A SEMINAR REPORT ON AVOIDING RISK OF VOLTAGE INSTABILITY IN A

POWER SYSTEM THROUGH REACTIVE POWER RESCHEDULING AND LOAD SHEDDING

(SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF) BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

2010 2011

JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR (A Venture of seedling group of institutions)

BY MANISH KUMAR SHARMA

AB T ACT

As th use of renewable energy sources (R

s) increases worl wi e, there is a rising interest

on their im acts on power system operation and control. The important impacts of a large penetration of variable generations in area of operation and control can be summarized in the directions of regional overloading of transmission lines in normal operation as well as in emergency conditions, reduction of available tie-line capacities due to large load flows, frequency performance, grid congestions, increasing need for balance power and reserve capacity, increasing power system losses, increasing reactive power compensation, and impact on system security and economic issues. The distributed power fluctuation (due to using of variable generations) negatively contributes to the power imbalance, frequency and voltage deviations. Significant disturbance can cause under/over frequency/voltage relaying and disconnect some lines, loads and generations. Under unfavourable conditions, this may result in a cascading failure and system collapse. Here we describe a procedure for improving voltage stability condition of a power system by reactive power rescheduling or load shedding. For this purpose, a voltage stability index and its threshold value is used as the basis. Sensitivity factors are derived to relate change in voltage stability index for changes in reactive power at generation buses and changes in load at load buses. Using these sensitivity factors, a procedure is proposed for avoiding risk of voltage instability in a power system by applying reactive power rescheduling or load shedding.

ACKNOWLE

E ENT

I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Prof. DEVENDRA DODA (HOD, EE) for giving us such a wonderful opportunity to enhance our skills through these seminars. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude, indebtedness to Mr. DUR ESH
NANDAN PATHAK (lecturer, EE, JNU, Jaipur), and all the faculty members for their

guidance, ever inspiring help, affectionate encouragement & motivation .They have been a great source of inspiration for me. Ive been receiving valuable suggestions from them. I am also thankful to Mrs. DEEPIKA CHAUHAN who helped me in my seminar with his full interest. The uphill task for completing this seminar report would have been impossible without support of all staff member. No words are sufficient to express my gratitude to colleagues for their exemplary patience, understanding, co-operation & for creating congenial environment to carry out this work.

NAVEEN KUMAR MEENA

FIGURE INDEX

TOPICS

PAGE NO.

Figure1. Flow chart for reactive power rescheduling or/and load Shedding to improve voltage stability condition of a power system.................... ....................................................19 Figure1 continued..................................................................................................................20 Figure1 continued.................................................. ................................................................22 Figure1 continued..................................................................................................................23 Figure2. IEEE30 Bus system................................................................................................24

CONTENTS

1. Introduction........................................................................................................... ...7 2. Classification of Instability Mechanisms............................................................... ...8 2.1 Transient period.............................................................................................. ....8 2.1 Power system stability..................................................................................... ...8 2.2 Voltage stability.............................................................................................. ....8 3. Procedure for Control Action to Avoid Voltage Instability..................................... ...9 3.1 Reactive power rescheduling............................................ .................................. 9 3.1.1 Checking reactive power limit violation................................................... 12 3.2 Emergency Load Shedding............................................................................. ..12 3.2.1 Checking limit violation for loads.......................................................... ..16

4. Determination of suitable value of M , ML and solution procedure.............................. .17

5. Simulation result and discussion.................................................................................... 21 5.1 Desired value of I19des= 0.75.............................................................................. .21 5.2 Desired value of I19des= 0.8................................................................................ .23

6. Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 29

7. Appendices........................ ........................................................................................... .30

8. References.................................................................................................................... .31

