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Prof. M. Sekhar Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore http://civil.iisc.ernet.in/~muddu
29th December 2011
Rainfall Recharge (conventional & alterations). Leakage from water supply & sewage pipelines. Recharge from harvesting operations. Groundwater pumping (24x7 much different from agricultural demands). Impacts to Infrastructure & Effect of Infrastructure
Few Asian cities are monitored. Groundwater development depletion of GW levels land subsidence in some cases Surface water imported rising of levels urban flooding, impacts on underground projects
Taniguchi (2008)
Krishnan et al (2010)
Case Study
11
Scientific Query
How are the inter-annual variations in the groundwater regime with respect to its use and inter-year variations in rainfall ? Recharge, groundwater balance and their spatial variations in peninsular urban catchments. What factors control the sustainable groundwater use ?
12
Hydrological & hydrogeological survey (monitoring of groundwater levels) over 3 years (2008-2011). Analysis of urban groundwater system behavior. Hydrological Models were developed to use as diagnostic tools for current setting and future scenarios.
13
-10
Depth to GW (m)
15
Rain (mm)
14
-5
August 2008
October 2008
November 2008
January 2009
April 2009
Depth to GW (m)
July 2009
15
August 2009
October 2009
November 2009
January 2010
May 2010
Depth to GW (m)
July 2010
16
Example:Sigehalli PS
ov -1 0 Se Ja ar M N M ay -1 1 10 11 np-1 1
10
250
200
20 100 25 50
30
mm
Recharge 2008 65 mm; 2009 50 mm; 2010 70 mm Recharge from other sources = ~ 75 mm/year
If the model is tweaked and fitted it gives us the recharge occurring in the dry season from the lakes surrounding the wells and the fraction of recharge from other sources.
Rain, mm
150
Numerical Modeling
18
50
Municipal BW
40 30 20 10
Agricultural BW
R2= 0.79
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
- indicating the role of recharge during non-rainy period and its estimate. Scenario modeling was performed.
19
21
Groundwater surface
22
23
880
840
840
880
920
960
Groundwater pumping
Groundwater Pumping
Population Density : 9206 70408 Persons/Km2 BWSSB Water Supply : 1.08 5.29 MLD/Km2
Well Density= Number/Km2
House Borewell Public Borewell
25
Summary
Rapid Assessment Tools
The groundwater level survey performed in Mulbagal town brings out that the need for making such surveys in other towns. Even one time quick mapping of the groundwater level along with groundwater use in the town will bring out the state of the situation and helps in categorizing the towns for suitable management decisions.
26
Summary
Mapping of groundwater level at suitable scale
The groundwater level regime cannot be captured with few wells in a town especially if the groundwater flow direction is also needed from water quality issues. Not having a proper knowledge of areas with depleting levels and rising levels would result in development and management decisions without taking into account these conditions. Often the entire town would not have the same behavior with respect to groundwater and hence it is needed to capture the spatial variation of this information and then use it in the appropriate interventions.
27
Summary
Urban and peri-urban patterns
It appears from the studies that the patterns of groundwater level behavior either in cities and in smaller towns have same patterns i.e the central areas of the town/city have rising groundwater levels whereas levels are declining in the peri-urban areas. Shallow groundwater levels can influence urban flooding or causing a greater impact under large rain storms. Shallow groundwater levels are also not desirable from the groundwater quality considerations (as groundwater medium could connect the water supply & waste water pipe lines) or from infrastructural issues for buildings etc.
28
Summary
Institutional strengthening
Even though groundwater is extensively used not only in cities but also in Tier II and III cities, the local municipalities or corporations have no clear knowledge of the groundwater situation and they work with hypotheses which could be flawed. Scientific information (as it is a hidden resource) needs to be gathered with respect to this resource and needs to be brought to the concerned agencies. Training of the engineers or decision makers along with residents needs to be carried out with this information so that they would make informed decisions.
29
Thank You