Introduction

The protection engineer of today has a wide variety of test sets available at their disposal for their secondary injection testing needs. Much like motorcars they range greatly in performance and functionality. Ranging from the Volkswagen (Sverker and T&R) sets to the higher end Lamborghini (RES-APTS) & Ferrari (Omicron) Priced accordingly! Without question the Omicron & APTS test sets tower above the lower end Sverker and T&Rs in terms of functionality. With their multiple variable current & voltage outputs, customizable test procedures and multiple input/output contacts. They are unparalleled when it comes to testing modern electronic relays, transformer differential & modern distance protection schemes. However, can we rely on these test sets when it comes to testing the humble old Electro-Mechanical (EM) Current Driven Induction Disk Relay? Why should testing EM current driven relays cause issue for concern? Well using a test set out of the box to inject such a relay, especially a high impedance current relay, causes the output waveform of the test set to be distorted. The cause of this distortion is the generation of Harmonics. A Harmonic is a sinusoidal component of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. For example the UK mains frequency of 50Hz would have a 3rd Harmonic of 150Hz a 5th Harmonic of 250Hz etc. These Harmonics superimpose themselves upon the natural sine wave. This imposition summates with the fundamental sinusoidal test set injection signal to produce a distorted waveform (figure 1).

(Figure 1 the distortion of a sine wave by impose harmonic content)

Sometimes the distortion is so severe that the timing tests we carry out on the relay are no longer reliable. We therefore need to consider the magnitude of waveform distortion when performing secondary injection timing tests upon EM protection relays. We are able to quantify & compare the magnitude of the sine wave distortion using a standard known as the Harmonic Distortion Factor (HDF). This factor is an Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Standard - 519-1992, defined as: HDF = Square Roof Of (sum of squares of amplitudes of all harmonics) x 100% (square of amplitude of fundamental) This report will examine the HDF experienced by a variety of test sets & filter configurations. We also see how the distortion impacts upon the secondary injection timing results.

The Testing
From practical protection testing experience it has been observed that the 1A CDG16 Induction Disk Earth Fault Relay causes the most severe secondary injection testing sine wave distortions & recorded operation timing errors. It was therefore decided that the CDG16 would be an ideal relay to utilise in the test set evaluation tests. The relay was set to the minimum setting, I.E 0.1A Minimum Operation/Creep Current with a Time Multiplier (TM) of 1.0. The relay was then injected with a variety of test sets currently employed within Electricity Northwest. A variety of configurations were employed with the injection procedures, such as no waveform filtration, primary and secondary injection resistance, & secondary current filtering with the T&R 100AD filter (appendix A). The operating time & waveform characteristics we recorded over the injection cycle for each configuration of a 2x operation current timing test (0.2A Injection). The injected current level was set using a calibrated external Fluke 289 multimeter connected directly in series with the relay coil (Not the integral test set meters). The waveform was recorded on a calibrated Dranetz PX5 power monitor using a clip a 0-10A 2510 clip-on ammeter & direct voltage sensing. Note: The ideal/theoretical operating time @ 2x (1.0TM) should be 10.03 sec

Results
The following secondary injection configuration waveforms & timings were evaluated: Test 00 T&R 100ADM No Filter Op Time @ 2x = 14.78sec Test 01 T&R 100ADM + 100ADM Filter Op Time @ 2x = 10.35sec Test 02 Sverker 760 No Filter Op Time @ 2x = 15.32sec Test 03 Sverker 760 + Secondary Resistors (126.5 OHM) Op Time @ 2x = 13.69sec Test 04 Sverker 760 + Primary Resistor (100 OHM) Op Time @ 2x = 15.27sec Test 05 Sverker 760 + Primary (100 OHM) + Secondary R (126.5 OHM) Op Time @ 2x = 13.44sec Test 06 Omicron 256 (280VA @7.5A 40V RMS Output / No Filter) Op Time @ 2x = 10.67sec Test 07 Sverker 760 + T&R 100ADM Filter Op Time @ 2x = 10.31sec Test 08 Sverker 650 No Filter Op Time @ 2x = 15.28sec Test 09 Sverker 650 + T&R 100ADM Filter Op Time @ 2x = 10.50sec Test 10 APTS 3 Phase (No Filter) Op Time @ 2x = 11.80sec Test 11 APTS 1 Phase Parallel (No Filter) Op Time @ 2x = 15.08sec Test 12 APTS 1 Phase Series (No Filter) Op Time @ 2x = 9.85sec Note: The sampled waveforms for each of these configurations (including voltage & current harmonic content) may be observed over the following pages.

