i^Ka.

LIBRARY OF THE
NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF HOME ECONOMICS CORNELL UNIVERSITY

ITHACA,

NEW YORK

The
tine

original of

tliis

book

is in

Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

restrictions in
text.

the United States on the use of the

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003546938

FEUIT AND BREAD.

A

SCIENTIFIC DIET.
BY

GUSTAV SCHLICKEYSEN.
Translated, from
BT
M. L.

the

German,

HOLBROOK,

M.D.,

EDITOR or THB " HEBALS OF HEALTH," AUTHOR OX* " FAltTURlTIOM WITHOUT PAIK," "EATINQ FOB STBZXOTH,"
"I.IVEB COMPLAINT," ETC.

^WITH

AN APPENDIX.
ILLUBTBATED.

NEW YORK
M.
L.

HOLBROOK & COMPANY.

COFZBI&ITF,

M.

L.

HOLBEOOK.
1877.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART L The Ahthkopological Argument
Page.

PART

n.
107

The Physiological Abqument

PART

ni.
174

The Dietetic Argument German and English Works quoted by tee Author

209

APPENDIX.
Dr. Jackson's Letter
Napier's Curb fob Intemperance
211

218 235

Index

LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fignre.
1. 3.
3.

Page.

Teeth of the Horse

Teeth of the Gorilla

19

20
21

Teeth of the Hare

4.
5. 6. 7.

Teeth of the Wolf

Teeth of the Shrew-mouse Teeth of the Swine

23

25
26
J

8.

Man (front view). Teeth of Man (side view)

Teeth of

27 27

IV
9.

TABLE OF COl^TESTS.
Eye-teetli of old Gorilla (natural size)

28

10. 11.

Eye-teeth of young Gorilla (natural size). ... 29 Eye-teeth of

Man (natural size)

29 30 34 34
35 36

12. 13.

Eye-teeth of Tiger (natural size)

14
15.
16. 17.

Stomach of Hyena Stomach of Lion Stomach of Sheep. Stomach of Man

Ideal Section of the Non-deciduate Placenta of the Herbivora

60

18.

Ideal Section of the Zonaiy Deciduate Pla-

centa of the Carnivora

19.

51

Ideal Section of the Discoidal Deciduate

Placenta of the Frugivora

62

TRANSLATOES .PREFACE.
Of works on food and cookery there is no end, but in most cases their writers regard man as an omnivorous creature, deriving his sustenance from the animal, the vegetable, and even from the mineral kingdom. The
author of the present work has departed from the dietetic belief and practice of centuries, and has undertaken to prove, upon the groimd of physical organization and original habit, that man is by nature frugivorous, using this word in its broadest sense, so as to include fruits, grains and nuts, and that these are sufficient to maintain him in a perfect condition of physical and mental health. The arguments by which he maintains his theories are drawn from the accepted conclusions of modern science, and are presented with such originality and force as to entitle them to respectful consideration, even where his conclusions may seem too radical for adoption in the present state of society. His strikingly original treatment of the question of cookery will serve a useful purpose if it excites reflection concerning the present elaborate, costly and unnatural methods, regarding which there is, unquestionably, cause for a very radical reform. The system of diet and methods of preparing food which he recommends have been verified in his own experience for many years, and have, besides, the high merit of ex-

treme simplicity and naturalness. To the American reader the work will have an especial interest, as presenting in the main the views of a certain class of German health reformers, concerning whom

VX very
is

TRASSLATOR'S PREFACE.

little has hitherto been known in this country. It a noteworthy fact that a parallel development of similar views has taken place in Germany, England and America having no direct connection, and yet reaching the same general conclusions, and it is hoped that the present translation may contribute in some degree to that international acquaintance and friendly exchange of thought which must essentially promote the common good. considerable number of English and American works of this character have been translated into German, but this is, so far as I am aware, the first translation of the kind from German into English. There are, however, a number of able German writers with whom it would be well for English and American hygienists to become better acquainted. The most prominent of these

Edward Baltzer, of Nordhausen, and Theodore Hahn, Gallen, in Switzerland. The cause of popular hygiene is also represented in Germany by a number of periodicals and by several influential societies.
are

now of St.

This translation, while adhering faithfully to the and meaning of the author, is not altogether literal, and at various points it has been somewhat elabospirit

rated
ley.

scientific authorities, especially

by new material and by additional extracts from from Darwin and Hux-

In the Appendix will be found two valuable papers, one by Dr. James O. Jackson, who is so widely known in the hygienic world, and one by Charles O. Groom Napier, F.G.S., which, it is hoped, may prove serviceable to the victims of intemperance.
I take pleasure in acknow'ledging here
ness, in the translation of this

my

indebted-

work, to Mr. Edwin F.

Bacon, who has been an instructor of the German language in my family during the past three years, and whose zeal and faithfulness in his profession are deserving of all praise.

New

York,

1877.

M. L. H.

FRUIT AND BREAD.

PART
No
health
his
I.

AITTHROPOLOGICAL ARGUMENT.
task

more

closely concerns the life

and

of

man

than

that

of

providing for

nourishment.

The

consciousness of this

necessity lies
himself,

deeply rooted, not only in

man
ex-

but

in every other living creature,

and

is

the cause of that

" struggle

for

istence"
tire

which

prevails

throughout the enexperience

organic
that

world.
it

But

has

shown
ishment
quantity

is

by no means a matter of
this

indifference
is

how and wherewith

effected,

nour-

for

upon the quality and

depend in a marked
It

of our

food

degree our physical and moral condition.

is

therefore highly important

that

we

pos-

sess a scientific foundation

on which

to estab-

8
lish

TBE CHEinCAh THEORY OF DIET,

a natural
diet.

The
is

difficulty

of estalh

liehing this foundation

indicated in the words

of the distinguished

Prof. Virchow, of Bersaid:

lin, who, in the year 1868,

tific

"A

scien-

system

of diet

is

as yet impossible."

It is therefore

no wonder that there should

of

be

great

diversity

opinion upon this

question,

and

that

even the learned should

in
their
efforts to

pursue
bring
it

different

courses

nearer to a

solution.

The Chemical Theory of Diet.

ern
physiology
there

In

moda
of

has

long

existed

tendency to infer the necessary elements

food

from the chemical composition of the

living body,

and to
this

establish

an

artificial

di-

etary

upon

basis,

but the

study

before

us will show the fallacy of this method.

As

a foundation for a true

sary
first

theory,

it

i^

neces-

to consider the entire nature of the

individual
If,

whose

diet

is

to

be determined.
to

for

example,
diet

we had
hoi-se,

determine

the
this

proper

of a

and should to
daily

end consider
of

only

the

consumpof
flesh,

tion

the

albuminous
of

products

and

of

phosphate
to

lime

and

other

ele-

ments necessary

the

formation

of bone,

THS AKAtOMlCAl, THSORV.

Q
all

and

should

undertake

to

supply

these
salt,

materials
etc.,

by

means of albumen,

flesh,

we

should

very soon observe

that an

animal fed in this manner would perish, and

it

would thus become apparent that

impor-

tant considerations

had

been

omitted.

The

same

is

true in the case of man.

As

long as

we
on

seek to establish a dietary for

the
exclusive
basis

him uparrive
at

of the consumption

of chemical

substances,

we

shall

no just conclusion.

The Anatomical
ual,

Theory.

^In

order

to

correctly judge of the nature of

an

individ-

we can

find

no

better

starting-point

than that of his natural capacity to provide,

digest,

and assimilate food, and

his

this

depends
ascer-

upon

bodily structure.

Hence,
of

to

tain the natural

nourishment

hitherto

unknown
critical

animal,

we have
his
is

only to bestow a
in

look

upon

body

order

to

know what
The

food

peculiar to him.

objective

knowledge

of any

given
of

condition evidently assumes a

its

knowledge

previous
it

history

and

of the

processes

by which

has been evolved;

for as it is
it-

impossible rightly to estimate

a thing in

10
self,

ANCIENT ZOOLOGICAL TBEOBIES.

without comparing
it

with at least one

other, so is it impossible fully to understand

a living organism without knowing the

tory of
to
its

his-

development.

In order, therefore,
of
the

a complete knowledge

nature

of

man, we must undertake

plicated study.

somewhat
pure

com-

We

have

first

to collect the

neeessaiy facts for

a system

of

anat-

omy,

and

from

these, through comparative

scientific conclusions.

anatomy, to derive
shall
tlien

We

have to consider the development

this
is

of

man, and

twofold

first,

that of

the individual, or Ontogeny, and, second, that

of the race, or Philogeny.

it

Upon

this plan

will

be

easy

for

us

from the

present

standpoint of science to

accomplish our pro-

posed task.

The
and

scientific

raethod,

and

the conditions
lead

results

of

nourishment,

us

to

comparative

theory

of

dietetics.

But
the

such

an

attempt

encounters

to-day

same

deadly opposition as did the theory of devel.

opment previous

to the appearance of Darwin's

epoch-marking work, the " Origin of Species."

Ancient Zoological Theories.

scientists constructed

The

early

their

zoological

systems

AXCIEyF ZOOLOGICAL I^EOSIMS.

according
to

H
arbitrary,

purely

external

appearances,

and often in and in the

like

manner

entirely

highest

degree unscientific.
dietetics

In

manner
a
learned

the theory of
scientific
it is

remains

"without

basis,

and even among

It

the

a proscribed subject.
if

cannot therefore surprise ns very

we encounter
health

antagonistic views concerning the influ-

ence of different foods

on

the

and

development of man.
gists

The

dietetic

physioloclosely

of
to

the the

old

school

were

too

bound
their

purely
previous
scientific

empirical
centuries,

views

of
pos-

own and
little

and
to

sessed too
of^ their

material,
theories.

admit

establishing sound

The Darwinian Theory of Descent

sents

prelight.

the

entire
fertilizing

subject

in

new
the

Like

rain

upon

parched
the
in

earth, this

new system
science,

descends

upon
life

domain of

awakening a new

every department of knowledge, and

ing therewith a bitter controversy
caying
forms.

involv-

with

de-

The

year

1860

especially

marks with us the dawn

which
the

of this

Since then there has appeared a

ature,

new epoch. new litercontinually

in

discussion

12

AirciEyr zoological thsories.

turns upon the truth and

theories

possibilitj

of the
sinqe

presented
also

by

Darwin,

and

supported

by

Vogt,

Hseckel,

Huxley,

and
in

others.

A
there

great conflict has thus arisen,

is

which

an
it

incessant
is

appeal

to

high authorities.
to

Now

to

Cuvier,

Darwin, now to some dead

investigation.

system,
the

now now
con-

to living
flict

So echoes
the

and

so

struggle
so

combatants,
to

and
that

with
it is

results

important

mankind

well worth the cost to take part,

and

that indeed in the interest of exact

science.

scientific

The new theory has accumulated so much material, the number of its adheis it

rents

already so great,
exerts

and the influence

department
of

which

in

every

human knowledge so important, that every new 'Bcientific work is regarded and judged
from the standpoint of
its

authority.
its

Most
influ-

of the sciences have, indeed, under

ence, suffered a complete revolution.

Philosophy
real

fljids

for

her

speculations
enters

and

scientific

basis,

and

upon a
natural
in

boundless field of investigation.

sciences
direction

All

have

received

an

impulse

the
biol-

of unity.

In morphology and

EVOLUTJOX APPLIED TO DIETETICS.

13

ogy

entirely

new

fields

have

been

opened

up, so that anthropology has

become one of
of
sci-

the most
ences.

developed

and

important

History, from a dead, systematic dog-

matism, has become a living source of knowledge; and philology, which has hitherto been

occupied with the

heartless details of
first

dry,

xmphilosophical
is

and

grammar,

now, for the

relations

time,

brought into
life

practical

with material
gress of our

and with the mental pro-

time. takes no part

at most,

Speculative theology, alone,

in this great

development,

or,

in a

negative way, seeks by a

to

feeble

opposition

save itself from total decay.

The mornhas
of

ing-red

of ns

knowledge
the

which
theory

dawned
evolution

upon

through
the
old

prepares

dogmatic
moral,

and

systematic
life

schools in mental,
for
their
final

and
and

physical

departure,

accompanies

them upon
Dietetics.

their way.

Application of the
to

Theory of Evolution
all

Least

of
all

^indeed,

we may
neveris

almost say not at

^has

the

development

theory been applied to dietetics, and,

theless,

the possibility of

such application

14:

EVOLUTIO:^ APPLIED TO DIETETICS.

SO
ises

apparent, and the results which

BO

it

promstrange

important,

that

it

is

indeed
as

that none of the

learned
a

have

yet

unof

dertaken

it.

But
will

little

knowledge
us
so

human
this

nature
has

enable

to

see

why

field

hitherto

beeu

sadly neg-

lected.

There

has

always

existed

a
of

prejudiet-

dice against the

etic

critical

discussion
,against

theories,

and especially

the

ne-

gation
the

of

long-established views,

and

hence
has

scientific

treatment

of

the

subject

been

impopular.

Some,

perhaps,
it,

capable of undertaking
its

who were and who realized

by
its

importance,

were

deterred

very
the

magnitude and by the

changes which
it

thoroughness
for
it

of

involved;

invaded
relin-

the domestic circle,

and demanded the

quishment of favorite habits and enjoyments.

The present attempt

terial

to

collect

the

ma-

of a scientific system of dietetics,

it

and

to present

in

popular form,
with

is

prompted

by

desire to

share

my

fellow -men

the benefits which 1 have derived

now

for

many

years

from

the

practical

application

of the views here presented.

deceive myself with regard to

But I do not

human

natixre,

WBA T IS TBE NA TURE OF MAN.

for I well
BQiall

15
be
but
a

minority

know that there who will go

will

with

me

to the

extreme, but, nevertheless, Btriotly logical, consequences of the proposed study.

The

effort

must be that

of a

simple

presentation
for

of
to

the truth, leaving each

one
his

himself

apply

it

according

to

individual ability

and conviction.
In
order,

then,

to

establish
first

correct

dietary for

man, we must
his

gain

true
to

knowledge of

nature,

and

this is only

be secured by the most conscientious and unprejudiced study.

their
all

Let the simple

facts

bear

own

testimony, and

we

shall

then find

other departments

of science in harmony

with them.

We

might also well

admit the

testimony resulting from quiet reflection upon

our

own

nature, our moral

impulses, and

our

unper verted instincts; and

if these finer senti-

ments are found to accord with the deductions

of exact science,

we may

feel

doubly assured

of the soundness of our conclusions.

"What
Let

is

the

Nature of Mas.
by the presentation
this

us, first of all,

of

fundamental laws, seek to answer

ques-

16
tion.

WHAT IS THE NATUSE OP MAS.

While

pure anatomy treats

only

of

the physical structure of animal bodies, comparative anatomy draws scientific conclusions

from

the

facts

thus

acquired,

and to
to

this

comparative

study

our

attention.

we have now Between man and

him
and

direct

the

mam-

malia most nearly related to

instructive

there exist
difference

points of relation

concerning the digestive apparatus, the food,

and manner of Every

life.

animal

has his
his

appropriate

food,

corresponding to
that,

physical

structure;

so

in case of

uncertainty as to the food,

we have
especially
teeth, in

only to observe
that

the

bodily

form,

of

the

extremities
for,

and the
the orit

order to decide;

since

ganism

cannot

exist

solely within

itself,

must possess the natural means of obtaining

from without that which
maintenance
;

is

necessary to
that

its

and

it

is

evident

the

internal properties

and the process of

faculties

nutri-

tion

must correspond to the

is

whose

action

external,

and by which the means

a

of nourishment are provided.

We

have, therefore,
:

as

first

principle

the following

The proper food of every

TBE MAMXALZA.
individual
ganization.
is

17

indicated hy his physical orthis principle

In accordance with
animals
all

we mdy
food;

classify

according to their
is

and, since

food

either

of

vegetable or animal nature,

we have

as the

two

chief

and general

divisions

the Phyto-

phageiy or plant-eaters, and the Zoojphaga, or

flesh-eaters.

This

classification,

however,

is

not

strictly

scientific,

since there are various

sub-classes,

the food
nature,
is

of which, though of

vegetable

not

always

vegetable,

and others whose

food, though of

an animal

nature, is liot always animal.

The
direct

Mammalia.

We

will

now

first

our
a

attention to the

mammalia.

Of

these

part subsist upon vegetable

and a

part

upon animal food.

To

the former, the

Phytophaga, belong the Herbivora, grass and

herb eaters;
the Granivora, or grain-eaters;

the Frugivora, or fruit-eaters; the Bodentia, or

gnawers
teeth
as
;

the Edentata,
others.

which

lack

front

and

Other
subsist

classifications exist,

of

those

who

upon
etc.,

land

and

water

plants, the

Ruminants,
our

but

we
to or

do

not

need for
them.

present

purpose

consider

Among

the

Zoophaga

18
flesh-eaters,

TBE nERBlVORi.

we have

the land and sea Oaretc.

nivora,

Insectivora,

Omnivora,

The intimate
food,

relation that exists

between

the structure of the digestive apparatus, the

and

the

mode

of

life,

appears, from
wliich

the

following

considerations, in

we

disregard at
confine

first

the intermediate forms, and

chief
divisions.

our attention to the

The Herhivora.
upon grass and
includes our

The

Herbivora

subsist

herbs.

The genus Bos, which

cattle,

common horned
with

has thirty-

two

teeth.

