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COMPLETE REPORT
*connectedthinking
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Foreword
The Ministry of Power, Government of India has envisaged a capacity addition of 78,577 MW and 86,500 MW in the 11th and 12th Plan period respectively. A corresponding plan for new investment and R&M is also conceived for the Transmission and Distribution segments in line with the National Electricity Plan and the Integrated Energy Policy. This accelerated pace of capacity addition is expected to create a significant demand for electrical equipments and services in the years to come. IEEMA has engaged PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a study on the demand for electrical equipments in the various segments of the power sector viz Generation, Transmission & Distribution and power intensive industries over the period 2008-2017. PwC has conducted this study across central sector entities and selected state utilities assessing their capital expenditure/ capacity addition plans in the next 5 10 years. Interactions were held with 25 power intensive industries to understand their requirement of electrical equipment. The study also covers segregation of demand for T&D equipments across Greenfield (i.e. Capacity expansion related requirement) & R&M requirements (Revamping & Modernization which includes all replacement requirements). We were guided by respective division chairmen of IEEMA for each product category covered under the scope of this study. We are thankful to the following personnel/ organizations for sparing time out for this study and providing us with their valuable inputs.
Jitendra U. Mamtora, Chairman - Transformer Division Mustafa Wajid, Chairman Capacitor Division Rajiv Gupta, Chairman Transmission Lines Division S.C. Sarkar, Chairman Meter Division S.B. Gupte, Chairman Switchgear Division Vijay P. Karia, Chairman Cable Division
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Foreword
Central Sector & IPPs MoP, CEA, NTPC, NHPC, REC, NREB, PFC, NPCIL, PTC, PGCIL, MNRE, REL, TPC, Suzlon, Lanco, GMR, Torrent Delhi - NDPL, DTL; Haryana - HPGCL, HVPNL, UHBVNL, DHBVNL; Gujarat - GUVNL, GETCO, GEDA, MGVCL, UGVCL, Torrent Power; Rajasthan - RRVUNL, RRVPNL, JDVVNL, JVVNL, AVVNL; Assam ASEB Holding Co.; Maharashtra MSEDCL, MSPGCL, MSETCL; West Bengal WBSEDCL, WBSETCL, WBPDC; Punjab PSEB; Madhya Pradesh MP Genco, MPPKVVCL, MPMKVVCL; Andhra Pradesh AP Genco, AP Transco, APSPDCL; Uttar Pradesh UPPCL; Chattissgarh CSEB; Kerala KSEB, Karnataka KPTCL; Uttaranchal PTCUL, Tamil Nadu TNEB. Arvind Mills; IOCL; Railways (CORE); Western Coast Paper Mill; Gujarat Ambuja; Hindalco; IIFCO; Dwarikesh Sugar Industries Ltd.; Bhilai Steel Plant, SAIL; Bhilwara, LNJ; Maruti Udyog Ltd.; Bokaro Steel Plant, SAIL; Dhampur Sugar, Bijnor; Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd.; Vikram Ispat; Aditya Cement, Adityapur; National Fertilizers Limited, Panipat; JK Paper Mill, Raigad; Hero Honda, Daruheda; Century Pulp & Pater, Nainital; Eicher Motors, Indore; GSK, Sonepat; Indo Gulf Fertilizers, Binani Cement.
Industries
As per the terms of reference for this study we have also identified major technology trends that are expected to impact the electrical equipments industry in the next 5 10 years. Also, a web based survey has been conducted targeting manufacturers of electrical equipments, soliciting information so as to understand sales of T&D equipments across various industries and power sector utilities. This information was also used for benchmarking of Indian manufacturers vis--vis global manufacturers. This study is limited in its scope to cater to Indian market only and no projections have been made for export markets that might be supplied/ tapped by Indian manufacturers.
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Foreword
The product categories covered under the scope of this study includes various power transmission and distribution equipments which are predominantly consumed in the power sector. This does not include all electrical equipments manufactured by various IEEMA members. The following tables provides an insight into the equipment categories and sub-categories covered under the scope of this study. Product Category TLT & Conductors Transformers Current Transformers Potential Transformers Lightning Arrestors Circuit Breakers Cables Capacitors Energy Meters GIS SCADA Inclusions All TLT & Conductor requirement in Lines & Substations in power sector Distribution & Power Transformers CTs of 11 KV & above used in power sector PTs of 11 KV & above used in power sector LAs of 11 KV & above used in power sector CBs of 11 KV & above used in power sector Exclusions Requirement for Telecom & other towers All Special types of transformers required in various Industries LT CTs and other Special types for Industries Special types for Industries Special types for Industries LT ACBs, MCBs etc. which are consumer end products and Domestic Wise, Telecom sector cables and
Control Cable, Service Line Cables and power Cables (LT, HT & EHT) required in the power sector LT, HT Power Capacitors used in the T&D systems in Special types for Industries power sector
Meters used by power utilities for consumer metering, Special types for Industries, Sub-meters used sub-station metering and DT metering by various entities Only T&D application in power sector Special types for industries Only T&D application in power sector Special types for industries
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Objective
Demand assessment: Assessment of requirement of identified electrical equipments for 2007-17 Segmentation: (A) Demand across value chain of power sector (G, T & D segments) and core industries (B) Segregating demand against Greenfield requirements and replacement/ R&M Technology Trends: Assessing technology trends across identified electrical products Electrical Equipments Market Assessment
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USA Switzerland
Philippines
Congo
Sri lanka
Industrialized Countries
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through 2031-32 and to meet the lifeline energy needs of all citizens, India needs, at the very least, to increase its primary energy supply by 3 to 4 times and, its electricity generation capacity/supply by 5 to 6 times of the 2003-04 levels. The following factors also in line with the economy growth are expected to impact the T&D equipments requirement significantly: Urbanization; increased population density, lack of space, aesthetics etc. Rural Development; lifeline consumption, access to all Manufacturing Sector growth
bundling
of
SEBs,
Power
Trading,
de-licensing
of
Generation etc. have improved the investment scenario & the focus on transmission & distribution business in the power sector after the advent of the EA, 2003. Further initiatives and developments shall play a vital role.
Regulatory Environment: ABT at Grid level, Adoption of
MYT framework are expected to bring in transparency & predictability to the power sector development scenario.
Private Sector Participation:
Competitive bidding in generation JV/ Independent co. route in Transmission Private Discom/ Franchisee route in Distribution
GoIs vision for development of the power sector in the foreseeable future.
Technological Developments: Efficiency improvements , Govt. Schemes: For development of the power sector the GoI
has introduced the APDRP targeting loss reduction initiatives in Urban areas & RGGVY targeting village & rural household electrification. warming scenario & wider applicability/ impact of the Kyoto protocol might impact equipment requirements in the future.
