Selected questions from the 2010 Prelims H2 Physics YJC P2 1(a) State Newtons law of gravitation.

[2]

(b)

A source reported that Singapore plans to launch a satellite that will orbit around the Earth at 2.5 103 m above its surface in the year 2020. Take the radius of Earth to be 6.38 106 m and mass of Earth to be 5.97 1024 kg. [2]

(i) Calculate the linear velocity of the satellite when in orbit. 7900 ms-1

(ii) Deduce whether the satellite is geostationary. T = 1.41 hrs

[2]

(iii)

If the satellite were to orbit above the equator, state the direction of launch, in order to minimize energy required. [1]

Fig. 2.1 shows a potentiometer circuit that can be used to determine the unknown e.m.f. of a test cell. The driver cell has an e.m.f. of 12 V and internal resistance of 1.5 . The resistance of the rheostat can vary between 0.0 and 5.0 and the resistance wire has a length of 1.2 m.

(a)

When the resistance of rheostat is 2.3 , the balance length is 0.57 m. When the resistance of rheostat is changed to 3.5 , the balance length becomes 0.68 m. Calculate the e.m.f. of the test cell and the resistance of the 1.2 m long resistance wire. [4]

2.22 V 2.42

(b)

State what will happen to the balance length if the internal resistance of the test cell is doubled. [1]

(c)

Explain why the resistance of the rheostat cannot be higher than a particular value, if the potentiometer is to be able to determine the unknown e.m.f. [2]

A narrow beam of electrons at a speed of 3.2 107 m s1 travels along a circular path in a uniform magnetic field of flux density, B, as shown in Fig. 3.1 below.

(a)(i) Explain why the electrons undergo uniform circular motion.

[3]

(ii)

Ber Show that the speed, v, of the electrons in the field is given by v = m where r is the radius of the circular path of the beam in the field. [2]

(iii)

The radius of the circular path of the beam in the field was found to be 25mm. Determine the magnetic flux density of the field. [2] -3 7.3 x 10 T YJC P3 1 A car that is moving along a horizontal road may be considered to have three forces acting on it as shown in Fig. 1.1 below.

(a) (b)

Explain why X and Z are resultant forces.

[2]

The car and its contents have a total mass of 1200 kg. Force Y is horizontal and has magnitude 2000 N. If the car is accelerating at 8 m s2, calculate the magnitude of force Z the angle that Z makes with the road [6]

1. 2. 16.5 kN 45.4

2 (a) (i) Derive the equation Ep = mgh where Ep is the change in potential energy of a mass m moved through a vertical distance h near the Earths surface. [2]

(ii)

Explain why the above equation is not valid for masses placed at very large distances away from the Earths surface. [2]

(b) (i) Fig. 2.1 below shows data for ethanol. Density 0.79 g cm-3 Specific heat capacity of liquid ethanol 2.4 J g-1 K-1 Specific latent heat of fusion 110 J g-1 Specific latent heat of vaporization 840 J g-1 Melting point -120 C Boiling point 78 C Use the data in Fig. 2.1 to calculate the thermal energy required to convert 1.0 cm3 of ethanol at 20 C into vapour at its normal boiling point. [3] 774 J

(ii)

Suggest why there is a considerable difference in magnitude between its specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization. [1]

In the recently opened Universal Studios, one of the roller coaster sections includes a loop-a-loop that looks like the one shown in Fig. 3.1. The radius of the loop is 18.0 m and the centre of the loop is 20.0 m from the ground.

(a) (i)

If the mass of a coaster car is 250 kg and there is no support system holding the car to the track, calculate

the minimum speed at the top of the loop required for the car to stay in contact with the track, [2] -1 13.3 m s (ii) the minimum speed the car needs to have when it enters the loop, if the car loses 15.0 J of energy per unit length of track travelled, and [3] -1 29.4 m s

(iii)

the vertical force exerted by the track on the car when the car just enters the loop. [2] 14.8 x 103 N (b) Explain why is the magnitude of the force calculated in (a) (iii) not equal to the weight of the car. [1]

5 (a) As temperature increases, a semiconductor has greater conductivity whereas a resistance wire has greater resistivity. Explain why this is so, in terms of charge carriers. [2]

6 (a) Explain what is meant by simple harmonic motion.

[2]

Fig. 6.1 shows floating beads P and Q, 5.0 cm apart, on the surface of the water. They will oscillate vertically when a wave passes through from P to Q. The displacement x versus time t graph of P is shown in Fig. 6.2. The speed of the wave is 2.5 cm s1.

(i)

Write an equation to describe the variation of x of P with t.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the maximum speed of P. 0.157 m s-1

[2]

(iii) The amplitude of Q is 2.0 cm. Calculate its maximum speed. 0.126 m s-1

[1]

(iv)

Calculate the phase difference between P and Q.

[2]

(v)

Draw a displacement versus distance graph to show the damping of the wave from P to Q and beyond. [2]

(c)

White light has a wavelength range from 400 nm to 750 nm. A diffraction grating with 6 105 lines per metre is placed at right angles to a ray of white light and produces the first and second order spectra as shown in Fig. 6.3.

(i) Show, by calculation, that the angle is greater than . 35.47 > 12.85

[4]

(ii)

Show, by calculation, whether the second order spectrum overlaps with the third order spectrum. [3] 64.2 > 46.1

(iii)

State two advantages of analyzing the light in the first order spectrum. [2]

(iv)

State what would be seen at A.

