Introduction to Mobile Cellular Networks RAN and UTRAN

Introduction to Mobile Cellular Networks
Part II: RAN / UTRAN
VU 389.134 389 134 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 12.10.2009 (http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/teaching/courses/winter-term/389134)
Repetition of the last lecture

Fill out the missing bits ;)
X X
X X
2 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

Fill out the missing bits ;) X
SGSN
Gn
GGSN
Gi
INTERNET
X
RNC
Iu-ps
SGSN X
Gn Gr
Gn X
GGSN X
SGSN X
HLR

X 2G X X 3G X
Outline of this lecture

Radio Link GPRS
TDMA Slot format Channels
Radio Link UMTS

WCDMA Slot format Channels
Upgrade to HSDPA (high level point of view)
Outline of this lecture

Reading the standard:
Site: http://www.3gpp.org
GSM:
00 11
GSM (GPRS)
41 55
UMTS R99
21 37
Today:
TS 25.401 "UTRAN overall description", TS 25.301 "Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
Lecture slides
http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/teaching/courses/winter-term/389134
Accessing a Share Media

Physical access to the media
How to share the media between different users Discrimination on: Time, Frequency, Codes, Space GPRS: Time (TDMA) UMTS: Codes ((W)CDMA)
TDMA CDMA
Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access C d Di i i M l i l A

7
Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134
Physical and Logical Channels The Difference

RLC MAC Radio Link Control Media Access Contr.
Physical channels
Provide bearers for different logical channels Each channel is identified through its physical parameters
Transport channels
Provide bearers for information exchange MAC/physical Transport channels are unidirectional
Logical channels
Provide bearers for information exchange between MAC and RLC Logical channels can be bi-directional Two types: traffic channels, control channels
GSM Radio Link: TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access
Random Access: ALOHA + collision detection Signaled Access: fixed time slots
Each user is assigned one or more time slots Signaling overhead
How to fullduplex? full duplex?

Orthogonal frequency bands (GSM 900: 880-915/ 925-960 MHz)
124 Channels with 200kHz each
Down Up
GSM Radio Link: Physical Channels

Time Division Multiple Access
Random Access: ALOHA + collision detection With Signaling: fixed time slots Each user is assigned one or more time slots
Frame structure of GSM

The basic TDMA frame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
TDMA GSM
Time Division Multiple Access Global System for Mobile Communications
4,615ms Gua ard Gua ard
Data
Train
Data
Ta ail
Ta ail
577s
GSM Radio Link: Logical Channels

Traffic Channels (TCHs)
Full/Half rate channels (TCH/F or H)
13kbit/s of audio information (map to 22.8kbit/s encoded bit rate) ( p )
Broadcast Channels (BCHs)

Downlink only, beacon signals
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)

MS frequency tuning (frequency only frame timing is missing!)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Frame timing + BSIC
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Cell specific information (LAI, permitted power, neighboring cells )
Common Control Channels (CCCHs)

LAI BSIC Local Area Information Base Station Info Code
GSM Radio Link: Logical Channels

Common Control Channels (CCCHs)
Start up phase of information exchange between MS and BS
Paging Channel (PCH) g g ( )

Paging a MS due to a call from landline Downlink only, may be (miss) used for traffic and commercials
R d Random A Access Ch Channel (RACH) l

Allows the MS to request for resources in the cell p y Uplink only
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

Grants access to a stand alone Control Channel in the cell (after RACH)
D di t d C t l Ch Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH ) l (DCCHs)

Dedicated to one MS, bi-directional
Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
GSM Radio Link: The frame structure

How to map low data rate logical channels?
Avoid excessive signaling GSM introduces a given frame structure Allow low data rate bearers on the logical link layer
Frames of GSM
Hyper frame
E Encryption (3h) ti
Super frame
Cell broadcast
Multi frame
Signalling
TDMA frame
8 Timeslots (users)
Timeslot
Data channel
GSM Radio Link: Physical Channels

Slow Associated Contr CH (SACCH)
Permanent on connection Takes 2 slots from a multi frame Slot 13 and 26 over up to 4 multi frames 950bit/s (in bursts!)
Fast Associated Contr CH (FACCH)

Only if heavy signaling is needed (HO) No normal TCH channel Steals bit between Midamble and Data 456 bit in 8 consecutive TDMA frames
R d Random A Access CH (RACH)

Uplink slot for access burst Only present if cell not fully loaded
A real example: KPI analysis

Error causes for mobile terminals attach requests
What mobile generate the most signals (faulty terminals)
Analysis on IuPS show 10 top users generating 100 requests per second
Why? y
More detailed analysis show

Same mobile has different patterns throughout the day
Why?
Any Ideas.
Consider the picture! Mobility is the key
Different cells have different mappings
A real example: KPI analysis II

Signaling load in a cell
A certain cell shows periodic massive register rejects? Certain neighbors show similar behavior
Cell was not loaded Ideas?

