TENSES

GENEL OLARAK TENSE

Nedir? Ne ie yarar? Olayn ne zaman gerekletiini gsteren eydir. Fiilin zamann belirtir. Neden / Nasl isimlendiriliyorlar? Present Past Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive mevcut (u anla ilikili) gemi (pass fiilinin V3 biimi) gelecek tamamlanm sreklilik gsteren V1 V2 will + V1 V3 Ving

Ana cmledeki yklemler, yardmc fiiller de dahil, tensin ismini olutururlar. Am, is, are, have ve has yardmc fiilleri (auxilary verbs) V1, was, were ve had yardmc fiilleri ise V2 durumundadrlar.
Examples: I have been watching TV. (present perfect continuous tense) V1 V3 Ving I will have finished my project by the time you graduate. (future perfect tense) will+V1 V3 I had been working with her father for 35 years when my wife deserted me. (past perfect cont) V2 V3 Ving

TM TENSELER
Future Present Past Future continuous Present continuous Past continuous Future perfect Present perfect Past perfect Future perfect continuous Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

NOTE: En kaba biimiyle, tense uyumu siyah izginin alt ve st ile belirlenir. Siyah izginin stndekiler kendi aralarnda, altndakiler de kendi arasnda birleirler. Daha ayrntl olarak:
Temel cmlecik Simple present Future Future perfect Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Yan cmlecik Simple present Simple present Present perfect Present continuous Simple present Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Simple past Simple past Simple past

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SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE FORM (yap)

1. Yklem ve yardmc fiil zneye gre ekil deitirir.
I/you/we/they rely on what he/she says. She relies what we say. I dont know why she doesnt like my brother. I, You, We, They He, She, It V1 do V1 + (e)s does

2. Do ve does yardmc fiilleri dz cmlede yer aldnda vurgu ifade eder. 1

I do study on climate, I swear. She does know everything about our relationship. I, He, She, It You, We, They am is are

3. to be fiili present tensete zneye gre am, is, are olur.

I am a doctor but he is a nurse.

USAGE (kullanm)
1. Alkanlk, devaml davran (habitual)
I eat breakfast every morning.

2. Doal gerekler, bilimsel hakikatler (natural facts)

The earth revolves around the sun. Coffee grows in Brazil.

3. Anlatm, ykleme (spor msabakas, masal, roman vs.)

The story begins with a murder. Faith conquers Istanbul in 1453, and then rearranges the governing style.

4. Tarifeli dzenlemelerde (timetable and schedule) Olay gelecek zamanda gerekleecek olmasna ramen, zellikle a) toplu tama aralarnn ayrl-var vakitleri, b) resmi binalar, iyerleri ve okullarn al kapan saatleri c) toplant ve imtihanlarn vs. balama-biti vakitleri iin kullanlr. Ortak zellikleri bu zamanlarn bir makamca nceden belirlenmi olmasdr.
The exam starts at 5 oclock. The train arrives on Monday next week. Zaman yan cmle balalar When, after, before, once, until, while, by the time as soon as, whenever etc.

5. Zaman yan cmlesinde (in time clause) Olay gelecek zamanda gese bile zaman cmlecikleri ilerine will almazlar. Bunlarn yerine yan cmleciin tensi present olur.2

I will go to my parents after I have my breakfast. I will have finished my Project by the time the manager returns from Canada.

1 2

Ayn durum Simple Past Tense iin de geerlidir. I did visit my grandmother yesterday. Olup-bitmilik anlam vermek iin zaman belirten zarf cmleciklerinde present perfect tense de kullanlr. I will go to my parents after I have had my breakfast. 2

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6. If Clauselarda type Iin if-cmleciinde, type 0n her iki tarafnda yada benzer dier conditionallarda will yer almaz, bu yaplarda present tense (veya present perfect tense) kullanrz.
If I see my doctor, I will complain about my finger pain. If you smile, they smile, too. I will not go unless she comes.

ZARF PULARI (sklk ve devamllk belirten zaman zarflar) Sklk belirten zarflar always, Every (day, week, year etc.) usually, Every other day (gn ar) often, frequently Every single day (her Allahn gn) sometimes, occasionally Once/twice a day/year etc rarely, seldom, never three/five times a day/week etc.

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TENSES

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FORM (yap) 1. Amnt diye bir kullanm yoktur: Zorunluluk durumunda, mesela tag question durumunda, arent bunun yerine kullanlr.

I am looking after my baby well, arent I?