[1]

7 (a) (i) Define electric field strength and state the SI unit in which it is measured. [2]

(ii)

Two charged parallel plates are separated by a distance d and have a potential difference V between them. Write down an expression for the electric field strength of the uniform field between the plates. [1]

(b)

Fig. 7.1 illustrates two plates A and B, at a distance 30 mm apart in a vacuum, with plate A at a potential of 4.2 V and plate B at a potential of 2.0 V.

(i)

Draw arrows to represent the electric field between the plates.

[1] [2]

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of this electric field strength. 73 N C-1 (iii)

An electron, 1 is emitted from plate B in a direction normal to its surface and moves directly towards plate A. Calculate the minimum velocity, v1 with which the electron needs to be emitted in order to reach plate A. [2] 8.8 x 105 m s-1

(iv)

State, with a reason, how your answer in (b) (iii) may be affected if 1. the distance between the plates had been halved to 15 mm, while keeping the potential difference the same. [2]

2.

the potential of plate A is changed to + 4.2 V and potential of plate B is changed to + 2.0 V while keeping the distance between the plates at 30 mm. [2]

(v)

Another electron, 2 is emitted from plate B with a velocity v2 given by 1.1106 m s1 at an angle to the normal as shown in Fig 7.1. Determine the largest possible angle which would allow the electron to just reach plate A. [2]

36.9

(c)

The potentials of plates A and B are now changed to + 0.29 V and 0 V respectively. A charged micro-particle is suspended between the two plates as shown in Fig. 7.2 below.

(i)

State the sign of charge present on the particle.

[1] [2]

(ii) Find the charge to mass ratio, q/m of the particle. 1.01 C kg-1

(iii)

A student claims that the mass of the particle is 72 1019 kg. Based on your answer to part (c) (ii), explain why his answer is not valid. [3]

VJC P2 1(a) Define electric potential energy at a point. [1]

(b)

The figure below shows the path of a proton towards a

235 92

1 1

p travelling head-on

U nucleus.

By considering only the electrostatic repulsion, the distance of closest approach of the proton to the uranium nucleus is 1.5x10-14 m. (i) Name the form of the energy to which the kinetic energy of the proton has been converted when it is at the distance of closest approach. [1]

Calculate the initial speed of the proton, and state the assumption that you have made in the calculation. [4] 7 -1 4.1 x 10 m s

(ii)

VJC P3 1 (a) Distinguish between a random error and a systematic error in the measurement of a physical quantity. [2]

10

(b)

A student set up the apparatus shown in Fig 1 in order to determine the spring constant k of a spring by finding the extension of the spring when additional mass is loaded.

The following readings with their errors were recorded in a particular experiment: mass added initial scale reading final scale reading (20 1) g (32.00 0.05) cm (36.30 0.05) cm Using the readings above, calculate the spring constant k with its associated uncertainty and present your answer in SI units of N m-1. [4] (4.6 0.3) N m-1

(c)

A second student repeated the experiment in (b) with the same spring. In this new experiment, the additional masses were loaded and the corresponding extension readings were tabulated. A graph showing the variation of the extension and loaded masses was then plotted. Discuss three advantages of this procedure for the determination of the spring constant as compared to that used in (b). [3]

11

2 (a) The figure below shows a thin taut wire held horizontally by two supports placed 0.40 m apart.

When the wire is plucked at its centre, a standing wave is formed and the wire vibrates in its fundamental mode of frequency 50 Hz. (i) Explain why a standing wave is formed between the supports. [2]

(ii) Determine the speed of the wave in the wire. -1 40 ms (iii)

[1]

Sketch the next 2 higher modes which the string can vibrate in and hence determine their corresponding frequencies. [3]

(b)

The wire is then connected to an a.c. source in a closed circuit and a magnet is brought near to the wire as shown in the next figure below. This causes the wire to vibrate in its fundamental mode with a large amplitude. When the movable support is shifted from its position, the amplitude of vibration decreases abruptly.

12

(i)

Explain the change in amplitude of the wires vibration when the movable support is shifted. Hence, deduce the frequency of the a.c. source. [3]

(ii)

Suggest two ways that the same wire can be made to resonate with a fundamental frequency of 100 Hz. [2]

3 (a) State the Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum.

[1]

(b)

Explain what is meant by an elastic collision.

[1]

(c)

A 200g rubber ball is tied to a 1.0 m long string and released from rest at angle . It swings down and at the very bottom has a elastic collision with a 1.0 kg block. The block is resting on a frictionless surface and is connected to a 20 cm long spring of spring constant 2.0 kN m-1. After collision, the spring compressed a maximum distance of 2.0 cm.

13

(i) Determine the strain energy stored in the spring. 0.40 J (ii) Determine the speed of the block after collision with the ball. 0.894 m s-1

[2] [2]

(iii)

Given that the collision is elastic, determine the speed of the ball before collision with the block. [2] -1 2.68 m s

(iv) Hence, determine from what angle was the rubber ball released. 50.7

[2]

4 (a) Define resistance and the ohm.

