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The traversable wormhole with classical scalar elds
Sung-Won Kim

Department of Science Education and

Center for High Energy Astrophysics and Isotope Studies(CAIS)
Ewha Womans University
Seoul 120-750, Korea
Sang Pyo Kim

Department of Physics
Kunsan National University
Kunsan 573-701, Korea
04.20.Gz,03.50.-z
Typeset using REVT
E
X

e-mail: sungwon@mm.ewha.ac.kr

e-mail: sangkim@knusun1.kunsan.ac.kr
1
Abstract
We study the Lorentzian static traversable wormholes coupled to quadratic
scalar elds. We also obtain the solutions of the scalar elds and matters in the
wormhole background and nd that the minimal size of the wormhole should
be quantized under the appropriate boundary conditions for the positive non-
minimal massive scalar eld.
2
One of the most important issues in making a practically usable Lorentzian wormhole
is just the traversability [1,2]. To make a Lorentzian wormhole traversable, one has usually
used an exotic matter which violates the well-known energy conditions [1]. For instance, a
wormhole in the inating cosmological model still requires the exotic matter to be traversable
and to maintain its shape [3]. It is known that the vacuum energy of the inating worm-
hole does not change the sign of the exoticity function. A traversable wormhole in the
Friedmann-Robertson-Walker(FRW) cosmological model, however, does not necessarily re-
quire the exotic matter at the very early times [4].
In this paper, we investigate the compatibility of a static wormhole with a minimal and
a positive non-minimal scalar eld. We also obtain the solutions to the matters and scalar
elds in wormhole background. Furthermore, we nd that the minimum size of wormhole
should be quantized when appropriate boundary conditions are imposed for the non-minimal
massive scalar eld.
Firstly, we study the simplest case of a static Lorentzian wormhole with a minimal
massless scalar eld. The additional matter Lagrangian due to the scalar eld is given by
L =
1
2

gg

;
(1)
and the equation of motion for by
2 = 0. (2)
The stress-energy tensor for is obtained from Eq. (1) as
T
()

=
;

1
2
g

;
. (3)
Now the Einstein equation has an additional stress-energy tensor (3)
G

= R

1
2
g

R = 8T

= 8(T
(w)

+ T
()

), (4)
where T
(w)

is the stress-energy tensor of the background matter that makes the traversable
wormhole. Assuming a spherically symmetric spacetime, one nds the components of T
(w)

in orthonormal coordinates
3
T
(w)

t
= (r, t), T
(w)
r r
= (r, t), T
(w)

= P(r, t), (5)

where (r, t), (r, t) and P(r, t) are the mass energy density, radial tension per unit area,
and lateral pressure, respectively, as measured by an observer at a xed r, , .
The metric of the static wormhole is given by
ds
2
= e
2(r)
dt
2
+
dr
2
1 b(r)/r
+ r
2
(d
2
+ sin
2
d
2
). (6)
The arbitrary functions (r) and b(r) are lapse and wormhole shape functions, respectively.
The shape of the wormhole is determined by b(r). Beside the spherically symmetric and
static spacetime, we further assume a zero-tidal-force as seen by stationary observer, (r) =
0, to make the problem simpler. Thus not only the scalar eld but also the matter , ,
and P are assumed to depend only on r. The components of T
()

in the static wormhole

metric (6) have the form
T
()
tt
=
1
2
_
1
b
r
_

2
(7)
T
()
rr
=
1
2

2
(8)
T
()

=
1
2
r
2
_
1
b
r
_

2
(9)
T
()

=
1
2
r
2
_
1
b
r
_

2
sin
2
, (10)
where and hereafter a prime denoted the dierentiation with respect to r. In the spacetime
with the metric (6) and = 0, the eld equation of becomes

+
1
2
(1 b/r)