INTRODUCTION

The problem related to voltage instability in a power system is a major concern for power system operation and planning. A major factor contributing to voltage instability is the voltage drop that occurs when active and reactive power ow through inductive reactance of the transmission network; this limits the capability of the transmission network for power transfer and voltage support. The power transfer and voltage support are further limited when some of the generators hit their eld or armature current time-over load capability limits. Voltage stability is threatened when a disturbance increases the reactive power demand beyond the sustainable capacity of the available reactive power resources. Voltage collapse is characterized by a slow variation in system operating point, due to increase in the loads, in such a way that the voltage magnitude gradually decreases until a sharp accelerated change occurs. It has been observed that voltage magnitudes, in general, do not give a good indication of proximity to voltage stability limit. In recent literature, many voltage stability and voltage collapse prediction methods have been presented. Some of the important ones are: (1) Voltage collapse index based on a normal load ow solution (L-index); (2) Voltage collapse index based on closely located power ow solution pairs; (3) Voltage collapse index based on sensitivity analysis; and (4) Minimum singular value of Newton-Raphson power ow Jacobian matrix. These methods assess the closeness to the critical loading by looking in to the voltage stability sensitivity indices or the smallest Eigen value or singular value of load ow Jacobian matrix. Index presented in gives a scalar number to each load bus, called the L-index, to indicate the proximity of voltage collapse for a power system. The index value ranges from 0 to 1. The bus with largest value of L is the most vulnerable bus in the system. In the procedure for calculation of L has been simplied using some acceptable approximations; this reduces the computational burden considerably. A reliable voltage stability index Ii has been proposed, whose threshold value is found to be varying marginally between 0.43 to 0.52 as against the theoretical threshold value of 0.5. The decrements of this index are rapid with respect to load variation as it approaches the proximity of voltage collapse. Therefore, index near to 0.7 is an alarming situation so far as voltage stability of a power system is concerned. For a voltage stability index to be effective and useful, it should possess the following qualities: (1) Indicator/index should be related to the controllable parameters of a power system through a simple function; and (2) some corrective measures could be derived from the indices. The proposed procedure aims at involving only sensitive generation buses and/or load buses for reactive power rescheduling and/or load shedding, respectively, to improve voltage stability condition of a power system. Load shedding option is undertaken when reactive power rescheduling of generation buses cannot improve voltage stability index of a bus to a desired value.
6

2. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTABILIT MECHANISMS

The objective of this section is to relate the above concepts of large disturbance and time scale decomposition to power system phenomena and models. We provide a classication of loss of stability mechanisms relevant to voltage phenomena. State approximation to be used and the overall system instability to be decomposed in several well dened categories. Let us assume a large disturbance and consider the possible unstable system responses that might result. 2.1 Transient Period In the transient period immediately following the disturbance the slow variables do not respond yet and may be considered constant. The three major instability mechanisms are T1: loss of equilibrium of the fast dynamics. T2: lack of attraction towards the stable post-disturbance equilibrium of the fast dynamics. T3: post-disturbance equilibrium oscillatory unstable. The transient period is the usual time frame of angular stability studies. For instance, the loss of synchronism following too slow a fault clearing is a typical T2 mechanism. This is also the time frame of transient voltage stability, which results from loads trying to restore their power in the transient time frame. Typical examples are induction motor loads and HVDC components. An example of T1 voltage instability is the stalling of an induction motor fed through a long transmission line, after some circuit tripping makes the transmission impedance too large. Motor stalling causes the voltage to collapse. The motor mechanical and electrical torque curves do not intersect any longer, leaving the system without a post-disturbance equilibrium. An example of T2 voltage instability is the stalling of induction motors after a short-circuit. In heavily loaded motor and/or slowly cleared fault conditions, the motor cannot reaccelerate after the fault. The mechanical and electrical torque curves intersect but at fault clearing, the motor slip is larger than the unstable equilibrium value. 2.2 Power System Stability Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains intact. 2.3 Voltage Stability Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating condition. Characterized by loss of a stable operating point as well as by the deterioration of voltage levels in and around the electrical centre of the region undergoing voltage collapse

