Jxta Tutorial Part1a

Project JXTA Guide to a peer-to-peer framework
Ekaterina Chtcherbina
Siemens AG, Corporate Technology Munich
Thomas Wieland
Siemens AG, Munich University of Applied Sciences, Coburg
1
High-level agenda
Introduction ! Peer-to-Peer Computing ! The Project JXTA ! JXTA Concepts ! JXTA Protocols ! "Hello JXTA-World"
!
Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002
Introduction: Benefits of Peer-to-Peer Computing
5 Myths about P2P

It is always fully decentralized ! P2P is about People-to-People communication ! It is only about file sharing ! P2P is not secure ! P2P is not scalable
!
Distributed Search
Multi-user applications and games
Auctions
Collaboration
Resource sharing
Distributed storage and file sharing
10
Blackboards
11
Examples of P2P Applications

! ! ! ! ! !
Building facilities (sensor equipment) Collaboration work support (development tools, data sharing) Medicine (effective collaboration, file sharing, distributed data processing) Building site automatization Business & entertainment communication support Cars (driver support, location based services, car tracking)
12 Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002
Peer-to-Peer Computing
13
What is Peer-to-Peer Networking?

!
Traditional P2P network definition (comp. sc. encyclopedia): A type of network in which each workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. This differs from client/server architectures, in which some computers are dedicated to serving others. Our P2P network definition: An adaptive, self-configuring network which does not rely on central servers. The peers in a P2P network are devices that can act as both servers and clients (servents).
Disadvantages of Client/Server Systems

Central servers (or server clusters) are potential bottlenecks and single points of failure of distributed systems " P2P allows for efficient use of resources and robustness
!
15
Peer-to-peer and Ad Hoc Networks

!
Ad hoc networks require selfconfiguration

! !
Dynamic environment, unstable connectivity, infrastructureless Issues: addressing, service discovery & advertisement, dynamic service composition, connection mgt., routing
" P2P enables self-configuration of dynamic distributed systems

Messages in C/S and P2P
Client Peer Client Peer Client Peer Client Peer Server
Traditional traffic congestion zone Client Peer Client Peer
Cache Server Client Peer Client Peer
17
Centralized Distributed Computing

!
Distributed networking technologies such as DCOM, CORBA and Web Services currently rely on a priori known directory servers (registry, naming server, UDDI, etc.)
2. Client Database Server 3.
1.
Service
Centralized Distributed Computing (2)

!
Distributed auto-configuration technologies such as Jini also rely on directory servers such as UPnP are more suitable for infrastructureless environments
Peer Peer Peer Peer
19
" P2P plug and play technologies
Peer
Special Features
! !
Decentralized Scalability/Redundancy/Fault tolerance

!
P2P networks scale well with increasing numbers of users Multiple distributed copies of of frequently accessed resources Peers can appear and vanish spontaneously Behaviour is less predictable
Nondeterministic
! !
Requirements for P2P Systems

!
Metadata/Interoperability
! !
When are they essentially independent ? Encapsulation? Privacy? Trust? Who is out there ? How do I reach them ?
Discovery
! !
! ! !
Messaging QoS Security Trust/Reputation Peer-to-peer interaction issues

Security in P2P Networks
22
Security Issues
!
Authentication
!
The process of determining whether or not some entity is in fact who that entity declares itself to be. Process of giving an authenticated entity permissions to do some action or access some resource
Authorization
!
! !
Encryption and confidentiality Integrity

Challenges in P2P Systems

! !
Memberships and groups are dynamic People do not trust each other
! !
Each peer is untrusted Peers don't have trust relationships
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Unpredictable network latencies Firewalls and other barriers No central services (especially no directory) Individuals can cause local damage that spreads Every peer may run run different software Code may be mobile Complex systems: hard to understand
Solutions
!
Mostly based on "web of trust"

! ! !
A trusts B, B trusts C, so A can also trust C Users exchange their public keys and encrypt messages with their private keys Enrich by reputations
Assign reputations to entities Allow others to retrieve reputations Use reputation to build trust relationships Example: eBay
Alternative: centrally issued group membership certificates (PKI)