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Generation, Transmission & Distribution can be further sub-classified based on their ownership status: Central Sector Utility State Sector Utility Private Sector Utility JV Projects/ Utilities
T&D Equipments may need T&D Equipments for the following two purposes: Greenfield Requirements: New Capacity, including Capacity Addition etc. Replacement Requirements Revamping & Modernization (R&M) etc.
Within each equipment category there is further
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Expected Growth
Expected Growth in Requirement (Power Sector) 10 Year Outlook
Equipment Category TLT (MT) Transformers (MVA) Current Transformers (3Ph. Sets) Potential Transformers (3Ph. Sets) Lightning Arrestors Circuit Breakers (Nos) Conductors (MT) Cables (Kms) Capacitors (MVAR) Meters (Nos) Sub-Category TLT Hardware Distribution Transformers Power Transformers 11kV & 33kV HV & EHV (66kV & above) 11kV & 33kV HV & EHV (66kV & above) 11kV 33kV & above MV Breakers (11kV&33kV) HV & EHV (66kV & above) Conductor HV & EHV Power Cables LT Power Cables LT Capacitors Shunt Cap. (11kV & above) Single phase meters Poly-phase meters Conservative 13% 7% 8% 7% 17% 11% 20% 10% 19% 7% 12% 5% 13% 9% 7% 15% 11% 9% Projected CAGR FY08-17 Realistic 15% 9% 10% 9% 19% 14% 21% 11% 21% 9% 14% 7% 15% 11% 10% 17% 13% 10%
Planned 18% 11% 12% 11% 20% 16% 23% 13% 23% 11% 16% 9% 17% 13% 12% 19% 14% 13%
Note: The projected compounded annual growth rates (CAGR) are in terms of quantitative requirements for power sector only.
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Contents Chapter Previous plans & achievements Future Plans up to 2017 Scenario Building Demand Assessment for 2007-17 Expected Requirement in Core Sector Industries Benchmarking of Indian Manufacturers Technology Trends Limitations of the Study List of Personnel Interviewed in Field Survey Annexure Page No. 12 16 25 28 51 54 57 67 69 71
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the country. Delay in getting the super critical technology has also led to slippages for certain plants.
Delays in placing orders for main plant & equipment. Financing constraints & Non-availability of Escrow cover for private
sector projects
Certain projects could not take off due to bleak gas availability
scenario.
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MVA MVA
80,965 1,15,665
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Further the following resolutions in the policy shall strongly impact the power equipments sector:
Generation capacity addition of more than 1,00,000
MW during 2002-12.
Focus on Hydro: 50,000 MW Hydro Initiative Harnessing Lignite, Natural Gas and Imported coal Need to significantly increase Nuclear energy share in
units by 2012.
Minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit/household/day as a merit
overall capacity
Robust and integrated power system for the country. Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone (REDB) of at
Sector.
Protection of consumers interests.
least 1 sub-station of 33/11 or 66/11 KV in every block, 1 Distribution Transformer in every village and electricity supply to every household on demand.
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already under construction (62%); Out of the total hydro power projects (where the gestation period is high) 87% are under construction.
Increased Private sector participation: UMPP initiative taken by the government has raised private
sector interest, 2 out of 9 projects planned for Sasan & Mundra have already been awarded to Tata Power Co. Ltd. & Reliance Energy Ltd. respectively.
Setting up of Merchant Power Plants has been allowed by the
In order to meet the energy requirement of 1,038 BU and a peak load of 1,52,746 MW an additional capacity of nearly 82,500 MW shall be required during the 11th plan. Thus, a capacity addition of 78,577 MW of which 50.7% is in the central sector, 35.6% is in the state sector and 13.7% is in the private sector has been planned. Out of this 200 MW has already been commissioned and 48,955 is under construction.
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The information collected during this study from various power generation companies & states includes numerous projects where there is very inadequate preparedness and such projects are most likely to be shifted to the 12th Plan. For instance:
In Maharashtra 2,750 MW is under construction, LOA is being placed
for many of the projects is yet to commence. The CEAs/ MoPs plan of 78,577 MW capacity addition in 11th Plan is much better placed in terms of likelihood of achievement.
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The plan includes schemes for evacuation of power from upcoming generation plants & associated Independent Private Transmission Company (IPTC) regional system strengthening. The focus of the Route, wherein 100 percent equity shall be owned by the developments in the transmission sector in the 11th private entity. Certain large projects have already been plan is creation of a National Grid. It is planned to add identified for which bidding is being conducted by REC & inter-regional capacities of 23,600 MW, at 220 KV and PFC. above level by 2012, thus increase the total interregional capacity to 37,700 MW. Determination of transmission tariffs for encouraging investments.
Joint Venture (JV) Route, wherein the CTU/STU shall own at least 26% equity and the balance shall be contributed by the Joint Venture Partner (JVP). After achieving success in Tala project (with Tata Power) PGCIL has identified two more projects (estimated to cost Rs. 1,275 Crore) under this route. Solicitation process for these has already commenced.
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95,379 1,74,409
* 66 KV Lines & MVA included in Transmission **Plan for FY 08 FY 09 ***MVA has been estimated from No. of S/Stn.
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urban areas, the Abraham Committee on restructuring of APDRP has recommended that the APDRP should be continued in the 11th Plan, with certain changes.
Rural Areas: RGGVY aims at providing access to electricity to all
88,000 1,10,000
villages & 3 lakh hamlets in the Phase-1 by 2009 with an outlay of Rs. 24,000 Cr. In the Phase-2 access to all rural households will be provided by 2012 with an outlay of additional Rs.16,000 Cr. Underdeveloped states where maximum work is required are being given priority under RGGVY.
Public Private Participation: In rural/ high loss areas franchisee
models are being evolved to ensure focussed, continual and equitable development of electricity infrastructure.
Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG): In remote areas
affordability of power.
Improving customer service.
stand alone systems as per the provisions of the Electricity Act, 2003 will be developed.
North Eastern & Backward States: Cheaper Rural Infrastructure
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Development Funds (RIDF) available with NABARD shall be provided to these states.
11 KV LT 33 KV 27,299 12,554 54,958 7,293 4,250 4,300 3,670 11,283 1,50,499 1,07,537 13,830 61,652 1,31,936 5,000 30,000 10000 9,050 20,550 39,800
Transformers (MVA) Capacitors 33/11 KV DT (MVAR) 1,377* 68,751* 40,195* 3,149 1,390 917 180 707 2,768 7,706 5,954 9,257 964 300 1,500 5,024 1,850 19,400 1,000
As per the information collected from various states the primary sources of funding in the distribution segment shall be the ongoing RGGVY & the APDRP. The focus of power distribution companies in the next 5 10 years will be on:
Village & rural household electrification Segregation of agricultural load/ feeders Providing HVDS/ LT ABC Schemes in
high loss areas. metering, distribution transformer metering & Agricultural consumer metering. Replacing old electromechanical meters with static.