3. Procedure for Control Action to Avoid Ri k of Voltage Instability

T e voltage stability index

indicates t e voltage stability condition of it bus of a as t e load increases power syste T is voltage stability index for a bus decreases fro at t e bus It is found t at w en t e value of Ii approac es 5, syste collapse takes place T erefore, bus(es) aving voltage stability index Ii close to 5 are considered to be t e ost vulnerable bus(es) It is observed t at even for t e index value fro 5, t e syste is very near to t e voltage collapse situation, i e , argin for additional load is very s all and s all increase in load at t e vulnerable bus(es) ay lead to voltage collapse of t e syste T erefore, it is required to aintain voltage stability index for all buses ig er t an a desired or ore) to avoid t e risk of voltage instability of a power syste W en value Iides (say, t e index Ii for a load bus goes below t is desired value, t e corrective action s ould be taken to bring back Ii to its desired value Hence, it is required to resc edule reactive power of generation buses and/or load s edding at load buses to i prove t e voltage stability indexof t e ost vulnerable load bus to its desired value to avoid possible voltage collapseof t e syste T e ost vulnerable bus of a power syste is t e bus aving t e lowestvalue of t e N} i e , kt bus as t e lowest value of voltage stability index i e , Ik = Min {Ii, for i = t e index T e required c ange in index for kt load bus is:

In t e next sections, procedures for i proving Ik to its desired value Ikdes are presented T e procedures involve: ) reactive power resc eduling in selected generation buses; and ) e ergency load s edding at t e target load bus(es)

3.1 Reactive Power Rescheduling It is accepted t at t e voltage instability in a power syste appears due to lack of reactive power supply to t e vulnerable load bus(es) T erefore, it is required to resc edulereactive power of generation buses to i prove voltage stability condition of a power syste , w ic is indicated by t e index Ik of t e ost vulnerable kt load bus Wit out loss of generality, taking bus as t e slack bus, t e c ange in index (Ik) wit respect to c ange in bus voltage can be expressed as:

T e c ange in bus voltage vector [V ] wit respect to c ange in reactive power injection vector [Q] can be expressed as:

Substituting [V ] in Eq ( ) fro

Eq ( ), we ave

T e sensitivity factors [ ] relate c ange in t e index value for kt bus wit respect to c ange in reactive power injections at t e buses, but reactive power resc eduling can becarried out only in t e generation buses, as suc , representing Eq ( ) only for generationbuses we ave

A generation bus wit low/insignicant sensitivity factor requires considerably ig er c anges in reactive power for s all c ange in t e voltage stability index Ik T erefore, it is required to select generation buses aving ig er values of SF forupgrading/i proving t e index Ik to its desired value Ikdes For t is purpose, SF are ranked and based on t e ranks of SFs [ i for i = , ,NG], generation buses are selected to take part in t e process of upgrading index Ik To ensure participation of sensitive buses in t e process of upgrading t e index Ii , a cut-off value for sensitivity factor cut is selected T e buses wit SF below t is cut-off value are not included T e value of cut is deter ined based on t e largest value of SF a ong all generation buses as follows:

includes t ose Si ulation of a nu ber of syste s s ows t at MF value between 5 to buses t at are sensitive to t e index Ik Assu ing MG as t e nu ber of participating generation buses in t e process of upgrading/i proving t e index Ik in ter s of ranked sensitivity factor, Eq (5) is represented for participating generation buses as follows:

[ ] is a row atrix, t erefore, [Q] values are to be calculated using pseudo inverse tec nique i e ,

Solving t e above equation t e value of Qi can be written as

10

T us, t e

odied contribution fro

generation buses is as follows:

Now, reactive power at t ese buses is to be PQ buses

odied to t e new value taking t e

as

3.1.1 Checking Reactive Power Li it Violation: - As long as t e required reactive power

in)

no violation of reactive power li its W en violation in reactive power li it(s) of a generator is detected t e procedure described below is adopted for assigning a xed c ange in reactive power governed by its li it If rt generator bus violates t e reactive power li it, t en for t at bus c ange in reactive power injection is calculated as given below:

Now, rt bus would undergo a xed c ange in reactive power by t e quantityQr(allowed) and t is bus would take t e status of a non participating generator bus T us, t e odied value of I would be

