LITERARY ELEMENTS SETTING

While the narrative begins in London, the theme of the novel is such that the settings change continuously. Mr. Phileas Fogg attempts to go around the world in eighty days and so he covers the major points across the globe Paris Suez, Bombay, Calcutta, Singapore, Hong-Kong, Yokohama, San Francisco, New York, Liverpool and then back to London. Apart from these major places Fogg also meets adventures in route. As the train from Bombay to Calcutta stops a little beyond Lothal, Fogg and his companions travel to Allahabad on elephants. Later, when the travelers are in America and are attacked by the Sioux, they disembark at Fort Kearney station. Fogg even goes deep into American land in order to rescue Passepartout. Thus the characters in the novel go across the whole globe and see many other places. The setting of the novel is nearly the whole world!

CHARACTER LIST Major Characters

Phileas Fogg The hero and chief protagonist in the novel. He is introduced to us as a prudent Englishman whose wealth is a source of mystery to all. He is challenged by a fellow gambler to go around the world in eighty days and he takes up the challenge. His rationality, calmness, generosity and self-control impress the readers. Passepartout He appears in the initial stage of the novel itself, as the newly employed French valet of Mr. Fogg. He is an honest as well as a comic French man, who is loyal to his master and yet gets into situations that hinder his masters plans to travel around the world. Passepartout endears himself to the reader with his warmth, his sense of humor and his ability to act bravely as well as comically. Detective Fix There is a major bank robbery in England around the same time that Fogg leaves for his journey round the world. Detective Fix is one of the many other detectives who seek to find the culprit so they can get a percentage of the stolen money as an award. He comes to the wrong conclusion that Fogg is the bank robber and is merely pretending to go around the world when his real purpose is to flee the law. Aouda Aouda is a Parsee Indian princess who is orphaned at an early age. She is made to marry an old Rajah and when he dies, fanatical Hindus try & force her to commit the sacrifice of her life. She is rescued by Foggs group. She goes back with them to England, as she is unable to find her relative in Hong Kong.

Minor Characters
James Foster We get only one mention of him in the first chapter. He had been a servant of Foggs, but Fogg had dismissed him because he had committed the minor offence of bringing the shaving water at the wrong temperature. Phileas Foggs Partners at Whist The engineer Andrew Stuart, the bankers John Sullinan & Samuel Fallentin, the brewer Thomas

Flanagan and Gauthier Ralph and one of the governors Bank of England are Foggs partners at the Reform club. It is one of them that challenges Fogg to go around the world in eighty days. Lord Albemarle The whole of England gets involved in the speculation as to whether Fogg will be able to complete his journey in 80 days while most feel that he will be unsuccessful, one single supporter remains faithful to Fogg, an old paralytic Lord Albermarle. British Consul at Suez He waits along with detective Fix for the boat Mongolia to arrive at Suez. Daily, he would see English ships pass through the canal. The detective tells the consul that they must try and detain Fogg here, but the consul cannot do that lawfully and so doesn't. Whist Partners on the Mongolia While Fogg is on board the Mongolia ship to Bombay he finds whist players as enthusiastic as himself. These are-a clergyman the Reverend Decimus Smith, a collector of taxes and a brigadier general of the English Army. Later the brigadier general Sir Francis Cromarty also accompanies Fogg from Bombay to Calcutta. Chief of Bombay Police Fix tries to induce the chief of the Bombay police to give him a warrant for Foggs arrest. This the chief of police would not do as the case concerned the London police, which alone was empowered by law to issue a warrant. The Guard on the train to Calcutta When Fogg, Cromarty & Fix are travelling from Bombay to Calcutta by train it suddenly stops in the wilderness. They question the guard on this and it is he, who tells them that the rail has not been laid from this Kholby hamlet to Allahabad and so the passengers will have to arrange for their own means of transport. The Indian Owner of an elephant Fogg approaches an Indian to hire an elephant so that they can ride on it to Allahabad. The Indian refuses to hire out the elephant, so it is eventually bought at a very exorbitant price. Parsee Guide A bright looking young Parsee, offers to be the guide on the elephant which will take the travelers to Allahabad. He is a brave and intelligent man and does his job well in conveying the passengers swiftly to Allahabad. Procession Of priests & fanatics While Fogg and his companions are traveling on a elephant to Allahabad they pass by a procession of priests and fanatics. These Hindus are forcibly taking a young princess along with them so that she may commit suttee (sacrifice on her husbands pyre). Later Fogg is able to make a fool of this procession by escaping with Aouda. Judge Obadiah As soon as Fogg is leaves the Calcutta station, a policeman takes him away to court. Judge Obadiah, a rotund looking man presides over this court and over the case of Passeparrtout, who is charged with committing sacrilege by entering a holy place in Bombay with his shoes on. Cousin Jeizeh He is a cousin of Sir James Jejeebhoy and is also related to Aouda. She hopes to get help from this cousin who is based in Hong Kong. But on reaching Hong Kong, Fogg and Aouda find out that he has shifted to another country after making a lot of money. The pilot on the Rangoon He is a sailor on the ship and he is the one who steers the ship into Hong Kong harbor. It is this pilot who informs Fogg that since the Carnatic has postponed its departure for Yokohama Fogg can board it.

