Emperor tamarin Human beings are the unique product of their creation and evoulution.

other In contrats to other forms of animal life, their more highly develop nervous system has enabled them to develop sounds and sysmbols (letters and numbers) that make possible the communication and recording of their question, observation, experiences, and ideas. It is understandable that their curiosity, implemented by their control sysmbols, wowuld lead them to speculate about the operation of the universe, the great forces beyond their own control. Over many centuries, people began to develop what seemed to be plausible explanation. Attributing the forces of nature to the working of supernatural powers, they belived that the Gods, at their whims, manipulated the sun, stars, wind, rain, and lighting. But gradually, people began to see that the operations of the forces of nature were not as capricious as they had been led to believe. This reliance empirical evidence or personal experience challenged the sanction of vested authority and represented an important step in the direction of scientific inquiry. It was only whrn people began to think systematically about thingking itself and thet era of logic began. Syllogic reasoning estabish a logical relationship between a major promise(self-evident asumption), a minor premise(particulat case related to the major premise), and a conclusion (logical relationship of this premises). Deductive method : general asumption to specific aplication Inductive method : specific observation to the generalization The major premise of the older deductive methid was gradually replaces by an assumption or hypothesys that was subsequently tested bt t e collection and logical analysis data. This deductiveinductive method is now recognized as an example of a scientific approach. John dewey (1938) A method od science 1. Identification and definition of problmes 2. Formulation of hypothesis-an idea sa to a problable silution to the problem, an intellegent guess or hunch 3. Collection organization, and analysis data 4. Formulation of conclusion 5. Verificationrejection, or modification of the hypothesis by the test of its consequences in a specific situation. The term science Approach to he gathering of knowledge rather than as a field of subjecy matter Put simply : 1. Development of theory

2. The testing of substantive hypothesis that are deduced from theory. The science therefore, is engaged in theuse, modification, and/of theory. The research or scientific hypothesis is

a formal affirmative statement predicting a single research outcome, a tentative explanationof the relationship between two or more variables. The null hypothesis (Ho) relates to a statistical method of intrepreting conclusion about population characteristics thata are inferred from the variable relationships observes in samples. The null hypothesis asserts that observed differences or relationships merely results from chance errors inherint in the smapling process. Most hypothesis are the oppsites of the null hypothesis. Ho rejects the Ha accept concluding that the magnitude of the observed variable relationship is probably too great to attribute to sampling error. Research In Education Seventh Edition, John W. Best and James V. Kahn. 1993. Allyn and Bacon, 163 Gould Street, Needham Heights: Massachusetts nnn