2. state verbs (durum belirten fiiller): Continuos tenselerle kullanlmayan yklemler vardr.
agree, assume, believe, belong to, contain, cost, disagree, feel, hate, have, hope, know, like, look, love, own, prefer, realise, regret, resemble, smell, taste etc Mental states know, think, realize, believe etc. Emotional states like, love, hate, dislike, envy, surprise, astonish, enjoy etc. Possession states have, own, belong to, possess Sense perceptions taste, smell, feel, see, hear Others seem, sound, resemble, look, appear, look like etc. GENEL BIR TASNIF 4

a) Bunlar hibir continuous tense ile kullanlmazlar. Ancak gerund veya participle olabilirler.
I am knowing everything. [YANLI] Knowing everything is impossible. [DORU] [gerund]3 A company knowing everything about its workers can be dangerous. [DORU] [participle]4

b) Yukardaki fiillerin bir ksm state verb olan anlamlarnn dnda da anlamlara sahiptir, dier anlamalar continuous yaplarla kullanlyor olabilir.

3 4

This food tastes disgusting.5 My mother is tasting your soup now, father.6 It smells horrible. Why are you smelling it every minute?7 I think you are a dumb.8 They are thinking about sending a spaceship to the moon.9 I am thinking about my future.10 I see three women walking right now.11 I am seeing you there in 5 minutes.12 You look very angry right now.13 Yes, you are looking at a very-angry-man right now.14 We have an apartment in Adana.15

Trkesi: Her eyi bilmek mmkn deildir. Burada fiile ing eki getirilerek fiil isim yaplm. Trkesi: alanlar hakknda her eyi bilen bir irket tehlikeli olabilir. Cmlenin asl A company which knows everything about its workers can be dangerous eklindedir. Burada ekimli bir yklem ekimsiz hale getirilmi. 5 Yemein tad iren. 6 Annem u anda yaptn orbann tadna bakyor, baba. 7 Korkun kokuyor. Niin her dakika onu kokluyorsun? 8 Sanrm sen bir salaksn 9 Aya bir uzay gemisi gndermeyi dnyorlar. 10 Geleceim hakknda dnyorum. 11 u anda kadn yrrken gryorum 12 5 dakika sonra orada bulualm 13 u anda ok kzgn grnyorsun 14 Evet u anda ok kzm bir adama bakyorsun 15 Adanada bir dairemiz var

TENSES I am having a hard time with this naughty kid.16

16

Bu yaramaz ocuk beni ok uratryor

TENSES

USAGE (kullanm) 1. halihazrdaki eylem

The students are sitting at their desks right now.

2. u anda deil, ancak u sralarda yaplan eylem (sreklilik gerektirir)

This student is taking five courses this semester. They are working hard to pass the exam.

3. Planlanm gelecek (kiisel) Gelecek zaman belirten bir zarf ile birlikte kullanlr. to be going to do kalbyla yakn anlamldr.
What are you doing next Sunday? I am playing tennis next Sunday. I am seeing Mr. Johnson at 5 oclock tomorrow evening.17

NOT: Kontrol edemediimiz olaylar iin bu yapy kullanamayz. Kiisel olaylarda, nceden planlanmlk varsa kullanabiliriz.
It is raining tomorrow. [Yanl] It is going to rain tomorrow. [Sadece hava tahminci isek veya bir bilgiye istinaden konuuyorsak]

4. Sklk belirten zaman zarflaryla kullanldnda (zellikle always) ikayet ve szlanma anlamna gelir.
I am always/constantly/forever picking up your dirty socks.

NOT: Past continuous ile de bu anlamda kullanlr.

I had a roommate last year. She was always leaving her dirty clothes on the floor.

5. to be+being+adj Kendisinden beklenmeyen bir davran kii gstermeye baladnda kullanlr.

Nowadays you are being very selfish.

NOT: Her sfat ile kullanlmaz. Dolaysyla

You are being very old. [YANLI, eer mizahi bir kullanm yoksa]

ZARF PULARI u an veya bu aralar anlamndaki zarflar Sreklilik belirten zarflar At the moment, at the time being, at the More and more present, currently, just, still, now, right now, nowadays, these days etc.

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17

Sayn Johnsonla yarn sabah saat 5te buluacam/buluacaz-greceiz. 6

TENSES

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Trkede karl olmayan bir tenstir. Eski Trkede ve halen baz azlarda kullanlan Annen eve gelik mi?, Yourdu yapk m? ocua bakk m? eklindeki kullanmlar yardmc olabilir. gemite balam ve u anda tamamlanmtr. Aslolan iin zaman deil, kendisidir veya gerekletirilip gerekletirilmediidir. FORM (yap) 1. Yardmc fiil zneye gre deiir.
She has gone to Izmir. They have gone to Izmir. I, You, We, They He, She, It have has

USAGE (kullanm) 1. Etkisi hala devam etmekte olan gemi kkenli eylem.
We have been abroad for years. (Yllarca yurtdnda bulunduk) Have you passed the exam? (Snav getin mi?) I have never gone to Izmir. I have never been to Izmir. She has been to Izmir. (imdiye kadar zmirde bulunmuluu vardr. u anda deil) She has gone to Izmir. (u anda zmirde veya zmir yolunda.) We have beaten the Samsunspor. (Kutlama hala sryor veya yeni olay)

Karlatrnz
I have lost my keys. (Anahtarlar hala kayp) I lost my keys. (Anahtarlar bir ara kaybetmitim.) Bill has won several races on this horse. (Bill hala yaryor.) Bill won several races on this horse. (Bill artk yarmyor, veya bu atla yarmyor.)

