MIMO

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about MIMO in wireless communication. For other uses, see MIMO (disambiguation).

Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO (note that the terms input and output refer to the radio channel carrying the signal, not to the devices having antennas) In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (commonly pronounced my-moh or memoh), is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology. Note that the terms input and output refer to the radio channel carrying the signal, not to the devices having antennas. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications, because it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased transmit power. It achieves this by spreading the same total transmit power over the antennas to achieve an array gain that improves the spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz of bandwidth) or to achieve a diversity gain that improves the link reliability (reduced fading). Because of these properties, MIMO is an important part of modern wireless communication standards such as IEEE 802.11n (Wifi), 4G, 3GPP Long Term Evolution, WiMAX and HSPA+.

Contents
[hide] 1 History of MIMO 1 . 1 B a c k g r o u n d t e c h n o l o g i e s 1 . 2 P r i n c i p l e 1 . 3

[edit] History of MIMO

[edit] Background technologies
The earliest ideas in this field go back to work by A.R. Kaye and D.A. George (1970) and W. van Etten (1975, 1976). Jack Winters and Jack Salz at Bell Laboratories published several papers on beamforming related applications in 1984 and 1986.[1]

[edit] Principle
Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath proposed the concept of spatial multiplexing (SM) using MIMO in 1993. Their US Patent No. 5,345,599 on Spatial Multiplexing issued 1994[2] emphasized applications to wireless broadcast. In 1996, Greg Raleigh and Gerard J. Foschini refined new approaches to MIMO technology, considering a configuration where multiple transmit antennas are co-located at one transmitter to improve the link throughput effectively.[3][4] Bell Labs was the first to demonstrate a laboratory prototype of spatial multiplexing in 1998, where spatial multiplexing is a principal technology to improve the performance of MIMO communication systems.[5]

[edit] Wireless standards

See also: MIMO technology in WiMAX and MIMO technology in 3G mobile standards In the commercial arena, Iospan Wireless Inc. developed the first commercial system in 2001 that used MIMO with Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access technology (MIMO-OFDMA). Iospan technology supported both diversity coding and spatial multiplexing. In 2005, Airgo Networks had developed an IEEE 802.11n precursor implementation based on their patents on MIMO. Following that in 2006, several companies (including at least Broadcom, Intel, and Marvell) have fielded a MIMO-OFDM solution based on a pre-standard for 802.11n WiFi standard. Also in 2006, several companies (Beceem Communications, Samsung, Runcom Technologies, etc.) have developed MIMO-OFDMA based solutions for IEEE 802.16e WiMAX broadband mobile standard. All upcoming 4G systems will also employ MIMO technology. Several research groups have demonstrated over 1 Gbit/s prototypes.

[edit] Functions of MIMO

MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories, precoding, spatial multiplexing or SM, and diversity coding. Precoding is multi-stream beamforming, in the narrowest definition. In more general terms, it is considered to be all spatial processing that occurs at the transmitter. In (single-layer) beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate phase (and sometimes gain) weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of beamforming are to increase the received signal gain, by making signals emitted from different antennas add up constructively, and to reduce the multipath fading effect. In the absence of scattering, beamforming results in a well defined directional pattern, but in typical cellular conventional beams are not a good analogy. When the receiver has multiple antennas, the transmit beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas, and precoding with multiple streams is used. Note that precoding requires knowledge of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high rate

signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures, the receiver can separate these streams into (almost) parallel channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the lesser in the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used with or without transmit channel knowledge. Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, known as space-division multiple access. By scheduling receivers with different spatial signatures, good separability can be assured. Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding. Spatial multiplexing can also be combined with precoding when the channel is known at the transmitter or combined with diversity coding when decoding reliability is in trade-off.

[edit] Forms of MIMO

[edit] Multi-antenna types
Multi-antenna MIMO (or Single user MIMO) technology has been developed and implemented in some standards, e.g. 802.11n products. SISO/SIMO/MISO are degenerate cases of MIMO Multiple-input and single-output (MISO) is a degenerate case when the receiver has a single antenna. Single-input and multiple-output (SIMO) is a degenerate case when the transmitter has a single antenna. single-input single-output (SISO) is a radio system where neither the transmitter nor receiver have multiple antenna. Principal single-user MIMO techniques Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST), Gerard. J. Foschini (1996) Per Antenna Rate Control (PARC), Varanasi, Guess (1998), Chung, Huang, Lozano (2001) Selective Per Antenna Rate Control (SPARC), Ericsson (2004) Some limitations The physical antenna spacing are selected to be large; multiple wavelengths at the base station. The antenna separation at the receiver is heavily space constrained in hand sets, though advanced antenna design and algorithm techniques are under discussion. Refer to: Advanced MIMO

[edit] Multi-user types

Main article: Multi-user MIMO Recently, the research on multi-user MIMO technology has been emerging. While full multi-user MIMO (or network MIMO) can have higher potentials, from its practicality the research on (partial) multi-user MIMO (or multi-user and multi-antenna MIMO) technology is more active.

 Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) In recent 3GPP and WiMAX standards, MU-MIMO is being treated as one of candidate technologies adoptable in the specification by a lot of companies including Samsung, Intel, Qualcomm, Ericsson, TI, Huawei, Philips, Alcatel-Lucent, Freescale, et al. since MU-MIMO is more feasible to low complexity mobiles with small number of reception antennas than SU-MIMO with the high system throughput capability. PU2RC allows the network to allocate each antenna to the different users instead of allocating only single user as in single-user MIMO scheduling. The network can transmit user data through a codebook-based spatial beam or a virtual antenna. Efficient user scheduling, such as pairing spatially distinguishable users with codebook based spatial beams, are additionally discussed for the simplification of wireless networks in terms of additional wireless resource requirements and complex protocol modification. Recently, PU2RC is included the system description documentation (SDD) of IEEE 802.16m (WiMAX evolution to meet the ITU-R's IMT-Advance requirements). Enhanced multiuser MIMO: 1)Employ advanced decoding techniques, 2) Employ advanced precoding techniques SDMA represents either space-division multiple access or super-division multiple access where super emphasises that orthogonal division such as frequency and time division is not used but non-orthogonal approaches such as super-position coding are used. Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO) Utilizes distributed antennas which belong to other users. MIMO Routing Routing a cluster by a cluster in each hop, where the number of nodes in each cluster is larger or equal to one. MIMO routing is different from conventional (SISO) routing since conventional routing protocols route a node by a node in each hop.[6]

[edit] Applications of MIMO

Spatial multiplexing techniques makes the receivers very complex, and therefore it is typically combined with Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) or with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) modulation, where the problems created by multi-path channel are handled efficiently. The IEEE 802.16e standard incorporates MIMO-OFDMA. The IEEE 802.11n standard, released in October 2009, recommends MIMO-OFDM. MIMO is also planned to be used in Mobile radio telephone standards such as recent 3GPP and 3GPP2 standards. In 3GPP, High-Speed Packet Access plus (HSPA+) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards take MIMO into account. Moreover, to fully support cellular environments MIMO research consortia including IST-MASCOT propose to develop advanced MIMO techniques, i.e., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). MIMO technology can be used in non-wireless communications systems. One example is the home networking standard ITU-T G.9963, which defines a powerline communications system that uses MIMO techniques to transmit multiple signals over multiple AC wires (phase, neutral and ground). [citation needed]

[edit] Mathematical description

MIMO channel model In MIMO systems, a transmitter sends multiple streams by multiple transmit antennas. The transmit streams go through a matrix channel which consists of all NtNr paths between the Nt transmit antennas at the transmitter and Nr receive antennas at the receiver. Then, the receiver gets the received signal vectors by the multiple receive antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into the original information. A narrowband flat fading MIMO system is modelled as

where and

and

are the receive and transmit vectors, respectively, and are the channel matrix and the noise vector, respectively.

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Channel capacity . (Discuss) Proposed since October 2010. Referring to information theory, the ergodic channel capacity of MIMO systems where both the transmitter and the receiver have perfect instantaneous channel state information is[7]

where ()H denotes Hermitian transpose and is the ratio between transmit power and noise power (i.e., transmit SNR). The optimal signal covariance decomposition of the channel matrix is achieved through singular value

and an optimal diagonal power allocation matrix

. The optimal power allocation is achieved through waterfilling,[8] that is

where

are the diagonal elements of .

is zero if its argument is

negative, and is selected such that

If the transmitter has only statistical channel state information, then the ergodic channel capacity

will decrease as the signal covariance mutual information as[7]

can only be optimized in terms of the average

The spatial correlation of the channel have a strong impact on the ergodic channel capacity with statistical information. If the transmitter has no channel state information it can select the signal covariance maximize channel capacity under worst-case statistics, which means to

and accordingly

Depending on the statistical properties of the channel, the ergodic capacity is no greater than times larger than that of a SISO system.