(1 b/r)
+
2
r
= 0 or r
4

2
_
1
b
r
_
= const, (11)
and the Einstein equations are given explicitly by
b

8r
2
= (r, t) +
1
2

2
_
1
b
r
_
, (12)
b
8r
3
= (r, t)
1
2

2
_
1
b
r
_
, (13)
b b

r
16r
3
= P(r, t)
1
2

2
_
1
b
r
_
. (14)
4
By redening the eective matters by

e
= +
1
2

2
_
1
b
r
_
, (15)

e
=
1
2

2
_
1
b
r
_
, (16)
P
e
= P
1
2

2
_
1
b
r
_
, (17)
we are able to rewrite the Einstein equations as
b

8r
2
=
e
, (18)
b
8r
3
=
e
, (19)
b b

r
16r
3
= P
e
, (20)
Thus one sees that the conservation law of the eective stress-energy tensor T
(w)

+T
()

still
obeys the same equation

e
+
2
r
(
e
+ P
e
) = 0. (21)
We now nd the solutions of scalar eld and matter. To determine the spatial distribu-
tions of b(r), (r), (r), P(r), and (r), we need one more condition for them such as the
equation of state, P
e
=
e
. With the appropriate asymptotic atness imposed we nd
the eective matter as functions of r [4]

e
(r) r
2(1+3)/(1+2)
, (22)

e
(r) r
2(1+3)/(1+2)
, (23)
b(r) r
1/(1+2)
, <
1
2
. (24)
Since the scalar eld eects changes just r
4
by the eld equation (11), the matter is given
by
r
2(1+3)/(1+2)
+ r
4
, (25)
r
2(1+3)/(1+2)
+ r
4
. (26)
5
Once b(r) is known to depend on a specic value of , we can integrate Eq. (11) to obtain
(r)
_
dr
r
2
_
(1 b(r)/r)
. (27)
For example, when b = b
2
0
/r, where = 1 and b
0
is the minimum size of the throat of the
wormhole, we obtain that
=
0
_
1 arccos
_
b
0
r
__
(28)
by assuming the boundary condition that > 0, |
r=b
0
=
0
, and lim
r
= 0. Thus the
scalar eld decreases monotonically, i.e.

< 0, and the matter has , , P r

4
.
Secondly we consider a general quadratic scalar eld, whose stress-energy tensor is given
by
T

= (1 2)
;

;
+ (2
1
2
)g

;
2
;
+ 2g

2
+
_
R

1
2
g

R
_

1
2
m
2
g

2
, (29)
where = 0 for minimal coupling and =
1
6
for conformal coupling. The mass of the eld
is given by m. The eld equation for is
(2m
2
R) = 0. (30)
For a non-minimal coupling there is a curvature eect of wormhole background to T

and
. The scalar curvature in the metric (6) with = 0 is given by
R =
2b

r
2
(31)
and the components of the stress-energy tensor for the scalar eld by
T
()
tt
= (1 4)
_
1
2
_
1
b
r
_

2
+
_
1
2
m
2
+
b

r
2
_

2
_
, (32)
T
()
rr
=
1
2

2
+
4
r

_
1
b
r
_
1
_

b
r
3
+
1
2
m
2
_

2
, (33)
T
()

=
_
1
b
r
_
__
2
1
2
_
r
2

2
2r

_
+
_
2r
2
_
m
2
+
2b

r
2
_
+
_
b
2r

b

2
_

1
2
m
2
r
2
_

2
, (34)
T
()

= T
()

sin
2
. (35)
6
As in the minimally-coupled case, we are also able to nd the redenition of the eective
matter

e
= + (1 4)
_
1
2
_
1
b
r
_

2
+
_
1
2
m
2
+
b

r
2
_

2
_
, (36)

e
=
1
2

2
_
1
b
r
_

4
r
_
1
b
r
_

+
_

b
r
3
+
1
2
m
2
_

2
, (37)
P
e
= P +
_
1
b
r
_
__
2
1
2
_

2
r

_
+
_
2
_
m
2
+
2b

r
2
_
+
_
b
2r
3

b

2r
2
_

1
2
m
2
_

2
. (38)
One has the same solution to the equation of the eective matter as Eqs.(22-24) with
the same equation of state. However, one has a more complicated scalar eld equation
_
1
b
r
_

+
_
1
b
r
_

+
2
r
_
1
b
r
_

=
_
m
2
+ 2
b

r
2
_
(39)
From the wormhole shape function b r
1/(1+2)
with the same equation of state P
e
=
e
,
the asymptotic form of the eld can be calculated near the throat and at the innity.

