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[Video] [Alternate Video] Set] Problem Set:

1) Cosider the magnetic circuit shown in figure. Determine the current required to estabilsh a fulx density of 0.5 T in the air gap

Answer:

2) The iron core shown in Figure (a) has a cross section of 2 cm by 2cm and a relative permeability of 1000. The coil has 500 turns and carries a current of Taking the reluctance of the iron paths to be zero determine the flux densities of the air gaps

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Figure(C)

Figure(a)

Figure (C)

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[Notes]

[Examples]

[Problem

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Answer:

3) 2 mWb is to be produced in the air gap of the magnetic circuit shown in figure (a). How much ampere turns the coil must provide to achieve this? Relative permeability r of the core material may be assumed to be constant and equal to 5000. All the dimensions shown are in cm and the sectional area is 2 25cm throughout.

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4) A magnetic circuit of cross-sectional area 0.4 cm consists of one part 3 cm long, of material having relative permeability 1200, and a second part 2 cm long of material having relative permeability 750. With a 100 turn coil carrying 2 A, find the value of flux existing in the circuit. [Ans: 0.195 mWb] 5) For the magnetic circuit shown in Figure below. find the current I in the coil needed to produce a flux of 0.45 mWb in the air-gap. The silicon iron magnetic circuit has a uniform cross-sectional area of 3 2 cm and its magnetization curve is as shown in the graph below. [Ans: 0.83 A]

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Examples: Example 1: The iron core shown in Figure (a) has a cross section of 2 cm by 2cm and a relative permeability of 1000. The coil has 500 turns and carries a current of Find the flux density in each air gap. Solution: The magnetic circuit is depicted in Figure (b). First, we compute the reluctances of the three paths. For the center path, we have

For the left-hand path, the total reluctance is the sum of the reluctance of the iron core plus the reluctance of gap We take fringing into account by adding the gap length to its width and depth in computing area of the gap. Thus, the area of gap left-hand path is is Then, the total reluctance of the

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Similarly, the reluctance of the right-hand path is

Next, we can combine the reluctances the reluctance is the sum of

and

in parallel. Then

and this parallel combination:

Now, the flux in the center leg of the coil can be found by dividing the magneto motive force by the total reluctance:

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Fluxes are analogous to currents. Thus, we use the current division principle to determine the flux in the left-hand and right-hand paths, resulting in

Similarly, for gap

we have

As a check on these calculations, we note that Now, we find the flux densities in the gaps by dividing the fluxes by the areas:

Typically, we find that in magnetic circuits consisting of iron cores with are gaps the reluctance of the iron has a negligible effect on the results. Furthermore, we usually do not have a precise value of the permeability for the iron. Thus, it is often sufficiently accurate to assume zero reluctance for the iron cores. This is the counterpart of assuming zero resistance for the wires in an electrical circuit. Example 2:
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Consider the magnetic core an air gap shown in the figure below. The core material has a relative permeability of 6000 and a rectangular cross section 2 Cm by 3 Cm. The coil has 500 turns. Determine the current required to establish a flux density of Bgap=.25T in the air gap.

Solution: The equivalent magnetic circuit is as shown in the figure(b). firstly computing the reluctance of the core. The mean length of the iron core is l core=4*6-.5=23.5 Cm
-4 2 Cross-sectional area of the core is Acore=2 cm*3 cm=6*10 m

Permeability of the core is core=r0=6000*4*10 =7.54*10 Finally the reluctance of the core is R core=
4 =5.195*10 A-turns/Wb

-7

-3

Now, computing the reluctance of the air gap. The flux lines tend to bow out in the air gap. This effect is called fringing. Thus, the effective area of the air gap is larger than that of the iron core. Customarily, we take this into account by adding the length of the gap to each of the dimensions of the air-gap cross section. Thus the effective area of the gap is
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Agap=(2 cm+.5 cm)*(3 cm+.5cm)=8.75*10 m The reluctance of the air gap is given by Rgap= The total reluctance is given by
6 4 6 R=Rgap+Rcore=4.547*10 +8.75*10 =4.6*10

-4

Flux is given by
-4 -4 =Bgap*Agap=.25*8.75*10 =2.188*10 Wb

The magnetomotive force is given by

6 -4 Ni=R=4.6*10 *2.188*10 =1006 A-turns

Therefore i=1006/500=2.012 A. Notes: Introduction:

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In this module we are going to learn about some basic concepts of magnetic circuit and methods of solving it. Analysis of linear and non-linear magnetic circuit is also discussed. A magnetic circuit generally consists of a magnetic material called core and a coil having number of turns of conducting material wound over the core. Below are some of the magnetic circuits which are more common.