[edit] MIMO testing

MIMO signal testing focuses first on the transmitter/receiver system. The random phases of the subcarrier signals can produce instantaneous power levels that cause the amplifier to compress, momentarily causing distortion and ultimately symbol errors. Signals with a high PAR (peak-toaverage ratio) can cause amplifiers to compress unpredictably during transmission. OFDM signals are very dynamic and compression problems can be hard to detect because of their noise-like nature. Knowing the quality of the signal channel is also critical. A channel emulator can simulate how a device performs at the cell edge, can add noise or can simulate what the channel looks like at speed. To fully qualify the performance of a receiver, a calibrated transmitter, such as a vector signal generator (VSG), and channel emulator can be used to test the receiver under a variety of different conditions. Conversely, the transmitter's performance under a number of different conditions can be verified using a channel emulator and a calibrated receiver, such as a vector signal analyzer (VSA). Understanding the channel allows for manipulation of the phase and amplitude of each transmitter in order to form a beam. To correctly form a beam, the transmitter needs to understand the characteristics of the channel. This process is called channel sounding or channel estimation. A known signal is sent to the mobile device that enables it to build a picture of the channel environment. The phone then sends back the channel characteristics to the transmitter. The transmitter then can apply the correct phase and amplitude adjustments to form a beam directed at the mobile device. This is called a closed-loop MIMO system. For beamforming, it is required to adjust the phases and amplitude of each transmitter. In a beamformer optimized for spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing, each antenna element simultaneously transmits a weighted combination of two data symbols.[9]

[edit] MIMO literature

[edit] Principal researches
Papers by Gerard J. Foschini and Michael J. Gans,[10] Foschini[11] and Emre Telatar have shown that the channel capacity (a theoretical upper bound on system throughput) for a MIMO system is increased as the number of antennas is increased, proportional to the minimum number of transmit and receive antennas. This basic finding in information theory is what led to a spurt of research in this area. A text book by A. Paulraj, R. Nabar and D. Gore has published an introduction to this area.[12] Mobile Experts has published a research report which predicts the use of MIMO technology in 500 million PCs, tablets, and smartphones by 2016. link

[edit] Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT)

There exists a fundamental tradeoff between diversity and multiplexing in a MIMO system (Zheng and Tse, 2003) .[13]

[edit] Other applications

Given the nature of MIMO, it is not limited to wireless communication. It can be used for wire line communication as well. For example, a new type of DSL technology (Gigabit DSL) has been proposed based on Binder MIMO Channels.

[edit] Sampling theorem in MIMO systems

An important question which attracts the attention of engineers and mathematician is how to use the multi-output signals at the receiver to recover the multi-input signals at the transmitter. In Shang, Sun and Zhou (2007), sufficient and necessary conditions are established to guarantee the complete recovery of the multi-input signals. .[14]

[edit] See also

Channel bonding Mimax Single-frequency network (SFN) WiMAX MIMO wifi

[edit] Intelligent antenna technology

Phased array Smart Antennas

[edit] Spatial techniques

Antenna diversity Beamforming Channel state information Dirty paper coding (DPC) Precoding Spacetime block code

Spacetime code Spatial multiplexing Multi-user MIMO 802.11 802.16

[edit] References
1. ^ J. Salz, Digital transmission over cross-coupled linear channels, AT&T Technical Journal, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 11471159, JulyAugust 1985. 2. ^ http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u= %2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearchbool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2F5345599 3. ^ Gregory G. Raleigh and John M. Cioffi, Spatio-temporal coding for wireless communication, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 357366, March 1998. 4. ^ G. J. Foschini, Layered spacetime architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multiple antennas, Bell Labs Syst. Tech. J., vol. 1, p. 4159, Autumn 1996. 5. ^ G. D. Golden, G. J. Foschini, R. A. Valenzuela, and P. W. Wolniansky, Detection algorithm and initial laboratory results using V-BLAST spacetime communication architecture, Electron. Lett., vol. 35, pp.~1416, Jan. 1999. 6. ^ S. Cui, A. J. Goldsmith, and A. Bahai (August, 2004). "Energy-efficiency of MIMO and Cooperative MIMO in Sensor Networks". IEEE J. Select. Areas of Commun. 22 (6): 1089 1098. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2004.830916. 7. ^ a b D. Love, R. Heath, V. Lau, D. Gesbert, B. Rao and M. Andrews, An overview of limited feedback in wireless communication systems, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas Communications, vol 26, pp. 13411365, 2008. 8. ^ D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2005. 9. ^ Agilent [1], Agilent MIMO Channel Modeling and Emulation Test Challenges, pg. 10, January 22, 2010, accessed September 16, 2011. 10.^ Gerard J. Foschini and Michael. J. Gans (January 1998). "On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas". Wireless Personal Communications 6 (3): 311335. doi:10.1023/A:1008889222784. 11.^ Gerard J. Foschini (autumn 1996). "Layered space-time architecture for wireless communications in a fading environment when using multi-element antennas". Bell Labs Technical Journal 1 (2): 4159. doi:10.1002/bltj.2015. 12.^ A. Paulraj, R. Nabar and D. Gore. Introduction to Space-time Communications. 13.^ L. Zheng and D. N. C. Tse (May 2003). "Diversity and multiplexing: A fundamental tradeoff in multiple-antenna channels". IEEE Trans. Inf. Th. 49 (5): 10731096. doi:10.1109/TIT.2003.810646. 14.^ Z. Shang, W. Sun and X. Zhou (January 2007). "Vector sampling expansions in shift invariant subspaces". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 325 (2): 898919. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.02.033.

