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Resistance and Liberation A. Introduction 1. December 8, or 7 1941 the Pearl Harbor in Hawaii was surprisingly bombed by Japan which destructed the Naval forces of U.S. in the Pacific which killed 2, 897 Americans. 2. Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere launched its conquest of East and Southeast Asia to establish this. These cities fell on Japans hands a. Hong Kong on December 25, 1941 b. Manila on January 2, 1942 c. Kuala Lumpur on January 11 d. Singapore on February 15 e. Batavia (Jakarta) on March 6 f. Rangoon on March 8 B. Arrival of the Japanese 1. Militarism began in 1930s in Asia and Europe and Japan conquered Manchuria from 1931-32. 2. November 25, 1936 Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Act 3. China-Japan war erupted on 1937 which resulted into the Rape of Nanking. 4. Zaibastus military force, state bureaucracy and large cooperation. Pertains to big banking and industrial corporations owned by prominent Japanese families. It finances the state during war. a. Mitsubishi b. Sumitomo c. Mitsui d. Yasuda e. Okura f. Koga g. Nakajima h. Ayukawa 5. Japan needed colonies with National Resources to support their industrialization and these colonies will serve as markets. 6. June 19, 1941 Quezon reaffirmed the allegiance of the Philippines to the United States once the Americans enter into war 7. USAFFE- or the United States Army Forces in the Dar East states that the Regular and reserve army of the Philippine were given to U.S. on July 26, 1941 under General Douglas MacArthur. 8. General Hideki Tojo became the Prime Minister of Japan on October 8, 1941. 9. December 6 President Roosevelt issued an appeal to Emperor Hirohito of Japan to prevent the impending hostility in the Pacific. 10. December 8 - Japanese Airplanes bombed Manila and other bases in Luzon. 11. December 10 Japanese bombed Nichols Field and the Cavite Navy Yard 12. December 11- Japanese reached Appari, Cagayan 13. December 14, Japan reached Damoritis, La Union 14. December 20- Davao Fell 15. December 22- Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma landed in Lingayen, Pangasinan with 43,000 Japanese troops. Other bombings were in Lamon Bay in Tayabas (Quezon). 16. December 24- General MacArthur ordered Commonwealth officials to proceed to Corregidor (Quezon, Osmena, Abad Santos, Basilio Valdes, Colonel Manuel Nieto and Francis B. SyareU.S. High Commissioner in the Philippines). 17. Laurel (temporarily appointed as Secretary of Justice) and Jorge B. Vargas (Mayor of Manila) was left in Manila to cooperate with the Japanese and ensure safety of Filipinos. 18. December 26 -Manila was declared an Open City to prevent further destruction of the city. 19. December 30 Quezon took his oath as President of the Commonwealth as his second term. C. Filipino and American Resistance 1. Europe First Policy- decision of U.S. and Great Britain to concentrate first on the events in Europe before the Pacific 2. February 18, 1942 Quezon left Philippines and went to Australia. 3. March 11- MacArthur left Corregidor on orders from President Roosevelt and uttered I Shall Return in Australia. General Jonathan Wainwright replaced him as head of the USAFFE.

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4. April 9, 1942- Bataan surrendered due to lack of weapons and supplies under the command of General Edward P. King. 2,000 soldiers escaped to Corregidor and other provinces while 78,000 surrendered. 5. Death March -87,000 Soldiers were forced to March from Mariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga. Those who tried to escape, take a rest and couldnt take it anymore were bayoneted and shot. In San Fernando, they were transported by trains to the prison camps in Capas, Tarlac. (20,000 capacity and 60,000 were crammed) 45, 000 died in camps while 25, 000 during the Death March. 6. May 6, 1942 - USAFFE defended Corregidor. General Wainwrights force numbered only 11, 000 soldiers while the enemy is 250,000 so they surrendered. Bataan and Corregidor A. Bataan and Corregidor 1. Hon. Angelo Reyes- Secretary of the Department of National Defence 2. 1941 Peace time ended, after 5 years of Commonwealth 3. Arellano High School tuition is 4 pesos per year st 4. 31 Infantry are called thirsty first because they drink lot of beer 5. Philippines- good living for a Soldier 6. Gen. Douglas MacArthur Military adviser and placed in command of USAFFE 7. Hawaii, Baguio and Davao were bombed on December 8 8. Cadet Corps -1st Regular Division while Civilian -Commanding officer of the front line, Beaches. 9. Capt. Jesus Villamor earned the Service Cross. He was one of the courageous Filipinos who rode the airplane and tried to challenge the Japanese Air force. 10. Enfield Rifle 1917 the guns used 11. War Plan Orange old defensive plan. It is the withdrawal of the USAFFE troops to Bataan and Corregidor. They hide there until help arrived. Manuel Quezon, his family and his cabinet members were sent to Corregidor. 12. Manila was declared an Open City and cleared of Military to prevent further damage. th 13. Gen. Masaharu Homma leader of the Japanese 14 Army is given 50 days to conquer Philippines. st st 14. 21 Division and 71 Division also helped stall the Japanese armies. 15. Sgt. Jose Calugas sergeant of the Philippine scouts. He manned the 75 mm canyon and fired at the Japanese tanks after his base got hit. He earned the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honor. The only Filipino to win this award in WWII. nd 16. Mainline of Defence stretched from Mauban (1 Corps) to Abucay (2 Corps) st 17. Gen. Vicente Lim- headed the 41 Division. 18. 2nd Defence Line- stretched from Ormoc and Bagac line 19. Capt. Jose Tando Philippine constabulary captain fought and won against the Japanese. His heroism is known at the Battle of the Points. th 20. Igorots from the 11 Division helped lead the tanks to where the Japanese were. 21. Alfredo M. Santos- hero of the Battle of the Pockets 22. Battle of the Pockets- coordinating action wiped out infiltrating Japanese military within Bataan and the defence line was restored. 23. Erlinda motivation of the Filipino army. She was raped by the Japanese Military. 24. Quezon evacuated by a submarine to Australia while MacArthur through a boat. 25. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright- take over the command of MacArthur 26. Gen Edward King- commander of the Bataan military and he surrendered the Bataan to the Japanese 27. Winston Churchill and Roosevelt saluted the Filipinos as the best warriors. 28. Death March walk from Mariveles to San Fernando, Pampanga going to Capas, Tarlac, the Prison Camp. It is a 100 mile walk. 29. Supreme court Justice Jose Abad Santos- refused to cooperate with the Japanese military and he was killed. 30. Corregidor Military- walked through the streets of Manila to go to Bilibit Prison then to Camp ODonnell.