Date

21/3/11
Issued by

T&R 100ADM - No Filter

Event Details/Waveforms
50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 AV 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 AI 13:00:24.80 21/03/2011 13:00:24.85 13:00:24.90 13:00:24.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG00

Amps

13:00:25.00

Waveform harmonics
% 25

20

15

10

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

21/3/11
Issued by

T&R 100ADM + Filter

Event Details/Waveforms
50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 AV 0.3 0.2 Amps 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 AI 13:38:24.80 21/03/2011 13:38:24.85 13:38:24.90 13:38:24.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG01

13:38:25.00

Waveform harmonics
% 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

21/3/11
Issued by

Sverker 760 - No Filter

Event Details/Waveforms
50 30 Volts 10 -10 -30 -50 AV 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 AI 14:11:31.80 21/03/2011 14:11:31.85 14:11:31.90 14:11:31.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG02

Amps

14:11:32.00

Waveform harmonics
% 25

20

15

10

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

21/3/11
Issued by

Sverker 760 + Secondary Resistors (126.5 Ohm)

Event Details/Waveforms
50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 AV 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 AI 14:35:58.80 21/03/2011 14:35:58.85 14:35:58.90 14:35:58.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG03

Amps

14:35:59.00

Waveform harmonics
% 20

15

10

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

21/3/11
Issued by

Sverker 760 + Tx 100Ohm Resistor

Event Details/Waveforms
40 20 Volts 0 -20 -40 AV 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 AI 08:34:17.80 22/03/2011 08:34:17.85 08:34:17.90 08:34:17.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG04

Amps

08:34:18.00

Waveform harmonics
% 25

20

15

10

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

22/3/11
Issued by

Sverker 760 + Tx 100 Ohm R + Secondary R (126.5 Ohm)

Event Details/Waveforms
50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 AV 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 AI 08:40:51.80 22/03/2011 08:40:51.85 08:40:51.90 08:40:51.95 08:40:52.00

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG05

Amps

Waveform harmonics
% 20

15

10

HG02 HG03

HG04 HG05

HG06 HG07

HG08 HG09

HG10 HG11

HG12 HG13 A VHarm

HG14 HG15 A IHarm

HG16 HG17

HG18 HG19

HG20 HG21

HG22 HG23

HG24 HG25

Date

22/3/11
Issued by

Omicron 256 (280VA @ 7.5A / 40V rms Configuration)

Event Details/Waveforms
50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 AV 0.50 0.25 Amps 0.00 -0.25 -0.50 AI 09:35:47.80 22/03/2011 09:35:47.85 09:35:47.90 09:35:47.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG06

09:35:48.00

Waveform harmonics
% 150 125 100 75 50 25 0

H05 H10

H15 H20

H25 A VHarm A IHarm

Date

22/3/11
Issued by

Sverker 760 + T&R AMD100 Filter

Event Details/Waveforms
75 50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 -75 AV 0.3 0.2 Amps 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 AI 10:51:08.80 22/03/2011 10:51:08.85 10:51:08.90 10:51:08.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG07

10:51:09.00

Waveform harmonics
% 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

22/3/11
Issued by

Sverker 650 - No Filter

Event Details/Waveforms
50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 AV 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 AI 13:39:09.75 22/03/2011 13:39:09.80 13:39:09.85 13:39:09.90 13:39:09.95 13:39:10.00

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG08

Amps

13:39:10.04

Waveform harmonics
% 25

20

15

10

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

22/3/11
Issued by

Sverker 650 + T&R 100ADM Filter

Event Details/Waveforms
50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 AV 0.3 0.2 Amps 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 AI 14:10:35.80 22/03/2011 14:10:35.85 14:10:35.90 14:10:35.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG09

14:10:36.00

Waveform harmonics
% 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

HG02 HG03

HG04 HG05

HG06 HG07

HG08 HG09

HG10 HG11

HG12 HG13 A VHarm

HG14 HG15 A IHarm

HG16 HG17

HG18 HG19

HG20 HG21

HG22 HG23

HG24 HG25

Date

22/3/11
Issued by

APTS - 3 Phase
Event Details/Waveforms
50 Volts 25 0 -25 -50 AV 0.4 0.2 Amps 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 AI 14:24:24.10 22/03/2011 Tuesday 14:24:24.15 14:24:24.20 14:24:24.25

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG10

14:24:24.29

Waveform harmonics
% 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

22/3/11
Issued by

APTS - 1 Phase Parallel

Event Details/Waveforms
50 25 Volts 0 -25 -50 AV 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 AI 14:30:06.80 22/03/2011 14:30:06.85 14:30:06.90 14:30:06.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG11

Amps

14:30:07.00

Waveform harmonics
%

25

20

15

10

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11

H12 H13 A VHarm

H14 H15 A IHarm

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24 H25

Date

22/3/11
Issued by

APTS - 1 Phase Series

Event Details/Waveforms
75 50 25 0 -25 -50 -75 AV 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 AI 14:33:27.80 22/03/2011 14:33:27.85 14:33:27.90 14:33:27.95

D Rothwell
Report No.:

CDG12

Amps

Volts

14:33:28.00

Waveform harmonics
% 40

30

20

10

H02 H03

H04 H05

H06 H07

H08 H09

H10 H11 A VHarm

H12 H13 A IHarm

H14 H15

H16 H17

H18 H19

H20 H21

H22 H23

H24

Results Summary Table

Test No. 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 Test Setup T&R 100ADM No Filter T&R 100ADM + 100ADM Filter Sverker 760 No Filter Sverker 760 + Secondary Resistors (126.5 OHM) Sverker 760 + Primary Resistor (100 OHM) Sverker 760 + Primary (100 OHM) + Secondary R (126.5 OHM) Omicron 256 (280VA @7.5A 40V RMS Output / No Filter) Sverker 760 + T&R 100ADM Filter Sverker 650 No Filter Sverker 650 + T&R 100ADM Filter APTS 3 Phase (No Filter) APTS 1 Phase Parallel (No Filter) APTS 1 Phase Series (No Filter) 2x Op Time (sec) 14.78 10.35 15.32 13.69 15.27 13.44 10.67 10.31 15.28 10.50 11.80 15.08 9.85 Op Time Deviation % 47.4 3.2 52.7 36.5 52.2 34.0 6.4 2.8 52.3 4.7 17.6 50.3 -1.8 Voltage HDF % (3rd Only) 4.74 113.84 1.58 50.60 6.32 66.41 221.36 121.75 1.58 117.00 105.94 53.76 23.72 Current HDF % (3rd Only) 82.22 17.39 82.22 66.41 82.22 53.76 490.15 15.81 86.96 12.65 72.73 74.31 142.30

Conclusions
The most significant relationship to note from these tests is that of operation time Vs. Current HDF. Generally speaking the greater the distortion of the test set current waveform, the greater the inaccuracy of the current driven relay timing will be. The Voltage HDF also has some impact, but it is marginal compared to the current waveform. The two exceptions to this general rule are the APTS and Omicron sets. Even with large waveform distortion factors, both of these test sets if selected to the appropriate output mode, were capable of providing accurate operation times on the CDG16 relay. Due to the severe distortion of the waveforms, there is either an ingenious software algorithm manipulating the output amplifiers in place, producing an accurate RMS sine waveform value, or both tests were a fluke. To determine accuracy of operational timing for these electronically controlled test sets, both should be examined separately at a variety of values (I.E. plotting the full IDMT curve). Utilising the primary and secondary resistors available to the Sverker range of test sets only marginally reduced harmonics & improved timing results on the CDG16 relay. It was noted however that these resistors did greatly increase the current resolution/sensitivity of the sets. We can unequivocally identify from these results is that all non-electronically controlled test sets should be used with the addition of a filter such as the T&R 100ADM employed in these tests. All of the test sets coupled with the filter produced results within 5% of the ideal/theoretical timing value. Excluding the filter their timing deviations ranged from 34.0-52.3%.

Future Investigation (- What? Test Set Issue 2)

The conclusions of this report have been derived from the worst-case secondary injection scenario using the CDG16 EF relay. Although this was a great starting point for investigating a range of test sets, test findings may prove more fruitful using EM relays of a lesser impedance. The next series of test aims to examine the functionality of the same test set configurations with a commonly placed 5A distribution EM IDMT relay. Following these tests, self-powered protection relays such as the VIP300 shall be examined.