[edit]

IEEE 802.16

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from 802.16) Jump to: navigation, search IEEE 802.16

Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards authored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE Standards Board established a working group in 1999 to develop standards for broadband for Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. The Workgroup is a unit of the IEEE 802 local area network and metropolitan area network standards committee. Although the 802.16 family of standards is officially called WirelessMAN in IEEE, it has been commercialized under the name WiMAX (from "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access") by the WiMAX Forum industry alliance. The Forum promotes and certifies compatibility and interoperability of products based on the IEEE 802.16 standards. The 802.16e-2005 amendment version was announced as being deployed around the world in 2009. [1] The version IEEE 802.16-2009 was amended by IEEE 802.16j-2009.

Contents
[hide] 1 Standar ds 1 . 1 P r o j e c t s 1 . 2 W o r k i n g g r o u p h i s t o r y 2 802.16e -2005 Technol ogy 2 .

[edit] Standards
Projects publish draft and proposed standards with the letter "P" prepended, which gets dropped and replaced by a dash and year when the standards are ratified and published.

[edit] Projects
Standard 802.16-2001 802.16.2-2001 802.16c-2002 802.16a-2003 Description Fixed Broadband Wireless Access (1063 GHz) Recommended practice for coexistence System profiles for 1063 GHz Physical layer and MAC definitions for 211 GHz License-exempt frequencies P802.16b (Project withdrawn) Maintenance and System profiles for 211 GHz P802.16d (Project merged into 802.16-2004) Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System 802.16-2004 (rollup of 802.16-2001, 802.16a, 802.16c and P802.16d) Coexistence with 211 GHz and 23.543.5 GHz P802.16.2a (Project merged into 802.16.2-2004) Recommended practice for coexistence 802.16.2-2004 (Maintenance and rollup of 802.16.2-2001 and P802.16.2a) 802.16f-2005 Management Information Base (MIB) for 802.16-2004 802.16-2004/Cor 1- Corrections for fixed operations 2005 (co-published with 802.16e-2005) 802.16e-2005 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System Bridging of 802.16 802.16k-2007 (an amendment to IEEE 802.1D) 802.16g-2007 Management Plane Procedures and Services Mobile Management Information Base P802.16i (Project merged into 802.16-2009) Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System 802.16-2009 (rollup of 802.16-2004, 802.16-2004/Cor 1, 802.16e, 802.16f, 802.16g and P802.16i) 802.16j-2009 Multihop relay Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt 802.16h-2010 Operation Advanced Air Interface with data rates of 100 Mbit/s mobile and 1 Gbit/s fixed. Also known as Mobile WiMAX Release 2 or WirelessMAN802.16m-2011 Advanced. Aiming at fulfilling the ITU-R IMT-Advanced requirements on 4G systems. P802.16n Higher Reliability Networks P802.16p Enhancements to Support Machine-to-Machine Applications Status Superseded Superseded Superseded Superseded Withdrawn Merged Superseded Merged Current Superseded Superseded Superseded Current Superseded Merged

Current Current Current

Current[2]