Providing shunt capacitors for power Feeder
planning in terms of physical targets, financing plans, robust implementation plans and effective project monitoring mechanisms. Out of the states visited 7 Discoms/ states have shared their physical plans with us as above.
NDPL has prepared a Capex plan of Rs. 645 Cr. over the next 4 years. In Haryana UHBVNL & DHBVNL have planned a total outlay of Rs. 6,577 Cr.
factor improvement.
Improving power quality & consumer
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the Govt. can undertake the clearances etc. for quicker financial closure.
Relaxation in Companies (Issue of Share Capital with Differential Voting
Rights) Rules, 2001, for issuing Equity Shares with Differential Voting Rights.
Equity support by State Governments through Budget Allocation Sector Specific Funds
Scheme for Financing Viable Infrastructure Projects Specialized Debt Funds for Infrastructure Financing
State, 50%
Venture Fund/ Private Equity Fund (PE) Development of Primary Markets for Bonds and Corporate Debt
Central, 29%
Hydro Power Viability Fund Viability Gap Fund (for Remote areas)
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Scenario Building
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Scenario Building
Plan, Realistic & Conservative Scenarios
This report derives the demand for T&D equipments from the central, state and private sector plans across Generation, Transmission & Distribution segments in the Power sector. Based on the information collected from the CEA & MoP regarding the country level plans for the 11th & 12th plan periods and the information collected during various interactions held with central & state level entities we have developed the following three scenarios of development in the power sector. Similar achievements have been taken for the 12th plan also after adding the under achievement in the 11th plan to the 12th plan under each scenario. Requirement for electrical equipments have been calculated separately for each of these scenarios.
Segment
Conservative Capacity under construction in Thermal, Hydel & Nuclear; & 50% of planned co-gen capacity has been considered. Plan has been broken into two parts* Part 1 is linked to generation capacity addition while Part 2 is linked to past CAGR (5 year) Sub-Transmission & Distribution Lines and Sub-station capacities is based on past CAGR (5 year)
Realistic Projects which have already been awarded through competitive bidding & construction is yet to begin have been taken, Cogen achievement at 75% of plan has been taken
Plan
Generation
As per plan
Transmission
Plan has been broken into two parts* - Part 1 is linked to generation capacity addition while Part 2 is linked to mean of conservative and plan scenarios As per plan
Distribution
*Part 1 linked to generation evacuation (58%) and Part 2 linked to strengthening (42%)
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Scenario Building
Plan, Realistic & Conservative Scenarios
The scenarios as detailed earlier have been converted to capacity addition envisaged under each scenario for the 11th & the 12th Plan periods. The capacity addition has then been used for deriving the demand for T&D equipments. Parameter Generation Generation Capacity Addition Transmission Transformation MVA 765 KV HVDC 400 KV 220 KV 132 KV Distribution Sub-Station (i) 66 or 33/11 KV (ii) 11/0.4 KV Units Conservative 12th Plan 11 Plan
th
MW
54,459
84,007
65,274
95,676
90,257
99,040
MVA MVA
87,059 125,127
95,765 137,639
108,004 143,205
118,804 157,525
130,000 162,000
143,000 178,200
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0%
20%
40% Greenfield
60% R&M
80%
100%
* The above value for production FY06-07 is the TLT used in power sector in India, net of exports and imports. It does not include TLT being used in any other industry.
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HVDC 400 KV 220 KV 132 KV 66 KV 33 KV 11 KV LT 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Greenfield R&M 70% 80% 90% 100%
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The anticipated demand for sub-stations has also been added to the insulator demand shown in the table. The sub-station requirement may include other types of insulators while it has been shown together with disc insulators.
0%
20%
40% Greenfield
60% R&M
80%
100%
Most of the disc insulators are produced by the unorganized sector. So there is a lack of authenticated production data, thus growth projections based on current production is not feasible
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0%
20%
Greenfield
40%
R&M
60%
80%
100%
Power Transformer and Dist. Transformer for providing connections to HT consumers is included in the assessed demand for FY08-17.
* All transformers of 66 KV & 33 KV / 11 KVup to 10MVA have been taken as distribution Transformers. The above production & demand projection does not include exports & Transformers procured by industries other than power sector.
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The high growth rate in the next 5 years for MV breakers can be attributed to the RGGVY and huge R&M requirements in the distribution system.
*The production figures are net of import and exports & represent production consumed in Indian power utilities *11kV & 33kV production figure does not include CBs consumed in industries other than power sector.
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60%
R&M
80%
100%
The demand for Isolators is directly linked with the demand for circuit breakers. The trend in circuit breaker demand will also reflect in the isolator demand.
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However, it is worthwhile to note that most of the distribution utilities in India are not opting for supervisory control. Also certain utilities are going for customized/ indigenized solutions depending upon their percieved requirement. The actual investment might differ from the Hyderabad case.
Note: The complete details regarding requirement of SCADA systems by various utilities and also the past production/ sales by manufacturers is not available. The above analysis is incomplete due to insufficient availability of data. In the light of the same the demand needs to be reviewed again once such data is available.
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PGCIL Projects
Urban areas
Note: The complete details regarding requirement of GIS systems by various utilities and also the past production/ sales by manufacturers is not available. The above analysis is incomplete due to insufficient availability of data. In the light of the same the demand needs to be reviewed again once such data is available.
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Greenfield
*The production figures are net of import and exports & represent production consumed in Indian power utilities *11kV & 33kV production figure does not include CTs consumed in industries other than power sector.
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P o t e n tia l T r a n s fo r m e r s - U s a g e P a tt e r n
400k V
220k V
132k V
66 K V
33 K V
11 K V
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60% R & M
70%
80%
90%
100%
G r e e n fi e l d
*The production figures are net of import and exports & represent production consumed in Indian power utilities *11kV & 33kV production figure doe not include PTs consumed in industries other than power sector.
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Greenfield
R&M
* The production figures are net of import and exports & represent production consumed in Indian power utilities.
In the Indian context historically Capacitors have been on low priority of the utilities, but the implementation of the standards of performance by the regulators is expected to impact the future requirement. The high growth rate in demand for capacitors is going to be fueled by the demand from utilities due to the increased peak demand and replacement of the current installed capacity.
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73%
33kV
11kV 6.6/ 3.3 KV Power Cable LT Power Cables (3-Ph) LT Power Cables (1-Ph) LT Control Cables 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Greenfield
R&M
The high growth rate in demand for cables is going to be fueled by the demand from states for R&M of the current installed system and increased usage of cables in place of conductors due to lack of space, control in losses etc.
