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1. FUNDAMENTAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS EQUATIONS

1.1.Basic Equations.
Electromagnetic field influences particle with electric charge q (in coulomb
[C]), which moving with velocity v with a force
(1.1) ( )
M E
F F B v E q F
r r r
r
r r
+ = + = ,
where E
r
is electric field intensity (in volts per meter [V/m]), and B
r
is magnetic
flux density (in webers per square meter [Wb/m
2
] or tesla [T]). As seen in (1.1),
the force F
r
has two components electric force
E
F
r
and magnetic force
M
F
r

that is to say electromagnetic field contains electric field and magnetic field,
which are interdependent.
Electric field intensity E
r
can be defined as a force, which the
electromagnetic field reacts on a single static positive electric charge q
(1.2)
q
F
E
e
r
r
= .
Magnetic flux density B
r
is given by Laurences force in (1.1) or
(1.3) ( ) B v q F
M
r
r
r
= ,
i.e. it can be said that magnetic flux density is equal to the force that the
electromagnetic field influence on a single electric charge, which is moving with
velocity of 1 m/s, perpendicular to magnetic field lines.
These two quantities E
r
and B
r
define completely the electromagnetic field in
vacuum.
In other mediums for definition of electric field has been introduced electric
flux density D
r
with units coulomb per square meter
(

2
m
C
. The materials
(mediums) are polarized under the influence of electromagnetic field. That leads
to appearance of an additional electric field which reacts with initial one. It is
characterized with polarization vector
(1.4) E k P
E
r r
0
= ,
where
2
(1.5)
m
F
36
10
10 . 854 , 8
9
12
0

= =
is permittivity of vacuum (free space),
E
k is electric susceptibility, a parameter
that signifies the ability of the material to get polarized. Therefore the electric flux
density can be given by relation
(1.6) E P E D
r r r r
= + =
0
,
where
(1.7) ( )
r E
k
0 0
1 = + =
is permittivity of material having units farads per meter
(

m
F
, and
r
is relative
permittivity of the material that have no units.
For characterization of magnetic field in materials has been introduced
magnetic field intensity H
r
, which has units ampere per meter
(

m
A
and is given
by equation
(1.8)

B
H
r
r
= ,
where is permeability of material, that has units henrys per meter
(

m
H
and
(1.9) ( )
r M
k
0 0
1 = + = .
In equation (1.9)
M
k is magnetic susceptibility,
r
is relative permeability of
material (with no units), and
(1.10)
m
H
10 . 4
7
0

=
is the permeability of vacuum.
Magnetic field causes magnetization of materials. That create additional
magnetic field in material, which interact with original one and is defined with
magnetization vector
(1.11) H k M
M
r r
0
= .
From (1.8), (1.9) and (1.11) can be written
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(1.12) M H B
r r r
+ =
0
.
As known materials which have free electrons is named conductors. For
characterization of conduction is used conductivity of material , that has units
siemens per meter
(

m
S
. Relation between conduction current density J (in units
ampere per square meter
(

2
m
A
) and electric field intensity is given by equation
(1.13) E J
r r
= .
It can be said that parameters , and characterize electromagnetic features
of the materials.
2.2. Maxwells Equations.
In 1873 James Clerk Maxwell generalized experimental results, got by
Ampere, Faraday and other explorers of electromagnetism and formulated
equations, which describe electromagnetic state in certain medium. These
equations are fundamental for electromagnetic fields theory.
1.2.1. Maxwells Equation in Integral Form.
1.2.1.1. Amperes Circuital Law.
Amperes circuital law is combination of Oersteds invention that electric
current generates magnetic field and mathematical deduction of Maxwell that
time-varying electric field gives rise to magnetic field, i.e.
(1.14)

+ =
S S l
S d D
t
S d J l d H
r r r r r r
.
1.2.1.2. Faradays Law
This law is consequence of Faradays experimental invention in 1831 that
time-varying magnetic field gives rise to electric field. In other words,
electromotive force around closed path l is equal to the negative of time rate of
increase of the magnetic flux enclosed by that path, that is
(1.15)

=
S l
S d B
t
l d E
r r r r
.
1.2.1.3. Gauss Law for the Electric Field.
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It states that electric charges give rise up to electric field or that electric flux
emanating from a closed surface S is equal to the charge enclosed by this surface -
(1.16)

