Trigonometric Integrals

I. Integrating Powers of the Sine and Cosine Functions

A. Useful trigonometric identities
1. 1 cos sin
2 2
+ x x
2. x x x cos sin 2 2 sin
3. x x x x x
2 2 2 2
sin 2 1 1 cos 2 sin cos 2 cos
4.
2
2 cos 1
sin
2
x
x

5.
2
2 cos 1
cos
2
x
x
+

6.
)] sin( ) [sin(
2
1
cos sin y x y x y x + +
7.
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
1
sin sin y x y x y x +
8.
)] cos( ) [cos(
2
1
cos cos y x y x y x + +
B. Reduction formulas
1.
dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n



+
2 1
sin
1
cos sin
1
sin
2.
dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n



+
2 1
cos
1
sin cos
1
cos
C. Examples
1. Find

dx x
2
sin
.
Method 1(Integration by parts):

) (sin sin sin
2
dx x x dx x
. Let
x u sin and
dx x du dx x dv cos sin
and

dx x v sin
1
x cos
. Thus,

+ + x x dx x x x dx x cos sin cos ) cos )( (sin sin
2 2
+ +

x x x dx x dx x x dx x cos sin sin 1 cos sin ) sin 1 (
2 2

dx x
2
sin +

x x x dx x cos sin sin 2

2

dx x
2
sin
C x x x + +
2
1
cos sin
2
1
.
Method 2(Trig identity):
C x x dx x dx x +

2 sin
4
1
2
1
) 2 cos 1 (
2
1
sin
2
.
Method 3(Reduction formula):

+ dx x x dx x 1
2
1
cos sin
2
1
sin
2
C x x x + +
2
1
cos sin
2
1
.
2. Find
dx x

3
cos
.
Use the reduction formula:

+ dx x x x dx x cos
3
2
sin cos
3
1
cos
2 3
+ + + + C x x x C x x x sin
3
2
) sin 1 ( sin
3
1
sin
3
2
sin cos
3
1
2 2
C x x +
3
sin
3
1
sin
.
3. Find
dx x x
2 3
cos sin

.

xdx x x dx x x x dx x x sin cos ) cos 1 ( cos sin sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 3
) )(sin cos (cos
4 2
dx x x x

. Let
dx x du x u sin cos
. Thus,
1
+ +

C u u du u u dx x x x
5 3 4 2 4 2
5
1
3
1
) ( ) )(sin cos (cos
C x x + +
5 3
cos
5
1
cos
3
1
.
2
4. Find
dx x x
2 2
cos sin

.

,
_

,
_

dx x dx
x x
dx x x ) 2 cos 1 (
4
1
2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
cos sin
2 2 2


,
_

dx x dx dx
x
dx x 4 cos
8
1
1
8
1
2
4 cos 1
4
1
2 sin
4
1
2
C x x + 4 sin
32
1
8
1
.
5. Find

dx x x 3 cos 4 sin
.
Method 1(Integration by parts): Let x u 4 sin and
dx x dv 3 cos
du =
dx x 4 cos 4
and
x v 3 sin
3
1

. Thus,

dx x x 3 cos 4 sin

,
_

x x dx x x x x 3 sin 4 sin
3
1
3 sin 4 cos
3
4
3 sin
3
1
) 4 (sin

dx x x 3 sin 4 cos
3
4
. Find

dx x x 3 sin 4 cos
. Let x u 4 cos and dv
=
dx x du dx x 4 sin 4 3 sin
and
x v 3 cos
3
1