[2]

14

(b)

A wire with a resistance of 6.0 is stretched so that its new length is three times its original length. Assuming that the resistivity and density of the material are not changed during the stretching process, calculate the resistance of the longer wire. [3]

54

(c)

The circuit shown in Fig. 4 is constructed of resistors, each of which has a maximum safe power rating of 0.40 W.

(i) 26.4 V

Find the maximum potential difference that can be applied between X and Y without damage to any of the resistors. [3]

(ii) 1k

If this potential difference were exceeded, explain which resistor would be most likely to fail. [2]

15

5 (a) (i) Define magnetic flux density and state its SI unit.

[2]

(ii) Express the unit of magnetic flux density in terms of its base units. [2] 2 kg s A 1 (b) Fig 5 shows the arrangement of a mass spectrometer, which is an instrument to measure the masses of ions. An ion of mass m and charge +q is produced at rest in an ion source S. The ion is accelerated through a pair of parallel plates P1 and P2 of potential difference V. The ion is then allowed to enter a region of uniform magnetic field of flux density B, which is directed perpendicularly to the plane of the paper. In the field it moves in a semicircle, striking a photographic plate at a distance x from the entry slit.

(i)

Show that the ion exit from plate P2 and enter the magnetic field with a 2qV velocity v = [1] m

(ii)

Describe and explain the effects of the magnetic field on the velocity of the ion upon its entry into the magnetic field. [2]

16

(iii) . (iv)

If the ion is positively-charged, state the direction of the magnetic field. [1] For an ion that enters the magnetic field with velocity v, show that the mv [2] radius r of its semicircular path is r = Bq .

(v) Hence find an expre ssion for x in terms of m, B, q and the potential difference V of the parallel plates. [2] 8mV B2q

(c) (i) 12C and 14C are isotopes of carbon. Ions of these two isotopes were introduced into the mass spectrometer described in (b) and two spots were observed on the photographic plate. Explain why there would be two spots. [2]

(ii)

The singly and positively charged ions from the two isotopes were accelerated through a potential difference V of 4.0 kV and enter the magnetic field of flux density B of 0.50 T. If the masses of the ions are 12u and 14u respectively, calculate the distance x between the spots on the photographic plate. [3] 0.010 m

(d)

If an electron were to be introduced into the mass spectrometer, describe and explain what would be observed if the accelerating potential and the magnetic field remained unchanged. [3]

17

TJC P2 1 The velocity-time graph in Fig. 1.1 shows the first 1.6 s of the motion of a ball which is thrown vertically downward at an initial speed of 6.0 m s1.

(a) How far does the ball travel before hitting the ground? 5.4 m

[2]

(b) What is the maximum height attained by the ball after it hits the ground? 5.0 m [1] (c) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the ball when it is in the air. 10 m s2 [1] (d) At what time does the ball next reach the ground? 2.6 s (e) [1]

Taking upward direction to be positive, sketch on a clearly labelled displacement-time graph for the motion of the ball from time t = 0 up to the second time it hits the ground. [2]

18

2 (a) Define simple harmonic motion. (b)

[1]

Fig. 2.1 shows a mass-spring system consisting of an air track vehicle V of mass 0.60 kg. A peg attached to V is connected to two springs that are both fixed at the other end. When V is displaced along the air track and released, it oscillates about its rest position. The vehicle V floats on a cushion of air and there is negligible friction between V and the air track.

Fig. 2.2 shows how the kinetic energy EK of V varies with its displacement s from the rest position when the initial displacement is 0.16 m.

(i)

Draw, on Fig. 2.2, a graph showing how the potential energy of the massspring system varies with displacement s. [2] [2]

(ii) Calculate the frequency of the oscillation. 0.81 Hz

19

(iii) Calculate the maximum force acting on the air track vehicle V. 2.5 N

[2]

3 (a) Define magnetic flux density. (b)

[2]

A beam of electrons is generated inside an evacuated flask which is placed in a magnetic field of flux density 6.5 x 10-4 T. The electrons are travelling at right angles to the field, which is directed into the paper, as shown in Fig. 3.1. The arrow indicates the initial direction of the electron beam.

The electrons are observed to travel in a circle of radius 83 mm. Calculate the speed of the electrons. [3] 6 1 9.5 x 10 m s (ii) (iii) On Fig. 3.1, draw a possible path of the electrons. [1]

(i)

The initial direction of the electron beam is then changed so that it makes an angle of 80 to the magnetic field. The electrons then travel in a helical path, as illustrated in Fig. 3.2.

20

The helical path appears to be circular when viewed along the direction of the magnetic field but the electrons have a constant velocity along the field. Explain why the electrons follow a helical path. [2]

4 (a) State, in words, the relation between the increase in internal energy of a gas, the work done by the gas, and the heat supplied to the gas. [1] (b) A scuba diver releases an air bubble, of diameter 3.0 cm, from a depth of 14 m below the sea level. Assume that air behaves as an ideal gas and the temperature of water is constant at 25 C. Given that the density of water is 1000 kg m3and the atmospheric pressure is 1.0 x 105 Pa, show that the pressure of the water at a depth of [1] 14 m is 2.4 x 105 Pa.

(i)

Hence calculate the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the surface of water. [3] 3.4 x 105 m3

(ii)

(iii)

Sketch a clearly labeled graph showing the variation of pressure P with volume V of the air bubble as it rises from the sea. [2]

21

(iv)

Use the relation stated in (a) to deduce whether heat is added or removed from the air bubble as the bubble rises. [2]

TJC P3 1 In a nuclear reactor, a fast moving neutron with initial speed u1 makes a head-on elastic collision with a stationary nucleus of carbon-12. The speed of the neutron and the carbon nucleus after the collision are v1 and v2 respectively as shown in Fig. 1.1.

