Chapter 2 nutrition

2.1 : 2.2 : 2.3 : 2.4 : 2.5 : 2.6 : Classes of Food The Importance of a Balanced Diet Human Digestive System Absorption of Digested Food Reabsorption of Water & Defecation Eating Habits

1.1 : classes of food

Food is the basic need of all living things. It is needed to :(a) make new cells (b) repair damaged cells (c) provide energy for daily activities (d) protect the body from diseases

1.1 : classes of food

Carbohydrate

Proteins

Fats

Vitamins

Classes of food
Water

Minerals

Fibre

Carbohydrates
Organic compounds consisting of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Generally there are 3 types :(a) sugar (b) starch & glycogen (c) cellulose

Carbohydrates - sugars
Sugars are the simplest carbohydrate molecules & sweet crystalline compounds which dissolve readily in water.

Simple sugars Complex sugars (monosaccharides) (disaccharides) There are many Made up of 2 molecules of simple sugars. 3 simple sugars condensed most common together. 3 most common simple sugars : complex sugars : (a) Glucose (a) Sucrose (Fructose + Glucose) (b) Lactose (Galactose + Glucose) (b) Fructose (c) Maltose (Glucose + Glucose) (c) Galactose

Carbohydrates - sugars
Sources Found in all animals, grapes and honey Common in plants, but rarely found in Fructose animals A component of milk-sugar/ lactose rare in Galactose organisms except mammals Sugarcane stems, sweet fruits & certain Sucrose storage roots like carrots & sugar-beet. Not found in mammals. Lactose Milk of all mammals including humans Maltose Malted cereals and sprouting grains Sugars Glucose

Carbohydrates - starch
Starch is a storage form of carbohydrate found only in plants :(a) Excess glucose produced during photosynthesis is stored in plants as starch (b) Sources of starch include tapioca, potatoes, sweet potatoes, rice, maize & wheat

Carbohydrates - glycogen
Glycogen is a storage form of carbohydrate found in animal & fungi (a) In mammals, glycogen is mainly found in the muscles & liver (b) When glucose in the body is depleting, glycogen can be easily broken down into glucose

Carbohydrates - cellulose
Cellulose is the carbohydrate that makes up the most part of the cell walls of plants. (a) A form of fibre, cellulose is common in fruits & vegetables (b) Can only be digested by herbivores. Humans cannot digest cellulose

Functions of Carbohydrates
1. As a source of energy. During respiration, carbohydrates are oxidized to produce energy. In fact most of the energy needed by the body comes from carbohydrates.
Oxygen Energy Carbon dioxide Water

Carbohydrates (glucose)

Functions of Carbohydrates
2. 3. To form cellulose in plants & other supporting structures. To form other organic compounds like amino acids & fats especially when carbohydrates are in excess. To produce lubricants such as mucus that covers the surfaces of the nasal cavity To produce nectar that attracts insects & enables cross-pollination

4.

5.

Test for Carbohydrates

1.

2. 3.

Add 2ml of Benedicts solution into a test tube containing 2ml of glucose solution. Shake the mixture. Immerse the test tube in a beaker of boiling water for 5 minutes.