The under jaw has

which
there

eight incisors,
is

articulating

horny

process at the front of the upper jaw.

incisors are

The
is

shovel-formed,

curved, and very

sharp.

Immediately

back of these there

toothless

a considerable

diastema or

space,

and then in each half of both under and

upper jaw
six molars, in all

twenty-four,

of

which the

back ones are

the larger.

The
little

masticating surface of these teeth has but

enamel.

The food corresponds

to the structure

of the teeth.

It consists of the various grasses,

all kinds,

weeds, buds and flowers of

lichens,
like,

moss,

swamp and water

plants,

and the

and

is

torn from the stalk with the incisors and

THE FRUOIVORA.
masticated between the molars.

jg

The motion

of the under jaw

is

obliquely lateral.

The

teeth of the horse are also an excellent example of the Herbivora. See Figure 1.

Fig.

1.Teeth of the Hoksb

(Herbivorous).

The Frugivora * {Fruit and Chain Eaters).

^The Frugivora are of a strikingly
different

character.
class

As the we may take

best representatives of this

the orang and gorilla.

In

these the teeth are alike in

number and form,

size.

though differing somewhat as to

In each jaw there are four

pointed
eye-teeth,

incisors,

two
large

four

small

and

six

* The term Frugioora is employed throughout this work in accordance with the Gennan usage, and insludes the two English classifications of Frugivora

and
fruit

Granivora;

that
diet.

is,

all

animals adapted

to

and grain

20
molars,
in
all

TBH RODSSTIA.
thirty-two.
its

Each of the small

surface two

molars has lipoh

blunt projections,
four.

articulatiDg

and

isach of the large ones

The

eye-teeth project
fit

somewhat beyond
in the

the

others and

into a blank space

lower row, the other teeth articulating unifoffmly.

This

is

a significant fact with regard to nutrition.

Pig.

2.Teeth cw the: Gokjlla (Frugivoi-ous).

the
lo-

The food depends somewhat upon

cality,

and

consists of the various fruits, corn,

small grains, and nuts.

entire

To this

class

belong the

family

of

the

Catarrhine

monkeys,

including the gorilla, orang, chimpanzee, gibbon,

and

other

genera.

Besidies

these^

there are

also fruit

and grain eating bats and Marsupials,

of which

the

teeth

correspond

to those of

the other Frugivora.

The Sodentia.

The

Kodentia

is

a pecu-

TBS RODENTIA.
liar

21

order

of animals, characterized by two

very

long

and

strong

teeth

in

each
incisors

jaw,

which occnpy the place of the

canines. space,

and

Sack of

these there
five

is

a toothless

and then four or

molars, which,
indicate
insectiv-

when they have a roughened crown,

a vegetable,
but

when

pointed,

an

Y\e.

3.

^Tbbth of the

Habb

(a

Rodent or Gnawer).

orous, diet.

Their principal foods are grains

all kinds,

and seeds of
fruits,

and with these often

nuts and acorns.

To

this order

belong
all

the

families

of

the

squirrel,

marmot,

species of mice, the beaver, porcupine, hare,

and

others.

An

especial
is

dietetic

subdivision

of

the

Kodentia

the Bhizophaga,

or

root-eaters,

28
which
supials,

TBE EDESTATA AND CARSIVORA.

includes

some

species

of

the

Mar-

and of mice.

The food

often consists

exclusively of the roots of

the beet, carrot,

celery

and

onions.

The Edentata.
order

The Edentata, or
have,

toothless

of the

Phytophaga,

sometimes,

though rarely,
food consists
juicy stalks.
cially ants.

rudimentary back

teeth.

Their

of leaves, blossoms, buds, and

Some also devour insects, espeTo this order belong the sloth,
and great
ant-eater.

armadillo, pangolin,

The Carnivora.The second great

class

dietetic

of the animal kingdom is that of the

flesh-eaters,

Zoophaga, or
are

the teeth of which

those

wholly

different

from

of
class

the
of

Phytophaga, or plant-eaters.

This

animals are characterized by a peculiar tooth,

which
eaters
tooth.
less

is

entirely

wanting in the vegetablelong-pointed,

^namely,

the

or
is

canine

Accordingly as this tooth

more or
or
less

developed,

the animal is more

this

carnivorous.

In proportion as

feature

becomes
the

less

marked, the animal approaches

in
its

vegetable-eater

habits,

finally

passing
incisors

over

wholly
molars

into

that
at

class;

the

and

being

the

same


THE CARmrORA.,
time
entire

23

proportionably
class
is

more

developed.

The

divided, dietetically, into land

and sea Carnivora.

Fig

4 Teeth op the Wolp

carnivorous character

(Carnivorous).
is

The
in
six

most

marked
incisors,

the feline species, in which the

in each jaw,
are
is

small and undeveloped.

so

The canine
that
it

tooth

strongly

developed

appears like a projection of the jaw-

bone.

The

three

molars

are very

sharp,

and capped with three

of the jaw

points.
is

The motion
only vertical;

in mastication

in striking contrast with the

lateral

motion
the

of the

Euminants.
teeth,

In

accordance with

form of their
blooded

cats prey

upon warmare

animals.

Their

salivary glands

very imperfectly developed.

In the dog family the form of the teeth

is

somewhat

diflferent.

The canine

teeth

no

24

THE ISSECTirORA.

longer play a chief part, nor reach so great a

size.

On

the contrary, the

number of molar

teeth is increased,
perfect,

and their development is more

which circumstance indicates increased

Accordingly

mastication.

many

species of this

family, especially the hyena, live

carrion.

whoUy upon

In
are

the

bear

family

these

characteristics

still

more prominent.
molars
latter

The canine
and
incisors

teeth

are less and the

more
but
still

developed,

the

having

flat

roughened crown.

All this

indicates

nearer approach to a vegetable and fruit diet^

as
is

actually
is

the

case.

The

bear,
fruits

as is

well known,
kinds, milk

fond of berries,

of

all

and honey.

The Jhsectivora.The Insectivora, or insecteaters, are

more nearly

related to the Eodentia

than

to

the Carnivora.
the
species.

varies with

The form of teeth The incisors and

with

canines are not especially prominent, but the

molars

are

always

serrated

numerous

small-pointed

eminences^ or cusps, adapted to

crushing insects.

The

three leading families

of the Insectivora are the moles, the shrew mice,

and the hedgehogs.

They

are of small size,

THE INSECTirORA.

25
except
in

and

are

found

in

all

countries,

South America and Australia,

Although, as
a more certain

we
and

shall

see

later,

we have

scientific

foundation for determining the

zoological

dietetic

and

rank of

an

animal

in

its

origin

and character than hj comparative

Fig

Teeth

of the

Shkb-w - mouse

(Insectivorous).

anatomy,
clusions

yet

we may

derive

dietetic

conas

from the structure of the

teeth,

compared with those of man, and these may be substantiated by a comparative study of
the other organs.

Figure 6 shows the omnivorous teeth of the

the
canines

svrine,

having

an

extraordinary

26

TISETH

OF NAN.
as instruments

.development, and being nsed

of attack and defense.

rig.

6.

^Teeth op the Swine (Omnivorous).

The Teethof Man.

Let us now consider the

nnifornily,

human
is their

teeth.

Their most striking peculiarity

perfect articulation : the opposing teeth

of each

jaw meeting

and leaving

no interval in the under jaw, opposite the

canines,
as
is

the case with the anthropoids.

state, there

In their perfect and complete

thirty-two
teeth,

are
viz.,

sixteen

in

each jaw;
canine

four

incisors,

two cuspids or
six molars.

teeth,
incisors

four bicuspids, and

The

have

broad,

chisel-shaped

body,

with

slightly

serrated,

cutting edge.

The

cuspids

are round and strong, with a long, tapering

root.

The
in

bicuspids, or false molars,

have a

rounded

body,

terminating
points,

on
a

its

grinding

edge

two

with

rough

groove


TEETH OF VARIOUS AyiKALS,

27
placed
be-,

between
hind
all

them.

The

molai-s
teeth.

are

the other

The crown has a

squared or cuboid form, with four points on

the masticating surface, separated by channeled
depressions.

Fig.

7.

^Tbbth of

Man

(Frugivorous).

Front view.

Fig.

8.Teeth op Man.

Side view,

of MarCs Teeth If now we those of other Animals.

Comparison

with
com-

pare

the

human

teeth

with

those

of the

28

TEETB OF VARIOUS AMMALS.

of the
to

chief representatives
species,

various

dietetic

with

reference
as,

the

peculiarities

above named
their

the size and kind of teeth,

strength,

relative

length,

intervening

spaces, etc.
est

^we shall find

not only the great-

similarity, but, at least

with reference to
accordance

number

and

kind,

complete

between the human teeth and those of the

anthropoid
apes.

The complete absence of

Fig.

9.

^Etb-teeth op an old GosiLiiA. Katural size.

intervening
characterizes

spaces between the

human
The
does

teeth

man

as

the highest and

purest
eye-

example of the frugivorous animal.

teeth of the gorilla
to as

have often been referred

this

evidence

that

animal

not

strictly

belong to the Frugivora, but the most

observation

careful

has

substantiated

the

TEETB OF VASIOXTS ANIMALS.

theoretical

29
pre-

view which has here been

satisfactorily

sented,

and has

shown that not

the

only

the

gorilla,

but

also

orang

and
ex<

chimpanzee, in a state of freedom, subsist

clusively

upon

fruits

and

grains, except

per-

haps when driven by hunger to a temporary

resort

to

other

and

less

preferred

foods.

The
of

eye-teeth of the anthropoid apes

totally

are

different

character from
"

the

canine teeth of the Carnivora.

The former

are small and stout, and somewhat triangular,

while the latter are long, round and slender.

Fig.

10.Eye-tooth
TOTJNG Go-

OF A
RiLLA.
size.

EybFig 11 TOOTH OP MAN.

. .

natural

Natural

size,

It is

a noteworthy fact that the Anthropoid

is

eye-tooth

rough

and

cartilaginous

at the

point of contact between the

external

tooth
at

and the gnm, while that of the Carnivora

the same point
eye-teeth
is

smooth and sharp.

is

The

of the Anthropoids

adapted for

80

TEETH OF VARIOUS ANIMALS.

use in cracking nuts and the like, while those

of the Carnivora are
seizing

exclusively

employed in
of the

and tearing

flesh.

This view
is

true nature

of these

teeth

confirmed

by

Professor Nicholson, a high authority, and not

an advocate of the other theories here presented.

"^R
Fig. 12.

Casinb or Eye-teeth of the Tigek.

Katural
size.

In his "Manual of Zoology," pages 604-5, he

says

of the anthropoid of the

apes

" The

canine

teeth

males
this
is

are

long,

strong

and

pointed,
females.

but

not the case with the

therefore,

The

structure,

of the

canine teeth

is to

be regarded in the light

TEETH OP VARIOUS ANOtALS.

of a sexual
peculiarity,

31
as

and

not

having

any connection with the nature of the food."

The
this

teeth of

man

are inferior

in

strength

to

those of the anthropoid apes, but the cause of

ia

to

be sought not so much in their

as
in

original

character

the fact that

they

have been weakened and degenerated by the

use of cooked food for thousands of years.
Professor Huxley remarks, with regard to

the eye-teeth of the gorilla

" The great devel-

opment of the eye-teeth of the adult might

seem to indicate a
possesses
flesh diet,

but the animal

of the
car-

no other

characteristic

nivora."

Its extremities

end in hands, which

are admirably adapted to plucking fruit

trees,

from

and in

feet,

for

the

falsely

so-called
reality

hands of his posterior extremities are in

feet,

as

well with reference to the system-

atic
cles.

arrangement of the bones as of the musIts gait is nearly,

and with some

and the

indi-

viduals

entirely,

upright;
spinal

tail-like
is

prolongation

of the

column, which

peculiar to all other animals of the mammalia,

is entirely

wanting.
strongly

The nearly
developed

upright gait
constitute

and the

legs

another point of resemblance in structure and

32

TEETH OF VARIOUS ANIHALS,

motion between

man and

the anthropoid apes.

The

latter,

including the

chimpanzee, gorilla,

orang,

and gibbon, in common

with

man,

have the nasal openings directed downward,

and divided by a narrow septum, and the Another physeyes looking directly forward.
ical

characteristic

of

man

and

the

higher

apes, which ranks them both as belonging to

the

Frugivora,

is

the position of
all

the

milk

glands upon the breast, while

other

mam-

malia, whether flesh or vegetable feeders, have

the so-called teats

upon the

belly.

Another
extremities

characteristic in
peculiaa* to the
nails.

the form of the

Frugivora

is

that

of the
also to

flat

An

essential

difference is

be remarked between the tongue of

the Carnivora upon the one hand, and of the

fruit

and vegetable-eaters on the other.

is

The
the

former

rough and

made

prickly

by

presence of horny
it

papillae,

thus

rendering
flesh

a most efficient rasp in licking the

from the
the latter
soft.
tail,

bones
is

of

its

prey, while

that

of

smooth, and the

papillae

quite

Since the genuine anthropoids have no

and no

callosities,

in distinction from the

possess,

related

Platyrrhina,

and

indeed,

no

INTERNAL STRUCTURE.

33

anatomical characteristics

dififerent

from man
as

we

are compelled to
dietetic

regard the two

as

be-

longing in a

well

as

zoological

sense to the same class.

"We have thus been led to the conclusion that, considered from a purely anatomical
standpoint,

man
grains.

is

neither

flesh

nor
food

a
is

vegetable eater, but that his proper

fruits

and

further

and
is

striking

characteristic

of the Frngivora
their

that

they
the the
to

do

not

take

food

directly

with
to
it

mouth,

but possess

a limb
it

adapted

work of plucking
the mouth. the ape
is

and conveying
the
case
its

This
the

in

of

man and

arm with

hand.

Peculiarities
sides

of Internal Structure.
external
points

^Be-

these

striking

of re-

semblance, there are

the
interior

many

others relating to
skeleton, espe-

structure.

The

cially

the skull and pelvis, the entire digestive

apparatus,

and the physiological process of

to a

nutrition, all point

common
grains,

diet.

The

cell-material of fruits

and

and especially

of plants, requires a longer time for digestion

than that of

flesh,

and accordingly the stomach

and
fruit eaters

and

intestinal canal of the plant

34:

INTERNAL STRUCTURE.

are considerably larger and longer

than those

of the flesh-eaters ; the

colon especially being

arranged in folds so as to present

great

amount of

interior digestive surface, while the

is

same organ

smooth in the Carnivora.

rig. 13.

Stomach of the Hyena.

(Carnivorous).

Fig.

a.
i.

14. Stomach of a Lion (Carnivorous). Esophagus,

Beginning of small intestines.

The

position

and form of the stomach are

In the Carnivora
it is

also of significance.

only


IXTERSAL STRUCTURE.

35

a small roundish sack, exceedingly simple in

Btnicture, while in the vegetable feeders it
is

ob-

long, lies transversely across the abdomen,

is

and

more or

less complicated

with ring-like con-

volutions, according to the nature of the food.

Fig. 15.
a.
i.
c.

Stomach of a Sheep

(Herbivorous).

uSsopha^s.
First stomach.

3.
e.

/.

Second stomach. Third stomach. Fourth stomach. Passage into small

intestines.

This appears

conspicuously in

the

Primates,

which include man, in the Eodentia, Edentata,

Marsupials, and, above
all,

in the

Ruminants.

In the latter

it

presents a series of from four

to seven wide adjoining and communicating

sacks.

The
that of

intestine of the lion is three times,

and

man

and the orang nearly twelve times,


36

mTERNAL STRUCTURE.
In the sheep
it

the length of the trunk.

is

twenty-five times this length, since the grasses

upon which

it

feeds

require

much more time

Pig. 16.
a.
6. c.

Stomach op

Man and the Anthbofoids

(Frugivorous).

.Esophagus.
Cul-de-sac, or fundus.

d.

Pyloric orifice. Pyloric valve.

Gall duct.

f g. Duodenum.
the
grains and fruits

for digestion than even

on which
of
all

man

foeds.

marked peculiarity
is

the

carnivorous

mammalia
is

that that

the

skin possesses no sweat glands, while

of

the Herbivora and Frugivora

plied with them, the

abundantly sup-

number amounting in the

millions.

case of

man

to

over sQven
lies

The

cause

of this difference

in

the

fact that

JTAtrS PLA CB

Z.V

NA TURB.

Zl
not re-

the chiefly nitrogenous flesh-food does

quire so high a degree of heat radiation

perspiration
fruit

and

as

does

the

more carbonaceous

and vegetable

food.

The Carnivora
lungs,

per-

spire, therefore,

only tlirough the

and

hence their great aversion to going into water,

since the water causes

no

activity of the blood

in the skin.

Man's Place is Natubk.

Concerning
Haeckel says
consider
:

man's

true

place

in

nature

" Whatever part of the body

we
to

we

find,

upon the most exact examis

ination, that

man

more nearly

related

the highest apes (pure Frugivora) than are the

latter to

the lowest apes.

It

would therefore

be wholly forced and unnatural to regard

man
the

in the zoological system as constituting a distinct order,

and thus
Eather

to separate
is

him from

true

ape.

the scientific zoologist

compelled, whether
not, to rank

it is

agreeable to

him or

man

within the order of the true

ape (Simiae)."