(a)

What is meant by head-on and elastic?

[2]

(b)

In an elastic collision, the relative speed of separation is equal to the relative speed of approach. Write an equation in terms of the velocities given to illustrate this fact. [1]

(c) 11 13

By considering your answer to (b), find the ratio of the final speed of the neutron v1 to its initial speed u1. [3]

(d) 0.28

Hence determine the fraction of the kinetic energy of the neutron that is transferred to the carbon nucleus. [3]

22

(e)

If the head-on elastic collision is with a stationary neutron instead of carbon-12, how would the answers in part (c) and (d) be different? In your explanation, state the new ratio of the speeds and the new fraction of the kinetic energy transferred. [3]

2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows some of the electric field lines around a metal needle which is held at a high positive voltage.

(i) (ii)

Draw two equipotential lines around the charged metal needle.

[1]

Suggest the effect of the electric field on a single air molecule near the needle tip as electrical breakdown of the air occurs. [2] Fig. 2.2 shows a charged conducting sphere of diameter 4.0 mm which is connected to an insulating rod. The electric field strength at the surface of the conducting sphere is 1.13 x 107 V m-1.

(b)

Fig 2.2

23

(i)

Calculate [2]

1. the magnitude of the charge on the conducting sphere. 5.03 x 109 C

2. the electric potential of the charged sphere. 2.26 x 104 V

[2]

(ii)

The charged sphere is attached to a top-pan balance as shown in Fig. 2.3. A second identically charged sphere is then clamped vertically above this sphere such that their centres are 4.0 cm apart.

The balance can record masses to the nearest 0.001 g. The initial reading on the balance before the second charged sphere is clamped above the first sphere is 8.205 g. Assuming that the spheres behaves like point charges, determine the final reading on the balance. [3] 8.219 g 1.

2.

State and explain whether your answer to (b)(ii)1 is an under-estimate or an over-estimate if the assumption that the spheres behave like point charges is not valid. [2]

24

5 (a) Use Newtons laws of motion to explain why a body moving with uniform speed in a circle must experience a force towards the centre of the circle. [2]

(b)

A small mass m and a heavy mass M are connected to the ends of an inextensible string. The string is threaded through a glass tube as shown in Fig. 5.1. The tube is then held by a student and is whirled so that the mass m rotates with a constant radius r at a frequency of 180 revolutions per minute. Given that m = 0.10 kg and M = 1.0 kg.

(i) Calculate the tension in the string. 9.81 N (ii) Calculate the resultant force acting on the mass m. 9.76 N (iii) Hence calculate the radius r of the circle. 0.275 m

[1]

[2]

[2]

(iv)

Explain whether it is possible for the small mass m to be whirled in such a way that the string attached to it becomes horizontal. [2]

(c)

Write down an equation to represent Newtons Law of Gravitation, stating clearly the symbols used. [2]

25

(d) Data for a certain planet orbiting about a star are given below: Mass of planet = 1.20 x 1024 kg Diameter of planet = 7.50 x 106 m Diameter of star = 7.00 x 108 m Orbital period of planet = 3.45 x 107 s Distance from centre of planet to centre of star = 2.00 x 1011 m (i) Calculate the mass of the star. 3.98 x 1030 kg [3]

(ii)

In the absence of other celestial bodies, the only force acting on the star and the planet is the gravitational force of attraction they exert on each other. Explain why the planet does not accelerate and crash into the star. [2]

(iii)

Use the data given to calculate the escape velocity of a mass on the planet. Ignore the gravitational effects of the star on the mass. [3] 3 1 6.53 x 10 m s

(iv)

An atmosphere is formed when gases such as nitrogen is allowed to orbit around the planet. Given that the average speed of a molecule of nitrogen at the surface of the planet is 3.9 x 104 m s-1, explain whether the planet has an atmosphere. [1]

26

6 (a) What do you understand by interference?

[1]

(b)

Fig. 6.1 shows two loudspeakers S1 and S2 connected to the same sound source such that they emit sound waves of the same intensity and wavelength. A sound detector is placed at point P such that S1P = S2P initially.

(i)

As the loudspeaker S1 is moved slowly away from P along the line PS1 towards X, the sound detected at P fluctuates in intensity. Explain this observation. [3]

As the loudspeaker S1 is moved towards X through a distance of 0.082 m, the intensity of the sound detected at P decreases from a maximum to a minimum. Calculate the wavelength of the sound emitted by the sources. [2] 0.164 m

(ii)

(iii)

If S1 remains at point X and the frequency f of the sound emitted from both loudspeakers is now gradually changed to 4100 Hz, the sound intensity detected at P increases from the minimum in (b)(ii) to a maximum. Estimate a value for the speed of sound. [3] 1 340 m s

27

(c)

In a second experiment to determine the speed of sound, a long tube, fitted with a tap, is filled with water. A tuning fork is sounded above the top of the tube as the water is allowed to run out of the tube, as shown in Fig. 6.2.