. Thus,

dx x x x x dx x x 3 cos 4 sin
3
4
3 cos 4 cos
3
1
3 sin 4 cos
. Returning
to
the original integral,

dx x x 3 cos 4 sin
=
x x 3 sin 4 sin
3
1
+

'

x x dx x x x x 3 sin 4 sin
3
1
3 cos 4 sin
3
4
3 cos 4 cos
3
1
3
4

+ dx x x dx x x x x 3 cos 4 sin
9
7
3 cos 4 sin
9
16
3 cos 4 cos
9
4
+ x x x x 3 cos 4 cos
9
4
3 sin 4 sin
3
1

dx x x 3 cos 4 sin
=
C x x x x + 3 cos 4 cos
7
4
3 sin 4 sin
7
3
.
Method 2(Trig identity):
( ) +

dx x x dx x x 7 sin sin
2
1
3 cos 4 sin
C x x + 7 cos
14
1
cos
2
1
.
3
II. Integrating Powers of the Tangent and Secant Functions
A. Useful trigonometric identity: x x
2 2
sec 1 tan +
B. Useful integrals
1.

+ C x dx x x sec tan sec

2.
C x dx x +

tan sec
2
3.
C x C x dx x + +

cos ln sec ln tan

4.
C x x dx x + +

tan sec ln sec

C. Reduction formulas
1. dx x
n
n
n
x x
dx x
n
n
n

2
2
sec
1
2
1
tan sec
sec
2. dx x
n
x
dx x
n
n
n

2
1
tan
1
tan
tan
D. Examples
1. Find

dx x
2
tan
.

+ C x x dx dx x dx x dx x tan 1 sec ) 1 (sec tan
2 2 2
.
2. Find
xdx

3
tan
.
C x x dx x
x
xdx +

sec ln tan
2
1
tan
2
tan
tan
2
2
3
.
4
3. Find
xdx

3
sec
.
C x x x x dx x
x x
dx x + + + +

tan sec ln
2
1
tan sec
2
1
sec
2
1
2
tan sec
sec
3
.
4. Find
dx x x

2
sec tan
.
Let xdx du x u
2
sec tan
+

C u udu dx x x
2 2
2
1
sec tan
C x +
2
tan
2
1
.
5. Find
dx x x

4
sec tan
.

+ dx x x x dx x x x dx x x
2 2 2 2 4
sec ) tan 1 ( tan sec sec tan sec tan
dx x dx x x

+
2 3 2
sec tan sec tan
. Let dx x du x u
2
sec tan . Thus,
C x x C u u du u udu dx x x + + + + +

4 2 4 2 3 4
tan
4
1
tan
2
1
4
1
2
1
sec tan
.
6. Find
dx x x

3
sec tan
.

) tan (sec sec sec tan
2 3
dx x x x dx x x
. Let
xdx x du x u tan sec sec .
Thus,
C x C u du u dx x x + +

3 3 2 3
sec
3
1
3
1
sec tan
.
7. Find
dx x x
3 2
sec tan

.

dx x dx x dx x x dx x x
3 5 3 2 3 2
sec sec sec ) 1 (sec sec tan
. Using
the reduction formula,
dx x x dx x

+
3 3 5
sec
4
3
tan sec
4
1
sec
. Thus,
5

+ xdx x x dx x dx x dx x x
3 3 3 5 3 2
sec
4
3
tan sec
4
1
sec sec sec tan


x x x x dx x x x dx x tan sec
8
1
tan sec
4
1
sec
4
1
tan sec
4
1
sec
3 3 3 3
C x x + +tan sec ln
8
1
.
8. Find
dx x x
4
sec tan

.
xdx x x dx x x x dx x x
2 2 2 2 4
sec ) tan 1 ( tan sec sec tan sec tan +

.
Let dx x du x u
2
sec tan
+

dx x x dx x x
2 4
sec tan sec tan
+ + +

C u u du u du u dx x x x
2
7
2
3
2
5
2
1
2 2
7
2
3
2
sec tan tan
C x x + +
2
7
2
3
) (tan
7
2
) (tan
3
2
.
9. Find
dx x x tan sec

.
Let xdx u xdx x udu x u x u tan tan sec 2 sec sec
2 2
du
u u
udu
dx x
2 2
tan
2
. Thus,


,
_

du du
u
u dx x x 1 2
2
tan sec
C x C u + + sec 2 2 .
6
Practice Sheet forTrigonometric Integrals
(1) Prove the reduction formula:



+ dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n 2 1
sin
1
cos sin
1
sin
(2) Prove the reduction formula:



+ dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x
n n n 2 1
cos
1
sin cos
1
cos
(3) Prove the reduction formula:

dx x
n
n
n
x x
dx x
n
n
n 2
2
sec
1
2
1
tan sec
sec
(4) Prove the reduction formula:

dx x
n
x
dx x
n
n
n 2
1
tan
1
tan
tan
(5)

4
0
3
) 3 ( tan

x dx =
(6)

4
0
2
) 2 ( cos

x dx =
(7)

8
0
) 3 cos( ) 5 sin(

x x dx =
(8)

x x
3 3
sec tan
dx =

(9)
x x
3
cos sin

dx =
7
(10)
x x

2 3
sin cos
dx =
(11)

2
0
3
cos
sin

x
x
dx =
(12)

xdx x
2 2
cos sin
(13)

xdx xsec tan

5
Solution Key for Trigonometric Integrals
(1)
dx x x dx x
n n
sin sin sin
1

. Use integration by parts with x u

n 1
sin

and
dx x x n du dx x dv
n
cos sin ) 1 ( sin
2
and

x dx x v cos sin
dx x x dx x
n n
sin sin sin
1

=
+

dx x x n x x
n n 2 2 1
cos sin ) 1 ( cos sin
( ) + +

x x dx x x n x x
n n n
cos sin sin 1 sin ) 1 ( cos sin
1 2 2 1
+


x x dx x n dx x n dx x n
n n n n
cos sin sin sin ) 1 ( sin ) 1 (
1 2
dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x dx x n
n n n n



+
2 1 2
sin
1
cos sin
1
sin sin ) 1 (
.
(2)
dx x x dx x
n n
cos cos cos
1

. Use integration by parts with x u

n 1
cos

and
8
dx x x n du dx x dv
n
) sin ( cos ) 1 ( cos
2


and

x dx x v sin cos
dx x x dx x
n n
cos cos cos
1

=
+

dx x x n x x
n n 2 2 1
sin cos ) 1 ( sin cos
( ) + +

x x dx x x n x x
n n n
sin cos cos 1 cos ) 1 ( sin cos
1 2 2 1
+


x x dx x n dx x n dx x n
n n n n
sin cos cos cos ) 1 ( cos ) 1 (
1 2
dx x
n
n
x x
n
dx x dx x n
n n n n



+
2 1 2
cos
1
sin cos
1
cos cos ) 1 (
.
(3)
dx x x dx x
n n

2 2
sec sec sec
. Use integration by parts with x u
n 2
sec

and
) tan (sec sec ) 2 ( sec
3 2
dx x x x n du dx x dv
n
and

x dx x v tan sec
2
dx x x dx x
n n

2 2
sec sec sec
=

dx x x n x x
n n 2 2 2
tan sec ) 2 ( tan sec
( ) +


xdx n x x dx x x n x x
n n n n
sec ) 2 ( tan sec 1 sec sec ) 2 ( tan sec
2 2 2 2

+

dx x n x x dx x n dx x n
n n n n 2 2 2
sec ) 2 ( tan sec sec ) 1 ( sec ) 2 (

dx x
n
n
n
x x
dx x
n
n
n 2
2
sec
1
2
1
tan sec
sec .
(4)
( )


xdx x dx x x dx x x dx x
n n n n 2 2 2 2 2 2
sec tan 1 sec tan tan tan tan
dx x
n
x
dx x
n
n
n

2
1
2
tan
1
tan
tan .
9
(5) Let

du u dx x dx x dx du x u
3 3 3
tan
3
1
3 ) 3 ( tan
3
1
) 3 ( tan 3 3
. Use
reduction formula #4 above to get

,
_

du u
u
du u tan
3
1
2
tan
3
1
tan
3
1
2
3
u u sec ln
3
1
tan
6
1
2

4
0
3
) 3 ( tan

x dx =

'