To whatever
same
result.

minutiae

of

detail the

com-

parison is carried,

we

reach in every case the

Between man and the anthropoid

38

XAS'S PLACE IN NATURE.

apes there are the closest anatomical and physiological resemblances.

In form and function,

exact

there
all

is

the most

agreement between

the corresponding bones of the skeleton of

each; the same arrangement and structure of

the muscles, nerves and entire viscera, and of the spleen, liver and lungs

the

latter

being a

matter of especial significance, for between the

manner of breathing and the process of nutrition there is the closest relation.

The
laws of

brain,

also,

is

subject

to

the

same

development, and
size.

differs

only with

regard to
skin, nails,

The minute

structure of the
identical in

and even the

hair, is

charaster.

Although man has

lost the greater

part of his hairy covering, as

in

Darwin thinks
yet
the

consequence of

sexual

selection,

rudimentary hairs upon the body correspond,

in

many

respects, to those of the

anthropoids.

The formation of
cases;

the beard

is

the same in both

while the face and ears remain bare.

Anthropoids and
old age.
is that,

men become

grey-haired in

But the most remarkable circumstance

are, in

upon the upper arm, the hairs

both

cases, directed

downward, and upon the lower

while in the case of the half apes

arm upward

MAy^S PLA CE IS KA TURE.

it is different,

39

and not

as soft as that of

man and

the anthropoids.

The
is

eye,

on account of

its delicate structure,

peculiarly siutable for comparisons of this

;

kind

and we

find here the greatest similarity

even inflammation and green cataract occur,

under the same circumstances, in both.

also,

See,

Darwin upon
is

this point.

There

no more

striking proof that

man

and the anthropoid apes have the same anatomical

the

and

physiological nature,

and require
their

same food, than the

similarity of

blood.

Under

the

microscope the blood cor-

puscles are identical in form

and appearance;

while those of the Carnivora are clearly different

from them.
It

may now be

interesting, in confirmation

of what has been said, to refer to the family

life,

and, if one
life

may

so speak, to the mental

and moral

of the anthropoids.

Like man,
its

the ape provides with exceeding care for

young, so that
proverbial.

its

parental affection has become

fidelity is

Connubial
virtue.

a general and
leads
face
its

well-known

The mother ape

and washes
crying.
its

young

to the water,
its

and

hands in spite of

Wounds

are also

40

XAyS PLACE IS NATURE.

washed out with water.

distress, will

The

ape,

when

in

weep
is

like a

human
be

being,

and in

manner

that

said to

very

affecting.

Young human
in

apes manifest the same tendencies as

children.

"When domesticated they

are,

youth, docile and teachable, and also, at

all children, disobedient.

times, like

In old

age they often become morose and capricious.

Most apes

construct huts, or, at least, roofs, as

a protection from the weather, and sleep in a

kind of bed.
to

One

peculiarity is alone

common
habit

them and

man,

and

this

is

the

of lying upon the back in sleep.

In battle
fists

they defend themselves

with their

and

long sticks; and, under otherwise like circumstances, they manifest like passions

and emotions

with

man

as joy

and sorrow, pain and envy,

In death, especially,

revenge and sympathy.

the ape face assumes a peculiarly human-like

and

spiritual

expression,

and the

sufferer is

the object of as genuine compassion as exists

in the case of

man.

It is also well

known

that

apes

bury their

dead, laying the

it

body in a
Re-

secluded spot,

and covering
life

with leaves.

garding the domestic

says, in his "

of the ape,

Darwin

Descent of

Man "

(Vol. 1, p. 39)

MAN'S PLACE IK yATtrSE.

41

"
the

We

Bee maternal affection manifested in

trifling

most

details.

Thus

Eengger

observed

an American monkey

(a Cebns)

carefully driving

away the

flies

which plagued

her

infant,

and Duvancel saw a Hylobates

faces of her

washing
stream.

the

young ones in a
grief

So

intense

is

the

of female
it

monkeys

for the loss of their young, that

invariably caused the death of certain kinds,

kept under confinement by

Africa.

Brehm

in North

Orphan monkeys were always adopted,

and carefully guarded by other monkeys, both

males and females.

One female baboon had

species, but
stole

so capacious a heart, that she not only adopted

young monkeys of other

young dogs and

go

cats,

which she continually

carried about with her.

so
far,

Her kindness
as
to

did not
food

however,

share her

with her adopted offspring; at which

Brehm
everyones.

was

surprised, as his

monkeys divided

thing quite fairly with their

own young

An

adopted kitten scratched

the above-men-

tioned affectionate baboon,

a fine

intellect, for

she

who certainly had was much astonished

at being scratched,

and immediately examined

4:2

THE GORILLA.

the kitten's feet, and without the claws."

more ado

bit off

The number of characteristics possessed

in

common by man and

the higher apes

is,

indeed,

very great, and includes not only physical and

emotional, but even intellectual, qualities. Those

already enumerated
purpose.

may

suffice for

our present

It is important, however, to notice

the fact that the ape, while subsisting exclusively

upon

fruit

and grain

foods, develops extraor-

dinary physical strength.

The
regarded

Gorilla.

Tlie gorilla,

which

is

now

as the most human-like of the anis

thropoid apes,
ferocious

an enormously strong and

Standing erect he
is
is

animal.

but

five feet high,

and yet

able
to

to

encounter

at once six strong

men, and

overcome them
agility.

by

his superior strength

and

From
by some
In

the earliest times,

writers,

apes have often,

been classed as a species of men.

is

Oarthagenian history, a wild race

wliich is

described

now

believed

to

have

been either

the gorilla or some other species of ape.

Effects

Drinks

of Flesh Foods and Intoxicating upon the Anthropoid Apes. Al-

though the anthropoids in

their natural state

INTOXICATED APES.
subsist solely

43

upon

fruit

and grain foods, they

to

can nevertheless be
or flesh diet
;

accustomed

mixed
their

and exactly here appear

for

human-like

characteristics,
is

the

effect

of

such food upon them

case of man.

the same

as

in

the

A
face,

fatty

diet

causes

eruptions
in

upon

the

neck and back.

Most apes
like a

captivity

die of consumption,

great part of the

population of
are
entirely

cities,

while carnivorous animals

it.

exempt from

Apes

have

coughs and colds under the same circumstances

as

men.

Small pox and other contagious

the

dis-

eases

also run

same course with them,

artificial

and medicines and other

have the same
scent
facts
effect.

stimulants

Darwin, in his " De-

of Man,"
confirmatory

gives

numerous

interesting

of these

statements,

and

with regard to stimulants says:

"Many
taste

kinds of monkeys have a strong

for

tea, coffee

and spirituous

liquors

they will also, as I have myself seen, smoke tobacco with pleasure.

Brehm

asserts that the

natives of northeastern Africa catch the wild

baboons by exposing vessels with strong beer,

on which they are made drunk.

He has

seen

44

INTOXICATED APES.

some of these animals, wlueh he kept in conand he gives a laughfinement, in this state
;

able account of their behavior and strange grimaces.

On

the following morning, they

;

were

very cross and dismal

they held their aching

piti-

heads with both hands, and wore a most

able expression
;

when

beer

or

wine

was

offered them, they tm-ned

away with

disgust,

but relished the juice of lemons.

ican monkey, an Ateles,

An

Amer-

after getting
it

drunk on

brandy, would never touch

again,

and thus
trifling

was wiser than many

facts

men.

These

prove

how

similar the nerves

of

taste

must be in monkeys and man, and how similarly

their

whole nervous system

is affected."

Such conclusions, derived by the learned

from the
facts of the case,

and with no direct

reference to the question of diet, are certainly

of great importance to our present discussion.

Had

these investigators gone a step

further,

and explained the bearing of

their conclusions

upon the subject of human

food,

they must

have remarked that the difference between the

natural food of the lower

order of monkeys

and of the
the food

gorilla is greater than that

between
Huxley,

of the gorilla and man.

INTOXICATED APES.

45

indeed, explicitly poiuts out this difference as

to

the anatomical structure, and might

well

have

drawn
analogy

the logical conclusion that the

same
food.

would

exist

with

regard
of

to

He

says:

"Whatever

part

the

animal structure, whatever series of muscles

or viscera,

we
is

select, as

a basis of comparison,

the result

the same.
differ

The lower monkeys

do

and the

gorilla

more widely than

the gorilla and man."

This

conclusion,

which

we have drawn
history, that
is

from anatomy and natural

man,

judged by his physical structure,

a
fruit

by nature

and grain

eater,

is

confirmed

by a

further study of his development, both as an

individual

and

as

a race; and
of

we

will

now
the

consider this branch

following order:
1.

our subject

in

The
a.

Individual Life.

Fetal Life.
Life.

b. Post-fetal

2.

The
to

Life of the Race.

"We have

first

study

the prenatal

life

of

the individual, especially with regard to the

method of nourishment.

This process
soft,

is

effected

by means of the placenta, a

roundish,

46 and

XAirS PAST BISTORT.

vascular organ
is

by which the
this

principal

connection

maintained between the parent

and the

fetus.

The form of

organ

is

of

much importance with regard

fication of placental

to the

classiall

animals, to which

the the

mammalia belong with the exception of

and the Marsupials.*

Monotremata (the lowest order of mammalia)

Mak's Past History on the Globe.

In order to fully understand the nature of

man

as a fruit

and grain

eater, as indicated

by
fol-

the placental structure,

we must make
life

the

lowing preliminary study

The
earth
is

past history of animal

upon the
its

recorded in the rocks that form

crust.

superficial

These contain the

petrified

remains

of

animal

and vegetable substances

deposited during successive ages, and the nature

of these remains in any particular strata shows

*

The importance
modern

of the placenta with reference to

scientific classification of

animals

is

recognized by
in
his

all

naturalists.

Professor

Huxley,
of

" Introduction

to

the
it

Classification

Animals,"

Chapter V, treats

at

considerable

length,

and

il-

by engravings, which may be advantageously consulted by the reader. TranMaior.

lustrates its various forms

TOSSSIBRTO.

47

US what animals and plants were living at the

time these rocks were

cessive as

formed.

These

suc-

periods of

life

have been designated

;

the Paleozoic, or Ancient-life period

;

the

Mesozoic, or Middle-life period

ozoic,

and the Kain-

or

New-life

period.

To

the

rocks

formed during these periods, and containing

fossil

remains of the animals then existing, have

been applied corresponding terms.

also

They

are

called primary, secondary,

and

tertiary

rocks.

The

oldest

fossil

remains of

vertebrate

animals which

we

possess are of the fishes of

the palezoic or primary rocks.

In these rocks

are found also remains of amphibious animals,

and in the mesozoic or secondary rocks appear,

for the first time, remains of the higher vertebras,

namely, of

reptiles, birds

and mammals.
is,

Only in the tertiary rocks

and
latest formations

that

in the highest

do

we

find the remains

of the more highly organized or placental

malia, to

mamlike

which

class

man

belongs.

TAe JEmhryo.
that of all other
first

The

human embryo,
consists,

mammalia,

in

the

stage of

its

development, of a germ and

a surrounding yelk, the whole being inclosed

48

PLACENTAL FOSMS.
thick

by a

smooth

skin,

called

the
its

chorion.

The chorion
surface, -with

itself is covered,

upon

external

numerous slender thread-like prowhich project from

it

cesses

or

villi,

into the

vascular tissue of the placenta.

In this manlife,

ner, throughout its prolonged intra-uterine

the fetus

is

both nourished and relieved of

its

effete products.

Animals.^We have now

liar

The Placental
structure,

Peculiarities

of Different

to consider the pecusize

form and

of the placenta,
thi'ough

as well as the exact

it,

method by which

in different species of animals, the nourishis

ment
to the

effected.

One of

the most striking

differences presented in placental animals relates

method of union between the mother

There are two -very
distinct

and

the fetus.

types of the placenta, and, according to Professor

Huxley, no transitional forms between

are

them

known

to exist.

These types are

designated as follows.1.

The non-deciduate placenta of the Herb-

ivora.
2.

The

deciduate placenta, of which there

:

are two kinds

PLACENTAL FORHS.
a.

49

The zonary
Carnivora.

<iecidnate placenta of the

b.

The

discoidal deeidnate placenta of the

Frugivora.

The

deciduate placenta

is

a distinct structui-e,
nterus,

developed
separated
tuting

from the wall of the

from
is
it

but

at parturition,

and

consti-

what
the
as

of

this

known as the " after-birth " human placenta is regarded by

most perfect example; while,
placenta,

Huxley
of

the

the non-deciduate

that

of

the

pig and horse are the typical representatives.

The word decidua

thrown
off.

signifies

that

which

is

The N^onDeciduate Placenta.

is

This
:

form
" No
de-

thus described by Professor Huxley

is

decidua

developed.

The

elevations

and

pressions of the nnimpregnated uterus simply

acquire a greater size and vascularity during

pregnancy, and cohere closely with the chorionic

villi,

which do not become

but
are

restricted to one
all

spot,

developed
its

from
poles,

parts

of

the chorion, except at

persistent

and remain
thus

in

the

broad
life.

zone

formed
of the

throughout
fetal

fetal

The cohesion

and maternal

placentae, however, is over-


PLACENTAL
sligiit
villi

50

FORJIfS.

come by
the
fingers

maceration
are

and

at parturition
out,

fetal

simply

drawn

like

from a

glove,

no vascular
off,"

substance

of the mother

being thrown

To

this

Fig. 17.
a.
b.
c.

IdexIj Section of the Kon-Deciduate PlACBNTA OF the HEBBrVOBA.

Uterine surface. Fetal surface. Chorionic villi.

d.
e.

Herbivorous embryo.

Navel cord.
all

class

belong

the Ruminants and the

TJngulata

(hoofed

quadrupeds),

camel,

sheep, goat

and deer; the

tapir,

ant-eater, armadillo, sloth, swine,

rhinoceros,

river-horse,

sea-cow,

whale,

and

others.

The Zonary Deciduate Placenta.

ary
placenta

A zonin

surrounds

the

chorion,

the


PLACENTAL FORMS.

51

form of a broad zone, leaving the poles free. This form characterizes all the land and sea
Camivora, and
thus
includes
the cat, hyena,

puma, leopard,

tiger, lion,

fox and

wolf; the
It

dog and bear, the

includes, alBO,

seal, sea-otter

and walrus.
species, as

certain

extinct

the

Fig. 18.

"bmuj Section of the Zonabt Dkcidttate Placenta op the Cabnivoka.

a.
e. b. Chorionic villi, forming placenta. Free part of chorion. Carnivorous embryo. Navel cord.

d.
e.

mastadon and dinofherium, which, although not

wholly
teeth,

carnivorous, were, to judge from their

partially
so.

The

elephant,

the

only

82
living

FLACESTXL POSMS.
species of these ancient animals, is also
class.

of this

The Discoidal Deciduate Placenta.The

Fig. 19.
a.
J.

ciDXTATE
e.

Ideal Section of the Discoidai. DePlacenta of the FBuarvoBA.

villi,

Uterus.

d.

/.
h.
t.
Ic.

forming the placenta. Deoidua vera. Decidua reflexa. g. Kayel cord. Frugivorous embryo.
Chorioudc Chorion.
e.

Uterine cavity;

Lower orifice
placenta
is

of uterus.

discoidal

a highly developed vas-

cular

structure, lying

upon one

side

of the

fetns, in

the

form of a round

disc, leaving

PLA CENTAL
the

FOJtMS.

53
It
is

greater part of

the chorion free.

side,

thus united only

upon one

at

one

cir-

cular point with the

uterus,
is

mucus membrane of the

as already mentioned,
it

from which,

separated

at partm-ition.

The

orders

of

animals characterized by this form of placienta

are the Hodentia, ant-eaters, bats, the various
species of apes,
closely united

and man.

All these are very

forms.
in
its

by homologous anatomical
differ,

The human placenta does not

general
character,
is

from that

of the others,

and there

no good reason for separating

man from

this placental classification.

delations between Placental

Individual Characteristics.

Forms and From our entire

the basis
intimate

knowledge of the development of races and of

individuals,

we may

conclude, upon
that

of Huxley's

classification,

an

relation exists between the

form and character

nature

of the placenta and the entire

individual.

of the

We

find

among

the non-deciduata,

besides the toothless sloths, only the TJngulata,

or

hoofed quadrupeds,

and others developed

teeth, as

from them.

The arrangement of their

of their entire digestive apparatus, marks them

54
as

FLACESTAL FORMS.
belonging to
a single family, namely, the

Herbivora.

The zonary placenta

large family of animals,
distinctly

characterizes

a very

whose

peculiarities are

marked, especially with regard

to

their

teeth

and digestive apparatus.

These

belong to the widely diffused and

order of the Carnivora.

numerous
interest-

But the most

ing and important group, with reference to our

present study,
is

that characterized
it

by the

dis-

coidal placenta; for, since

includes

man and
for

the fruil^eating apes,

it

gives occasion

comparison between these and the other placental animals from the standpoint of dietetics.

We
sist

observe here at once that the majority

of animals having
chiefly

a
fruits

discoidal placenta sub-

upon

and

grains,

and that
most

the typical representatives of this class, namely, those whose placental formation
tinctly discoidal,
is

dis-

are also the most exclusively

frugivorous.

Here, as elsewhere in nature, an exact line

cannot be

drawn.