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The coil is called the exciting coil. When no current flows through the coil, magnetic field doesnot exist inside the core. In presence of current in the coil, magnetic flux will be produced within the core of coil and current which will depend on the number of turns

in the coil. The quantity is called magnetomotive force which is the cause of production of flux in the core. Laws for calculating magnetic field: Biot-Savart Law: Any current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field. A magnetic field is characterized either by magnetic field intensity or by magnetic flux density . The relation between flux density , where and magnetic field intensity is given by and is the relative permeability of the material. Biot-savart law tells us how to calculate point with position vector given by or at a given and is

is called the absolute permeability of free space

due to an elemental current

The field at a given point can be calculated by integrating the above equation

Where, length indicates that the integration is to be carried over the length of the conductor. Amperes circuital law:

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This law states that line integral of the vector along any closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the path.

Amperes circuital law is used to calculate magnetic field instead of Biot savart law due to some advantages. Consider an infinite straight conductor carrying current and if we want to calculate field at a point situated at a distance d form the conductor. Now take the closed path to be a circle of radius d. At any point on the circle the magnitude of field strength is constant and direction of field will be tangential. The L.H.S of the above equation simply becomes and hence filled strength is

If the same is to be found out using Biot-savart law the integration has to be carried over infinite length. So Amperes circuital law is more advantageous if a suitable path where the magnitude of field remains constant throughout the path is selected.
Application of Amperes circuital law in magnetic circuit: Amperes circuital law is quite handy in determining field strength within a core of a magnetic material. Due to application of mmf, the tiny dipole magnets of the core are aligned one after the other in a somewhat disciplined manner. The contour of the lines of force resembles the shape the material. The situation is somewhat similar to flow of water through an arbitrary shaped pipe. Glow path is constrained to be the shape of the bent pipe. For an example, look at the sectional view ( Figure a,& b) of a toroidal magnetic circuit with N number of turns wound uniformly as shown below. When the coil carries a current magnetic lines of forces will be created and they will be confined within the core as the permeability of the core is many (order of thousands) times more than air. Take the chosen path to be a circle of radius Note that the value of H will remain same at any point on this path and directions will be always tangential to the path. Hence by applying

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to the path we get the value of H to be increased from a to be b the value of H decreases with

. If

is

. a and b are respectively the inner and outer radius of the toroidal core

Figure(a) Assumptions: 1.Leakage flux & Fringling effect:

Figure(b)

Strictly speaking all the flux produced by the mmf will not be confined to the core. There will be some flux lines which will complete their paths largely through the air as depicted in figure( a). Since the reluctance (discussed in the following section) or air is much higher compared to the reluctance offered by the core, the leakage flux produced is rather small. In our discussion here, we shall neglect leakage flux and assume all the flux produced will be confined to the core only

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In the magnetic circuit of figure (C) an air gap is present. For an exciting current, the flux lines produced are shown. These flux lines cross the air gap from the top surface of the core to the bottom surface of the core. So the upper surface behaves like a north pole and the bottom surface like a south pole. Thus all the flux lines will not be vertical and confined to the core face area alone. Some lines of force in fact will reach the bottom surface via bulged out curved paths outside the face area of the core. These flux which follow these curved paths are called fringing flux and the phenomenon is called fringing effect. Obviously the effect of fringing will be smaller if the air gap is quite small. Effect of fringing will be appreciable if the air gap length is more. In short the effect of fringing is to make flux density in the air gap a bit less than in the core as in the air same amount of flux is spread over an area which is greater than the core sectional area. Unless otherwise specified, we shall neglect the fringing effect in our following discussion. Effect of fringing sometimes taken into account by considering the effective area in air to be about 10 to 12% higher than the core area. 2. In the practical magnetic circuit (b) , the thickness (over which the lines of forces are spread dimensions are much smaller compared to the overall of the core. Under this condition we shall not make

great mistake if we calculate at and take this to be every where within the core. The length of the flux path corresponding to the mean radius i.e., is called the mean length. This assumption allows us produced within the core rather easily as to calculate the total flux enumerated below: Calculate the mean length magnetic circuit

of the flux path from the given geometry of the

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Apply Amperes circuital law to calculate

Note this

may be assumed to be same every where in the core.