2. Yeni olay
Have you heard the news? Someone has killed the Prime minister. (Haberi duydun mu? Biri babakan ldrm.)

3. the best/first + N + present perfect/(continuous) Sralama says ve superlative sfat alm isimlerin relative clauselarndaki tense present perfecttir.
This is the first time (that) I have eaten such a delicious apple. You are the most beautiful girl (that) Ive ever seen. This is the third time (that) Jim has been phoning. (Telefon o anda alyor)

NOTLAR 1. Present Perfect ile sorulan soruya Simple Past ile yant verilebilir. Tense gemie ait bir tarih veya zaman zarfyla kullanlmaz. Ancak zaman belirtmek iin present perfect ile sorulan bir soruya simple past ile cevap verilebilir.
Have you found your keys? Yes, I found them yesterday morning.

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2. Present Perfect ve zaman zarf Tense gemie ait tarih veya zamanla kullanlamaz. Eer vakit verilmi ise, hala o vaktin iinde olunduu anlalr. Karlatrnz:
Have you read the paper this morning? (Hala sabah) Did you read the paper this morning? (Ayn gn ancak artk sabah deil) I havent shaved today. (Henz tra olmadm. Hala olabilirim.) I didnt shave today. (Her zamanki tra vaktimi geirdim. Bugn tra olmayacam)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE LE SIK KULLANILAN ZAMAN ZARFLARI

So far, up to now, until now In/over/during the last/past few days/weeks/months etc. Lately, recently Before (now) Since, for Today, this morning/week/year etc. Several times this week/month/year etc Still, yet, already, just NOT: Bu zaman zarflarnn bir ksm farkl tenseler ile de kullanlabilir. nceleyiniz. SO FAR, UP TO NOW, UNTIL NOW He has mended many cars so far/up till now.

OVER/IN/DURING THE PAST/LAST FEW YEARS ETC Prices have fallen sharply over the past six months. Ive met a lot of people in the last few days.

TODAY, THIS MORNING/WEEK/YEAR ETC. Ive written three letters this morning. Ron hasnt worked very hard this term.

EVER-NEVER18 Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) No, never. Compare (simple past-present perfect) Ever ve never simple past ile gemiteki alkanlk iin kullanrlar. Did you ever go to the cinema? [simple past] (Hi sinemaya gider miydiniz?) When he was young, he never bothered too much about his appearance. [simple past] (Genken asla grntsyle bu kadar uramazd.) extra 1. not ever & never: hi bir zaman, asla, hi Nothing ever happens here. (Burada hibirey asla olmaz) Dont you ever get tired? (Hi yorulmaz msn?) Ill never ever do that again! [informal] (Bunu bir daha asla yapmayacam) 2. ever: herhangi bir zaman If youre ever in Miami, come and see us? (Eer bir vakit Miamiye gelirsen, gelip bizi gr) 3. ever: her zaman He said he would love her for ever. She married the prince and they lived happily ever after. Paul, ever the optimist, agreed to try again.

18

Pek ok tense ile kullanlr. Present perfect ile kullanldnda imdiye kadar hi anlamna gelirken, simple past ile kulanldnda gemite alkanlk iin kullanlr. 8

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LATELY Have you seen Robert lately? (not Did you) with different tense She had lately returned from India. [mid position19] [past perfect] It is only lately that she has been well enough to go out. (Ancak son zamanlarda dar kabilecek kadar iyi oldu)

RECENTLY A new school has recently opened in New Road. [present perfect] [mid position] Have you used this computer recently? [present perfect] with different tense I saw Dave recently. [simple past]

BEFORE Nothing like this has happened before. [before=before now] [present perfect] with different tense FOR He has been abroad for 8 years. [for+time] compare I have studied on this major since 1997. [since +date/event] I have studied on this major for 5 years. [for+time/period itself] with different tense extra He worked for this factory for 8 years. [simple past] We must begin planning now, for the future may bring unexpected changes. [for=because] [bata yer almaz]20 Why didnt you ask me before? [before=before then] [simple past]

Not: Before, for, recently sklkla hem present perfect hem de simple past ile kullanlrlar ALREADY The cease-fire has already been violated. (Atekes oktan/zaten/halihazrda ihlal edildi) [Pre. Perfect] with different tense The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema. (Sinemaya gittiimizde film oktan/zaten balamt) [Past Perfect] Shall I tell Liz the news or does she already know? [Present] www.elt-time.com

19 20

Yardmc fiille ana fiil aras, veya yardmc fiil yoksa ana fiilden ncesi Zira anlamndadr. Sebep beyan eder ama bu anlamdaki for, tpk Trkedeki zirada olduu gibi, kendisiyle balamaz.Ana cmleden sonra yer alan bal cmle banda yer alr. 9