John Bunsby He is the master of the boat Tankadere, on which Fogg, Fix and Aouda travel. John is a skilled sailor who takes the trio from Hong Kong to Shanghai so that Fogg is able to board the San Francisco boat. William Batulcar He is the manager of a troupe of buffoons, jugglers, clowns, acrobats and gymnasts who were going to give their last performance at Yokohama before leaving for America. Passepartout takes up employment with this troupe in order to be able to leave for America with them. Colonel Stamp Proctor At San Francisco Fogg, Fix and Aouda find themselves in Montgomery Street, which is crowded, by the members of two opposing political parties. The opposing members become violent and Foggs group is caught in between. A huge fellow with a red goatee, a ruddy complexion and broad shoulders, raises his fist over Mr. Fogg. Fogg is very angry and later these two men even resort to dueling. Elder William Hitch Mormon missionary A priest boards the train from San Francisco to New York at Elko Station. He is a Mormon missionary, who gives a lecture on Mormonism in Car no. 117 of the train. Forster He is the engine driver of the train bound for New York. When the train stops before Medicine Bow Bridge, which is shaky, it is Forster who suggests a way of getting over. His idea is to take the train over the bridge at a very high speed, which will enable it to pass over. The Guard Fogg and Colonel Proctor decide to perform a duel on one of the platforms where the train to New York stops. But they are stopped by the guard as the train isnt stopping there. It is this guard who suggests that they fight aboard the train itself. The Sioux These are bold Indians who often attack the trains running across the American continent. A band of Sioux attacks the New York bound train. They are armed with guns and a fierce battle ensues between the passengers and the Sioux. Fort Kearney Captain The Captain in command of Fort Kearney meets Fogg. Fogg insists that the Captain allow some of his soldiers to come with him in order to rescue three passengers who are captured by the Sioux. The captain agrees eventually as he is impressed by Foggs gallantry. Driver & Stoker of the train These two are injured by the Sioux, who attack the New York bound train. As the engine is separated from the train they travel in it in an insensible condition till they recover consciousness. Eventually they both turn the engine back to Kearney station. Mudge An American at Fort Kearney station, offers to transport Fogg and group on a sledge to Omaha station. This skipper of a land craft manages to transfer the group safely to Omaha station in a few hours. Andrew Speedy He is the captain of the trading vessel Henrietta, a man of fifty, a sort of sea dog with a growl. He agrees to take Fogg and his companions to Bordeaux but Fogg hijacks the boat and decides to take it to Liverpool instead. The boat finally reaches Queenstown, an Irish port. Clergyman (Reverend Samuel Wilson) When Aouda and Fogg decide to get married Passepartout is sent to the clergyman. After meeting the parson he realizes that the next day is not Monday but Sunday. Both Fogg and Passepartout had not realized that they had reached England a full day earlier. The clergyman then is a source of luck.

