Dilkanth Patel Mr.Pranausk NW106 10/5/2010 Linux vs.

Windows Many individuals think there are only two operating systems available to consumers Windows and Apple. But theres really another operating system out there, its called Linux. Linux is one of the most widely used operating system for many companies including Google, AT&T and several other major corporations. What is Linux? Linux refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using the Linux kernel. Unlike Windows, Linux is an unique type of operating system due to the fact that it is not copy righted, meaning that anyone can download Linux and use its source code for free to make any adjustments they believe will improve the operating system. Many computer users believe that Windows will never lose the position that its gained in the computer market. Microsoft Windows was the first major operating system that used a graphical user interface. The first Microsoft graphical user interface was Windows 1.0, there were many drop-down menus, scroll bars, icons, and dialog boxes. Without Windows, personal consumer computers would not probably be as popular as they are today. Linux has many advantages over Windows. One major advantage is that Linux is free while Windows operating systems cost over 200 dollars and for each computer a license has to be purchased. Also Linux comes with many applications and some open source. While Windows you have to purchase many of the applications which mostly cost over 50 dollars. Many of Linux applications are available online, and free to download. Another big advantage of Linux is that you can download almost any flavor of Linux online, except some of the server operating system which has a fee. Windows is developed by one major company known as Microsoft. Another major advantage over Windows is Linux has direct contact with hardware. While Windows is trying to make the user have less contact with their hardware. Security is another advantage; Linux is much stronger than Windows. Linux has been around for several years, and has managed to stay secure when it comes to viruses, spyware and adware for all these years. It is not as easy to get a virus in Linux, as it is in Windows. Linux also gives a free freedom of choice. Linux allows you to control almost every aspect of the operating system. Two major features are the look and feel of the desktop and the kernel. In Windows, you dont have that option; you can either use the default Windows Personalization or buy third-party applications to get the same thing Linux allows you to do. Hardware is also a benefit when it comes to Linux. Several old computers with less processing power or memory can run Linux without any problems. With Windows youll see several performance issues, reducing several themes and displays to make it perform somewhat Linux would perform on that system. Some of the disadvantages of Linux are trying to load the operating system. Windows comes with wizards that guide you through the install with very little user input, which makes it very easy for consumers. Linux isnt that easy, it requires hardware knowledge and some Dos

commands to make things run the way there supposed to. However, Linux programmers are making it more user friendly creating wizards to install the operating system and soon it might be easier to install than Windows. Linux commands can sometimes be very confusing, and everything is case sensitive in Linux. While in windows the commands are not case sensitive. There are many similarities among the two operating systems as well. Windows and Linux both have a graphical user interface. Both operating systems have a kernel and DOS shell. Windows, and Linux all store information in files which are organized in directories. Directories may contain files and other directories. Both operating systems can start a program by typing it in the command prompt. Also they both have Windows that can be minimized, maximized, closed using buttons or menus. As there are similarities, there are also several differences among Windows and Linux. Linux is case sensitive, to all capital and lower case letters. Also if a command succeeds in Linux it will bring you back to the command prompt, without letting you know if the command was successful or not. In Windows, if you try to delete a file or folder a prompt will appear asking if you are sure you want to do that. Linux will simply delete it without any prompts, which can be easily destroy a file or folder and it cannot be undone. These are some of the differences among the two operating systems. Linux will evolve as years go by. One day it may become the dominant operating system in the computer industry. There will always be differences among the two operating systems. Linux will always remain free to every consumer.