*All cables above 1.1kV have been considered as HV power cables. The above production data corresponds only to consumption of power cables in the power sector. Also the production is net of export import.
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LA - Usage Pattern
Greenfield
* The above production does not include exports and LAs produced for industries other than power sector.
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The demand for meters is expected to remain good for next 4-5 years. A large flow of enquiries with short delivery time has been observed from various electricity Boards. Although the prospects of the meter industry are improving, the basic underlying problems have not really changed and some of them are actually found to be on the rise. Varying tender specifications, decreasing prices, practically no consideration for quality in the procurement procedures, etc. continue to bother good quality manufacturers.
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100%
Tri-vector
100%
Whole Current Poly-ph
7,101,973 45,492
7,156,312 50,188
7,212,553 56,335
100%
100% -
60%
80%
100%
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Demand for other equipments like Conductors, Insulators and TLT materials etc. which is negligible in comparison to their requirement in power sector has not been assessed. Also the demand shown above includes demand from the Greenfield/ Brownfield capacity expansion related requirement only. Replacement requirement has not been assessed for power intensive industries.
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The per route Kilometre requirement for electrical equipments has been standardized by the Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE) which has pioneered the task of railway electrification in India. The total electrified railway lines in the country is 17,811 route kilometres as on 31st March, 2007. Additional demand for T&D equipments is expected to arise from upcoming metro rail & other urban rapid transportation systems in the coming years which has not been included in the demand assessed.
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Significantly Superior
Superior
Comparable
Automation in Production Training & Development
The Indian manufactures are perceived to be better positioned on the parameters of customer relationship and supply chain with respect to the global manufacturers. On Quality Management somewhat comparable to manufactures. they are the global
Inferior
Significantly Inferior
The Indian manufacturers however need to strengthen the degree of automation in production, R&D and Training expenditure in order to be at par with the global equipment manufacturers.
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Outlook
Conductor
2:ACCR
3:ACCC
Environment/ Safety Cost Operational Efficiency Size & Weight Environment/ Safety Cost Operational Efficiency Size & Weight
Double the current flow with same sag and clearance as ACSR, it is based on HTS Technology. PGCIL is targeting usage of Invar based conductors in XIth Plan. Best suited for India Based on composite technology, Composite conductors are best suited for HV or UHV. ACCC conductors are being used in most cities of US. Due to higher initial cost, this technology is not prevalent in developing countries.
Power Cable
Present Technology: XLPE New Technology: Environment/ Safety 1: HTS (High Cost Temperature Operational Efficiency Super Size & Weight Conducting) Environment/ Safety 2:GIL (Gas Cost Insulated Operational Efficiency Lines)
Size & Weight
The Detroit Edison Co., U.S., in a pilot project had installed HTS technology based power cables producing the world's first 115-kV HTS cable system in 2001. Prevalent in developed countries for city infeed. GIL in comparison to OH lines for HVDC transmission is more economical transmission system. One such Project is at Geneva where ABB has installed 400m section with GIL and rest line is OH for a HVDC line. High cost may limit application in India.
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Outlook Due to cost competitiveness may become popular in India for EHV cables.
Present Technology: Porcelain New Technology: 1: Composite Environment/ Safety Polymer Cost
Operational Efficiency Size & Weight
Insulator
More useful in highly polluted and coastal areas in India Pilot projects of using polymer based insulators in 800 kV UHVDC are in Progress in Ludvika Sweden. Technology has not completely replaced present trend due to high initial cost. Usage is expected to increase in India.
Present Technology: Oil Filled CT/CVT New Technology: Environment/ Safety 1: SF6 Gas Preferred for use at 765kV. Filled Used in India. Cost Better than conventional oil based Instrument Transformers. Instrument Transformer 2: DOIT
Operational Efficiency Size & Weight Environment/ Safety Cost Operational Efficiency Size & Weight
Have been developed and tested upto 400kV, testing is in progress for 800kV and above. CEA is targeting R&D on 132kV DOIT in India. High initial cost, but reduced failure rate might make it popular in India in the coming years.
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Domain
Technology
Outlook
Present Technology: Oil Filled Power Transformer New Technology: Environment/ Safety 1: Dryformer Costly than conventional transformer. Large scale usage not likely in the Indian cost sensitive market. Cost
Operational Efficiency Size & Weight
Rating from 11 MVA 45 KV up to 42 MVA 136 KV. High cost might prohibit usage in India. Lower cost indigenized version be a viable option.
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Comparison with Outlook Existing Technology Present Technology: Oil Impregnated Power Capacitor New Technology: Environment/ Safety 1) Dry Type This technology is prevalent in developed countries and is gaining presence in developing countries like India. Cost
Operational Efficiency Size & Weight Environment/ Safety Cost Operational Efficiency Size & Weight
Better performance on all parameters other than cost might limit application to higher voltages. Usage expected to increase at high voltages.
Substation
Present Technology: Substation Technology New Technology: Environment/ Safety 1:GIS Powergrid owns few GIS based substations, also, in Sub-stations associated with Hydel Plants & in certain densely populated cities GIS Cost is in use. Usage in India is expected to increase manifolds. Operational Efficiency More cost competitive hybrid applications shall be more applicable in Size & Weight the Indian context. Environment/ Safety 3:Integrated Products are available for 170kV and above. Substation area can be Technology reduced significantly. Cost Cost reduction and local manufacturing can make such products Operational Efficiency popular in India.
Size & Weight
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Present Technology: HVAC New Technology: 1: HVAC (765 & 1200 KV)
Environment/ Safety Cost Operational Efficiency Size & Weight
765 KV HVAC already implemented in India, PGCIL is planning to implement 1200 KV HVAC. With UMPP & Increased Inter-regional capacity HVAC is bound to become far more popular.
More economical for longer length. Most targeted technology for bulk power transfer. Usage in India is expected to increase manifolds.
2:HVDC Light
ONGC is in the process of studying feasibility of using HVDC Light from its off shore generations to cater onshore power needs. Usage expected to increase with increased focus on wind and other renewable energy sources of power generation.
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Present Technology: Static meters without Remote Reading New Technology: 1: AMR
Environment/ Safety Cost Operational Efficiency
The utilities in India are implementing AMR and related technologies for high value consumers. Further cost reduction may lead to wide scale application.
Size & Weight Environment/ Safety Cost Operational Efficiency Size & Weight
Outage management and appliance controller as associated equipments help maintaining grid frequency. Prevalent in USA and other Developed countries due to high cost.
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Large and small Intelligent automated customers have access to architecture deployed power markets and realtime information and Real-time, two-way flow of controls information and power Low-cost, small-scale storage Superconducting cables and equipment deployed Fully automated demand response Low cost onsite storage deployed Fully interconnected customers and electric networks
Phase-III Superconducting backbone installed with fault limiters and transformers National Grid in operation 100% of power flows through smart grid with implementation of WAMS and WAP
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Annexure
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ANNEXURE
Annexure 1: Methodology & Assumptions Annexure 2: Demand for Equipments in Power Intensive Industries Annexure 3: Demand for Electrical Equipments in Railways Annexure 4: Field Survey Data: Benchmarking Annexure 5: Web Based Survey Data: Benchmarking Annexure 6: Major Technological Trends Annexure 7: Utilities Field Survey Report (Annexed Separately)
R&M:
For
available in the Working paper on 11th plan and information provided by CEA.
For Calculating the equipment requirement for the capacity addition in thermal power plants we have used the unit wise norms as used by CEA in the document named Requirement of Equipment & Material for Development of Power Sector. While Scaling down with respect to various scenarios we have used unit wise
details for each size of unit to arrive at the equipment requirement. Hydel Power Plants:
For Hydel power plants the overall equipments as given for the planned scenario
R&M the life of T&D equipments has been considered as 25 years, the same norm as used for upcoming plants has been used for estimating quantum of installed equipments.
12th Plan:
The achievements under each
has been reduced in the ratio of achievement of capacity in MW as applicable to different scenarios.
Switchyard equipments requirement has been considered similar to Thermal
power plant related switchyards, but the upper voltage limit has been kept at 220KV. Nuclear, Wind etc:
For Nuclear power plants equipment requirement has been taken similar to
scenario in the 12th Plan have been taken similar to the 11th Plan achievement.
For
each of the scenarios developed we have added the non-achievement in the 11th plan to the 12th plan.
plants, the average capacity of these plants has been assumed as 50 MW.
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Annexure - 1
Scenarios - Distribution
R&M:
For R&M the life of T&D equipments has been considered
addition and system strengthening. So, the financial break-up of the transmission plan has been used to bifurcate the plan into 58% for Generation linked works & 42% for other works like inter-regional/ regional capacity, system strengthening etc. The generation linked and strengthening linked portions are then dealt separately to derive equipment demand. R&M:
For R&M the life of T&D equipments has been considered
as 20 years, the same norm as used for upcoming plans has been used for estimating quantum of installed equipments.
12th Plan:
The achievements under each scenario in the 12th Plan
as 25 years, the same norm as used for upcoming plants has been used for estimating quantum of installed equipments. 12th Plan:
The 12th Plan has been developed by increasing the 11th
66 KV Plan:
Since 66 KV level plan is missing which is in use in many
Transmission plan in the same ratio as that of the 12th Plan for generation. For each of the scenarios we have added the non-achievement in the 11th plan to the 12th plan.
states for sub-transmission, the same has been included in proportion to the 33 KV present capacity.
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The planned circuit KM at each voltage level as taken from state and centre level plans forms the basis for estimation of conductor and TLT estimation. Total estimation has been done using the standard parameters as given at each voltage level.
Conductor
Voltage LT 11 KV 33 KV 66 KV 132 KV 220 KV 400 KV HVDC 765 KV Type Drake Drake Coyote Panther zebra moose moose moose bersimis Kgs/ Km 150 150 521 974 1622 1998 1998 1998 1998
Disc Insulators
For estimation of conductor in tons, standard weights for each type of conductor as provided by IEEMA have been used. For disc insulators, no distinction has been made in kN levels or different voltage levels.
Voltage 800 kV 400 kV 220 kV 132 kV 66 kV 33kV 11kV Discs/ String 20 15 15 11 6 3 1 Strings/ Phase/ Tower 6 6 3 3 2 2 2
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LT Power Cables: Based on our understanding and information collected from field visits, the following major assumptions have been used:
We have assumed that each new connection being released on LT
13.1%
5.6%
6.7%
taken as 10 meters for a new connection case & 6 meters for a meter replacement case.
Prudent norms have been adopted for Generation, Transmission &
6.0%
We have used the information collected from various field visits made during this study to project the future requirement of Power Cables. To be on the modest side we have used the overall cable % i.e. 6% for 11 & 33 KV cables on the total circuit kilometers being added under each scenario. For every voltage above 33 KV we have multiplied the cable: overall circuit kilometer percentage by a factor of 0.5 progressively owing to higher cost at higher voltages.
been adopted.
For Transmission : 765/400kV SS 200 kms,
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Based on following data from various states: Average rating of 33/11kV Transformer: 5MVA No. of 33/11kV Transformers calculated based on Planned MVA and average rating given above No. of 66kV Transformer and CB: 15% of 33kV of Transformer & CB No. of 11kV feeders per 66 or 33kV Transformer: 6 Norms for calculation: 33kV CB: 5 CB per 2 Transformers of 33kV 66kV CB: 5 CB per 2 Transformers of 66kV 11kV CB: 3 times 33kV & 66kV combined
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Lightning Arrestors
Generation 132kV and above 11kV, 33kV & 66kV Transmission Distribution LAs for 132kV and above not considered in distribution 765kV & 400kV 1 set per Bay (one & half breaker Scheme) 220kV 1 set per bay (2 main and Transfer Scheme)
132kV 1 set per bay (Main and Transfer Scheme) Standard CEA norms for number of 11kV, 33kV and Number of CB taken as input equipment per Generation unit of 66kV not considered Norm for calculation: 66 KV LA: 1 Set per CB Thermal, Hydel and other stations. in Transmission 33 KV LA: 2 No. per CB Norm for Calculation: 1Set per 2 No. 11kV LA: 5 times 66kV & 33kV equipment + 1 Set CB for each voltage level -11kV, 33kV per Non REC distribution transformer
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Calculated number of Circuit Breakers considered as input Norm for calculation: 2 Sets per CB for each voltage level (11kV, 33kv, 66kV)
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LT Power Capacitors:
Since most of the states have introduced KVAH billing
Northern Region in relation to the maximum demand (MW) in the northern region has been used to calculate the overall capacitor requirement in the country for FY 08 by scaling it up using the maximum demand (MW) in the country. The breakup under Greenfield & R&M has been kept similar as in the NREB plan.
Assuming a load growth of 10% per annum the requirement
for industrial consumers, it has been assumed that Discoms will only put capacitors in the ratio of the load of Load other than Industries (35%) to the total connected load in the system.
To be on the conservative side it has been assumed
that LT MVAR capacity similar to 35% of last years production is still operational in the Discoms systems.
For additional requirement 1/3 of MVA capacity addition
for future years has been arrived at the planned requirement. The planned requirement has been scaled down using the overall achievement of the plan to arrive at the shunt capacitor requirement under each scenario.
at distribution transformer level has been considered. R&M requirement on annual basis has been considered as 10% of installed capacity considering a modest lifetime of 10 years for LT Capacitors.