CONFLICT
Protagonist The protagonist is none other than Mr. Fogg. He is a British gentleman residing in Saville Row at the Reform Club and leads an extremely well regulated life. But when he is challenged to go around the world in eighty days, he accepts the challenge and thus puts himself in a conflicting situation. He is the man who initiates the entire adventure of the novel, the hero who finally overcomes all the obstacles in his path. The novel revolves around his efforts to jump from train to ship in order to traverse the world in the quickest way possible. Fogg is also the hero/protagonist because of his heroic traits-he is calm, unruffled, gallant and largehearted. He is rational on most occasions and it is only a person such as him who would be able to succeed in a difficult task. In this novel, the protagonist does not have to develop as a human being. But his challenge is whether he can overcome mistakes and the unpredictability of Fate, to succeed in a human enterprise. There is some development in his character as he grows to love a woman who becomes the center of his life, after the triumphant completion of his adventure. While there are other companions with him in his travels it is the exacting Fogg, who sets the ball of the story rolling and who is the undisputed and admirable protagonist of the story. Antagonist The protagonist resolves to travel around the world in eighty days and there is one antagonist that stops him in his endeavor. There are many antagonistic situations and antagonistic persons though. Phileas Fogg is challenged by a group of whist players to go around the world in eighty days. While these players foresee the antagonistic situations that Fogg might have to face they are not antagonists themselves. They do not bodily or physically oppose Foggs plans though they mentally and psychologically hope that he does not win. While Fix, the detectives character may stake a claim to being the antagonist it does not succeed in its proclamation. Fix often blocks Foggs progress around the world but he is not the sole source of antagonism. He suspects that Fogg is a major bank robber and tries to retain Fogg in English ruled ports so that he may arrest the traveler. It is Fix who arrests Fogg at Liverpool thereby detaining him. But despite all of Fixs villainous efforts, he is not the sole antagonist of the story. Fogg is opposed by forces that can be ultimately traced in FATE, NATURE and HUMAN FRAILTY. When he is travelling by train to Calcutta he, as well as, the other passengers find out that the rail has not been completed. They have to arrange for their other transport from Kholby to Allahabad. Fogg hires an elephant but his own large heartedness demands that he breaks the elephant journey to rescue a princess. Because of such delays Fogg loses the two days that he had gained. Later storms at sea delay his journey. At another occasion he misses boarding his ship, as Passepartout does not inform his master that the departure of the ship had been postponed. Passepartout had been conned into drunkenness by Fix. Situations such asabound in Foggs journey and prove to be antagonistic. When Fogg is traveling to New York by train the Sioux attacks them. The ensuing fight too takes away precious time from Foggs strict schedule. Thus the protagonist Fogg faces antagonistic situations that oppose the discipline of his journey but at the same time, he is not shown as waging a war against a single antagonist. Climax The climax of the story takes place in the 36 th chapter when everyone at the Reform Club, especially the challengers, are waiting for Fogg to make his appearance. Surprisingly, Fogg does reach the drawing room of the club at 8:45 p.m. This comes as a big shock to the readers as we had read in the previous chapter that Fogg had reached London late and that he was quietly residing at his house at Saville Row. To now learn that Fogg does win the wager surprises us. This is a climactic moment as it

is the fulfillment of the aim behind Foggs entire endeavor. More than that, it fills the readers with suspense and curiosity as to the appearance of Fogg on Saturday, December 21st, at the predetermined time. We had all read that he hadnt managed to make it and then when we see that he wins the wager, we are completely taken aback. The mystery of Foggs appearance at the club is solved in the next chapter that is the 37 th of the book, but the climax is undoubtedly in the 36 th chapter. This eventful chapter starts with the description of the excitement that pervades England as a result of the resumption of betting on Foggs proposed effort to travel around the world in eighty days. The interest in Fogg is regenerated when England learns that Fogg was wrongly suspected of the robbery and that he is actually quite innocent. The chapter goes on to describe the crowd that assembles around the club on Saturday evening, the day on which it will be decided whether Fogg wins or loses the wager. The reader assumes that this chapter describes a day in the past a day when Fogg is disappointed because he has been defeated in his endeavor. His fellow whist players discuss whether Fogg will be able to make it on time and they are quite sure that he wont because there has been no news of his travels in a long time. Stuart is convinced that Fogg has lost because Foggs name was not on the passenger list of the China; the only liner he could have come by soon enough from New York to Liverpool. Towards the end of the chapter the countdown begins from 8:40 p.m. to 8:45 p.m. the whist players are quite excited as they count the seconds before it is 8:45 p.m. And at the fifty-seventh second of 8:44 p.m., Fogg opens the door of the room and comes in saying in a calm voice Here I am, gentlemen. The climax, which had started building with the description of the Saturday evening, reaches, its ultimate zenith when Fogg walks in calmly. For all practical purposes Fogg was a winner and the purpose around which the story had revolved, is reached Foggs words --Here I am gentlemen constitute the climax of the story. Outcome In the 37 th chapter, which is also the last, the outcome of the story is described. The author here explains how Fogg did manage to win the wager and how he had been mistaken himself about the time of his arrival at England we are told that Passepartout was sent to the parson and that he came back running to his master. He tells Fogg in an excited manner that the marriage cannot take place the next day because it is a Sunday. Fogg refuses to believe, as he is sure that the next day is a Monday. It is then that he realizes that he has made a mistake of a day! In actuality, Fogg had reached a day before but now he only has ten minutes to reach the Club in time. Fogg jumps into a cab and manages to make it in time, as we have seen in the previous chapter. We now learn what happens after Fogg has won the wager. Though he had won the twenty thousand pounds, since he had spent something like nineteen thousand on the way, the proceeds were small. The thousand pounds that remained are divided between the worthy Passepartout and the luckless Fix, to whom Fogg could not find it in his heart to bear any grudge. Aouda and Fogg pledge their love for each other and are married forty-eight hours after Fogg wins the wager. The morning after Fogg is married, he tells Passepartout that he is glad that they went through India as this is how he managed to meet the love of his life, Aouda. The last paragraph of the book questions what Fogg has gained through the journey around the world. We are told that Fogg gains nothing, "but a charming woman who unlikely as it may appear made him the happiest of men!" So, Fogg gains much more than the sense of achievement and the wager he gets a wife and wins love which eventually make him even more happy as a man. Passepartout remains loyal to his master and it is he who gives the bride away at the marriage. His enthusiasm about the possibility of the journey being completed in seventy-eight days is very inspiring and yet another proof of his loyalty for his master. Indeed the reader is very happy to see that alls well that ends well our hero Fogg has proved that rationality and calmness can do wonders and we are completely on his side!

