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Comparison of DC Pollution Flashover Performances of Various Types of Porcelain, Glass, and Composite Insulators
Xingliang Jiang, Jihe Yuan, Lichun Shu, Zhijin Zhang, Jianlin Hu, and Feng Mao
AbstractBased on the articial pollution tests, the ashover performance of various types of dc porcelain and glass suspension insulators as well as composite long-rod insulators were analyzed and compared. The test results show that there is a nearly linear relation between the pollution ashover voltage and the disc-type insulator string length. The ashover voltage gradients of the insulators are affected by their materials and shed shapes. The antipollution performances of glass insulators are superior to those of porcelain insulators with the same prole. The ashover voltage gradients of composite insulators are higher than those of porcelain or glass ones. The exponent characterizing the inuence of salt deposit density on the pollution ashover voltage is dependent on the prole and the material of insulators, and the values of the composite insulators exponents are smaller than those of porcelain or glass insulators, namely, the inuence of the pollution on the composite insulators is relatively less. The effectiveness of leakage distances of porcelain or glass insulators is less than 0.9 while that of composite insulators is higher than 0.9. Index TermsDC insulator, effectiveness of leakage distance, material, pollution ashover performance, type.

I. INTRODUCTION HE rst 800-kV ultra-high-voltage (UHV) dc transmission line, the Yun-Guang Line, was constructed in December 2006 in China. The line will be polluted with industrial contaminants, coastal fog, natural dust, bird feces, etc. The service experience shows that pollution ashover is one of the main natural calamities harming the high-voltage (HV) and extremely high voltage (EHV) transmission lines in China. One key issue of the design of the 800-kV UHV dc transmission line is to select appropriate insulators for these conditions. The scientic external insulation selection is signicant to techno-economic and secure operation, which can save construction cost and, at the same time, reduce the risk of pollution ashover. There has been much investigation on ac and dc pollution ashover performances of various types of insulators. More contaminants accumulate on dc insulators because of the static electric eld of dc voltage, which is 1.21.5 times higher than that on ac insulators under the same atmospheric environment [1], [2].

Furthermore, dc arc without zero crossing is steadier than ac arc and will develop for a longer time. The arc oating led by steady dc arc will bridge the sheds of insulators, which reduces the pollution ashover voltages of dc insulator strings and causes effective leakage distances of insulators less than geometrical leakage distances. Under the same pollution and wetting conditions, the dc pollution ashover voltages are 20%30% lower than those of ac, moreover, the dc pollution ashover voltages will decrease more than ac voltages with an increase of the pollution degree [3][5]. Under the same environmental condition, the surface pollution severity depends on the shapes and materials of insulators. The pollution severity on the top surface is very low and almost the same for every type of porcelain or glass insulator cleaned by wind and rain. On the other hand, the pollution severity on the bottom surface is rather different, depending on the insulator prole. For example, the accumulative pollutant on the bottom surfaces is lower for outer-rib types whose sheds are designed for relative smoothness and better aerodynamic performance, while the pollutant of the fog-type insulator is about 1.31.5 times higher than that of the outer-rib-type insulator due to poor self-cleaning ability [6]. The pollutant showed a tendency of being twice that than that of the porcelain insulator for composite insulators because of the adhesive nature of the housing materials [7]. The investigation indicated that the fog-type insulator may probably be used in coastal areas while the aeroform-type insulator is used in dry and larger winds and sands areas [8]. The electric performance of polluted insulators is related to those proles and materials, and the ashover voltage is affected by the shapes of insulators. The research in [9] show that the is generally a function effectiveness of the leakage length of the dimensions , and , and is mainly affected by the ratio as well as the pollution level. For the insulators with could be ignored and the typical prole, the effect of on the empirical equation is expressed as the function (1) where is a constant depending on the pollution level. Presently, there is very little information on design and construction, and there is no operational experience of the UHV dc transmission lines in the world. Therefore, there is almost no reference data for the design of the external insulation. In this paper, the dc pollution ashover performances of various types of porcelain and glass disc (cap-and-pin) as well as SIR composite long-rod insulators are investigated and compared to