4
0
2
) 3 sec( ln
3
1
) 3 ( tan
6
1

x x

'

,
_

,
_

4
3
sec ln
3
1
4
3
tan
6
1
2

( ) ( )

'

2 ln
3
1
) 1 (
6
1
0 sec ln
3
1
0 tan
6
1
2 2
( ) 2 ln
3
1
6
1
1 ln
3
1
) 0 (
6
1
2
+
.
(6) Use the trigonometric identity
2
2 cos 1
cos
2
+

to get

dx x) 2 ( cos
2
( ) + +
+

x x dx x dx dx
x
4 sin
8
1
2
1
) 4 cos(
2
1
1
2
1
2
) 4 cos( 1

4
0
2
) 2 ( cos

x
dx =

'

'

+
,
_

8
) 0 sin(
8
1
) 0 (
2
1
sin
8
1
4 2
1

.
(7) Use the trigonometric identity
)] sin( ) [sin(
2
1
cos sin y x y x y x + +
to get

+

) 8 cos(
16
1
) 2 cos(
4
1
) 8 sin(
2
1
) 2 sin(
2
1
) 3 cos( ) 5 sin( x x dx x dx x dx x x
( )

'

'

,
_

0 cos
16
1
0 cos
4
1
cos
16
1
4
cos
4
1
) 3 cos( ) 5 sin(
8
0

dx x x
8
2 3
16
1
4
1
16
1
2
2
4
1
+ + +

,
_

10
(8)

x x
3 3
sec tan
dx =

) tan (sec sec tan

2 2
dx x x x x

) tan (sec sec ) tan (sec sec ) 1 (sec
4 2 2
dx x x x dx x x x x
C x x dx x x x +

3 5 2
sec
3
1
sec
5
1
) tan (sec sec
.
(9)
x x
3
cos sin

dx =
( ) ( )

xdx x x dx x x x cos sin 1 ) (sin ) cos ( cos sin
2
2
1
2
C x x dx x x dx x x +

2
7
2
3
2
5
2
1
) (sin
7
2
) (sin
3
2
cos ) (sin cos ) (sin
.
(10)
x x

2 3
sin cos
dx =
( ) ( )( )

dx x x x dx x x x cos sin sin 1 cos sin cos
2 2 2 2
C x x dx x x dx x x +

5 3 4 2
sin
5
1
sin
3
1
) (cos sin ) (cos sin
.
(11) ( )


dx x x x dx x x x dx
x
x
sin cos 1 ) (cos (sin sin ) (cos
cos
sin
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
+


2
5
2
1
2
3
2
1
) (cos
5
2
) (cos 2 ) (sin ) (cos ) (sin ) (cos x x dx x x dx x x

2
0
3
cos
sin

x
x
dx =
( )

'

'

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

2
5
2
5
0 cos
5
2
0 cos 2
2
cos
5
2
2
cos 2

5
8
.
(12) Use the trigonometric identities
2
2 cos 1
cos
2
+

and
2
2 cos 1
sin
2


.

xdx x
2 2
cos sin

( )
,
_

,
_

dx x dx
x x
2 cos 1
4
1
2
2 cos 1
2
2 cos 1
2
11


,
_

+
dx x dx
x
x dx x dx 1
8
1
4
1
2
4 cos 1
4
1
4
1
2 cos
4
1
1
4
1
2
C x x C x x x dx x + +

4 sin
32
1
8
1
4 sin
32
1
8
1
4
1
4 cos
8
1
.
(13)

xdx xsec tan

5
( )

dx x x x dx x x x sec tan tan sec tan tan
2
2 4
( ) ( ) +

dx x x x x dx x x x tan sec 1 sec 2 sec tan sec 1 sec
2 4
2
2
( ) ( )

+ dx x x dx x x x dx x x x tan sec tan sec sec 2 tan sec sec
2 4
C x x x + + sec sec
3
2
sec
5
1
3 5
.


12