Azo compounds are usually intensely colored because the azo (diazenediyl) linkage,-N(double bond)N- , brings the two

aromatic rings into conjugation. This gives an extended system of delocalized p electrons and allows absorption of light in the visible region. Azo compounds, because of their intense colors and because they can be synthesized from relatively inexpensive compounds, are used extensively as dyes. Azo dyes almost always contain one or more SO3 _ Na_ groups to confer water solubility on the dye and assist in binding the dye to the surfaces of polar fibers (wool, cotton, or nylon). Many dyes are made by coupling reactions of naphthylamines and naphthols. Modern chemotherapy began with the work of Paul Ehrlich early in the twentieth centuryparticularly with his discovery in 1907 of the curative properties of a dye called trypan red I when used against experimental trypanosomiasis and with his discovery in 1909 of salvarsan as a remedy for syphilis. Ehrlich was awarded one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908. He invented the term chemotherapy, and in his research he sought what he called magic bullets, that is, chemicals that would be toxic to infectious microorganisms but harmless to humans. As a medical student, Ehrlich had been impressed with the ability of certain dyes to stain tissues selectively. Working on the idea that staining was a result of a chemical reaction between the tissue and the dye, Ehrlich sought dyes with selective affinities for microorganisms. He hoped that in this way he might find a dye that could be modified so as to render it specifically lethal to microorganisms.

Martius yellow is a compound with formula C10H6N2O5. It is a dye. Martius yellow stains have been used to stain erythrocytes yellow, so they contrast well with red fibrin, in trichrome methods such as Lendrum's Picro Mallory and Slidder's Martius, Scarlet and Blue (MSB). It can be combined with other small molecular weight yellow dyes to increase stain intensity. Synthesis: can be obtained by sulphonating in concentrated sulfuric acid (98%) and later nitration in nitric acid of pnaphtol, but never in a mix of both acids or direct nitration, or else the aromatic ring will break.

2,4-Dinitronaphthalen-1-ol

C10H6N2O5 234.17 g mol

1

Sulfa Drugs Between 1909 and 1935, tens of thousands of chemicals, including many dyes, were tested by Ehrlich and others in a search for such magic bullets. Very few compounds, however, were found to have any promising effect. Then, in 1935, an amazing event happened. The daughter of Gerhard Domagk, a doctor employed by a German dye manufacturer, contracted a streptococcal infection from a pin prick. As his daughter neared death, Domagk decided to give her an oral dose of a dye called prontosil. Prontosil had been developed at Domagks firm (I. G. Farbenindustrie), and tests with mice had shown that prontosil inhibited the growth of streptococci. Within a short time the little girl recovered. Domagks gamble not only saved his daughters life, but it also initiated a new and spectacularly productive phase in modern chemotherapy. G. Domagk was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 but was unable to accept it until 1947. In 1936, Ernest Fourneau of the Pasteur Institute in Paris demonstrated that prontosil breaks down in the human body to produce sulfanilamide, and that sulfanilamide is the actual active agent against streptococci. Prontosil, therefore, is apro drug because it is converted to the active compound in vivo.

Ethanol solutions of martius yellow have been used to stain erythrocytes yellow, so they contrast well with red fibrin, in trichrome methods such as Lendrum's Picro Mallory and Slidder's Martius, Scarlet and Blue (MSB). It can be combined with other small molecular weight yellow dyes to increase stain intensity. The sodium salt of martius yellow is the dye Manchester yellow with an absorption maximum of 432 (Aldrich). 2,4-Dinitronaphthalen-1-ol (CAS NO.605-69-6) is used in the manufacture of explosives and a test analysis of titanium and thallium reagents.

2. The impact on the environment : a health hazard

MARTIUS YELLOW : a yellow dye C10H6N2O5 that is used chiefly as a biological stain Martius, Carl Alexander von (18381920), German chemist. Martius was involved in the synthetic organic dye industry, having been one of the founders of an aniline dye factory in Berlin in 1867.

pathways : inhaled, ingested, percutaneous absorption. health hazard : inhalation, oral or dermal absorption harmful to our health. Cross-eye, upper respiratory tract and skin irritation.

two, toxicology information and environmental behavior hazardous characteristics : high fever case, the fire or mixed with the oxidizer, friction, impact caused any burning a risk of explosion. Thermal decomposition of the toxic release of nitric oxide gas. combustion (decomposition) products : carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides.