Data and Computer Communications

Nine Edition by William Stallings

Chapter 1 Data Communications and Networks overview

Communication system
Information source Input transducer Comm. system Output transducer destination n

Transmitter

Channel

Receiver

Comm. System cont.

Transmitter consist of one or more of the following components: filters, amplifiers, A/D ,encoders, modulator, antenna..etc. Channel: physical medium which provide the connection between Tx and Rx. It could be guided or unguided.

Comm. Sys. Cont.

whatever the medium is, the transmitted signal is degraded in random manner during propagation due to distortion, noise, interference. All channels has limited bandwidth and thus limits the data rate . -twisted pair: up to 1MHz -coaxial cable:up to 500MHz Optical fiber: up to 400 THz

Comm. System cont.

Receiver consist of one or more of the following components: filters, amplifiers, D/A, decoders, demodulator, ..etc.

Types of comm. systems

Analog comm. system
Transport analog information using analog modulation techniques (AM,FM,PM).

Digital comm. system.

Transport digital information using digital modulation techniques (ASK,FSK,PSK).

Hybrid comm. system.

1. 2. 3.

Transport digitized analog information using one of the following digital techniques: Analog pulse modulation schemes (PAM,PDM,PPM). digital modulation schemes (ASK,FSK,PSK). Pulse code modulation schemes (PCM,DPCM, ).

Analysis and Design of comm. system

Analysis
Transmission rate, quality of transmission, robustness to noise.

Design
Type of comm. System for given application, performance requirements, resources, constraints ( Time-bandwidth, noise limitation, equipment limitation).

Analysis and Design of comm. System cont.

Design efficient utilization of the two primary resources of comm. System, namely: transmitted power (SNR) and channel bandwidth.

Analysis and Design of comm. System cont.

Limitation imposed on the transmission rate by channel bandwidth B, and SNR is given by

C = B log2 (1+SNR) bps (Shannon equation) C = 2B log2 M bps (Nyquist equation)

C: channel capacity (maximum rate at no error) M: #of signaling levels

Types of transmission
Base-band transmission:
Short distance. No modulation is needed.

Band-pass transmission:
long distance. Modulation is needed.

Modulation
Modulation: the process by which the base band signal is used to modify some parameter of a high frequency carrier. Types of modulation Continuous wave (CW) modulation.
RF sinusoidal carrier wave(30K-300GHz).

Pulse modulation.
RF pulse carrier wave.

Why modulation?
For ease of radiation. Modulation for multiplexing. For exchange of SNR with B. To over come equipment limitation. To match channel characteristics.

Digital versus analog transmission

Immunity to noise and distortion. Viability of regenerative repeaters. Digital hardware implementation is flexible and scalable. Digital signals can be encoded to yield low BER. Multiplexing is easier and more efficient. Realization of exchange SNR and B is more efficient. Digital storage easier and cheaper. cost of digital hardware is cheaper.

A Communications Model

Data communication system

Data communication : concern with exchange of information between two directly connected devices.

Data Communications Model