Hints:
GMM Train Physical layer
All mobiles in IDLE get active to register in LAC B LAC-B
LAC at a train line

Handover of all idle terminals cause overload in the BCCH! Next cells impacted by the mobiles rejected to change LAC
BCCH Resources depleted!
GSM Radio Link: Summary

TDMA based transmission
Slot based physical channels One physical channel mapping needed
8 users per cell

One power amplifier p p
Signaling hidden in super-frames

Data transfer in bursts Allows for different data rate channels
Cells may be signaling limited

Information of the physical layer is important to understand measurements at the link layer!
From GSM to GPRS

PS domain
Core network elements PCU unit
More than one slot per user and TDMA multi frame
Up to 8 slots ( p (classes of mobiles) ) Allows higher data rate
Up / Down link not symmetric

Packet oriented traffic
Different coding sets (data protection)

CS 1 - 4
Mobility management
All Allow physical idle and l i l active at the same time h i l idl d logical i h i Different to audio data
CS Code Set
2G
3G
UMTS Radio Link: Welcome to the UTRAN

UTRAN: UMTS RAN
Contains: RNC, NodeB, MS Supports softhandover (SH) RNC fully meshed
Protocols, Interfaces ,
Iub, Iur, Uu RANAP
RNC SRNC DRNC Radio Network Controller Serving RNC Drift RNC
Operation modes
UMTS RAN: The Protocol Architecture

RRC PDCP BMC RLC MAC Radio Resource Control Packet Data Conv. Proto. Broadcast Message Contr Contr. Radio Link Control Media Access Control

Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
PS data header compression Protocol abstraction layer (support for IPv4 and IPv6 Optional implementation (not used)
Radio Link Control Protocol

Two modes of operation
Transparent, Non-Transparent Ack / NonAck
Functions
Mapping Ciphering Error correction E ti Flow control, segmentation

Broadcast Multicast Control Protocol (BMC)
Cell broadcast messages Storage and planning of messages
Radio Resource Control Protocol (RRC) ( )

Routing Function Entity
Route CM and MM to/from RNC
Broadcast Control F B d C l Function E i i Entity Paging / Notification Ctrl Func Ent Dedicated Control Function Entity Transfer Mode Entity
All UTRAN to UE control functions
UMTS Radio Link: WCDMA

Separating radio resources in UMTS
TDD + TDMA + CMDA (UTRA TDD) FDD + CDMA (UTRA FDD) called WCDMA
Wideband compared to cdmaOne Problem: Qualcom owns key patents in UTRA FDD (and pushed them to the standard ;) )
WCDMA key numbers

Signal is spread using orthogonal codes Higher bit rate less spreading Frequency reuse one (different cell planning) Near-far effect - power control is important
Courses on modulation and spreading:

389.063: Mobile Communications 389 051 Introduction to Telecommunications 389.051: d i l i i
UMTS Radio Link: Logical Channels

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
distributes information that allows UEs to attach to network
information about radio environment: power levels network identity levels, identity..
Common Control Channel (CCCH)

for exchange of first messages with attaching UE
no specific (dedicated) control channel has been assigned yet
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

for exchange of control information with attached UE
e.g. power control
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

for paging UEs
Common Transport Channel (CTCH)

unidirectional downlink channel
for broadcasting information to all, or a group of UEs
Dedicated Transport Channel (DTCH)

exchange of user d t h f data
UMTS Radio Link: Transport Channels

Specify to how information is transferred Provide specific service quality, e.g.
Bit rate, error protection, power level, access method
Data packets that are transmitted over Transport Channels are called Transport Blocks
Several are transmitted simultaneously in Transport Block Sets Transport Sets
Each Transport Channel is described by a set of Transport Formats it can provide, i.e.
Transport Block Size, Transport Block Set Size, Transmission time interval
How long does it take to transmit a Transport Block Set
Type of error protection (Channel Coding and Cyclic Redundancy Check)

Channel Coding: redundant transmission of information
Efficiency of Channel Coding
For each Transport Block Set transmission, a suitable Transport Format transmission is chosen from the Transport Format Set
UMTS Radio Link: Transport Channels (some)

Broadcast Channel (BCH)
downlink, fixed bit rate, high power level (needs to be audible to all) used for BCCH uplink, random access mostly used by CCCH and DCCH (also DTCH) uplink and downlink, dedicated to a particular UE one DCH may carry several DCCH and DTCH dedicated user traffic but shared by several users very important for data traffic (no d di t d b d idth f one user) i t t f d t t ffi ( dedicated bandwidth for ) optional to implement
R d Random A Access Ch Channel (RACH) l RAC
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Note there is no Uplink Shared Channel

At the time of standardization no use was anticipated
UMTS Radio Link: Physical Channels

C Common Pil t Channel (CPICH) Pilot Ch l
a signaling sequence known to network and UE is spread with the code used in the P CCPCH, in which further information is available P-CCPCH,
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

used by BCCH / BCH uses a code broadcasted on CPICH Every UE can listen
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

physical channel dedicated to a user
Primary Synchronization Channel (for FDD) (P SCH) (P-SCH)