Nowadays, the computer has become popular all over the world. In a computer, one of the most important parts is Operating System (OS). Since the dawn of the computer, there are many different OS, but only two rules the world: Windows and Linux. One from the biggest software company, one from the Open Source community, the two OS has some similarities along with many differences. There is something similar between Windows and Linux. Firstly, Both OS were developed with the same purpose: to satisfy the computer users, make the computer become friendly. Before Windows and Linux were born, the computer was just a black screen full of text. Everything must be done by the command line, so not many people could be able to use the computer. The birth of Windows and then Linux was a revolution. Their Graphic user interface makes the way using computer much easier. Now everybody, from beginners to professionals can use the computer without any difficulties. Everything is just point and click. Secondly, the two OS are supported by a large number of software from other company. These software make Windows and Linux more powerful, more useful. There is something Windows and Linux do not have, or do not make you satisfy? Do not worry, you will easily find some software suit you. For example, a person wants to edit a photograph, but Windows Paint cannot do what he wants, he can use other software like Photoshop from Adobe or Corel Draw, which can do everything about photos. People can also develop their own software with just a little knowledge about software programming. Everything is supported by the two OS. Beside the similarities, there are some big differences between Windows and Linux. The first difference is the developer. Windows is developed by Microsoft. Everything is registered, and it is illegal if some one try to modify Windows. This is the same for most of the software developed for Windows. Linux was first developed by Torvalds Linus. It is an Open source project, everyone can develop it. Therefore, many versions of Linux have been developed. The software for Linux is also free and open. Due to a large number of people developing, sometime the freeware for Linux can compare to the high price software for Windows. Unfortunately, most of the time, Linuxs software is not as good as Windows. Secondly, the price is a big difference between Windows and Linux. Windows is not free. It is sold at a high price so not everybody can afford it. For people in developing countries like Vietnam, Windows is too expensive. Price is a big advantage of Linux. All versions of Linux are free. People can easily download Linux from the Internet and use without having any license. It is a solution for poor and developing countries, and some countries such as China, India have chosen Linux as a main OS for the governments computer. The last difference between Windows and Linux is the popularity. Windows is much more popular than Linux. More than 90 percent of PCs are installed Windows. But now, the numbers of computer with Linux is rising rapidly. Some big companies such as Dell, HP now also sell Linux PCs. And on OS for mobile and other device, Linux is going to beat windows. The PlayStation 2, best selling game console of all time has a Linux-based OS.

Windows and Linux, each has different strong points and week points. But they have done a very good job in satisfying users. Now Windows has a little advantage compare to Linux. However, which OS is the best is up to users to decide.

Operating Systems Analysis When people think of operating systems for the PC, most people will think of Microsoft and Windows. For the last few years Windows XP has been the main operating system for the majority of the PC world. However, other operating systems such as Linux, UNIX, and other Windows based operating systems such as Windows 2003, Vista, and so forth. So, what are the differences and distinctions of these operating systems? This paper will compare and contrast three operating systems; Linux, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003. Linux Linux is a rapidly-growing, mature alternative to the popular proprietary operating system model. The term Linux itself refers to the Linux kernel, developed by Linus Torvalds, then a student at the University of Helsinki (Torvalds, 1991). Linus was unsatisfied with the academic operating system of choice of the time, MINIX, due to its restrictions on modification and redistribution and its 16-bit kernel, so he began development on a kernel of his own. The kernel is Unix-like, multiuser and multitasking, modular and licensed under the GNU (GNU's Not Unix) Public License, more commonly known as the GPL. Linux as an operating system is the combination of the Linux kernel and the GNU userland utilities, packaged as a distribution, of which has over one hundred different variations at this time. Currently, the most popular distributions (based on page hits, not actual installations) are PCLinuxOS, Ubuntu, openSUSE and Fedora. For the purposes of this paper, any further use of the term Linux will represent a complete operating system, based upon the features provided by the majority of these distributions. Kernel Features The Linux kernel (currently at version 2.6) is monolithic in design (much like Windows, as opposed to a microkernel such as the one used by OSX), meaning most basic kernel services run in privileged kernel space. The kernel provides pre-emptive multitasking, meaning the kernel can force applications to yield, providing access to the central processing unit (CPU), memory and IO to other processes. Additionally, the kernel provides different task schedulers, allowing the kernel to support a variety of different environments, including embedded, mobile, server and desktop environments. The current versions of the Linux kernel are available in 32 and 64-bit versions, allowing the 32-bit kernel to address up to 4 Gigabytes of memory or 16 Exabytes of memory for the 64-bit versions. The kernel provides a modular device-driver interface, allowing drivers to be loaded and unloaded from the running kernel and simplifying driver development and deployment. The kernel provides a virtualized file system interface, allowing for a uniform interface to any file system supported by the kernel. Finally, the Linux kernel is portable, running on a variety of CPU architectures, to include x86 (the average personal computer), Alpha, ARM, Itanium, PowerPC, MIPS, SPARC and more. Window Managers While the multitude of open-source licensed applications written for Linux are not specifically part of Linux itself. Discussing the features of Linux without discussing the overwhelming amount of free software available for use with the operating system is impossible. One of the key

