1

CHAPTER 1: ATOMS, MOLECULES AND STOICHIOMETRY Exercises 3 (A) Calculation involving reacting masses: 1. What mass of magnesium would react completely with 16.0 g of sulphur? Mg (s) + S (s) MgS (s) (12.1 g)

2. What mass of oxygen would be produced by completely decomposing 4.25 g of sodium nitrate? 2 NaNO3 (s) 2 NaNO2 (s) + O2 (g) (0.80g) 3. A mixture containing 2.00 g of iron and 2.00 g of sulphur is heated together, what mass of iron(II) sulphide, is produced? Fe (s) + S (s) FeS (s) (3.15 g) 4. Tin(IV) oxide is reduced to tin by carbon. Carbon monoxide is also formed according to the equation: SnO2 + 2C Sn + 2CO Calculate the mass of carbon that exactly reacts with 14.0 g of tin(IV) oxide. Give your answer to 3 significant figures. (0.186g)

(B) Calculations involving solutions and concentrations: The concentration of an aqueous solution may be expressed either as: (a) mass of solute per dm3 of solution (g dm-3) or (b) mole of solute per dm3 of solution (mol dm-3) n C = ---V C = concentration of solution ( mol dm-3) n = no. of moles of solute V = volume of solution (dm3)

OR

n=CxV

Q: Calculate the concentration of the solution (in g dm-3 and mol dm-3 ) obtained by dissolving 4.5g of glucose, C6H12O6, in water to make 250 cm3 of solution.

When a given solution is diluted, the no. of moles of solute remains unchanged after dilution. Q: If 10.0 cm3 of a 3.00 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is dilute with water to give 250 cm3 , what is the concentration of the diluted solution in mol dm-3 ? no. of moles before dilution = no. of moles after dilution

ksl/atoms,molecules/AS

Ex: 1. Calculate the amount of solute (in moles) in each of the following solutions: (a) 4.00 dm3 of 5.00 mol dm-3 NaOH. (b) 1.00 dm3 of 2.50 mol dm-3 HCl (20) (2.5)

2. Calculate the mass of solute in the following solutions: (a) 1.00 dm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 NaCl. (b) 500 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm-3 CaCl2. (5.85g) (55.55 g)

3. The table below indicates the masses of various compounds that were used to prepare the solutions of the stated volume. Calculate the concentration of these solutions in g/dm3 and mol dm-3 Compound (a) AgNO3 (b) KIO3 (c) Pb(NO3)2 Mass / g 8.50 10.7 11.2 Volume / cm3 1000 250 50 (0.0500) (0.200) (0.677)

(C) Problems on titrations: 1. In an experiment, 20.0 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm-3 KOH reacted with 26.0 cm3 of HCl solution. Calculate the concentration of the HCl solution in (a) mol dm-3 (0.154) and (b) g dm-3. (5.62)

2. A solution contains 4.90 g of H3PO4 per dm3. Calculate the volume of 0.125 mol dm-3 KOH required to react with 25.0 cm3 of H3PO4 solution according to the equation: 2KOH + H3PO4 K2HPO4 + 2H2O (20.0 cm3)

ksl atoms,molecules/AS

(D) Calculations Involving Reacting Masses: Excess reagents: reagents that are in excess (not completely used up) of the stoichiometric amount required for the reaction as indicated by the balanced equation. Limiting reagent: completely used up at the end of the reaction and it determines the yield of the reaction. Theoretical yield: the maximum amount of a product that can be obtained in a reaction from the given amount of reactants according to the equation. Actual yield : less amount obtained actually due to incomplete reaction or product loss during the reaction. Actual yield % yield = ------------------------ X 100 Theoretical yield Eg: Calculate the percentage yield when 31 g of methyl salicylate are obtained from 50 g of salicylic acid and a equimolar amount of methanol. C7H6O3
Salicylic acid

+ CH3OH

C8H8O3

H2O

methyl salicylate

Ex: 1. 29.5g of ethanoic acid were obtained from the oxidation of 25.0 g of ethanol. What % yield does this represent according to the following equation? CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3CO2H + H2O 2. The roasting of Siderite ore, FeCO3, produces iron III oxide: 4 FeCO3 + O2 - 2 Fe2O3 + 4 CO2

a) A 15.0 g FeCO3 sample is 42% pure. What mass of Fe2O3 can the sample produce? (4.34g) b) A second sample of FeCO3, with a mass of 55.0 g, is roasted so as to produce 37.0 g of
Fe2O3. What is the percentage purity of FeCO3? (97.6%)

c) A 35 g sample of pure FeCO3 produces 22.5 g of Fe2O3. What is the percentage yield of the
reaction? (93.3%)

d) What mass of siderite ore with a purity of 62.8 % is needed to make 1.00 kg of Fe2O3?

4
(2.31 X 103g)
ksl atoms,molecules/AS