Transitional

forms
is

exist

everywhere, and to this the placenta

tion.

no excep-

The most

striking accordance, however,

exists

between the placenta of

man and that

PLACENTAL Foraw.

55

of the tailless apes, namely, the gorilla, orang,

chimpanzee and gibbon.

Between other

dis-

coidal species, the diflFerentiation though minute

is

clearly marked, but

between man and these

is

apes the resemblance

so exact as to stamp

them

plainly as

members of

the

same

family.
is

The completely developed

placenta

in

the form of a circular disc, about eight inches

broad, one inch thick, and weighing about two

pounds.
tical

Its

manner of development

is

iden-

in the

human

subject and that

Its exact

of the
forma-

above-named anthropoid apes.

tion is

thus described by Huxley

" From the commencement of gestation, the

superficial

substance of the mucus

membrane

of the

human

uterus undergoes a rapid growth

and textural modification, becoming converted

into the so-called decidua.
is

While the ovum

is

yet small,

this

decidua

separable into

three portions: the decidua vera, which lines

the general cavity of the uterus; the decidua

reflexa,

which immediately invests the ovum;

serotina, a layer of especial

and the decidua

thickness,

developed in contiguity with those

villi

chorionic

which

persist

and become con-

verted into the fetal placenta.

The decidua

56
reflexa

PLACEHTAL FOBMS.

may be

regarded as an outgrowth of

the decidua vera ; the decidua serotina as a

special development of a part

of the decidua

vera.
loosely
sions

At
of

first,

the

villi

of the chorion are

implanted
the

into corresponding depresbut,

decidua;

eventually, the

chorionic part of the placenta

becomes closely

united with and bound to the uterine decidua',

so that the fetal and maternal structures form

one inseparable mass."

The

fetus

thus

united to the

mother

is

nourished by means of numerous arterial and

venous trunks, which traverse the deeper substance of the uterine

mucus membrane, in the

These are connected

region of the placenta.

with the placenta

by means of the umbilical

two
arteries
is

cord, which consists of

veins.

and two

The length of
other

tliis

cord

greater in

the case of man and the anthropoid apes than

in

any

animals,

reaching

in

them a
accord-

length of about two feet.

The

strict

ance which thus appears between the placental

structure

of

man and

the ape indicates, upon

the basis of Huxley's principles of classification,

the

same physiological functions and the same

character.

dietetic

There

exists

complete

DZETSTic coycuisioss.
similarity

57

between the corresponding organs in

extremities end
in

each:
feet.

Their

hands

and

Their teeth

and

digestive

apparatus

indicate a frugivorous diet.

Their breasts and

manner of nursing suggest the same tender

care of the

new-bom

creature
also

while the brain

and mental capacity are

ference between

of a like char;

acter, differing only in degree

indeed, the

dif-

the ape and animals of the

is

next lower grade

the ape
case

much

greater than between

latter

and man, there being in the

really

no

essential

anatomical or phys-

iological

differences.

Dietetic

Conclusions.

Hitherto

man

has
in

seemed to occupy an exceptional position

nature,

and

this
;

view has led to

erroneous
cor.

theories of diet

but these theories are

rected
as

by

the recognition of his true position,

to

belonging
of the

the

family

of the

tailless

apes,

order Simae, and to the class of

animals having a discoidal placenta.

We
upon

know
apes,
fruit

now with
in their

certainty that the anthropoid

natural state, live only

and grain.
fruit,

They

eat figs, apples,

etc.

com, breadorders

bananas, nnts,

The lower

of monkeys are, indeed, somewhat inclined to

58
eat
food,
flesh,

DIETETIC COSCLVSIONS.

but

this

is

not

their

preferred
to

while

those

nearest

related

man
It
is

consume

vegetable

food

exclusively.

true that even the higher apes

to

may be
is

trained

flesh

diet,

but this fact

of

no

im-

portance, since in like

manner the Carnivora

a vegetable diet.
It

may be accustomed
is true,

to

however, that the apes kept in zoologtrained

to

ical

gardens, and

eat flesh,

die

rapidly

with
:

scrofulous

affections

and

conthat

sumption

diseases

caused

directly

by

corruption

of

the blood which results

from
shall

an
call

unnatural
attention

change
later

of

diet.

We

to

similar

conditions

in

the

human
The
seen,

system.

natural

food

of
fruit

the ape

is,

as

we
and,
in

have

uncooked

and
are

grain,

reasoning from analogy,

we

justified

asserting that this is also the proper food of

man.
not
istics

In

reaching this conclusion

we have
characterre-

been guided by the external

of

animal

life

^the

mere

outward

semblances

upon

the basis of which the old

school of naturalists constructed their systems,

but have endeavored to make a comprehensive

study of the entire organism.

We

have given

MAlfS STRUCTURE AND HIS FOOD.

especial

59
descent,

attention

to

the theory

of

since

all

true relationship

must

result

from

the fact of a

common

origin.

In
facts

giving such

great prominence to

the
of

of placental structm-e, as

basis

classification,

we

are

justified

by the

best

naturalists

of

the

present

day.

We

have

accepted, without
tion proposed

modification, the

classifica-

by Professor Huxley, and have

its

simply extended

application in the direction

of our present study.

At

the conclusion of

his systematic presentation of the subject, in his

" Introduction to the Classification of Ani:

mals," Professor Huxley says

" But, admitting

infor-

aU these
mation,
it

difficulties

and gaps in our

appears to

me

that

the

features

of the placenta afibrd

by

far the best characters

which have yet been proposed for classifying

the

Monodelphous Mammalia,
modifications

especially

if

the concomitant
fetal

of

the

other

appendages, such as

the

allantois

and

yelk-sac,

be taken into account."

between Man's Structure
the placental structure
is

Harmany
his

and
in-

Food. In

volved the history of the development

of the race and of the individual
j

both

and, since

60

MAirS STSUCTUBE ASD HIS FOOD.

is

the placenta

the organ through which the

is effected, it is

nutrition of the fetus

of neee&-

sity the direct expression

of the dietetic char-

acter of the fetus.

This appears at a very

life,

early period of fetal

and becomes more

and more marked

development.

in

the successive periods of

We

see here in a peculiar form

nature,
indiits

the operation of the general law of

namely,
vidual
is

that

every

species

and every
with

nourished

in

accordance

physiological character.

There

is

the strictest

accordance between the capacity for nourish-

ment, the food, and the natural impulses leading

to its

acquirement, on the one hand, and the

anatomical structure, on the other.

The

confeet,

formation of the skull, teeth, hands and

tongue, stomach, and entire digestive apparatus,

exhibit this adaptation.

With regard
ities,

to the form

of the

extrem-

there are three

marked types

in the ani-

mal Idngdom, namely, the

the hand.
acters,

hoof, the claw,

to

and

With regard

embryonic char-

we have

the non-deciduate, the zonary,

and the

discoidal placenta;

and with regard

to diet, the orders of the Herbivora, the Car-

nivora and the Frugivora.

Professor Huxley

STAGES OF E3[BBT011I0 LIFE.

6J,

has investigated this subject from an entirely

different

standpoint

than

that

of

dietetics,

yet he arrives at the

same conclusions con-

cerning man's place in nature.

He

says

" The

most

superficial study

would at once convince

us that,

among

the orders of placental

mam-

mals, neither the whale nor the hoofed creatures,

nor the sloths and ant-eaters, nor the

still less

carnivorous cats, dogs, and bears,

the

rodent rats and rabbits, or the insectivorous

moles and hedgehogs, or the bats, could claim

our

Homo

as one of themselves.

There would

remain, then, but one order for comparison,

that of the apes (using the
sense),

word in

its

broadest

and the question would narrow itseK

to this. Is

man

so

difierent

from any of the

apes that he must form an order for himself;

or does he differ less from
differ

them than they

from one another, and hence must take

his place in the

same order with them ? "

question

The
been

answer to
given.

this

has

already

Stages of Embryonic Life.

^It

is

highly

instructive, vrith reference to our present study,

to observe the successive stages of embryonic

and

fetal

life.

The

original principle of life

62
is

STA 6ES OF EHBIt TOSIC LIFE.

everywhere the same.

into a

The embryo

des-

tined to develop

human being cannot

The embryo
of

be distinguished from one that is to produce

a serpent, a
all

fish,

or a bird.

mammalia, up to

a certain

point, pass

through the same course of development, and

the similarities of form in those races most nearly related

continue longer than in races

not thus related.

The human embryo cannot be

late period, while

distinguished

from that of the anthropoid ape until a very

between the ape and other
differences

placental

animals very great

are

apparent, some time before the conclusion of

fetal

growth.

Only

just previous to birth do

slight
fetus

differences appear

between the human

and that of the anthropoid ape, these

chiefly to

relating

the

posterior

extremities,
flat feet,

which in the one case develop into

and in
all

tlie

other into

foot-like

hands.

In
af-

other respects the

birth,

human

child,

even

ter

bears

striking

resemblance
in
its

to

the

new-born

ape,

especially

small
brain.

forehead,

and

imperfectly

developed

Both come

into the world in the

same help-

STAGES OF ElTBItrOXIO LIFE.

less condition, quite unlike the

63

Camivora, and

demand a

like nursing

and

cai-e.

In not a few cases the new-born

child

bears an astonishing resemblance to the young

ape.

The head

is

disproportionably large, and

the

eyebrows have

an

unusual

projection

the entire body has a thin covering of brown

hail'.

In some cases children, afterward blonde,

at
birth

have

head

of long black

hair,

which

falls

out after a few days or weeks, and

gives place to a

new and more human

growLh.

In

all

this

appears our relation to the fru-

givoroua

apes, between which

and ourselves
dif-

there is absolutely no biological or dietetic

ference that can be traced, either in the

ana-

tomical structure or in the development of the

race or the individual.

Besides these evidences of the frugivorous nature of man, derived from his physiological
nature,

we have

a class of facts relating to the

form of the skeleton, and especially to the

bones of the skull and face, to which both Huxley

and Vogt have

called attention.

The relative
is

prominence of the teeth and jaws

to be noted.

especially

The

facial angle accords

with the

intellectual and moral grade of the individual.

64^

MAy A CBILD QF NATURE.

Instinct

the case of
influences

and its iTnpulses. Let us suppose a man surrounded only by natural

his

and prompted only by

unper-

verted natural instincts.

to all natural fruits
also

Let him have access

food,

and grains for

and

have at his service the domestic animals.

a person the thought of slaying and

To such

devouring these animals

would never
as

occur.

He
feet.

would find such food

foreign to his
his

nature and wants as the grasses beneath

But every physical

instinct, every

moral

impulse, the sense of beauty and of right, would

attract

him

to

the overhanging fruit and to

the waving grains as his natural food.

In them
satis-

would he find his highest comfort and

faction.

Man a

Child of Ifature.
animal

In the
The

economy

of nature, every

and plant has an

interchange
transition

appointed place and work.

of material

and
on

the
in

ceaseless

of

form

goes

accordance

with
law.
in

wisely

ordained and perfectly

adapted

Even
nature

though we
itself,

may deny a
all to

purpose

and attribute
yet
acts

a personal and overthat the

ruling Will,

we must concede
tlirough

general

plan

those

laws

the

THE FOREST THE ORIQISAL HOME OF MAN.

operation

65

of which

we

continually

witness.

Man,

too, in this sense, is the child of Nature,

and as such

his place is not that of the car-

nivorous devourer.
self-defense implies

The

necessity of killing in
necessity
to

no duty or

eat the carcass, either reeking in its blood or

disguised

by the

injurious

arts

and

spices of

the

kitchen.

The inunense

distance,

both

physical and moral, that separates us from the

ravenous beast of prey, must suggest also an

essential difference in the

means of

subsistence.

The Forest

the Original

Home of
is

Man.-r-

The

frugivorous nature of

man
its

apparent in

the fact of his immediate dependence upon the

forest.

Every animal has

appointed place.

The Herbivora roam

Camivora seek the
inhabitants,

the plains,
desert,

many

of the
its

the

sea has

and myriads burrow in

is

subter^

ranean dwellings, but the forest

the natural

home Here

of man.

In the city he

is

an

exile.

his natural powers decay,

and ever and

anon he must hie away to his native shades

for that repose
ization has

of which an unnatural

civil-

robbed him.

Trees afford not only

an important part

of the food of man, but are his natural pro-

66

THE Ji'OREST THE ORIGINAL HOME OF MAN,

tection.

They check the

more

violence of storms, pu-

rify the air,

and render the climate more equafertile.

ble and the soil

rectly

We

are also di-

dependent upon them for the necessary

rain-fall,

and

their destruction over so great a

portion

of the

earth

has been followed by

such injurious consequences that the attention

of governments
it,

is

everywhere being called to

and already preventive measures have been

efforts

taken and

made
for

to

replant

districts

where they have been unnecessarily destroyed,

and to find room

waysides.

them everywhere by
return, impelled

the

Thus does man

by

the instinct of self-preservation, to his natural

state.

With

his

grain fields lined

by

fruit-

bearing trees, with the vitalizing sun, and the

cooling shade, he
that

may
life-

derive

from nature
of

all

he needs

for

the maintenance

his

physical and moral

Nowhere has

civilized

man

displayed more

humanity, or greater simplicity of morals and

of unperverted instinct, than in the vicinity of
forests.

Here have

lived

the healthiest and

longest-lived portion of

the

human
is

race.

The
forest,

farther the dwelling place

from the

the weaker and less courageous are the people.

TBE FOREST THE OBIOISAL HOME OF MAN.

67

The

destruction

of forests and the concentra-

tion of people in cities

were the chief causes of

the decay of the ancient empires.

That the

enervated

Romans
is

fell

before the forest-dwellfact.

ing Germans

a well-known historical

A
man is

study of the distribution of plants and

animals over the surface of the earth affords

us instructive material.
also the

The
fruits

original

home

of

home of

and

grains.

All
ac-

of our most nutritious fruits have been

climated from the south, and with the diffusion

of the
diffusion

human
of the
is

race has
fruit-tree.

kept

pace also the

civil-

The highest
in
is

ization

everywhere

found

conjunction

with

it.

Where
is

this

nourishment

wanting,

and the food

limited to flesh, with, perhaps,

mosses and other low orders of plants, the

human mind
developed.

is

correspondingly

weak and
of

ill-

In the temperate zone, where

life

fruits

are most varied and abundant, the

is

man

most developed and

prolific.

The

sense of
is also

the beautiful, the basis of the fine arts,

developed only under the influence of an abundant flora of fruit-bearing trees, and through
this

does

man

attain to the ripest products of

his earthly life.

68

ANATOMICAL COXPAXISONS.

The

differences

between

flesh

and

fruit-eat-

ing animals are exhibited in the following table

t< S-

t<

COl^M

>

|gfs:i||g.s

(D

Pi

.51
o2 S P n
'a

trff-^on

SS=5

pig

^o

S^B 0*9'

1^
^^ IB ft

Pi
p>

is-

o3 3
S< Er

Br
5 o3
ffi^a

"S

P"

tmi
to "-tra

p SoQ "roaooffi o Ej- s cs P" o P o o MP3 -'> 00 y; E*S GTS p

ta^P p^
SB

a
S p

. 3 e.'a.s a
to o*l

nJS<l3

Bo

*Sg

S.

01

EQ

?3"

I
pi

MAJmONY OF SCISNCS AND MORALS.

Instinet,

69

Morals and Science Harmonise.

presented by science
is

The law

thjis

implanted

in us also through sentiment and instinct.

newly weaned

child,

left to

its

own
it

natural

impulses, desires no other food than juicy un-

cooked

fruits,

and among cooked foods

prefers

the various fruit and farinaceous

to all others.

preparations

The moral
as a

instincts of

man may

be regarded

certain

form of natural law, and may

as

thus

be employed
conclusions.

means of
In order to

testing
this, it

his
is

scientific

only necessary to submit to our

moral sense

each of the processes by which our nourish-

ment
will

is

provided.

perfect accordance here

go far to

justify the system of diet

which
is

we may have
to our
afford

adopted.

So

far as

our food

provided in harmony with the laws that relate

own
us

nature and requirements,

it

must
only

an

inward

satisfaction,

and

when we

threaten to violate these laws will an

instinctive naoral feeling restrain us

from such

a misuse of our natural powers.

Let us now apply the moral

test

which we

have proposed to the practice of slaying and

feeding upon

our fellowcreatures,

the faithful

70

BARMOHrOF SCIBSCE JiND MORALS.

In

animals that surround us and serve us.

proportion to the degree of elevation of these

animals in the scale of being must the thoughtful

and benevolent mind experience a feeling

of repugnance to such a

method of nourishing
in the
least reflect

the body.

While

all

who
to

upon the matter must

degree
this

experience
the

in

some

aversion

horrors of the
acces-

slaughter-house, one

who has never been

it

sory to
natural,

it,

but whose instincts remain pure and

with the utmost loathing

must regard

and aversion.
This instinctive feeling which civilized
has so nearly lost
education to
ifestation is
its

man
manto

must be elevated through

Its

true moral position.

else

nothing

than the

effort

restore the

normal conditions of man's nature,

and to maintain a proper harmony between

his physical

and mental

habits.

