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O Level Chemistry
ENERGY CHANGES
Enthalpy:
The total energy content of a substance due to its physical state and internal structure is enthalpy. It is denoted by H or sometimes by E. Change in enthalpy is denoted by .
Energy Profiles:
engineering-resource.com
Energy Changes
(a) Activation Energy, EA (b) Energy change between unstable state and the Products (Stable state). (c) Enthalpy or energy change of reaction. Note: In exothermic reactions, enthalpy of reactants is generally greater than those of products. But, in endothermic reactions, enthalpies of products are generally greater than those of reactants.
Activation Energy:
The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction is called as activation energy.
Bond Energy:
The energy required to break one mole of a specific bond is called bond energy. It is expressed in kJ/mol. The same amount of energy is released when one mole of the same bond is formed again. Note: The bond energy or bond enthalpy terms are often used for covalent bonds and not for ionic bonds.
1. Using the bond energies given in the table, calculate the expected energy change for the following reaction. 2H2 + O2 Bond HH HO O=O 2H2O Bond Energies (kJ/mol) 436 464 497
The given equation can be written as: 2(HH) + (O=O) 2 x 2(HO) = +2(436) + 2(497) 4(464) = 487 kJ (not per mole, exothermic reaction)
Prepared by Mr. Saad Hameed (M.Sc. Chemistry, teacher at Beaconhouse School Lahore, Pakistan)