in ca. 400 C.E. This is the likelydate of the conversion of the structural vault in the southeast corner of the Stadium into a passageway giving access to the interior, a modification made necessary by the construction a half a century earlier of the CityWall
blocking access to the original east tunnel.
contemporary
The excavations carried out in 2003 and 2004 show that the extant portico was substantially repaired at some later date. The original location of the large ar chitrave blocks reused in the entablature of the newly exposed sections of thisportico isunknown, but blocks from the same series were also used as lintel blocks in the northwest and northeast gates in themid fourth
portico
has
been
recovered.
CityWall A new studyof the Late Roman CityWall ofAphro disias was begun byDe Staebler in 2001.47 In 2002 and West Gate (trench Wall 2003, trencheswere dug at the the city's principal entryway,and on opposite sides 1), of thewall at a point approximately 50 m north of the West Gate (trenchesWall 2 and Wall 3).
45 Ratte
47 De
Staebler2007,2008.
46DeStaebler
734 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
112
situ. A second, disturbed surface lay approximately 0.25 m below this level. Excavation showed that this surface consisted of large blocks, presumably from the City Wall, which had been loosely arranged so that their tops were all at the same level,with the in terstices filledwith gravel. Pottery from thisgravel and the earth below suggests a date of the ninth to 10th was approximately 0.8 centuries C.E. This debris layer
thick. It rested on a layer of earth (natural accumu
Trench Wall 1.This trench (3.0-4.0 x 9.5 m) bisected West Gate, revealing itssouth themain passage of the side (fig. 19). Excavation uncovered three successive road surfaces. The Ottoman cobbled road, which was bur in use until the 20th century and was only lightly was uncovered at 518.37 masl and leftpartly in ied,
of the gate. Excavation did not proceed beyond the level of thispavement, which in itsearliest phases may be contemporary with the construction of the walls. The original gate opening was 3.52 high and 2.46 m x wide?very close in proportions to 10 7 (7 units of = 2.464 0.352 m m). Trenches Wall 2 and Wall 3. Two small trenches were well-preserved section dug on opposite sides of the very of the curtain wall inwhich a number of gladiatorial stelae were first noticed in 2001 (figs. 20, 21 ).49This section was chosen because it is the highest stretch of
lation), which lay in turn on a marble paved road at 517.2 masl. Pottery from the earth directly above the road dates to the late sixth or early seventh century.48 In the southwest corner of the trench (including the threshold of the gate and the area just outside), the pavement remains in good repair. Elsewhere, it has been replaced with fist-sized cobbles set in gravel. A 0.27 m deep wheel rutwas worn or cut in the threshold
of
the West
Gate
looking
wall (max. ht. 9.4 m) above modern ground level (here 519.1 masl). Trench Wall 2 is a 3 x 4 m sounding out side the wall. Here, excavation through agricultural soils revealed the top of the foundations at 518.7 masl. The foundations consist of a single course of reused blocks, projecting 0.1 m in frontof the face, on top of
mortared rubble. Below this course, the earth in front
earth. The bottom of the wall was reached at 517.15 masl. Thus, the total height of the foundations is 1.55 m, of which only the bottom thirdwas set in undis turbed soil. The builders apparently felt that deeper foundations were not necessary for the stabilityof the wall and that the hardness of this soil was adequate
to deter sappers. The upper part of the foundations seems to have been buried in fill brought in for this purpose. Trench Wall 3 (3 x 5 m) was situated directly Wall 2 on the inside of thewall. The opposite trench of the trench and the construction of the stratigraphy
foundations were
of thewall is redder and includes many chunks ofwhite mortar. At 517.6 masl (1.4m below the present ground surface), both the construction of the foundations and the earth to thewest change. The foundations project a further 0.80-0.85 m in front of the face of thewall,
and the earth
Wall 2. The finds from both trenches tered in trench corroborate the mid fourth-century epigraphic date
for the construction of the wall.50
broadly
similar
to what
was
encoun
Northeast
Sector
deposit, apparendy undisturbed soil. Below this level, the wall was set in a trench dug in this hard, orange
changes
to a very hard,
orange-colored
Exploration of the area immediately northeast of the city as a possible site for a new Aphrodisias Mu seum was begun in 2000 and continued in 2003.51
sherds
included
and a base
50 Diagnostic
sherds
include
an ARS
dish
of Form
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of a well-preserved
section
looking
east.
of the base
looking
east.
736 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
the cemetery, and
112
it con
Although the plan to build on this location was even tually abandoned in favor of adding a new wing onto
of the old Geyre schoolhouse (fig. 22). The total area explored was thus 78 x 103m, or just more than 8,000
m2. The a depth trenches of 3 m. were The dug three western down wherever columns possible of trenches
the existing museum, useful information about the immediate environs of Aphrodisias was recorded. In 2003, a grid of 19 3 x 3m test trenches was established at 25 m intervals in and north of an olive grove north
OtherProjects
Gaudin's Fountain. The structure known as Gaudin's
to
was of a
excavations
tion layer, approximately 1-2 m thick.Below this de posit laygravelly earth interspersed with potsherds of
Roman cases and reach earlier sterile date. Excavation did not The in most ancient of soil below in this stratum. three
signed to clarify itsbuilding history were carried out in 2002. Triconch Church. The interior of the Triconch Church was excavated in the early 1960s, and limited
excavations pose more were undertaken in 2002 A in order small trench to ex situ of its exterior facade.52
features
tared rubble wall, perhaps from a similar structure, in trenchNES 13 (in themiddle of the olive grove). An anomalous find from trenchNES 13was a small Early Bronze Age marble figurine (03.55). The only substantial structure visible in the olive
grove is a
possibly part of a domestic structure or farming build ing (it had a terracotta cist set into it and was buried beneath well-preserved tiledebris); and another mor
trenches included Roman pipes 1.5 and 2.8 m below ground level in trenches NES 8 and NES 12; a mor tared rubble wall less than 0.5 m below the surface in trenchNES 22 (in the northernmost row of trenches),
exposed
the western
columns
which clearly postdate the destruction of the church, since they are dug into earth containing debris from
the church; and a second
apparently contemporary with the use of the church, the last major building atAphrodisias before the final abandonment of the city in ca. 1200 C.E.