concepts driving Linux is that of choice, for nearly any task, the user has multiple choices for applications to accomplish that task. The interface to nearly every modern computer is provided by a windowing system and window manager, and Linux is no exception to this rule. Unlike most operating systems, however, the Linux user has several choices for window managers, depending on personal needs and preferences. The two most commonly used window managers are Gnome (the GNU Object Model Environment) and KDE (the K Desktop Environment), and they both provide an experience on par with or exceeding the experience provided by other modern operating systems. While these two environments have some fundamental philosophical differences, they both provide a similar product and differ mostly in implementation details. Additionally, the user can choose from many other window managers, most designed to make the most of older, less powerful computers. These window managers include Fluxbox, IceWM, Blackbox, Xfce, Enlightenment and more. Switching window managers is as easy as logging out and logging back in, making it simple for users to try out new options before settling on a favorite. Finally, users with advanced graphics cards can enable 3-dimensional (3D) effects for the desktop, allowing everything from transparent windows, desktop snowstorms and "wobbly windows" to arbitrary screen annotation and rotating desktops. Readers are encouraged to search for the term "compiz" on Google or Youtube for a video demonstration. Services Linux is a multi-purpose operating system, and as such is capable of running software for almost any task. Even though Linux is primarily built on free software Linux has the capability of running proprietary software as well. Some popular databases that are available for Linux are, beginning with the free options, MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Firebird, along with a few proprietary servers such as Oracle, Objectivity and Sybase. In addition to database servers, Linux is aptly suited to serving up web pages using software such as Apache and lighttpd. Linux can function as a file server using technologies such as the Network File System (NFS) and Samba, an opensource implementation of the Microsoft Windows Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. Additionally, Linux supports mail servers, DNS servers, LDAP servers and more. Applications Linux supports a wide range of applications, including games, web browsers, mail clients, personal accounting software, spreadsheets, word processors and more. Additionally, new applications are popping up on a daily basis, filling in the few remaining gaps separating Linux from some of the mainstream operating systems. In cases when the user needs an application without a usable equivalent available for Linux, projects such as Wine (Windows Emulator), Cedega and Crossover Office allow many applications written for Windows to run on Linux. In many cases, Linux-native applications are available which support the popular Windows file formats, allowing the user to view and edit these files. As Linux grows in popularity, more applications are being written specifically with Linux in mind or being ported to run natively on Linux. Security Operating system security is a complex subject, involving many variables such as configuration,

user education, installed software, external protection firewalls, proxies, and more. The various features of Linux can be used to provide a more secure operating environment for the Linux user. First, the security features of the Linux kernel itself will be covered, then moving on to the security features present in the Linux Userland. Together, these two components provide an excellent security framework for system administrators to build upon. Kernel Security The past few years have seen significant advances in Linux kernel security. As with almost everything Linux-related, kernel security offers many choices and most Linux distributors will package some mix of the security features listed here, depending on the target environment. Some of the more important kernel security features are: Linux Security Modules (LSM) - LSM is a security framework in the Linux kernel, designed to provide an interface for loadable security modules to implement Mandatory Access Control (MAC) AppArmor - AppArmor is a MAC solution for Linux, providing "effective containment for programs (including those that run as root) to thwart attempted exploits and even zero-day attacks." (2007, novell) SELinux - SELinux is a MAC and Multi-level security (MLS) solution for Linux, developed by the NSA in 2000. Grsecurity - Grsecurity provides Role-based Access Control (RBAC), auditing, exploit prevention and more. Exec Shield, PaX - Exec Shield and PaX provide protection against stack and buffer overflow exploits. IPtables - IPtables provides a direct kernel interface for firewall implementation, allowing stateful filtering based upon a wide range of criteria. These frameworks and security implementations provide two important general functions, providing protection against external attacks, including vulnerabilities in running software, and providing protection against malicious users. These security features provide protection against previously unknown threats, preventing escalation of privilege and system compromise. Userland Security The single, most powerful security feature provided in the Linux Userland is the software manager (also frequently known as a package manager.) Almost all software in Linux can be installed using a central software management system. Software packages are available from repositories, usually situated in several geographically-separated locations. Software packages are fingerprinted, that is, the package file (much like an installer) is run through a program which calculates a unique signature for that particular file, so that they can be verified to be authentic before installation. Once installed, these packages are tracked by the software manager, which receives notification of updates from the repository. Unlike some operating systems, these security updates are available for all software installed by the software manager, so vulnerable packages can be updated quickly, keeping Linux systems safe. Additionally, the default policy on the majority of Linux systems is for regular users to be unprivileged, only increasing privilege