3.2 Emergency Load Shedding: E ergency load s edding at selected buses (including vulnerable bus) i proves t e volt ge a stability index Ik for t e kt bus Under e ergency situations w en t e reactive power resc eduling cannot i prove t e index value Ik to t e desired value Ikdesk , load s edding is to be applied to avoid risk of voltage instability in a power syste T e c ange in index value Ik at kt vulnerable load bus wit respect to syste state variable vector [ V ] is given as:

odication satisfy QGi(

QGi(old) + Qi QGi(

ax)

for i = , ,MG, t ere is

11

T e Jacobian atrix of NR load ow analysis relates c ange in real and reactive power injections wit respect to c ange in bus voltage angles and bus voltage agnitudes as follows:-

Substituting [ V ] in Eq (

) fro

Eq (

) we ave

T e above equation can be expressed as:

w ere [ ] and [ ] are t e sensitivity factors (SFs) relating [P] and [Q] to t e c ange in t e index value of kt bus Assu ing load power factors do not c ange wit c ange in load values, Eq ( 5) can be written as:

W ere

+ tan(

) j = sensitivity factor for jt load bus

Inclusion of load buses wit low/insignicant sensitivity factors require considerably ig er load s edding at t e buses for required c ange i t e voltage stability index Ik T erefore, it is n required to select load buses aving ig er values of SFs for upgrading t e index Ik For t is purpose also, SF are ranked and based on t e ranks of SFs ( i for i = N), load buses are selected to take part in t e process of upgrading t e index Ik To ensure participation of sensitive load buses, a cut-off value for sensitivity factor cut is selected T e value of cut is deter ined based on t e largest value of SF a ong all load buses as follows:

to includes t ose Si ulation of a nu ber of syste s s ows t at MF value between buses t at are sensitive to index Ik Assu ing ML as t e nu ber of participating load buses in t e process of upgrading/i proving t e index I in ter s of ranked sensitivity factor, Eq k ( ) is represented for participating load buses as follows:

Sensitivity factor atrix [ ] is a row pseudo inverse tec nique, i e ,

atrix, t erefore, [P] values are to be calculated using

Solving t e above equation t e value of Pi can be written as:

T us, t e

odied load at t ese buses is:

Load s edding at a load bus basically akes P positive at t at bus; t erefore, SF values for are selected for load load s edding ust be positive, i e , only load buses wit i > s edding In case of load s edding odied load at t e load buses are as follows:

3.2.1 Checking Limit Violation for Loads: - In order to ensure t at essential loads are not s ed, li it on load s edding as been xed at load buses selected for load s edding As long as t is li it on load s edding is not violated, i e , if PDi( in) PDi(old)- Pi , for i = , ,ML, load s edding is wit in allowable li it In case of li it violation, following strategies are adopted Assu ing li it violation at rt load bus, i e

Now, t e rt bus would under go a xed c ange in real power by t e quantityPr(allowed) and t is bus would take t e status of a non participating load bus T us, t e odied value of Ik would be

Equation ( ) is solved for t is new Ik( odified) it reduced nu ber of load buses (i e , in t is case for i = , ,ML ) If ore t an one load buses violate t e li its, t en t e nu ber of participating load bus will be reduced accordingly

3. Determination of Suitable Value of M G, ML, and Solution Procedure:The proposed procedure aims at involving sensitive generation buses and/or load buses for reactive power rescheduling and/or load shedding, respectively, to improve the voltage stability condition of a power system. Load shedding option is undertaken when reactive power rescheduling of generation buses cannot improve the voltage stability index of a vulnerable load bus to its desired value. To ensure participation of sensitive generation buses and/or load buses, buses having SF values more than cut off values cut and cut are selected for reactive power rescheduling and/or load shedding, respectively. A factor (KM > 1) is included for the purpose of ensuring that sufficient number of buses are included during improvement of the value of Ik and all the rescheduled (reactive power) generators or load shedding buses do no get xed at their limits. A value of KM 1.1 1.2 has been found to work well for most of the systems. The procedure adopted for the selection of participating buses is as follows: 1. Store the bus number in arrays BRj and BLj for j = 1. . .N according to descending order of the sensitivity factor associated with each bus for reactive power rescheduling and load shedding, respectively (buses having highest sensitivity factor are ranked as one, bus with next highest sensitivity ranked two, and so on) and set M = 0. 2. Set j = 1 and Iach = 0. 3. i = BRj . 4. If ith bus is not a generation bus; go to step 6. 5. If Iach > KM Ik go to 15 M =M +1 Iach = Iach + i Qilimit 6. j = j + 1. 7. If j N; go to step 3. 8. Set j = 1 and ML = 0. 9. i = BLj . 10. If ith bus is not a load bus; go to 13. 11. If
j