Manuscript received February 26, 2007; revised May 30, 2007. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 90210026 and in part by the China Southern Power Grid Co. Ltd. Paper no. TPWRD-00819-2006. The authors are with the Key Laboratory of High Voltage and Electrical New Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China (e-mail: xljiang@cqu.edu.cn; yuanjihe@163.com; lcshu@cqu.edu.cn; zhangzhijing@cqu.edu.cn; hujianlin@cqu.edu.cn; davimao@tom.com). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.908779

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Fig. 1. Proles of specimens.

TABLE I PARAMETERS OF PORCELAIN AND GLASS DISC INSULATORS

meet the demands of the insulation selection of 800-kV UHV dc transmission lines. II. TEST SPECIMENS, SETUPS, AND PROCEDURES A. Test Specimens The specimens are the standard porcelain disc insulator, two types of dc porcelain disc insulators, two types of dc glass disc insulators, four types of short samples of FXBW-500/160 dc SIR composite long rod insulators with different proles and one type of short sample of FXBZ- 800/400-dc SIR composite

long-rod insulator, which are denominated Type A-J, respectively. Their proles and dimensions as well as some parameters are shown in Fig. 1 and Tables I and II. B. Test Setups The dc articial pollution tests of various types of porcelain, glass, and composite insulators have been carried out in the multifunction articial climate chamber with a diameter of 7.8 m and a height of 11.6 m, in which the power supply is lead through a 330-kV wall bushing [10]. A dc high voltage of up to 600 kV is supplied by a cascade rectifying circuit controlled by the thyristor voltagecurrent feedback system, which ensures a dynamic voltage drop of

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TABLE II PARAMETERS OF SHORT SAMPLES OF SIR COMPOSITE LONG-ROD INSULATORS

TABLE III FLASHOVER VOLTAGES OF FIVE TYPES OF PORCELAIN AND GLASS DISC INSULATORS STRINGS

less than 5% when the load current is 0.5 A. The test power supply satises the requirements commended by IEEE Standard-4-1995 [11] and IEC 612451993 [12]. C. Test Procedures Referring to the test standards [12][14], the test procedures in the paper were as follows.

Preparation: Before the tests, all specimens were carefully cleaned so that all of the traces of dirt and grease were removed and were dried naturally. The surfaces of the short samples of composite long-rod insulators were coated by a very thin layer of dry kieselguhr to destroy the hydrophobicity which would be at the degree of WC4 or WC5. Since the layer of kieselguhr was very thin, the effect of

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the kieselguhr on a nonsoluble deposit density could be neglected [13]. Articial polluting. In 1 h after the aforementioned preparation, the solid-layer method was applied to the pollution layer on the specimens where sodium chloride and kieselguhr were electric and inert materials, respectively [12]. Arrangement: All insulator strings are I-string. The tested composite insulators were xed to two corona rings on the ends and all specimens were hung up vertically in the chamber. The diameter of the corona rings is 24 cm used for the type F-I shorter composite insulators and 38 cm for a type J longer composite insulator. The minimum clearances between any part of the specimens and any earthed object were larger than 3.5 m, which satised the requirements in [12]. Wetting. After 24-h natural drying, the pollution layer on the insulators was wetted by the steam fog, and the in. The hyputting intensity of fog was drophobicity of the composite insulators would gain a certain recovery to WC3 or WC4 after 24 h of natural drying, which would be different from the tests that the hydrophobicity was still WC4 or WC5 after only 1 h of drying. The pollution layer on the insulators could be wetted completely after 715-min time. In the whole wetting process, the temperature in the chamber was controlled lower than 35 C. Flashover tests. After the pollution layer was wetted completely, dc voltage was applied to the specimens and increased at a constant rate of 3 kV/s up to ashover. A positive polarity-applied voltage generally resulted in higher ashover voltage than did negative polarity for disctype insulators. But no substantial polarity differences have been experienced with long-rod insulators in tests [14]. So the negative dc voltages were introduced in this paper. There were 18 ashover tests for every porcelain or glass disc insulator string and there were between 19 and 27 ashover tests for the composite long-rod insulators at every pollution severity. The 50% ashover voltage (in kilovolts) was the average value of all ashover voltages. The standard error (in percentage) was computed from the observed ashover voltages.