SHORT SUMMARY (Synopsis)

The story begins at England. We are introduced to Fogg, a very precise man who regularly goes to the Reform Club every evening. At one such visit to the club to play cards, he gets into a conversation with his fellow card players as to whether it is possible to go around the world in eighty days. He believes that it is and is challenged to complete the adventure. This is the beginning of the entire plot and from then on we see how Fogg goes around the world and we witness the amazing adventures that he has with his companions. The main plot is based on Foggs travels, while other such plots merely support the central theme Fix, the detective follows Fogg all over. He believes that Fogg is the bank robber who has robbed a great sum from the bank of England. He puts obstacles in Foggs path just so that he can arrest him whenever he gets the warrant from England. The suspicion that Fogg might be a clever gentleman robber is the sub-theme of the book and the author makes the reader also suspicious. Passepartout too wonders whether his master might be a robber though in his heart he has ample trust in Foggs integrity. The plot moves ahead with Fogg striving through various obstacles to reach London in time. He goes through Brindisi, Suez, Bombay, Calcutta, Hong Kong, Yokohama, San Francisco, New York and finally Liverpool. Fix arrests Fogg at Liverpool and this delays our hero. He thinks that he has missed the deadline and hasn't reached London in time when in reality he reached a full day earlier. Thus Fogg wins the wager and in the course of his travels, finds himself a worthy charming, beautiful wife too.

THEMES Major Themes

The main theme of the novel can be ascertained from the topic of the book Around the World in Eighty Days. Phileas Fogg, a stern and disciplined man claims that it is possible to go around the world in eighty days. He is challenged to accomplish this feat himself. Thus the major theme is the possibility/probability of going around the globe in eighty days. Fogg manages to prove that it is possible despite all odds. Another major theme is whether Fogg is a bank robber, as detective Fix claims. Fix makes his appearance in Chapter Five and continues to stay throughout the novel. He is one of the many detectives who are determined to find the robber who has robbed the Bank of England. He becomes suspicious of Fogg who looks as a thorough gentleman and is going around the world in a great hurry. Fix follows Fogg from Suez, all over the world till Liverpool. After befriending Passepartout he tells the servant about his suspicious regarding Fogg. The doubt as to whether Fogg is a culprit or not is a major theme of the book. Related to the theme of Fogg's journey around the world is the other major theme, of the development in Foggs character. He is very punctual, calm, collected, wise and large hearted. Through the initial part of the novel, he comes across as a very cold and calculating macannot expect much emotion from him but there is development in his character traits, as we shall see. His sole purpose is to go around the world but we see how he changes his plans just so that he & his company can try and save the Indian Princess Aouda: he seems cold but is really not. This development in his character is a major focus of the book. We learn at the end of the novel that this major achievement is not only that of going around the world successfully in eighty days, but the fact that he wins a warm and abiding love in the person of Aouda.

Minor Themes
Passepartouts character can be said to constitute a minor theme in the novel. He provides entertainment in the form of comic relief at many occasions. He lightens the atmosphere of the novel with his crazy behavior, his clumsiness and his general good nature. Indeed his character is quite in contrast with that of Foggs and in that lies its attractiveness.

Fogg and Aoudas love is yet another minor theme. Their romance is not a major theme of the novel but it makes the story of the journey interesting. Aouda is an Indian princess and her inclusion adds an exotic touch to the story. Foggs relationship with her helps him grow as a person. She adds much happiness to his life and this bond is given some amount of importance in the novel. The various bets that are made on Fogg and whether he will be able to complete his journey constitute another minor theme of the novel. The whole of England speculates as to whether Foggs aim is a feasible one. While speculation dwindles after Fogg is suspected of robbery, it revives once again when the whole country learns that detective Fix is mistaken about his suspicions regarding Fogg. The depiction of the places that Fogg visits is another sub theme. While he never stays in a place for too long, each stop is described in some detail and that way the reader does get to learn a reasonable amount about the world. We get to read cameo like portraits on the major points on the globe map.