Appendices

A- Data Sheet For 100ADM Filter

100ADM-F

Current Filter Unit

Resistor Box

RB10

Current waveforms for disc induction relay

Unfiltered

Filtered

Features Forces test current to a sinusoid Improves timing accuracy when testing electromechanical relays 0.25A-100A ranges High overload capability 50/60Hz operating frequency High efficiency
The 100ADM-F filter unit reduces the level of current harmonics when testing electro-mechanical protection relays. It is designed for use with our range of secondary injection test sets. All electromechanical protection relays have iron cores that saturate and distort the test current under high overload test conditions. This distortion causes significant errors in the measured trip time of these relays during testing. Distortion of the waveform can be a particular problem with disc induction type over-current and sensitive earth fault relays. For example, testing a CDG11 disc induction over-current relay without a filter causes significant timing errors. The results below show the errors for a 1.3s 1A CDG11 overcurrent relay on its 0.5A plug setting, tested at 5A. Current No Filter With Filter 5A 5A THD 34.5% 6.12% Trip time 1.54s 1.30s Error 18.5% 0%

Features Improves current control into low impedance loads Particularly suitable for solid state relays 0.51666.5 in 8 steps Maximum current 0.210A Thermal cutout Compact & lightweight
The RB10 resistor box is used in conjunction with a current injection unit when testing low impedance relays and trips, allowing finer control of the current. The unit is designed for use with the 100ADM and 200ADM, but may be used with any suitable current source. The unit has eight resistance ranges with a maximum power dissipation of 50W for any one resistor.
Range Continuous current 0.5 5A 1.5 3.5A 6.5 1.5A 16.5 1A 66.5 0.5A 166.5 0.35A 666.5 0.15A 1666.5 0.1A *3 minutes on/8 minutes off Intermittent current* 10A 7A 3A 2A 1A 0.7A 0.3A 0.2A Maximum voltage 5V 10V 25V 50V 100V 150V 250V 250V

The RB10 is supplied in a robust aluminium case, and all connections are made by industry standard 4mm safety sockets. The RB10 has fuse and over-temperature protection.

The 100ADM-F has nine current ranges covering 0.25A to 100A and is supplied in an insulated case complete with protective cover and carrying strap.

100ADM-F Specification
Current Waveforms
The waveforms below show the current and voltage for a disc induction type relay supplied from a 100ADM.

RB10 Specification
Resistance Ranges and Ratings The RB10 has eight resistance ranges.
Range 0.5 1.5 6.5 16.5 66.5 166.5 666.5 1666.5 Continuous current 5A 3.5A 1.5A 1A 0.5A 0.35A 0.15A 0.1A Intermittent current* 10A 7A 3A 2A 1A 0.7A 0.3A 0.2A Maximum voltage 5V 10V 25V 50V 100V 150V 250V 250V

Voltage

Current Disc induction relay without filter unit Disc induction relay with filter unit

*3 minutes on/8 minutes off

Current Ranges and Ratings

Range 0.25A 0.5A 1A 2.5A 5A 10A 25A 50A 100A Continuous rating 0.125A 0.25A 0.5A 1.25A 2.5A 5A 12.5A 25A 50A 5 min on/ 15 min off 0.25A 0.5A 1A 2.5A 5A 10A 25A 50A 100A

Range Selection
The appropriate range is selected by 4mm safety sockets on the front panel of the unit.

Temperature Range
Storage Operating -20C to 60C 0C to 45C

Protection
The unit has over-temperature protection and the common terminal is fused with a T10A fuse.

Dimensions
220mm x 163mm x 72mm including earth teminal

Frequency
The unit may be used at either 50Hz or 60Hz, selectable by a switch on the front panel.

Range Selection
The lower ranges (0.25A-50A) are selected by a switch, and the highest current range (100A) is selected by a terminal.

Optional Accessories S000-0534 5m low current lead set

Current Monitor
A current monitoring output is provided that gives an output of 0100mA corresponding to the rated current for the range.

Filter Unit Impedance

Range 50Hz 0.25A 0.5A 1A 2.5A 5A 10A 25A 50A 100A Storage Operating 880 220 47.7 7.8 1.94 510m 85m 22m 5.5m Impedance () 150Hz 17.5k 4.38k 950 150 38 9.5 1.5 380m 95m 250Hz 30.4k 7.65k 1.65k 250 65 16.5 2.5 650m 165m 350Hz 41.5k 10.3k 2.25k 360 90 22.5 3.6 900m 225m

Temperature Range
-20C to 60C 0C to 45C

Dimensions
340mm x 230mm x 330mm

Weight
15.6kg

Accessories
Current monitor plug and lead

Optional Accessories
100AL lead set

Note: Due to the companys continuous research programme, the information above may change at any time without prior notificatio n. Please check that you have the most recent data on the product.

T&R Test Equipment Ltd, 15-16 Woodbridge Meadows, Guildford, Surrey, GU1 1BJ, UK Tel: +44 (0)1483 207428 Fax: +44 (0)1483 511229 email: sales@trtest.com

10

www.trtest.com

100ADM-F RB10 Data Sheet Rev 1 19/9/05