!
Introduces dependencies from a server-like infrastructure component
25
Further Possible Security Tools

! ! !
Encryption Authentication Firewalls

! !
May be installed on each peer Drawbacks: Block all traffic on port, not application; generally static rulesets Essential for mobile code systems! E.g. in Java/JVM, .NET/CLR
Sandboxes
! !
Search in P2P Networks
27
Distributed Search: Network Topology Based
Centralized (e.g. Napster)

! Relies
Decentralized (e.g. Gnutella)
on the organization of the peers within the network to route requests ! Optimization focuses on the reduction of the diameter (no. of hops, round trip time) of the graph representing the distributed network
Distributed Search: Content Mapping Based

!
Content addressable networks: distributed hash table. Content (or pointer to content) is stored in assigned peers " not a practical approach for content described by multiple attributes Publish/subscribe networks: peers agree on a certain query and advertisement template. Content based routing.
Hybrid Search
Hybrid approach: locally centralized + globally decentralized + publish/subscribe (e.g. JXTA Search)
Super Peer
No perfect solution, choice depends on the application

Support for Message Exchange

! !
Routing in multi-hop ad hoc networks Caching mechanism (relaying) for overcoming

! !
Disruptive connectivity Firewalls

Firewall Peer B
Relay Peer Polling
Peer C
Peer A
Relay Peer
Mobile Peer
31
Peer-to-Peer Systems
!
P2P platforms
!
Sun Microsystems: JXTA

! !
Messaging frameworks
!
Open Source: Jabber Engenia Software, Inc Magi: Endevors
Distributed computing
! !
SETI@home Entropia Freenet Gnutella KaZaA
Collaboration
!
File sharing
! ! !
Others
!
32
Project JXTA
33
What is JXTA?
conceptual framework for Peer-to-Peer applications
!
serves as a specification, an effort to create a common platform for building distributed services and applications neither a standalone Peer-to-Peer application nor a concrete framework implementation! But: Sun has provided a reference implementation (in Java) which incorporates the specified components Napster, Gnutella, Freenet & Co. provide users with limited ability to share resources and are unable to share data with other, similar applications 34 Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002
The Project JXTA

! ! !
Started as a research project at Sun Microsystems by Chief Scientist Bill Joy First official release of a Java reference implementation in April 2001 Since then put under an open-source license
The name JXTA is derived from the word juxtapose, meaning to place two entities side-by-side or in close proximity. By choosing this name, the development team at Sun recognized that P2P solutions would always exist alongside the current client/server solutions, rather than replacing them completely.
Brendon Wilson
Key Assumptions
!
Platform Independence (any language, any OS, any hardware)

!
! ! ! ! !
Allow for absolute heterogeneity of peers Highly unreliable & changing network environment Asynchronous,Unreliable,Uni-directional transport Idempotent protocol exchanges No protocol state Applications to build their own security & encryption models
But: JXTA dependence
Technology
!
JXTA technology is based on XML, Java technology, and key concepts of UNIX operating system Transmitted information is packaged as messages
!
The use of Java language is not required

!
Messages define an XML envelop to transfer any kind of data JXTA protocols can be implemented in C, C++, Perl, or any other programming language
37
JXTA Concepts
38
JXTA Architecture
Application Level JXTA Services
Components
JXTA Platform
peers pipe peer groups discovery peer groups membership
pipes
Core Services
resolver
propagation service router and relay services transports

Key Aspects
XML documents (advertisements) used to describe network resources ! Abstraction of pipes to peers, and peers to endpoints
!
!
without reliance upon a central naming/addressing authority
A uniform peer addressing scheme (peer IDs)

Peers and Peer Groups
Peer
Peer Group Net Peer Group

Pipes
Point-to-point pipe
Peer A Peer B
Propagate pipe
Peer B Peer A Peer C Peer E Peer D
Advertisements
! ! !
Representation of JXTA resources

!
Like peers, peer groups, pipes etc.
Metadata structures Used to decribe and publish peer resources, e.g.