In the light
presented,

of the facts which

we have

here

there can be no further doubt of the frugiv-

orous nature df man, and the only remaining

question

now

is

whether

he can, by

virtue

of his intellectual character and of his freedom

and

culture,

deviate from his original nature,

dietetic

and establish new and arbitrary

con-

HARMONT OF SCIENCB AND UORALS.

ditions

1\
injiuy.

for

himself,

-without

serious

In seeking to answer
at once confronted with

this question,

we

are

the fact, everywhere

apparent, that

man

is

the child of nature, and

consists not in violating

that his highest

wisdom

the laws of his being, but

in

submitting to

them and in regulating

accordance with them.

his entire conduct in

When
is

he

is

thus in
able
to

harmony with

nature, he

indeed

make
to his

its

laws and normal processes subservient

purposes; but

when he presumes
to these

to

assert his superiority

laws,

or
at

when
once

he ignorantly
feeble

violates them,

he appears

and

helpless.

Disease

and premature
violation

death are Nature's

penalties for the

of the physical and moral laws which she has

so wisely established.

The same
ishes

conditions are apparent through-

out the entire animate world.

A
soil

plant flour-

and develops only in a

it

and climate

which affords

the necessary nourishment and

life,

other normal conditions of

and

all

animals

when deprived of
die out.

these conditions languish and

All plant-eating animals, for example,

diseased

become
flesh.

when

forced

to

subsist

upon

Apes thus fed

in captivity die

of con-

72
sumption.

MAN'S BIGHEST CULTURE.

Even cooked plant foods destroy

in

the health of cows and swine, and shorten their

lives.

The same general law holds good

the case of man, whose organization differs in

no

essential respect

from that of other animals

and hence we may well assert that his boasted

capacity to

accustom himself to any chosen

food rests
ation.

upon

self-deception

and

exagger-

MarCs
he
lives in

Highest

Culture.

^Man's

highest

condition of cultm*e appears to be that in

which

accordance with physiological laws.

The

assertion that culture

and understanding
is

elevate him above these laws

only

tlie idle

boast of a wretched egotism

a boast

that

makes

man
is

only an ape

with understanding.

Han

not, however,

man by

virtue of his, intellect

alone, but through the harmonious development

of

all his faculties.

His position

is

a moral as

well as an intellectual one; the heart, the afiections

and the sense of moral right must be

recognized as well as the intellect.

True culture
the
effort

is esentially

nothing else than

consciousness

of man, through his

and

insight into nature, to

smooth the course

of his defelopment, and the same conclusions

MAlfS HIGHEST CULTURE.

73

which we derive from the evolution of the

individual

apply

also

to

that

of

the

race.

However one may regard

ory,
it

the Darwinian thecontradicts

it

is

certain that

it

no

well-

established scientific fact, while

all

imparts to

the other sciences

to embryology, anthro-

pology, philology, zoology, philosophy, and psy-

chology

a unity that has never

gives

before existed,
forces.

and explains many hitherto unaccountable

Darwin
original

the

foUovrang

picture

of

the

form and condition of man:

"The

early progenitors of

man

were, no doubt, once

covered with hair, both sexes having beards;

their ears

were pointed, and capable of movetheir

ment; and
tail

bodies were provided with a

having the proper muscles.

also

Their

Umbs

and bodies were

cles

acted on by

many musThe
fetus,

which now only occasionally reappear, but

are present in the

Quadrumana.

foot,

judging from the great toe in the

was

then prehensile; and our progenitors, no doubt,

were
says
:

arboreal

in

their

habits."

Again, he

"

At

the period and the place, whenit

ever

and wherever
lost

may have
covering,

been,

when

man

his

hairy

he

probably

inhabited a hot country, and this would have

74:

MAN'S MATURE BA8 SOT CKANOED.

diet,

been favorable to a frugivorons

on which,

judging from analogy, he subsisted."

Blood Corpuscles of Man,

the

the

Ape, and
bearing
its

Carnivora.

An
the

important

fact,

both upon the development theory and

plication to
dietetics,

ap-

has recently appeared.

similarity

This

relates

to

between

the

blood corpuscles of
apes,
tdiose

man and

the anthropoid

and the
of the

difference

between both

and

Carnivora.

We

may, from the

character of these corpuscles,

conclusions

draw

interesting

with

regard both to

man's

diet

and

origin.

MavOs Nature has not Changed. It is by writers, and readily believed by the laity, that man originally lived upon fruits, but that circumstances led him to
often asserted

enlarge his diet

by the
so

addition of flesh, to

which
that
it

he

is

now

thoroughly

accustomed

has become a necessity. Such an appliis,

cation of the theory of natural selection

however, very questionable.

principle every injurious habit
fied.

Upon

the same
justi-

might be

Man
of

might be pronounced a

brandy

drinker by virtue of long habit, and thus the

greatest

modern

evils,

driuikenness,

be

UAirs yATuss has sot changed

75

excused, and the theory of development thus

be

perverted to the subversion of morality,

its

while

true

application can only lead

to

the noblest results.

The
lies

essential principle of natural selection

in the reciprocal action of

two physiolog-

ical functions: the adaptation of the individual

to

new

circumstances, and the transmission of

those qualities thus called into existence.

The

acquirement of

new

characteristics

on the part

of the individual depends upon the reciprocal

action

between
acting

the

organism
it,

and
this

external

influences

upon

and

process

depends greatly upon the chief of aU physiological functions, that of nutrition.

Nutrition,

however, consists not merely in the reception

of food, but
of climate,

is

closely related to the conditions

air, light,

soil,

heat and moisture,

vegetable kingdom.

and
It

to the

surrounding

would, however,

be wholly erroneous

to suppose that in this process of adaptation,

and in the acquirement of new

qualities,

the

organism acts only passively and receptively.

On

the contrary, every external influence

is

encountered
within,

by
is

vital

force

acting

from

and

accepted, rejected, or

treated

76

ADAPTATIOy SOT AtWA Y8 FA VORABLE.

indifferently, according as it harmonizes, conflicts

with, or

is

indifferent to, the previously

existing

conditions
is

of

the
force,

individual.

The
to

organism
attainment
transmit

itself

striving

for the

of a

certain

end,

and eager

itself

intact to its posterity.

Adaptation not Always Favorable.

An-

other important fact in this connection is that the process of adaptation to

new

conditions does

not always result

or to the race.

favorably to the individual

While favorable conditions

tend
latter,

tend to elevate, unfavorable conditions

to

deteriorate

and destroy;
several

and the

continued

through

generations,
extinction.

may
Pro-

lead to disorganization and

gress
nature.
is

not

therefore

an

absolute

law of

New

conditions can only be accepted

by the organism, and thus

into its growth,
relation to
it.

enter as elements
in a certain

when they stand

natural affinity

must

exist

between
certain

the

two, though they

differences,

may
these

possess

marked

but

must
en-

act

harmoniously and

reciprocally.

An

forced reception of

new

quaUties or conditions,
is

however good these may be in themselves,

injurious,

and must lead

to disease

and decay.

AVXPTATION NOT ALWATS FAVOSABLS.

77

A striking example of
the gradual

development through
is

action of natural forces

pre-

sented in the record found in the rocks

the
earth's
crust.

of

The

fossil

remains
life,

here

stored

up

indicate a vast period of

and

of the successive development of species, and

the laws thus acting must apply, not only to

the vast series of events that have resulted in the existence of

tion,

man

in

his

present condi-

but to this condition

itself,

and
life.

to

all

the
this

phenomena of our own daily

law of adaptation
is

With
of

associated that

hereditary transmission. transmission

is

Adaptation without
scientific
al-

of no permanent or

importance.

Complete adaptation does not

in

ways

result

transmission,

for

there

is

primarily in every organism a strong tendency

to

transmit the

original

fixed characters

of
ac-

the progenitor rather

quired.
mission.

than those

newly

This

is

called

conservative

trans-

Haeckel says :
of

"

The uninterrupted
a
the

maintenance
species

the specific characters of

is

from generation to generation

all

general rule in

the highly developed plants

and animals."

Every organism

resists

each

new

quality

78
that
is

CONDITIONS OF NA TURA L ADAPTA TION.

forced upon
unless
this

it

ia the

struggle

for

existence,

new
life
is

quality

tends
easy.

to

make
efifort

the conditions of
to
resist

more

The

change

therefore

nothing

else than the struggle of the

organism against
its

those changes that tend to limit

powers.

The

permanence
its

of

an

acquired

character

depends upon
its

ability to transmit itself to

posterity.

In order, however, that a petransmitted,

it

culiarity

may be
to transmit

must

first

become an

integral

part
it.

of

the
is

individual

who

is

This

not the case

for the to his
subsist

with the use of

flesh-food

by man,
entirely

most refined

flesh-eater,
is

left

own
upon

nature,
it,

no longer
is

able
to
is

to

for

he
it,

not able
still

appropriate

and prepare

and

less

he able

to

transmit to posterity a faculty which he does

not possess. Essential Conditions of Natural

tation.

Adap-

^It

is

indispensably necessary to natural

adaptation

that between the forces of nature

interis

and the living organism there should

vene no
artificial

agency.

While
it is

this

true

with regard to adaptation,

with regard

peculiarly true

to transmission.

Both these are

CONDITIONS OF NATURAL ADAPTATION.

79

purely -physiological processes, and cannot therefore

have an

artificial basis.
it

In what
is

is

called
art

"artificial

propagation"

not the

of

man which generates new forms. man consists in surrounding the

These,
freely acting, generate

The

part of

object of his

care by the most favorable natural conditions.

new

qualities,

which, if surrounded by the conditions under

which they were produced, are transmitted

posterity.

to

This requisite of immediate contact

exist

does not food to

between

man and

the flesh

which he seeks to adapt himself.

No
In

man
order

is

able to enter into direct physiological

relations

with a living animal

as

food.

to accomplish this he

must, with the

aid only of his natural faculties, kill and de-

vour the animaL

But, if between the animal

of
is

and the man the work of the butcher and

the cook must intervene, natural adaptation

excluded, for these intermediate agencies render the process unnatural

;

and, since they cannot

traits,

be acquired or transmitted as individual

they
invalidate

whatever seeming adaptation with

may

be

associated

them.

Only the
preparation

elements of nature can be allowed to enter

into the process.

Every

artificial

80
of

CONDITTOSS OF l^ATURAh ADAPTATION.

flesh

weakens

the

natural

functions

and

impairs nutrition.
flesh-foods

The
that

diseases associated with

their

show

tendency

is

not

toward a higher

development, but that they

tend to deterioration and decay.

A
is

farther condition of natural adaptation

that

the

offspring

should be

capable of
charac-

complete adaptation to
teristic
;

the acquired

that

it

should be to them natural and

all their

in

harmony with

wants and

instincts.

These conditions are not realized in the case

of a flesh diet.

"Weaned

childi-en
free-will

do not at
partake
of

once and of their

it.

own

On

the contrary, they have to

to
it

be accus-

tomed

by

degrees, and

it is

often neces-

sary to resort to artifice to induce

eat
it.

them

to
its

And when
skin,

accepted

by them,

injurious effects

become apparent by eruptions

and by other
affections,
all in-

upon the

dicating that a poisonous agent has been intro-

duced into the system.

The
tation

conditions requisite to complete adapiip

and transmission may be summed

as follows:
1.

The
in

object to
its

be adapted must be
state.

re-

ceived

natural

It

must not

CONDITIONS OF NATURAL ADAPTATION.

81

be of a nature to require
2.

artificial

preparation.

The

receptive organism must

object,

enter into

immediate contact with the

be
of
in
life.

which must
conditions

harmony with the previous

3.

The
In

assimilated

object

must

generate

no

disease.
4.

order

that

quality

acquired

by

adaptation
it

may be

transmitted

by

inheritance,

must

first

become an

integral part of the

parent organism.
If to
it

we now
no

subject the use

of flesh as food

the test of these conditions,

we
Its

find that

meets

one
is

of

them.

behavior

toward the system

in the nature of a poison,

and

is

therefore directly antagonistic to natural

selection.

Only a

superficial

acquaintance with

the

laws of natural selection can lead to the opinion

that the accustoming one's self to

any chosen
It
is

food can result in genuine adaptation.

plain that
different different
articles

of food exert a

influence

upon the human system;

cannot be, shown

and
that

it

has not been, and

has, through

man

any normal or physio,

flesh-

logical process,

been developed into a true

83
eater.

COSDITIOSS OF SATURAJj J.DAPTATIOS.

However widely the

conditions

various

races

of

men

differ, they are united in the fact of being,

when under
nibalism of the

promotive

of their

highest welfare, frugivorous.

Neither the can-

New Zealand

Maori during htm-

dreds of years, the strange clay food of certain

South American Indians, nor the train

oil

and

blubber upon which the dwarfish Eskimos subsist,

have been able to produce such changes

in

the

human system

as to conceal

from the

anatomist the frugivorous organization of man.

These, like other

structure

races,

show in

their

entire

^in

the teeth, in the smooth -tongue,

the stomach and intestines,

the form of the

hands and
fruit

feet,

only the characteristics of the

eater.

and grain

The consumption

of

flesh for thousands

of years

may

indeed have

given
istics,

to

man

certain

carnivorous character-

but his anatomical structure and physio-

logical functions

remain unchanged.
a transformation in

In order
these
as

to

effect

such

should convert

man

into a carnivorous animal,

something

very

different

would be required
yet occurred
in

from

anything that has as

his experience.
If,

for example, vegetable

foods should en-


FOOD AND SOCIAL COSDZTlOyS.
tii-ely
fail,

83
to

and man should be compelled

food

secure

his

by lying
a
to

in

wait

for

and

devouring wild animals, he might in the course

of generations develop

cajnivorous nature.

His teeth might come

resemble those

of

the tiger, his hands might be transformed into

claws,
strictly

and

his

appetite

for

blood

become

normal.

This would accord with the

;

laws of natural selection

process occurs

but while no such

retains all the phys-

^while

man

ical characteristics

of a frugivorous animal

we

are justified in pronouncing

such,

him
his

to

be in

reality

and

in

regarding

present

habit of flesh-eating as
onistic to the principles

abnormal and antagof natural adaptation.

race constitutes but a
justified

And,
single

since the
species,

human we are

in

drawing

general dietetic conclusions, applicable to

man

everywhere.
ture such as

Differences of anatomical struc-

would rank one human family

among

the Carnivora, and another

among

the

Frugivora, would indicate a variation far ex-

ceeding the proper

species are

limits

to

which a single

confined.
to

The delation of Food ditions. A glance at human

Social

Con-

histoiy

at

what

84
we

FOOD AUTD SOCIAL CONDITIONS.

may

call

comparative history

^will

exhibit

the moral and social bearings of this question.

Carnivorous men, like carnivorous animals, are

disposed to
life;

roaming, savage

and warlike

while

frngivorous men, like frugivorous

to

animals, tend

much

closer social relations:

gathering

in communities

and

waging

war,

rather in self-defense,
pose, than for the
cultural races have

or

with a moral purof carnage.

love

Agri-

ever
bravest

been least inclined

to
fast

strife,

but the

and

most

stead-

in defense

of right.

The wild

Indian,

thirsting for blood, vanishes before the peaceful

settler

who, in defense of home and commuengages in

nity,

war
he

only that
loves

the

peace

and

quiet

which

may be permachiefly

nently secured.
the

Thus the bone and sinew of

conquering
of

German armies have

peace-loving

consisted
subsist far

the

peasants

who
So

mainly upon man's natural food.

as these have been led to wars of con-

quest,

they

have been stimulated

to

it

by

the ambition of the flesh-consuming and cor-

rupt aristocracy which dominates at the great

political

centers,

where such wars are

to

deter-

mined upon, and

which the

peace-loving

SVIDBNCB FROM BMBRYOLOOr.

agriculturist
is

85
hia

unwillingly led,

though

steadfast character is its chief support in the

hour of
In
ia

trial.

the deviation from a frngivorons diet

to

be found one of the causes of that

decay which
cities,
ia

physical

is

so apparent

in

all

great

European

where a much larger

proportion of flesh
country.
tinually to

consumed than in the

cities

The population of

has con-

be replaced by accessions from the

more fnigivorous inhabitants of the country.

It
is

said

that
third

a Parisian
generation.

family

scarcely

survives

Thus

history

confirms the deductions which

we have drawn
diet
as

from

science,

and both

justify us in asserting

that an agricultural

life

and a vegetable

constitute the physical basis of individual

of national prosperity, and that through them

all

natural forces of the

human organism

are

conserved and perpetrated, while, on the contrary, a

flesh

diet leads to disintegration

and

decay.

Evidence from Embryology.

also
affords

Embryology
bearing
passes

us

important

evidence

upon

this subject.

The human embryo

through a succession of stages corresponding

86
to

EVIDESCE FROM BMBRrOLOGT.

tbose
of

the

entii-e

race.

In
nearly
it

these
to
is

it

approaches
frugivorous
fore

more

and

more

the

anthropoid ape, and

to

thereis

unphilosophical

hold

that

man

normally developed into a

flesh-eater.

Kather

would

we

expect him to continue the same

which,

course upon
ization,

by

virtue of

his

organ-

he had once entered.

knowledge
is

of the development of any organism

sary
to

necesits

complete

acquaintance

with

present condition and requirements.

cessive stages through

The

suc-

which the human emof

bryo
the

and
race.

fetus

pass correspond to those

first
life

At

there

is

no

distinction

apparent in the
including man.

germs of

different

animakj

Professor Agassiz at one time

having neglected to attach a label to a certain

embryo in

his collection

could not

tell

after-

ward by the most minute microscopic examination

whether

it

was that of a

fish,

bird,

or a

mammal.
thus

Commencing
with
all

upon a seeming

level

the animals, the

human germ

passes

through successive stages of development, in

which

it

bears a resemblance to higher and

life,

higher forms of animal

terminating with

EVIDENCE FROM EMBRTOLOQY.