In Progress In Progress

[edit] Working group history

IEEE 802.16 standardizes the air interface and related functions associated with wireless local loop. The charter originally envisioned that three working groups would each produce a stand alone standard referred to as 802.16.1, 802.16.2 and 802.16.3. During development a decision was made that the first and third tasks were significantly related; the result was that two standards and an amendment were released. IEEE 802.16 (formerly 802.16.1) - Air interface for 10 to 66 GHz,[3] also known as Local Multipoint Distribution Service. It was approved in December 2001. It delivered a standard for point to multipoint Broadband Wireless transmission in the 1066 GHz band, with only a line-of-sight (LOS) capability. It uses a single carrier (SC) physical (PHY) standard. IEEE 802.16.2 - Coexistence of broadband wireless access systems.[4] IEEE 802.16a (the former 802.16.3) was an amendment to 802.16 and delivered a point to multipoint capability in the 211 GHz band. For this to be of use, it also required a non-lineof-sight (NLOS) capability, and the PHY standard was therefore extended to include Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). 802.16a was ratified in January 2003 and was intended to provide "last mile" fixed broadband access. 802.16c, a further amendment to 802.16, delivered a system profile for the 1066 GHz 802.16 standard. In September 2003, a revision project called 802.16d commenced aiming to align the standard with aspects of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) HIPERMAN standard as well as lay down conformance and test specifications. This project concluded in 2004 with the release of 802.16-2004 which superseded the earlier 802.16 documents, including the a and c amendments. An amendment to 802.16-2004, IEEE 802.16e-2005, addressing mobility, was concluded in 2005. This implemented a number of enhancements to 802.16-2004, including better support for Quality of Service and the use of Scalable OFDMA, and is sometimes called Mobile WiMAX, after the WiMAX forum for interoperability. The fixed and mobile variants of the protocol do not interoperate.[5] In 2007, the Radiocommunication Assembly of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) approved IEEE 802.16e-2005 as meeting the "International Mobile Telecommunications 2000" requirements, which were generally meant for products marketed as 3G.[6]

[edit] 802.16e-2005 Technology

The 802.16 standard essentially standardizes two aspects of the air interface - the physical layer (PHY) and the Media Access Control layer (MAC). This section provides an overview of the technology employed in these two layers in the mobile 802.16e specification.

[edit] PHY
802.16e uses Scalable OFDMA to carry data, supporting channel bandwidths of between 1.25 MHz and 20 MHz, with up to 2048 sub-carriers. It supports adaptive modulation and coding, so that in conditions of good signal, a highly efficient 64 QAM coding scheme is used, whereas when the signal is poorer, a more robust BPSK coding mechanism is used. In intermediate conditions, 16 QAM and QPSK can also be employed. Other PHY features include support for Multiple-in Multiple-out (MIMO) antennas in order to provide good non-line-of-sight propagation (NLOS) characteristics (or higher bandwidth) and Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) for good error correction performance.

Although the standards allow operation in any band from 2 to 66 GHz, mobile operation is best in the lower bands which are also the most crowded, and therefore most expensive.[5]

[edit] MAC
The 802.16 MAC describes a number of Convergence Sublayers which describe how wireline technologies such as Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Internet Protocol (IP) are encapsulated on the air interface, and how data is classified, etc. It also describes how secure communications are delivered, by using secure key exchange during authentication, and encryption using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) or Data Encryption Standard (DES) during data transfer. Further features of the MAC layer include power saving mechanisms (using Sleep Mode and Idle Mode) and handover mechanisms. A key feature of 802.16 is that it is a connection oriented technology. The subscriber station (SS) cannot transmit data until it has been allocated a channel by the Base Station (BS). This allows 802.16e to provide strong support for Quality of Service (QoS). [edit] QoS Quality of service (QoS) in 802.16e is supported by allocating each connection between the SS and the BS (called a service flow in 802.16 terminology) to a specific QoS class. In 802.16e, there are 5 QoS classes:

WiMAX MIMO
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009)

Picture of a WiMAX MIMO board with a WiMAX MIMO RFIC WiMAX MIMO refers to the use of Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO) technology on WiMAX, which is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standard IEEE 802.16.

Contents
[hide] 1 Backgr ound 1 . 1 W i M A X 1 . 2 M I M O 2 MIMO Technol ogy in WiMA X 2 . 1 M I M O a u t o n e g o t i a

[edit] Background
[edit] WiMAX
WiMAX is the technology brand name for the implementation of the standard IEEE 802.16, which specifies the air interface at the PHY (Physical layer) and at the MAC (Medium Access Control layer) . Aside from specifying the support of various channel bandwidths and adaptive modulation and coding, it also specifies the support for MIMO antennas to provide good Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) characteristics. See Also: WiMax Forum

[edit] MIMO
MIMO stands for Multiple Input and Multiple Output, and refers to the technology where there are multiple antennas at the base station and multiple antennas at the mobile device. Typical usage of multiple antenna technology includes cellular phones with two antennas, laptops with two antennas (e.g. built in the left and right side of the screen), as well as CPE devices with multiple sprouting antennas. The predominant cellular network implementation is to have multiple antennas at the base station and a single antenna on the mobile device. This minimizes the cost of the mobile radio. As the costs for radio frequency (RF) components in mobile devices go down, second antennas in mobile device may become more common. Multiple mobile device antennas are currently used in Wi-Fi technology (e.g. IEEE 802.11n), where WiFi-enabled cellular phones, laptops and other devices often have two or more antennas.