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Conservative Realistic 10 Year CAGR 20 Years 10 Years 10 Years 5 Years 12.5 20 years Years
Plan
80%
5 Years
With respect to usage/ application of meters we have assumed the usage w.r.t. consumer categories/ other applications based on information available from different states/ collected during field visits conducted during this study. For Energy audit requirement of meters also the total requirement has been considered as 140% number of 11 KV feeders which based on information collected from sample states during this study.
the number of installed ABT meters with respect to the installed generation capacity by different entities during our field visits made during this study.
Overall ABT meter base & future requirement has been calculated using meters/ MW installed capacity.
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Equipment Power transformers (MVA) 25kV CB (No.'s) Interrupters (800A, 8KA); (No.'s) Isolators (No.'s) CT (No.'s) PT (No.'s) LA (No.'s)
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Responses
Cost
Technology
Overall
22 9 1 6 16 38
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Category Cables Capacitors Instrument Transformers Meters Switchgears TLT Transformers Total
Responses 3 2 1 4 4 1 2 17
Quality 3 3 4 3 2.75 3 3 3
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Trends Majority of overhead line conductors are non homogeneous (made up of more than one material) having a high-strength core material surrounded by a high-conductivity material. The most common conductor type is the aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR). HTS (High Temperature Superconductor) materials such as ACCR & ACCC are used having property of resisting the annealing effects of high temperatures and capable of carrying two to three times more power than conventional conductors while using existing towers. Key features of new technology Chemically compatible materials Heat-resistant, hardened aluminium outer strands Core stability, even above the rated operating temperature Lighter in weight Not affected by long-term creep of the aluminium Can be operated continuously at high temperatures 180C without damage, and at 200C for short-term durations.
<ACCC >ACSR
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ZT-aluminium conductor steel reinforced (GZTACSR) uses heat-resistant aluminium over a steel core. A small annular gap exists between a high-strength steel core and the first layer of trapezoidal-shaped aluminium strands. conductors even at very high temperature.
The key innovation in ACCR is the core, which is made of a stable inorganic aluminium matrix composite material.
source-CTC corporation
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install than an ACSR. Invar has considerably less mechanical strength than steel making it unsuitable for Ice-loading area. ACCC/TW the compact trapezoidal conductors, has approximately 28% more aluminium cross-sectional area than ACSR or ACSS conductors. The greater aluminium content, combined with the capability to work at high operating temperatures, can double the current carrying capacity of an existing transmission line. In practice
source-CTC corporation
Power loss is minimum in ACCC/TW and ACCR is second best alternative at different Amapcity
ACCR/ACCC conductors are being used in most cities of US. However due to higher initial cost, this technology is not prevalent in developing countries. Invar reinforced conductors are good for Asia.
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Size/Weight
Copper cables with XLPE insulation have been in presence since beginning of electrical cables but it is desirable to transfer maximum current with least losses. Trends started with new HTS (High temperature superconducting) technology which off late has stepped into its superior generation called as HTS 2G. Key features of new technology HTS materials are highly complementary to energy efficient technologies as a substitute for copper.
Power densities of over 100x that of copper.
High losses
Operational Efficiency
In practice The Detroit Edison Co., U.S., in a pilot project had installed HTS technology based power cables producing the world's first 115kV HTS cable system in 2001. In August 2006, American Electric Power (AEP) has installed a 200-m (656-ft) HTS cable at its Bixby Substation.
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Size/Weight
Trends Gas Insulated Transmission Line (GIL) is a means of bulk electric power transmission at extra high voltage, e.g. 400kV, with rated currents up to 4000A. GIL consists of tubular aluminium conductors encased in a metallic tube that is filled with a mixture of SF6 and Nitrogen gases for electrical insulation. Where GIL is installed in combination with Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS), compact solutions can be delivered in order to supply large amounts of electric power to meet the high demand of large cities and industry. Key features of new technology
High transmission capacity
Low transmission losses High reliability For same capacity, resistance in the GIL is 70%
In practice GIL in comparison to OH lines for HVDC transmission is more economical transmission system. In cases where complete GIL is not possible a combination of GIL and OH HVDC can be used. One such Project is at Geneva where ABB has installed 400m section with GIL and rest line is OH.
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Size/Weight
Trends Polypropylene cable insulation has a higher AC breakdown strength than EPR (ethylene propylene rubber) and XLPE (crosslinked polyethylene), both of which are widely used for DC cable insulation. The DC resistivity of Polypropylene cable is larger than that of XLPE and oil-impregnated paper insulations. The electrical stress coefficient of resistivity of Polypropylene cable insulation increases with temperature, which may have important engineering implications. Key features of new technology - SF6 In order to optimize the insulation design of a cold dielectric high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable, the composite insulation system has been investigated according to the arrangement of laminated polypropylene paper (LPP) in liquid nitrogen. LPP is a prominent insulating material with a high dielectric strength and low dielectric loss, which has been used as HTS cable insulating materials, the dielectric properties on composite insulation system according to the arrangement of LPP immersed in LN2 have economic and dielectric performances satisfaction.
Overall Cost
Moderate cost
Lower in cost
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Operational Efficiency
Trends Electrical insulation, depending upon the location of electrical network, often faces harsh environments that include desert, marine and industrial pollution, along with high ambient temperatures resulting in flashover. Porcelain insulator which is at present most prevalent in the industry have high flashover rate, this can be overcome by using new composite polymers offering low flashovers and cutting maintenance cost of insulators. Key features of new technology
Pollution Resistant Seismic Resistant.
Overall Cost
Explosion Resistant. Tensile strength higher then steel despite 75% less
weight
Hydrophobic qualities
In Practice Composite SiR (Silicon Rubber) in a field test of 230 kV line in Saudi Arabia has been proved as more reliable insulator then conventional porcelain. Pilot projects of using polymer based insulators in 800 kV UHVDC have shown positive results. One such pilot project is at Ludvika Sweden. Polymeric insulators are also in use in India in coastal and highly polluted areas.