when necessary, limiting the possibility of system compromise should a single application be compromised. Windows XP Windows XP is built on a completely new engine that is based on the proven code of Windows NT and Windows 2000. The engine features include a 32-bit computing architecture and a fully protected memory model. This new engine design will provide a dependable computing experience for all users. XP also features an enhanced device driver verifier that builds on the original version found in Windows 2000. The driver verifier will perform a greater stress test for third party drivers. By passing this stress test it will be ensured that the device drivers are that most current and robust drivers available. This will ensure optimal stability for the operating system. Windows XP Features Windows XP boasts the most reduced number of reboot scenarios. This eliminates many of the situations where users would be forced to reboot the system. This is a dramatic improvement over previous systems such as Windows NT 4.0 and Windows 95/98/Me. Fewer software installations will require reboots, providing users with more uptime and higher levels of productivity. Another area that Microsoft has improved upon is in its code protection. Improved code protection ensures that critical kernel data structures are read-only, ensuring that third party drivers and applications cannot corrupt them. One of the reasons to do this is to prevent any possible rogue applications from adversely affecting the core operating system areas. Once again, this is a way to protect the stability of the operating system. Side-by-side DLL support is a feature that provides a way for multiple, individual Windows components to be installed and run "side by side." Side-by-Side support helps to prevent issues with DLL files by allowing an application that has been written and tested with one version of a system component to continue to use that version even if an application that uses a newer version of the same component is installed. This cuts down on the number of similar DLL files on the system, therefore, helping the system to operate more effectively. Similarly, XP offers preemptive multitasking architecture which means that the user is able to run multiple applications simultaneously, while still providing adequate system responsiveness. Another highlight of Windows XP is its new security center from which the user or administrator can easily manage security resources. Using the single, unified view of key settings, tools, and access to resources, the user can easily change settings and identify possible security issues. From the security center the user can access another new feature of Windows XP, the Windows firewall. The Windows firewall provides protection from the moment the computer is turned on until Windows shuts down. Windows is designed to reduce the number of possible Internet based attacks on the system. Windows firewall also comes with an exception list that allows administrators to better manage which applications can access the network or Internet. By allowing only necessary ports to be opened, security is maintained while application compatibility is increased. The firewall can also be configured to receive local subnet traffic or

even traffic from specified IP addresses. This further reduces the possibility of network based attacks on the system. Finally, Data Execution Prevention (DEP) rounds out the fundamental security system. DEP prevents certain types of malicious code from attacking and overwhelming a computers memory. This security feature reduces the risk of possible buffer overruns, a common form of attack from hackers. Windows XP Administration Windows XP now comes with tools to make administration easier. One such device is the installer. This service helps the user when installing and removing programs. Its goal is to minimize down time. Included is a new Windows file protection function that prevents core system files from being overwritten when installing new software. If core files are overwritten, the system will replace them with the correct version before the system becomes unstable. New enhanced software restriction policies provide administrators with a way to identify the software that is running in their environment and to even limit its ability to execute. This can give the administrator the ability to lockdown any software and possibly prevent infection from a virus or some other malicious code. This facility can contribute to improved system integrity and stability. Windows XP security The security features found in XP are far superior to what is found in previous Windows versions. Its Encrypting File System (EFS) provides the ultimate protection from hackers. This function encrypts each file with a randomly generated key and supports multiple users. The IP Security (IPSec) helps protect data transmitted across a network. This function is critical for organizations operating with virtual private networks (VPNs), as it allows them to transmit data securely over the Internet. Kerberos is what enables IT administrators will be able to build secure VPNs quickly and easily in this environment. Kerberos is an Internet standard, which is especially useful for networks that have other operating system on them such as UNIX. Aesthetically, Windows XP has a new and attractive design that makes it more approachable for users. Visual cues have been incorporated that make navigation throughout the system easier, and duplicative functions have been eliminated to consolidate and simplify common tasks. Administrators or end users can choose to work with the updated user interface or stay with what they know and use the classic Windows 2000 interface. This type of user-friendly feature gives users ownership over the system and a type of familiarity which is bound to build loyalty. Windows 2003 Server Microsoft introduced Windows Server 2003 in April 24, 2003, this server operating system (OS) was designed to replace Windows 2000 Server and be considered the foundation for building and developing all business server products. Server 2003 itself is an evolutionary step forward over Server 2000 and Windows NT, introducing support for .NET integration and web services, tightening security, improving scalability with increased multiple processor, 64 bit support and enhancing front end administration tools. Server 2003s roots lay in functional elements from UNIX, Netware, VMS, DOS and OS/2 while providing a uniquely Microsoft interface. Server 2003 is built on Windows NT technology whose formal history began in 1993 as Microsoft and