[edit] MIMO Technology in WiMAX

WiMAX implementations that use MIMO technology have become important. The use of MIMO technology improves the reception and allows for a better reach and rate of transmission. The implementation of MIMO also gives WiMAX a significant increase in spectral efficiency.[1]

[edit] MIMO auto-negotiation

The 802.16 defined MIMO configuration is negotiated dynamically between each individual base station and mobile station. The 802.16 specification supports the ability to support a mix of mobile stations with different MIMO capabilities. This helps to maximize the sector throughput by leveraging the different capabilities of a diverse set of vendor mobile stations.

[edit] Space Time Code

Space Time Code diagram The 802.16 specification supports the Multiple-input and single-output (MISO) technique of Transmit Diversity, which is commonly referred to Space Time Code (STC). With this method, two or more antennas are employed at the transmitter and one antenna at the receiver. The use of multiple receive antennas (thus MIMO) can further improve the reception of STC transmitted signals. With a Transmit Diversity rate = 1 (aka "Matrix A" in the 802.16 standard), different data bit constellations are transferred on two different antennas during the same symbol. The conjugate and/or inverse of the same two constellations are transferred again on the same antennas during the next symbol. The data transfer rate with STC remains the same as the baseline case. The received signal is more robust with this method due to the transmission redundancy. This configuration delivers similar performance to the case of two receive antennas and one transmitter antenna.

[edit] Spatial Multiplexing

Spatial Multiplexing The 802.16 specification also supports the MIMO technique of Spatial Multiplexing (SMX), also known as Transmit Diversity rate = 2 (aka "Matrix B" in the 802.16 standard). Instead of transmitting the same bit over two antennas, this method transmits one data bit from the first antenna, and another bit from the second antenna simultaneously, per symbol. As long as the receiver has more than one antenna and the signal is of sufficient quality, the receiver can separate the signals. This method involves added complexity and expense at both the transmitter and receiver. However, with two transmit antennas and two receive antennas, data can be transmitted twice as fast as compared systems using Space Time Codes with only one receive antenna.

2xSMX or STC+2xMRC [edit] WiMAX Network use of Spatial Multiplexing One specific use of Spatial Multiplexing is to apply it to users who have the best signal quality, so that less time is spent transmitting to them. Users whose signal quality is too low to allow the spatially multiplexed signals to be resolved stay with conventional transmission. This allows an operator to offer higher data rates to some users and/or to serve more users. The WiMAX specification's dynamic negotiation mechanism helps enable this use.

[edit] WiMAX MISO/MIMO with four antennas

The 802.16 specification also supports the use of four antennas. Three configurations are supported.

[edit] WiMAX four antenna mode 1

With rate = 1 using four antennas, data is transmitted four times per symbol, where each time the data is conjugated and/or inverted. This does not change the data rate, but does give the signal more robustness and avoids sudden increases in error rates.

[edit] WiMAX four antenna mode 2

With rate = 2 using four antennas, the data rate is only doubled, but increases in robustness since the same data is transmitted twice as compared to only once with using two antennas.

[edit] WiMAX four antenna Matrix C mode

The third configuration that is only available using four antennas is Matrix C, where a different data bit is transmitted from the four antennas per symbol, which gives it four times the baseline data rate. Comparison of STC and SMX Data Rate 1x 4 STC (Matrix A) 2x 4x STC & SMX SMX only (Matrix B) (Matrix C) SMX (Matrix B) not possible

Number of STC 2 Transmit Antennas (Matrix A)

1 Baseline Case not possible not possible Comparison of number of Transmitting and Receiving Antennas Rx 1 STC 4 (Matrix A) STC Tx 2 (Matrix A) 1 Baseline Case 2 2xSMX (Matrix B) STC + 2xMRC (Matrix A) 2xSMX (Matrix B) STC + 2xMRC (Matrix A) 3 2xSMX (Matrix B) STC + 3xMRC (Matrix A) 2xSMX (Matrix B) STC + 3xMRC (Matrix A) 4 4xSMX (Matrix C) STC + 4xMRC (Matrix A)

Uplink: Uplink Collaborative MIMO MRC MRC Downlink: MRC Note: MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining) is vendor discretionary and improves rate and range. In WiMAX, MRC at the Base Station is sometimes also referred to as Receive Beamforming. See also: Space Time Coding and Spatial Multiplexing

[edit] Other advanced MIMO techniques applied to WiMAX

[edit] Uplink Collaborative MIMO

Uplink Collaborative MIMO

MSs spatially uncorrelated /Without 3dB power penalty A related technique is called Uplink Collaborative MIMO, where users transmit at the same time in the same frequency. This type of spatial multiplexing improves the sector throughput without requiring multiple transmit antennas at the mobile device. The common non-MIMO method for this in OFDMA is by scheduling different mobile stations at different points in an OFDMA timefrequency map. Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing (Collaborative MIMO) is comparable to regular spatial multiplexing, where multiple data streams are transmitted from multiple antennas on the same device.