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SINCE He has been in anakkale since 1996. [since + date] I met Freddie in June and I havent seen him since (then) [since / since then] They havent quarreled since they left school. [present perfect +since+ simple past] Theyve split up. Since when? They were divorced three years ago, and she has since remarried. [mid position] The original building has long since been demolished. [mid position] with different tense extra Since Ive lived here, I havent seen my neighbours. [present perfect+since+present perfect] [ender; ancak since-cmlecik ve ana cmle eylemi u anda devam ediyorsa kullanlabilir]21 Since the party she had only spoken him once. [past perfect +since+any date/event]22 Since when did he ever listen to me? (Ne zaman beni dinledi ki?) [kzgnlk] We thought that, since we were in the area, we would stop by and see them. [since=because]

note 1. Aadaki durumda since zaman balacndan nceki cmle present iken sonraki cmle past veya present perfect olabilir. Bazlar since-cmlesinin present perfect olmasn doru kabul etmez. It is five years since I last saw Murat. [It is ... time since + simple past] How long is it since we last went to the theatre? [It is ... time since + simple past] It is five years since I have seen Murat. [It is ... time since + present perfect]

YET I havent made up my mind yet.23 (Henz karar vermedim). [Pre. Perfect] We have yet to decide what action to take. =We havent decided what action to take yet. [have yet to do=havent done yet]24 with different tense 1. 2. Im hungry. Is dinner ready yet? (Am, yemek henz/hala hazr deil mi?) [present] extra 1. NOW a) imdi, daha, henz Dont go yet? (Daha/imdi gitme?) We dont need to start yet. (imdi/daha/henz balamamz gerekmiyor) b) hala, daha, henz There is time yet. (Hala/daha/henz vakit var) He is yet a child. (Hala/daha/henz ocuk) 2. NEVERTHELESS, BUT a) eninde sonunda Well go there yet. (Eninde sonunda oraya gideceiz) b) ama It is strange, yet true. (Garip ama gerek) He's overweight and bald, (and) yet somehow, he's incredibly attractive.25 3. MORE Yet another diet book. (Yeni bir diyet kitab daha) Snow, snow and yet more snow (kar kar ve hala kar)

21

dolaysyla since cmleciinin yklemi live, be, stay, have gibi bulunmak, sahip olmak anlamnda bir fiilse mmkn olur. 22 Past perfect tense her zaman present perfect tensenin gemii olarak kullanlr. 23 make up ones mind=decide 24 do=V1, did:V2 ve done V3 iin kullanlmaktadr. 25 iman ve kel, (ve) ama nasl oluyorsa, dayanlmaz biimde ekici. 10

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STILL I still havent reached my aim. [Pre. Perfect] [before a negative auxiliary verb]26 I havent still reached my aim. [YANLI] with different tense 1. You are still talking. [present continuous] 2. Jack lost his job a year ago and is still unemployed. [Present] 3. Although he promised to come, I still didnt think he would.[simple past] compare extra I wrote to him last week. He hasnt replied yet. [Hala yant bekliyorum] I wrote to him months ago and he still hasnt replied. [u ana kadar cevap yazmalyd] Still ayn zamanda Sessiz, sakin, kmldamayan, durgun vs anlamnda sfattr ve zarftr. Still water (durgun su) a still summers day (rzgarsz bir yaz gn) the still of the night (gecenin sessizlii) Still water runs deep. (Durgun su derin akar; yumuak atn iftesi pek olur) Do you sit still please? (Ltfen biraz sakince oturur musun?) www.elt-time.com

26

Still negatif cmlelerde yardmc fiilden nce yer alr 11

TENSES

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

USAGE (Kullanm)
1. Gemite balayp belirli bir sre devam etmi eylemin sreci sorulur veya belirtilirken kullanlr. Eylem devam etmektedir veya etmesi muhtemeldir. How long have you been learning English? Hes been watching television all day. She has been playing volleyball since she was eight.

2. Gemite balayp belirli bir sre devam etmi eylemin etki veya izleri u anda gzkmektedir. Eylem devam etmeyebilir. You are out of breath. Have you been running? Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? CLUES: PULARI How long, for, since Not: Present Perfect Tense how much, how many (ne kadar) veya how many times (ka kez) durumlarn sormak ve sylemek iin kullanlrken, Present Perfect Continuous Tense how long (ne zamandr) durumunu sormak ve sylemek iin kullanlr. How long have you been reading that book? Mary is still writing letters. Shes been writing letters all day. Theyve playing tennis since 2 oclock. How many pages of that book have you read? Mary has written ten letters today. Theyve played tennis three times this week.

12

TENSES

SIMPLE PAST TENSE FORM

Vurgu iin yardmc fiil olumlu cmlede kullanlr. He did break the vase.

