Gravitation & Cosmology, Vol. 13 (2007), No. 4 (52), pp.

289292
c 2007 Russian Gravitational Society
EMERGENT UNIVERSE IN THE BRANE-WORLD SCENARIO
Asit Banerjee Tanwi Bandyopadhyay and Subenoy Chakraborty
1

Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, India

Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-32, India
Received 26 September 2007
A model of an emergent universe is obtained in a brane world. It is a model universe which has no singularity, is
ever-existing and has an almost static behaviour in the innite past (t ). In our model, the 5D bulk energy
is in the form of a cosmological constant, while the brane matter consists of a Chaplygin gas with the modied
equation of state p
b
= A
b
B/
b
. Initially, the brane matter for the special choice A = 1/3 may have a negative
or positive pressure, depending on the relative magnitudes of the parameter B and the bulk cosmological constant,
while asymptotically in future the brane world approaches the CDM model.
wOZNIKKA@]AQ wSELENNAQ W SCENARII MIRA NA BRANE
aZIT bANERDVI, tANWI bANDIOPADHXQJ, sUBENOJ AKRABORTI
pOLUENA MODELX WOZNIKA@]EJ wSELENNOJ W MIRE NA BRANE. TO OZNAAET, TO MODELX NESINGULQRNA, SU]ESTWU-
ET WENO I WEDET SEBQ KWAZISTATIESKI W OTDALENNOM PRO[LOM (t ). w DANNOJ MODELI W OKRUVA@]EM
BRANU 5-MERNOM OBEME NERGIQ PREDSTAWLENA KOSMOLOGIESKOJ POSTOQNNOJ, A MATERIQ NA BRANE PREDPOLAGAET-
SQ MODIFICIROWANNYM GAZOM APLYGINA S URAWNENIEM SOSTOQNIQ p
b
= A
b
B/
b
. pRI SPECIALXNOM ZNAENII
PARAMETRA A = 1/3 NAALXNOE DAWLENIE MOVET BYTX POLOVITELXNYM ILI OTRICATELXNYM W ZAWISIMOSTI
OT OTNOSITELXNYH ZNAENIJ PARAMETRA B I 5-MERNOJ KOSMOLOGIESKOJ POSTOQNNOJ. w BUDU]EM POLUENNAQ
MODELX ASIMPTOTIESKI PRIBLIVAETSQ K CDM-MODELI.
The search for singularity-free inationary models
in the context of classical general relativity has recently
led to the development of emergent universes.
In 1967, Harrison [1] obtained a model of a closed
universe containing radiation, which approaches the
state of the Einstein static model asymptotically, as
t . This kind of model was subsequently dis-
covered by several workers in the recent past: Ellis and
Maartens [2], Ellis et al. [3]. They obtained closed uni-
verses with a minimally coupled scalar eld having
a special form of a self-interaction potential and pos-
sibly some ordinary matter with the equation of state
p = w where
1
3
w 1. However, exact analytic
solutions were not presented in these models, although
their behaviour like that of an emergent universe was
highlighted. The emergent universe is a model universe
without a singularity, which is ever existing and has an
almost static behaviour in the innite past (t ),
as was mentioned earlier. The model eventually evolves
into an inationary stage. In fact, the emergent uni-
verse scenario can be said to be a modern version and
extension of the original Lematre-Eddington universe.
1
e-mail: schakraborty@math.jdvu.ac.in
Mukherjee et al. [4] obtained solutions for the Starobin-
sky model
2
with at FRW space-time and studied the
features of an emergent universe. Very recently, a gen-
eral framework for emergent universe models was pro-
posed by Mukherjee et al. [6], using an ad hoc equation
of state connecting the pressure p and the density .
However, these solutions require exotic matter in many
cases. Such models are appealing since they provide
specic examples of nonsingular (geodesically complete)
inationary universes. Further, it has been proposed
that entropy considerations favour the Einstein static
2
The Starobinsky model [5] solves the semiclassical Einstein
equations,
G

= 8 G T

for a at FRW metric with free, massless and conformally invari-
ant elds. Here, T

is the vacuum expectation value of the

energy-momentum tensor of the elds. Starobinsky obtained a
solution for the scale factor, namely,
a(t) = a
0
( + e
t
)
2/3
,
which describes an emergent universe behaviour. Here a
0
and
are integration constants and is a constant characterizing the
matter eld. The general features of the model have been studied
in [4].
290 Asit Banerjee, Tanwi Bandyopadhyay and Subenoy Chakraborty
state as the initial state for our Universe [7].
The emergent universe models mentioned above for
4D space-time assume features like positive spatial cur-
vature, a minimally coupled scalar eld or exotic mat-
ter. So far, we have not noticed any emergent universe
model on the brane with the background AdS bulk. In
the present work, we consider a perfect uid in the form
of a Chaplygin gas, or a radiation distribution as a spe-
cial case, on the brane. The evolution of the brane
world models in which we live, in the special case, ex-
hibits the emergent universe behaviour. The models
described here are not only homogeneous and isotropic
at large scale but are also spatially at.
In standard cosmology, the special kind of uid
called Chaplygin gas [8] has a very interesting property
that it can drive a standard 4D universe from its initial
dust-dominated stage to a nal -dominated stage, so
that at late times one can obtain an accelerating world
model consistent with the recent type Ia supernova ob-
servations [9]. The generalized Chaplygin gas has the
equation of state [10] p = B/