MOOD
The mood of the book is that of adventure and the excitement that is always a part of travel. Phileas Fogg accepts the challenge to go around the world in eighty days and in accomplishing this feat he goes through various lands and meets with diverse adventures. Thus the book proceeds at a fast pace and there is always some excitement resulting from the various encounters. There is a little element of mystery in the mood with the suspicion that Fogg might be the gentleman robber, guilty of a major theft at the Bank of England. Passepartout is told by Fix that his master is not what he seems and even though Passepartout tends to trust Fogg, there is a sense of tension that Fogg might just be the culprit. Even the reader wonders whether Fogg could be guilty and becomes curious about Foggs reality. Another distinct element in the mood is that of challenge and struggling against odds. Fogg and his companions face seemingly impossible obstacles in order to go around the world at an incredible pace. Fogg leads them with his calmness and rationality. Whether it be while fighting the Sioux or rushing to London from Liverpool in a specially hired train. What the reader gets to read eventually is an exciting and truly adventurous tale.

Jules Verne - BIOGRAPHY

Jules Verne' whole life was spent either writing or preparing for it. Jules Gabriel Verne was born in Nantes, France in 1828. Born as the second child of four, in a middle class Nantes family, his schooldays were reasonably successful without being brilliant. Jules parents belonged to the seafaring tradition, a factor that greatly influenced his writings. When very young, he ran off to be a cabin boy on a merchant ship, but was caught and had to return to his parents. Verne went to school from 1834 - 1838, where his teacher was the widow of a sea captain, and she kept waiting for her husbands return. He was in college from 1838 - 1842 where he performed well in geography, singing and in translations from Greek and Latin. Between 1841 - 1846, Verne started writing short prose pieces. In 1847, Jules was sent to study law in Paris. His cousin, Caroline Tronson with whom he had been unhappily in love for several years, got engaged. His passion for theatre grew, while he was there. He wrote a play called Alexandre VI. In 1848, there was a revolution in Paris and Verne was present in the July disturbances. His uncle introduced him into literary salons where he met novelists such as Dumas. Later in 1850, this budding authors first play was published. His father was outraged when he heard that Jules was not going to continue law and discontinued the money he was giving him to pay for his expenses in Paris. In 1850, his one act comedy Les Pailles rompues (Broken Straws) ran for twelve nights at Dumass Theatre historique, and was published. Verne started making money by selling his stories, which included A Drama in Mexico and Drama in the Air. Between 1852 -1855, he became secretary of Theatre lyrique. In 1857 this talented writer married Honorine and became a stockbroker in Paris. He

moved his house several times. In 1859, still living in cramped conditions in the Latin Quarter, but now with his pregnant wife and two stepdaughters, he was invited by a friend on a free trip to Scotland and England. He was delighted by his visit and was greatly marked by the experience. A son was born to him in 1861 and in 1862 he went to Norway and Denmark with Hignard. After spending many hours in Paris libraries studying geology, engineering, and astronomy, Jules Verne published his first novel FiveWeeks in a Balloon in 1863, which was an immediate success. His publisher was quite impressed and from that point on, Vernes livelihood was guaranteed by successively more lucrative contracts, although requiring him to produce between one and two books each year. In 1867, there was the first English translation of his novel. Soon, he started writing novels such as Journey to the Center of the Earth, From the Earth to the Moon, and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Because of the popularity of these and other novels, Jules Verne became a very rich man. He wrote steadily - often he would be changing the published serial version of one novel while correcting the proofs of another, writing the manuscript of yet another, and planning the extensive reading required for a fourth.

In 1871 Juless father died and between 1876-77 he bought his second and third boats and even organized a huge fancy dress ball. His marriage was not totally happy; and he seems to have had mistresses. His wife was critically ill that year but recovered. In 1876, he bought a large yacht and sailed around Europe. In 1877, Verne sailed to Lisbon and Algiers. His son Michel married an actress in 1879, despite the opposition of his father. In 1883-84, Verne left with his wife on a grand tour of the Mediterranean. In 1888 he was elected local councilor on a Republican list and for the next fifteen years, he attended council meetings, administrated theatres and fairs and gave public talks. In 1895 he wrote his first novel in a European language in the present tense and third person. After 1897 his health deteriorated. n 1905 he fell seriously ill from diabetes and died in the city of Amines. On Vernes death, The Invasion of the Sea and The Lighthouse at the end of the World were in the course of publication. Michel, his son then took responsibility for the remaining manuscripts and published them later. It was only in 1978 that it was discovered that the Jules Verne books that appeared posthumously had a major part of their writing done by Michel. This came as a surprise to many. The simplicity of Vernes life seems to be in opposition to the complexity of his works

