APA Referencing (6th Edition)

Tutorials

The Library's APA referencing tutorial timetable is available online (APA Referencing and APA for Electronic Resources). Face-to-face and online self-paced workshops are also available from Student Learning. Tutorials can also be found on the American Psychological Association website.

What is APA style?

The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used referencing style at the University of Waikato. The latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) is now available in the Library. Corrections to the first printing can be found on the APA website: Corrections to the first printing (PDF) and Corrected sample paper (PDF). Changes to the 5th edition are highlighted with the word (NEW).

How to use the APA referencing style

1. 2. 3.

In text citation References list Key points

How to reference / cite material

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Books Journal articles (academic / scholarly) Magazines (popular / trade) Newspapers Informally published work (webpages / online communities) Audio visual Others (Conference papers, reports, legal citations, personal communications, etc.) Images / tables / figures

How to use the APA referencing style

When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author name and year of publication. If quoting directly, a location reference such as the page number or paragraph number is also required.

1. In text citation (Quotes/Paraphrasing)

a. Direct quotation

Use quotation marks and include page numbers.

Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188). Alternatively: "Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188).

A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block of text without quotation marks. Note the location of the final full stop.

Weston (1948) argues that: One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that would throw light on degeneration of the facial pattern that occurs so often in our modern civilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and the development of crooked teeth. (p. 174)

If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based document), use the paragraph number (para.) instead.

"Prevalence rates of antenatal major and minor depression have been estimated in community-based studies to range from 7% to 15% of all pregnancies" (Grote, Swartz, Geibel & Zuckoff, 2009, para. 2).

b. Indirect quotation/paraphrasing
Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997). N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces of text (Publication Manual, p. 171).

c. Citations from a secondary source

Arnett (as cited in Claiborne & Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage in the lifespan of humans, covering young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years. N.B. List Claiborne & Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett.

2. References list

At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source cited in text. Start the list of References on a new page at the end of your assignment - do not use footnotes (Publication Manual, p. 37) References must be listed in alphabetical order by author. References should use the hanging indent format

a. Books / Reports / DVDs

Each reference should include four elements:

(1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title (4) Publication Information

e.g. King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking. N.B. If the book is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after (3) Title. Exclude (4) Publication Information. See example.

b. Periodicals

Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are known as serials or periodicals. Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead:

(1) Author(s) (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue and Page numbers e.g. Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations. Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57. N.B. If the article is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after the page numbers. See example.

c. Webpages (unpublished and informally published work)

Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add a retrieval statement in its place.

(1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement e.g. Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz N.B. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (Publication Manual, p. 192). See example.

3. Key points
(1)Author(s):

Invert the author(s) name(s), and use initial(s) of first name(s). Use the ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names (also note the full stop and comma after each author's name). Eight or more authors: List first six authors, then insert three elipses (...), followed by the last author (NEW). Corporate / group author: i.e. an organisation, association or government department. If the author's first name is hyphenated, include the hyphen with a full stop after each initial. One author Two authors Three to five authors Brown, W. P. Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S.

Six or seven authors (NEW) Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. See example Eight or more authors (NEW) Corporate / group author Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P., Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M. See example Ministry of Education. See example

No author

Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication. See example Book with no author / Article with no author

(2) Date:

The year of publication goes in parentheses ( ) after the author(s). Books and academic journals Magazines and newspapers Monthly Daily, weekly No date In press (1993, June) (1993, June 12) (n.d.) (in press) (1993)

If an author has published more than one item in the same year, add alphabetical characters a, b etc. immediately after the year.

In text: As discussed by Lohan (2009b), it is ... Moreover, Lohan (2009a) concludes ... In the References list: Lohan, L. (2009a). New management... Lohan, L. (2009b). Organizational culture...

(3) Title of the work:

Book titles are italicised, with the first letter of the first word of the main title and the subtitle in capital letters. Proper nouns also begin with a capital letter.

e.g. Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame

Journal titles (including magazines and newspapers) are italicised and all key words in the journal title begin with a capital letter.

e.g. Journal of Marketing Communications

Chapters in books and journal article titles are in lowercase except for the first letter of the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns (Publication Manual, pp. 102-103).

The book or journal title is italicised, not the chapter or article.

Additional information:

Information such as edition or report number goes in parentheses ( ) immediately after the title (Publication Manual, p. 186).

e.g. Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.)

