The Use of The Rasch IRT Model in Constructing A Measure of Predisposition To Help Among Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Firefighters

Running Head: Predisposition to Help
The Use of the Rasch IRT Model in Constructing a Measure of Predisposition to Help
among Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Firefighters
Carlo Magno
De La Salle University
Further correspondence can be addressed to Mr. Carlo Magno at magnoc@dls-
csb.edu.ph, Center for Learning Performance and Assessment, De La Salle-College of
Saint Benilde.
Predisposition to Help 2
Abstract
The study constructed a measure of predisposition to help for Filipino and Chinese-
Filipino firefighters. Initial subscales of the measure was proposed using Filipino
psychology models and after conducting an initial exploratory factor analysis, five factors
were extracted: pagkabayani (heroism), pakikiramdam (sensitivity), makapamilya
(relational kinship), utang-na-loob (reciprocity), and pananagutan (social justice).
Further exploratory factor analysis (EFA) maintained the content of the factors but four
factors were only formed where pakikiramdam was not included. The test achieved a
high reliability of .93 using cronbach’s alpha and for the factors, an alpha coefficient of
.87, .93, .91, 84, and .72, respectively, were obtained. The test also showed convergent
validity where the five factors are all significant and highly correlated with each other
and their proximity using Joining Tree Clustering. Discriminant validity was also
conducted where the subscale on pagkabayani was able to discriminate between Filipino
and Chinese-Filipino firefighters. The Rasch model was used to calibrate the items on the
extreme scores obtained. Based on the item mapping, 42 items resulted to be centered on
the standard error. The items that were calibrated were consistent in the results of the
varimax rotation of the EFA where high factor loadings were obtained.
The Use of the Rasch IRT Model in the Constructing a Measure of Predisposition to Help
among Filipino and Chinese Filipino Firefighters
The most dangerous acts of helping people happen in the firefighting world. It is
common that firemen who were trapped and died in situations to save people who needed
help, or the local firefighters in communities doing everything they can to the point of
endangering their own safety just to save others. Reasons for doing these acts are often
very vague and are always assumed that they are just good people offering to lend a hand.
The real causes leading to helping are almost always never questioned. Oftentimes, it is
speculated that these acts are actually that of altruism or something else.
One characteristic that interestingly manifesting among firefighters is their
predisposition to help. Firefighters vary in their helping behavior based on individual
differences. Such as in the survey of Go, So, and Uy (2004), they found a significant
difference among Filipino and Chinese Filipino firefighter on few subscales of their
measure of altruism. The measure in their study failed to discriminate certain critical
characteristics of helping such as egoism, social justice kin selection, reciprocal helping,
and social responsibility because their subscales reflect altruism in a very western point
of view. Even the concept of altruism is very western since it is explained by models that
do not reflect Filipino behavior of helping. Most commonly altruistic behavior is
explained by foreign models such as the social exchange theory, relational theory and
social norms theory (Aronson et al., 1999; Harrison, 1976; Brehm et al., 1999), which are
typically western explanations of helping. For the Filipinos, the value of helping is close
to the altruism behavior of the westerners. There is a need to contextualize predisposition
to help among the Filipinos since they have a different way of manifesting this
characteristic. One of the advancement that this study purports to contribute in the
existing psychometric measures in the Philippines is a construction of a measure of
predisposition to help that is appropriate for Filipino and Chinese-Filipino firefighters.
The measure is composed of factors derived from studies on Filipino psychology. The
items were analyzed applying the item response theory using the two-parameter Rasch
Model. Content, convergent, and discriminant, validity as well as joining tree analysis
and exploratory factor analyses are used to establish the factor structure of the proposed
measure.
Firefighting in the Philippines
In the Philippines, there are government employed and volunteer Chinese-Filipino
and Filipinos varieties of firefighters. This interesting combination had a long history,
which started as life in the Philippines became urbanized. As the country is slowly
developing, the need for basic government services became a necessity, aside from the
policemen and the military, firefighters were also important to ensure public safety.
Eventually, the Filipino government hired local Filipinos to serve as firefighters. During
the 60’s and 70’s the frequent occurrence of unexpected fire events triggered the
formation of volunteer fire brigades, originally created to help fellow Filipino-Chinese
from fires and other disasters. From the 1960’s to the 1970’s, groups of civic-minded
Filipino-Chinese established their own fire prevention associations, usually segregated
only by geographic location. Since then, the volunteer brigades improved, its members
started becoming more proficient in firefighting and rescue operations, upgrading their
skills and capabilities through self-education, training and actual experience (Volunteer
Brigades, n.d.). Eventually, Filipinos also started volunteering for these brigades, that
presently, there is a good mixture of Filipino-Chinese and Filipinos in volunteer brigades
around the country. Volunteer firefighters are ordinary people who are willing to give a
portion of their time to the community. They are not getting paid for it and most of them
are required to buy their own gears and gadgets. Their equipments are donated and they
have to raise money or use their own in order to buy new ones (Brevern, 1988).
Filipino Constructs of Helping
Based on existing values present in Philippine society, a number of hypothetical
factors can be arrived at and can be used as possible factors of predispositions to help
between Filipino and Chinese-Filipino firefighters. Moreover, the study came up with
specific behavioral manifestations of helping that can be used by firemen in measuring
their predisposition to help. The several hypothetical predisposition factors of helping are
also studied in line with the context of factors taken from social exchange, kin selection,
and social norms theory that are western in nature and established. The factors derived in
the present study is based on what is present in the culture and of Filipino psychology
taking into consideration its western counterparts to establish a more solid basis for the
study.
Helping
Helping is explained in a three-part process. First, the potential aide has to
perceive the help seeker to be “trapped” in an emergency situation and could not possibly
solve the whole situation. Next is for the aid to view himself as having the ability to
provide assistance to the victim. Lastly, if the aide happens to have a lot of helping
options to choose from, he or she has to make a decision on which one to use (Valentine
& Ehrlichman, 1979).

Helping is also manifested due to intrinsic reasons and neither because of rewards
being offered nor of some threat imposed on the person if he or she did not do a certain
task. This kind of intrinsic motivation could be due to avoidance of feeling some guilt
for not doing something or for the sake of increasing one’s self-esteem. This was shown
in an experiment done on chimpanzees, which illustrated that without the help of external
rewards, the intrinsic behavior could be motivated, through sharing. On the other hand,
experiments were also conducted on humans and the results showed that they are likely to
become helpful when they are able to put themselves on the shoes of other people. Thus,
they would also view themselves as being helped whenever they are put into that same
problematic situation (Corsini, 1994).
Another possible cause for a person to become helpful towards others is when he
witnessed a person voluntarily helping another person. Thus, this would reinforce his or
her likelihood to offer help to those who are in need. Aside from exhibiting one’s
volunteerism to lend a hand due to imitation, helping would also be elicited if a person
has already experienced the problem of the victim. Since he or she already has full
knowledge of the problem at hand and thus, knows, more or less, how to surpass the
problematic situation (Corsini, 1994).
In the Philippine context, helping is known as “pagtulong.” The Filipino people
were known for being helpful people because of their values. According to Andres &
Ilada-Andres (1986), the Filipino people are naturally born to be tender and loving,
companion oriented, sympathetic or kindhearted, “utang-na-loob” oriented, bayani-
oriented, hospitable, “makatao” and harmony-oriented. They are said to be tender and
loving because they are overprotective to those people who are close to their heart. This
is very evident with their family. Their children are always given curfews whenever they
are going out with their friends. And as much as possible they would not want any of
their close friends or relatives to get hurt either in accidents or calamities. They would
worry a lot and eventually resort to finding ways on how they could help them. Filipinos
are companion oriented. This portrays the Filipino people as social beings. They like to
be around with people; they tend to feel less complete whenever they are alone. Thus, this
gave rise to the concept of “kadamay” where if one of their friends has a problem, they
would be there to keep them company and help them go through the hardship. Filipinos
are sympathetic or kindhearted. This made them compassionate people and made them
have the group-sharing kind of thinking where they become affected with the sad
situation that their “kapwa-Pilipino” is feeling. Thus, they end up siding more with the
people who are victimized in a certain situation rather than those who are not. This is the
result of the “pakikisama” concept of the Filipino people. They tend to put themselves in
the situation of others and therefore, will result to actions of helping these victims to the
point that even if the victims did something wrong the Filipinos would still help the
victims (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1986). Given all these personality traits and values that
explains why Filipinos are “matulungin”, there are still other factors explained in studies
conducted using western samples in explaining why an individual is willing to help
others with or without motives. Based on what many researchers in social psychology
have argued, most of the time, these aiding behaviors involves several factors that could
affect them or that could cause them, which can also vary from person to person
(Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 1999).

On the other hand, based on the Filipino context, helping behavior is also very
evident. But this is usually associated with the kinship structure or relationship, which is
a value that Filipino people give a lot of importance to (Aganon & David, 1985). In an
article by Aganon and David (1985), it has been stated that the Filipino children learn to
become helpful at an early age due to the reason that they have been brought up to give
importance and to show their respects to their nuclear-family members by means of
helping out in the farm work. In the early times agriculture is the means of livelihood of
the Filipino people. Even if they are not being paid by their parents to do the farm works,
they still help out willingly. Aside from the nuclear-family, this kinship relationship also
extends to include the grandparents of the children, siblings of the children’s parents, the
children’s own siblings, godparents at marriages and confirmations as well as neighbors.
In the case of neighbors, for them to be included in the circle of kinsmen, the worth and
strength of the social relationship has to be considered. Helping behaviors were always
exhibited during the planting and harvesting periods of the year because they all
voluntarily help out in these activities to be part of the kinship in the early times. And in
return, the kinsmen who were offered assistance during these two seasons were also
expected to reciprocate the favor in the future. Another reason for the kinship relation to
be considered as responsible for the helping behavior of the Filipino people is because of
the hopes of maintaining the interpersonal relationships of the people with one another
(Aganon & David, 1985). This could be proven by the study made by Kaut (cited in
Aganon & David, 1985) where he hypothesized that the Tagalog society’s criteria of
maintaining social interaction is to be able to fulfill their needs, be it economic issues,
political issues, or social issues. By social interaction, it means that helping one another
and returning the favor depending on the needs of each person would definitely prolong
the interpersonal relationships. This reciprocal helping behavior is the result of the value
of pakikipag-kapwa, according to Enriquez (1969) cited in Aganon & David, (1985),
pakikipag-kapwa is illustrated in the following statement:
The value commitment that emerges from the interpersonal context of the kinship
structure is that of kapwa. Pakikipag-kapwa incorporates these prescribed rules of
reciprocal privileges and obligations between kindred members. Kapwa is the cognitive
image of these relationships, and becomes generalized in experience to include all
acceptable forms of social relationships.
The “acceptable forms of social relationships” mentioned by Enriquez (1969) are
based on two concepts which are principles of reciprocal obligation and hiya, which is
considered as the emotional accompaniment of kapwa. The reciprocal obligation states
that each person should be sensitive enough to maintain the fulfillment of the interests of
each other (Aganon & David, 1985). On the other hand, if one’s reciprocal obligation is
not accomplished, then the person will automatically feel hiya, which, according to
Bulatao (cited in Aganon & David, 1985), is a “painful emotion” expressed in
interpersonal situations perceived as “dangerous to one’s ego” resulting to the withdrawal
behavior of the person experiencing it. This could be simply stated in a situation where
person A is a good friend of person B. According to the concept of kapwa and kinship
relation, they both have obligations towards each other. Here comes person B having a
financial problem. It is the obligation of person A to help out because they are good
friends. But because person A did not help person B solve his financial problem and did
not even bother to sympathize with person B, person A felt hiya or ashamed of his or her
wrongdoing.
Volunteerism
As illustrated, there are several manifestations of helping. One of the factors
responsible for helping is the attitude of volunteerism. This is explained as the act of
doing a favor for other people who are in need without expecting anything in return. This
is usually associated to religion. People who are into church service are the ones who
usually volunteer. But it is also common to people who are rich and are educated (Wilson
& Janoski, 1995).
Above all, self-interest is still the heart of volunteering. This is because through
volunteering, a person gains full knowledge of what he or she wants and who he or she is;
therefore, giving more meaning to ones’ life (Wilson & Janoski, 1995). According to
Harold Kushner (n.d.), a number of people engage themselves in volunteer work because
their working hours did not satisfy their interests. Frederick Herzberg (n. d.) further
explains that in order for people to enjoy their job in the workplace, it should have the
factors of: achievement, recognition, job fulfillment, responsibility, creativity and growth,
economic benefits, companionship, supervision, and good working conditions.
On the other hand, according to Burns (1974), the characteristics of a volunteer who does
not ask for incentives are distinct from those who do volunteer and expects to have
incentives, as well as, from those who do not volunteer. Individuals who volunteer
without asking anything in return are those who are already independent in their lives.
He or she views one’s self as not a perfect being; therefore, the person is more willing to
accept flaws in their lives. As compared to the non-volunteers and those who volunteer
for incentives, volunteers are an extravert type of people who are more out-going and
confident.
Volunteers also have different settings in rendering their help to those in need.
They could either join an organization, such as Red Cross to give aid. This is known as
“formal volunteer work” (Zweigenhaft, Armstrong & Quintis, 1996). On the other hand,
there are also other volunteers who do volunteer work without joining organizations, such
as people who donate goods for instance to an orphanage, or people who help the elderly
cross the street. This simple act of volunteering is referred to as informal volunteer work
(Zweigenhaft et al., 1996).
It has been found out that the youth, religious, educated, rich, as well as, the
elderly married couple are the ones who are more likely to volunteer (Wilson, & Janoski,
1995; Zweigenhaft et al., 1996; “Youthful voluntarism,” 2002). The underlying
explanation for this behavior according to Gildron (1978) cited in Zweigenhaft et al.
(1996) would then depend on the age. If the volunteer is of a younger age, belonging in
the age bracket of 18-25, then, most likely the reason for him to volunteer is to acquire
more exposure to the work setting. On the other hand, if the volunteer is in between the
ages of 40’s and 50’s, then, he would most probably be doing charity work in order to
build interpersonal relationships with other people (Zweigenhaft et al., 1996). In general,
people do volunteer because they want to have a more meaningful life (Wilson &
Janoski, 1995).
In the Philippines, volunteerism could easily be seen in the different non-
government organizations. An example is the volunteer firefighters’ associations that
were organized by the Chinese-Filipino people a few years back.