Calculate the magnitude of the flux density B from the relation

Total flux within the core is the core.

where A is the cross sectional area of

Reluctance & Permeance: Let us now try to derive a relationship between flux produced applied for linear case. and

linear relationship between B and H putting the expression for H

arranging the terms Now defining and in the following handy form the above equation can be written

This equation resembles the familiar current voltage

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relationship of an electric circuit which is produced below for immediate comparison between the two

The expression in the denominator is called resistance which impedes the flow of the current. is known as reluctance of the magnetic circuit and permeance(similar to admittance in electric circuit) is defined as the reciprocal of reluctance B-H Characteristics: A magnetic material is identified and characterized by its B H characteristic. In free space or in air the relationship between the two is linear and the constant of proportionality is the permeability 0. If B is

ie

plotted against H, it will be straight a line. However, for most of the materials the relationship is not linear and is as shown in figure (d). A brief outline for experimental determination of B-H characteristic of a given material is given

now. First of all a sample magnetic circuit (with the given material) is fabricated with known dimensions and number of turns. Make a circuit arrangement such as shown in Figure (e), to increase the current from 0 to some safe maximum value. Apart from ammeter reading one should record the amount of flux produced in the core by using a flux meter-let us not bother how this meter works Let, Number of turns Mean length of the flux area Cross sectional area Reading of the ammeter Reading of the flux meter
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Now corresponding to this current, calculate them. Thus we have several pair of

and

and tabulate

values for different values of

currents. Now by choosing H to be the axis B to be the axis and plotting the above values one gets a typical B-H curve as shown in Figure(d)

(d) A typical B-H curve B-Hcurve Different zones of B-H characteristic:

(e)Experimental determination of

The initial portion of the B-H curve is nearly a straight line and called linear zone. After this zone the curve gradually starts deviating from a straight line and enters into the nonlinear zone. The slope of the curve starts gradually decreasing after the linear zone. A time comes when there is practically no increase in B in spite of the fact that H is further increased. The material is then said to be saturated. The rise in the value of B in the linear zone is much more than in the nonlinear or saturation zone for same H. this can be ascertained from the B-H curve by noting > H. for same

For this lesson, a brief qualitative explanation for the typical nature of the B-H curve is given. In a ferromagnetic material, very large number of tiny magnets (magnetic dipoles) are present at the atomic/molecular level. The material however does not show any net magnetic property at macroscopic level due to random distribution of the dipoles and eventual

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cancellation of their effects. In presence of an external field , these dipoles start aligning themselves along the direction of the applied field. Thus the more and more dipoles get aligned (resulting into more B) as the H i.e., current in the exciting coil is increased. At the initial phase, increase in B is practically proportional to H. However rate of this alignment gets reduced after a definite value of H as number of randomly distributed dipoles decreases. This is reflected in the nonlinear zone of the figure (d). Obviously if we further increase H, a time will come when almost all the dipoles will get aligned. Under such circumstances we should not expect any rise in B even if H is increased and the core is said to be saturated. At the saturation zone, the characteristic becomes almost parallel to the H axis.

Different materials will have different B-H curves and if the characteristics are plotted on same graph paper, one can readily decides which of them is better than the other. Referring to Figure (f), one can easily conclude that material-3 is better over the other two as flux produced in material-3 is the highest for same applied field H.