A description of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. e.g. [DVD], [PowerPoint slides], [Poster], [Letter to the editor]

e.g. Christchurch Methodist Central Mission. (1984). Durham Street Church: 120 years anniversary brochure: 1864-1984 [Brochure]. Christchurch, New Zealand: Author.

(4) Publication Information

Place of publication: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

Give the location (city) of the publisher - give the first city listed only. All publishing cities now require the state or province, if applicable, and country (NEW). For the United States, use the city name, then the 2-letter postal code instead of the United States (Publication Manual, p. 187). American cities Non-American cities Non-American cities with a state Thousand Oaks, CA Hamilton, New Zealand London, England Sydney, NSW, Australia

Publisher: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

Do not include words like Publishers, Co., or Inc. However, keep words like Books or Press. Use the first publisher listed if multiple publishers are given. When the author is the publisher of the work, use the word 'Author' in the publisher field. See example.

N.B. Using a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is the preferred method of identifying online material such as journal articles, books and reports. For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it (Publication Manual, p. 189). See example.

How to reference/cite material

Books
Book - one author In Reference List
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking. King (2000) compares Frame with "..." (p. 34).

In Text Citation
(King, 2000) or

Book - two authors In Reference List In Text Citation

Trevino, L. K., & Nelson. K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

(Trevino & Nelson, 2007) or Trevino and Nelson (2007) illustrate this ...

N.B. Use the ampersand (&) between the two authors' names, except when paraphrasing in text where and is used (Publication Manual, p. 175).

Book - three to five authors (NEW) In Reference List

Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson. Krause, Bochner and Duchesne (2006) N.B. For six or seven authors, see example (Journal article with DOI or eight or more (Magazine - print version). In subsequent citations: According to Krause et al. (2006) N.B: Cite all authors the first time, and in subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al.(short for et alii. Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise et al. recommend "..." (p. 32).

In Text Citation
(Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) or

Book or report by a corporate / group author In Reference List

World Health Organization. (2008). WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. In subsequent citations: N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher field. List in the References list by the first significant word of the organisation. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183). N.B. Some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are readily recognisable. WHO (2008) highlight the ...

In Text Citation
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2008)

Book - no author (Anonymous) In Reference List

Anonymous. (1999). Courage and grace: One womans journey of recovery from food addiction and obesity. Taupo, New Zealand: Avalon. N.B. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use Anonymous in the author field. If no author is stated, see next example.

In Text Citation
(Anonymous, 1999)

Book - no author In Reference List

Joint investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. N.B. If no author is stated, the title takes the author position, but check to see whether it should be a corporate / group author as above. See dictionary / encyclopedia or newspaper for further examples.

In Text Citation
In the book, Joint Investigations of Child Abuse, ... N.B. The key words of the book title are capitalised when used in text, but not in the References list. See the Publication Manual, pp. 101-103, 176 about capitalisation protocols in the APA style.

Book - edited In Reference List

Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. N.B. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s). However, a number of authors may contribute to an edited book. See next example for referencing a chapter in an edited book.

In Text Citation
See Book - Chapter in edited book.

Book - Chapter in edited book In Reference List

Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: Wiley. N.B. The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s) and book title. Note the editor's initials come before the family name. The page numbers of the chapter are also required. Helber (1995) concludes by ...

In Text Citation
(Helber, 1995) or

Book - Electronic (NEW) In Reference List

Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the age of Haydn and Beethoven [Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database. Will (2002) attributes ... N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the Ebook's homepage (in this example, http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).

In Text Citation
(Will, 2002) or

For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the URL).

Book - Translated In Reference List

Sartre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological critique (F. Williams, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Sartre (1962) is an example of ...

In Text Citation
(Sartre, 1962) or

Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry In Reference List

Hwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia (Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. N.B. If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st edition) include this in parentheses after the title along with page number(s). Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles North Korea ...

In Text Citation
(Hwang, 2002) or

Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry with no author In Reference List

Social constructionism. (2009.) In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium database. N.B. Use capital letters for the first letter of N.B. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement takes the place of publisher location and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family name. For undergraduate students, if using a library subscription database, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL). key words and double quotation marks (Publication Manual, p. 176).

In Text Citation
("Social Constructionism," 2009)

Thesis (except from the US) - print version (NEW) In Reference List
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation after the title or Unpublished master's thesis for Master's degree (Publication Manual, p. 207). Dewstow (2006) recommends ...