Fig. 2. Flashover voltage gradients of dry arc distance E of a type A-E porcelain and glass disc insulator versus SDD.

A. Flashover Performances of Porcelain and Glass Disc Insulators Articial pollution tests of ve types of disc insulators strings of ve to 23 units have been carried out, and the 50% ashover voltages at various insulator string lengths and various SDDs are shown in Table III. The standard error of every ashover voltage is smaller than 9%. From Table III, it can be concluded that there is a nearly linear relation between and the insulator string length up to 23 units. The ashover voltage gradients of dry arc distance (in kilovolts per meter) and the ashover voltage gradients of leakage distance (in kilovolts per meter) can be gained by using (3) and (4) (3) (4) The relations between , and SDD are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Based on (2), the curves in Figs. 2 and 3 are expressed as (5) and (6). Based on (5) and (6), Figs. 2 and 3, , , and the exponent are related to the prole and material of the insulator. For example, the exponent of the standard porcelain insulator type A is the lowest of ve types of disc insulators Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E.

III. POLLUTION FLASHOVER PERFORMANCES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INSULATORS Salt deposit density (SDD) (in mg/cm ) has been widely used to characterize the outdoor pollution severity. A large number of test results show that the relation between the pollution ashover and SDD can be expressed as the following [15], voltage [16]: (2) where is a coefcient related to the shape and material of insulator; is an exponent characterizing the inuence of SDD on and is related to the prole and material of insulators. The value of depends on the conditions of partial arc burning; thus, the environmental conditions, the test methods, the pollution materials, and the materials of insulators will inuence it.

(5)

(6)

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Fig. 3. Flashover voltage gradients of leakage distance E of type A-E porcelain and glass disc insulator versus SDD.

Fig. 4. Flashover voltage gradients of dry arc distance E of a type F-J composite long-rod insulator versus SDD.

TABLE IV FLASHOVER VOLTAGES OF FIVE TYPES OF SHORT SAMPLES OF COMPOSITE LONG-ROD INSULATORS

The type B porcelain insulator has the same prole as a type are D glass insulator, but its ashover voltage gradients , lower than those of the type D insulator, and its exponent is higher than that of the type D insulator. There is a similar rule for the type C porcelain insulator and type E glass insulator. The rule shows the advantage of glass insulators over porcelain insulators under the pollution condition.

Fig. 5. Flashover voltage gradients of leakage distance E of a type F-J composite long-rod insulator versus SDD.

relations between their follows:

, and SDD can be denoted as

B. Flashover Performances of Composite Long-Rod Insulators The 50% pollution ashover voltages of ve types of composite long-rod insulators at various SDDs are shown in Table IV. All are less than 7.5%. Since there are experimental uncertainties in the pollution test method, has certain dispersion even though there were enough tests at every ashover voltage. The ashover voltage gradients of dry arc distance and the ashover voltage gradients of leakage distance of ve types of short samples of composite long-rod insulators are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. According to the curves in Figs. 4 and 5, the
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Type F Type G Type H Type I Type J Type F Type G Type H Type I Type J.

(7)

(8)

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nonstandard insulator with that of the standard insulator under the same SDD, as follows:

(9) where is the effectiveness of leakage distances of insulators; (in kilovolts per meter) is the ashover voltage gradient of the leakage distance of the standard insulator. The effectiveness of the leakage distances not only shows the utilization ratio of the leakage distance, but also shows the prole and material characteristics of various types of insulators. Choosing type A as the standard insulator, of other types of insulators under various SDDs can be calculated based on (6) and (8) and are expressed as (10), which can be plotted visually in Fig. 6 Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G Type H Type I Type J.

