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OMF 007001 Frequency Planning

ISSUE1.4
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Chapter 1 Frequency planning Chapter 2 Tight frequency reuse Chapter 3 Frequency hopping

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Content of Frequency planning

Frequency resource of GSM system Requirement for interference and carrier-to-interference ratio Signal quality grade coding Concept of frequency reuse 4*3 frequency reuse

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Frequency Resource of GSM System

GSM 900 :

890

915 Duplex distance : 45 MHz

935

960

GSM 1800 :

1710

1785

1805

1880

Duplex distance : 95 MHz

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Frequency Band Configuration

GSM900: BTS receiver (uplink ): f1 (n) =890.2+ (n-1)*0.2 MHz BTS transmitter (downlink ): f2 (n) =f1 (n) +45 MHz

GSM1800: BTS receiver (uplink ): f1 (n) =1710.2 + (n-512) * 0.2 MHz BTS transmitter (downlink ): f2 (n) =f1 (n) +95 MHz

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Requirement for Interference and Carrier-toInterference Ratio

C/I =
Useful signal

All useful signals All useless signals

carrier interference

Noise from environment

Other signals

GSM standard: C / I >= 9 dB In practical projects: C / I >= 12dB

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Effect of Interference
Decrease of signal quality Bit error Recoverable: channel coding, error correction Irrecoverable: phase distortion System interference model Unbalanced: uplink interference downlink interference Asymmetrical: the interference is different at the MS and BTS ends

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Signal Quality
Receiving quality (RXQUAL parameter) Level of receiving quality (0 ... 7) Bit error rate before decoding and error correction
RXQUAL class 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mean BER (%) 0.14 0.28 0.57 1.13 2.26 4.53 9.05 18.1 BER range from... to < 0.2% 0.2 ... 0.4 % 0.4 ... 0.8 % 0.8 ... 1.6 % 1.6 ... 3.2 % 3.2 ... 6.4 % 6.4 ... 12.8 % > 12.8 %

Good Fairly good Acceptable Intolerable

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Concept of Frequency Reuse

Macro-cell system

{fi,fj..fk}

d Micro-cell system
{fi,fj..fk} .. {fi,fj..fk} .. {fi,fj..fk}

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The Reason of Frequency Reuse

Frequency resource is limited. If there is 8MHz frequency resource, 8 MHz = 40 channels * 8 timeslots = 320 ==> max. 320 users can access the network at the same time.

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Reuse Density
Reuse density is the number of cells in a basic reuse cluster. 4*312 n*mn*m

n: BTS number in a basic reuse cluster m: Frequency group number in a BTS

Tighter reuse
0 10

Looser reuse
20

Higher frequency reuse efficiency, but interference is serious. More technique Is needed.

Little interference, but frequency reuse efficiency is low.

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Problem of Frequency Reuse

[fn]
R

[fn] D

[fn]

Reuse of a frequency causes the co-channel interference

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Interference (C/I) Estimation

C (q 1) = I 6

1/2

q = D/R = ( 3 k )

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Frequency Reuse Patterns

Purpose: to minimize the interference in the whole network with the final frequency allocation plan Theoretically Regular hexagon cell Regular network distribution Cell cluster
D

Multiplexing distance D = R *sqrt(3*K)

R

This old-fashioned frequency distribution mode is not recommended

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4*3 Frequency Reuse

C1 C2 A1 A2 C3 D1 C1 C2 D2 A3 B1 A1 A2 B2 D3 C3 D1 D2 B3 A3 B1 C1 C2 C1 C2 B2 D3 A1 A2 A1 A2 C3 D1 C3 D1 B3 C1 C2 A3 D2 A3 D2 A1 A2 B1 B2 B1 B2 C3 D1 D3 C1 D3 D2 B3 C2 B3 A3 B1 A1 A2 B2 D3 C3 D1 D2 B3 A3 B1 B2 D3 B3

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Illustration of Frequency Allocation of 4*3 Frequency Reuse

A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 34 34 35 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

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Chapter 1 Frequency planning Chapter 2 Tight frequency reuse Chapter 3 Frequency hopping

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Tight Frequency Reuse Technology

Multi-layer reuse pattern Underlaid and overlaid cell 1*3 1*1

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Multi-layer Reuse Pattern

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Multi-layer Reuse Pattern

BCCH: n1 TCH1: n2 TCH2: n3 TCHm-1: nm n1 n2n3 n4 ...... nm And n1+n2+...+nm=n

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Multi-layer Reuse Pattern Frequency Allocation

Suppose that the available frequency carrier is 10MHZ, channel number is 4694, the Multi-layer reuse pattern should be:

RC type BCCH TCH1 TCH2 TCH3 TCH4 TCH5

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Allocated frequencies 46~57 58~66 67~74 75~82 83~88 89~94

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Number of available frequencies 12 9 8 8 6 6

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Multi-layer Reuse Pattern Frequency Allocation

{f1,f2,f3,f4,f5...f40}

{f1,f3,f5...f23}

{f2,f4..f22,f24...f40}

BCCH

TCH1

TCH2

TCH3

TCH4

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Advantages of Multi-layer Reuse Pattern

Capacity increase when reuse density is multiplied: Supposing there are 300 cells Bandwidth: 8 MHz (40 frequency) Normal 4*3 reuse: reuse density=12 ==> network capacity = 40/12 * 300 = 1000 TRX Multiple reuse: cap.= N BCCH layer: re-use =14, (14 frq.) Normal TCH layer: re-use =10, (20 frq.) Aggressive TCH layer:re-use = 6, (6 frq.) ==> Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200 TRX

BW i re use i

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Underlaid/Overlaid Frequency Allocation

Overlaid-cell Underlaid-cell

The inner circle covers a smaller area, and the frequency can be reused more tightly.