=
v S
dv S d D
r r
,
where is charge density that have units coulombs per cubic meter
(

3
m
C
. As
seen from (1.16) electric field lines are interrupted in spots where electrical
charges are placed.
1.2.1.4. Gauss Law for Magnetic Field.
It states that the magnetic flux emanating from a closed surface S is equal to
zero -
(1.17) 0 =

S
S d B
r r

or number of magnetic lines entering closed surface is equal to the number of
magnetic lines coming out of that surface in other words magnetic lines are
uninterrupted.
1.2.2. Maxwells Equations in Differential Form.
Maxwells equations in differential form are worked out from these in
integral form by using Stocks and Gauss-Ostrogradskis theorems
(1.18)

=
S l
S d A rot l d A
r r r r
,
(1.19)

=
S v
dv A div S d A
r r r
.
Then the equations in differential form are as follow
(1.20)
t
D
J H

+ =
r
r r
rot ,
(1.21)
t
B
E

=
r
r
rot ,
(1.22) = D
r
div ,
(1.23) 0 div = B
r
.
1.3. Complex Permittivity.
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In the right side of the first Maxwells equation besides conduction current
density there is a time rate of electric flux density. Therefore
t
D

r
has the same
physical meaning like current density and is also known as electrical inductions
current density. Depending on which current density is greater the materials are
divided as follow materials with big losses, materials with moderate losses and
materials with low losses. Lets consider monochromatic
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electromagnetic field
(1.24)
t j
e E E

0
= ,
where
0
is electric field intensity amplitude that is complex and
(1.25) f 2 =
is the angular frequency. With f is given the frequency in hertz [Hz]. Then from
(1.6), (1.7), (1.13) and (1.20) can be written
E j j E E j E
t
E
H
r
r r r r
r
r
|
|

\
|
= + = +

=
0
0
rot

or
(1.26) E j H
r
r
&
r

0
rot = ,
where
r
& is relative complex permittivity of material
(1.27)

60
0
j j
r r r
= = & .
In (1.27)
(1.28)
f
c
=
is wavelength in free space in meters [m], and
(1.29) m/s 10 . 3
8
= c
is light velocity in vacuum.
1.4. Material classification.

1
A electromagnetic field with only one frequency.
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Materials classification from the point of view of electromagnetic waves
propagation is made by some features.
1.4.1. Materials with big, moderate and low losses.
The real part of complex permittivity is proportional to electrical inductions
current therefore it gives assessment of dielectric properties of materials. The
imaginer part is proportional of conduction current and gives information about
conductive properties of materials. Lets
(1.30)
[ ]
[ ]

60 Im
Re
r
r
r
Q = =
&
&
.
If Q<0,1 then in (1.20) conduction current is predominant and the
material has conductive properties (big losses);
If 0,1<Q<10 the both currents are at same rate and the material has
semi conductive properties (moderate losses);
In cases when Q>10 electrical inductions current is predominant and
the material has dielectric properties and low losses.
It must be taken into consideration that the frequency participates in the
imaginer part of the complex permittivity. Therefore a single material in various
frequencies can show different properties in low frequencies it can be with
conductive properties, in medium frequencies it can be with semi conductive
properties and in high frequencies it can obtain dielectric properties. That is
typical for water and ground in radio frequency range and this change of
properties determines the features of radio waves propagation from given
frequency band and respectively their application.
1.4.2. Linear and Non-linear Materials.
If the electromagnetic properties of a given material (i.e. parameters , and
) dont depend on amplitude of applied electromagnetic field the material is
linear. In other case it is non-linear. In cases of weak fields almost all of materials
are linear.
1.4.3. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Materials.
If in each point of a material electromagnetic properties are the same, in other
words , and are independent on spatial coordinates, then this material is
homogeneous. If not the material is heterogeneous.
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1.4.4. Isotropic and Anisotropic Materials.
When the electromagnetic properties of a given material are independent on
the direction of applied electromagnetic field this material is isotropic. In other
case it is anisotropic. For example crystals are homogeneous, but anisotropic
materials.
1.4.5. Dispersive and Non-dispersive materials.
If the electromagnetic properties of a given material depend on frequency of
applied electromagnetic field this material is dispersive. In this case the material
will influence in different manner on different frequency components of a signal.
The phenomenon that is observed in dispersive materials is known as dispersion.