Fig. 6. Effectiveness of leakage distances of various types of insulators.

Based on (7) and (8), , , and the exponent are also related to the prole and material of the insulator shed. Compared with other types of composite insulators, Type I has the highest , , and the least ; therefore, the antipollution performance of type I is superior than the other types of insulators. Type F and type I have the same shed prole and different maand ; thus, the materials of terials, but they have different the sheds have an effect on the pollution performance of composite insulators. C. Comparison of Flashover Performances of Porcelain, Glass, and Composite Insulators Compared with the pollution ashover voltage gradients of various types of insulators in Figs. 25, the pollution performances of the composite long-rod insulators are superior to those of the porcelain or glass disc insulators. The values of the composite insulators exponents vary between 0.27 and 0.30, which are less than those of porcelain or glass insulators varying between 0.30 and 0.36. Therefore, the inuence of SDD on a porcelain or glass disc insulator is higher than that on a composite long-rod insulator. The reason for better characteristics of the composite insulators is the hydrophobicity on the surface of its synthetical material and the hydrophobicity transfer [17], [18]. Based on the pollution ashover tests on various types of dc insulators, the ashover voltages of composite insulators are still 30% higher than those of glass insulators even though the composite insulators have lost their hydrophobicity [2]. Therefore, composite long-rod insulators have an advantage with porcelain or glass disc insulators in the serious pollution area. IV. EFFECTIVENESS OF LEAKAGE DISTANCES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF INSULATORS Based on GB/T 16434 (1996) [19], the effectiveness of leakage distancesthe effective utilizable coefcient of leakage distancesis determined by comparing of the

(10)

Equation (10) and Fig. 6 show that the effectiveness of leakage of a type B-E porcelain and glass disc insulator is distance less than 0.9 and is reduced with an increase of SDD, which suggests that the four types of porcelain and glass insulators do not fully utilize their leakage distances. The higher the pollution level is, the lower this utilization factor becomes. On the contrary, the composite long-rod insulators utilize their leakage distances better; for example, of types F, H, and I are higher than 1.0. Moreover, of types F, H, I, and J increase with an increase of SDD, which shows that the worse the pollution degree is, the more obvious the advantage of the composite insulators is. Based on the aforementioned comparison and analysis, the composite long-rod insulators have better antipollution performances than the porcelain or glass disc insulators do of the same dry arc distance in the more serious pollution area. V. COMPARISON OF SELECTIONS OF INSULATORS FOR 800-kV DC TRANSMISSION LINES Based on the analysis of many ashover and withstand tests of polluted insulators, there is a standard error between the 50% ashover voltage and the 50% withstand voltage (in kilovolts) by the using up-and-down method, namely (11) where is 10% based on the test results. At an SDD of 0.05 mg/cm , of -kV composite long rod insulator type J is 113.5 kV/m. Based on (11), the 50% withstand voltage gradient of dry arc distance (kV/m) of type J is 102.2 kV/m, which agrees closely with the test result kV/m) of EPRI [20].