< 0 go to step 13.

12. If Iach > KM Ik go to 15. ML = ML + 1 Iach = Iach + 13. j = j + 1. 14. If j N; go to step 9. 15. Stop.
16

PDilimit

W ere

T e sensitivity factors are deter ined using linear relation a ong [V], [ ], [P], and [Q] corresponding to a syste operating condition T erefore, c ange in syste operating condition (i e , due to c ange in bus injections) leads to c ange in SF values for t e buses As suc , if t e esti ated c ange in [P] and [Q] (for desired c ange in index value IK) are applied to t eir respective buses and a load ow analysis is carried out, t e desired value of t e index Ides k ay not be ac ieved T erefore, it is required to repeat load ow analysis by assigning Ik = IdesK IKk , w ere IKk is t e index value at Kt iteration of load ow analysis T is results in correction in SF values and ensures i prove ent of Ik to t e desired value of t e proposed procedure for reactive power resc eduling or/and load T e algorit s edding to i prove voltage stability condition of a power syste is depicted in t e ow In t e ow c art an array [BF] is used to set ags for c art presented in Figure participating generation and load buses [BF] is assigned by for all participating buses W en li it violation is detected at a bus, t e bus status is odied to a non-participating bus (i e , if rt bus violates t e reactive power or load s edding li it, BFr is reassigned by ) as described in Sections and An integer variable FV is introduced in t e ow c art to indicate li it violation during esti ation of reactive power resc eduling and load s edding FV is set to before c ecking li it violation for t e participating generation buses or loads buses W en li it violation is detected for a generation or a load bus, FV is set to , t e bus is de arcated as non-participating bus and required c ange in t e index value is odied as given by Eqs ( ) Or ( ) by assigning t e bus wit t e li iting value, as and described in Sections

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5. Simulations Results and Discussion

To verify the applicability of the proposed procedure, simulations were carried out on IEEE30 bus system shown in Figure 2. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure, both reactive power rescheduling and load shedding were carried out according to the requirements to improve the value of the index Ik of most vulnerable bus to its desired value Idesk . The system loading is adjusted in such a way that voltage stability indices of a few buses of the system falls below 0.75. Table 1 shows the generations, loads, and voltage conditions at these generation buses. Table 2 presents the loads, voltage condition, and voltage stability index of load buses of the system. It shows the minimum value of voltage stability index is appearing at load bus 19, the value is I 19 = 0.718003. From voltage instability point of view, this bus is the most vulnerable bus. Simulations were carried out to improve this index to different desired value with different reactive power limits on the generation buses. Minimum value of load, which cannot be shed at load bus, is taken as 20% of the initial load at the bus. Table 3 presents the two different reactive power limits applied to the generation buses for simulation purpose. Power limits on the generation buses. Minimum value of load, which cannot be shed at load bus, is taken as 20% of the initial load at the bus. Table 3 presents the two different reactive power limits applied to the generation buses for simulation purpose.

5.1. Desired Value of I19des = 0.75

Case-I reactive power limits are applied to the generation buses for improving value of the voltage stability index at bus 19. The results obtained from simulation are presented in Tables 4 and 5. The simulation results show that the voltage stability index is improved to 0.744932 from 0.718003 through reactive power rescheduling. In this case, load shedding is not required for improvement of the voltage stability index.