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Trends Conventional oil-filled CTs and PTs have higher failure rate in service by exploding and burning. Such events might result in extensive damage to adjacent equipment and endanger the safety of substation and switchyard personnel. Overcoming these shortcomings SF6 gas filled instrument transformer has been accepted almost everywhere. Major advantage of gas filled instrument transformer has and will remain in their high voltage rating. Key features of new technology - SF6
Higher reliability with simple internal structure Easy inspection and maintenance work because of
Operational Efficiency
No Ferro resonance, Reduction in failure rate, More Accurate, No magnetic saturation Low(More Capital cost, Less installation cost, Less explosion mitigation cost, Less safety cost , less maintenance cost)
Overall Cost
(GIS)
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The Digital Optical Instrument transformers (DOIT) combine traditional measuring techniques with digital optical signal transmission, allowing a purely non-conducting connection between the transducer part in the switchyard and the interface part in the control room. The DOCT, Digital Optical Current Transformer consists of a transducer in the primary circuit connected by an optical fibre to the interface unit in the control room. In the transducer, the current value is measured with a magnetic current transformer, a shunt or a Rogowski coil. After sampling and conversion into digital form by the DOIT electronics, the current value is transmitted as an optical signal in the fibre to the interface in the control room. Power to supply the DOIT electronics is simultaneously transmitted as laser light from the interface to the transducer, using the same or a separate optical fibre. Key features of new technology-DOIT
source-ABB
In practice NYPA (New York power authority) is gaining firsthand experience with optical instrument devices during both normal and system fault conditions for both the 345- and 765-kV systems before they can be considered as alternatives to conventional instrument transformers at other locations on their system possibly at voltages as high as 765 kV.
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Trends Recent trends in Power Transformers focus on reduction in transformer no load and full load losses in consideration with environment and life time cost. Two new products have been recently launched: Powerformer, a new generator that can be directly connected to the transmission network and an oil free power transformer, Dryformer. The Dryformer is an innovative high-voltage transformer design that eliminates the need for oil by using high-voltage crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) instead of oil/paper in the construction of the transformer windings. The new concept is the result of the marriage of high voltage cable technology and transformer technology. Key features of new technology
Absence of oil Low risk of explosion Can be installed anywhere - close to lakes and
Overall Cost
In Practice Two units having rating 42 MVA, 64/25 KV of Dryformer has been installed at BC Hydro Canada by ABB in 2003.
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Size/Weight
Trends The Powerformer combine the functions of a conventional generator and a step-up transformer. Thus it is a high voltage generator which can be connected directly to the power network without the need of a step-up transformer. The novelty of the new generator concept is the use of proven power cable as stator winding. Although Powerformer is not a transformer, it does away with the necessity for a generator transformer. The conventional generator design is based on rectangular armature slots and conductor bars and the maximum output voltage is limited to the order of 25-30 kV but is usually fixed at around 13.8 kV. In contrast, the Powerformer operates at a relatively high voltage and low current. The new generator has armature windings with a cylindrical cross-section based on proven solid dielectric power cables, like in the Dryformer. Key features of new technology
Solid dielectric power cables no need of step up transformer High voltage low current Reduction in size and number of parts.
Operational Efficiency
High
Overall Cost
In practice The first generator (11 MVA, 45 kV, 600 rpm) to feature this concept was installed in June 1998 at the Porjus hydropower plant in the Swedish national grid. Another generator rated at 136 kV, 42 MVA, 3000 rpm for a thermal power station was commissioned in Autumn 2000 also in Sweden
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Trends Conventional power transformers have copper coil and iron core. With change in voltage heat dissipation takes place in the form of I2R losses. Along with this load loss there is also no load loss in the core of power transformers. Superconducting power transformers uses HTS materials such as BSCCO (Bismuth-Strontium-Calcium-Copper-Oxide) for coils and some transformer design come with features with no core at all. HTS materials have a unique property that they transmit power with absolutely no resistance at some particular temperature. This way superconducting transformers have almost no losses. Key features of new technology
Size/Weight
High initial cost (cost of High coolant is added), for capacity above 10 MVA considerable low LCC can be achieved. Comparison table of New & Conventional technology
In practice American superconducting corp. (AMC), ABB etc are working over HTS transformers. ABB has already installed one HTS distribution transformer in Geneva. Pilot projects of HTS power transformers are in progress. The high initial cost associated with superconducting transformers can be trade off more easily in case of power transformers in long term.
No resistance in coils No use of copper or iron Liquid nitrogen or polyimide film can be used as insulation Heat formation in core is avoided Absolute low losses HTS materials have low weight & high power transmit capacity
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Data recording
Total consumption
Trends Static meters are replacing electromechanical meters because of number of benefits they possess over electromechanical meters. AMR and Pre-paid metering are helping utilities cutting on losses but if we go beyond AMR for further new trends AMI (Advanced metering Infrastructure) is the most promising alternative with extraordinary features such as outage management and use of appliance controllers. Key features of new technology
Primary application
Two way or four quadrant metering DSM (Demand side management) Customer Load Research Turn off appliances Automatic Detection of outage
In Practice Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) enabled Smart meters are in use at major cities of NorthAmerica including California, Pennsylvania, Idaho, Toronto etc. AMR is in installation stage in India with any primary and 110 V secondary voltage.
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Trends Dry type Power capacitors consist of serial- connected capacitor blocks that are stacked on one another in a tubeshaped, silicone-filled casing. The absence of liquid entirely eliminates leakage risks. The outer casing consists of silicone rubber with optimal properties when it comes to climatic and environmental stresses. By use of metallized film, insulated by means of polymers instead of impregnated materials, the capacitors get a dry design, making them environmentally very friendly. In manufacturing, they require neither impregnating fluids nor the use of paint solvents. They have high energy density, which together with their cylindrical shape enables very compact build-up of the DC capacitor bank. Key features of new technology
Liquid free Self healing dielectrics No requirement of fuses
Size/Weight
Low
In Practice Dry type capacitors are emerging as a promising technology trends cutting on losses and kind to environment. This technology is already prevalent in developed countries and gaining presence in developing countries too.
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Trends For achievement of the high internal breakdown strength from a standard capacitor the insulating gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) under operating pressure of 4 bar is used as insulation. Also used, wound insulating tubes of glass fibre reinforced polyester resin provide the high mechanical strength of the pressure vessels, which is moveable on rollers. Key features of new technology
Environment /Safety
Size/Weight
Less weight High (high mechanical strength ) High capital cost, low maintenance cost
Operational Efficiency
Overall Cost
High stability of capacitance Neglect able dielectric loss factor Free of partial discharges Two separate measuring capacitances for parallel Measurements, for instance of voltage and capacitance
Design The electrodes are insulated from each other with SF6 gas. The insulating cylinder also serves as a pressure vessel. It is made of high-grade, fibre-reinforced synthetic resin. The standard capacitors are furnished with a mobile base fitted with easy moving swivel casters. The measuring connections, gas-filling valve and pressure gauge are mounted on the mobile base. The measuring connection is provided with surge arresters. The top electrode allows making corona free connections to other high voltage components.