P-SCH sends known, invariant signaling sequence of 256 chips allows UE to synchronize y
UMTS Radio Link: Mapping of the Channels

GSM h one physical channel has h i l h l UMTS has several physical channels
Mapping is more comple complex
UMTS Radio Link: Packetization on the Link

Dedicated channel for every transmission
We need packetization for
Error control Synchronization Start/End of Transmission
UMTS R99 packetization example
UMTS Radio Link: Transmission on DPDCH

Data flow in the UTRAN physical layer (64kbit/s)
UMTS Radio Link: Summary

WCDMA li k link Max data rate DCH: 384kbit/s Different data rate channels available Diff td t t h l il bl Higher complexity in the RAN
M h d RNC Meshed Soft Handover
Dedicated channels use packetization!

Errors will show time patterns
RLC
Two different operation modes Used codes will introduce patterns (Turbo Code!)
Again understand physical layer to understand measurements on Gn

From UMTS R99 to HSDPA

Th goals The l
Reduce RTT Introduce real PS-oriented bearers PS oriented
New elements
The MAC-hs MAC hs Hybrid ARQ Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
MAC-hs
RTT AMC
Round Trip Time Adaptive Modulation and Coding

33
Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134
From UMTS R99 to HSDPA

H b id ARQ (HARQ) Hybrid
Error correction methods:
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Add information to protect payload, e.g. CRC
Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)

TCP like acknowledgement
Hybrid ARQ combines FEC and ARQ
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

UMTS R99
Fixed modulation d d l Variable Spreading Factor (SF)
HSDPA S
Fixed SF (16) Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
HSDPA: The new Channels

HSDPA channels h l
HSDPA needs major changes to UMTS links High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) (HS PDSCH) High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
LTE Whatever it may be

LTE
Revolutionary step to update the core network Remove RNC SSGN RNC, Put everything into the NodeB
Today
LTE
Implementation I l t ti
Summary of this lecture

GSM
TDMA based technology One physical link Fixed time patterns
GPRS
Inherited most elements from GSM
One receiver, one sender (up/downlink link correlated!)
RAN i not meshed! is h d!
UMTS
Dedicated channels Packetization still present! RNCs are meshed C
Soft handover Low RTT possible
Ph i l l Physical layer methods lik coding will b visible at hi h l th d like di ill be i ibl t higher layers
Summary of this lecture

HSDPA
Real packet switched channels Intelligence RNC NodeB
Lower RTT (80ms) Hard handover only
Data transmission on IP depends on

Physical link technology (slots, frames, time stamps, error patterns, ) patterns ) Logical Channels (frame sizes, ) Transport Channels ( p (data rate, residual errors, delay, ) y )
Next stop: IP transmission over UMTS link p

Error patterns Optimization headroom
Thank you for your attention
Questions? Q i ? psvoboda@nt.tuwien.ac.at

Introduction to Mobile Cellular Networks RAN and UTRAN

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Introduction to Mobile Cellular Networks

Part II: RAN / UTRAN

Repetition of the last lecture

2 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

Repetition of the last lecture

Repetition of the last lecture

4 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

Outline of this lecture

Radio Link UMTS

Upgrade to HSDPA (high level point of view)

5 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

Outline of this lecture

Accessing a Share Media

Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access C d Di i i M l i l A

Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

Physical and Logical Channels The Difference

GSM Radio Link: TDMA

How to fullduplex? full duplex?

GSM Radio Link: Physical Channels

Frame structure of GSM

Time Division Multiple Access Global System for Mobile Communications

4,615ms Gua ard Gua ard

GSM Radio Link: Logical Channels

Broadcast Channels (BCHs)

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Common Control Channels (CCCHs)

GSM Radio Link: Logical Channels

Paging Channel (PCH) g g ( )

R d Random A Access Ch Channel (RACH) l

Access Grant Channel (AGCH)

D di t d C t l Ch Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH ) l (DCCHs)

GSM Radio Link: The frame structure

GSM Radio Link: Physical Channels

Fast Associated Contr CH (FACCH)

R d Random A Access CH (RACH)

A real example: KPI analysis

More detailed analysis show

15 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

A real example: KPI analysis II

Cell was not loaded Ideas?

All mobiles in IDLE get active to register in LAC B LAC-B

LAC at a train line

BCCH Resources depleted!

16 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

GSM Radio Link: Summary

8 users per cell

Signaling hidden in super-frames

Cells may be signaling limited

17 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

From GSM to GPRS

Up / Down link not symmetric

Different coding sets (data protection)

Repetition of the last lecture

19 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

UMTS Radio Link: Welcome to the UTRAN

20 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

UMTS RAN: The Protocol Architecture

21 Video and Multimedia Transmissions over Cellular Networks 389.134

UMTS RAN: The Protocol Architecture

Radio Link Control Protocol