Architectural and Site Conservation.
set of graves
at a lower
level,
tion projects were undertaken in the South Agora (new touristpaths through the area), theBouleuterion capping of petit appareil masonry walls), theTemple of Aphrodite (cleaning and repair of the columns), and the Stadium (repairs to the false arcade of theLate Ro man amphitheater at the east end of the building).
SCULPTURE Documentation, Research, Publication (cleaning and repair of the auditorium's marble seats,
Major
conserva
excavation between trenches NES 14 and NES 15 in the third and fourth columns of trenches (counting
from west (easternmost) to east). A number of 2m to be of trenches trenches below also ground in the fourth uncovered level. Most hypo column 1 and appears
large
hypogaeum,
uncovered
in an
earlier
graves, notable
between iswhat
another,
gaeum, in trench NES 17; simple cist graves, possibly of Byzantine date, were uncovered in trenches NES 7 and NES 18; a possible pot burial was exposed in the scarp of trenchNES 15.
The easternmost column of trenches thus
collapsed
In theperiod covered by thisreport, studyand photo graphic campaigns were pursued for the publication
appears
from the Sculptors' Workshop (VanVoorhis), and the parapet reliefs ("Ninos frieze") from the Civil Basilica (Yildinm). A study of the accumulation of statues in theHadrianic Baths (100-600 C.E.) was completed for
of the following bodies ofmaterial: gladiatorial stelae (Kontokosta), figured marble table legs (Phillips), the cult statue of Aphrodite (Brody), the material
(the western
two
a volume on statues in late antiquity (Smith).53 A major collaborative project on portrait statuary from the sitewas completed. This isboth a catalogue
52 Limited 1993
excavation
out
in
For
Yildinm
setting,
see
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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737
of test trenches
in the northeast
sector
(drawing
by E. Ellingson).
the
Greek city under the Roman empire.54 It juxtaposes some 220 statuary itemswith the epigraphic evidence of inscribed bases for about 270 persons who were hon ored with public statues.Distribution maps of the finds
of
with possible bases was carried out by Lenaghan. This work produced important new results and important joins, especially in relation to the portrait statues from theAgora Gate and the propylon of the Sebasteion. Statue ofLivia
other discoveries Among new female rial is a whole in the Sebasteion statue reconstructed mate from
together with more detailed plans and diagrams that show the position of statue finds in individual com plexes of the city center, such as the Bouleuterion,
Theater, Hadrianic Baths,
statuary
and
bases
around
the
site were
prepared
In conjunction with thisproject, a major campaign of joining fragments to their statues and testing statues
and Agora
Gate.
A five separate components (figs. 23, 24) ,55 draped fe male torso found at the Sebasteion Propylon (82.101) was joined to the lower part of a draped statue and itsplinth (72.314) found built into the Late Antique
(seventh-century?) fortification wall constructed on
54 Smith etal. 2006. 55 showed that the statue bases Study of clamp alignments for Drusus Caesar and Lucius Caesar (82.116A) (84.37) did indeed carry statue plinths 82.116B and 82.108 and that a
tall, headless
statue
(81.151)
should
belong
on
the base
for
738 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
112
base (72.275) for a statue of Livia, originally from the Sebasteion propylon but found reused in the same Late names Antique wall at the Theater.56 The inscription the statue as "Julia Sebaste Hera, daughter of Augus tus."The context for the base at the Sebasteion propy lon isTiberian, and the subject can therefore hardly
be either Julia, the disgraced daughter of Augustus, or Julia, the daughter of Titus, but should rather be Livia (JuliaAugusta), who was adopted byAugustus in 14 C.E. in his will.57The name Hera naturally refers to her role as consort of Zeus Patroos Sebastos Kaisar, a form inwhich Augustus was probably honored in the same building complex.58 Given that the base and statue belonged together and that the base identifies the subject, it is possible to supply the figure's head. A portrait head (73.240) that was also found in the late wall at the Theater
can be identified independendy and with certainty as Livia,59 and since it is of the right scale, style, and on the statue even technique, it should be restored it cannot now join (the neck and shoulders though are broken). Scale, date, and identity match. In other the head belongs not because itjoins but be words, cause it can be shown to be of the same person and
from the same context.60
The reconstructed whole is an impressive figure of the dowager empress of the Tiberian period, seen from the Greek East. The veiled statue has large, matronly forms and a swinging dynamic posture in which the right arm was extended, probably holding a phiale. The head, which had a separately added "no dus" (knot) of hair over the brow, wears the Roman
statue of Julia Fig. 23. Reconstructed of the Sebasteion, from the propylon
Sebaste
Hera
275), plinthand feet (72.314), torso (82.101), and head (73. 240), Tiberian. Aphrodisias Depot (drawing K. G?rkay). by
connecting
the ideal features ofHellenistic divinities. This reconstructed figure isan important discovery, a statue of the firstRoman empress represented as a new Olympian goddess, Julia Augusta Hera. The fash
ion-hairstyle is Livia's, the face isHera's.