Filipino-Chinese Fire Brigades
There is one story of an incident that happened a long time ago in the Binondo
area wherein a fire broke out and not one of the local firefighters in the area wanted to
take action unless they first get paid. The property of the person who bids the highest
amount will be saved immediately and if you happened to have no money then you
would have to pray that the fire stops before it reaches your house (Brevern, 1988).
In the early 1900’s, it was common to hear about people bribing firemen in order to save
their properties during fires. Despite these incidents, nobody did anything about it. In
1963, when a big fire almost destroyed the whole of Gandara Street in Manila, the
community suddenly became aware of the importance of fire prevention. Since then,
several volunteer fire brigades and associations were formed and have been in existence
up to this day.
Volunteer firefighters are those that are (1) retired and have the extra time, (2)
have full-time job and only be able to respond at night or on weekends, (3) self-employed
and have some flexibility in the time they commit, or (4) students, who can only respond
when there are no classes. The reasons for wanting to be a volunteer fireman can vary
from the thrill of it, a desire to give something back to the community, as a hobby, or as
an assurance for their own home’s safety (Volunteer Brigades, n.d.).
From being small fire prevention organizations, volunteer firefighters rose to
become the best fire fighting groups in the Philippines (Brevern, 1988). These brigades
are civic organizations that are mostly financed or sponsored by businessmen and several
other organizations (Brevern, 1988). They are what is considered to be non-traditional,
modern “Chinese” organizations because its membership is composed mainly of people

with Chinese background, language and unifying principles that refer to the Chinese
society because it is based upon models of modern organizations, where there is a
democratic internal environment, and functions are more specific and limited. It also
provides social service to non-members, and actively serves neighborhoods that include
both Filipinos and Chinese (Wickberg, 1992).
These brigades help increase the interaction with non-Chinese people and act as
bridges from the traditional Chinese organizations, which may lead to the transcendence
of the Chinese community (Wickberg, 1992).
As a volunteer organization, volunteer firefighting is also an association of people
organized to meet the needs of a section or of the whole of that community. It originates
in the spontaneous, altruistic, humanitarian feelings of a few leaders in the community,
who are concerned for the welfare of the disadvantaged among their fellow human beings
(Pathak, 1979).
Knowing that the volunteer brigades also help out the non-Chinese community,
the members of these associations are also not exclusively of Chinese descents. There are
also Filipino people who are members of these brigades.
Chinese-Filipino
The Chinese people are said to be the most ethnocentric, clannish and traditional
people among others (See, 1997). They believe in sayings like “fallen leaves return to
their roots,” “when drinking water remember its source” as well as disapproval of the
saying “denying your roots and forgetting your ancestors” (See, 1997). All of these
sayings explain why the Chinese people wanted to preserve the purity of their bloodlines
as well as their customs and traditions. Thus, this made them strengthen their belief –
“Once a Chinese, always a Chinese” (See, 1997). But due to several reasons, this group
of people started to migrate to the Philippines and other parts of the world (See, 1997).
Most of the common reason was to be able to find jobs abroad and earn more money
through their hard work and perseverance (See, 1997). Eventually, due to the favorable
environment that they have lived in, these Chinese people began to love the new country
that has “taken good care” of them (See, 1997). According to Teresita Ang See (1997),
these Chinese people began to “drink the water of their new countries and thought of
their new sources” and eventually evolved into “new roots planted into new grounds.”
Thus, the Chinese people living here in the Philippines gradually began to identify with
the Filipinos but not intentionally (See, 1997). This was made possible by several
reasons. One was because of the diplomatic recognition of the People’s Republic of
China where it does not recognize the Chinese people as part of the country if they have
dual citizenship (See, 1997). Second reason was because of the mass naturalization
decree passed into law by former President Marcos allowing the Chinese living in the
Philippines to acquire Filipino citizenship (See, 1997).
Filipino Personality and Values
Filipino as an individual is a lover of peace and order, courteous and kind.
Admires the Christian values and is a God-fearing person. Filipino population is
predominantly Catholic (Jose, 1999). Filipinos prefer their home to be humble and more
or less open and exposed, which suggests frankness, trust, and friendship towards other
people. They are naturally meek and humble, peace loving and hospitable (Osias, 1940).
They tend to exclaim the philosophy of “bahala na” in moments of stress, anger or
difficulty. It is like trusting God will help them do the last step or “God will take care” or
“Let fate have its way” (Mercado, 2000). One of the greatest assets of the Philippines is
the institution of the family. The Filipino’s concept of home is more of peace and
neighborhood. Foreign writers and observers have always noted the Filipino’s hospitality
(Osias, 1940). Among the Filipino people, monogamy marriage is the law and the rule.
Some pagans and Mohammedans have practiced polygamy but it has become rare under
the economic pressure. The state and the church have regulated permission for marriage
for four centuries (Osias, 1940). The family life of Filipino is generally happy the
Filipino woman is usually the household manager or the “ilaw” of household. She does
the providing of food and clothing, receives all cash earned by any member of the family,
and supervises expenditures. The Filipino man, on the other hand, serves as the
breadwinner of the family and he is the one who goes out to work for the expenses
(Osias, 1940). The spirit of the Filipinos as a group of people has come to maturity. In
many crisis and emergencies, Filipinos respond to the needs of people who have become
afflicted by the injury of disease, fire, earthquake, typhoon, or other great calamity
(Osias, 1940). Despite of the so many years that Philippines was under mercilessness and
harassment of a cruel regime, Filipinos have very well developed a strength of solidity,
and has achieved it’s independence in the greatest of Philippine Revolution during 1896
(Osias, 1940). The idea of close family ties, friendship, fellowship, and neighborhood,
warm and care has been Filipinos’ way of life (Osias, 1940). These traits or values do not
only apply to the Filipino people exclusively. It is important to note that the Filipino and
Chinese-Filipino groups will be compared in their predisposition to help in order to
determine if the measure that was constructed can discriminate between these two
groups. Although according to Ang-See (1997) the characteristics mentioned do also

apply to the Chinese-Filipino population, which is a result of the integration of the
Filipino and the Chinese cultures. The Filipino-Chinese people are also being thought of
as Filipino people based on their citizenship.
Pagka-bayani. One very well known value that Filipino people give a lot of
importance to is the value of pagka-bayani (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1986). The term
pagka-bayani is derived from the root word bayani, which means hero or refers to a
person who freely contributes his or her labor or effort to another (Chua & Nazareno,
1992). From this root word comes the term bayanihan, which is defined as engaging
oneself in services without asking any payments in return (Chua & Nazareno, 1992;
Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1987). Based on these two terms, this study uses the concept
pagka-bayani, which also signifies the essence of being a hero in terms of offering
assistance to help seekers without asking anything in return either in material form or
service form. This value became incorporated in the value system of the Filipinos
because they give a lot of importance to establishing personal relationships (Andres &
Ilada-Andres, 1987). In pagka-bayani people ignores the social hierarchy, structures,
leadership roles and authority relationships towards the elders (Andres & Ilada-Andres,
1987). If the person felt that he or she has the right decision, he or she can act
immediately even if it meant that his or her elders have to follow or agree with the
decision also (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1987). This also made the Filipinos patient and
tolerant people but still do not accept defeat (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1986). They are
ready to defend the weak no matter what could be the consequence of it (Andres & Ilada-
Andres, 1986). Thus, this shows the meaning of camaraderie and cooperation that
Filipinos exhibit when they are set to do a certain task (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1986).
Pakikiramdam. One of the values that Filipinos give importance to is the value of
pakikiramdam which refers to the high level of awareness and sensitivity of a person
towards another’s feeling or situation. Mataragnon (1987) characterized it as “feeling for
another”. It is also an act wherein great care is shown and reflection or thoughts were
exhibited in hesitation to react, inattention to cues, and non-verbal behavior in mental
role-playing if I were in the other’s situation, how would I feel (Mataragnon, 1987).
Related to this would be paghaum, which is the Visayan term for the Tagalog term
“alalay” that means “moving together with another person.” This refers to the ability of a
person to empathize and guide another without owning the other person’s problem
(Decenteceo, 1999). This showed the caring ability of the Filipino people to their fellow
Filipinos whenever they have problems.

Pagiging Makapamilya. Speaking of caring in pakikiramdam, the most important
value of the Filipinos is their sense of pagiging maka-pamilya. Andres and Ilada-Andres
(1986) stated that Filipinos are family or kamag-anak-oriented people. Each Filipino has
a childlike connection to his or her parents even if he or she was already married, he or
she will still visit his or her parents every now and then. Also, it has been said that the
terms nanay, tatay, ama, itay, ina all have cultural connotations which actually made it
possible to bind the children and parents together (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1986). It was
also mentioned that kinship originated from the agricultural socioeconomic structure of
their livelihood before the industrial revolution (Torres, 1985). The Filipinos live their
lives through farming and the parents always require their children to help them out
during harvest seasons. Aside from their own family working together, their extended
family members also help out. Therefore, they were able to develop a sense of kindred
relationship (Torres, 1985). This ensures psychological security among its members by
means of giving love, showing affection and intimacy, and companionship. Thus, the
family usually serves as the main source of emotional support. The sense of security
given by the family comes from the mutual help and support it renders. Whenever there
are crises and emergencies that arise, such as typhoons, fires and other disasters, other
relatives would also run to and seek for help even before asking agencies, like red cross
and the like (Medina, 1991). But as time had passed, outsiders were also included in the
circle of kinship by the Filipinos. For example, their neighborhood that was once an
acquaintance only with the family became close to its members. This is because he or
she was able to develop a sense of deep social relationship with each member and their
outlook in life – the way they do things, the way they judge certain situations and the like
was the same (Torres, 1985). Even the ninongs and ninangs as well as kinakapatid were
also considered as part of the family because of the spiritual relationship (Andres &
Ilada-Andres, 1986).
Pagtanaw ng Utang-Na-Loob. Pagtanaw ng Utang-na-loob is also a Filipino
value. It is a term that is usually translated as debt of gratitude in many Western oriented
studies. However, if taken in its Filipino context, the meaning is much deeper wherein
there is no certain English word that could put into words its real meaning (Andres &
Ilada-Andres, 1986). It actually involves an emotional component when viewed together
with the Filipino concept of loob. This concept also promotes an image of colonizer and
benefactor, hence, it continues to be “perpetuated as an important aspect of the Filipino
national self-image” (Enriquez, 1994). According to Dr. Tomas Quintin Andres and Ms.
Pilar Ilada-Andres (1986), this is a behavior being exhibited by people whenever
assistance was offered to them and they would always automatically have to return those
favors. Also, since Filipinos do not want to be identified as walang utang-na-loob, this
value becomes a relationship that may have no end. Upon returning these favors, they
could actually show it in different ways. Some people would offer gifts or tokens, offer
services, and many more in return for the helper’s good-heartedness. Aside from this
casual every day life exchange of favors, the value of utang-na-loob also plays a role in
the world of politics. If, for example, the person who offered a helping hand to a Filipino
happened to be running for a position in the government office, this Filipino would
definitely vote him or her for that certain position regardless of whether or not this person
has good credentials. A lot of times, the reason for voting a person into office was
because of payment for their gratitude. Thus, the Filipinos’ sense of utang-na-loob could
actually result to a bad outcome if it defeats other factors that should be the ones
important and that should be taken into consideration when certain decisions have to be
made where the helper is involved. On the other hand, if utang-na-loob was taken into
consideration in a more positive way, it could actually reveal the beauty of this Filipino
value.
Pagtugon sa Pananagutan. Pagtugon sa pananagutan was defined by Chua and
Nazareno (1992) as a duty that a person has towards another and is considered as a
Filipino value (Ang-See, 1997). It is said to be a duty in a sense that a person is simply
obliged to do something for the good of the other. This is usually evident in the larger
community setting (Ang-See, 1997). According to Ang-See (1997), the person views
their obligations not only in the personal level or in the smaller society level but also in
the larger scale like the whole Filipino society. Example, in the case of building bridges
and houses by some wealthy Filipino-Chinese people, they are contributing it to the
Philippine society and not just the small Chinese community (Ang-See, 1997). These
people have come to realize that they are also part of the larger society and thus they have
a responsibility to contribute something in terms of infrastructures or businesses for
improving the society and economy.
Western Conceptualizations of Helping
Social Exchange Theory. The theory formulated by Thibaut and Kelley is called
the social exchange theory. It shares the view that altruistic behavior is exhibited due to
self-interest (Aronson, et al., 1999). The social exchange theory states that people weigh
the costs and benefits that they will acquire whenever they decide to help other people
who are in need (Aronson, et al., 1999). It also states that people will base their helping
decision on the maximum benefit that they can possibly get from the situation (Brehm et
al., 1999). In this theory, egoism and empathy altruism are the factors of altruism
(Altruism…, 2001).
Egoism was developed by other social psychologists to counter the empathy-
altruism proposed by Batson (1997). It points out that there is no such thing as helping
other people without even thinking about one’s own welfare or benefit from the situation.
It also illustrates that when a person helps another who is in need and it made him or her
feel good then, that feeling automatically becomes a gain (Brehm et al., 1999; Sober &
Wilson, 1999). It can be noticed that egoism argues in the psychological level regarding
why human beings help other people who are in need, thus other psychologists find it
hard to disprove this sub-theory (Sober & Wilson, 1999). It refers to the helping attitude
of people based on what they can get in return with that simple act of volunteerism
(Guenther et al., 2002).
Batson (1997) proposed the concept of empathy altruism. It was formulated to
explain how altruism is elicited by empathy. This model states that empathy is made up
of two components, which are the cognitive component and emotional component. It
explains that the helper will first view himself or herself in the situation of the help seeker
– cognitive perspective taking – then, he or she will feel the way the victim is feeling in
that problematic situation – emotional perspective taking. As a result, the aide will
voluntarily provide assistance to the victim (Brehm et al., 1999).
Evolutionary Psychology. Another perspective is the evolutionary psychology that
explains helping as relational altruism. It follows the principles of evolution proposed by
Charles Darwin. This theory suggests that evolution favors those who are naturally
selfish, in that this person will only help in order to ensure the survival of his own genes
(Brehm, et al., 1999). Under this theory are kin selection or inclusive fitness and
reciprocal helping (Brehm, 1999).