( = 1 corresponds
to the Chaplygin gas model ([11] and references there-
in). It was later generalized to the modied Chaplygin
gas, widely discussed in a few recent years [1215].
The equation of state for the modied Chaplygin gas
has the form [13]
p
b
= A
b

(1)
where A, B (> 0) and (0 < 1) are constants.
The equation of state (1) relates the brane energy den-
sity
b
and pressure p
b
and is very similar to the well-
known Chaplygin gas equation of state for the ordinary
matter density and pressure and p, respectively. The
brane energy density consists of two parts, one due to
the ordinary matter density and the other due to the
so-called brane tension. The relations between them
are
b
= + and further p
b
= p . So, at an
early stage of the evolution ( ), the equation of
state (1) eectively reduces to p
b
= A
b
, and at a late
stage. for a
0
, we get p
b
=
b
, which is equiva-
lent to the relation p = describing the usual CDM
model. There are not so many exact cosmological so-
lutions on the brane because the energy density of the
brane appears quadratically in the modied Friedmann
equations instead of its linear behaviour as in the usual
equations. We believe that particularly the emergent
universe model on the brane of our present work is the
rst one of this kind in the existing literature.
The geometry of the ve-dimensional bulk is as-
sumed to be characterized by the space-time metric of
the form
ds
2
= n
2
(t, y)dt
2
+a
2
(t, y)
ij
dx
i
dx
j
+b
2
(t, y)dy
2
, (2)
where y is the fth coordinate, and the hypersurface
y = 0 is identied with the world volume of the brane
that forms our Universe. For simplicity, we choose the
usual spatial section of the brane to be at. Now, fol-
lowing Binetruy et al. [16, 17], the energy conservation
equation on the brane reads

b
+ 3(
b
+p
b
)
a
0
a
0
= 0, (3)
which after integration (using the equation of state (1))
gives [13, 18]

b
=
_
1
(1 +A)
_

0
a
0
3(1+A)(1+)
+B
__
1/(1+)
(4)
(
0
is an arbitrary integration constant).
Here a
0
is the scale factor on the 3-brane, i.e, on
the hypersurface y = 0 [ a
0
(t) = a(y, t)

y=0
].
Using this form of
b
, the generalized Friedmann-
type equations take the form (see Eqs. (45) and (46) in
Ref. [18]).

a
2
0
a
2
0
=

4

2
b
36
+

2

5
6
+
C
a
4
0
(5)
and
a
0
=

4
36
(3A+ 2)
(A+ 1)

0
a
6A+5
0
+

4
B
36 (1 +A)
a
0
+

2

5
6
a
0

C
a
3
0
, (6)
where C is an integration constant.
We note that, for a negative cosmological constant
(
5
< 0), there will be deceleration throughout the evo-
lution provided |
5
| >
2
B/[6(1 +A)] , and hence there
is only a maximum but no minimum. This model is
said to be a recollapsing model. On the other hand, for

5
> 0 or for negative
5
with |
5
| <
2
B/[6(1 +A)] ,
there is a transition from deceleration to acceleration
(for a detailed discussion see ref. [18]).
We now proceed to solve Eq. (6) for A = 1/3 (for
which a solution in a closed form is possible). The rst
integral of Eq. (6) can be written in an integral form as
1
4
_
du