IBM parted ways over OS/2. Windows NT was designed to give an alternative to IBMs OS/2 LAN Manager, bringing a network manager to the Windows family. By version 4.0 the Graphical User Interface was borrowed from Windows 95, the added services of Distributed Common Object Model (DCOM) and Domain Name Server and support for TCP/IP and the incorporation of Microsoft Back Office Product made NT a viable micro server product. Windows Server 2000 released was on February 17, 2000. This release of the server family added Active Directory, enhanced network features and security. The introduction of the modularized two main layers of User Mode and Kernel Mode separates and restricts the access to system memory, resources and devices. Server 2003 Features Windows Server 2003 has built on the success of Windows 2000 and has become a multipurpose OS capable of handling multiple server roles. File and print server allowing multiple users access to files and external devices Web server and Web application services host multiple web sites and web services. Mail server receive, store and deliver electronic mail. Terminal server allowing multiple connections in a thin client configuration, where the client acts merely to display data. Remote access and virtual private network (VPN) server allowing control of security using Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) through the internet. Directory services, Domain Name System (DNS), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, and Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) Streaming media server allowing for high speed and better quality audio and video data delivery over TCP/IP. Database and Enterprise application server allowing the server to run as a standalone dedicated database or mid tier applications server. Architecture The structure and architecture of Server 2003 reveals a simple arrangement of functions that separate system related events from user events. The Executive or Kernel mode breaks its operation into five segments that run in privileged mode hidden from the user. These five segments are the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL), the Microkernal, device drivers, Executive managers and Executive Service buffer. HAL is responsible for the communications between Intel compatible hardware, device drivers and the OS. The microkernels job is to dispatch and control threads, synchronize events and control objects virtual address space. The device drivers are a set of instructions that coordinate the OS with all hardware, this section also integrates the Windows API allowing for expansion of additional peripherals. The Executive Managers are a collection of tightly coupled applications that allow the subsystem and user applications to access system resources. These are: The Object Manager responsible for creation, deletion and interim management of files, directories, processes, events and shared memory.

 The Process Manager is responsible for threading control or all applications. The Virtual Memory Manager regulates allocation of 32 or 64 bit memory. The Interprocess Communications Manager regulates both local procedure call and remote procedure calls. The Security Reference Monitor controls the Access control list, the individual access control entry and the security ID (SID). The I/O Manager controls all input and output to system cache, file system, network drivers. Windows Manager and Graphic Device Drivers for graphic device drivers. Plug and Play Manager automatically detects the addition of new hardware. Cache Manager monitors page faults for disk reads. Configuration Manager regulates registry settings with the executive kernel. Power Manager regulates power to computers and devices. The executive service buffer separates the kernel and user modes and acts as a medium for passing all API calls. The User Mode of Server 2003 comprises of two components that work together to facilitate user and application integrity, these are: A protected environment subsystem supports native and legacy operating system tasks. Dynamic user intervention which oversees the unprotected actions of individual users and applications. Server 2003 component service manager is similar to a UNIX daemon, allowing tasks to be performed either in the foreground or background. These tasks can be managed either remotely or locally and can access a list of services upon startup or recovery or through dependencies. System Registry The Registry is the main hierarchical system database for operating system and contains information about the local computers hardware and software configurations. The Registry also contains program group and desktop settings, user profiles, local language and time settings, network configuration and security information and COM, ActiveX and OLE server data. This database is used by the system kernel, device drivers, and applications programs to access information. Upon boot up of Server 2003 a backup copy is made and retained in event of a system crash. The registry is editable using a standalone application; RegEdit. Security If the Registry is the main database for the system, Active Directory (AD) is the database for managing all objects within a Windows 2003 domain and replicated structures. AD allows an administrator a centralized location to administer permissions to add, modify, delete and view all objects anywhere in the domain tree or forest. AD is the centralized location for the global catalog (GC), Domain Name Services (DNS) and Access Control List (ACL). Through the support of lightweight directory protocol (LDAP) Windows 2003 can work with different operating systems allowing applications the same API to access security features. AD also supports group policy access across both domain and forest boundaries allowing multiple domains to be joined and managed. Security and authentication is handled by Kerberos security standard and public key certification is based on the X.509 standard.