USAGE (Kullanm)
1. Gemite yaanm bitmi olaylar. I met him in 1996. (zaman zarf) I met him when he visited the Prime Minister. (zaman zarf cmlesi) CLUES In 1996, yesterday, last week/month/year etc. two days/months ago

2. Gemi alkanlk (habitual)27 a) used to He used to smoke 30 cigarettes a day. He smoked 30 cigarettes a day until he gave up. They never visited their grandmothers. Did you ever watch TV when you had some guests? I always drank milk for my breakfast in the village. a) sklk zarflar ile28

3. UNREAL SITUATINOS29 ve Its time: Yapnn simple past ancak anlamn u an (present) kastettii kullanmlar,
a) wish clause Its a pity you dont know how to type. I wish you knew how to type. If only your mother were alive now. My father is going to sell his old car, but Id rather he didnt. If I had one million dollars now, I would buy a new jeep. If he were to invite us again, it would be a big surprise. We know that he is guilty, but he acts as if he were innocent. Children! It is 12 oclock right now. It is (high) time you went to bed. Would you mind if I left the meeting early? b) if only= I wish c) would rather, would sooner, would just as soon30 d) If clause

e) as if, as though f) It is (high) time

g) Would you mind if31

27 28

bir modal olan would da gemite alkanlk gstermek iin kullanlr. Bkz. MODALS how often (ne kadar sk) sorusuna cevap olacak sklk zarflar (ever, never, usually, always, sometimes, often, every day/week etc, once/twice/three times a day etc.) 29 u ann UNREAL durumlarnda (simple pastl zamanl), tm cinsiyetlerde was yerine were kullanlmas tercih edilir. 30 Would genellikle d olarak ksaltlr. Ayn ekilde ksaltlan HAD yardmc fiili ile kartrlmamal. 31 Aslnda yapca TYPE II bir koul cmlesi. Ancak gramerce doru kabul edilmese de cmlenin if-ksm present tense olarak da kullanlmakta. Would you mind if I leave the meeting early? 13

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PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE USAGE (Kullanm) 1. Gemiteki bir olay veya anla kyaslandnda belirli bir suredir devam etmekte olan olaylar iin kullanlr.
a) gemite o anla e zamanl olarak While I was watching TV, he was studying his lesson. At eight oclock I was having breakfast. Just as I was getting into the house, I heard an explosion. When I arrived, he was reading a book. While/as/when I was walking in the park I saw two men fighting.

b) gemite o andan nce balam olarak

Compare:
When he saw the murderer, he called the police. When he saw the murderer, he was calling the police.

ki taraf da simple past ise when balal taraf daha nce gereklemitir.
2. Gemie ait anlat Tom was reading and I was watching.. Suddenly the doorbell rang. We both looked up. It was getting darker. The wind was rising. More and more men were coming. I was wondering if you could give me a lift. (Rica etsem beni arabanzla bir yere brakabilir misiniz?) 3. Gemiteki tedrici/peyderpey/zamanla deiimlerde32

4. kibar isteklerde. Burada anlam imdiki zamandr. (I was thinking/wondering)

32

Tedricilik veya zamanla deiim tm continuous yaplarn genel hususiyetidir. 14

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PAST PERFECT TENSE

USAGE (Kullanm) 1. Gemiteki bir olay veya andan daha nce gereklemi veya o anda bitmi olaylar iin kullanlr. Yalnz bana kullanlmaz. Ya Past bir cmleyle baldr veya zaten past olan balamda bir geriye dn yaanmtr.
By the time I returned home he had already left. When/After he (had) completed his project, he took his annual leave. Before the police arrived, the thieves had already gone away. She had been married for 7 years when her son was born I came to the city when I was young. I hadnt had any business experience but I became rich in 5 years.

Not: no sooner than no sooner + past perfect + than +simple past

She had no sooner finished cooking than her friend came in. [normal:regular] No sooner had she finished cooking than her friend came in. [devrik: inverted]

hardly/scarcely when/before no sooner + past perfect + when/before +simple past

Jim had hardly/scarcely reached London when he was called back. [normal:regular] Hardly had Jim reached London when he was called back. [devrik: inverted] Hardly had a moment passed before the door creaked open.

2. Gemite UNREAL durumlar: Yapnn past perfect ancak anlamn past kastettii kullanmlar
a) wish clause Its a pity you were absent from the meeting yesterday. I wish you had been present. If only he had studied his lessons instead of wasting of time. My friend took me to the student opera. Id rather he had taken me to the theater instead. If he had studied hard last year, he could have passed all his exams. She acts as if nothing had happened yesterday.34 b) if only= I wish c) would rather, would sooner, would just as soon33 d) If clause e) as if, as though

3. Reported speech durumunda hem pastn hem de present perfectin gemii olarak kullanlr.
I have read five books so far. I read five books in 2002. She said she had read five books until that time. She said she had read five books in 2002.