87

that of the frugivorous anthropoid ape, in the

last

stage

of

fetal

life,

and

being,

so

to

speak, only

bom

as

a man, for
distinctly

there

only

do
the
It

the

features

that

characterize

human
is

species
all

become

fully

apparent.
that

agreed by

modern

naturalists

the development of the individual corresponds

to

that
it

of the

race to

which he

belongs,

and

follows from the facts presented that

human development
toward
a
vegetable

has
diet.

been

progressively

Shall

we

then

assume
course

that,
is

man

being developed, his further

backward

toward

the

Carnivora!
for

Such
flesh

is

the nature of

the argument

diet,

when based upon man's

capacity

of adaptation to

new

conditions.

It certainly
fru-

seems

more philosophical
tendencies
as

to regard his

givorous

normal

and

proper,

and

his taste for flesh as something acquired

under the pressure of circumstances.

The

natural course of development, as

man
fleshis

progresses from a savage to a civilized state,

is

certainly

not

in

the
to

direction

of

eating.

The

ability

kill

and devour
to
till

of

lower

order

than the ability

the

son.

The roaming savage

subsists

by the

88
chase,

EYTDENCE FUOSr EXBRTOLOaY.

and

it

is

the
to

especial

care

of
into

the

Christiau missionary

convert liim

peaceful agriculturist, in which condition

he

becomes more and more a vegetarian; and

this
is

true

of the

human

race

in

general.

The testimony of the Indian chief in "Lorna Doone" is especially in point here: "Do
you not
see,"

says he, "that the -whites live

live

on corn, but we
I'equires

on

flesh;

that the flesh

thirty

moons

to grow,

and

is

often

scarce

that every one of the wonderful seeds

soil

which they scatter on the

returns

them

more than one hundred-fold;

that the flesh

has four legs to run away, and

to catch
it
;

we

only two

that the seeds reinain

;

and grow

where the white man sows them which

is

that winter,

for us is the season of laborious hunts,

to

them a time of

rest?

It is

for

these
do.

reasons that they live longer than

say, then, to every

we

one who hears me, before

cease to yield

the maples of

the valley
trees

us

sugar, before the

above our huts shall

have died of age, the race of the sowers of corn wiU have extirpated the race of flesheaters, unless the hunters resolve also to sow."

TRAysmoyAL stages.
Transitional

Combining

all

of Development. the evidence we possess, and

Stages
life,

89

tracing the developnaent of the individual from

the

first

germ of embryonic
its

and of the
through
all

face from
stages,

mere brute

origin,

up

to the ideally perfect

society,

man

in

perfected

regarding

human him as
then

we

are justified in

originally a frugivorous ani-

mal

as

forced,

by the

lack

of

his

natural food, to subsist partially upon flesh;

again, as

emerging from a savage

tiller

state
soil,

and
and

becoming a peaceful

of

the

chiefly frugivorous, yet retaining his acquired

taste for fiesh,

and indulging

it

most in the

more corrupted states

indolent
his

of civilization and of
finally

luxury;
true

and

as recognizing
his

own

nature,

and returning to

original diet, under the guidance of science

and the moral

development
life

instincts.

The remarkable accordance between

of a race,

the

and of the embryonic

it,

of the individuals belonging to

presented,
to
is

which
widest

we have here
application,

of

the

and serves
of
various

show the
of

dietetic

relationship

groups

animals.

From

it

we deduce

the general

proposition

90
that the
is

TRASSlTlO.MJtx, ISTAGES.

dietetic

character of

the

individual

that of the race in miniature.

Guided by

this

double

parallel

between the race

and

individual development,

on the one hand, and

between

of

comparative
other

anatomy

man and
the
othfer,

the

placental
excellent,

animals,

on

we have an
sive,

even

if

not a conclu-

evidence for the frugivorous character of

man.

The most important changes which man has

undergone in his process of development, since

he began to take on the distinctively human

character, relate to his external

form ;

as, for

example, his adaptation to

plain,

life

upon an open

and his upright

gait,

and consequently

his fine

development of limbs and hands, the

loss of his hairy clothing,

and the change from

These purely meoccurred
that

a prehensile to a
chanical

flat foot.

changes could have

in

considerably shorter time

than
since

of the
accord

claimed

dietetic

change,

they

with

his instinctive feelings.

Although we

are unable to state the duration of the several paleontological periods of

human

existence

with exactness, this

much

is

known:

that for
ter-

man's gradual development, even within the

TRA IfSITIOlfA L STA OES.

tiary

period,
It

a
is

vast

amount

of

time

was

requisite.

therefore unreasonable,

when
of

we

consider the slowness

of the process a

evolution,

to assert that so great

fruit to

change
occurred
that

as that

from a
the

flesh

diet

within

comparatively
to
it.

short

period

must be assigned

The

slowness of these

changes by natural selection

appears

at

the

present day in the intermediate forms of Pinepedia and Lutrina, web-footed animals,

among

which are found the common sea-dog and the

fish-otter.

The

former, which appears related

to the sea-horse, is developed, probably, from

the Pachyderms, the latter from a weasel-like

carnivorous animal.
process

Although both are

still

in

of transition,

we
as

find,

nevertheless,

their transitional forms

tertiary period.

far

back

as

the

An
itional

interesting addition to the

known

trans-

forms

is

believed to have been

found

recently in

the fossil remains of a hitherto

unknown
to the

ape, the Dryopithecus.

This belongs
it

miocene period, and since

in

has been of
the

found

Spain
of a

it

affords evidence

existence

European anthropoid in the

This animal

middle tertiary period.

may be

92
regarded
as

TSASSITIOSAL BTAGSS.

an intermediate

form

between

the gorilla and man.

The opinion

that

man

has,

by the process

of development, been transformed from a fru-

girorous to a partially carnivorous animal

is

hardly justified, in view of the fact that not

more than the tenth part of the human race

have ever been
science
flesh-eaters,

and that ancient

and

art

flourished, especially,

among

vegetarian races, as in Egypt, Assyria, Greece,

Italy

and India.

The

history of the develop-

ment of races teaches

us that the various

classes of animals, as the Carnivora,

Omnivora,
dis-

Frugivora and Granivora, took on these

tinctive characteristics at

a very early period,

strongly
its

and that each tended

complete
life.

toward

the

development of
present

peculiar

form of

The

Carnivora

may

be traced
the

back

through

a succession of forms, to

earliest periods of

animal

life,

retaining every-

where

their peculiar character.

Another and

wholly distinct series of forms gave rise to the

various species that subsist

upon the vegetable

is

kingdom.

The

line of distinction

every,

where preserved.
has passed this

The assumption

that

man
into

line,

and been transformed

TRANSITIONAL STAGES.

93

a partially carnivorous animal, "within a comparatively

recent

period, is

contrary

to

all

precedent and unsustained by the facts of his

actual history.

In the development of
life,

animal and plant

throughout
highly

all time,

there exists a certain

in

relation

instructive

our

present

study.

All Hfe originated in the water.

The

lowest animal forms were nourished by the

lowest plant forms, the
sea-plants

ancient fishes

by the
of

of that period,
period

the

monsters

the carboniferous

by the
stored

coarse and

luxuriant vegetation

now

up

in our
fruits

coal beds, while the higher grains

and

belong

to the era of

man and
led,

his

immedi-

ate progenitors.

We
all

have thus been

by a review
a

oi

the sciences bearing upon this subject, to

the conclusion that

man

is

highly organ-

ized animal, whose proper food is that of the

vegetable kingdom, especially the higher fruits

and
have

grains.

This accords with

of his

all

that

we

learned

embryological

develop-

ment, his anatomical structure and physiological functions, his dietetic capacity

and

instinct*

94:

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF DIET.

ive feelings,

his

moral consciousness and sense

of jastice to his feUow-creatures.

The laws
lished,

of man's natm-e, as thus estabartificial

cannot be suspended by the

civilization

methods of

without injuiy.

His

true position is that of

harmony with nature

rises

and in proportion as he

in the scale of

being he will find his nourishment more and

more in the
above

beautiful fruits

and grains

that,

all else,

tempt the unperverted appetite

life.

and maintain the moral

Scientific Principles

of Diet.

'We

have

now, upon the basis of our studies in anthropology, the following principles of a scientific
diet:
1.

Every

species

and every individual

in

is,

or should be, nourished

accordance with

Ms

organization.
2.

The

dietetic

laws

of

the

individual

correspond to those of the race, and are the

product of race development.
3.

Man

is

by nature purely
and
race

frugivorous, as

appears from our parallel study of embryotiic,

post - embryonic

development

and

anatomical

structure.

INFL UENCE OF FOOD.

95

Influence

Maces.^-'RQienrng to
trace the character

of Food on the Character of human Mstory, we may

of races, and the cause of
of the
the dietetic character

many

evils,

in

people.
solution

It is not too

much

to assert that the

of the great social questions

of the

present day would be

greatly promoted

by

attention to the question of food.

The

rejec-

tion of flesh

would give a new

and
industry.

direction

to

human
oua

culture

Agriculture

would be

greatly

developed.
traceable
to

The numera
flesh-diet

diseases

now

would disappear, and with them the manifold

cruelties of the slaughter-house.

The expense

of living would be greatly reduced, and thus

the poorer
classes

would be

elevated.

The

recent investigations of Mr. Napier, with regard

to vegetarianism as a

cure for intemperance,

social

have shown that one of the greatest of

evils

would be in great
its

part, if

not wholly,

removed, by placing
table diet.

victims

upon a vege-

The
system

effect of a flesh-<Jiet
is

upon the human

and
to

to

excite

evil

passions,

make men not brave and

and quarrelsome

steadfast, but restless

a condition exactly

suited to

96
the

ORIGIN

OF FLESa-EATISa BY MAS.
of
those
political

purposes

leaders

and

ambitious monarchs whose lust for power de-

mands such material

unrighteous wars.

for

the

prosecution of

Such wars do not originate

with the sober and industrious peasantry, whose

food
is

mostly vegetable, and whose passions

are moderate.

Only through
duty to their

their patriotism,
rulers, are

and sense of
led from their

these

homes, as
is

victims

of a base

ambition.
flesh-fed

It

the rabble of the city, the

false civil-

and corrupted victims of a

first

ization, that

applaud the decrees of war,

of which the steadfast peasantry are alike the

support and the victims.

Origin
flesh
is

of Flesh -Eating hy Man.

its

unnatural food for man, wherein then

seek the origin of
use ?

shall
it

we

We find

in the fact that the question of existence takes

precedence of the question of food ; hence, any

animal will eat that to which he

adapted rather than starve.
sees

is

not well

traveler

who

the

native

Australian,

whose means of

subsistence are exceedingly scanty, catching and

devouring the most loathsome worms and reptiles,

will

hardly
food

assert
;

that

these

are his

most

suitable

but will rather recognize

CHAlfGES ly CLIMATE AND FOOD.

97
to
this

the stern

necessity

that
life.

drives

him

means of
all

sustaining

Again,

we

find

in

the cultivated races a tendency to deviate

from the simple laws of nature to gratify a

perverse ingenuity, and to exhibit skill in the

production of attractive, through pernicious,

cles of food.

arti-

The

artistic

cook and the depraved

savage thus join hands in devising means for

perverting the natural appetite.

Changes in the Earth's Surface and

Cli-

mate, Causing Great Changes in Man's Food.

The
an

changes

of

surface

and temperature,

through which the earth has passed within the

period of man's existence upon
it,

have had

important

bearing upon the supply,

and

consequently

upon the method, of

and

nutrition.

Our
that

best anthropologists

philologists agree

man

probably originated in the south of

Asia, middle Africa, and especially upon the

now sunken

continent called

Lemuria, lying

between Madagascar and the

Sunda

islands.

From

here, as

is

evident from a study of comfossil

parative philology and the

remains of

man, the human race gradually spread

and

became more

cultured.

In the miocene system

of the tertiary period are found, united with

98
the

CHANGES

m CLIMATE ASD FOOD.

'

remains of large and long since extinct

the
first

man-like apes,

traces

of

ape-men^
It

though only in the form of

fossils.

seems

probable that, at the time of the

emergence

from the brute to the human condition, the

species

thus

developed

had extended

very

widely over the earth's surface.

this

In support of
that

assumption

we have

the fact

the

Dryopithecus, a large ape-man, existed in western Europe, even in the miocene period.
first

The

traces of culture

appear after the beginAll the remains

ning of the glacial epoch.

that
sist

we

possess belonging to that period con-

of bones, and indicate the existence of a

race of hunters.

The

glacial

epoch was one

conditions of
it,

of very great change in the

all

life

beings under

its influence.

Previous to

during a vast period of time, a tropical climate

existed over the entire earth, even to the Poles,
as is plainly

shown by the remains of

plants

and animals now found.

lived

Here the
fruits

original

man

upon those wild

tretes,

which he plucked

from the

and ate without preparation.

of
Paradisical

But these

conditions

abun-

dance and indulgence were changed by the

transition

through which the .earth

passed as

CBASGES Ilf CLIMA TS AlfS fOOD.

99

the enormous ice fields extended gradually to

the south, forcing the present tropical animals

southward, and subjecting the more enduring

and more ingenious race of man

to altogether

new

conditions,

by which

his

intellectual re-

sources were greatly developed under the press-

ure of necessity.

The " struggle for

fearful,

existence

''

must have been

and compelled a

re-

sort to kinds of food hitherto repulsive.

The

glacial area did not extend as far

as

the Tropics, and

the conditions of
as

life

were

here not changed;

evidence of which

we

find at the present time races in eastern Africa

and

southern

Asia

which

still

live

upon

vegetable food only.

Within the

glacial period

occurred also a great change in the configuration

of the land.

The

great

continent

of

Lemuria sank beneath the

level of the ocean.

The waters
the

of the Indian ocean broke through

seas,

Red and Mediterranean

formed the

Persian gulf and opened the straits of Gibraltar.

Man, hemmed in between the sea upOn the south and the ice masses upon the north, was reduced to the greatest want. The tropical regions

were probably

as densely populated

then as now, since a long period favorable to an-

100
imal

CHANGES IN CLIMA TE AND FOOD.

life liad

already elapsed.

The multitudes

that were pressed southward, wherever the

way

was open
conflict

to them,

must have come into violent

with those whose territory they invaded.

circumstances, the choice of food

Under such
was not

natural, but forced,

and hence might

well have originated the use of flesh foods.

conditions of natural selection

The

were by no. means

as perfect at this time as they

had been during

the tertiary period; in which a favorable climate,

and especially the free migration of

tributed to the development of

species, con-

the ready adaptation to

ditions.

new forms and to new and normal con-

It

appears that where circumstances

did not favor migration, development through

natural
selection

was

much more

limited.

The present anthropoid apes had,

as at present. in natural

at the time

of the glacial epoch, the same characteristics

The most important

were
the

agencies
of

selection

isolation

species

by

migration, elevation of the bed of

the sea to islands afterward peopled, and other

changes

of the

earth's surface.

The

great

climatic changes of the glacial period

do not
of

appear to

have caused
though
it

the

development

new

species,

influenced the character

A SEW EPOCH.

101

and habits of those

present
species

ab-eady existing.
their

The
period,

had

origin apparently

within

the

enormously

long tertiary

with

its

great changes in the configuration of

the earth's crust.

ological change
transition

So considerable a
as

physi-

that

involved
to
it

in

a real

from a frUgivorous
carried

a flesh diet
anatomical
as to

would

have

with

changes of so important

character

have generated a
race, but this

new

species

of the

human
There

has not been the case.

are tribes that have lived

for thousands of years

upon vegetable food

differ-

and yet show no

their teeth

ence in

the

form of

from those
kind are

of the Europeans.

Examples of

this

to be found in the inhabitants of

islands

some of the

of the Pacific ocean.

A
to
it

New

Epoch.

After

the subsidence of

the ice period, the high north, which previous

had bloomed with tropical

life,

was con-

verted into an unfruitful and worthless region.

Europe, covered with impenetrable forests and

dismal swamps, lay under a gray sky and in

an atmosphere loaded with vapors.

Man,

fallen

from

his condition as

fruit-eater,

and impelled

by necessity, learned the use of

fire

and began

102
to cook
liis

!rBE

STONE AGE.
stUl consisted in part

foodvwhich

of

flesh.
is

This -^as long before the stone age,

called the

and

bone

age,

on account of
of mfen
existing,

the great

abundance of the bones

still

and animals found in the caves

in which

men
lion,

lived like beasts.

The
with

cave-

hekr and

the ure-ox and elkj giant stags

and mamnaoths, contended here

man

in

a miserable struggle fOr existence, and the miii-

gled remains of
condition of

all as
life

now found
at that

indicate the

human
to

remote period.

All

the

implements
relate

found

among

these

remains

hunting,

being either the

weapons of the chase or

such weapons, and
of
all

tools used in

making

are

made

of the bones
the bear,

long extinct animals,

such as

rhinoceros,

and

others.

Hunger

drove

men
of

to fearful extremes,
life

and

the' chief energies

were consumed in

its coarsest satisfaction.