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5.2. Desired Value of I19des = 0.8

At rst, Case-I reactive power li its are applied to t e generation buses for i proving value T e results obtained fro si ulation are presented in of t e voltage stability index at bus Tables and

22

23

24

T e si ulation results s ow t at t e voltage stability index is i proved to fro t roug reactive power resc eduling and load s edding As t e reactivepower reserve are saturated, i e , generators are set to axi u reactive power li its, load s edding as been applied to i prove t e index to its desired value Load s edding as been carried Again, Case-II reactive power li its are applied to t e generation buses out only at bus for i proving value of voltage stability index at bus T e results obtained fro si ulation are presented in Tables and T e si ulation results s ow t at t e voltage stability index is fro t roug reactive power resc eduling only after t e i proved to li its on reactive power generations are c anged fro Case to Case-II T erefore, t e -I c ange in reactive power li its on generation buses affects t e load s edding options

25

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6. CONCLUSION
The proposed procedure for reactive power rescheduling or load shedding aims at improving voltage stability condition of a power system from proximity of voltage collapse. Index Ik, the voltage stability index of the most vulnerable bus of a power system, is used as the basis for the improvement of voltage stability condition of the system. Sensitivity factors are derived to relate change in voltage stability index for change in reactive power at generation buses and change in load at load buses. The sensitivity factors are used to determine the required reactive power rescheduling and/or load shedding to improve voltage stability condition of a power system. The proposed procedure aims at involving only sensitive generation buses and/or load buses for reactive power rescheduling and/or load shedding, respectively, to improve voltage stability condition of a power system. Load shedding option is undertaken when reactive power rescheduling of generation buses cannot improve voltage stability index of a bus to its desired value. The proposed procedure for improving voltage stability condition by reactive power rescheduling or load shedding can provide useful information to power system planner/operator to undertake corrective action to avoid risk of voltage instability in a power system.

7. APPENDICES

N NG NL Pi Qi QGi(max) QGi(min) PDi(min) Si Vi

i

Total number of buses in the system Total number of generation buses in the system Number of load buses in the system Injected active power at ith bus Injected reactive power at ith bus Maximum limit of reactive power generation at ith bus Minimum limit of reactive power generation at ith bus Limit on load shedding of the ith load bus Pi + jQi Magnitude of voltage at ith bus Angle of the bus voltage at ith bus Element of Y -BUS matrix at ith row and j th column

Gi j + jBi j

8. REFERENCES
1.Kunder, P., Paserda, J., Ajjarapu, V., Anderson, G., Bose, A., Conizares, C., Haliziargyriou, N.,Hill, D., Stamaoric, A., Taylor, C., Cutsen, T. V., and Vittal, V., Denition and classication of power system stability, IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force on Stability Terms and Denition, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 1387 1401, May 2004. 2. Kessel, P., and Glavitsch, H., Estimating the voltage stability of a power system, IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. PWRD-1, No. 3, pp. 346 354, July 1986. 3. Clark, H. K., New challenges: Voltage stability, IEEE Power Eng. Rev., pp. 33 37, April 1990. 4. Tamura, Y., Mori, H., and Lwanoto, S., Relationship between voltage instability and multiple load ow solutions in electrical system, IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-102, pp. 1115 1125, May 1983. 5. Crisan, O., and Liu, M., Voltage collapse prediction using an improved sensitivity approach, Elec. Power Syst. Res., pp. 181190, 1984. 6. Lof, P. A., Anderson, G., and Hill, D. J., Voltage stability indices of stressed power system, IEEE Trans. PWRS, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 326335, 1993. 7. Tiranuchit, A., and Thomas, R. J., A posturing strategy against voltage instability in electrical power systems, IEEE Trans. PWRS, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 8793, 1989. 8. Tuan, T. Q., Fandino, J., Hadjsaid, N., and Sabonnadiere, J. C., Emergency load shedding to avoid risk of voltage instability using indicators, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 341351, Feb. 1994. 9. Sinha, A. K., and Hazarika, D., Comparative study of voltage stability indices in a power system, Int. J. Power Energy Syst., Vol. 22, pp. 589596, Nov. 2000.