[edit] WiMAX Uplink Collaborative MIMO

In the case of WiMAX, Uplink Collaborative MIMO is spatial multiplexing with two different devices, each with one antenna. These transmitting devices are collaborating in the sense that both devices must be synchronized in time and frequency so that the intentional overlapping occurs under controlled circumstances. The two streams of data will then interfere with each other. As long as the signal quality is sufficiently good and the receiver at the base station has at least two antennas, the two data streams can be separated again. This technique is sometimes also termed Virtual Spatial Multiplexing.

[edit] Other MIMO-related radio techniques applied to WiMAX

[edit] Adaptive Antenna Steering (AAS), a.k.a. Beamforming

Beamforming A MIMO-related technique that can be used with WiMAX is called AAS or Beamforming. Multiple antennas and multiple signals are employed, which then shape the beam with the intent of improving transmission to the desired station. The result is reduced interference because the signal going to the desired user is increased and the signal going to other users is reduced.

[edit] Cyclic Delay Diversity

Cyclic Delay Diversity Another MIMO-related technique that can be used in WiMAX systems, but which is outside of the scope of the 802.16 specification, is known as Cyclic Delay Diversity. In this technique, one or more of the signals are delayed before transmission. Because the signals are coming out of two antennas, their receive spectrums differ as each spectrum is characterized by humps and notches due to multi-path fading. At the receiver the signals combine, which improves reception because the joint reception results in shallower spectral humps and fewer spectral notches. The closer the signal can get towards a flat channel at a certain power level, the higher the throughput that can be obtained.

[edit] Radio Conformance Test of WiMAX MIMO

The WiMax Forum has a set of standardized conformance test procedures for PHY and MAC specification compliance called the Radio Conformance Test (RCT). Any technology aspect of a particular implementation of a radio interface must first undergo the RCT. Generally, any aspect of the IEEE 802.16 standard that does not have a test procedure in the RCT may be assumed to not yet be widely implemented.

[edit] Silicon implementations of WiMAX MIMO

Companies that make RFICs that support WiMAX MIMO include Intel, Beceem [1], NXP Semiconductors and PMC-Sierra.

Wireless access point

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with Wireless Application Protocol. See also: Wireless router This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

Industrial Wireless Access Point In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP) is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or related standards. The WAP usually connects to a router (via a wired network), and can relay data between the wireless devices (such as computers or printers) and wired devices on the network. Industrial grade WAPs are rugged, with a metal cover and a DIN rail mount. During operations they can tolerate a wider temperature range, high humidity and exposure to water, dust, and oil. Wireless security includes: WPA-PSK, WPA2, IEEE 802.1x/RADIUS, WDS, WEP, TKIP, and CCMP (AES) encryption. Unlike some home consumer models, industrial wireless access points can also act as a bridge, router, or a client.

Contents
[hide] 1 Introdu ction 2 Commo n WAP applicat ions 3 Wireles s access point vs. ad hoc networ k 4 Limitati ons 5 Securit y 6 See also 7 Referen ces 8 Externa l links

[edit] Introduction

Linksys 802.11g Wireless Access Point

embedded RouterBoard 112 with U.FL-RSMA pigtail and R52 mini PCI Wi-Fi card widely used by wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) across the world Prior to wireless networks, setting up a computer network in a business, home, or school often required running many cables through walls and ceilings in order to deliver network access to all of the network-enabled devices in the building. With the creation of the Wireless Access Point, network users are now able to add devices that access the network with few or no cables. Today's WAPs are built to support a standard for sending and receiving data using radio frequencies rather than cabling. Those standards, and the frequencies they use are defined by the IEEE. Most WAPs use IEEE 802.11 standards.