Kin selection or inclusive fitness states that help is given more to genetic relatives
so that even if one is to risk his life, his line will still continue through that of the genetic
relative they saved (Aronson, et al., 1999). According to Brehm et al. (1999), this factor
prefers people who share the same genes so that the genes will survive. It actually
contributes to the reproductive success and that on the outside it might seem as self-
sacrificing but in reality it is a way to spread the genes so it becomes immortal. Some
researchers also suggest that the past and current conflicts between ethnic groups might
have started out from this idea, that there might be a genetic basis for this because people
only help those who can pass on their genes (Altruism: Helping others, 2001).
Another concept under evolutionary psychology is reciprocal helping formulated
by Trivers (1971). This explains that people expect each and every member of a society
to return the favor of helping one another in times of crisis (Franzoi, 1996). This sub-
factor explains that people do something good like helping other people if they perceive
themselves being helped in the near future (Harrison, 1976; Aronson et al., 1999; Brehm
et al., 1999). Trivers (1971) states that in order for this reciprocal helping to occur, a
certain situation should be present. This means that the advantage that the help seeker
will acquire from the helper should be high and the cost that the helper will exert when he
or she offers assistance will be low. This is in preparation for the future in case it is the
helper who will need help (Franzoi, 1996).
Social Norms. Social norms as proposed by Herbert Simon, states that the helping
behavior of a person is exhibited because it is taught and expected by society (Aronson et
al., 1999). Therefore, whenever a person perceives another person as having trouble, he
or she will automatically offer assistance to that person (Aronson et al., 1999; Brehm et
al., 1999). Under this theory are the social justice and social responsibility norm
(Harrison, 1974; Altruism: Helping others, 2001).
Social justice explains the expectation in a social norm. According to Lerner and
Meindl (1981), social justice is the time that the helper will offer assistance to the victim
if and only if the victim deserves it. Lerner (1980) also pointed out that in order for the
help seeker to be worthy of help he or she should do good deeds to other people or
possess good and favorable personalities (Franzoi, 1996).
The individual helps within the norm because they have social responsibility. It is
the rule stated by the society that each and every citizen should and is obligated to help
other people who are in need of assistance (Harrison, 1974; Brehm et al., 1999). The
results in the study of Taylor (1982) showed that once a person perceived that another
individual is dependent and in need of assistance, he or she will be more determined to
help out.
The following are some studies conducted in the field of social psychology that
contributes to the understanding of how people help and why do they help.
Lamug (2002) tested a model of helping behavior using path analysis. She
proposed in the model that the effects of ethnic similarity on helping are mediated by
attribution of responsibility for dependency and perceived attraction of dependent
persons. She found in her study that ethnic similarity had negative effects on attribution
of responsibility. Attraction was affected negatively by attribution of responsibility and
positively by ethnic. This means that people most likely help others that do not belong in
their ethnic group. The more attracted a person is to another, the more likely he will
render help. But if the situation calls for responsibility, the person does not manifest
attraction to it.
Oswald (1996) conducted a study where a number of participant’s were asked to
view videotapes. The participants were 65 working adults, 55 women, and 10 men. The
subjects were asked to observe the thoughts and emotions of the character in the
videotape while the rest will observe other irrelevant details of the videotape aside from
the character. Results showed that those subjects who observed the character in the
videotape using their cognitive and affective perspective taking of analysis offered more
help when compared to those participants who only observed the irrelevant details.
Burnstien (1994) conducted an experiment based on evolutionary psychology
theory. In this study he used both American and Japanese students and assessed whether
the students would help people who were closer to them when there are emergencies and
when it is a simple helping need. He found out that students in both cultures were most
likely to help those who were closer to them rather than those who were not related to
them and more help is given when it is a life-threatening situation. Another finding was
that they helped more based on the reproductive capacity of the person to be helped. If
the one who needs help is younger and more capable of reproducing then more help is
given.
Levine et al. (2001) conducted a study to find out the answers to three main issues
on helping. The first main issue was that if helping people, especially strangers, vary
from culture to culture. The second main issue was about whether or not helping is
important across different cultures. The last issue was to find out what are the
community characteristics that different cultures have that contribute to the social
behavior of helping strangers. The results yielded from the sample of large cities in each
of twenty-three countries that were elected, showed that the countries that have residents
earning high income have lesser possibilities of helping strangers. The results also
showed that those countries having friendly cultures tend to have citizens who are willing
to help strangers. The traditional view that individualistic-cultured people are less helpful
and collectivistic-cultured people are more willing to help was not fully supported by the
results of the research conducted. Therefore, the researchers of the study concluded that
there are some individualistic-cultured people who are more willing to help and there are
also some collectivistic-cultured people who are less likely to help out.
In relation to the research conducted by Levine & et. al., (2001) another study was
conducted in Bern (1999), in Switzerland, to see if the results will be the same as those
obtained from the suburbs of Los Angeles and lower Westchester country, New York.
The researchers wanted to test if the participants in Bern would be more willing to offer
some help to heterosexual males than homosexual males. They also wanted to see if the
results that will be obtained in the first hypothesis would be affected by the gender or
sexuality of the participants themselves. And they also wanted to find out if the help
offered to female homosexuals would be different from those offered to male
homosexuals. The researchers got a confederate who’s going to make the phone calls and
record the responses of the participants to the request. The results obtained showed that
whether or not the caller is a homosexual male or female who’s seeking help, the
participants still helped him or her out. The explanation behind this could either be
because of the social norms that all Berne’s are obliged to help other people who are in
need or it is simply because of the attitude of Bernes’ to help people who are in need
(Gabriel et. al., 2001).
Several Filipino values were also described that are somewhat related to the
Western concepts. The literature revealed that there are several factors that influence the
helping behaviors that people exhibit in their daily lives. However, there are few studies
where volunteer firefighters have been used as participants. There has also been little
research done on proposed Filipino constructs as factors that contribute to the tendency of
the helper assisting a victim.
Method
Test Design
The test design used in the study is both the classical test theory and the item
response theory. In the classical test theory, the measurement error of the test
predisposition to help will be obtained through the difference of the true score and
observed test score. The standard deviation of the distribution of random errors for each
individual tells about the magnitude of measurement error. The standard deviation of the
observed score and the reliability of the test are used to estimate the standard error of
measurement. The accuracy of predisposition to help being measured is determined by
the amount of the standard error of measurement. In applying the item response theory,
an item’s characteristic is determined through its curve that described the probability of
getting an extreme score in the test predisposition to help. The Rasch model is used to
arrive at the logistic item characteristic curve, which is a function of possessing the
characteristic helping. It forms the boundary between the probability areas of answering
an item in high and low extremes.

Search for Content Domain
The conceptual definitions for helping was established and the factors that will
compose it were reviewed in order to be guided for writing the items. A framework was
formed through literature reviews and studies made. The factors were established from
Filipino personality theories including the Filipino and Chinese-Filipino cultural values.
An initial interview with ten volunteer firefighters was conducted. The responses from
the interview were used as a guide in obtaining information regarding their background in
helping and knowledge on their own ethnicity. The data gathered from the interview was
used to write the items for the scale on predisposition to help. In the interview, the chain
referral sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents. It was the appropriate
sampling because it was difficult to ask the firefighters for interviews without referrals
since their personal schedules as well as their contact numbers were not known. Through
this technique, ten probable respondents were listed down. It was made up of five
Chinese-Filipino volunteer firefighters and five Filipino volunteer firefighters. They
were all selected from 5 brigades (a) one Chinese-Filipino and (b) one Filipino coming
from each brigade. These groups of participants were contacted through phone calls and
were asked if they are willing to be interviewed regarding the topic on helping, which
was exhibited in line with the nature of their work. Contact numbers were given to the
interviewees so that they could inform the researchers of their willingness to participate.
The ones who agreed were briefed regarding the objectives of the study. Afterwards, a
schedule for the interview was set depending on the convenient time of the firefighters.
The Filipino language was used in the interview because it was found that some of the
participants feel more comfortable and was able to express their thoughts more freely
when they speak in the language that they are used to. Most of the respondents preferred
to be interviewed in Filipino. In order to make the participants feel comfortable in
answering the questions, the interviewers made use of the Filipino language.
The interview questionnaire contained a category regarding the demographics of the
firefighter, a category on firefighting as a profession, and the ways they help people who
are in need (see Appendix A).
Prior to the interview, conversations on light topics regarding events and people
were made to establish rapport with the interviewees. They were then informed that there
would be no right or wrong answers. Next, they were assured that their responses will be
kept confidential and will only be used exclusively for the study.
During the interview proper, demographics were asked such as name and age.
After that, the participants were asked certain questions regarding their reasons for
volunteering as firefighters as well as their various experiences in this line of work, based
on the interview guide. However, follow-up questions not found in the interview guide
were asked to clarify some vague points. A tape-recorder was used during the duration of
the interview to record the responses that were given.
After the interview, the firefighters were thanked for their time and for their
participation. They were also given tokens of appreciation.
Significant pieces of information were found regarding the tendency to help based
on the interview conducted with the ten firefighters. These tendencies to help were on
normal, daily life situations. These were all recorded, then, used as a guide in the
construction of the items for the test on predisposition to help for the general population.
Additional items were also constructed based on the review of related literature. This test
questionnaire was then used to determine the predisposition to help of the firefighters for
the purpose of the study (see Appendix B).
Item Writing
The items that were constructed making up the scale for predisposition to help. It
was based on the review of related literature and from the responses of the actual
interview that was conducted. From the related literature, several studies about helping
behavior were gathered and reviewed, and some statements were phrased into situations
showing helpful behaviors where the participants can place themselves into and assess
how likely they would react. As for the interview conducted, certain statements
mentioned by the participants such as, “It makes me feel good when I help,” were
extracted from the transcriptions and were placed on certain factors made available and
some possible emerging ones. The items were constructed as situations that happen in
the life of any individual. In case the respondents do not directly experience it it becomes
a hypothetical situation for them.
Just like the interview that was conducted in Filipino, the items in the test
questionnaire were also written in Filipino since a great number of the participants could
understand questions that are stated in Filipino. The differences in the backgrounds of the
participants, as well as the participants for the actual data gathering, also contributed to
the use of Filipino because they were used in using it as a medium of communication.
Most of them also expressed their preference for it over the English language.
Selection of a Scaling Technique
In this test, the responses of the participants coming from the general population
were measured using a Likert scale. Their responses were based on their agreement and
disagreement of the ideas or situations presented. This type of scale provides answers in
the form of coded data that are comparable and can readily be manipulated. The scales
include strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Points were
assigned to each scale where strongly agree corresponds to five (4) points and strongly
disagree is one (1) point for positive items and the points were reversed for negative
items. The Filipino counter parts of the scales that were used are shown in table 1.
Table 1
Scaling Technique for the Scale on Predisposition to Help
English Filipino Points

Strongly Agree Lubos na Sumasang-Ayon 4
Agree Sumasang-ayong 3
Disagree Di-Sumasang-Ayon 2
Strongly Disagree Lubos na Di-Sumasang-Ayon 1
The neutral scale was not included since the scores will be entered for the Rasch
Model analysis that will use a dichotomous coding.
Content Validation
Three experts checked and reviewed the items that were constructed. These
experts are professors from the De La Salle University–Manila and they all have
backgrounds in teaching a course in psychometrics. After retrieving the questionnaires,
the necessary corrections were made and the final draft of the test questionnaire was
constructed. Each factor was made up of at least twenty (20) items each for the content
validation. The items were then arranged in random order for the pretest and resulted in a
varied number of items for each sub-factor after the content validation with a total of one
hundred and eleven items in all. Table 2 shows the items for each factor in the pretest
form.
Table 2
Table of Specification for the Pre-Test Form
Factors No. of Item No.