A loud sound is first heard when the water level is as shown in Fig. 6.2, and then again when the water level is as shown in Fig. 6.3. Fig. 6.2 illustrates a stationary wave produced in the tube. (i) (ii) Explain the formation of a stationary wave in the tube. [2]

Explain, by reference to resonance, why the loudness of the sound changes as the water level changes. [3] On Fig. 6.3, sketch the form of the stationary wave set up in the tube. [1]

(iii) (iv)

The frequency of the fork is 512 Hz and the difference in the height of the water level for the two positions where a loud sound is heard is 32.4 cm. Calculate the speed of the sound in the tube. [3] 1 332 m s

28

(v)

The length of the column of air in the tube in Fig. 6.2 is 15.7 cm. Suggest where the antinode of the stationary wave produced in the tube in Fig. 6.2 is likely to be found. [2] 16.2 cm NYJC P2 1 (a) State, in words, the 2 conditions that need to be satisfied in order to achieve static equilibrium. [2]

(b)

A uniform trapdoor of mass 12 kg and length 1.00 m is smoothly hinged to the wall as shown in Fig. 1.1 (not drawn to scale). It is supported in equilibrium by a stay wire connecting the wall to a point on the trapdoor at a distance of 0.25 m from its free end. The stay wire makes an angle of 60 with the wall and the trapdoor makes an angle of 30 with the horizontal.

Show that the tension in the stay wire is 78 N.

[2]

29

(c)

A 20.0 kg sphere of uniform density rests between two smooth planes as shown in Fig. 1.2.

Determine the magnitude of the force acting on the sphere exerted by each plane. [3] FA = 99.6 N FB = 187 N

30

The question is about reverse bungee jumping. Fig. 2.1 shows the set up of a reverse bungee jumping. A capsule is connected by two identical elastic cords each attached to a tower 30.0 m tall. The mass of the capsule when fully loaded with three passengers has a total mass of about 300 kg. When released, the capsule will shoot up at high speed.

(a)

The original length of each of the elastic cords is 25.0 m with an elastic constant of 19 000 N m-1 and the capsule has an effective diameter of 2.0 m. Prove that the total elastic potential energy at the ground level is 510 kJ when the cord length is 30.2 m. [1]

Fill in the blanks in the table below to determine the various amounts of energy when the capsule starts from the ground level and shoots up to its highest point. [2] Total elastic Gravitational Kinetic energy of potential energy potential energy capsule / kJ / kJ of capsule / kJ Ground level 510 0 0 30 m above the ground Highest point 174 31

(b)

0; 88; 422; 336; 0 (c) Use the value in (a) to determine the speed reached by the capsule when the cords first become loose. [2] 1 56.5 m s

(d)

State and explain the position where the apparent weight of the passenger will be the greatest. [2] A flat horizontal plate is made to oscillate with simple harmonic motion in a vertical direction as shown in Fig. 3.1. The plate starts its oscillation at the equilibrium position and moves downwards initially.

A graph of velocity against displacement for this oscillation is shown in Fig. 3.2. Point S marks the start of the oscillation.

32

(a)

Deduce, from Fig. 3.2, [1] [2]

(i) the amplitude of the oscillation, 0.035 m (ii) the angular frequency, , of the oscillation. 19 rad s1 (b) (i)

A mass of 0.100 kg is placed on the plate before oscillation is started.

Determine the displacement of the plate when the mass just loses contact with the plate. [3] 0.0276 m (ii) Mark on Fig. 3.2 the point C when the mass just loses contact. [1]

4 (a) State two conditions that must be satisfied in order to obtain observable interference patterns. [2]

The apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1 below (not to scale) is used to demonstrate twosource interference.

(b)

(i)

The separation of the two slits in the double slit arrangement is a and the interference fringes are viewed on a screen at a distance D from the double slits. When light of wavelength is incident on the double slit, the separation of the bright fringes on the screen is x. Write the equation that links the quantities described in the above paragraph, and state the assumption made in the use of that equation. [2]

33

(ii)

The slits are separated by a distance of a, with the screen at a distance of 1.00 m from the plane of the slits. The slits are illuminated by monochromatic light of wavelength 589.3 nm traveling perpendicular to the plane of the slits. It was observed that the distance between the two 4th order bright fringes are 20 mm. Calculate the separation of the slits, a. [2] 0.24 mm

(c) (i) Explain why the central fringe is always a bright one.

[1]

(ii)

Explain why an experiment using two separate sources of light will not show interference. [1]

5 (a) Define electric field strength. (b) Fig. 5.1 shows a stream of electrons entering a region between two parallel plates which have a potential difference.

[1]]

(i) (ii)

Draw on Fig 5.1, the electric field lines between the plates and the expected path of the stream of electrons between and after the plates. [2]

Calculate the distance between the plates given that the electric field strength between the plates is 2.0 x 104 N C1. [1] 0.020 m

34

(iii) Calculate the acceleration on the electrons between the plates 3.51 x 1015 m s2 (iv)

[1]

Hence, given that the length of each plate is 0.040 m and initial horizontal speed of the electrons is 1.0 x 108 m s-1, calculate the vertical deflection of the electron at the end of the plates. [2] 0.00028 m (downwards)

NYJC P3 1 (a) Define acceleration. (b) [1]

A boy throws his slipper from a height of 1.0 m at 75o above the horizontal in an attempt to hit a durian hanging on a tree which is 4.75 m above the ground. The slipper reached its maximum height of 0.25 m directly below the durian. Neglect air resistance.