LITERARY / HISTORICAL INFORMATION

William Butcher, the noted critic has written that Verne has a very considerable renown with the public but is not always known for his writing. Butcher explains that to an average American, Verne was and is the inventor of science fiction and predicted much of the twentieth century, including the explorations of the depths of the sea, of the interior of the earth, and of outer space. He is also meant to have foreseen the submarine, the airplane, and perhaps the motor car. But, the same average man might not be able to recall the actual books where these predictions were made and would know very little about the writer himself. Amongst the novels with a more or less scientific theme, three or four stand out for their originality and popularity. Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea - 1870 recounts a submarine with Captain Nemo as the enigmatic hero. Dramatic episodes pervade the narrative such as the passage under the Antarctic ice cap, the planting of a flag on the South Pole and the discovery of the ruins of Atlantis. But, the source of much interest is the intense if distant relationship between Nemo and his guest prisoner, Dr. Aronnax, who is also the first person narrator. In A Journey to the Center of the Earth, 1864, Prof Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel descend into an extinct volcano in Iceland. They eventually discover an underground world containing plants, fish, a marine dinosaur, and finally human beings: a dead white man, a Giant Shepherd herding Giant Mastodons. The final episode, where the heroes ride a volcanic eruption on a wooden raft is an unlikely event described in the most plausible way

possible. From the Earth to the Moon,1866 is a story about a vessel capable of escaping from the Earths gravitation. The novel ends with the launch of the three passengers towards outer space. A sequel to the launching of this vessel is provided in Around the Moon, where relatively accurate solutions are found to the problems of airlessness, weightlessness and the navigation of the projectile. The two space volumes are light hearted in tone due to the presence of the character Ardan, who has his real life image in a close friend of Vernes and a famous French photographer. Apart from the above mentioned very well known science fiction books, there is a another category of popular books by Jules Verne, which include the following: 1873 - Around the World in Eighty Days, which describes the journey undertaken for a bet by an eccentric Englishman called Phileas Fogg. The mood is humorous and the pace fast moving. But, there are also serious points to the work - for Verne, the shrinking of the world is caused notably by the end of the age of exploration and the building of the railways. In contrast, the 1863 - Five Weeks in a Balloon conducts its heroes across the still unexplored areas in Central Asia, while playing games with the dates of real exploration, and also with those of its own publication. In Travels & Adventures of Captain Hatteras(1866) takes the obsessed captain of the title ever further north over the Arctic cap. The story involves murder and cannibalism and even the hero is meant to die at the Pole at the end, but Vernes publisher doesnt let Verne kill the Captain and the plot is changed. The Mysterious Island (1874) represents the culmination of many long maturing Vernian ideas. It deals extensively with the desert island dream, but is also designed to show up the facile and implausible manipulation of the plot in Defoes Robinson Crusoe. It re-employs characters from Captaine Grant as well as 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Robur - the Conqueror (1866) centers on the still vigorous debate between the protagonists of the lighter than air balloons and the heavier than air fixed wing aircraft and helicopters. Robur is a rebel, a spiritual descendant of Nemo, a man whose brilliant aeronautical ideas are ignored and who resorts to violence to prove his point. His aircraft is memorable for its ship like characteristics. From 1875 - 1905, Jules Vernes novels undergo a large number of transformations. The subject is not always exploration and scientific innovation as it was before, but is more often tourism; the mood is more pessimistic, ironical, or bitter. The British and the Americans are no longer presented favorably, the novels often close with death or madness and the few machines that are depicted are eventually destroyed in the stories. These novels sold progressively less well. It has been pointed out though that the irony, skepticism, and self-analysis in these novels make them more modern than in the more straightforward novels. Vernes novels of his final thirty years work less well as adventure stories, but many of them may be considered interesting or important in other ways. The six or seven works that appeared after Vernes death were very different again. " Jonathan" goes much deeper in its analysis of anarchism, socialism and communism than any of the previous works; and seems to conclude that solitude is the only satisfactory social or political solution. The Eternal Adam is a masterpiece. It ranges 20,000 years forward and back to the very beginnings of human history. The narrative includes the Flood, Atlantis and finally the total destruction of civilization. The book seems to conclude that all mans " efforts in the infinity of time" are destined to be fruitless, that we must realize the " eternal recommencement of all things". The main message of the book is that only by benefiting directly from the experience of elders, can man begin to escape the cycle and hence achieve true wisdom. This wisdom is situated somewhere between a hopeless pessimism and a blind optimism. For a long time critics debated as to why most of Vernes posthumous releases were so different from those that were published when he was alive. Only in 1978 was the question settled. Piero Gondolo della Riva discovered that there were considerable differences between the 1905 typescripts of the posthumous works and the published works; these differences could be ascribed to the efforts of Vernes son - Michel. Thus, it was shown that La Mission Barsac was mostly by Michel and LEternel Adam was probably entirely by him. It has been necessary to accept that Michel is an authentic writer in his own right. The most popular of Jules Vernes novels till now are the three books: Around the World in Eighty Days, 20,000 Leagues under the Sea, and A Journey to the Center of the Earth. All three have many things alike. For one, they could all be classified as adventure novels. Another is that they all involve a journey of some sort. In Around the World in Eighty Days people journey around the world. In A

Journey to the Center of the Earth people are journeying to the center of the earth. And finally in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea,they are journeying under water. The settings of these books are very similar, yet different. All of them are very exotic. Lush forests at the center of the earth, lost cities under water, etc. Also in all three of these books, Verne focuses on one or two people or things about them, and really emphasizes it. In Around the World in Eighty Days it was how precise Mr. Fogg was about his daily routine. In A Journey to the Center of the Earth it would probably be Professor Hardwiggs stubbornness. And in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Captain Nemos strange independence and war against civilization is emphatically emphasized.

CHAPTER 1 Summary
Mr. Phileas Fogg lived at No. 7, Savile Row, Burlington Gardens. He was one of the most noticeable members of the Reform Club, about who little was known, except that he was a polished man of the world. Little was known of his history and his source of wealth. Many conjectured as to the nature of his past. It was likely that he had traveled a great deal though it was certain that he had not absented himself from London for many years. The first part of the first chapter is primarily devoted to the description of Mr. Fogg and his activities. His activities are described as being those of a meticulous man, highly organized, punctual and habitual. When he breakfasted or dined all the resources of the club--its kitchens and pantries, its buttery and dairy--aided to crowd his table with their most succulent stores; he was served by the gravest waiters, in the best possible way. The mansion in Savile Row was exceedingly comfortable. The habits of its occupant demanded but little from the sole domestic, but Phileas Fogg required him to be superhumanly prompt and regular. He had dismissed James Forster, because that luckless youth had brought him shaving-water at a slightly different temperature than required. Passepartout had come for a job to Phileas Fogg and hoped to become the next valet. Mr. Fogg and Mr. Passepartout meet and finalize the nature of the services that Passepartout shall perform for Mr. Fogg. Mr. Passepartout is hired as a valet. Phileas Fogg then went off without a word. Passepartout heard the street door shut twice after his master and the previous servant left. Passepartout then remained alone in the house in Savile Row.

CHAPTER 2 Summary
During his brief interview with Mr. Fogg, Passepartout had been carefully observing him. He appeared to be a man about forty years of age, with fine, handsome features, and a tall, well shaped figure. His countenance possessed in the highest degree "repose in action," a quality of those who act rather than talk. Seen in the various phases of his daily life, he gave the idea of being perfectly well balanced. Phileas Foggs immaculate appearance and efficient behavior is now described. As for Passepartout, he was a true Parisian of Paris. Since he had abandoned his own country for England, taking service as a valet, he had in vain searched for a master after his own heart. He was unlike other servants and had a certain class despite his colorful past. The author continues with his third person narrative - " It would be rash to predict how Passepartouts lively nature would agree with Mr. Fogg. It was impossible to tell whether the new servant would turn out as absolutely methodical as his master required; experience alone could solve the question." Passepartout himself is described as a man who had been a sort of vagrant in his early years, and who now yearned for repose. Passepartout was desirous of respecting the gentleman whom he served. Hearing that Mr. Phileas Fogg was looking for a servant, and that his life was one of unbroken regularity, he felt sure that this would be the place he was after.

When Passepartout found himself alone in the house in Saville Row, he inspected it, and found the neatness quite to his liking. He observed, hung over the clock, a card which, upon inspection, proved to be a program of the daily routine of the house. It comprised all that was required of the servant, from morning till night. In short, the house, which must have been a very temple of disorder and unrest under the illustrious but dissipated Sheridan, was comfort, and method idealized. Passepartout is very pleased with the state of things and looks forward to his service with his master, Mr. Fogg.