Even carnivorous aaimals were devoured by

nien, as is

apparent

from

the marks upon

the bones

split

open for the marrow.

The Stone Affe.-'The men of the stone age lived under more favorable conditions, as

we

learn from the remains of their food

still

found in their former dwelling-places.

There

ORIGIN OF AORICULTURE. are

traces

103
vegetablies,

of

diflferent

kinds

of

apples and berries, yet the practice of flesheating, once established

easily

by

necessity, could not

be relinquished.

The

natural instinct

could not at once reassert

itself,

yet the gradual

thoughtful

improvement of

society,

and the

study of the hiiman body, led thinking

degrees to the conclusion that

men by man was not

make him
Thus

organized to destroy other

animals for food,

to

but that

this

practice

tended

savage and to lower his whole character.

it

is

that the pure teachings of nature have

in all ages and

among every people

found,

here and there, a few capable of receiving and applying them.

Origin of Agriculture.

Since
fruits

men
and

can-

not live on flesh alone, and since nature after

the glacial epoch provided
grains,

spontaneously only in the warmer regions of

the earth,
it

became necessary that man should

for

provide
sity
is

them

himself.
its

In

this
if

neces-

agriculture

had

origin

and
soil.

there
of
it

any evidence of the frugivorous nature

his

man, aside from

is

anatomical structure,
tills

in the fact that he

the

It

may

also

be assumed

that

the

necessity of pro-

104

MAS BT NATtTRE FRXTGIVOROUS.

and
^

viding fruits

grains

for

food developed
to reflection,

the understanding and led

man

Man
ural

by Wature Frugivorous.

There

are

yet tribes in the south

who

practice the nat-

manner of

living prevalent all over the

globe before

the glacial the use

epoch.

They did
until

not even

know
it

of

fire

Euro-

peans taught
they
live

to them.

It

is

a fact that

know
to

little

or nothing

of disease and
It

an advanced age.
of
culture

may be

that

their

methods

and

their religious

opinions are

very

objectionable, nevertheless

they

aflPord

us good
is

evidence that
favorable to

a frugivhealth of

orous diet

highly
life.

body and length of

Since, also, the fossil bones of

man

found

in the tertiary

are larger

and stronger than

those of the liistorical epoch,

that the fruit and grain

we may

conclude

foods on which he

then subsisted were more favorable to physical

development than

is

the mixed diet of

our own time. In short, in whatever manner we conduct this investigation, if it is only done
logically,

and includes

all

the biological evito

dence,
that

we can only come man is by nature, by

the conclusion

development, and

MAN Br SATURE FRUQIVOROUS.

in
all

105
that his

his

tendencies, frugivoroas;
flesh
;

change to a

or

mixed

diet

was purely
of

one of necessity
flesh

and that the present use

food has

its

foundation only in custom,

diseases

and has become the source of many

and
infirmities.

And
food,

if fruits
it

and grains are

evident
that

man's natural

is

also

they are able to give liim strength to endure

cold and to perform the most exhausting labors,

and that we are not benefited by departing

from
their use.
its

Science has for

of truth.
facts;

mission the discovery

It is satisfied

with establishing the

of them to the
leaves
to

the

wise
of

application

necessities

daily life
is it

she

man.

"Well, indeed,

for those families

who, with

con-ect

knowledge

of the

principles

we

have here endeavored to

establish, are able to

banish bloody food from their tables.

In so
Their

doing they have ennobled themselves.

choice of

foods from

the

many

fruits

and
the

grains, vegetables and

roots, is

so great,

changes which they can make are so manifold,

the fruits are
so nourishing,
so
healthful, so

agreeable to the taste, so pure and refreshing,


106
that

PSBSOSAL BXPSRIENCB.
there
is

continually

new and high

.

delight in each r6past.

Personal
those

Experience.

- The number
a
natural
diet

of
is

who have

chosen

steadily

increasing,

and such show in

their

healthy appearance and their inward content'

ment Jiow

truly Nature rewards the observance

of her laws.

But even among these there yet

remains something to be wished.

The

force

of old custom, and the seeming necessities of

those

whose health has already been impaired,

diffi-

render an immediate and abrupt change

cult.

Yet I can
that,

testify

from

my own

experi-

ence

when

wisely

entered

upon, the

principles
cable,

here advocated are strictly practito

and the more so when carried out

extent
^that
is,

their fullest

by the adoption

of a diet consisting of fruit and bread only

and I would especially recommend to those

who have
test

the care of

the young that they

pursue this course.

of

This diet also bears the

scientific criticism,

and to

this science

must

at last

come

if it

pursues the right course.

PART

II.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ARGUMENT.

As
dietetic

already shown,

the

chief error which

has been committed in the establishment of

theories
consists

in

estimating

the

value of the various foods

according to their

chemical elements, while leaving out of consideration the character of

the organism by

which they are to be

assimilated.
is

Eut the

question of a scientific diet

far

more

anathis,

tomical than chemical.

let

As

evidence of

us consider the digestive apparatus of

it

man
man

and compare

with that of the lower animals.

The Saliva.
to be acted

The

saliva of a healthy

has but a slightly alkaline reaction.

The food
saturated

upon by

it

must consequently be
it

of such

nature that

may be

by the
solved

saliva,

and, to a certain extent, dis-

by

it.

We

find this, howevei-,

to be

108

THE GASTRIC JUICE.

the case only with fruits; for flesh, eggs, alcohol

and other
saliva,

articles are

but slightly affected by

and mostly only mechanically mixed

with
is

it.

The
in

saliva

of carnivorous animals
but
the
sour,

slight

quantity,

and

thus

capable
digestive

of

dissolving

food whole.

The
as

organs and
is

course

of nutrition of
the

the

anthropoids

essentially

same

that of

man.

Yegetable food, when completely

affords a
it

masticated,

sweetish
contains
is,

taste,

because
action

the starch which

of
is

by the
and

the saliva, transformed into sugar.

especially the case with fruits
all

This
grains,

but not at

true of flesh.

The Gastric
the gastric juice

Juice.

A leading element of
acid (012.

is lactic

HIO. OlO.

2 HO.).

This excites a slight fermentation of

the chyme, and thus exerts an influence upon the

digestion of vegetable, but not

upon
to

that of aniact
fats

mal, food.
the
fibers

It

is

far

too

weak

upon
are

of

animal

flesh.

All

insoluble in water,

spirits

of wine, and acids.

to undergo

Flesh,

when

eaten

by man, tends

process of decay in the stomach, causing

a scrofulous poisoning of the blood.

unnatural actioii
lies

In

this

the cause of

many com-


TBE GASTRIC JUICE.
plaints

109
:

and disturbances of the system

eructations,

as

bad

breath, heart-burn,

and vomiting.

In the case of the Carnivora the gastric juice

exerts

decomposing
its

influence

upon

flesh

and

causes

assimilation

and

excretion.

Since the pancreatic juice of the duodenum,

into

which the chyme passes from the stomach,

a
close

bears

resemblance to the

saliva,

it

follows that the

chyme

here, also, can have

it

only a slightly acid property, which

indeed

can only have

character.
Bile,

when
which

it
is

is

of a

vpgetable

here poured into the

intestines, has

only a slight alkaline reaction,

and

its

use seems to be limited to the preven-

tion of decay, which, however, can only occur

in the case of flesh-food; so that the effort of

nature to maintain flesh-food in

dition

its

proper con-

by the secretion of bile must be excessive,

and must evidently cause an excitement and weakening of the whole organism.
In the case of fermentation, through the decomposition of sugar, alcohol
is

is

formed,* and

essential to nutrition, being retained in the

*This statement, concerning the formation of

alco-

hol in the system, has not yet been generally accepted

by

physiologists.

Translator.

110
blood, yet

EZCRETORr PRODUCTS.

when taken

in

its

pure state into

drinks
it is

the system in the form of

it

spirituous

acts

most

injuriously.

In this

form

weakens the
absorbed

entire

digestive system,

and
of

by the lymphatic glands

it

the

stomach, from which

vessels,

passes into the blood

injurious.

in a

manner unnatural and

Let no one, therefore, be deceived by the pretext that a

service is rendered to nature

by
it

supplying

it

gratuitously with that which

prepares for itself by a natural process, through

the

action of

the

saliva

and fermentation;

for that

which has already fermented cannot,

upon being introduced into the system, again

take part in the normal process of digestion.
It acts

only as a foreign body, which must

be carried or excreted at the expense of those

organs

which

are compelled

to

endure

its

presence.

Excretory Products.
these principles,

In

accordance with
difference

we

find a

marked

in the excretory products of different animals.

In the Camivora the reaction of the urine

acid, while

is

in
is

the

Herbivora

it

is

alkaline.
it

In

man

it

usually acid, though

It

varies

with the nature of the food.

is

a well-

NATURE'S PROVISION FOR MAN.

HI"

known fact that a diet consisting largely of flesh may seriously change the urine, causing
it

to be very offensive, -while that of

fruit is

those
free

who cousume much

from abnormal or
larly,

peculiarly

offensive qualities.

Simi-

the

perspiration of flesh-eating

men

is

rich in buttric acid

offensive

and ammonia, and has an

and decidedly sour smell/

The

over-

loading of the blood with flesh-foods causes,

in order to their decomposition, an excessive

consumption of oxygen, and hence the

culty of

diffi-

breathing and asthmatical

flesh-eaters,

affections

of

many

and

their excessive excre-

tion of carbonic acid.

is,

Natures Provision for Man. If now man as shown by his development and organfrugivorous,
it

ization,

must be that nature

and without the

provides for

him

all

that he requires for his

sustenance, completely ready,

necessity of artificial preparation, and this

find

we

to be actually the case.

The

original

southern

home

of

man

presents these fruits in

great abundance.

and the
dates

The most of them are juicy; most important among them are figs,
almonds,
olives,

and

bananas,

sweet

potatoes, melons

and grapes,

bread-fruit, chest-

112 MATURITY OF FRUITS AND VARIETY IN FOOD.

nuts,

cocoanuts, and,

among

grains, especially

Indian corn.

In the north

we have an
given.

enor-

mous

treasure of juicy fruits, to the

little

culture

of which too

attention is

I refer

especially to cherries
varieties

of which we have many

gooseberries,
strawberries,

currants,

blackberries,

mulberries,

raspberries,

plums,

prunes, peaches, apricots, apples and pears of

the most various kinds, grapes, melons, walnuts

and

hazel-nuts.

Order of Maturity/ of Fruits.

remarkable
that
fact,

It

is

apparent throughout

nature,

the fruits mature with the seasons in the

order best adapted to the wants of man, their

qualities

and abundance meeting

his successive

requirements.
first

The

spring presents us with the

refreshing fruit, the strawberry.

In sum-

mer we have

in great abundance the currant,

cherry, peach, raspberry

and gooseberry;

the
cool

plum, prune and apricot.

Autumn, with

its

and rough weather, ripens the juicy and

tious

nutri-

pears, apples
fatty

and grapes;

while winter

warms us with
chestnuts.

and

oily nuts,

almonds and

Necessity of Variety in Food.

The human
fruits,

system requires a great variety of

and

VARIETY IN I-OOD.

113

the natural appetite demands, at each season

and period of

life,

that which health requires.

nitro-

The proper supply of carbonaceous and

genous material
is

thus,

through obedience to
Fruits

natural instinct, provided.

afford all the

and grains

elements requisite for the form-

ation of flesh, blood

and bone, but these are

form

never found here in so concentrated a

as

in flesh.

Beans and
concentrated

lentils

also are an

exceedingly

form of food, and

contain such an excess of nitrogenous material

as to load the system with it to an injurious
extent.
fruits

An
person

unperverted appetite will demand

before such food.

A
or
for

who

has

lived

too

exclusively

too long upon fruits will feel a

craving

more BoHd and concentrated

and the stomach and

food.

The
will

teeth will
ticate,

demand something harder

to mas-

intestines

require the mechanical action which is peculiar

to grain foods.

By
all

the use of both fruits and

grains in

the right proportion,

the

body

is

supplied

with

the

elements of nutrition.

If nature required

anything in addition, the

natural appetite would

not,

demand

it,

but

it

does

though a perverted appetite may.

114r

Omam OF COOKBRT.
instinct,

As nature, through
termine
eaten.

determines for nd
it also

the proper quantity of food, so does the

de-

manner in which

it

should

be

The

pefrfectly natural appetite requires

no

artificial

preparation of food, but accepts

it

from the hand of I^ature, exactly as she has

prepared
it.

"We eat the ripened

fruits

as

they are plucked fron^ the tree^ and man, in

a state of nature, would also relish the various

grains

without

artificial

preparation;

as

is

indeed the case

at present,

among many southern

tribes,

and as doubtless was the case with

man
ing

everywhere in his primitive condition.

Origin of Cookery.

^The practice of cook-

among northern

races

had

its origin,

not

in the necessity of
hieat

warming the body by the

in

of the food, but

the
in,

fact that less

of juicy fruits were found

it

the north, and

to

seemed therefore necessary

soften the

grain foods of cooking

by
om*
is

cooking.

The present custom

seems
:

food

necessary

only
tetate

because

it

customary.

In the existing
it is

of agriculture and horticulture^

sible
in'

quite pos-

to provide a sufficient

variety of foods,

natural

state

for

the

supply

of

all

wants.

VALUE ASD BULK OF POOD.

H5
is

Value of Foods.
articles of

^The value of the various

food consists not, as

generally

supposed, in their chemical

in

constituents,

but

a variety of other

conditions,

which

wc

shall

here mention:

In

the

first

place the

food must contain the necessary amount of water to maintain the excretory processes through

the breath, perspiration and otherwise.

Fruits

contain the most abundant supply of water, so

that

when they
is

are eaten freely the drinking

of water
the

almost entirely unnecessary, and

are
really
fruit

vegetarians

justifiable
;

when

they say,
also add,

" "We drink

"

and they might

" We eat water."

in

Sulk Necessary
flow of saliva
is

Food.

An abundant

essential

to complete masti-

cation and digestion, but in order to its secretion the food should contain

a certain bulk, in
Highly

proportion to its nutritive constituents.

concentrated foods
influence

fail

to exert that mechanical

is

upon the digestive organs which

proper
is

essential to their complete activity.

ing'
is

By relievwork, as
soft

these

organs of their

the

case
little

when the food

too

or

of too

bulk, the system! is enfeebled, just

116

THE VITALITY OF FOOD.

as the muscles are

cise.

by a lack of proper

exer-

The
is

Vitality/

of Food.
^the

Finallyand
Although the

this

point

that

physiologists

have hitherto

quite

overlooked

food

must contain a
real

certain electrical vitality.

origin

and nature of the

vital force is

not yet

known, we believe that

electricity
;

it is

closely related to

not less

so, indeed,

than to light
all

and

heat.

Electricity is

abundant in

purely

natural products,

and indeed everywhere where

the
It is

free

and uninterrupted exchange of and

air exist.

influences of light, heat

less

abundant in closed dwellings and sleepingair.

rooms than in the open

walk refreshes
us,

An

outdoor

not only by the increased

consumption of oxygen, but by the increased

action of the electrical forces.
ity is stored

The same
all

vital-

up in uncooked plants and by

fruits,

but

is

greatly impaired

our culinary

processes.

Fruits act also through their nat-

ural acids, their refreshing coolness, and the

easy assimilation of their albuminous products,

and other nourishing materials.

By the
not

electrical vitality of a food,

its

we do

mean

nutritive worth,

nor indeed any

TBE TITALITT OF FOOD.

material element of
able fluid,
it,

117

but rather an imponder-

which

is

related to the vital

and

electrical forces

of the

human
point

system.

The

organic vital

force

has not incorrectly been

called the interrogation

of physiology,
of
the

and the physiologists and chemists

old

school thought to maintain this force

to

by

supplying albuminoids
fact,

the system.

The

however,

is

the reverse.

The albuminoids

demand

rather a great expense of vitality for

their solution

and

digestion.

We
is

know now,
maintained
fresh

with great certainty, and by practical experience, that the

human system
and ripe

and strengthened by the consumption of

air,

fresh water,

fruits,

and grains

but

these essential

means of sustenance are

rank
of vital
to

reduced from the

nutritive

merely
that,

substances

by any treatment

through heat or otherwise, destroys their natm-al

vitality.

Our

physiologists have not hitherto

difference

understood this

between

the

vital

and the merely nutritive properties of food, and

hence, as

we have

already pointed out, have

regarded foods merely as chemical substances.

They have discovered and

laid

down, with

wonderful exactness, the chemical elements of

118

QUALITIES OF FOOD.

the living body, and lience of the food requisite,

according to their views, to

its

maintenailce;

but
that

we hope
their

to

show in the following pages

and consequently
their

methods,

dietetic conclusions,

have been one-sided and

essentially erroneous.
vitality

So long

as the electrical

of food

is

overlooked, and the bearings

of anthropology upon the question ignored, a

scientific
sible,

system of diet must remain impos.