(i) Calculate the velocity of the slipper when the slipper leaves the boys hand. 8.58 m s1 [2] (ii) Calculate the horizontal distance travelled when his slipper hits the ground. 4.0 m [2] Sketch a labelled velocity - time graph for the vertical component of the slipper from the time it leaves the boy to the time when it hits the floor. [2] 0.845s; 1.80s; 9.37 m s1; 8.29 m s1 (iii)

(iv)

If the velocity calculated in part (b)(i) is the maximum velocity he can provide when throwing his slipper, suggest with a reason what he should do in order to ensure his slipper hits the durian. [1]

35

2 (a) Define gravitational field strength and gravitational potential.

[2]

(b)

A point S is located between the Earth and the Moon at a distance r from the Earth along on the line joining the centres of the Earth and the Moon. The distance from the centre of the Earth to the centre of the Moon is 3.8 x 108 m, the mass of the Earth is 6.0 x 1024 kg and the mass of the Moon is 7.0 x 1022 kg. [2]

Find the value of distance r, if S is the point where the resultant gravitational field strength is zero. 3.4 x 108 m

(c)

Sketch a graph (without any values) showing the variation of gravitational field strength with distance from the Earth, along the line joining the Earth and the Moon. [2]

(d)

Explain with reference to the graph in (c), why a space craft would require more energy to move from the Earth to the Moon compared to the return journey from the Moon back to the Earth. [2]

36

Fig 3.1 shows a circuit for measuring a small e.m.f. produced by a solar cell.

(a) 0.16 V (b)

The galvanometer shows null deflection when the variable resistor is set to 300 W. Determine the value of the e.m.f., V of the solar cell. [2] Fig 3.2 shows the 5.0 resistor being replaced with a 1.2 m uniform resistance wire PQ of total resistance of 7.0 . The variable resistor remains at 300 .

37

(i) Calculate the current I, when the galvanometer shows null deflection. [2] 0.33 A (ii) Calculate the distance from P that contact R must be connected to wire PQ such that the galvanometer shows null deflection. [3] 0.864 m

(iii)

Explain why, this circuit is not suitable for measuring the e.m.f. of the solar cell when the value of the e.m.f. of the solar cell is of the order of millivolts. [1] [1]

6 (a) Define linear momentum.

Fig. 6.1 shows an airboat of mass 420 kg which is propelled forward by a propeller generating a column of air backward.

(b) (i) By using Newtons laws, show that the forward thrust acting on the airboat is given by F = r2v2 where is the density of air, r is the effective radius of propeller and v is the speed of the air moving backward. [3]

Calculate the initial acceleration of the airboat when r = 0.70 m, v = 20 m s-1 and r = 1.2 kg m-3. 1.76 m s2

(ii)

[2]

38

(c) (i) Calculate the rate of transfer of kinetic energy to the air by the propeller. [2] 7400 W

(ii)

Given that the propeller is powered by a motor with a useful power 16 kW and moving along a river with a constant speed of u. Use the answer for (c)(i) to determine u. [3] 1 12 m s

(d) (i) Fig. 6.2 show a side view of the boat partially submerged in water. Draw the other forces acting on the airboat paying particular attention to the point of application of these forces.

(ii)

Fig. 6.3 shows the outline of an airboat and a speed boat. Based on the diagram below, the front part of the airboat is wider or less streamline than a speedboat. By considering the stability of the airboat, explain why this is so. [2]

39

(iii)

By considering the airboat and the air generated as a system, explain why the total momentum of this system is not conserved when the airboat is moving at a constant speed. [2]

(e) (i) Suggest why airboats are more suitable for use in shallow rivers compared to other types of boats. (ii)

[1]

Discuss two problems caused by using a much bigger propeller in order to increase the forward thrust. [2]

7 (a) Explain what is meant by the internal energy of a system. (b)

[2]

State what is meant by saying a temperature is on an absolute scale. [1]

(c) (i) (ii)

A cake of mass 0.90 kg is cooked in an oven at a temperature of 180 It C. is taken out of the baking tin onto a rack to cool in a kitchen of 20 C. State the final temperature of the cake. [1]

Calculate the energy released from the cake in cooling. Take the specific heat capacity of the cake to be 990 J kg-1 K-1. [2] 5 1.4 X 10 J (d) The oven of volume 0.10 m3 cools down from 180 to 25 C C. Calculate the change in the mass Dm of air in the oven between the two temperatures. The pressure in the oven remains at an atmospheric pressure of 1.0 x 105 Pa. Assume that air behaves ideally. [Relative molecular mass of air = 0.030 kg mol-1] [4] 0.041 kg

40

(e)

Air is mainly made up of nitrogen and oxygen. The mass of 1 nitrogen molecule is 28 u while the mass of 1 oxygen molecule is 32 u. average speed of oxygen molecule at 180 C [3] Find the ratio average speed of nitrogen molecule at 25 C .

1.15

(f)

The gas in the cylinder of a diesel engine can be considered to undergo a cycle of changes of pressure, volume and temperature. One such cycle, for an ideal gas, is shown in Fig. 7.1.