Items
Pagkabayani 26 1, 9, 18, 19, 26, 27, 35, 36, 48, 53, 54, 61, 62,
67, 71, 80, 81, 89, 95, 99, 106, 107, 110
Pakikiramdam 22 2, 8, 20, 33, 44, 45, 47, 49, 55, 60, 64, 66, 70,
73, 77, 78, 82, 90, 96, 98, 111, 113
Pagtanaw ng 22 4, 6, 11, 12, 17, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 38, 42,
Utang-na-Loob 72, 84, 86, 88, 91, 101, 102, 105, 109
Pagiging Maka-pamilya 24 3, 10, 15, 16, 32, 34, 39, 40, 46, 51, 56, 57, 68,
69, 75, 79, 83, 93, 97, 103, 104, 112, 114, 115
Pagtugon sa Pananagutan 21 5, 7, 13, 14, 22, 25, 30, 37, 41, 43, 50, 52, 58,
59, 62, 65, 74, 76, 85, 87, 92, 94, 100, 708
Total 115
Directions for Responding
Aside from the instructions indicated, verbal instructions were given to the
respondents upon administration. The respondents are instructed to take their time in
answering each item and there are no right or wrong answers. There is no time limit in
taking the test. The respondents are reminded to answer the test as honestly as possible
based on how they would really respond when they are placed in the situation as
presented for each item. The first part of the test questionnaire includes instructions that
were provided for the respondents to read and follow. Participants were asked to encircle
the corresponding number for their answer.
Pre-try out Testing
The test was administered first to ten respondents from the general population for
pretesting to check if the items were comprehensible and easy to understand and follow.
These ten respondents are composed of five Chinese-Filipino and five Filipinos. During
the test, respondents were asked about their opinion regarding the construction of the test
items whether or not they felt that it was difficult to answer the items or it was too easy.
They were also asked to put comments and suggestions in the paper if necessary. Their
feedback was taken into consideration.
Pilot Test Form
After gathering the various feedbacks from the participants during the pre try-out,
the necessary corrections were made and the final instrument for pilot testing testing was
completed. In the final form for pilot testing, there are 25 items for pagka-bayani, 21
items for pakikiramdam, 22 items for pagiging maka-pamilya, 22 items for pagtanaw ng
utang-na-loob, and 21 items for pagtugon sa pananagutan. There was a total of 111 items.
The scaling used was the lickert scale. The items of the predisposition to help were
arranged in random order (see Appendix C). Table 3 shows the number of items for each
hypothesized factors.
Table 3
Table of Specification for the Pilot Test Form

Pilot Testing
Factors No. of Item No.

Items
Pagkabayani 25 1, 9, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 35, 36, 48, 52, 53, 60,
61, 62, 66, 70, 79, 80, 88, 93, 94, 104, 105, 108
Pakikiramdam 21 2, 8, 20, 33, 44, 45, 47, 49, 54, 59, 63, 65, 69,
72, 76, 77, 81, 89, 95, 97, 109
Pagiging Maka-pamilya 22 3 10 15 16 32 39 40 46 55 56 67 68 74 78 82 92
96 101 102 110 111
Pagtanaw ng Utang-na- 22 4, 6, 11, 12, 17, 21, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 38, 42,
loob 71, 83, 85, 87, 90, 99, 100, 103, 107
Pagtugon sa Pananagutan 21 5, 7, 13, 14, 22, 30, 37, 41, 43, 50, 51, 57, 58,
64, 73, 75, 84, 86, 91, 98, 106
Total 111
Having made all the revisions necessary on the measure and having its content
validated, a third group of participants, also coming from the general population, was
obtained through convenient sampling and chain referral for pilot testing. The sample
was composed of 150 respondents where 75 are Chinese-Filipino and the other half are
composed of Filipinos.
The participants were asked to choose a comfortable place to take the test. They
were also given a five-minute briefing on what the test was all about. Then, the directions
on how to go about in answering the questionnaires were provided. They were told that
they would answer a test composed of 111 items. They were also told that they could
answer the test in their own pacing and as much as possible answer the questions
honestly so as to be able to obtain accurate results. Lastly, they were asked if they are
able to understand the instructions given. Once there are no more questions and the
participants are able to settle themselves, the questionnaires were distributed for them to
answer.
In the scoring for positive items, a response of strongly disagree corresponds to five (5)
points while a response of strongly disagree corresponds to one (1) point. For negative
items, responses of the scale are reversed.
Data Analysis
Coding of Data. The data for each item was coded based on the responses for
each respondent. For the positive and negative items, the number corresponding to their
answer on the scale is used. The scores for each item per respondent are then encoded in
the statistica spreadsheet, a statistical computer software for further analysis.
Reliability Analysis. The internal consistency of the items was determined using
the cronbach’s alpha. The score of each item was also intercorrelated to determine its
internal consistency and to see the items that are highly correlated.
Construct Validity. To establish the factors of the test, the items have undergone
factors analysis by reducing the number of subscales from the initial five factors
hypothesized to new common factors where the items highly load on. The factorial
composition of the test is established whether the items belonging in one cluster would
measure the same characteristic. The factor loadings of each item were derived in order to
determine the acceptance level of the said item. A value having .30 and above are the
ones accepted in the pool of items for the final form of the test.
The eigenvalues of each factor extracted were also determined. The eigenvalues
are the sum of squared correlations between a factor variate and the p original variables.
It reflects the overall relationship between that factor and the original variables. The scree
test was used to assess the eigenvalues where the factors with eigenvalues of 1.0 and
above are considered to be stable.

The factors extracted were also rotated using varimax raw to show all strong and
weak loadings. The varimax rotation was conducted to minimize the number of variables
that load strongly on a factor and a low loading of other factors. In the process, the
factors extracted tend to equalize the proportion of variances explained by each factor.
Discriminant Validity. To establish the test’s discriminant validity, the scores on
the predisposition to help among the Filipino and Chinese-Filipino firefighters were
categorized and they were compared. The differences in their overall test score for each
factor were tested for significance using the t-test for two independent samples. The alpha
level of significance was set at .05. Factors that have significant differences between the
set of sample means shows that the factor has the ability to discriminate. But when no
significant difference is found it means that the factor converges across the groups.
Rasch Model. To establish a uniform sample free scale of measurement for the
predisposition to help that is applicable to individuals and groups of widely varying
characteristics, the Rasch model is used. The method incorporates item performance in
the standard-setting process by graphically presenting item difficulties in this case the
extreme scores. The process involves item mapping where all the items ordered in
columns, with each column in the graph representing a different item difficulty/extreme
scores. The columns of items are ordered from easy to difficult (extreme low scores to
extreme high scores in this study) on a histogram-type graph, with very easy items
toward the left end of the graph, and very hard items toward the right end of the graph.
Item difficulties in log odds unit are estimated through application of the Rasch IRT
model (Wright & Stone, 1979). Logit difficulties are computed to obtain a characteristic
curve for each item. The abscissa of the graph represents the rescaled item difficulty. Any
one column has items within two points of each other. The goal of this item mapping
procedure is to locate a column of items on the histogram where the researcher can reach
consensus that the predisposition to help measure has a 50% chance answering the items
correctly.
Results
Reliability
Based on the item analysis done on the test instrument’s descriptive profile, the
total item mean was 396.94, the sum of the scores was 59541, and the standard deviation
was 32.56, while the variance obtained was 1059.88. The analysis also showed that the
distribution of scores tends to be normal and symmetrical based on its skewness since the
value obtained was 0.1907, which is a score close to 0. The value of kurtosis that was
obtained was 0.171, which indicates that the distribution of the scores is normal since the
value is close to 0. The minimum value of the scores was 317 and the maximum was
498.
For the reliability analysis, the cronbach’s alpha obtained is 0.926 indicating high
reliability and the standardized alpha value was 0.93. The average inter-item correlation
resulted to a value of 0.32. The item total correlation and the mean and standard deviation
for each item were also obtained.
Factor Analysis
To test the homogeneity of the items in the test questionnaire, the raw data was
analyzed using the factor analysis. The principal components or eigenvalues, which
indicate the amount of common variance accounted for by the respective number of
factors, that were obtained are illustrated in Table 4.

Table 4
Eigenvalues of Each Factor
Percentage total Cumulative Cumulative

Eigenvalue Variance Eigenvalue Percentage
Factor 1 17.72 15.96 17.72 15.96
Factor 2 8.03 7.23 25.75 23.19
Factor 3 5.85 5.27 31.60 28.47
Factor 4 3.67 3.31 35.27 31.77
Factor 5 3.37 3.03 38.63 34.81
As shown in table 4, five factors were extracted from the factor analysis with
eigenvalues greater than 1. The first factor had the highest eigenvalue of 17.72, which
means 18% of the time the items explain the variance in factor 1. As for factor 2, the
eigenvalue showed that 8% of the time, items explains the variability of factor 2. For
factor 3, 6% of the time is the variability accounted for. For factor 4, 4% of the time is the
variability accounted for. Lastly, for factor 5, the variability of the test accounts for 3%.
The varimax rotation was used to analyze the raw data in order to maximize the
variances of the squared raw factor loadings across variables for each factor (see
Appendix D). The communality or the proportion of variance that each item has in
common with other items is illustrated in the table of communalities (see Appendix E).
Lastly, the analysis of factor loadings for the whole test instrument, which illustrates the
correlations between the respective variables and factors, showed the percentage
explained for every item and proportion of total for each factor.
Table 5
Extracted Eigenvalues for Each factor
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5

Explained
Variance 12.60 8.84 4.92 5.36 6.92
Prp.Totl 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.06

Note: Marked loadings are > .30
Table 5 shows that the variance explained are distributed across the five factors
extracted as well as the number of items with acceptable loadings. Factor 1 has the
highest number of items (see table 6) corresponding to 12.6% explained variance. The
rest of the factors have explained variance of 8.8%, 4.9%, 5.4%, and 6.9%, respectively
for factors 2 to 5.
Final Form
After the item analysis, certain items were not included from the original scale.
The items that yield a loading lower than 0.3 were removed as well as those items that are
accepted under several factors. For an item to be accepted under a specific factor it
should have a value of more than 0.3 and it has to load only on one factor. Table 6 shows
the new factors of each item.
Table 6
Table of Specification for Final Form
Factors Total no. of Item Numbers New Factor Name

Items
Factor 1 29 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15, 18, 21, Pagtugon sa Pananagutan
24, 27, 31, 33, 35, 37, 42, 43, 45,
48, 49, 53, 56, 59, 61, 65, 66, 70,
71
Factor 2 13 3, 5, 16, 25, 41, 52, 54, 55, 57, Pagkabayani
62, 64, 67, 69
Factor 3 12 14, 19, 23, 26, 34, 38, 39, 40, 47, Pagtanaw sa Utang-na-loob
51, 58, 60
Factor 4 6 17, 29, 32, 44, 46, 50 Pakikiramdam
Factor 5 12 2, 9, 11, 12, 20, 22, 28, 30, 36, Pagiging Maka-pamilya
63, 68
Total 71
Because of the changes due to factor analysis of the data, similarities among the
grouped items were analyzed and new labels for each factor were made. The final form
after the pilot test and the analysis of data is illustrated in Appendix F.
To determine the region of the scores where it approximates the true score that is
free of error, the confidence interval for means was used. The mean was obtained where
it is added and subtracted with one unit of standard deviation approximating 68% of the
theoretical curve. The following values obtained are shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Mean and Standard Deviation for the Factors Predisposition to Help
Factors M SD CI
Pagka-bayani 44.60 8.52 36.08-53.12
Pakikiramdam 23.93 3.49 20.44-33.42
Pagiging Maka-pamilya 41.4 4.99 36.41-46.43
Pagtanaw ng utang-ng-loob 39.93 4.68 34.65-44.01
Pagtugon sa pananagutan 109.64 14.96 94.68-124.28
Table 7 shows the range of scores within 68% of the normal curve. The actual
data was taken from the actual test scores among 200 firefighters in Metro Manila area.
The sample is composed of all males with Filipino and Chinese Filipino samples. The
factors on pakikiramdam, pagiging maka-pamilya, and pagtanaw ng utang ng loob show
more accurate means since constricted intervals were obtained.
Discriminant Validity
The data is obtained from 100 Chinese-Filipino Volunteer Firefighters and another
set of 100 Filipino Volunteer Firefighters on their predisposition to help.

Table 8
Comparing Filipino and Chinese Filipino Firefighters
Source of Variation t value df p-value

Pagkabayani 2.94 198 0.004*
Pakikiramdam 1.06 198 0.291
Pagiging Makapamilya 1.89 198 0.060
Pagtanaw ng utang-na-loob 0.66 198 0.508
Pagtugon sa pananagutan -0.22 198 0.825
* Significant at .05
In comparing between Filipino and Chinese-Filipino firefighters in their
pagkabayani, the p value obtained is 0.003, which is less than the alpha level of
significance. The null hypothesis is rejected. There is a significant difference between the
Chinese-Filipino Volunteer Firefighters and Filipino Volunteer Firefighters in the pagka-
bayani factor in their predisposition to help. The Chinese-Filipino significantly obtained a
higher mean score (M=46.34) than the Filipinos (M=42.86) in their pagkabayani in
helping. This means that race can discriminate the factor on pagkabayani.
The Chinese-Filipino Volunteer Firefighters were able to obtain a mean score of
24.26 and a standard deviation of 3.75 in pakikiramdam. The Filipino Volunteer
Firefighters, on the other hand, got a mean score of 23.72 and a standard deviation score
of 3.45. This comparison of means did not reach significance with a p value of .29. Race
could not discriminate the factor on pakikiramdam.
The Chinese-Filipino volunteer firefighters had a mean of 42.56 and a standard
deviation of 7.54 on pagiging maka-pamilya. As for the Filipino Volunteer Firefighter,
they got a mean score of 40.85 and a standard deviation of 4.98. Again, the statistical
analysis showed that there is no significant difference in the scores of the two groups of
volunteer firefighters in the factor of pagiging maka-pamilya.