In Text Citation
(Dewstow, 2006) or

Thesis (except from the US) - electronic version (NEW)

In Reference List
Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

In Text Citation
(Dewstow, 2006) or Dewstow (2006) recommends ...

Thesis from US - electronic version (NEW) In Reference List

Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd According to Rose (2006) ... N.B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual, pp.207-208.

In Text Citation
(Rose, 2006) or

Journals (Academic Scholarly)

Journal article - print version In Reference List
Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations.Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57. Sainaghi (2008) suggests "..." (p. 47). N.B. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in parentheses (not italicised). If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the parentheses immediately after the volume number. For researchers, the issue number is not required for journals with continuous pagination.

In Text Citation
(Sainaghi, 2008) or

Journal article - electronic version with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) In Reference List
Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018 N.B. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. Shepherd et al. (2007) highlight the ... N.B. If there are six or seven authors, list all authors in the reference list. From the first citation in text, use et al. after the first author (NEW). See magazine example for eight or more authors.

In Text Citation
(Shepherd et al., 2007) or

Journal article - electronic version with no DOI (Digital Object Identifier) In Reference List
Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database. N.B. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199). In their research, Harrison and Papa (2005) established ...

In Text Citation
(Harrison & Papa, 2005) or

Journal article - Internet only In Reference List

Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka N.B. (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in text. Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..." (para. 3)

In Text Citation
(Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) or

Magazines
Magazine - print version In Reference List
von Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A., James, R., Peters, G. (2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific [Australia/New Zealand editon], 174(14), 12-17. N.B. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines. If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses () and finish with the last author (NEW). Von Drehle et al. (2009) assert ... N.B. If an author's name which usually begins with a lower case letter appears at the beginning of a sentence, it must be capitalised.

In Text Citation
(von Drehle et al., 2009) or

Magazine - electronic version In Reference List

Robison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262, 80-87. Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database

In Text Citation
(Robison, 2008) or

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required to give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199). For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

Robison (2008) considers ...

Newspaper
Print version In Reference List
Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald, p. B4. Cumming (2003) reports ... N.B. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for newspapers only, not magazines or journals. p = 1 page, pp. more than one page. If page numbers are discontinous, separate page numbers with a comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5.

In Text Citation
(Cumming, 2003) or

Electronic version In Reference List

Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz Cumming (2003) reports ... N.B. Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

In Text Citation
(Cumming, 2003) or

Newspaper article with no author In Reference List

Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1. N.B. If there is no author, the article title comes first. In the in text citation, abbreviate the title, use double quotation marks and capital letters (Publication Manual, p. 176).

In Text Citation
("Drivers Reject Fuel Prices," 2003) N.B. Use capital letters and double quotation marks.

Audiovisual
Film - Motion Picture In Reference List
Vasile, T. (Producer), Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United States: MGM Home Entertainment.

In Text Citation
(Vasile & Fellini, 2001)

N.B.
1. In the Author field, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the director or producer or both) but not the presenters. 2. For publication information, give the motion picture's country of origin and the name of the motion picture studio 3. A description of the form of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. It is not italicised.

Music Recording - a song in an album (NEW) In Reference List

The Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked [CD]. Hollywood, CA: Capital Records. N.B. Include side and band or track numbers.

In Text Citation
(The Beatles, 2003, track 10)

Television programme In Reference List

Slater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series episode]. In 60 minutes. Auckland, New Zealand: TV3 Network Services. N.B. Put television series episode or motion picture in [ ] after the title.

In Text Citation
(Slater, 2002)

Audio podcast (NEW) In Reference List

Noonan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle from the blunder: Part 5 [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz N.B. Include as much information as possible, e.g. date, title and identifier

In Text Citation
(Noonan, 2008)

Unpublished and Informally published works

Webpage (Informally published work) In Reference List
Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz N.B. Do not write URLs in the text N.B. A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work (Publication Manual, p. 212). See also online report examples.

In Text Citation
(Statistics New Zealand, 2007)

It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g. Wiki).(NEW)

Wiki In Reference List

University of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works. Include the date of retrieval since the contents of a wiki are likely to change over time. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).

In Text Citation
(University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d.)

Online discussion (NEW) In Reference List

Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/ N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

In Text Citation
(Chalmers, 2000)

Blog post (NEW) In Reference List

Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be scuttled [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/ N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

In Text Citation
(Wadard, 2009)

Video blog post (NEW) In Reference List

Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

In Text Citation
(Leelefever, 2007)

Others (Course handouts / Legal Material / Conference / report / Personal Communications)

Course handout / Lecture notes - print version (Unpublished work) In Reference List
Brown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-04B [Lecture notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Marketing.