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Overlaid/Underlaid Frequency Configuration

Super fn Super fn Regular fm Super fn Regular fm Regular fm

BCCH 15f

Regular 12f

Super 6f

BCCH S TCH

Reuse density: 15 TRX reuse density: 12

R TCH TRX reuse density: 24

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1*3 and 1*1 Reuse Patterns

BCCH14+TCH36
1BCCH+3TCH 1BCCH+12TCH

1BCCH+3TCH

1BCCH+3TCH

1BCCH+12TCH 1BCCH+12TCH

1*3

1*1

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Illustration of 1*3 TCH Frequency Allocation

TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7 TRX1 TRX2 ... TRX7

TRX8 TRX9... TRX14 TRX8 TRX9... TRX14 TRX15 TRX16...TRX21

TRX15 TRX16...TRX21

The red items are BCCH RCs

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Frequency Planning Principle

There should be no co-channel frequency carriers in one BTS. The frequency separation between BCCH and TCH in the same cell should be not less than 400K. When frequency hopping is not used, the separation of TCH in the same cell should be not less than 400K. In non-1*3 reuse mode, co-channel should be avoided between the immediately neighbor BTS. Neighbor BTS should not have co-channels facing each other directly. Normally, with 1*3 reuse, the number of the hopping frequencies should be not less than twice of the number of frequency hopping TRX in the same cell. Pay close attention to co-channel reuse, avoiding the situation that the same BCCH has the same BSIC in adjacent area.
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Example of 1*3 Frequency Reuse

Suppose 900 band: 96124 BTS configuration: S3/3/3 BCCH layer: 96109 reuse pattern: 4*3 TCH layer: 110124 reuse pattern: 1*3

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TCH Consecutive Allocation Scheme

Group 1 (MA1): 110 111 112 Group 2 (MA2): 115 116 117 Group 3 (MA3): 120 121 122

113 118 123

114 119 124

Cell1 Cell2 Cell3

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TCH Interval Allocation Scheme

Group 1 (MA1): 110 Group 2 (MA2): 111 Group 3 (MA3): 112

113 114 115

116 117 118

119 120 121

122 123 124

Cell1 Cell2 Cell3

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Comparison Between Multi-layer reuse and 1*3

For Multi-layer reuse pattern, either Base band hopping or RF hopping can be used. But for 1x3 reuse, only RF hopping can be used. Multi-layer reuse pattern is a gradual process for TCH frequency planning. In other words, the reuse is rather loose in TCH1 layer and it is quite close in the last TCH layer (such as TCH5). The reason for this pattern is that base band hopping is used in the Multi-layer reuse pattern. When there are rather few frequency carriers, the hopping gain is small. Therefore, more frequency carriers should be allocated for the layer with small TCH and then the reuse coefficient is relatively large. When RF hopping is used in the Multi-layer reuse pattern and there are a large number of frequency carriers, the hopping gain is high and the reuse coefficient can be very small. In addition, the Multi-layer reuse pattern is of a free pattern. It is different from base band hopping, in which the reuse must be loose in the first TCH layer and more close in inner layers.

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Comparison Between Example of Frequency Planning and 1*3

The frequency planning for the 1x3 mode is simple and it is easy to plan the frequency for new added BTS. 1x3 mode requires a rather regular BTS location distribution. For the cells with fixed number of TRX, when the traffic is heavy, the 1x3 provides higher service quality than that of Multi-layer reuse pattern. TRX can be easily added to the 1x3 network, but TRX number of hopping should not exceed the product of the allocated hopping frequency number and the max RF load ratio. BCCH of Multi-layer reuse pattern can take part in the frequency hopping, while BCCH in 1x3 mode can not.

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Chapter 1 Frequency planning Chapter 2 Tight frequency reuse Chapter 3 Frequency hopping

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Content of Frequency Hopping

Class of hopping Advantages of hopping Parameter of hopping Collocation of hopping data

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Frequency Hopping

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Class of Hopping
Hopping can be implemented in two ways Base-band hopping RF hopping Class according to the min hopping time unit Timeslot hopping Frame hopping

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Base Band Hopping Principle

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RF Hopping Principle

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Class of Hopping
Frame hopping Frequency changes every TDMA frame. The different channel of one TRX uses the same MAIO. Timeslot hopping Frequency changes every timeslot. The different channel of one TRX uses the different MAIO.

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Advantages of Hopping
Get an agreeable radio environment.

Provide a similar communication quality for every user.

Tighter reuse patterns are possible to be used for larger capacity.

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Frequency Diversity of Hopping

Smoothen the rapid fading (Rayleigh fading)

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Interference Diversity of Hopping

Smoothen and average the interference

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Hopping Parameters
All the parameters which are related to hopping are configured in cell/configure Hopping data Hopping mode: the mode used by the BTS system, including three options: not hopping, base band hopping and RF hopping. MA (Mobile Allocation Set): the set of available RF bands when hopping, containing at most 64 frequency carriers. The frequency being used must be those of the available frequency

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Description of Hopping Parameters

HSNhopping sequence number063. HSN=0cycle hopping. HSN0random hopping. Every sequence number corresponds a pseudo random sequence.

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Hopping Parameters
MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset): used to define the initial frequency of the hopping. Be careful to configure the MAIO of same timeslot in all channels, otherwise interference occurs.

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Description Hopping Parameters

At the air interface, the frequency used on a specific burst is an element in MA set. MAI is used for indication, referring to a specific element in the MA set. MAI is the function of TDMA FN, HSN and MAIO.

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Thank You
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