! ! !
Peer advertisement: Comprises name, ID, endpoints, etc. Peer group advertisement: name, ID, decription, specification Pipe advertisement: ID, pipe type
Kinds of peers
Minimal peer ! Simple peer ! Rendevour peer ! Relay peer
!
44
Security in JXTA
!
Usual issues
!
Confidentiality, integrity, availability - authentication, access control, encryption, secure communication, etc.
! ! !
Developing more concrete and precise security architecture is an ongoing project JXTA does not mandate certain security polices, encryption algorithms or particular implementations! JXTA 1.0 provides Security Primitives:
! ! ! !
crypto library (MD5, RC4, RSA, etc.) Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) password-based login transport security mechanism modeled after SSL/TLS
45
Security Model
!
Role based trust model with four basic requirements

! ! ! !
! !
! !
XML messages allow meta data such as credentials, digests,certificates Credential a token when presented in a message uniquely identifies the sender, helps verify the senders right to send a message to the endpoint Credential default mechanism, Applications to implement mechanisms for better security Need to establish trust among peers
Confidentiality Authorization Data Integrity Refutability
46
Summary
47
Lessons from P2P

! !
! !
P2P is not a new concept, but it offers new possibilities P2P applications ! Sharing of files and other resources ! Distributed computation ! Instant messaging ! Self-configuring compound services P2P applications need a standard open platform P2P networking does not suit to all application scenarios ! No QoS guarantee (variable connectivity)
! Hybrid solutions
48
JXTA summary (for the moment ...)

! ! !
JXTA An open-source framework and launching pad for p2p systems Aims to be Interoperable, platform independent and ubiquitous Peers are required to implement a low over-head stack of six JXTA protocols that standardize
! ! ! !
Challenges
! ! !
Peer discovery Self organization into peer groups Peer-to-peer Communication Peer monitoring
Naming & Binding services Security & Trust models Solutions to overcome limitations on NAT gateways & firewalls
Thanks
Stay tuned for more details to come ! Any Questions?
!
50

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Project JXTA Guide to a peer-to-peer framework

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Introduction: Benefits of Peer-to-Peer Computing

5 Myths about P2P

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Multi-user applications and games

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Distributed storage and file sharing

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Examples of P2P Applications

What is Peer-to-Peer Networking?

Disadvantages of Client/Server Systems

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Peer-to-peer and Ad Hoc Networks

Ad hoc networks require selfconfiguration

" P2P enables self-configuration of dynamic distributed systems

Messages in C/S and P2P

Client Peer Client Peer Client Peer Client Peer Server

Traditional traffic congestion zone Client Peer Client Peer

Cache Server Client Peer Client Peer

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Centralized Distributed Computing

Centralized Distributed Computing (2)

" P2P plug and play technologies

Decentralized Scalability/Redundancy/Fault tolerance

Requirements for P2P Systems

Messaging QoS Security Trust/Reputation Peer-to-peer interaction issues

Security in P2P Networks

Encryption and confidentiality Integrity

Challenges in P2P Systems

Each peer is untrusted Peers don't have trust relationships

Mostly based on "web of trust"

Alternative: centrally issued group membership certificates (PKI)

Introduces dependencies from a server-like infrastructure component

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Further Possible Security Tools

Encryption Authentication Firewalls

Search in P2P Networks

Distributed Search: Network Topology Based

Centralized (e.g. Napster)

Decentralized (e.g. Gnutella)

Distributed Search: Content Mapping Based

No perfect solution, choice depends on the application

Support for Message Exchange

Routing in multi-hop ad hoc networks Caching mechanism (relaying) for overcoming

Disruptive connectivity Firewalls

Relay Peer Polling

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

Sun Microsystems: JXTA

Open Source: Jabber Engenia Software, Inc Magi: Endevors

SETI@home Entropia Freenet Gnutella KaZaA

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

The Project JXTA

Platform Independence (any language, any OS, any hardware)

But: JXTA dependence

The use of Java language is not required

Siemens CT, Chtcherbina/Wieland, 2002

propagation service router and relay services transports