fashion-hairstyle of one of Livia's portrait types that is best attested in the East. The plain, rounded face and facial features have nothing, however, of Livia's portrait physiognomy and are a simple modulation of
the line of the back of theTheater stage building. Its missing right knee (82.224F) was also located. These fragments were doweled together. Careful study of the clamp cuttings in the back of the statue's plinth showed that itonce belonged to a
Statuesfrom the Agora Gate the dense finds of portrait statuaryfrom the Among
Agora
bled and shown either certainly to belong (to join) or veryprobably tobe from the same statue. The method used was to plot on a detailed map the findspots of all
Gate,
fragments
of
several
statues
were
assem
no. 17 (base). 1980,109-17, ^Reynolds 57 Suet. Aug. 101.2; Tac. Ann. 1.8. nally from the Sebasteion.
5.4 (Erim).
1979, 61-2,
60 Smith etal.
2006, no. 80
(Lenaghan).
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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739
longs.The missing part of theneck was modeled in clay in order to set the head on the statue and to assess it
in
pieces belong where there isno join, but theycan show the possibility. This, combined with close findplaces, can make a connection likely. A near-complete
assembled was
position.61
Such
reconstructions
cannot
prove
that
draped
six pieces,
from
Aydin Museum.63 The missing part at thewaist can be easily restored with the aid of theAydin figure. Small
suggested by theirfindspots and statue typology (fig. Most of the pieces were found close together 26) .62 at the south end of theAgora Gate. The lower part of the figure was assembled from four joining pieces of verydifferent surface preservation: feet and plinth (83.192B), knees (87.420), right thigh (77.32), left thigh (83.60B). An upper torso (83.192A), found in the same area, does not join but can be shown to be part of the same veiled statue because both parts follow a statue design attested by a headless example in the
of statue of Julia Sebaste Fig. 24. Head from the propylon of the Sebasteion, Depot.
the building and then to bring out from the depots and try tomatch up all the pieces of similar subject,
statue close type, to one scale, and manufacture The results that were confirmed found has another. what
been found in the studyof other building complexes at the site, that fragments of statues found close together often belong together. The assembly of two of these
statues, one male, one female, both from the southern
end of theAgora Gate, are brieflydescribed. The male himation figure (fig.25) was a torso com posed of three fragments (upper body and back of legs [77.30] and right shoulder [83.63]). To this a left shoulder (87.388) was added. A plinth signed by a sculptor named Apellas (87.445) that has a joining right lower leg (T-448) was also seen to belong: the drapery of the lower leg lines up with thatof the torso. A battered beardless head wearing a crown (86.29)
found in the same area some meters from
Gate,
Gate
the Agora
61 Smith et al. 2006, nos. 54,55 62Smith etal. 2006, nos. 86,202
(Lenaghan). (Lenaghan).
63Bing?l
1989,61,
fig. 2.
740 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
112
was found to the South Agora belongs to this figure; it join break to break to the shoulders of the upper part of the statue (83.192A).
The statue was a tall, slender, demure
may predate the construction of theAgora Gate (mid second century) and somay have been brought to the building from another context in late antiquity. An inscribed base found in the same assemblage ofmate rial at theAgora Gate honors a local woman named Ammia, daughter of Zenon.65We might see a portrait of thiswoman, exempli gratia, in one of these two fe
statues.
a strong twisting movement in its body and a mod esdy downcast gaze and traditional ideal Hellenistic features. It belongs well with another Hellenistic-style female portrait statue from theAgora Gate (restored in 1996) signed by its sculptor Menodotos and found also at the south end of the building.64 Both figures
figure
with
male
fragments.66
Dometeinos
An interestingdiscovery concerns the display setting of the best documented and best preserved of all High Imperial Aphrodisian portrait statues. The statue of L. Antonius Claudius Dometeinos Diogenes (fig.27) was leuterion, where itwas found with itshead, fallen in The statue frontof its tallbase, which remains in situ.68 once stood on the base, but the two cuttings in clearly itsplinth and the two cuttings in the top of the base are at first puzzling. If the statue was set up with the front line of itsplinth set parallel to the front of the base, the clamps would not align. was made of the clamp cuttings in 2004, A new study
set up ca. 200 C.E. at the western entrance to the Bou
statue of woman from the Agora Gate, Fig. 26. Reconstructed 83. lower part (four fragments: 77.32, 83.60B, combining (89.8), second century. Aphrodisias Depot.