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Size/Weight
Bigger In size
Operational Efficiency
Moderate
Trends Initial cost of Gas insulated switchgear as compared to Air insulated switchgear is more however high operational efficiency makes it better choice for HV. The advantages of GIS technology over AIS technology are mainly that it offers greater compactness, and insensitivity to pollution, in particular at the busbars. In addition, in order to clean the insulators of a GIS substation, it is generally necessary merely to isolate each bay in turn, whereas in order to clean the insulators of the busbars of an AIS substation, it is necessary to isolate all of the busbars. Key features of new technology A hybrid substation consists in progressively replacing GIStechnology equipment with AIS-technology equipment of equivalent function, starting from the equipment situated in the vicinity of an overhead feeder and going towards the busbars. The optimum configuration that satisfies the above-mentioned objectives consists firstly in equipping the substation with metal-clad (GIS) busbars and disconnectors, and secondly in using conventional AIS technology for the remainder of the equipment.
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Operational Efficiency
High
Trends The recent trends in switchgear technology are towards integrated solutions and thus try to achieve reduction in capital, space and operating cost to achieve efficient life cycle cost solutions. Trends have been in integrating the different equipments into one. Combine functions do come with one threat that if one component fail it will effect the complete chain but a good design do promise life cycle cost cutting, space & environment considerations. Key features of new technology Compact switchgear modules Reduced space requirements Integrated disconnecting function Reduced maintenance requirements Increased availability Motor operating mechanism Motor Drive Just one moving part Integrated constant monitoring No need for preventive maintenance Low noise level
Overall Cost
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Switching module up to 170 kV LTB COMPACT The primary circuits are connected with maintenance free contacts. The disconnecting function is obtained by moving the trolley from service position to disconnected position by means of a motor operated moving device, fully interlocked with the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker trolley can also be removed from the bay temporarily or replaced with another.
Source - ABB
DSCBDSDOCT-
DS
CB
DS
DOCT
Annexure - 6
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Switching module up to 170 kV LTB Combined The LTB combined is based on the LTB standard circuit breaker. The disconnecting function is integrated in the breaking chamber. That means that the circuit breaker fulfills all requirements for a circuit breaker as well as all requirements for a disconnector. A safe interlocking system, composite insulators and a motor driven grounding switch provide personal safety. Key features of new technology
Excellent capacitive switching performance High dielectric strength from optimized contact
Breaker Breaker Disconnector Disconnector Earth switch Earth switch Current Current
transformer transformer Polymer Polymer
Source - ABB
system design Low noise level during open / close operations hence suitable for installation in residential areas High seismic withstand capability due to optimized support structure design
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Source- ABB
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Switching module up to 550 kV PASS (plug & switch system) In air-insulated substations with space restrictions and/or heavy climatic conditions, PASS offers a system solution for minimized erection and delivery time either for retrofit, extensions or green-field projects.
CB
B B 1
B B 2D
S D S E S C B
CT VT
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38% Space reduced by 70% Total life cycle cost less than 60%
Annexure - 6
Trends HVDC Light is a transmission technology based on voltage source converters and insulated gate bipolar transistors that extend the economical power range of HVDC transmission down to just a few megawatts. Besides being a cost competitive alternative to conventional AC transmission and local generation, it also opens up new possibilities for improving the quality of supply in AC power networks.
Size/Weight
Operational Efficiency
Overall Cost
Application Feed main grid from small scale generation Renewables such as wind, hydro Feed low cost energy from main grid Integrate potential local generation with new system as back-up supply Utilize existing rights-of-way
Underground polymer cables Easy permits Connection to passive loads Independent control of active and reactive power flow Short delivery times No special dc transformers
ONGC is planning to install HVDC light to transmit power generated offshore to coastal areas.
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Trends The use of HVDC at 800 kV has been found efficient, environmentally friendly and economically attractive for large point to point power transmissions of the order of 6400 MW and more, with distances of more than 1000 km. Worldwide there is an increasing interest in the application of HVDC at 800 kV. Key features of new technology
Lower investment and lower losses for
Size/Weight
Operational Efficiency
Overall Cost
bulk power transmission Asynchronous interconnections No contribution to Short circuit power Improved transmission in parallel AC circuits Instant and precise power flow control 3 times more power in a ROW than AC Low Losses Low magnetic field
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Source siemens
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Transmission of 6000 MW over 2000 km through 800 KV DC have less losses and other cost then that for other alternatives such as 765 KV AC & 500 KV DC. Although station cost for 800 KV DC comes to be slight higher then that for other alternatives. The reason for increase in station cost is use of high operational efficient equipments such as conductors, polymers, etc which carries high initial cost but carry more power then conventional equipments.
Source- Siemens
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Source- Siemens
Number of lines used and RoW is considerably less in case of 800 kv DC.
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Cost to transmit a unit of power through HVDC is economical then through HVAC. The test shown is done for a distance of 900 km and transmission capacity of 2000 MW. However HVDC promises to be an economical alternative in almost all cases.
Source- Siemens
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Trends Test on single phase 50 HZ l1/0.23kV pole mount distribution transformers with amorphous core and liquid nitrogen filled in transformer tanks shows reduction in losses then using silicon steel with conventional transformer oil. A number of effects have been observed with respect to temperature and the losses associated with the transformers. Liquid nitrogen temperature essentially has no effect on core losses. This is an important result which may indicate that the reduced core material resistivity is balanced by the reduced depth of current penetration. This means that full immersion liquid nitrogen techniques can be considered in power transformer design. Key features of new technology
Size/Weight
Same High (low capacitance, high resonance frequency, low winding losses) High capital cost, low maintenance cost
Operational Efficiency
Overall Cost
Significant reductions in transformer losses can be made if silicon steel is replaced by amorphous steel. The saving in standing losses may pay off the extra 20% capital cost of the transformer. If it is desirable to not use oil as insulation, then the liquid nitrogen offers an alternative. At present, due to cryogenic heat exchanger requirements, this may not be cost competitive.
Low capacitance with the use of liquid nitrogen Low dissipation factor- better insulation High resonance frequency Low winding losses
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Solid Insulation SF6 Gas Free, Oil Free Cycloaliphatic Epoxy insulation Axial Magnetic Design Mechanism Design
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Source
www.stri.se, www.powergridindia.com www.3m.com/accr, www.ctc.com, www.generalcable.com www.generalcable.com www.amsuper.com, www.siemens.com www.tdworld.com , www.power-technology.com www.abb.com/doit , www.tdworld.com www.stri.se, www.tdworld.com www.abb.com/library , www.tdworld.com www.tdworld.com, www.cooperpower.com www.tdworld.com, www.cooperpower.com/library www.stri.se, www.powergridindia.com www.stri.se , www.abb.com/library www.tdworld.com, www.dcsi.com www.tdworld.com www.highvolt.de
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2007 PricewaterhouseCoopers. All rights reserved. PricewaterhouseCoopers refers to the network of member firms of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, each of which is a separate and independent legal entity. *connectedthinking is a trademark of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (US).
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