1.10.

RESEARCH CONCERNING THE RELIEFS ON BOROBUDUR TEMPLE PENELITIAN MENGENAI RELIEF CANDI BOROBUDUR The special of/ borobudur temple/ among temples in Indonesia/ is due not only/ to its form/, but also/ the number of/ reliefs carved/ on its walls/ and balustrades/. The total area/ covered/ by such carving/ is 2500 square metres/ (Soekmono, 1956, pp.19-20). Yang spesial dari candi borobudur diantara candi-candi di indonesia indonesia adalah karena tidak hanya tentang bentuk, tapi juga sejumlah relief yang terukir pada dinding dan langkannya. Total area yang mencakupi ukiran tersebut adalah 2500 m2(Soekmono, 1956, hlm.19-20) As explined/ above/, there is a/ connection/ between/ the level of/ the passage series/ of the panels/ and the story/ represented/ in its reliefs/, which can be seen/ in te following table/ : Seperti yang telah dijelaskan diatas, terdapat hubungan antara panel disetiap level dan cerita yang direpresentasikan oleh relief tersebut, yang dapat dilihat pada tabel dibawah ini : Level 0 I Panel At Wall Of Burried foot (see figure 2) First Passage : -Temple wall, upper row -temple wall, lower row -balustrade, upper row -balustrade, lower row Second Passage : -Temple Wall -Balustrade wall Third Passage -Temple Wall -Balustrade wall Fourth Passage -Temple Wall -Balustrade wall Reliefs Story Karmawibangga -Lalitawistara -Jataka/ Awadana -Jataka/ Awadana -Jataka/ Awadana -Jataka/ Awadana - Gandawyuha -Jataka/ Awadana - Gandawyuha - Gandawyuha

II

III

IV

- Gandawyuha - Gandawyuha

Level 0 I

II

III

Panel di Dinding yang tertanam (pondas) (lihat gambar 2) Bagian Pertama : -Dinding Candi, Baris Atas -Dinding Candi, Baris Bawah -Birai, Baris Atas -Birai, Baris Bawah Bagian kedua : -Dinding Candi -Birai Bagian ketiga -Dinding Candi -Birai

Cerita Relief Karmawibangga -Lalitawistara -Jataka/ Awadana -Jataka/ Awadana -Jataka/ Awadana -Jataka/ Awadana - Gandawyuha -Jataka/ Awadana - Gandawyuha - Gandawyuha

IV

Bagian keempat -Dinding Candi -Birai

- Gandawyuha - Gandawyuha

Research on/ the structure/ and Reliefs/ of borobudur temple/ have been/ conducted/ since the middle/ of the 19th century/. Wilsen began by writing/ a descriptions/ of the representations/ in the reliefs/ on the temple/. Hist first artical/ was boro-boedeor (T.B.G. dl. 1, pp.235-320). This was followed/ by a book/ in three volumes/: Boro-boedoer verklaard met brahmanendom en boedhisme. In the second volume/ in particular/, wilsen attempted/ to explain/ all the representations/ in all the reliefs/ panels/ which were/ visible at that time/. Wilsens descriptions/ were based/ on interviews/ whit local residents/ who knew/ about the reliefs/ from the stories/ of old people/ who had travelled/ for decades/. Wilsen also/ studied the writings/ available at that time/. Penelitian terhadap struktur dan relief candi borobudur telah dilakukan sejak pertengahan abad ke 19. Wilsen memulai dengan menulis deskripsi yang merepresentasikan relief-relief pada candi. Artikel pertamanya adalah boro_boedoer (T.B.G. dl. 1, Hlm. 235-320). Yang dikuti pembuatan buku dengan tiga volume yang berjudul: Boro-boedoer verklaard met brahmanendom en boedhisme. Di volume kedua khusunya, wilsen berusaha menjeaskan semua representasi pada semua panel yang terlihat pada saat itu. Desktips wilsen berdasarkan pada wawancara tehadap penduduk setempat yang mengetahui tentang relief dari cerita tetua yang hidup selama beberapa dekade. Wilson juga mempelajari tulisan yang ada pada saat itu. Wilsen next wrote - / a description - / of the representations - / in upper level - / of relief panels - / along at - / the first passage - /. This article - / , in interpretation of - / the representations in the reliefs - / in connection with - / religious beliefs - / , appeared as - / korte omschrfjving van de groote basrelief, welke zich op de eerste (de bovenste) rij Van de eerste galersi (den tweeten omgang) (gaagteekening kaboemen 26 july 1957 no. 13). Observation - / concerning - / the reliefs on borobudur - / were also made - / by brumund in / one out of - / four chapters - / in the book - beredeneerde beschrijving van boroboedoer. His explanations - / of the representations - / in the reliefs are based on - / the drawings by wilsen - / (krom, 1923, f, pp. 13-16) Then leemans together with wilsen and brumend - / compiled a book - / boroboedoer op het eiland java (1873), using wilens drawing - / and brumands articals - . This was the first - / monograph on borobudur temple - (Soekmono, 1973a, p. 17) Reserach into - / the representation - / in the reliefs of - / borobudur only began - / at the beginning of - / the 20th century - . Some of the result of - / this research - / which can be - / mentioned - / here were - : The writing - / of the pleyte in his book - / Die Buddha legend in den Skulpuren des temples van boro-budur (1901). This book was written - / because of several mistakes - / in detail discovered - / in the drawing by wilsen - . In addition - , Krom was amazed - / at the reliefs - / in which the order - / of the representations - / matched exactly - / the orderin existing - / manuscripts on mahayana buddhism (Krom, 1913, 1, pp. 194-201).