fragments and heads often travel farther than large body parts from the place a statue fell.A veiled female head (89.8) excavated in the east end of the pool of
using a one-to-one model of the plinth of the statue set on the top of the base. This showed that the clamp cuttings could indeed be made to align, but only if the plinth of the statue had been set down on the base at a strong oblique angle so that its straight front makes an angle of 17?, tracing a line from the front
and Ratte 1998, 246-48, figs. 24, 25; Smith et al. 2006, no. 85. 65 Smith et al. 2006, appx., H 226. 66 in Smith et al. 2006, nos. 53 These finds are published statue [75.196], now with lower body [NAgPy 89. (himation
64 Smith
[71.479],
1.1]), 56 (himation statue [75.219], now with plinth and feet [83.204], a lower leftleg [80.20], and joining righthip
[T-57]), 57 (himation statue [83.62], now with plinth and low er statue [83.61], now with lower 58 (himation legs [83.33]), Smith et al. 2006, no. 2 (togate youth from the Theater
no. 4 (small togate statue from Theater [73.1], now with lower no. 17 (colossal Antoninus Pius from added); part [67.181] no. 94 [T-592]); Agora Gate, with part of right hand added (large Herculaneum statue from Bouleuterion [62.488, 63.
right
arm
in two joining
fragments
T-516]); no. 98 70], with twoparts of plinth joined [T-515, Wall [61.81]with plinth and (statue inCeres typefrom City
1979, 210-13, no. 186, pis. 2006, no. 48, figs. 19,24.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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741
This means that right of the base toward the back left. the statue was not set up in accordance with the line given by the front of itsplinth, and the statue's head was not turned to itsright. Instead, in front view, the body turnedwhile the head looked straightahead over the front of the base. Probably, the figurehad been designed to standwith the plinth straight to the front,but when the statuewas was adjusted on the spot and lowered intoposition, this
the figure turned 17?.The second position gives thefig ure more impact and immediacy, turns thehead to face more anyone entering theBouleuterion, and unites it
Bouleuterion, Dometeinos' the statue niece.69 Her of Claudia (more Antonia broad-based) Tatiana, statue
this change in itsposture (see fig. 27). The adjustment to the setting of this important statue is of intrinsic interest both in terms of the aes went into the display of these expensive thetic care that monuments and in termsof the level of detail that can be recovered about theirhistory from close studyof all
surviving components.
Polychromy A scientific studyof painting and gilding on marble sculpture at Aphrodisias was pursued byAbbe. About
25 pieces, mosdy freestanding statuaryof the Roman period, were examined using raking, transmitted,and ultraviolet light, in conjunction with 5-40x magnifica
tion. Good traces of color were found and document
ed in photographs on about 15 pieces, from which samples were taken in order to analyze the pigments
and materials used.
The results clarified the sequence of pigment appli cations and of gilding techniques in the following key ked male leg (74.8) from theTheater Baths and south wall. Two gilding campaigns with separate grounds
were recorded on an over-life-sized left hand from the examples. Gilding was studied on an over-life-sized na
(2004) of a statue monument Fig. 27. Photomontage set on base Dometeinos tonius Claudius Diogenes, alignment, ca. 200 C.E. Aphrodisias Museum.
of L. An in correct
(70.11). A combination of and red underpaints was found on a portrait yellow head fragment from the south wall (75.305). Red and black paint with localized gilding was recorded on an "Apollo" head from theHadrianic Baths (66.271). This study of the relationship between carved and painted
surfaces on Roman sculpture at the site continues.
Sarcophagi and FuneraryMonuments A major documentation project focused on thegreat numbers of sarcophagi and sarcophagus fragments that survive from the city and itsnecropoleis.70 Important
aims are to record
the pieces
in a
sarcophagus
database
^Inan 138,140
no.
187, pis.
1998,245-46;
2000,241-43;
[AJA
is unfinished in terms one
112
inscriptions
excava informa vital
their original
for bodies,
cophagi and sarcophagus fragments by a painstaking process of elimination, gradually matching the pieces with descriptions and measurements given in the old records. This work will eventually provide a better un
derstanding of sarcophagus use on the roads in and out ofAphrodisias, and this is the subject of a current doctoral project by Awan. A new study has investi
it is fullyfinished and ready and was indeed used: the inside isa fully worked rectangular interior. (The nor mal upper lip of the chest and a corresponding offset in the underside of the lid are, however, not carved.) The sarcophagus represents a radical choice in a wide range of unfinished decoration that sarcophagi might exhibit in theHigh Imperial period.72 east necropolis in 2002 (S-479; ht. 103 cm; wdth. 227 cm; depth 104 cm; fig. 30). This large, high-quality sar cophagus isdecorated on all four sides in a distinctive style associated with the earliest series of sarcophagi
in Roman empty Asia Minor.73 Its itsmain design is spare, with much It has thin, space around components. Early Garland Sarcophagus. Excavated in the south
by the deep local impact of the famous citizenship edict of Caracalla of ca. 212 (the so-called Constitutio
Antoniniana) .71
gated the quantity ofwell-dated sarcophagi produced in the early third century and argues that a boom in sarcophagus use in this period should be explained
Many sarcophagus fragments have been newly joined and several sarcophagi recomposed from dispa
rate parts. Most important are the remains of a Doki
tightly wrapped garlands supported at the corners on horned rams' heads. On the long sides, the garlands hang in three shallow swags set high on the chest with
high-quality local garland sarcophagus (S-388) that were scattered was put together from 17 fragments that through various depots (fig. 28).