33 34

Would genellikle d olarak ksaltlr. Had yardmc fiili ile kartrlmamal. Grld gibi bir anda present tense ile past perfect yan yana gelmi oldular. 15

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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE35 USAGE (Kullanm) 1. Gemiteki bir olay veya andan daha nce sreklilik gsterip olay annda bitmi ancak izlerin belirli olduu olaylar. Yalnz bana kullanlmaz. Ya Past bir cmle veya past bir balam sz konusudur.
When he first met me, I had been working as a teacher (for five years}. It had been snowing since Wednesday, so we couldnt go out. Burt was so angry. He had been looking for you everyday for a week.

2. past perfect continuous, present perfect continuous tensein past eklidir.

Her eyes are red because she has been crying. Her eyes were red because she had been crying.

compare:
When we met Simon and Pat, they had been riding. (=we met after they had finished) When we met Simon and Pat, they were riding. (=we met while they were riding) When I got home, water had been leaking through the roof. (=it was no longer leaking when I got there) When I got home, water was leaking through the roof. (=it was leaking when I got there)

35

Present perfect continuousun gemite gereklemesi durumunda kullanlr. 16

TENSES

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE FORM 1. I ve we iin shall ve shant kullanlabilir. Ancak artk ok nadiren karmza kmaktadr.36
When I retire, I shall/will have more time for painting.37 The stronger we are, the more we shall/will be able to help others.38

USAGE (Kullanm) 1. Anlk kararlarda (decision at the time of speaking)

Im afraid we are lost. Ill stop and ask the way.39 Is that the phone? Dont worry. Ill get it.40 Its late. I think Ill go to bed now.41

2. Gelecee ynelik tahmin, varsaym ve phe iin (prediction)42

I imagine the stadium will be full for the match on Saturday.43 Why not come over at the weekend? The children will enjoy seeing you again.44 Next year, no doubt, more people will enter the competition as the prize money increases.45 Im afraid they wont be able to complete the marathon.46 Probably/possibly/perhaps the company will need new employees.47

3. Szlerde (promise)
Ill be back soon, she promised.48 I guarantee that youll enjoy the party.49

4. gnlllk (willingness)50
Ill check this letter for you, if you want.51 Sam wont go to the dentist. He simply refuses to make an appointment.52 CLUES: PULARI Soon, before long, shortly Next week/month/year etc. Tomorrow John is out, but hell be back soon. (John darda ama az sonra geri gelecek) Could you wait for a while? Ill be with you shortly. (Biraz bekleyebilir misiniz? Az sonra sizinle ilgileneceim) It seems to me that there will be serious conflict before long. (Bana yle geliyor ki ok gemeden/ksa zaman iinde ciddi bir atma olacak)

36 37

Shall ayn zamanda izin ve teklif iin kullanlan bir modaldr ve bu ileviyle hala yaygn olarak kullanlr. Emekli olduumda, resim yapmak iin daha ok vaktim olacak. 38 Ne kadar gl olursak, o kadar dier insanlara yardmc olabiliriz. 39 Korkarm kaybolduk. Durup yolu soracam. 40 alan telefon mu? sorun deil, ben bakarm [Burada gnlllk de var] 41 Ge oldu. Sanrm yatmaya gideceim. 42 I hope, I imagine, I think, I suppose sk sk bu ekilde kullanlr. 43 Sanrm stadyum Cumartesi gnk mata ful olacak. 44 Hafta sonu gelsene. ocuklar seni yeniden grmekten mutlu olacaklardr. 45 Gelecek yl, hi phesiz, para dl artt iin daha fazla insan yarmaya katlacak. 46 Korkarm maratonu bitiremeyecekler. 47 Galiba irketin yeni iilere ihtiyac olacak. 48 Geri geleceim diye sz verdi. 49 Sana garanti veririm ki partiden holanacaksn. 50 Bu daha ok modal olan willdir. rnek anlk karar olarak da yorumlanabilir. 51 stiyorsan senin iin mektubu kontrol ederim. 52 Sam diiye gitmeyecek/gitmeye gnll deil. Randevu almay reddediyor. 17

TENSES He will go to Poland next week. (Gelecek hafta Polonyaya gideceiz)

NOT: Adverbial Clauses of Time ve Conditional Clauselarda will kullanlmaz. a) Adverbial Clauses of Time

After you go another 50 meters, youll see a path to your left.53 When you see Dennis, tell him he still owes me some money.54 55 Wait here until I call you.56 Let me know if he says anything interesting.57 Provided the right software is available, I should be able to solve the problem.58 Ill bring a compass in case we get lost.59

b) Conditional Clauses (if, unless, in case, provided)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE USAGE (Kullanm) 1. Gelecekte belirli bir anda bir mddet boyunca olacak olay iin.
Next Friday, the President will be celebrating ten years in power.60 The plane will be traveling at twice the speed of sound when it passes overhead.61 I will be saying more about that topic in my next lecture.62

2. Gelecekteki olay nceden alnm bir karar veya dzenlemenin bir sonucu olarak vuku bulacanda (previous decision or arangement)
She will be performing every day until the end of the month.63 (part of a schedule) Ill be seeing Tony on Tuesday. Thats when we usually meet.64

Compare present continuous [for future] and future continuous a) Genel olarak ikisi de dzenlenmi veya kararlatrlm gelecekteki iler iin kullanlr. We will be/are leaving for Istanbul at 7.00 in the evening. Professor will be/is giving the first presentation at the conference.

b) Ancak artc ve beklenmedik olaylarda Present Continuous tercih edilir.. Have you heard the news? Dr Radford is leaving. (rather than will be leaving)

CLUES: PULARI This time tomorrow/next week etc.