[edit] Common WAP applications

A typical corporate use involves attaching several WAPs to a wired network and then providing wireless access to the office LAN. The wireless access points are managed by a WLAN Controller which handles automatic adjustments to RF power, channels, authentication, and security. Further, controllers can be combined to form a wireless mobility group to allow inter-controller roaming. The controllers can be part of a mobility domain to allow clients access throughout large or regional office locations. This saves the clients time and administrators overhead because it can automatically re-associate or re-authenticate. A hotspot is a common public application of WAPs, where wireless clients can connect to the Internet without regard for the particular networks to which they have attached for the moment. The concept has become common in large cities, where a combination of coffeehouses, libraries, as well as privately owned open access points, allow clients to stay more or less continuously connected to the Internet, while moving around. A collection of connected hotspots can be referred to as a lilypad network. The majority of WAPs are used in Home wireless networks.[citation needed] Home networks generally have only one WAP to connect all the computers in a home. Most are wireless routers, meaning converged devices that include the WAP, a router, and, often, an ethernet switch. Many also include a broadband modem. In places where most homes have their own WAP within range of the neighbors' WAP, it's possible for technically savvy people to turn off their encryption and set up a wireless community network, creating an intra-city communication network although this does not negate the requirement for a wired network. A WAP may also act as the network's arbitrator, negotiating when each nearby client device can transmit. However, the vast majority of currently installed IEEE 802.11 networks do not implement this, using a distributed pseudo-random algorithm called CSMA/CA instead.

[edit] Wireless access point vs. ad hoc network

Some people confuse Wireless Access Points with Wireless Ad Hoc networks. An Ad Hoc network uses a connection between two or more devices without using a wireless access point: the devices communicate directly when in range. An Ad Hoc network is used in situations such as a quick data exchange or a multiplayer LAN game because setup is easy and does not require an access point. Due to its peer-to-peer layout, Ad Hoc connections are similar to Bluetooth ones and are generally

not recommended for a permanent installation. Internet access via Ad Hoc networks, using features like Windows' Internet Connection Sharing, may work well with a small number of devices that are close to each other, but Ad Hoc networks don't scale well. Internet traffic will converge to the nodes with direct internet connection, potentially congesting these nodes. For internet-enabled nodes, Access Points have a clear advantage, with the possibility of having multiple access points connected by a wired LAN.

[edit] Limitations
One IEEE 802.11 WAP can typically communicate with 30 client systems located within a radius of 103 m.[citation needed] However, the actual range of communication can vary significantly, depending on such variables as indoor or outdoor placement, height above ground, nearby obstructions, other electronic devices that might actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency, type of antenna, the current weather, operating radio frequency, and the power output of devices. Network designers can extend the range of WAPs through the use of repeaters and reflectors, which can bounce or amplify radio signals that ordinarily would go unreceived. In experimental conditions, wireless networking has operated over distances of several hundred kilometers.[1] Most jurisdictions have only a limited number of frequencies legally available for use by wireless networks. Usually, adjacent WAPs will use different frequencies (Channels) to communicate with their clients in order to avoid interference between the two nearby systems. Wireless devices can "listen" for data traffic on other frequencies, and can rapidly switch from one frequency to another to achieve better reception. However, the limited number of frequencies becomes problematic in crowded downtown areas with tall buildings using multiple WAPs. In such an environment, signal overlap becomes an issue causing interference, which results in signal droppage and data errors. Wireless networking lags behind wired networking in terms of increasing bandwidth and throughput. While (as of 2010) typical wireless devices for the consumer market can reach speeds of 300 Mbit/s (megabits per second) (IEEE 802.11n) or 54 Mbit/s (IEEE 802.11g), wired hardware of similar cost reaches 1000 Mbit/s (Gigabit Ethernet). One impediment to increasing the speed of wireless communications comes from Wi-Fi's use of a shared communications medium, so a WAP is only able to use somewhat less than half the actual over-the-air rate for data throughput. Thus a typical 54 MBit/s wireless connection actually carries TCP/IP data at 20 to 25 Mbit/s. Users of legacy wired networks expect faster speeds, and people using wireless connections keenly want to see the wireless networks catch up. By 2008 draft 802.11n based access points and client devices have already taken a fair share of the market place but with inherent problems integrating products from different vendors.

[edit] Security
Main article: Wireless LAN Security Wireless access has special security considerations. Many wired networks base the security on physical access control, trusting all the users on the local network, but if wireless access points are connected to the network, anyone on the street or in the neighboring office could connect. The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme WEP proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure if a strong enough password or passphrase is used. Some WAPs support hotspot style authentication using RADIUS and other authentication servers.

[edit] See also

Hotspots - access points or wireless networks open to the public Wireless LAN - networks consisting of zero or more access points plus devices Wireless bridge - between networks sharing same Service Set Identifier (SSID) and radio channel Wi-Fi Array System of multiple APs LWAPP - Lightweight Access Point Protocol used to manage a large set of WAPs WarXing - searching for open networks Femtocell - a local-area base station using cellular network standards such as UMTS, rather than Wi-Fi WiMAX - wide-area wireless standard that has a few elements in common with Wi-Fi