New ments finds from of and sarcophagi the area around other funerary monu continue Aphrodisias
grape bunches hanging from them.On the short sides, the single swag carries a decorative motif above: on the left side a shield; on the right, a flower. On the
long sides, the lunettes are empty, and the three swags
to accumulate, brought to light by farming activity. In 2002 and 2004, three complete and very different
sarcophagi and were excavated by An the museum interesting in the east stele of the southeast necropoleis.
are supported in themiddle by a pair of bulls' heads (back) and by a pair of Herakles hip-herms (front). The Herakles herms are of a kind usually associated with the gymnasium. To the common festal effect evoked by the garlands and heads of sacrificial animals,
the hip-herms and social add standing a reference associated to the learning, with culture, the gymnasium.
large repertoire of carved marble tombs and inscribed social history. UnfinishedSarcophagus withLid. Excavated in the east necropolis in 2004 (S-525; ht. with lid 135 cm; wdth. 230 cm; depth 101 cm; fig. 29). The sarcophagus is in in its level of deliberate incompleteness. Both the lid with a jacket of exterior stone and the chest are left thathas plain, rough-pointed quarry surfaces. It isnot
plain sarcophagus or even an unfinished plain sar a teresting for the extreme and unusual choice it makes
tions to Aphrodisias'
pieces
are,
in different
ways,
important
addi
This is educated decoration. The sarcophagus should be dated in theEarly Imperial period.74 The handsome of the third century and belongs
use of the for violation continuation currently inscription carved above the central
therefore to a later
swag,
however,
is
It records the only sarcophagus. penalties of the monument and is the presumably on the lid. The of a text once written lid the sarcophagus was found with itbut can
on
wdth. 210 cm; depth 70 cm; fig. 31). The sarcophagus contrasts in date, scale, and social levelwith the early
not be itsoriginal lid: itdoes not fit properly. Garland Sarcophagus of Philippos and Zenas. Excavated in the southeast necropolis in 2002 (S-478; ht. 84 cm;
see Huskinson sarcophagi, 73 On the controversial chronology of early garland sarcoph inAsia Minor, see esp. Strocka 1996. agi 74 Cf. the material 1996, 459-62. At by Strocka gathered Aphrodisias, good dated parallels for both the design and
can be found in the effect of the garlands mask-and-garland frieze of the Portico of Tiberius in the South Agora and in the garlands ing. The on the ethnos bases of the Sebasteion's North Build flower in the lunette on the right-hand end of the sar can be in the flowers decorating closely paralleled cophagus reliefs in the second story of the the bases of the mythological South Building.
the
Sebasteion
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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743
garland
sarcophagus
(S-388),
Depot.
garland sarcophagus above. It is a thoroughly ordi nary,modest, routinely worked garland sarcophagus of conformist third-centurytype. Aphrodisias has some 60 more or less complete examples like it (as well as
ca. 140
was
a slave
comfortable
were sufficiendy and they well-off to aspire to the kind of stylishburial in carved marble favored by theirbet
ters and masters.
enough
to know
his parents,
able inscription on the lid and chest gives their story. A woman named Agathangelis had the sarcophagus made (that is, she paid for it) but is not buried in it. She had it made for her partner, Philippos, who is a freedman (apeleutheros),and for the boy Zenas, who is surely their son, though this is not stated because the boy is (still) a slave and so technically has no parents. He isowned, we are told, by a thirdparty, one M. Au
ther examples). The swags support twoportrait busts, a balding, full-faced, elderly man on the right, to be taken as Philippos, and a youth with thick leonine hair on the left,tobe taken as Zenas. The long and remark
fragments
from
an
uncertain
number
of fur
Hellenistic Stele fromKaracasu. Fully preserved pedi mented stele (6672; ht. 98 cm; wdth. 50 cm; depth 15.5 cm; fig. 32) found in 2005 by a farmer in a field about 5 km south of theneighboring townof Karacasu, about 20 km fromAphrodisias. Beside the sarcophagi, the grave relief represents a much earlier period of social life in the environs of Aphrodisias. In the plain field below the relief figures, faint traces of two lines of lettersappear. A few lettersare visible: I, If,O, and A. They are small, neat, widely spaced Hellenistic let ters (letter ht. 1.5 cm). A splayed I, with oblique up
and lower horizontals, looks second per century rather
how fardown the social scale themarble habit spread. Aphrodisias has well-attested middle-level sarcophagus
buyers?a metalworker, a paint seller, sculptors75?but
relius Chrysippos, and is referred to in the text only as thisman's slave (doulos). This would be unsurpris ing earlier inRome but ishighly unusual in conserva tive provincial society in this period. This is our first slave portrait at Aphrodisias. This new find showswell
them. In dress, posture, and effect, theyare typical of Middle and Late Hellenistic city stelae. The woman is tighdywrapped in the "pudicitia" pose, and theman
wears a chiton and himation
in the swaggering manner of the famous Aischines statue. This is a striking, civic, public posture. Both well-mannered pos figures have tall, elegant, stylish,
tures and well-designed contours. There is a consider
in the "arm-sling"
posture,
this is the firstsarcophagus for a slave at the site.Nor are they common elsewhere in the Greek East. The sarcophagus also illustrates the wide range of fates that awaited the chattel slave in the ancient world, from the unspeakable to the prosperous. Our Zenas
able difference in quality and design between the new stele and the only other figuredHellenistic stele from Aphrodisias.77 This other stele is larger but less fluent and somewhat awkward in its reception of Hellenistic