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The pollutant quantities on the top surface and the bottom surface of the natural polluted insulators are different, so a nonuniformity factor is introduced for porcelain insulators and expressed as [21] (12) where is the nonuniformity factor; is the top-to-bottom is 1:5 at an ratio of the pollutant on the insulator surface. SDD of 0.05 mg/cm . Due to the absence of the nonuniformity factor for composite insulators, (12) for porcelain insulators is still used in this paper. The highest operating voltage is 1.02 times the rated voltage (in kilovolts) of the 800-kV dc transmission line, so the basic dry arc distance is 9.0 m at an SDD of 0.05 mg/cm by using (13) (13) is 1.266 at an SDD of 0.05 mg/cm and where is the standard error considered the security of the lines. of porcelain disc insulator type C and glass disc insulator type E are 92.3 and 94.9 kV/m, respectively. If the type C or type E insulator is selected for 800-kV dc transmission lines, their basic dry arc distances are 11.1 and 10.8 m based on the same method as before. Obviously, the basic dry arc distances are longer than that of a type J composite long-rod insulator. In the 1990s, composite insulators were widely used for 500-kV ac and dc transmission lines in China [22]. The operating experience shows that they have excellent antipollution performance. However, the aging and corrosion of composite insulators is the more severe problem under a dc electrical eld. So the better prole and material of shed are also needed. Based on the aforementioned comparison, it is recommended to select composite long-rod insulators with the appropriate prole and material for the construction of 800-kV UHVdc transmission lines in this paper. VI. CONCLUSION Based on the dc articial pollution tests of various types of porcelain, glass, and composite insulators, the following conclusions could be obtained. 1) There is a nearly linear relation between the dc pollution ashover voltage and the disc-type insulator string length. 2) Compared with the porcelain disc insulators, the glass disc insulators with the same proles have better antipollution performances. 3) The pollution ashover performances of the composite long-rod insulators are affected by their materials and shed shapes. 4) The pollution ashover gradients of the composite long-rod insulators are superior to those of the porcelain or glass disc insulators. The effectiveness of leakage distances of the porcelain and glass insulators is less than 0.9 while that of the composite insulators is higher than 0.9. With the increase of salt deposit density, the effectiveness of leakage distances of the composite insulators will increase and that of the porcelain and glass insulators will decrease.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank B. Wang, Y.Du, L. Luo, R. Xue, Z. Wen, and Y. Zhang for their work on the test of this document. They also thank H. Long for her work on the original version of this document. REFERENCES
[1] W. Lampe, T. Hglund, C. Nellis, P. Renner, and R. Stearns, Longterm tests of HVDC insulators under natural pollution conditions at the big eddy test center, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 248259, Jan. 1989. [2] M. Fazelian, C. Y. Wu, T. C. Cheng, H. I. Nour, and L. J. Wang, A study on the prole of HVDC insulatorsDC ashover performance, IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 119125, Feb. 1989. [3] K. Naito and H. M. Schneider, Round-robin articial contamination test on high voltage DC insulators, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 14381442, Jul. 1995. [4] L. Qisheng, W. Lai, S. Zhiyi, L. Yansheng, K. Morita, R. Matsuoka, and S. Ito, Natural contamination test results of various insulators under DC voltage in an inland area in China, in Proc. Int. Conf. Properties and Application of Dielectric Materials, Tokyo, Japan, 1991, vol. 1, pp. 350353. [5] K. Takasu, T. Shindo, and N. Arai, Natural contamination test of insulators with DC voltage energization at inland areas, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 18471853, Oct. 1988. [6] Y. Suzuki, S. Ito, M. Akizuki, and T. Irie, Articial contamination test method on accumulated contamination conditions, in Proc. Int. Symp. High Voltage Engineering, London, U.K., 1999, vol. 4, pp. 192195. [7] H. Ye, J. Zhang, Y. M. Ji, W. Y. Sun, K. Kondo, and T. Imakoma, Contamination accumulation and withstand voltage characteristics of various types of insulators, in Proc. Int. Conf. Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials, Nagoya, Japan, 2003, vol. 3, pp. 10191023. [8] F. Zedan and M. Akabar, Performance of HV transmission line insulators in desert conditions IV: Study of insulators at a semicoastal site in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 439447, Jan. 1991. [9] T. C. Cheng and H. I. M. Nour, A study on the prole of HVDC insulators-mathematical modeling and design considerations, IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 113117, Feb. 1989. [10] X. Jiang, S. Wang, Z. Zhang, S. Xie, and Y. Wang, Study on AC ashover performance and discharge process of polluted and iced IEC standard suspension insulator string, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 472480, Jan. 2007. [11] IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing, IEEE Std.-4, 1995. [12] Articial pollution tests on high-voltage insulators to be used on d. c. systems, IEC Tech. Rep. 1245, 1993. [13] Articial pollution tests on composite insulators used on high-voltage ac systems, (in Chinese) DL/T 8592004, 2004. [14] Articial pollution testing of HVDC insulators: Analysis of factors inuencing performance, Electra, no. 140, pp. 98113, Feb. 1992. [15] G. N. Ramos, M. T. R. Campillo, and K. Naito, A study on the characteristics of various conductive contaminants accumulated on high voltage insulators, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 18421850, Oct. 1993. [16] R. Matsuoka, H. Shinokubo, K. Kondo, Y. Mizuno, K. Naito, T. Fujimura, and T. Terada, Assessment of basic contamination withstand voltage characteristics of polymer insulators, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 18951900, Oct. 1996. [17] G. G. Karady, M. Shah, and R. L. Brown, Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoor insulation-I, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 19651971, Oct. 1995. [18] M. Shah, G. G. Karady, and R. L. Brown, Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoor insulation-II, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 19721978, Oct. 1995. [19] Enviromental Pollution Classication and External Insulation Selection for High Voltage Transmission Line, Power Plant and Substation (in Chinese), Chinese Nat. Std. GB/T 16434, 1996. [20] R. J. Nigbor, DC performance of non-uniformly contaminated insulators, CIGR Session, 1983. [21] HVDC Transmission LineReference Book EPRI, California, 1993. [22] L. Xidong, W. Shaowu, F. Ju, and G. Zhicheng, Development of composite insulators in China, IEEE Trans. Dielect. Elect. Insul., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 586594, Oct. 1999.