CHAPTER 3 Summary
Phileas Fogg, reached the Reform Club, an imposing edifice in Pall Mall. He repaired at once to the dining room and took his place at the habitual table. His breakfast is minutely described. He then spent a considerable amount of time reading newspapers. Dinner passed as breakfast had done, and Mr. Fogg reappeared in the reading room. Mr. Foggs usual partners at whist appear and they all begin to discuss a famous robbery that had recently taken place at a bank in London. Phileas joins this conversation when he says that - The Daily Telegraph says that he (the robber) is a gentleman." The affair, which formed the subject, was this - A package of banknotes, to the value of fifty-five thousand pounds, had been taken from the principal cashiers table. When the money was not found even at five oclock, the amount was passed to the account of profit and loss. As soon as the robbery was discovered, picked detectives hastened off to various ports, inspired by the proffered reward of two thousand pounds, and five per cent on the sum that might be recovered. There were real grounds for supposing that the thief did not belong to a professional band but was a gentleman. The papers and clubs were full of the affair, and everywhere people were discussing the probabilities of a successful pursuit; and the Reform Club was especially agitated, several of its members being Bank officials. Ralph and Stuart, both whist players argue whether the thief would be caught or not. Stuart questions - Where could he (the thief) go, then? Ralph replies - "Oh, I dont know that. The world is big enough." It is here that Fogg once again joins the conversation, when he says - "It was once,". Phileas Fogg is questioned as to what he means by once and then the conversation proceeds in such a way that Mr. Fogg declares that it is possible to go around the world in eighty days. John Sullivan supports this conjecture and shows the group the estimate made by the Daily Telegraph that claims that a journey round the world can be done in eighty days. Mr. Stuart thinks that the journey may sound plausible theoretically but is not feasible practically. He dares Mr. Fogg to complete such a feat himself and in his excitement, he puts a wager of four thousand. Phileas Fogg insists that he can carry out the exercise and says - "A true Englishman doesnt joke when he is talking about so serious a thing as a wager," He bets twenty thousand pounds against anyone that he will make the tour of the world in eighty days or less. "We accept," replied Messrs. Stuart, Fallentin, Sullivan, Flanagan, and Ralph, after consulting each other. Mr. Fogg decides to take the train to Dover that very evening and tells his challengers that he would be back in the Reform Club, on Saturday, the 21 st of December. A memorandum of the wager was at once drawn up and signed by the six parties. The party offered to suspend the game so that Mr. Fogg might make his preparations for departure but the latter is calm and insists on playing some more.

CHAPTER 4 Summary
Having won twenty guineas at whist, Phileas Fogg takes leave of his friends. Passepartout, who had studied the program of his duties, was surprised to see his master guilty of the inexactness of

appearing at an unaccustomed hour; for, according to rule, he was not due in Savile Row until midnight. Passerpartout is even more surprised when he is told that they shall be starting for Dover and Calais in ten minutes. On being told that they shall be going around the world, Passerpartout is completely taken aback as he had been expecting a very quiet life with his master. The servant is told that they shall be travelling very light and would have no need of heavy trunks. Passepartout tried to reply to his master, but could not. He went out, mounted to his own room, fell into a chair, and muttered: "Thats good, that is! And I, who wanted to remain quiet!" He mechanically set about making the preparations for departure. He thinks that perhaps they would go as far as Paris, and it would do his eyes good to see Paris once more. By eight oclock Passepartout had packed the modest carpet-bag, containing the wardrobes of his master and himself; then, still troubled in mind, he carefully shut the door of his room, and descended to Mr. Fogg. Mr. Fogg was quite ready. Under his was a red bound copy of Bradshaws Continental Railway Steam Transit and General Guide, with its timetables showing the arrival and departure of steamers and railways. He took the carpetbag, opened it, and slipped into it a goodly roll of Bank of England notes, which would pass wherever he might go. Passepartout is told to take care of the carpetbag as it has twenty thousand pounds in it. Master and man then descended, the street door was double locked, and they took a cab and drove rapidly to Charing Cross. When they reached the station, they came across a beggar woman who asked them for alms. Mr. Fogg is very generous and gives her twenty guineas. Passerpartouts masters action touched his susceptible heart. Two first class tickets for Paris having been speedily purchased, Mr. Fogg was crossing the station to the train, when he perceived his five friends of the Reform. He tells them that they will be able to assure themselves that he has really been around the world, by checking his passport. Fogg and his servant then seated themselves in a first class carriage. The night was dark, and a fine, steady rain was falling. Phileas Fogg, snugly ensconced in his corner, did not open his lips. Passepartout, not yet recovered from his stupefaction, clung mechanically to the carpetbag, with its enormous treasure. Just as the train was whirling through Sydenham, Passepartout suddenly realized that he had left the gas in his room on. "Very well, young man," returned Mr. Fogg, coolly; "it will burn at your expense."