The krom together - / with van erp compiled - / a monograph on the reliefs - / of borobudur temple in 1920- . This is the most complete - / monografh which has ever been - /

written on the subject - (Krom : Archeologische beschrijving, 1920, Van Erp, Bowkendige beschrijving, 1931) The story of - / the life of buddha - , which is depicted - / in the upper rown of panels / on the temple wall along - / the first passage - , is described by krom again in his book - / De Levensgetschiedenis van den Buddha Op Borobudur (1926). This book represents - / an improvement - / over previously - / existing writings - . All of the descriptions of - / the reliefs on the temple - / discussed up to this point - / have focused on - / discovering to what extent - / the representations in - / the reliefs agreed with - / manuscripts describing - / the life of buddha - . In addition to krom and van Erp - , many specialist - / in other fields - / have studied - / the representations - / in the reliefs of borobudur temple - . A brief list follows - . 1. Concerning Fauna and Flora a. Steinmann, De dieren op de bas-reliefs van de borobudur (TGB 74, 1934, pp. 101-112). b. Steinmann, De Op Borobudur afgebeelde planten wereled (TGB 74, 1934, pp. 581-612). c. Cammerloher, Die Planzendarstellugen auf den Reliefs des borobudur (Tropische natuur XIV, 1923). d. Cammerloher, Wat de Borobudur den natuurronderzoeker leert (Tropische natuur XX, 1931). 2. Concerning Boats - : a. Hornell, The origins adn ethological significance Of indian boat-designs (Memoir of the asiatic sorciety Of bengal, VII, 1920) b. Van Erp, voorstellingen van vaartugen of the reliefs van den borobudur (NION 8, 1923, pp. 227-255) c. Van der Heide, Desemenstelling van hindu vaartugen uitgewerkt naar beeldewerken van Borobudur (NION 12, 1928, pp.343-357)

1.12 CODING RELIEF PANELS ON BOROBUDUR TEMPLE To simplify - / the study of relief panels - / on the walls of the temple - / and balustrade along the pessages - / of borobudur temple - , it is necessary to device - / a code for referring of them - . Leemans dan van Erp each devised - / their own code - . Since van Erp research - / was most complete - / in terms of - / the number of panels - / studied - , there is strong - / reason to follow - / his coding system - . Van Erps coding system was as follows: 1 through 12 (the first element of the code) the section code (afdeling) for 1 row of the panels going completely around the temple. This number may be deleted as it is retrievable from the rest of the code The passage code (serie) for reliefs located on the walls of the temple The passage code (serie) for reliefs located on the walls of the balustarde

0 thought IV IB throught IVB

For panels in - / the first passage (serie) - , where there are - / two rows of reliefs - , one upper one - / and one lower one - , the following code - / numbers are used - : -a -b - 1,2,3,etc. - the upper row of panels - the lower row of panels - (the last element in code) are the numbers of the individual panel. (krom, Van Erp, 1920 c, d)

For a clearer - / understanding of - / the system of coding used - , see figure 2 - , where both - / van Erps adn lemans coding systems - / are given - . From this - , the difference in - / the number of panels - / studied by the two - / can also be seen - . It can be also - / seen from this diagram section 1 - , where the karmawibangga reliefs are found - , was only coded by van Erp - , because at the time - / when wilsen conducted - / his research - / this section was - / covered by an extention - / to the base of the temple - . Since the present - / research is only concerned - / with repsesentations of buildings - / in reliefs - , section 2 - , van Erps code - / for miscellaneous ornamens - / found on the temple - , is not included here - . Althought this research - / is concerned with - / layered stone structures - , in the first stage - / it was necessary - / to consider all buidings - / in order to avoid missing possibly - / significant representations - .