The table below shows the increase in internal energy which takes place during each of the changes A to B, B to C, C to D and D to A. Section of cycle Heat supplied to gas / J A to B 0 B to C 450 C to D 0 D to A 850; 750; 100 Work done on gas / J 300 0 650 Increase in internal energy of gas / J 450

Using Fig. 7.1, fill in the missing values in the table above.

[3]

41

(g)

In a continuous flow method for determining the specific heat capacity a liquid, the liquid flows through the tube at 0.15 kg min-1, while the heater provides power at 25 W. The temperatures of the liquid at the inlet and outlet are 15 C and 19 C, respectively. With the inlet and outlet temperatures unchanged, the flow rate is increased to 0.23 kg min-1 and the power of the heater is increased to 37 W. Explain why it is necessary for the inlet and outlet temperatures to remain unchanged. [1]

(i)

(ii) Determine the rate of heat loss of the liquid. 2.5 W

[3]

42

MJC P2 1 (a) State the Principle of Superposition. [2]

(b)

Two sinusoidal transverse waves W 1 and W 2, of the same type, are incident simultaneously on a point P. The amplitude of W 2 is the same as the amplitude of W 1. The frequency of W 2 is half the frequency of W1. At a certain instant (time t = 0) at P, both waves have zero displacement and then both displacements increase in the same direction. Fig. 1.1 is a graph of displacement at P against time for wave W 1.

(i) (ii) (iii)

On Fig. 1.2, sketch a graph of displacement against time for wave W2. [3] On Fig. 1.3, sketch a graph to show the resultant wave produced by the superposition at P of waves W 1 and W 2. [3]

The frequency of wave W 1 is 4.2 x 1015 Hz. Determine the frequency of the resultant wave produced by the superposition of waves W 1 and W2. [2] 2.1 X 1015 Hz (iv) Explain why it is incorrect to say that waves W1 and W2 are coherent. [1]

43

(c)

Blue light of wavelength 485.6 nm from a star is incident normally on a diffraction grating. The light is diffracted into a number of beams as shown in Fig. 1.4.

The angular separation of the two second order beams is 45.7. Calculate the number of lines per millimeter on the grating. 400

[4]

2 (a) Air near the Earth conducts electricity to a small extent. Because there is an electric field directed towards the Earths surface, a small electric current exists in the atmosphere. Measurements of the electric field near the Earths surface give an average of about 1.0 x 102 V m-1. (i) (ii) Estimate the potential difference between the head and feet of an average adult. [1] The electric field near the Earths surface is as large as 1.0 x 102 V m-1; explain why you do not experience an electric shock when you stand upright. [2]

(b)

A photomultiplier tube is a device which has a common electrode (the photocathode) and a number of other electrodes (the dynodes), which must be maintained at definite potentials relative to the common electrode. A potential divider circuit may be used to supply these potentials. Fig. 2.1 illustrates a photomultiplier tube with a photocathode and six dynodes, numbered 1 to 6. A potential divider of six resistors, each of resistance R, using a supply voltage of 1050 V, is connected to the electrodes in the tube.

44

(i) 700 V (ii) 788 V

For the situation where there is no electron current inside the photomultiplier tube, determine the potential difference between dynode 4 and the photocathode. [2]

A fault develops inside the photomultiplier tube causing a short circuit between dynodes 3 and 5. Determine the new potential difference between dynode 4 and the photocathode. Explain your reasoning. [3]

MJC P3 1 (a) A charged body falls vertically in a vacuum near the Earths surface. The variation with time t of its vertical speed v is shown in Fig. 1.1 below.

Fig. 1.1 45

An electric field induces a horizontal force on the body that causes the body to accelerate horizontally at 2.25 m s-2. Calculate the displacement of this body after 0.50 s falling from rest. [4] 1.26 m; 77.1 below horizontal

(b)

Another object moving in a straight line has a graph of the variation with time of its velocity shown in Fig. 1.2.

Fig. 1.2 (i) (ii) Sketch on Fig. 1.2, a graph of the variation of the acceleration with time for the same object within the same time frame. [2] Explain your sketch in (i) between time t1 and t2. [2]

2 (a) It is often assumed that air resistance acting on a moving object will result in the object slowing down. Air resistance can however indirectly make an object speed up. Consider a 1000 kg satellite orbiting at 280 km above the Earths surface. A small force of air resistance makes the satellite descend into a circular orbit with an altitude of 100 km. [Radius of Earth = 6.37 x 106 m, mass of Earth = 5.98 x 1024 kg]

46

(i)

By calculating the speed of the satellite at both orbits, show that the satellite is indeed travelling faster at the lower orbit. [3] 7852 m s1 > 7745 m s1

(ii)

Show that the total mechanical energy of the satellite, E can be expressed GME mS E= where ME is the mass of earth, mS is the mass of satellite 2RO and RO is the radius of orbit. [2]

(iii)

Explain the significance of the negative sign in the expression for the total mechanical energy of the satellite. [1]

(iv) Hence, calculate the change in mechanical energy due to air resistance. 8.34 x 108 J [2]

(c)

Black holes are formed when massive stars collapse towards a singularity i.e. a point mass. There exist a boundary, known as the event horizon, surrounding a black hole where a even body travelling at the speed of light (if it is possible) can barely escape. By considering the gravitational potential energy of the body at the event horizon, deduce an expression for the radius of the event horizon, Revent horizon in terms of the mass of the black hole, M and speed of light c.