File Access Server 2003 maintains support for File Access Table (FAT), FAT32 and NTFS file systems. This maintains a support for legacy windows versions and hardware. NTFS itself was upgraded in Server 2003 to support disk quotas, enhanced encryption and Universal data format for DVD support. Network Support Both network and communications have been greatly enhanced over Server 2000. PPTP and L2TP support have been added permitting VPNs to connect through a secure tunnel over the Internet. TCP/IP has been enhanced to include a Telnet server and SMTP native support. Increased support for multiple protocols routing the Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) this enables better handling of IP, IPX and AppleTalk routing. Support the Asynchronous Transfer Model (ATM) and 1 GB per second Fiber Channel bus data transfer. Compare and Contrast Reliability A major factor in reliability would be the Mean Time between Failures (MTBF). Windows Server is notorious for having short a MTBF and when running mission critical data storage or back ups one does not want the machine going down for service unexpectedly. Linux operating systems are known to have a long MTBFs even some up to a couple years without rebooting. In the 24 hour global economy, one could see why the selection of a Linux operating system is preferable in an environment where up time and reliability is a must. Errors occur in the Linux environment however, they are not as common or as severe as the errors that occur in Windows environments. Contributing to the stability of Linux is open source code base. This means that when a bug or a major failure is discovered that programmers all over the world can work on it. Opposed to the Windows where the source code is proprietary it can only be worked on by Windows programmers. Reliability in desktops is about the same also Linux environments are more stable and Windows XP is stable but compared to Linux, Windows XP is less stable. Windows configurations need reboots when adding new software or hardware. This is problematic on file servers because then the administrator has to wait until after hours to do maintenance. Linux the administrator can reconfigure almost everything without rebooting the system making it the choice for reliability. File System The file systems between Linux and Windows are very different from one another. The Linux file structure is a single hierarchal file system which means everything begins from the root directory. The Windows file systems can have a variety of different partitions that can have many directories under those partitions. Linux places partitions and directory mounts under the root while Windows can spread the partitions out of the root so that both a C: drive and an F: drive may have both file systems. The file system structure is referred to in the Windows world as New Technology File System. Now this file system was created by windows and is a windows specific file system but over the

years Linux has implemented ways to read and understand the file system with the NTFS -3G drivers. Otherwise the Linux file system is completely different in that the root is where everything takes place. Security The state of security in todays business world is losing credibility everywhere. Today articles about hackers gaining access to sensitive information are prevalent. Linux touts security that can protect companies against losing this information. Windows systems seem to have known security holes from their inception date. Even today with the current Windows NT technology large holes still exist in security and with no way to get ahead of the hackers they can only fix what may be broken. Another factor in the security of these systems comes into play when hackers start attacking these systems. Windows is more popular and therefore, a main target for hackers while Linux distributions are not targeted as much because they do not hold much of the market. Conclusion Though Windows and Linux may differ in many ways and respects they both command a loyal following of users and system integrators. Each has a targeted audience, Linux for the system administrators who want more control and Windows for the company enterprise where information technology departments have developed corporate standards on the WINTEL Enterprise. Server 2003 and Linux Enterprise Server offer the ability to control users and applications in the domain. Windows XP and Linux can also be deployed as fully functional desktop environment. Given the opportunity all three OS can work together in a companys domain or forest and give the enterprise benefits of all environments.