For pagtanaw ng utang ng loob, the Chinese-Filipino Volunteer Firefighters had a
mean of 39.55 with a standard deviation of 4.84 while the Filipino Volunteer Firefighters
had a mean of 39.11 with a standard deviation of 4.53. There is no significant difference
between the two mean scores.
The factor on pagtugon ng pananagutan also did not reach significance in
comparing with the Chinese-Filipino and Filipino Volunteer Firefighters with means of
109.40 and 109.87 respectively and standard deviations of 14.02 and 15.90 respectively.
Correlation Among the Factors
The intercorrelations among the factors of pagkabayani, pakikiramdam,
makapamilya, utang-na-loob, and pananagutan are established to determine whether they
converge with each other. The results show that all the factors have significant
relationship with each other. The magnitude of the relationship is positive providing
evidence that the test have attained convergent validity. This means that as the score form
one factors increases, the scores on other factors also increases.
Table 10
Correlation Matrix For the Factors of Predisposition to Help
1 2 3 4 5
(1) pagkabayani 1.00
(2) pakikiramdam 0.61* 1.00
(3) makapamilya 0.18* 0.33* 1.00
(4) utang-na-loob 0.18* 0.27* 0.16* 1.00
(5) pananagutan 0.72* 0.73* 0.39* 0.28* 1.00
* Significant at .05
The correlation coefficients obtained range from moderate to high. This shows
that the factors are not multicollinear with each other. It further supports that the measure
on predisposition to help is truly composed of the five factors.

Tree Clustering of the Factors
Cluster analysis using the Joining Tree Analysis was used to determine the
distances of the five factors of predisposition to help. Figure 1 shows the tree diagram
plotted on Euclidean distance estimates.
Tree Diagram for Variables

Single Linkage
Euclidean distances
pagkabayani
makapamilya
utang-na-loob
pakikiramdam
pananagutan
0 200 400 600 800 1000

Linkage Distance
Figure 1. Clustering of the Five Factors on Predisposition to Help
The joining tree analysis based on the Euclidean distance estimates show that
pagkabayani, makapamilya and utang na loon are the factors that are closely related with
each other because of the low Euclidean distance among them. The closeness of these
three variables to pakikiramdam may be considered marginal. The factor on pananagutan
is far in explaining its relationship with the rest of the factors (see Appendix G). In using
an amalgamated distance the combination of utang na loob and makapamilya shows the
closest cluster together with a Euclidean distance of 93.42 (see Appendix H).
Exploratory Factor Analysis
The scores of the 200 male firefighters, which is a second pilot test, are further
analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. This procedure is conducted to determine
whether the 71 items of the final form would still form the same five factors arrived from
the preliminary factor analysis. Conducted further exploratory factor analysis would
provide evidence on the factor structure of the measure for predisposition to help.
In the factor extraction process, five factors were entered based on the previous five
factors formed in the initial factor analysis.
Table 12
Eigenvalues for the Five Factors
Eigenvalue % Total Cumulative Cumulative

Factor 1 17.35 24.44 17.35 24.44
Factor 2 4.93 6.95 22.29 31.39
Factor 3 3.81 5.36 26.09 36.75
Factor 4 2.83 3.99 28.93 40.74
Factor 5 2.43 3.42 31.36 44.17
Table 12 shows that high eigenvalues were obtained for each factor that are
unrotated. In using a Scree test there are actually 19 factors that can be extracted with
values greater than one but five factors were decided on since there are five points shown
on the steep drop on the scree curve as illustrated in figure 2. The initial five factors in the
preliminary factor analysis were also taken in to consideration.

Plot of Eigenvalues
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
Value
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Number of Eigenvalues
Figure 2. Scree Curve for the Exploratory Factor Analysis
The five factors were rotated using varimax raw in order to maximize the variance
of the factor loadings.
Table 13
Eigenvalues on Rotated Factors
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5

Expl.Var 10.87 4.09 9.56 3.85 2.99
Prp.Totl 0.15 0.058 0.13 0.05 0.04
As shown in Table 13, the percentage explained was distributed across the five
factors. High percentage of explained variance was obtained for factor 1 (10.87%) and
factor 3 (9.56%). The distribution of items in the second exploratory factor analysis is
shown in Table 14.

Table 14
Table of Specifications for the Exploratory Factor Analysis
Factors No. of items Items No.

Factor 1 18 3, 5, 17, 18, 24, 25, 33, 41, 48, 52, 54,
55, 57, 59, 62, 66, 67, 69
Factor 2 6 9, 11, 12, 20, 47, 68
Factor 3 21 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 13, 21, 22, 29, 30,
31, 35, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50, 51, 53, 63
Factor 4 5 14, 19, 38, 39, 40
Factor 5 3 34, 58, 60
Total 43
The items that were included are those with factor loadings of .40 and above. The
items that do not meet these criteria and those that highly load on more than one factor
are discarded (see Appendix I). Most of the items highly loaded on factor 1 (18 items)
and factor 3 (21 items). Very few items are extracted for the rest of the factors. This time
there are 43 items that highly loaded on the five-factor structure.
In reviewing the content of the items for each factor, there is a pattern where the
factor is dominated by items belonging in the factor from the initial factor analysis (see
Appendix J). Factor 1 contains mostly of the items on pagkabayani, Factor 2 contains
mostly the items on makapamilya, factor 3 contains mostly the items on pananagutan,
both factors 4 and 5 contain items on pagtanaw ng utang ng loob and it was merged as
one factor. The items on pakikiramdam were distributed on factors 1 and 3. These items
were revised to fit the content of factors 1 and 3. There are four factors considered based
on the new distribution of items in the exploratory factor analysis namely pagkabayani
(heroism), makapamilya (kindred relationship), pananagutan (social responsibility), and
utang na loob (reciprocity). The 43 items were maintained and the fourth factor contains
8 items since it was merged.

Rasch Model
In performing the Rasch Model, the scores of 30 respondents from the 71-item
measure were selected randomly from the pool of 200 firefighters. These scores were
included in the analysis for the Rasch model. The scores were coded into 1’s and 0’s
where the responses that were answered agree and strongly agree were converted into 1
and those responses answered disagree and strongly disagree were coded as 0. There
were 29 items that were omitted due to having extremely high responses. A total of 42
items were left for further analysis. Tables 15 and 16 show the grouped distribution of the
42 different item scores and their logits incorrect.
Table 15
Group Distribution of the 11 different item scores of 27 cases
Item score Item Proportion logit initial item

Group index item name score f Correct incorrect incorrect f X logit f X logit^2 calibration
1 24,27 26 2 0.96 0.04 -3.26 -6.52 42.46 -1.59
19,36,46,50,
2 59,61,63,65 25 8 0.93 0.07 -2.53 -20.21 408.28 -0.86
3,5,11,52,53,
3 70 24 6 0.89 0.11 -2.08 -12.48 155.67 -0.41
13,28,41,49,58,
4 62 23 6 0.85 0.15 -1.75 -10.50 110.15 -0.08
6,19,25,26,38,54
5 ,55,68 22 8 0.81 0.19 -1.48 -11.85 140.49 0.19
6 39,45 21 2 0.78 0.22 -1.25 -2.51 6.28 0.42
7 40,42,48,60 20 4 0.74 0.26 -1.05 -4.20 17.63 0.62
8 10,20,23 19 3 0.70 0.30 -0.86 -2.59 6.73 0.80
9 18 18 1 0.67 0.33 -0.69 -0.69 0.48 0.98
10 51 11 1 0.41 0.59 0.37 0.37 0.14 2.04
11 14 7 1 0.26 0.74 1.05 1.05 1.10 2.72
Note: f=frequency
Table 15 shows the initial calibration for the scores of the 27 cases. The 22 items
are on the lower bound with negative item calibrations and 20 items were calibrated n the
upper bound with positive values. The calibration has equalized distribution of extreme
scores. Since the proportion of correct and incorrect responses are converted into logit.
Table 16
Grouped Distribution of Observed Person Scores on 42 items
Possible score Nr Proportion correct logit correct F X logit F x logit^2

1 3 0.02 -3.71 -11.14 124.12
2 2 0.05 -3.00 -5.99 35.90
3 1 0.07 -2.56 -2.56 6.58
4 1 0.10 -2.25 -2.25 5.07
5 0 0.12 -2.00 0.00 0.00
6 2 0.14 -1.79 -3.58 12.84
7 0 0.17 -1.61 0.00 0.00
8 2 0.19 -1.45 -2.89 8.37
Table 17 shows the expansion factors for the initial estimates of item calibration
and person measures in order to correct the item calibrations for sample spread and the
person measures for the test width.
Table 17
Final Estimates Extreme Item from 27 Cases
corrected
Item score initial item sample spread item
Group index item name calibration expansion factor calibration Item score calibration SE
1 24,27 -1.59 0.08 -0.12 26 0.28
19,36,46,50,59,
2 61,63,65 -0.86 0.08 -0.06 25 0.40
3 3,5,11,52,53,70 -0.41 0.08 -0.03 24 0.50
13,28,41,49,58,
4 62 -0.08 0.08 -0.01 23 0.60
6,19,25,26,38,54,
5 55,68 0.19 0.08 0.01 22 0.68
6 39,45 0.42 0.08 0.03 21 0.76
7 40,42,48,60 0.62 0.08 0.05 20 0.84
8 10,20,23 0.80 0.08 0.06 19 0.93
9 18 0.98 0.08 0.07 18 1.01

10 51 2.04 0.08 0.15 11 1.72
11 14 2.72 0.08 0.21 7 2.41
Table 17 shows that the initial item calibrated were corrected and showed values
that are more equalized. Table 18 shows the final corrected item calibrations and their
standard error from the sample spread expansion factor in Table 13.
Table 18
Final Estimates of Person Measures for all Possible scores on the 42 item test
Possible Test width corrected Measure

Test Score Initial measure expansion factor measure standard error
1 -3.71357 1 -3.71357 1.012122
2 -2.99573 1 -2.99573 0.724569
3 -2.56495 1 -2.56495 0.599145
4 -2.25129 1 -2.25129 0.525657
5 -2.00148 1 -2.00148 0.476474
6 -1.79176 1 -1.79176 0.440959
7 -1.60944 1 -1.60944 0.414039
8 -1.44692 1 -1.44692 0.392953
Discussion
Factor Structure of Predisposition to Help
In the initial factor analysis with 100 cases, the measure was able to yield five
factors that include pagtugon sa pananagutan, pagkabayani, pagtanaw ng utang ng loob,
pakikiramdam, and pagiging maka-pamilya. In the next exploratory factor analysis
conducted with 200 cases, five factors were extracted but 4 were only considered because
items on factor 4 are 5 are all the same. The content of the factors were maintained in the
exploratory factor analysis except for pakikiramdam. In the correlation matrix using the
first pilot testing (n=100), pakikiramdam was highly correlated with all the factors and in
the joining tree clustering it mediates the closeness of the utang na loob, makapamilya,
and pagkabayani with pananagutan. This explains that the items for this factor are
immersed in all other factors especially with pagkabayani and pananagutan. In the
concept of helping, one is able to help because he is sensitive to others needs. The
predisposition to help in general requires the feeling of sensitivity or pakikiramdam in
order to execute the process of helping (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1986). This means that
sensitivity or pakikiramdam is not a factor of helping but it is part of completing the
process of helping. Enriquez (1994) explains that pakikiramdam is an interpersonal
pivotal value. The nature of pakikiramdam as a central behavior provides evidence that it
runs through every value structure of the Filipinos especially in helping others. In another
perspective, Mataragnon (1987) and Decenteceo (1999) explain that pakikiramdam is
helping in itself since the Tagalog correspondence is captured in the concept of “alalay.”
This entails the ability of the person to empathize and guide another without owing the
other persons problem, which is typical of helping.
Pananagutan as a factor is far from utang na loob, pagkabayani and makapamilya
as shown in the tree clustering, although the items for this measure formed separately
with the rest in the confirmatory factor analysis creating a factor which is consistent with
the previous factor analysis conducted. Pananagutan does not capture the rest of the
factors such as utang na loob, pagkabayani and makapamilya because it a conception of
duty. Being heroic, reciprocal, and centering on kin relationship is not performed out of
duty because they have a sense of gratitude (Chua & Nazareno, 1982). What differs
pananagutan with the rest of the factors is in its scope. Utang na loob, pagkabayani and
makapamilya are in the personal level while pananagutan is beyond personal because it
contains and obligation to a macro level (Ang-See, 1997).

Pagkabayani, utang ng loob and makapamilya are relational in their nature. These
factors of helping are completed based on others. In pagkabayani, one executes an action
even if it that the elders would disagree (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1986). In makapamilya,
one is connected to his keen and ones orientation is build upon others. Utang ng loob is
shown in order to maintain a smooth interpersonal relationship. The four factors that
composed the predisposing to help captures the nature of helping in the Filipino way.
Disciminant Validity
The Chinese-Filipino and Filipinos are compared in the five factors and only
pagkabayani discriminates the two races. The Chinese-Filipino volunteer group
significantly tends to be more heroic than the Filipino volunteers. This result
contradicted the belief that Filipino people are known for their pagka-bayani nature
which was taken from the word bayanihan. According to Chua and Nazareno (1992), as
well as to Andres and Ilada-Andres (1987), the term bayanihan denotes that Filipino
people like to help each other out voluntarily without asking anything in return. Pagka-
bayani, on the other hand, was defined almost in the same way but the only difference is
that it is in the light of a hero where assistance is offered to victims even though there
will be a risk involved in the part of the helper. Although this has been incorporated in the
Philippine setting and in the Filipino culture, there is no proof that only the Filipino
people exhibit this type of value. The Chinese-Filipino people, having lived here in the
Philippines for centuries, have also come to adopt the lifestyle and culture of the
Filipinos. According to See (1997), there is an integration of the culture between the
Filipino-Chinese and the Filipino people. The Filipino-Chinese people have also learned
the value of pagka-bayani. Although there is integration of culture between the two
groups, this somehow did not coincide completely when the test of significance was
applied to the data obtained from the firefighters. It turned out that the Filipino-Chinese
firefighters got a higher mean score in this factor, which explains that they exhibit a
higher tendency in helping a victim in times of calamity having this factor as their
predisposition. This significant result could be further supported by the fact that the
volunteer fire brigades or stations were put up by the Filipino-Chinese people was
because of their willingness to give something back to the community where they are
living in. Even though they had a to choose other ways of helping their own community,
they still decided to adopt this risk-taking “job” in order to show their support, which
later became universal. Universal in a sense that not only was this “job” directed towards
the Chinese-Filipino community, it was also directed towards the Filipino community.
The sense of pagka-bayani of the Chinese-Filipino people especially the Chinese-Filipino
volunteer firefighters is very evident.
Item Calibration
In using the Rasch Model, 42 items are calibrated to arrive with an ability free
measure of predisposition to help. This is consistent with the exploratory factor analysis
where 43 items were arrived. The items calibrated in the Rach Model are also consistent
with the items with high factor loadings. Given the 42 items there is now a separate
parameters for the items and the respondents. The calibrated values of persons and items
arrived show that the dispersion of extremely high and low scores on helping equalizes
with the helping characteristics of the respondents. The test width of the scale to measure
helping is 1, which is low, and extreme scores were removed creating a sample free
measure of predisposition to help. The values of the standard error computed are low
which indicates that the characteristics of the respondents in helping is centered among
the spread of the items creating a more precise measure of predisposition to help. The
local independent of the measure and standard errors result in a measure of helping that
improves accuracy and performs in a stable manner across settings and populations.
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Appendix A
Interview Guide
Name:
Age:
Name of Fire Brigade/Association:
Other Occupation:
Position in Brigade:
Ethnicity: □ Filipino-Chinese or □ Filipino
A. Basic Information
1. Ilang taon ka nang isang Volunteer Fire Fighter?
2. Kailan ka unang sumali?
3. Tuwing kailan ka pumupunta sa inyong istasyon?
4. Anu-ano ang mga dahilan kung bakit ka sumali?
5. Ano ang naging reaksyon ng iyong mga mahal sa buhay tungkol dito?
6. Gaaano ka-importante ang pagiging isang bumbero para sa iyo?
B. Helping
1. Sa iyong palagay, bakit ka tumutulong sa ibang tao?
2. Ano ang kahalagahan nito? (ng pagtulong) revise this it is incomplete?
3. Ano ang naidudulot nito sa iyo?
4. Magbigay ng mga halimbawa kung saan ipinakita mo ang pagtulong sa ibang tao maliban sa
pagiging isang bumbero.
C. Volunteerism
1. Bakit at paano mo naisipang maging isang volunteer (kahit na walang bayad)?
2. Ano ang kahalagahan ng pagiging isang boluntaryo?
3. Anu-ano ang mga katangian ng isang boluntaryong bumbero?
4. Magbigay ng mga halimbawa kung saan ikaw ay naging volunteer maliban sa pagiging isang
bumbero.
D. Predispositions to Help
1. Ang mga sumusunod ay mga konseptong Pilipinong makikita sa ating kultura. Sa iyong palagay,
maaari ba silang maging mga dahilan kung bakit tayo tumutulong sa ibang tao?
a. Pagkabayani / Heroism
b. Pakikiramdam
c. Katarungan
d. Pananagutan
e. Kindred Relationship
f. Utang na Loob
E. Ethnicity
1. Sa iyong palagay ay may pagkakaiba ba ang isang boluntaryong bumbero na Fil-Chi at Filipino?
Anu-ano ang mga ito?
2. Kung pag-uusapan ang tungkol sa mga nabanggit na konsepto, may pinag-kaiba ba ang dalawa
(Fil-Chi at Chi) sa mga ito?
3. Sa Pagiging isang bumbero, importante ba ang pagiging isang Fil-Chi o Filipino? Bakit?
4. Sa pangkalahatan, mayroon pa rin bang pagkakaiba ang mga Fil-Chi at Filipino pagdating sa
pagtulong sa ibang tao?
5. Mayroon bang pagkakaiba ang kultura ng Filipino sa mga Fil-Chi? Anu-ano ang mga ito?
Appendix B
Preliminary Items Constructed
“Pagka-bayani” – It refers to the act of being tolerant to certain situations. Meaning the person is willing
to fight for a good cause especially when it comes to defending the weak and oppressed ones (Andres &
Ilada-Andres, 1986) or offering help to those who are in need without expecting anything in return (Andres
& Ilada-Andres, 1987). This factor was measured through ___ items that are indicated in the questionnaire
for altruism.
1. Willing akong i-sacrifice ang aking buhay para sa isang tao para lang magampanan ang aking
pagiging isang volunteer firefighter.
2. Sa aking palagay, kailangan na manggaling sa aking puso ang pagiging isang volunteer firefighter
ko. (Pakikiramdam)
3. Kapag may nawawalang bata ay aking hinahatid mismo sa kanyang mga magulang.
4. Handa akong tulungan ang kahit sinong nangangailangan.
5. Kapag may naabutan akong naaksidente ay dali-dali kong dinadala sa ospital.
6. Susugod ako sa sunog hangga’t kaya ko.
7. Gumagaan ang aking loob kapag pinupuri ako ng mga tao matapos kong pigilin ang sunog.
8. Bali wala sa akin ang maaksidente sa sunog basta’t makatulong ako sa mga nasunugan.
9. Para sa akin, ako ay isang bayani kapag nakapagsaklolo ako ng buhay mula sa sunog.
10. Kapag may taong malalaglag mula sa nasusunog na gusali ay sasagipin ko siya hahit ano pa man
ang mangyari.
11. Pakiramdam ko bayani ang dating ko kapag ako ay nakasakay sa itaas ng fire truck.
(Pakikiramdam)
12. Buo pa rin ang aking loob na sumugod sa fire scene kahit na alam kong malaki ang chance na
maaaksidenti ako.
13. Kapag may nakita akong taong nanakawan, kahit ano pa ang aking ginagawa sa oras na iyon ay
iiwan ko at tutulungan ko siya.
14. Kaya ako sumali bilang isang volunteer dahil gusto ko lamang makatulong sa kapwa.
(pananagutan)
15. Proud ako sa aking sarili bilang isang volunteer firefighter.
16. Bilang isang volunteer firefighter, ako ay may “will” at “courage” na saklolohin ang buhay mga
tao.
17. Para sa akin, ang makatulong sa kapwa at makapagligtas ng buhay ay maituturing na pagkabayani.
18. Ok lang sa akin na sumugod sa sunog para sa mga taong nasusunugan.
19. Sumali ako bilang isang volunteer firefighter para makatulong sa mga nangangailangan.
20. Sumali ako bilang isang volunteer firefighter hindi para makatulong kundi para maging isang
volunteer sa title. (negative item) – the one withunderline is not clear.
21. Gusto kong mapamahagi sa ibang tao ang pagiging matulungin kong tao.
22. Handa akong sapitin ang kahit anumang aksidente sa sunog basta makatulong lang ako sa mga
nasusunugan.
23. Gagawin ko ang lahat ng aking makakaya para makapagligtas ng buhay at mga property.
“Pakikiramdam” – It is taken from the root word “damdam,” which simply means being sensitive enough
to understand and relate to the situation of another person. In short, it means putting one’s self in the
situation of another person and from there would decide on what actions to take next (Enriquez, 1994).
Another explanation would be feeling or sensing before taking action (Chua & Nazareno, 1992). This
factor was measured through ___ items that are indicated in the questionnaire for altruism.
1. Ginagawa ko ang lahat ng aking makakakaya na pigilin agad ang sunog dahil nararamdaman kong
kinakabahan ang mga taong nasa aking paligid.
2. Tuwing ako ay dumarating sa sunog, lagi kong inaalala kung ano na ang maaaring nangyari sa
gusaling nasusunog at sa mga taong nakatira roon.
3. Alam kong nakakapagbigay saya sa ibang tao ang pagtulong kaya ako tumutulong sa mga
nangangailangan. (Utang na loob)
4. Alam kong sumasaya ang biktima kapag napapatay agad ang sunog kaya mas nagiging motivated
akong tumulong.(utang na loob)
5. Dahil sa alam ko ang pakiramdam ng masunugan ng bahay at mawalan ng mahal sa buhay ay mas
lalo akong nagiging dedicated sa pagpatay ng sunog.
6. Nararamdaman ko kung paano masunugan ng sariling bahay at mawalan ng ari-arian kaya ayaw
kong maranasan ito ng ibang tao kaya ako lubusuang tumutulong.
7. Nauunawaan ko ang pakiramdam ng na-su-suffocate kapag nakulong sa loob ng nasusunog na
gusali kaya hangga’t maaari ay inilalabas ko agad sa maikling oras angmga taong nakukulong.
8. Pagdating ako sa sunog, pinapakiramdaman ko muna kung ano na ang kalagayan ng gusaling
nasusunog at ng mga taong nakulong sa loob ng gusaling nasusunog bago ako gumawa ng aksyon.
9. Nauunawaan ko ang nararamdaman ng mga taong nasusunugan kaya mas namomotivate akong
tumulong sa kanila tuwing may sunog.
10. Hindi ko na iniintindi kung ano man ang maaaring nararamdaman ng mga taong nasusunugan,
basta’t mapigil ko lang ang sunog. (negative item)
11. Gumagaan ang aking loob pag nakatulong ako sa mga nabibiktima ng sunog dahil alam kong
nasisiyahan sila kapag napigil namin ang sunog.
12. Kung desperado na ang taong humihingi sa akin ng tulong ay handa akong tulungan siya dahil
alam kong mahirap ang walang matakbuhan sa oras ng pangangailangan.
13. Kung mayroon isang nakulong sa apoy, mag-volunteer akong tulungan siya dahil alam kong
mahirap ang kalagayan niya.
14. Hindi ako tutulong sa kapwa kahit na alam kong nahihirapan na sila sa kanilang kalagayan,
maliban na lapitan nila ako at humingi ng tulong. (negative item)
15. Dahil nauunawaan kong napakahirap ang pakiramdam ng hindi makalabas sa apoy, ako na mismo
ang tuutulong.
16. Kapag may nakita akong nasugatan dahil sa sunog, dinadala ko siya agad sa ospital.
17. Kapag nakakita ako ng matandang bumababa ng hagdanan na nahihirapan sa nasusunog na gusali
ay nangunguna akong lumapit para matulungan siya.
18. Tinutulungan ko ang aking mga magulang na disiplinahin ang aking mga kapatid dahil alam kong
gaano kahirap ang magpalaki ng anak na suwail.(Remove – not related)
19. Nauunawaan ko ang kahalagahan ng pagtulong sa kapwa kaya kapag mayroon akong oras ay
nagvo-volunteer akong turuan ang iban tao na maging isang epektibong bumbero.
20. Kapag mayroon akong kaibigan na namatayan ay sinisigurado kong pupuntahan siya para
tulungan siya at damayan dahil alam kong masakit ang mawalan ng minamahal sa buhay.(remove
– not related)
“Katarungan” – It pertains to justice or righteousness (Chua & Nazareno, 1992) as well as “inner self-
worth” meaning as long as he or she thinks that something is right, then, that is already justice (Andres &
Ilada-Andres, 1986). It may also be something concrete or visible for the Filipinos, in that it is seen or
elicited by the ones who hold the power to maintain peace in one’s own land. It is said to be based on the
value of harmony and is not individualistic but rather communitarian (Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1987). This
factor was measured through the questionnaire for predisposition to help, wherein it was composed of ____
items.
1. Ang ibang kawani ng pamahalaan ang may karapatan para maghusga kung sino ang may
kasalanan sa sunog.
2. Ang simpleng pagpatay lamang ng sunog ay makatarungang gawain bilang isang volunteer
firefighter.
3. Tinutulungan ko ang kahit sino mang lumapit sa akin dahik ito ay nararapat.
4. Kung ang taong nagsimula ng sunog ay nasaktan ay tutulungan ko pa rin dahil iyon ang tingin
komg tamang gawin.
5. Basta’t naaksidente ang isang tao, mabuti man siya o masama, ay tutulungan ko pa rin bilang isang
volunteer.
6. Tinutulungan ko pa rin ang mga taong may pakana ng sunog dahil yan ang trabaho ng isang
volunteer firefighter.
7. Tinitimbang ko lagi kung karapat-dapat bang tulungan ang isang tao tuwing mayroon siyang
problema. (negative item)
8. Kapag nakita kong nasunugan ang kaaway ko ay tutulungan ko pa rin siya kahit gaano pa ang galit
ko.
9. Kapag humingi ng tulong ang isang taong napinsalaan ay hindi ko na tinitimbang kung tama ba o
mali ang tulungan siya.
10. Kapag may lumapit sa akin at humingi ng tulong na siraan ang isang tao ay hindi ko iyon gagawin.
(remove – not related)
11. Hindi ako namimili kung sino ang dapat kong tulungan tuwing sunog, basta’t ang alam ko tama
ang ginagawa kong pagtulong.
12. Kapag may nakita akong magnanakaw at malapit na siyang maapektuhan ng sunog ay ililigtas ko
pa rin siya dahil buhay pa rin miya ang nakasalalay.
13. Kapag may sumisigaw at kailangang tulungan, agad akong tutulong ng walang atubili dahil ito ay
nararapat.
14. Kapag may lumapit sa akin na humihingi ng tulong financially dahil may sakit siya, tutulungan ko
siya kapag alam kong hindi niya ako niloloko. (negative item) (remove – not related)
15. Kung mayroon akong nakitang aksidente at nasugatan, hindi na ako magdadalawang isip na
tulungan siya.
16. Kapag may lumapit sa akin na isang taong masama at humingi ng tulong at sa tingin ko ay tama
naman siyang tulungan ay tutulungan pa rin ako.
17. Tutulungan ko lamang ang isang taong gumawa ng kasalanan kapag inamin na niya sa akin ang
kanyang kamalian. (Negative item)
18. Aalamin ko muna kung sino ang may kagagawan ng isang sunog na naganap bago ko
pagdidisisyunan kung sino ang aking tutulungan. (negative item)
19. Kapag alam kong mali na ang ginagawa ng isang tao ay hindi ko na talaga siya tutulungan.
20. Kapag alam kong hindi tamang gawin ang isang pabor na hinihingi sa akin ng isang tao ay hindi
ako tumutulong.
“Pananagutan” – It could be defined as obligation or liability of a person to someone else or to society