2GM c2

3 (a) A thin layer of copper is deposited uniformly on the surface of an iron wire of radius 0.60 mm and length 3.0 m shown in Fig. 3.1.

47

Determine the effective resistance between the ends of the copper-plated wire, given that the thickness of the copper is 1.78 x 10-5 m. [3] [Resistivity of iron = 8.90 x 10-8 m; resistivity of copper = 1.60 x 10-8 m] 0.178

(b)

Fig. 3.2 shows a system in which an unmodulated audio frequency signal is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver through a cable. The cable consists of two strands of insulated copper wire.

The power output of the transmitter is 12.5 mW and the corresponding current in each wire is 2.5 mA. Power is lost to the surroundings due to the rise in temperature produced by this current. For transmitted signal to be detected the power input to the receiver must be at least 1.5 mW. The resistance of each 1.0 m of the copper wire used in the cable is 0.27 . Calculate the maximum distance between the transmitter and receiver at which the transmission can be detected successfully. [3] 3 3.26 x 10 m

5 (a) Explain what is meant by internal energy of a system.

[2]

(b)

The temperature, T of an ideal gas at pressure P is defined by the equation P = nkT Identify the quantity n. State an equation relating k and R, molar gas constant. [1] [1]

(i) (ii)

48

(c) (i)

State the process and give one practical example of each of the following: a process in which heat is supplied to a system without causing an increase in temperature. [2]

(ii)

a process in which no heat enters or leaves a system but the temperature changes. [2]

6 (a) (i) State Newtons 1st law of motion and show it leads to the concept of force. [2]

(a) (ii) Express the unit of force in terms of S.I. base units.

[1]

(b)

Michael drove a car of mass 1200 kg which had a maximum speed of 150 km h-1. During a driving test, it was found that the average retarding force from the air and ground added up to 1200 N when the car was accelerating uniformly.

(i)

Calculate the forward driving force when the car accelerated uniformly from rest to the maximum speed in 11.0 s under driving test conditions. [3] 5743,45 N

(ii) Hence, find the maximum power delivered by the engine. 239 kW

[2]

49

(c)

Michael wishes to find out how his car will fare during a car crash. He visited a laboratory where several cars like his own were used in controlled car crash testing. The magnitude F of the force required to crush the barrels was shown below in Fig. 6.1 as a function of the distance x the automobile had moved into the cushion.

In a particular crash test, the car was travelling at 100 km h-1 before it struck a crash cushion in which the car was brought to rest by successively crushing steel barrels. Neglecting friction, predict by using the Work Energy Theorem the distance the car would move into the cushion of steel barrels before coming to rest. [4] 4.02 m (i)

(ii)

State and explain in terms of energy considerations whether the actual [2] distance will be longer or shorter than the value in (c)(i).

50

(d)

Michael parked his 1200 kg car at an underground carpark in Orchard Road. It started to rain very heavily and rainwater quickly entered and filled the underground carpark such that Michaels car is floating in the water as shown in Fig. 6.2.

The total volume of the car is 6.43 m3 and the volume of air space in the car is 5.50 m3. [Density of rainwater = 1000 kg m-3] (i) (ii) State Archimedes principle. [1]

Initially, no water enters the passenger compartment. Determine the volume of car below the water surface when the car is floating as shown in Fig. 6.2. [2] 1.20 m3

(iii)

Water slowly enters the car. Determine the volume of water in the car at the point when it first disappears completely below the water surface. (Assuming that the car remains horizontal throughout the sinking process) 5.23 m3 [3]

51

7 (a) Define the Tesla. [2] 1 Tesla is defined as the magnetic flux density of a uniform magnetic field when a wire of length 1m, carrying a current of 1A, placed perpendicular to the field, experiences a force of 1N in a direction at right angles to both the field and the current. (b) Fig. 7.1 shows an arrangement used to accelerate an initially stationary alpha particle and make it travel in a uniform magnetic field.

(i) (ii)

On Fig. 7.1, draw a possible trajectory of the alpha particle in the uniform magnetic field. [1] Explain whether the force experienced by the alpha particle due to the magnetic field changes its kinetic energy. [3]

52

(iii)

Show that the alpha particle will attain a speed of 6.21 x 105 m s1 when it reaches the slit opening of plate B. [Mass of alpha particle 6.644 x 1027] [1]

Calculate the electric field that needs to be applied in Region W for the alpha particle to pass through the uniform magnetic field undeflected. [3] 1.24 x 106 V m1 downwards

(iv)

(c)

Suppose that the arrangement in Fig. 7.1 is now modified so that the alpha particle enters the uniform magnetic field at an angle of 30 to the horizontal as shown in Fig. 7.2 below.

The motion of the alpha particle can be described as a helix as shown on Fig. 7.3 below.

53

Helical path of alpha particle in uniform B Field

Cross section of helical path Fig. 7.3 (i) Calculate the radius r of the helical path. 3.22 x 103 m [2]

(ii)

Show that the period, T of the helical path can be expressed as: 2m T= q B .

[1]

54

(iii) Calculate the pitch, p. 0.0351 m

[3]

(iv)

Describe and explain how the helical path will change if a positron, a particle with the mass of an electron and charge +e with the same initial velocity was to be used in the experiment instead. You may quote relevant equations to substantiate your answer. [4] T , p

55