This time tomorrow, Ill be driving to Bodrum.

53 54

Bir elli metre daha gittikten sonra, sola dnen bir patika greceksin. Emir cmleleri bir iin yaplma(ma)sn istediinden gelecek zamandaki bir eyi talep eder. 55 Dennisi grdnde bana hala biraz borcu olduunu syle. 56 Seni arncaya/arayncaya kadar burada bekle. 57 lgin bir ey sylerse haberim olsun/bana bildir. 58 Doru yazlm saland takdirde problemi zebilirim. 59 Kaybolma ihtimaline karn bir pusula getireceim. 60 Gelecek Cuma bakan iktidarnn onuncu yln kutluyor olacak. 61 Uak stmzden geerken ses hznn iki katnda gidiyor olacak. 62 Gelecek dersimde bu konu hakknda daha fazla ey sylyor olacam/syleyeceim. 63 Ay sonuna kadar her gn gsteri yapyor olacak/yapacak. 64 Sal gn Tonyyi gryor olacam/Tonydeyim. Bu genel grme vaktimiz.. 18

TENSES

Compare Future continuous and will Ann will help us organize the party. Ann will be helping us to organize the party. (=She is willing to help) (a previous arrangement) Will you come to the concert? Will you be coming to the concert? (an invitation) (asking about a possible previous arrangement) Well join you in half an hour. Well be joining you in half an hour. (=I have just decided) (a previous arrangement) SIMPLE FUTURE: decisions, willingness to do things, inviting, promising FUTURE CONTINUOUS: events/actions previously arranged

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE USAGE (kullanm) 1. Gelecekte belirli bir zamanda bitmi olaylar iin kullanlr.
Lets hope the volcanic eruption will have finished before we arrive on the island.65 Although people are now angry about what he did, Im sure this behavior will soon have been forgotten. By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.66 In fifty years time, the population of Turkey will have risen to 100 million.67

2. Bu tense by now ile yksek olaslkl tahmin iin kullanlr.

He will have arrived home by now. (u an itibariyle eve varmtr)

NOT: Bir gelecek zaman zikredilir.

CLUES (PULARI)
When/before /at the time Soon By the time In (a weeks etc) time

65 66

Umalm da biz adaya varmadan nce volkanik patlama bitmi olsun. Past perfect (continuous) + by the time + simple past future perfect (continuous) + by the time + present (perfect) 67 50 yl ierinde, Trkiyenin nfusu 100 milyona km olacak. 19

TENSES

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS USAGE (kullanm) 1. Gelecekte belirli bir zamanda bir mddet davam edip bitmi olaylar iin
On Saturday, we will have been living in this house for a year. Next year I will have been working in the company for 30 years.

NOT: Gelecekte bir zaman ve bir periyot zikredilir. NOT: State verbs continuous olmaz.
Next month I will have known Derek for 20 years. (notwill have been knowing..)

GOING TO DO FORM to be going to do USAGE (kullanm) 1. Dzenlenmi VEYA niyetlenilmi gelecek olaylar iin (intended or arranged) Bu ynyle Future Continuous ve gelecek iin kullanlan Present Continuous ile benzeir.
Shes going to make/making a speech at the conference next week. Im tired. Im not going to work/working any more tonight.

2. Gelecee ynelik delilli tahminlerde. Present continuous bu amala kullanlmaz. Will tercih edilmese de kullanlr, zellikle FORMAL ifadelerde.
Look at the sky. I think its going to / will rain soon.68 Scientists say that the satellite is going to / will fall to Earth some time this afternoon.

Compare a. Present Continuous kesin dzenlemelerde (definite arrangement), Going To ise niyetlerde (intention) tercih edilir.
Im still not feeling very well, so I think Im going to see the doctor some time this week. (rather thanI think Im seeing the doctor) Were having a party on Sunday, 12th November. Can you come? (rather thanWere going to have) Im going to town on Saturday. (rather thanIm going to go to) John is going to be a shepherd in the school play next week. (not John is being a shepherd) You are being very selfish. (You are behaving selfishly)

b. going to + go birlemesinden saknlr.

c. going to + be kullanlr, to be being farkl anlamdadr.

3. was/were going to gemite niyetlenilmi/dzenlenmi ancak ounluklagereklememi eylemler iin kullanlr.