bu
2
+Cu +d
= (t t
0
) (7)
with
u = a
4
0
, b =

4
B
48
+

2

5
6
, d =

4

0
48
.
The explicit solution is given by (b > 0)
a
4
0
=

4bd C
2
2b
sinh
_
4

b(t t
0
)
_

C
2b
,
(4bd > C
2
);
a
4
0
=

C
2
4bd
2b
cosh
_
4

b(t t
0
)
_

C
2b
,
(4bd < C
2
);
a
4
0
=
1
2b
_
e
4

b (tt
0
)
_

C
2b
,
(4bd = C
2
). (8)
Emergent Universe in the brane-world scenario 291
We note that, for C > 0, all the above solutions
start from a big-bang singularity and expand inde-
nitely as t . However, for C < 0, the behaviour
of the rst solution remains the same while the second
solution represents a bouncing solution having a mini-
mum at nite time. The third solution is singularity-
free, starting with a nite value of a
0
at t =
(where both a
0
and a
0
vanish) and expanding exponen-
tially. The brane model corresponding to this solution
is termed as emergent universe [1-3] in the brane-world
scenario.
Further, for b < 0 (a negative cosmological constant
with |
5
| >
2
B/8), the solution can be written as
a
4
0
=
C
2|b|
+
_
4|b|d +C
2
2|b|
_
_
sin
or
cos
_
_
[4
_
|b| (t t
0
)].
(9)
Also, for b = 0, i.e., a negative cosmological con-
stant with a magnitude ne-tuned to
2
B/8, the solu-
tion takes the form
a
4
0
=
_
_
_
4C(t t
0
)
2
d/C,
or
d/|C| 4|C|(t t
0
)
2
, (10)
according as C > 0 or C < 0.
These solutions have a familiar behaviour and are
not of much interest in the present context.
Since, in the literature, there are no detailed solu-
tions for a Chaplygin gas-lled brane, we think it is
worthwhile to discuss the modied form of the Chaply-
gin gas model on the brane in the background of an AdS
bulk. It is to be noted that the above solution is the
unique solution for an emergent universe on the brane.
A simple solution is that for a radiation distribution on
the brane, with the equation of state p
b
=
b
/3. This
special case is obtainable from the Chaplygin gas equa-
tion of state (Eq. (1)) by putting B = 0 and A = 1/3.
As a result, the structures of the solutions obtained
are precisely the same as in Eq. (8), where the ve-
dimensional cosmological constant
5
> 0. Hence, in
such a case, our conclusions on the modied Chaplygin
gas are all valid, including the special case of the emer-
gent universe model for the constant C < 0. On the
other hand, if the bulk is anti-de Sitter (
5
< 0), we
have eectively the parameter b < 0, and the resulting
solutions are of type (9), irrespective of the sign of C.
Furthermore, it is easy to see that for a dust-lled brane
(put A = 0 = B in the modied Chaplygin gas) exact
analytic solutions are possible only for C = 0, and the
solutions do not correspond to an emergent universe
model.
We will now discuss the properties of the solution (8)
representing an emergent universe model. Asymptoti-
cally in the past (i.e, as t ) the scale factor a
0
has the constant value (|C|/2b)
1/4
, and, with Eq. (4),
the matter density has initially the constant value

bi
=
_
3B
2
+
6
5

2
_
1/2
. (11)
Consequently, the equation of state, i.e., Eq. (1) in
the asymptotic past takes the form
p
bi
=
1
3

bi
+
4
5

bi
. (12)
If the bulk cosmological constant
5
is negative
(with |
5
| <
2
B/4), then the pressure in the brane
matter is negative throughout the evolution, and nally
we approach the CDM model. On the other hand,
for a positive cosmological constant in the bulk, i.e., for

5
> 0, the initial pressure p may be positive or neg-
ative, depending on the relative magnitude of
5
and
B. In order that the initial pressure p
bi
be positive
for
5
> 0, we must have
2
bi
< 12
5
/
2
, which in
turn requires B < 4
5
/
2
. The Chaplygin gas brane
therefore starts in this case with initial positive pressure
and eventually evolves to the CDM model, which is
characteristic of all Chaplygin-gas cosmological models.
Here, our brane is located at the hypersurface y =
0, and without loss of generality we choose n
0
(t) =
n(y, t)

y=0
= 1 and b
0
(t) = b(y, t)

y=0
= 1. Since we
are dealing with emergent universe model on the brane,
we have only stated the bulk metric for completeness.
However, for a positive cosmological constant in the
bulk, the bulk will be essentially Schwarzschild-de Sit-
ter. and, for a negative cosmological constant, it will be
Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter.
In the present work, we have followed the proce-
dure adopted by Binetruy et al. [16, 17], in which
the Randall-Sundrum spacetime was generalized to al-
low for time-dependent cosmological expansion. We
are mainly concerned with the derivation of the four-
dimensional brane cosmological equations using the Z
2
symmetry at the boundary. A more general brane-based
approach was formulated by Roy Maartens [19] and Shi-
romizu et al. [20], in which the Gauss-Codazzi equa-
tions have been used to obtain a pure brane Einstein
equations, while the bulk geometry is reected through
a projected Weyl-tensor term.
An alternate approach for deriving cosmological so-
lutions was adopted by D. Ida [21] and S. Creek et al.
[22], who have considered a bulk-based point of view, in
which the AdS-Schwarzschild solution used in the bulk
is essentially static. In such a frame, the brane appears
to be a moving boundary. Both approaches have their
advantages and disadvantages. Since our considerations
are mainly brane-based, we study the brane world evo-
lution and concentrate upon its behaviour and dynam-
ics.
In general, the black-radiation term may be positive
or negative [21, 23]. From the point of view of an ob-
server xed in the static bulk with AdS-Schwarzschild
spacetime, the negative magnitude of C (mentioned
292 Asit Banerjee, Tanwi Bandyopadhyay and Subenoy Chakraborty
above) indicates the absence of any horizon. However,
we have described a brane world which evolves without
any initial big bang singularity from the point of view
of an observer situated on the brane.
Acknowledgement
TB is thankful to CSIR, Govt. of India, for awarding
JRF (Junior Research Fellowship).
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