75 For a paint seller and sculptor, see MAMA 8 574, pi. 22. For a metalworker and another sculptor, see (or glassblower) Smith and Ratte 1996,26-9, figs. 23,24. toA. Chaniotis. 761owe this observation
stele
(a woman
744
CHRISTOPHER
112 [AJA
(S-479) from the southeast necropolis, Fig. 30. Early garland sarcophagus in the third century. Aphrodisias inscribed and reused Museum. C.E.,
or
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL
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745
hand holding drapery (see above, under "Civil Basili a short beard, and a thick, curling, modish hairstyle, all treated with the highest technical refinement and varied textures of the best marble portrait sculpture of the later second century C.E. In its sumptuous style and effect and large scale (ht. 35 cm; ht. from chin to crown 30 cm), the portrait stands at the top of the hon orific scale at Aphrodisias
and no doubt represented ca"). The head has youthful, ideal handsome features,
the figures,as well as in the handling of details, such as the engraved edging of the himatia of both figuresand in the neat oudining of the figures against the back
with a narrow ground more more connected, chisel. The new stele presents social culture a for sophisticated
proportions,
contours,
and
layout
of
the emerging monument-buying classes of theAphro disias Valley in the second century B.C.E. New Statuary: Tiberius and Antonine Youth are a high-quality Antonine portrait head from the Civil Basilica, now published,79 and a statue of Tiberi us put together from pieces excavated in the North Agora, which isdescribed below more fully. AntonineHead. This head (05.25; fig. 33) was once
Among other new statuary finds,78 most important
(for nonimperial
a young man
subjects)
of the
of one
city's leading families. Tiberius.This statue (see figs. 4,5) had a complicated but interesting archaeological life.A headless statue (02.5) was found in 2002 reused ina Medieval wall built
at the entrance to the
part of a large statue: ithas a neck support behind and was found on themarble pavement of the chamber at the south end of the Basilica with a fragment of its left
The statue is a high-quality draped male figure with bare chest, sensitivelyworked in the best Early Impe
corner of theNorth Agora. A large slice from the back of what was once a large Early Imperial portrait head (02.7) was also found in the same wall in the same year.
large
chamber
at the southeast
78 are new statuary finds from 2002-2005 Other significant fe the lower part of a broad-based, Hellenistic-style draped male portrait statue (02.06) found at the City Wall near the West Gate (Smith et al. 2006, no. 100); numerous fragments of or a colossal Late statue Early Imperial cuirassed Republican in the Bouleuterion, where found in excavations (02.18A-O) the statue had been broken up and used as packing under the opus sectilefloor of the building's orchestra in the later second
(Smith et al. 2006, no. 16); a life-sized female century C.E. head (04.57) with ideal features and plain ideal hairstyle, ex the head (goddess or idealized cept for a braid wound around to the east of the chamber at the southeast portrait?), found corner of the North naked male por and a headless, Agora; trait bust of the second century C.E. (05.49) found in upper levels to the southeast 79Smith etal. of the Sebasteion. no. 221, pis. 161-63. 2006,297-99,
746 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
its most and
112 loosely
ver easy
complete be it would
to identify it as a senior Olympian such as Zeus or Asklepios. Both were important local gods at Aphro
disias. There is, however, no
served nape of the neck as Zeus should have. Long hair rolled up in a styleAsklepios often wears might be a possibility, but so would short hair. A short hairstyle
would indicate a mortal and in such a costume,
sign
of hair
on
the pre
an emperor. The find place is close to the propylon of the Sebasteion, where a major Early Imperial portrait
group stood.81
surely,
The discovery in 2004 ofmore fragments belonging to the back of the head (02.7) found in 2002 provide such a portrait. The five new fragments (04.38, 04.41, were found fallen and smashed at 04.60,04.61,04.69) floor level in the chamber in front of a niche in the
middle of itsnorth wall. The fivefragments join each other and the back of the head found in theMedieval wall in 2002. The six fragmentsmake up the back and right half of an over-life-sized portrait head (ht. 28 cm; see fig.5). The fragmentaryhead has a clear Augustan or early Julio-Claudian allure. It looks at first likeAugustus but does not wear one of his "official" hair fringes. The subject isTiberius. The tallbrow, short, compact pro file, prominent chin, and sharp nasolabial lines are all features of Tiberius' mature portrait physiognomy.
Aphrodisias,
in 2005
at Karacasu, Depot.
near
They can be found in provincial versions of Augustus portraits but not regularly and not in combination.82 Also distinctive to Tiberius' portraits are the deep, square shape of the head in profile, and in front view thewidth of the outer contour of the head above the
ears. his The latter is a constant and individual feature of portraits.
Aphrodisias
the figure shallow front to back and that required a separately added back right shoulder. The early date is clear from the refined surface finish, from technical
mannerisms, and from
empire.83
The
In 1999, part of a statue plinth with a naked male foot (99.36) of the same scale as the statue had been
found near the same wall. Further excavation inside
the piecing.
38 C.E. The official portraits had short fringes (diffi cult for sculptors to remember and distinguish) but a clear physiognomical individuality,both younger and older, setwithin a clear Augustan style.Provincial ver sions often heighten the aspect of Augustus likeness
?as this one does?in order to create a clearer dyna stic effect.
potential
honorand,
from
at
least
12 B.C.E.
to
the chamber in 2004 recovered an ankle fragment (04.42) that shows that the foot and plinth also join. The ankle joins the statue above and the foot and plinth
fragment below.