exp [km
2
r
2(1+3)/(1+2)
]
r
2/

exp (km
2
/
e
)
r
2/
at r b
e
mr
at r , (40)
where k = (1 + 2)
2
/[2(1 + 3)]b
2/(1+2)
0
. For the special case of = 1, i.e., b = b
2
0
/r,
the scalar eld has the asymptotic form near the throat

exp (km
2
r
4
)
r
2
, at r b (41)
where k 1/4b
0
. The scalar eld begins to increase from the throat very rapidly with r,
but decreases exponentially at the innity.
To nd the exact solution to the scalar eld, we rewrite the eld equation (39) as
d
2

ds
2
r
4
(m
2
+ R) =
d
2

ds
2
f(s) = 0, (42)
where s =
_
r
2
(1 b/r)
1/2
dr and f(s) = r
2
(s)(m
2
+ 2b

(s)/r
2
(s)). One may interpret
Eq. (42) as a Schrodinger equation with the zero energy, which is, however, not easy to solve
7
in general. When m = = 0, the eld equation becomes just the minimal massless case and
the solution is s, which is given by Eq. (27). For the general case, we can make use
of the analogy with a bounded potential problem in the region r
0
r < or 0 s s
0
,
where r
0
is the place of the throat. In this region, we can nd the asymptotic values of
potential f(s) and as
lim
rr
0
or s0
f(s) < 0, lim
rr
0
or s0
0, (43)
lim
r or ss
0
f(s) = , lim
r or ss
0
0, (44)
if m
2
+ 2b

(s)/r
2
< 0 near throat or m
2
r
2
0
+ 2b

(0) < 0. Otherwise, there is no solution to

. The bounded potential shows that one parameter should be quantized. Which parameter
is quantized?
We consider the specic case of b = b
2
0
/r as above. Then the eld equation becomes
d
2

ds
2
+ [2b
2
0
m
2
b
2
0
sec
4
(b
0
s)] = 0, (45)
where s = (1/b
0
) arccos(b
0
/r). First, the massless scalar eld has the solution
=
0
cos(
_
2b
0
s) =
0
cos
_
_
2 arccos
_
b
0
r
__
. (46)
Second, in the massive case, however, one has the energy parameter E = 2b
2
0
and the
potential V = m
2
b
2
0
sec
4
(b
0
s). The relation E > V or 2 > m
2
b
2
0
must be satised to
guarantee a bounded solution. For small s, that is the region near throat, Eq. (45) is
approximately the harmonic oscillator problem
d
2

dx
2
+ ( x
2
) = 0 (47)
with x
2
= 2mb
3
0
s
2
and = (2 m
2
b
2
0
)/(2mb
0
). The solution is the harmonic wave functions

n
= e
x
2
/2
H
n
(x), the Hermite polynomial. From the energy quantization, we get mb
0
=
2n +1 +
_
(2n + 1)
2
+ 2, where n is odd number. From this result we may conclude that
b
2
0
or the minimal size of the wormhole should be quantized for the non-minimal positive
coupling > 0, including the conformal coupling = 1/6.
8
In this paper we found the solutions of the wormhole with minimal and non-minimal
scalar elds. For a positive non-minimal massive scalar eld case we nd that the size of
throat, the minimal size of the wormhole, should be quantized in order to have the scalar
eld solution satisfying the appropriate boundary conditions. We also nd the solutions to
the matter and the scalar eld in each cases.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported in part by Non-directed program of Ministry of Education,
1994, in part by the Basic Science Research Institute in Ewha Womans University, BSRI-
97-2427, and in part by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation No. 95-0702-04-01-3.
9
REFERENCES
[1] M. S. Morris, K. S. Thorne, Am. J. Phys. 56, 395 (1988).
[2] M. S. Morris, K. S. Thorne, U. Yurtsever, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 1446 (1988).
[3] T. Roman, Phys. Rev. D 47, 1370 (1993).
[4] Sung-Won Kim, Phy. Rev. D 53, 6889 (1996).
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