From the above discussion it can be said that there is no point in operating a magnetic circuit deep into saturation zone as because large exciting current will put extra overhead on the source supplying power to the coil. Also any desire to increase B by even a small amount in this zone will call for large increase in the value of the current. In case of transformers and rotating machines operating point is chosen close to the knee point of the B-H characteristic in order to use the magnetic material to its true potential. To design a constant value of inductance, the operating point should be chosen in the linear zone. Approach to solve a magnetic circuit problem will be different for linear and nonlinear cases. In the following section let us discuss those approaches followed by equivalent electrical circuit representation of the

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magnetic circuits.

It

is instructive

to

draw always the

equivalent

representation of a magnetic circuit for the following reasons:

Figure (f)

1.It will help us to visualize the problem in terms of more familiar series and series-parallel d.c circuits. 2. We can apply with ease KFL (Kirchoffs flux law) at the junctions in the same manner as we apply KCL in circuit analysis. 3. Similar to KVL equations, we can apply mmf balance equations in different closed paths of the magnetic circuit. 4. Above all, with this circuit before hand, one can decide upon the strategy of solving the problem. Analysis of Series magnetic circuit: Consider first a simple magnetic circuit, shown in Figure (g) with a single core material having uniform cross sectional area A and mean length of flux path . Reluctance offered to the flow of flux is . The corresponding electrical representation is rather simple. Due to the fact that

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the equivalent electrical circuit is also drawn beside the magnetic circuit. Polarity of mmf is decided on the basis of the direction of the flux which is clockwise inside the core in this case. Although in the actual magnetic circuit there is no physical connection of the winding and the core, in the electrical circuit representation mmf and reluctance are shown to be connected. One should not feel disturbed by this as because the relationship between mmf and flux prompted us to draw an electrical equivalent to facilitate easier calculation and neat visualization of the actual problem.

Figure (g) Let us now consider another magnetic circuit which is similar to the earlier one but has a small air gap of length l as shown in Figure (h) and note that it is a series circuit involving two mediums, namely (i) iron and (ii) air. It is a series circuit because same flux ( ) has to flow through the mediums. Hence total reluctance will be the sum of reluctances of iron and air ) For this circuit basic equations can be developed as follows: Let, Number of turns Exciting current Mean length of the flux path through iron Length of the flux path through air Cross sectional area
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Figure(h) If the cross sectional area A is constant throughout, flux density will be also constant both in iron and air path. Since value of permeabilities are different for iron and air, the corresponding values of H too will be different

H required for iron, H required for air, Ampere circuital law gives

Or

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So as expected these two reluctances are connected in series. In fact, for series magnetic circuit having different reluctance segments, total reluctance will be the sum of individual reluctances.

Analysis of series- parallel magnetic circuit: We now take up the following magnetic circuit (Figure (i)) which appears to be not so straight forward as the previous cases. As a first step to solve this circuit, we would like to draw its equivalent electrical representation. Vertical links of the core are called limbs and the horizontal links are called yoke of the magnetic circuit. In the figure PU, QT and RS are the limbs whereas PQ, QR, UT and TS are the yokes. It is customary to fix up the corner points P,Q,R etc from the given physical dimensions, joining of which will give you the mean length of the flux paths.

If the coil carries a current in the direction shown, flux , produced in the first limb will be in the upward direction. Same is constrained to for move along the yoke PQ. At point Q, two parallel paths are available to
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Figure(i)

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its onwards journey namely (i) the central limb QT and (ii) the yoke QR. In other words, will be divided into two components and as shown with

the obvious condition

. The relative values of these components and once again

will be decided by respective reluctances of the paths.

recombine at point T and completes the path. Now in the path TUPQ flux is same, it is made of same material and has same cross sectional area A, then its reluctance

In the central limb, flux is same ( ),

however it encounters two materials, one is iron (QM and WT) and the other is a small air gap (MW). The reluctance of the air gap. The two

reluctances and of the magnetic material may however be QM WT combined into a single reluctance as = + . The portion of the 1 QM WT magnetic circuit which carries flux 2 can be represented by a single reluctance . Instead of carrying on with long suffixes let us call QRST to be . To write down the basic equations let us redraw the QRST 2 electrical equivalence of the above magnetic circuit below Figure (j)

Figure ( j ) Important equations: The various equations which will hold good are written below:

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balance in loop1 balance in loop2 balance in loop2 balance in the outer loop

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