Of themature Tiberius types,what remains of the most easily taken as a heavy, simpli hair fringe here is fied version of the hair of the typecalled Copenhagen
^Lippold 81 Reynolds
1950,190 1980,1986;
in B?schung
1993b.
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARIA
747
of the brow. The Aphrodisias version has fewer, thicker locks and combines the parting with the sharp angle in the hairline at the corner of the brow. Such sim plified, exaggerated, adjusted, and misremembered Julio-Claudian hair fringes are well documented at Aphrodisias
Several
624 after a head in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek.84 It has short locks above a tall brow swept to the viewer's right from a parting above theouter corner of theright eye and a sharp angle in the hairline at the leftcorner
tors strongly suggest an association of the head with the statue. Since new excavation to findmissing parts is not planned, it isuseful to layout these arguments here.86The head isof the same scale, distinctive tech nique, and Early Imperial date as the statue, and the
head and statue are from the same context and in a
archaeological,
stylistic
fac
similar fragmented condition. Part of the head came from the same wall as the statue; part of the statue (the ankle) was found inside the chamber, where most of the fragments of the head were found; and generally at Aphrodisias, statue parts found close together have a good chance of belonging together. There are some
additional arguments in this case. First, the smashing into fragments of both the head and the statue's feet and plinth would encourage theirdispersal. That sub stantial fragmented parts of both the feet of the statue
the head remained in the same area to be found
and
a (05.25) young man Fig. 33. Portrait head of bearded the Civil Basilica, 160-200 C.E. Aphrodisias Depot.
from
and joined
both. Second,
in the excavation of the chamber. And third, there are remains of a major contusion at the back right of the
neck break that are matched
broken surface seem tomatch up (see fig.4). We may have here the trace of the heavy blow that broke the head from the statue and splintered the neck. The iconography of the statue might suit a senior emperor but would be unusual for such a figure.At were Aphrodisias, as elsewhere, senior imperial figures often assimilated to senior Olympian gods under one
sion on the surviving neck fragment attached to the head at the back right. When the head is in the correct position on the body, the two sides of this distinctive
by
remains
of a contu
more usual kind of half-naked imperial figures (those wearing the so-called hip-mande) are tobe thought of as wearing something different, the cloak of the com
mander.89
of Zeus at Aphrodisias under this latter tide.87 Such titles supply formulations that allow us to understand better the aims of statue iconography. It was highly unusual for an emperor to be por trayed in thisway, bare-chested in a himation.88 The
Conceivably,
the himation
in the new
statue
84 624 type. Fittschen and Zanker Tiberius, Copenhagen (1985, no. 12 n. 8) list 23 versions and variants. B?schung a total of 25 versions known to him. (1993a, 58, Lf) mentions 85 on the Ara Pacis has a Smith 1987. The Tiberius figure of a few thick, short locks (Conlin similarly simplified fringe in Smith et al. (2006, no. 168) but head is published of the two is the statue?though the likely connection noted. 87 MAMA 8 431; supra n. 60. A new inscription mentioning a of Zeus Patroos Sebastos Kaisar was found in 2004 (I priest ^The not
1997,fig.195).
sandals 1968, 112, no. 125, (Niemeyer inMuseo altar from Abellinum, 46); (2) a marble Irpino, pi. em of a statue of a beardless Avellino, with a representation in thismanner and carrying a in a himation peror (?) draped form but with Greek statue flanks a trophy and is receiving scepter?the (Gradel 2002,95, fig. 4.2G, H). 89Cf. Smith etal. 2006, ch. 5 n. 1 (Hallett). sacrifice
04.05). statue in the Archae 88Two rare examples are (1) a Balbinus Zeus Museum of Piraeus, also in the basic Dresden ological
748 CHRISTOPHER
[AJA
continued on the reliefs
112
of a senior Olympian god, in this case surelyZeus. The bare feet (instead of theGreek sandals that might ac such a costume) suggest that the emphasis company
was
the of this costume statue form and borrowed meaning was no doubt for an emperor the transferred identity
the Sebasteion, which are now on display in a new hall attached to the present Aphrodisias Museum (opened
phy rather than on other (Greek civic)meanings of the himation. This might be an unusual, local conception of imperial power akin to the Olympian representa
tions of the emperors in the Sebasteion.90
placed
on
the aspect
of
elevating
divine
iconogra
merly (and wrongly) identified as Demos.93 Statue ofYoung Priestfrom Theater. Conservation
to other important discoveries about another
inMay 2008). Other stone conservation focused on a horse in blue-gray marble from the Civil Basilica (70.569)92 and a portrait statue from theTheater, for led
of Amalgamated divine titles the kindjust mentioned would usually be represented by a divinely costumed was body combined with an imperial portrait head that
often adjusted in the direction of an elevated idealism (ofwhich the new head is a clear example). The por trait showed that the subject and identityof the statue
the emperor, while the costumed body gave an ex
was
planatory description of his Olympian character. We may conclude that the head represents Tiberius and almost certainlybelongs with the statue in the form
of Zeus found with it.