In Text Citation
(Brown, 2004)

N.B. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group "unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or personal collections" (Publication Manual, p. 213). In the publication information field, list the organisation's name (e.g. university, department), city, and country. Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture notes].

Course handout / Lecture notes - electronic version In Reference List

Brown, P. (2004). Lecture 3: MKTG200-04B [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from... N.B. Put the format in square brackets after the title, and add retrieval statement (URL or MyWeb or Moodle or EdLink etc.).

In Text Citation
(Brown, 2004)

Legal Material
APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed. 2005) for referencing legal material - see NZ section at p. 297

In Reference List
Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. 121.

In Text Citation
(Children's Commissioner Act 2003) or It is regulated by the Children's Commissioner Act 2003 N.B. Italicise the name of legal material when it is cited in text (Publication Manual, p. 177).

Personal Communications (Letters, Telephone conversations, Emails, Personal Interviews, Lecture notes etc.) In Reference List
N.B. No information is required in the reference list as the data is not retrievable.

In Text Citation
(H. Clarke, personal communication, March 19, 2004) or Professor Clarke (personal communication, March 19, 2004) commented that...

Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings In Reference List

Shobhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). Possession phenomena: As a coping behaviour. In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying Psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania Shobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994)

In Text Citation
(Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa, 1994) or

(pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Australia: Australian Psychological Society. N.B. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as for a book or book chapter (Publication Manual, p. 206). To cite proceedings published regularly use the same format as a periodical.

published their ...

Contribution to Conference or Symposium not formally published - electronic version In Reference List
Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt; N.B. A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name. Give the month of the conference (NEW) (Publication Manual, pp. 206-208). Bochner (1996) addressed this ...

In Text Citation
(Bochner, 1996) or

Report - print version In Reference List

University of Waikato. (1967). First hall of residence (Information series No. 3). Hamilton, New Zealand: Author. N.B. If the report has a number, give the number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it is an annual report, reference it as a book.

In Text Citation
(University of Waikato, 1967)

Annual Report - electronic version In Reference List

Telecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect, communicate: Annual report 2007. Retrieved from http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annualreport-2007.pdf

In Text Citation
(Telecom New Zealand, 2007)

Report - electronic version In Reference List

Caygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to 2006. Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website: http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIMSS06_Science2.pdf N.B. If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval statement if it has not been identified as the author (Publication Manual, p. 205). See next Caygill (2009) concludes ...

In Text Citation
(Caygill, 2009) or

example.

Report - technical or research In Reference List

Holmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of ethnic Chinese students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications for education providers (Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Management Communication. N.B. If there is a report number, give this in parentheses after the title. If the name of the state, province, or country is included in the name of the university, this does not need to be repeated in the publisher location. Give the name of the university first, followed by the department that produced the document (Publication Manual, p. 206). Holmes (2000) highlights the importance ...

In Text Citation
(Holmes, 2000) or

Images, tables and figures

Illustrations, maps and photographs, etc (excluding tables) are referred to as figures. If it is not your own work, the source must be acknowledged in full below the figure or table as a figure caption or table note. The full citation also goes in the References list.

Figures
The caption goes beneath the image with the source credited at the end of the caption (Publication Manual, pp. 158-167). Example: From a journal: Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Article, by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx. From a book: Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Tables
The caption goes above the table, with the source included as a note below the table beginning with the word Note (Publication Manual, pp. 138-141). Note. From [Adapted from] Title of Article, by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. XX. Note. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Note. For PhD candidates (and students submitting a four-paper master's thesis), permission to reproduce copyright material must be obtained. If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, you must provide a note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information and a permissions statement. Copyright permissions are done as a footnote with the information as above, concluding with: Copyright [year] by the Name of

Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission. e.g. Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright 2001 by Publisher. Reprinted with permission. If you photograph a person, a signed release from that person is required giving permission for the photo to be used (Publication Manual, p. 166). For detailed information on copyright and permissions, see Publication Manual, pp. 38, 173. See also Copyright Guidelines for Research Students and the University of Waikato's Copyright Information web pages.
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The University of Waikato - Te Whare Wananga o Waikato Last modified: Tue Feb 2 10:50:40 2010