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Xingliang Jiang was born in Hunan Province, China, on July 31, 1961. He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in 1988 and 1997, respectively. His employment experiences include the Shaoyang Glass Plant, Shaoyang, Hunan Province; Wuhan High Voltage Research Institute, Wuhan, Hubei Province; and the College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University. His research interests include high-voltage external insulation and transmission-line icing and protection. He published his rst monograph: Transmission Lines Icing and Protection in 2001. Dr. Jiang has published many papers about his professional work. He received the Second-Class Reward for Science and Technology Advancement from the Ministry of Power in 1995, Beijing Government in 1998, Ministry of Education in 1991 and 2001, respectively, the rst-class Reward for Science and Technology Advancement from the Ministry of Power in 2004; the Third-Class Reward for Science and Technology Advancement from the Ministry of Power in 2005; the Second-Class Reward for Science and Technology Advancement from the Ministry of Technology in 2005; the First-Class Reward for Science and Technology Advancement from the Ministry of Education in 2007; and the First-Class Reward for Science and Technology Advancement from Chongqing City in 2007.

Zhijin Zhang was born in Fujian Province, China, in July 1976. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in 1999 and 2002, respectively, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree. He has been a Teacher in the College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, since 1999. His main research interests include high voltage, external insulation, numerical modeling, and simulation. He is the author or coauthor of several technical papers.

Jianlin Hu was born in Hubei Province, China, in January 1978. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in 2001 and 2003, respectively, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University. He has been a Teacher in the College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, since 2003. His main research interests include high-voltage external insulation

Jihe Yuan was born in Hebei Province, China, on January 30, 1977. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in 2000 and 2004, respectively, where he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the College of Electric Engineering, Chongqing University. He was an Associate Engineer with Handan Power Supply, Hebei Electric Power Company, Hebei Province, China, from 2000 to 2001. His research interests include high-voltage technology, and external insulation and transmission-line icing.

Feng Mao was born in Jiangsu Province, China, in October 1981. He graduated from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, where he received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in 2004 and 2007, respectively. His main research interests include high-voltage technology and external insulation.

Lichun Shu was born in Chongqing, China, in February 1964. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in engineering from Chongqing University, Chongqing, in 1985, 1988, and 2002, respectively. In 1988, he was an Assistant Professor at Chongqing University where he became a Lecturer and Associate Professor from 1992 to 1999. He then became a Professor in 2000. In 20012002, he was a Visiting Professor with the Research Group on Atmospheric Environment Engineering (GRIEA) of the Universit du Qubec Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada. He has worked mainly in the eld of high-voltage external insulation. He is author and coauthor of several scientic publications.

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