(Chua & Nazareno, 1992). This factor was measured through a ___ item list that was indicated in the
questionnaire for determining the factors that lead to predisposition to help
1. Ang isang volunteer firefighter ay hindi lamang pagvo-volunteer kundi may kasama rin itong
malaking obligasyon.
2. Kapag ang isang tao ay naging isang volunteer firefighter ay kailangan niyang panagutan ang
ilang mga requirements na kasama sa propesyong.
3. Ngayong naging isang volunteer na ako, kailangan kong panagutan ang kahit ano mang mangyari
sa mg ataong nasasakupan ko.
4. Kapag nag-volunteer bilang isang bumbero ay kailangang magkaroon ng commitment.
5. Gagawin ko ang lahat para lang masaklolohan ang taong naaksidente.
6. Gagawin ko ang lahat ng aking makakaya bilang isang volunteer firefighter imbis na nakatambay
lang ako sa station o headquarter at walang ginagawa.
7. Kapag ang taong inutusan kong sumugod sa sunog ay naaksidente, ako ang may sagot sa kanya.
8. Gagawin ko ang nararapat na tulong sa abot ng aking makakaya kapag may nakita akong taong
nangangailangan ng tulong ko.
9. Kapag may alam lamang ako kung paano tulungan ang biktima ay gagawin ko ang lahat ng aking
makakaya.
10. Kahit na alam kong kaya kong tulungan ang biktima ay pwede ko pa rin siyang hindi tulungan.
(negative item)
11. Mabuti ang makatulong sa taong nangangailangan.
12. Kung may taong nanganganib ang buhay at alam ko naman magbigay ng first aid, gagawin ko ang
aking makakaya.
13. Kapag may nakita akong taong nanganganib ang buhay, nagvo-volunteer ako agad na dalhin siya
sa ospital. (Pagkabayani)
14. Tumatawag ako agad ng ambulansya kapag may nakita akong taong naaksidente.
15. Bilang isang volunteer firefighter na dumaan na sa maraming training, nagbibigay rin ako ng
safety lectures sa mga magaaral ng mga eskwelahan upang makaiwas sa panganib ng sunog.
16. Bilang isang volunteer firefighter, kailangan kong pangalagaan ang kalagayan ng aming
komunidad.
17. Responsibilidad kong tulungan ang sino man sa aking mga kasamahan na maaksidente sa loob ng
sunog.
18. Kailangan kong tulungan ang mga victims ng sunog hangga’t naroon ako sa fire scene.
19. Sa aking palagay ay hindi ko responsibilidad na tulungan ang mga fire victims dahil ako ay isang
volunteer lamang. (negative item)
20. Bilang isang volunteer sa kahit anumang field, maging sa medics man o sa firefighting, ay
kailangan maging “smart” kapag gagawa ng desisyon.
21. Dapat akong mag-alay ng tulong sa mga naaksidente kapag may alam ako kung paano sila
tulungan. (same with item 12 – remove)
22. Kailangan kong maging “smart” pagdating sa paggawa ng decisions sa kahit anumang gawaing
aking pinasukan dahil responsibilidad ko ang kahit anumang mangyari sa future. (same with item
20 – remove)
23. Para sa akin, kapag tinakbo ko ang isang taong naaksidente sa ospital ay sinisigurado ko na
marakating siya sa ospital at mapasok agad sa ER.
Kindred relationship – Kindred relationship suggests that help is offered to people who are considered as
family members or relatives for the desire of defending one’s own gene as well as those who are close to
the helper (Myers, 1999; Andres & Ilada-Andres, 1986). The fact that attachment to parents, siblings, as
well as relatives and godparents, the helper is more inclined to help these groups of people (Andres &
Ilada-Andres). This factor was measured through the ___ items that were indicated in the questionnaire for
altruism.
1. Handa akong tulungan ang mga kamiyembro ko sa station o headquarter.
2. Tutulungan ko ang mga taong may relasyon o kakilala ng mga kapwa kong ka-station o ka-
headquarter.
3. Kapay mayroon sa aking mga kapamilya na nangangailangan ng pera ay handa akong tulungan
sila. (remove – not related)
4. Sasamahan ko kahit anong oras ang aking kaibigan sa ospital kapag siya ay may nasaktan.
5. Bukal sa aking loob na bayaran ang gamot na kakailanganin ng maysakit kong kaibigan na walang
pera.
6. Uunahin kong tulungan ang aking kapamilya at kaibigan sa kahit ano mang sitwasyon.
7. Prina-prioritize ko ang aking pamilya lagi sa kahot anong sitwasyon.
8. Wala akong prina-prioritize na tulungan sa mga taong may problema kahit na isa pa sa kanila ang
aking matalik na kaibigan, lahat sila ay pantay-pantay lang sa akin. (negative item)
9. Kapag may nasugatan o may nangyaring hindi kanais-nais sa kasamahan ko sa station ay
tutulungan ko agad siya.
10. Gagamutin ko agad ang sugat na natamo ng aking kapwa volunteer firefighter.
11. Dumarating ako agad sa sunog kapag alam kong isa sa mga mahal ko sa buhay ang nalagay sa
panganib.
12. Pare-pareho kong tutulungan ang sinomang maaksidente, kilala man o hindi. (negative item)
13. Kapag nagkaproblema ang isa sa kapwa kong volunteer firefighter ay handa akong tumulong sa
kanya kahit gaano pa ito kahirap.
14. Isang tawag lang sa akin ng aking kaibigan at sabihing mayroon siyang problema ay handa na
akong tumulong.
15. Hangga’t makakaya ko ay tutulungan ko ang aking kaibigan sa kahit anumang oras.
16. Isa sa kagandahan ng volunteer firefighting ay ang pagtutulungan ng bawat station kapag
mayroong problema ang isa sa mga station.
17. Mas tutulungan ko ang kakilala ko sa loob ng nasusunog na gusali.
18. Kino-consider ko na pangalawang pamilya ang brigada kaya lagi akong handang tumulong kapag
ang isa sa kanila ay nagkaproblema.
19. Hindi ko inuunang tulungan ang mga mahal ko sa buhay tuwing may sunog; pantay-pantay lang
ang trato ko sa lahat ng mga biktima. (negative item) (same with item 8 – remove 8, this is better)
20. Kapag nagkaporblema ang isa kong kapamilya, mas uunahin ko siyang tulungan kaysa sa iba.
21. Hindi ako yung klase ng taong kapag kamag-anak ko lang ang nasusunugan bago ako reresponde
sa sunog. (negative item) (remove – not clear)
“Utang-na-loob” – It can be defined as debt of gratitude coming from the root word “utang” which
means debt (Chua & Nazareno, 1992). This value refers to the act of returning the favor of the receiver
of help to the helper; making sure that he or she is not indebted to the other party (Andres & Ilada-
Andres, 1986). This factor was measured through a list of ___ items provided in the questionnaire for
altruism that were administered to the respondents.
1. Tutulungan ko ang mga nangangailangan nang walang kapalit. (negative item)
2. Tumutulong ako sa ibang tao para balang araw ay matulungan din nila ako kapag ako naman ang
nangailangan.
3. Para sa akin, kapag tinulungan ko ang isang tao sa kanyang problema alam kong balang araw,
ibabalik niya ang pabor na ito.
4. Kapag ako ay napanganib sa gitna ng sunog, tama lang na tulungan ako ng taong natulungan ko na
dati.
5. Tingin ko ay may utang-na-loob sa akin ang mga taong natulungan ko sa sunog.
6. Nagbibigay ako ng tulong na libre at walang kapalit. (negative item)
7. Kapag may tinulungan akong tao ngayon at balang araw ay tinulungan niya ako, hindi ko ito
ituturing na bayad niya sa akin. (negative item)
8. Hindi ko iniisip na may utang-na-loob sa akin ang mga taong natutulungan ko sa sunog. (negative
item)
9. Ang pag-abot sa akin ng isang basong tubig ng biktima matapos kong patayin ang sunog ay
pagtanaw na rin ng utang-na-loob sa akin.
10. Sapat na makatulong ako sa kapwa at wala na akong iniisp na pwedeng kapalit na aking
matatanggap. (negative item)
11. Kapag tumulong ako sa kapwa, nasa sa kanila na kung iisipin pa nila na mayroon silang utang-na-
loob sa akin. (negative item)
12. Kapag nasusunugan ang taong pinagkakautangan ko ng loob ay mas lalo akong mapipilitang
saklolohin siya.
13. Masarap ang pakiramadam ko kapag tumutulong ako nang walang hinihinging kapalit. (negative
item)
14. Para sa akin, hindi naman dahil sa may utang-na-loob ako sa isang tao kaya ko siya tinutulungan
kapag siya ay may problema; tutulungan ko pa rin siya kahit wala akong utang-na-loob sa kanya.
(negative item)
15. Tumutulong ako ngayon sa taong bayan para balang araw mayroon ding magmamagandang loob
na tulungan ako.
16. Para sa akin, masarap ang tumulong bilang isang volunteer dahil walang perang kapalit. (negative
item)
17. Kapag mayroong hihiram sa akin ng pera ay kusang loob kong binibigay na lamang at hindi ko na
iniisip na balang araw ay maibabalik niya iyan bilang utang-na-loob sa akin. (negative item)
18. Tinulungan ko ang kaibigan ko ngayon sa palago ng kanyang negosyo, pagdating ng panahon na
kakailanganin ko ang tulong niya ay sana maibalik niya ang pabor na aking ginawa sa kanya.
19. Kapag may dalawang taong lumapit sa akin at humingi ng tulong, mas inuuna kong tulungan ang
taong pinagkakautangan ko ng loob.
20. Kapag kritikal na ang sitwasyon ng sunog, uunahin kong tulungan ang taong mayroon akong
utang-na-loob.
Appendix C
Pilot Test Items (111 items)

Appendix D
Rotated Factor Loadings

Appendix E
Communalities: Principal Factor Analysis

Appendix F
Items for the Final Form (71 items)

Appendix G
Euclidean Distance for the Tree Clustering
pagkabayani Pakikiramdam makapamilya utang-na-loob pananagutan

pagkabayani 0 308 136 146 932
pakikiramdam 308 0 257 229 1225
makapamilya 136 257 0 93 984
utang-na-loob 146 229 93 0 1015
pananagutan 932 1225 984 1015 0
Appemdix H
Amalgamated Distances
Eucledian
Obj. No. Obj. No. Obj. No. Obj. No. Obj. No.
Distance
93.41841 makapamilya utang-na-loob
135.9743 pagkabayani makapamilya utang-na-loob
229.0720 pagkabayani makapamilya utang-na-loob pakikiramdam
931.9694 pagkabayani makapamilya utang-na-loob pakikiramdam pananagutan
Appendix I
EFA Varimax Rotated Loadings
Factor Factor Factor Factor Factor

ITEM1 0.26936 0.131475 0.489281 -0.014678 -0.108014
ITEM2 -0.11429 0.344247 0.236115 -0.353720 -0.031482
ITEM3 0.53735 0.005381 0.348509 -0.054892 -0.310472
ITEM4 0.24284 0.098735 0.443119 -0.041925 -0.196248
ITEM5 0.45971 0.218681 0.146930 0.137978 -0.219342
ITEM6 0.12999 0.271909 0.555313 0.004330 -0.325922
ITEM7 0.26240 0.240875 0.458561 -0.012085 -0.254440
ITEM8 0.28203 0.082669 0.533346 0.137785 0.093543
ITEM9 -0.13431 0.631903 -0.015588 -0.162160 -0.059014
ITEM10 0.16474 0.236126 0.432969 -0.115371 0.108309
ITEM11 0.05495 0.730947 0.236042 -0.048930 0.072883
ITEM12 0.06562 0.580069 0.079058 -0.201694 0.036936
ITEM13 0.25076 0.188356 0.529229 -0.144636 -0.091227
ITEM14 -0.07243 0.260778 -0.085647 -0.465907 0.045016
ITEM15 0.28575 -0.022739 0.371267 0.293935 0.082143
ITEM16 0.28012 0.069613 0.313661 -0.201155 0.073366
ITEM17 0.45682 0.022953 0.322601 0.111096 0.099811
ITEM18 0.50060 0.304030 0.260858 0.085778 -0.056215
ITEM19 0.15424 -0.305999 0.284432 0.556550 0.021608
ITEM20 -0.05839 0.664676 -0.202726 0.027314 0.083683
ITEM21 0.32797 -0.139509 0.437507 0.158450 0.128545
ITEM22 -0.23370 -0.066031 0.476290 0.163036 0.093199
ITEM23 0.30276 -0.040670 -0.051563 0.194764 0.249239
ITEM24 0.58422 -0.106245 0.164543 0.128667 0.205506
ITEM25 0.69410 -0.084266 0.046124 0.175929 -0.077751
ITEM26 -0.08513 -0.228078 0.444747 0.423655 -0.012203
ITEM27 0.43194 0.029024 0.534244 0.213726 0.020847
ITEM28 -0.14005 0.005094 0.384487 -0.282142 0.235494
ITEM29 0.13781 -0.196946 0.476380 -0.103451 0.215764
ITEM30 0.15075 0.278555 0.414915 0.244560 0.187279
ITEM31 0.19136 -0.049837 0.582710 0.001328 -0.075838
ITEM32 0.40554 -0.004923 0.159409 0.427115 0.182414
ITEM33 0.45387 0.307005 0.183680 0.042717 0.290892
ITEM34 -0.03587 -0.083656 0.071760 0.145402 0.604864
ITEM35 0.32185 0.237299 0.461913 -0.037695 0.096970
ITEM36 0.34217 0.114348 0.319334 0.109272 0.079002
ITEM37 0.47874 0.039786 0.498826 0.208843 0.116998
ITEM38 0.15708 0.034955 -0.158383 0.740074 -0.040762
ITEM39 -0.16239 -0.019029 0.123986 0.479717 -0.033009
ITEM40 0.13113 -0.089892 0.287948 0.748678 -0.076664
ITEM41 0.48826 -0.125961 0.106387 -0.116935 0.226695
ITEM42 0.39030 0.090723 0.439337 0.162372 0.096838
ITEM43 0.13371 0.005347 0.687386 -0.021845 0.066721