68

veya... it will rain soon. 20

TENSES I had bought a new camera. I was going to take pictures during our trip.

21

TENSES

FORM

BE TO DO (I am to do)

1. negatiflerde not todan nce gelir.

You are not to leave. You are to not leave (YANLI)

USAGE (Kullanm) 1. Resmi dzenlemeler, komutlar, talimatler iin kullanlr. will, must veya should gibi anlamlar verir.
Children are not to be left unsupervised in the museum.69 (must) [order/instruction] The medicine is to be taken after meals.70 (should) [instruction] The European Parliament is to introduce a new law on safety at work.71 (will) [official arrangement]

NOT: Bu yapy sadece insanlarca kontrol edilebilecek eyler iin kullanabiliriz. We dont know where the meteorite is going to land. (notthe meteorite is to land)

2. Koullu cmlelerin if-cmleciinde kullanlr ve if cmleciindeki koul salanmak isteniyorsa ana-cmledeki eylem yaplmaldr, eklinde anlam verir. Normal koullu cmlelerde if-cmlecii gerekletiinde ana-cmledeki eylem oluur eklinde anlam vardr.
The law needs to be revised if justice is to be done. (Eer adaletin gereklemesi gerekiyorsa, yasa gzden geirilmeli)72

Compare
Jones needs to improve his technique if he is to win gold at the next Olympics.73 Jones will retire from athletics if he wins gold at the next Olympics.74

69 70

ocuklar mzede balarnda birisi olmakszn braklmamal. Bu ila yemeklerden sonra alnmal. 71 Avrupa Parlamentosu i gvenlii ile ilgili yeni bir yasa karacak. 72 Yada u eviriler teklif edilebilir: Eer adalet salanacaksa, yasa gzden geirilmelidir. Eer adaletin salanmas isteniyorsa, yasa gzden geirilmelidir Eer adalet salanmal ise yasa gzden geirilmeli) 73 Eer gelecek olimpiyatlarda altn madalya kazanmak istiyorsa Jones tekniini gelitirmelidir. 74 Gelecek olimpiyatlarda altn madalya kazanrsa Jones atletizmden emekli olacak. 22

TENSES

GEMTEN GZKEN GELECEK (The future seen from the past) The future from now
The new computer will arrive next week. I am going to grow tomatoes and carrots this summer. Im collecting my mother from the station this afternoon. As its raining, I think Ill be going home by taxi. The exam will have finished by 3 oclock, so Ill see you then. The Prime Minister has announced that there is to be an election on may 1st. The workers are to be transferred to a new factory on the outskirts of town. The performance is about to82 begin. Please take your seats, ladies and gentlemen.

The future from the past

Our computer was broken and we hoped the new one would arrive soon.75 During the winter I decide that I was going to grow tomatoes and carrots when the summer came.76 I left the meeting early because I was collecting my mother at 3.30.77 Jane she said that she would be going home by taxi because of rain.78 The exam was so easy that most people would have finished after 30 minutes.79 I was on holiday in Greece when I heard there was to be an election back home.80 She was given a tour of the factory where she was later to be transferred.81 The performance was about to begin when someone started screaming.83

Compare Was/were to do ST vs was/were to have done ST Was/were to do ST gereklemi olaylar iin kulanlrken, was/were to have done ST dzenlenmi veya planlanm ancak gereklememi olaylar iin kullanlr.
At the time she was probably the best actor in the theater company, but in fact some of her colleagues were to become much better known.84 He was to find out years later that the car he had bought was stolen.85 I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.86 There was to have been a ban on smoking in restaurants, but restaurant owners have forced the council to reconsider.87

75 76

Bilgisayarmz bozulmutu ve ksa zaman ierisinde yenisinin geleceini umuyorduk. Yaz geldiinde domates ve havu yetitireceime kn karar vermitim. 77 Annemi 3.30da karlayacak olduumdan toplanty erken terk ettim. 78 Jane kendisi yamur yadndan eve taksiyle gideceini syledi. 79 mtihan o kadar kolayd ki insanlarn ou yarm saat sonra bitirmi olacakt. 80 Arkada anavatanda seim olacan duyduumda Yunanistanda tatildeydim. 81 Daha sonra transfer edilecei fabrikay dolatrlyordu. 82 to be about to: e zere olmak [I am about to finish: Bitirmek zereyim.] 83 Birisi lk atmaya baladnda gsteri balamak zereydi. 84 Zamannda tiyatro firmasnn muhtemelen en iyi oyuncusuydu ancak iin gerei meslektalar (ileride) daha mehur olacaklard. 85 Satn ald arabann alnt olduunu yllar sonra renecekti. 86 Bana gsteride yardm edilecekti ama bir gn nce gribe yakalandm. 87 Lokantalarda bir sigara ime yasa olacakt ama lokanta sahipleri konseye konuyu yeniden gzden geirme hususunda bask yapt. 23