They
are
from
the same
context
statue ofDemos.94 The restoration of 1979 had started to come dangerously apart (themain parts had been joined without dowels), and the statuewas dismantled and removed from themuseum display in 2001. The dismantling of the figure allowed several things to be seen thatwere not readily apparent before: (1)
the statue had
eral fragments in theTheater in 1970. Ithad then been restored and set up in 1979 on an inscribed ancient base found near it in theTheater thathad supported a
statue (fig.34), a tallhimation statuewith ideal youth ful features (70.630), which had been excavated in sev
imposing
though
unusual,
is
appropriate
and
compre
(see figs. 23, 24). They may have belonged together, in some connection with the propylon of the Julio Claudian Sebasteion, the earliest part ofwhose statue find context of the Tiberius, in the large room at the southeast corner of theNorth Agora, is only about 40 m from the Sebasteion's propylon. Display in thisroom would
and program was conceived in the Tiberian period.91 The
tiquity; the right footwas doweled to the ankle at the break, and the stump of the left leg above themiss ing ankle was drilled out in a deep, irregular square ancient dowel hole (a major kind of repair seen also on figures from theAgora Gate);95 (2) the top of the inscribed base carried something perfectly cylindri cal, quite unlike the plinth of the statue; and (3) the
statue's crown has two small busts attached
already
fallen
and
been
restored
in an
concealed
forehead.
behind
This "bust
to it, partly
by priests and cityofficials.96 The statue therefore did not belong on the base for
Demos and represents youth restoration not a aristocratic went a major in the role in a handsome divinity but of a local It under priest. and this suggests
it should
found virtually complete (though in fragments), there was no base with it.The Livia was certainly part of the main statue display of the propylon, and parts of it were found reused behind the Theater. The Tiberius use, with the Livia on may then have stood, in its first
the entrance gate and to the Sebasteion.
that it may be one of the statues that inscriptions on the cornice of the Theater logeiondescribe as having
been taken from somewhere else, restored, and
antiquity,
there on the logeion in themid second century.97 The statue itself is of themid-later first century.
The statue was restored and remounted in the mu
set up
Anastylosis
Conservation
in Following detailed theoretical documentation to 2004 of the survivingarchitectural elements of 2000 the Sebasteion, physical anastylosis of the eastern end
seum in 2002/2003.
young aristocrat
wearing
nose (03.30) was found in in the of the sunken square precinct 2003 during excavation North Agora, and a fragment of its tail(?) (04.07) was recov in 2004. The newly conserved monument ered at the Basilica has now been mounted 93 Infra n. 94. in the new museum hall.
90 See Smith 1987. 91 1980,1986. Reynolds 92 The missing end of the horse's
2006, no. 50). 95 an extensively See especially himation repaired from the Agora Gate (Smith et al. 2006, no. 57). 96 Rumscheid 2000. doc.
statue, formerly associated with inscribed base (Erim and Smith 1991, 74, no. 6, fig. 8; Smith et al. statue
97For hgeion statues, see Reynolds 1981, 320-22; 1982, 181, further in Smith et al. 2006, ch. 2 nn. 43-4. 53; discussed
2008]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
AT APHRODISIAS
IN CARLA
749
this statue.The crown would be gilded and the clothes painted purple. Some color ispreserved on this figure in itseyes and on itsshoes. The statuewas made in the major restoration probably in themid second century fora new display setting, togetherwith other statues,on of top of the cornice of theDoric logeion theTheater. The piecing together of this statue's history is a good example of the long lives of ancient statues and of how combined conservation and archaeological study bring interesting new results. CONCLUSIONS Aphrodisias is an unusually rewarding site for the studyof key aspects ofGreek city lifeunder theRoman empire, such as the design of a grand urban environ
ment first century, suffered severe damage, and underwent
and the dense deployment of statue honors as the major currency of political lifefor itsbenefactor elite.
The research
to represent
the
community's
claims
to status
of current archaeological and historical investigation at the site, emphasizing careful documentation and study of itspreserved remains. Important new finds of sculpture include a statue of Livia (see figs. 23, 24), the sarcophagus of a slave (see fig. 31), an An tonine portrait head of the highest production level (see fig. 33), and a statue of Tiberius (see figs. 4, 5).
last two were recovered in the
reported
on
here
offers
a cross-section
The
ongoing
excava
a himation and Fig. 34. Portrait statue of a youth wearing bust crown from the Theater, mid-late first century, restored in 2002/2003. Museum. Aphrodisias
detailed understanding of the city's urban develop ment: from the completion in the early firstcentury C.E. of the Late Hellenistic building program of the Agora through the construction in the later firstand second centuries of a splendid array of public build ings enacting the interplayofGreek and Roman tradi tions to the dramatic transformations of late antiquity, illustrated in the fourth century by the construction of a new citywall, and in the sixth century by the use of the substructures of the Bouleuterion of infant children. for the burial
provided
a more
concrete
and
in a way that left its (missing and sepa rately attached) right arm free to perform the ritual act of pouring a libation. Priesthoods were expensive civic offices thatgave theirholders prominence in the community, in both lifeand statues. Priests led public itshimation
processions, conducted sacrifices, and
DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY
OF CLASSICAL OF MICHIGAN
STUDIES
festival games, and theywore regal-looking purple cloaks and elaborate bust crowns made of gold.98 It is thisprestigious priesdy costume that is represented in
presided
over
MUSEUM 2PH
KINGDOM
BERT.SMITH@ASHMUS.OX.AC.UK
1988,4-17;
Rumscheid
2000,10,41-3.
SMITH
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[AJA
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