ITEM44 0.17023 -0.031153 0.663011 0.126550 0.111413
ITEM45 0.32015 0.011036 0.111827 -0.377264 0.292493
ITEM46 0.27114 0.215172 0.575050 0.148774 0.224130
ITEM47 0.05302 0.532528 0.109914 -0.191422 0.534057
ITEM48 0.47301 0.196954 0.385350 0.055457 0.202235
ITEM49 0.49422 -0.010727 0.535820 0.023047 0.096583
ITEM50 0.38008 -0.111038 0.433170 -0.250521 0.276652
ITEM51 -0.17603 0.146832 -0.435698 0.104125 -0.218000
ITEM52 0.66808 -0.171887 0.313546 -0.032008 -0.076420
ITEM53 0.21293 0.019893 0.681001 0.081768 0.041967
ITEM54 0.78464 -0.143735 0.191007 0.036061 -0.096117
ITEM55 0.76434 -0.094728 0.149296 -0.037106 -0.123130
ITEM56 0.45140 0.120257 0.446356 0.330045 0.116700
ITEM57 0.49832 -0.079785 0.241445 0.131317 0.150193
ITEM58 0.27832 0.240581 0.073898 -0.030530 0.618131
ITEM59 0.59271 0.161454 0.171299 0.117747 0.099760
ITEM60 -0.08186 0.320888 0.166788 -0.242482 0.611935
ITEM61 0.41995 -0.057481 0.567497 0.184204 0.022954
ITEM62 0.71912 0.130178 -0.100420 -0.076835 0.085732
ITEM63 0.09070 0.253642 0.509576 -0.083933 0.187107
ITEM64 0.78281 0.176205 0.033877 0.067968 0.118386
ITEM65 0.51423 0.061853 0.444938 0.078782 0.224257
ITEM66 0.51777 0.097090 0.308286 0.108713 0.122437
ITEM67 0.67951 0.076610 0.265246 -0.026140 -0.011207
ITEM68 0.20251 0.630956 0.035354 0.088452 0.158570
ITEM69 0.66816 0.158579 0.159668 0.144212 0.130561
ITEM70 0.54126 0.167708 0.433955 0.041499 0.151075
ITEM71 0.32236 -0.142450 0.285736 -0.382996 0.229004
Expl.Var 10.86779 4.094403 9.555513 3.851388 2.988465
Prp.Totl 0.15307 0.057668 0.134585 0.054245 0.042091
Appendix J
Accepted Items for the EFA
Factor 1 • Kapag may nangyayaring landslide, kahit na alam kong delikado ang sitwasyon ay
Pagkabayani tutulungan ko pa rin ang mga natabunan.
• Handa akong lumusob sa tubig kahit malalimat mapanganib para mailigtas ang taong
nalulunod.
• Kapag nakakita ako ng isang taong malapit nang masagasaan, ilalayo ko siya sa
panganib dahil alam kong mahirap ang kalagayan kapag mnaaksidente.
• Gusto kong tulungan ang mga taong nasa aming komunidad dahil alam kong sapat ang
aking kakayahan.
• Bilang tanda ng pagtutulungan ay dinadamayan ko ang suliranin ng ibang tao.
• Hindi ako nagdadalawang isip na tumulong sa mga tao kahit na alam kong madadamay
ako sa kapahamakan
• Tutulungan ko ang aking kaibigan dahil ito ay responsibilidad ko.
• Nararapat na tulungan ko ang sinumang nasalanta kahit na masangkot ako sa hirap
• Kailangan na tulungan ko ang aking mga kapit bahay dahil iyon ang nararapat
• Tutulungan ko ang aking kapwa hanggat makakaya ko at hindi ko iniisip kung
malalagay man ang huhay ko sa panganib.
• Tutulungan ko ang taong nasa panganib kahit buhay ko pa ang nakataya
• Handa akong ibuwis ang kahit ano, maging buhay man basta makatulong ako sa mga
taong nasa panganib
• Ang mga epekto ng aking gagawing pagtulong ay hindi dahilan upang baliwalain ko
ang aking kapwa
• Ayokong makitang nasasaktan ang isang tao kaya tumutulong ako hanggat makakaya.
• Pipigilan ko ang mga nag-aaway upang maayos agad ang gulo kahit na malagay pa sa
panganib ang buhay ko
• Handa akong tmulong sa anumang sitwasyon
• Hindi ako magdadalawang isip na tulungan ang mga biktima ng kalamidad kahit na
mapanganib pa ito
• Importante para sa akin ang makatulong sa mga nangangailangan kahit na gaano pa ito
kahirap
Factor 2 • Kapag mayroong luymapit sa akon na dalawang tao at nagpapatulong sa isang gawain,
Makapamily uunahin kong tulungan ang kakilala ko.
a • Mas malaki ang tulong na aking ibinibigay sa mga taong malapit sa akin.
Kindred • Inuuna kong tulungan ang mkga kaibigan at kamag-anak ko tuwing sila ay may
relationship problema
• Kapag nasa panganib ang dalwang tao, una kong tutulungaan ang taong kakilala ko
• Madalas kong tinutulungan ang mga taong natulungan na ako. (revise) Madalas kong
tinutulungaang mga taong kakilala ko.
• Ang taong malapit sa aking puso ang una kong tutulungankapag mayroong pabor na
hihingin sa akin.
Factor 3 • Tutulong ako sa aking mga kasama sa komunidad dahil mahalag ito para sa akin
• Sinisigurado ko na matulungan ko ang mga nagdurusa kong kapit bahay
Pananagutan • Tutulungan ko ang isang tao lalo na kung alam kong siya ay aking kababayan
• Tumutulong ako tuwing may kalamidad lalo na kung ito ay malapit sa aming tirahan
• Tutulungan ko ang mga taong nakikita kong nangangailangan bilang isang mabuting
tao.
• Sa mga oras na gipit o walang pera ang isang tao sa aming lugar ay hindi ko
maiiwasang tumulong
• Isang obligasyon ang pagtulong sa aking kapwa
• Kailangan kong tumulong sa mga proyekto sa aming komunidad dahil para rin ito sa
ikabubuti ng aking kapaligiran
• Malaki ang pagpapahalaga ko sa aking komunidad kaya lubos ang aking pagtulong dito
• Kapag nakakita ako ng taong maraming dala-dala sa aming kalsada, inaalok ko ang
aking tulong
• Magaan sa loob ko na matulungan ang mga taong malapit sa king puso.
• Kapag nangangailangan ng tulong aming aking kapit-bahay ay aalalayan ko siya
hanggat sa aking makakaya.
• Tungkulin kong tumulong sa mga taong nasalanta ng kalamidad.
• Tayo ay may pananagutan na makatulong sa kapwa sa oras ng kanilang
pangangailangan
• Nagbibigay ako ng tulong dahil alam kong gawain ito ng isang mabuting mamamayan
• Bukal sa aking loob ang tumulong sa mga taong nahihirapan dahil naiintindihan ko ang
kanilang kalagayan.
• Tumutulong ako sa mga tao dahil nararamdaman kong kailangn nila ang tulong ko.
• Nararamdaman ko ang problema ng mga taong lumalapit sa akin at humuhingi ng
tulong.
• Pantay pantay lamang ang serbisyo ko sa pagtulong pati sa mga hindi pa
nakapagbibigay ng tulong sa akin.
• Malaking baagay ang makatulong lalo na kung sa iisang komunidad kami nakatira
• Inuuna ko ang aking kapamilya sa anumang sitwasyon na dumarating sa akin.
Factor 4 • Tinutungan ko lamang ang mga taong nakatulong na sa akin dati
Utang na • Sa aking palagay ay hindi ko obligasyon ang tumulong sa mga tao lalo na kung
loob pinabayaan nila ako dati. (-)
• Hindi ako humihingi ng tulong mula sa ibang tao dahil alam kong umaasa silang may
kapalit ito. (-)
• Mahirap para sa kin an tumanaw ng utang na loobn kaya nag-aalanganin akong
humingi ng utang ng loob. (-)
• Hindi ko matutulungan ang mga taong binaliwala ako noong ako ay nangangailanagan.
Factor 5 • Mahalaga sa akin ang pagtanaw ng utang na loob sa mga taong tumutulong sa akin.
Utang na • Kailangan kong tulungan ang mga taong tumulong sa akin dati.
loob • Tinutulungan ko agad ang mga taong pinagkakautangan ko ng pabor

The Use of The Rasch IRT Model in Constructing A Measure of Predisposition To Help Among Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Firefighters

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The Use of The Rasch IRT Model in Constructing A Measure of Predisposition To Help Among Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Firefighters

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Running Head: Predisposition to Help

among Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Firefighters

Further correspondence can be addressed to Mr. Carlo Magno at magnoc@dls-

csb.edu.ph, Center for Learning Performance and Assessment, De La Salle-College of

were extracted: pagkabayani (heroism), pakikiramdam (sensitivity), makapamilya

(relational kinship), utang-na-loob (reciprocity), and pananagutan (social justice).

among Filipino and Chinese Filipino Firefighters

One characteristic that interestingly manifesting among firefighters is their

predisposition to help. Firefighters vary in their helping behavior based on individual

do not reflect Filipino behavior of helping. Most commonly altruistic behavior is

to the altruism behavior of the westerners. There is a need to contextualize predisposition

existing psychometric measures in the Philippines is a construction of a measure of

predisposition to help that is appropriate for Filipino and Chinese-Filipino firefighters.

Firefighting in the Philippines

In the Philippines, there are government employed and volunteer Chinese-Filipino

formation of volunteer fire brigades, originally created to help fellow Filipino-Chinese

Filipino-Chinese established their own fire prevention associations, usually segregated

presently, there is a good mixture of Filipino-Chinese and Filipinos in volunteer brigades

Filipino Constructs of Helping

Based on existing values present in Philippine society, a number of hypothetical

specific behavioral manifestations of helping that can be used by firemen in measuring

Helping is explained in a three-part process. First, the potential aide has to

& Ehrlichman, 1979).

problematic situation (Corsini, 1994).

problematic situation (Corsini, 1994).

In the Philippine context, helping is known as “pagtulong.” The Filipino people

companion oriented, sympathetic or kindhearted, “utang-na-loob” oriented, bayani-

conducted using western samples in explaining why an individual is willing to help

(Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 1999).

importance and to show their respects to their nuclear-family members by means of

children’s own siblings, godparents at marriages and confirmations as well as neighbors.

maintaining social interaction is to be able to fulfill their needs, be it economic issues,

of pakikipag-kapwa, according to Enriquez (1969) cited in Aganon & David, (1985),

pakikipag-kapwa is illustrated in the following statement:

structure is that of kapwa. Pakikipag-kapwa incorporates these prescribed rules of

image of these relationships, and becomes generalized in experience to include all

acceptable forms of social relationships.

The “acceptable forms of social relationships” mentioned by Enriquez (1969) are

considered as the emotional accompaniment of kapwa. The reciprocal obligation states

Bulatao (cited in Aganon & David, 1985), is a “painful emotion” expressed in

interpersonal situations perceived as “dangerous to one’s ego” resulting to the withdrawal

As illustrated, there are several manifestations of helping. One of the factors

& Janoski, 1995).

economic benefits, companionship, supervision, and good working conditions.

(Zweigenhaft et al., 1996).

1995; Zweigenhaft et al., 1996; “Youthful voluntarism,” 2002). The underlying

In the Philippines, volunteerism could easily be seen in the different non-

government organizations. An example is the volunteer firefighters’ associations that

were organized by the Chinese-Filipino people a few years back.

Filipino-Chinese Fire Brigades

an assurance for their own home’s safety (Volunteer Brigades, n.d.).

From being small fire prevention organizations, volunteer firefighters rose to

other organizations (Brevern, 1988). They are what is considered to be non-traditional,

modern “Chinese” organizations because its membership is composed mainly of people

society because it is based upon models of modern organizations, where there is a

both Filipinos and Chinese (Wickberg, 1992).

of the Chinese community (Wickberg, 1992).

As a volunteer organization, volunteer firefighting is also an association of people

in the spontaneous, altruistic, humanitarian feelings of a few leaders in the community,

also Filipino people who are members of these brigades.

Philippines to acquire Filipino citizenship (See, 1997).

Filipino Personality and Values

Filipino as an individual is a lover of peace and order, courteous and kind.