,

The Essential
value
tritive

Qualities of Food.
consists
;

The
nu-

of

foods

not

in

their

properties alone
;

but in their proper

proportion of fluids

in the necessary bulk,

by

;which digestion is rendered possible; in the

natural stimulation of their juices and acids j in

the aroma

by which the

appetite

is

aroused

and

its

regular recurrence promoted; in their

character,

chemically neutral
their generating

which prevents
injurious

acids

or

forming

compounds

in. the:

stomach; in their freedom

stiniulants

from those unnatural

by which a

vicious appetite is created; .in the purity,which

guards the system against corrupt humors and

diseased conditions; in the refreshing coolness

which maintains

tlie

digestive organs at

a proper

INjmaOUS EFFECTS OF COOKING.

temperature and in a vigorous
their

119
;

condition

in

perfect adaptation to the

nature of the

digestive organs, so that they

may be
finally, in

trans-

formed into blood without doing violence to

any part of the system ; and,

electrical
vitality

that

-which

renders
the

them

ana-

logous to living

beings, and

absence pf

which reduces them to a condition of physical death.

These properties are united in their

highest perfection only in uncooked fruits and

^ains as they come from the hand of

l^aturej

and the unperverted appetite demands nothing

Injurious Effects of Cooking.

artificial

Of
is

all

the

forms of

treatment to which foods

of cooking
the

are subjected, that

universal,

most

and therefore
If

demands here our

rightly consider the

especial attention.

we

influence of this process

upon

all

the natural

properties of a plant,
it

we must
i

concede that

is

in almost every case injurious, and that

it

should

be dispensed withj so
life will

far

as

our

present habits of

admit, iOf, and with

disuse.

a view to

its final

and complete

The

natural fluids of the plant are, in great part,

lost in

cooking, and with

them the natural

120

INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF COOKINO.

so

aroma

agreeable
tlie

to

the

senses

and

so

stimulating to
plied

appetite.

The

water, sup-

artificially,

does not possess the

same
and

properties as that which has been lost,

all

the less so since

it

has been boiled.

its

The
vi-

cellular tissue
tality,

of the plant loses also

and
their

ripe

uncooked

fruits

and
tissue,

grains,
their

with

unbroken

cellular

stimulating properties, their great content of

water, sugar

and

acids,

and

their

electrical

vitality, are calculated to

impart to the

human

body a rosy

freshness, to the

skin a beautiful

transparency, and to the whole muscular system

the

highest vigor

and

elasticity.

Uncooked
its

fruits, especially, excite

the

mind

to

highest

activity.

After eating them

we

experience an

inclination to

vigorous exercise, and also an

increased

capacity for study and all

mental

work; while cooked food

satiety

causes a feeling oi

and sluggishness.

Not only do

plants

lose their vital, but, to

nutritive, properties

some

extent, also their

when cooked.
latter

The vegees-

table

acids

and oUs, the

being of

pecial value

in the development of the

bony
dissi-

stmcture of the body, are, by cooking,

pated; while the albuminoids are coagulated,

INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF COOKING.

121

and thereby

less

easily

digested, so that the

is

nutritive value

of the food

reduced to a
results

minimum.
cooked food
heat.

Another injury that

is

from

that caused

by the

artificial

All heat excites, through expansion, an

activity,

increased

but

this

activity

is

not

normal in the case of food eaten hot.

Again, the sensory nerves of the
the nerves of taste
az'e

lips

and

weakened by hot food

they no longer serve
its quality,

to such an extent that as

an

infallible test of

and hence
be
palat-

articles that

seem in the mouth

to

able and

good may be very injurious

to

the

system, both on account of their natural properties

and

their artificial

heat.
is

In a similar
;

manner the sense of smell

less injuriously

blunted

and not

does hot food act upon the teeth,

is

the enamel of which

destroyed, rendering
mastication, in

them

unfit for their

work of

consequence of which the food passes unpre-

pared into the stomach.

injured

The eyes

are also

by the

action

of hot

food upon the

nerves connected with

of

them.

That condition
the

weak and watery

eyes, so apparent in

habitual drunkard, exists in

certain

degree

with aU whose systems are enervated by hot

122

lyjusroirs effects

of cooking.
greatest

and stimulating foods.

from hot food
self,

But the

harm
it-

is

caused in the stomach

the coats of which are irritated, reddened,

and
that

unnaturally

contracted
their

by the

heat, so

they

lose

vigorous

activity

and

capacity for the complete performance of their

natural functions.

The blood
the body.

excited

by the

heat flows in excess to the stomach, and thence

feverishly through
this
is

One

result of

the flushed condition of the head after

eating.

Hot

food also causes excess in eating,

so that it is rather

by a sense of

fullness

and
of

oppression
the appetite
eating.

than by a natural satisfaction

that

one

is

prompted to cease

An

evidence of the weakening of the

is

stomach by hot food

seen

when one

eats

an apple immediately
Fruit thus taken
lies

after the usual hot meal.

like

a stone upon the

stomach, the enfeebled nerves being injuriously

affected

by

its

presence;

whereas, in

theii*

normal condition, they are stimulated to a most

agreeable activity by
it.

From

the abuse of the organs of digestion

result a host of diseases.

A life-long weakness
its

of the gastric nerves, with cramps and inflam-

mation of the stomach, are

common

fruits.

lyjimioirs effects

of cooking.

123
almost

To

this

cause also

is

attributable the

universal prevalence of colds,

direct result

which are the

con-

of unnatural

temperature

ditions

of the body.

The blood

artificially

heated causes an excessive perspiration, since

it

produces an increased, but injurious, activity

of the skin;

and upon the

is

least

change

of

temperature, the perspiration

condensed upon
stiffness,

the body, and causes colds and

this
is

and

all

the more

certainly

when the blood

impure and the

prolific

tissues overloaded.
also

From
the uneating

the same
easiness

cause results

and languor experienced

after

hot food.

But the
usual

evil effect

cannot be overnap.

come by the
cannot
food,

after

dinner

This

replace the

elements lost

from

our

nor give the enlivening

impulse expein their

rienced after partaking of

ripe fruits

natural state.
It is

indeed argued that our northern climate

requires that food should be eaten hot as one

means of maintaining the bodily temperature;

but
if this

be true of man,
all

it

must apply with

equal force to

animals

and since man alone

loses

seems to require hot food, the argument

its force.

In the polar regions, the conditions

124
of animal
process

immRiotrs effects of cookiso.

life

show

plainly that the

is

natural

of generating heat

not

by

putting

heated substances into the stomach, but

by

the

normal action of the

taken in
its

vital
state.

forces

upon food
is

natural

Greater thirst

experienced after eating cooked than uncooked

food,

and

this

results

both from the

change

which the food has undergone and from the

perspiration caused

by the increased heat

of

the body.
impairs
its

The

artificial solution

of the food

nutritive properties,

and weakens

the natural functions of the body

by depriving
;

them of

their

natural employment

and
are

this

has been so long continued that

we

now

almost incapable of digesting uncooked grains,

so that their enlivening
is

and invigorating action

almost unknown.

The modern
powers.
It has,

kitchen

has thus perverted

the natural appetite, and enfeebled the natural

also,

fostered injurious cus-

toms, and introduced articles of diet that would

otherwise have been excluded.

its

Only through

aid can the flesh of animals be rendered

Its

palatable.

abolition,

gradually, if not at

once,
to his

would contribute much to restore man

normal
dietetic

conditions,

and would

SALT AXD OTBER COXDIMEXTS.

125

exclude the most injurious parts of his present

diet.

Salt
to

and

other Condiments.

^With

regard

the

artificial

seasoning

of food,

we need
of

here to say
of
it,

little.

All vegetarians disapprove

for
still

the most part,

though many

them
It

continue the use of

common
it

salt.

seems in no way to build up

the body,
altogether

and those

who

dispense with

soon experience an improvement in the sense

of taste which adds greatly to the enjoyment
of food.
is

Some
it

writers have asserted that it

salt
;

not possible to exist without

that the

want of

causes a softening of the bones.

But they

overlook the fact that

all

plants

contain salt sufficient for the requirements of

the system.

Various other mineral substances,

as phosphorus, lime,

and soda, enter into the"

yet

composition of the
not think
it

human body;

we do

necessary to take

them

separately

into the stomach.

J^ilk.

Among

animal products

much

con-

sumed by vegetarians, milk is one of the This, however, is not only most common.
entirely unnecessary, but, in
itively injurious.

many

cases, pos-

"Water answers every purpose

126

MILK.
it

where
food.

is

necessary to add fluids

if

to

the

But even
difficulty

pure imlk were

it
is

beneficial,

the

of

procuring

to be

con-

sidered.

The
the

residents of cities seldom

know
is

whether

milk

which

they

purchase

from healthy or unhealthy animals, or whether

it

has

been adulterated.

-Diseases

may be
the

transmitted to the

human system through

milk of an unhealthy animal, as well as to an infant by the milk of an unhealthy nurse.

Tuberculous diseases are often prevalent

among
which
certain

neat cattle, and to their milk might be traced

many
even

cases of like disease the causes of

It is not at
all

remain unknown.

that the boiling of

it

milk destroys
contains.

the

germs of disease which

If we consider the natural purpose of milk in

the case of
it is

all

animals

we must concede
Milk
is

that

not designed for adults.

every-

where the natural and proper food of the

new-born J and when once weaned from
mother's
turns to
breast,
it,

the
re-

no animal, except man,

it,

or to a substitute for
at the breast of

in the

form of nursing
This
is,

lower animals.

in effect,

only one of the

what man does, but it is many examples of the per-

BUTTER, CHEESE, AXD EOGS.

127

version of his natural instincts, in justification

of which he pleads his stipremacy over nature,

and over the

"beasts

of

the

field,"

from

which, however, he might well learn a useful

lesson here, as elsewhere.

Mutter, Cheese,
said

and Eggs.

^What we have
and
fat in the

of milk

applies equally to butter

cheese.

These cause an excess of

system, and an offensive, slimy condition

the mucous secretions in the

of

mouth and
Their

nose,

quite apparent to those who, contrary to their

usual habit, eat of them.

often

effects

are

apparent, also, in

eruptions
face.

upon the

skin, especially

upon the

Let a person
as

thus disfigured disuse these

as all fat meats time,

articles,

well

and grease-cooked

foods, for a

and

if

a clear complexion rewards the

sacrifice

of old appetite, there will, perhaps,

still

follow
pletely

further effort, leading to a comdiet.

normal and healthful

Eggs,

also,

are

unnatural food.

They
seed

are designed

by

nature only for the nourishment of the embryo,

just as

the

is

for the

nourish-

ment of the germ within

it.

The
juices

best evidence of a proper state of the

is

and secretions of the system

found in a

128
pure and

BUTTER, CHEESE, AND EOOS.

tasteless

condition of the

mouth.

Impurity of the
ish,

fluids is

apparent in a bitter-

sour or saltish taste, and in a slimy or fatty

character of the
purities

mucous

secretions.

These im-

are

most apparent

after eating eggs,

butter, milk, cheese,

honey and pastry, and are

and eructa-

often
tion
;

acccompanied by flatulence

but these latter are only nature's methods

aversion to
indigestible
foods.

of expressing

Butter, which seems, to most, an indispensable

article, is in reality

very objectionable.

It dis-

turbs digestion, causes heartbm-n in those at all

liable to this afieetion,
fat,

generates an excess of
stu-

and in many persons causes a general

por of the system

is

the best evidence of which

for

seen in the improved condition of the mind

its

when
Milk

use

is

a time dispensed
the

with.
origin,

and cheese, having

same

are of a similar nature.

The

nutritive value
is

of

all

these popular articles of food

more

than

counterbalanced

by the injury which

provided with

they do.

With the foods commonly eaten they

is

seem necessary, but no one who

an abundance of man's genuine food, namely,

fruits,

grains and nuts, will ever need to resort

to them, or experience a craving for them,

when

SUTTBR, CBBESE, AND EGOS.

129

once the system has been purified from their

effects.

While

it

may be

difficult to

show, upon

theoretical grounds, that these articles are unsuit-

able as

human

food (excepting only milk for

infants), the greater

mental clearness, and the

purity of the excretions and of the breath,

when
the

they are replaced by

answerable

ripe fruits,

is

an un-

argument

against

them, to

truth of which
experience.

many can

testify

from

actual

The argument
fatty substances of

in favor of butter, and other

an animal

origin, based

upon
fat-

the necessity of supplying the system with

producing material, assumes that man

is

by na-

ture carnivorous, and that the carbonaceous or

fat-producing foods, which he requires to generate

and

sustain the proper heat of his system,

must come from the animal kingdom.

to this

In reply

we have but
be
denied.

to refer to

facts

which

cannot

Fat-producing

elements

abound in the vegetable

animal kingdom.

as well as in the

The

solid fat of the swine is

derived best of all from corn and apples, and yet

this

animal

is

no

strict vegetarian.

He

is pre-

cisely

what the advocates of a

is,

flesh diet claim

that

man

namely, omnivorous.

Judging from

130
this

BOSBT AND SUOAR.

standpoint,

then,

man

should

be

able

to maintain his animal heat

upon corn, sweet

apples and the other vegetable foods that give to the swine such an enormous superfluity of fat;

and

if,

as

we have endeavored

to show,

man

is,

in his original nature, strictly a grain

eater,

and

fruit

then

may we

all

the

more regard these

foods as sufficient for

him

in this respect.
is

The

fattening quality of sweet apples

proverbial

among

farmers, whose

children are especially

noticeable for the plntopness of their forms dur-

ing the season of this

fruit.

Nuts are
vegetarians.

especially to be

recommended

to

They
and

satisfy

a demand of the ap-

petite in winter,

their oily nature is apparent

to those
fruits

who cannot
grains,

see the
it

same

quality

in

and

where

nevertheless exists in

great abundance.

Honey and Sugar.

Of other

articles injuri-

ously added to our food, honey and sugar are as

objectionable as they are popular.

Both genwhich

erate an unnatural acidity of the stomach,

is

apparent in the disagreeable eructations which

they cause.

They blunt the nerves of

this,

taste

and
In

leave a prickling sensation

upon the tongue.

fills

addition

to

honey

the system with

PASTSy. TEA ASD COFFEE.

sethereal oils

131

and wax, which can in no normal

way be

appropriated.

Pastry.

The

various articles of pastry are

also for the

most part unsuitable food.

They

contain unhealtliful ingredients which disturb digestion and corrupt the blood.
diet

From

a natural
the best

we may
Tea and

well exclude

them

all as at

superfluous.
Coffee.

Tea and

coffee are

by some

writers said to promote digestion, but this assertion only betrays

an ignorance of physiological
is

law.

The

principal action of both these drinks

caused by the peculiar aromatic alkaloids, thein

and

caffein,

two poisonous substances which

ac-

celerate the action of the heart

and abnormally

excite the nerves;

their effects

and although from long use

concealed, their secret in-

may be

fluence

is

continued.

That such poisons cannot

assist in digestion,

be converted into food, nor

is

self-evident.

Their

chief action consists in

the solution and softening of the food and ex-

crements.
tion,

They promote,
excretion,

therefore, not diges-

but

and

thus unduly hasten

the natural processes.

chocolate,

The same
nutritive

is

true

of

the

claimed

value

of

132

INTOXICATISG BRISKS.
consists in its
articles.

which

added ingredients of

flour

and other

Intoxicating Drinks.
lar character.

These are of

a simi-

The

alcohol which they contain

unnaturally enlarges the blood vessels, consumes

the entire organism, causes a feverish heat, disturbs the action of the brain, and, taken in great
quantities, leads to the softening of this

organ

and to the demoralization of the entire system.

Schnapps taken to promote digestion temporarily
excite the nerves of the stomach,

and cause thus

an excess of blood in that organ; but the theory

that they are really beneficial
is

wholly delusive.
to consider the as well

Flesh Foods.We come now

influence of flesh as food

upon the bodily

life

as

upon the mental and moral

of man.

In

this

we reach

the vital point of the reform which

vegetarians are striving with so

much

zeal

and

courage, and in such a spirit of personal self-saorifice,

to inaugurate.

In the use of flesh

is

in-

volved the use of a great variety of not less injurious substances, such as beer, coffee, tobacco, etc.;

and I shall now undertake to show that by

greater

far the

number of chronic complaints owe

and
this

their
pre-

origin to flesh-eating,

by a simple

FLESB FOODS.

133

Bentation of the facts of observation and experience.

With the
consume
ai'e

flesh

which we consume we must

also

whatever living or dead substances

it,

contdned in

and thus take into our systems

as in the case

in

many
all

cases the

germs of disease,

of parasites, trichinae and the like.

is

This danger
for

the greater since animals fattened

slaughter are

more or

less diseased, in
life

conse-

quence of their unnatural mode of

subjected to this process.

while

Carnivorous animals

are not at all exposed to this danger, since they

prey upon wild animals, which

state,

live in

a natural

and, besides, their

own

digestive organs are

perfectly adapted to such food.

Man, however,
less diseased

not only eats food for which he has no natural

adaptation, but eats it in a
condition.

more or

Again,

all

flesh

being a product

of nu-

trition, it contains

a certain amount of refuse

of
elimination

matter
system;

in

process

from

the

and these worn-out

particles,

which

are in the nature of excrement, are necessarily

conveyed with

all

their

impurities
is

into

the

human system when

these refuse

flesh

eaten.

Among

materials are several

which are

134:

FLESB FOODS.

intensely poisonous, especially creatine,

an

al-

kaloid equally as

injurious

as strychnine,

or

as nicotine, the poisonous

Its

element of tobacco.
that

action

is

similar

to

of

alcohol and

tobacco.
digestive
activity

In

contact with
it

the

waUs
an
and

of

the

apparatus,

causes

unnatural

of

the entire vascular

nervous

system, producing a condition similar to that

of intoxication.
act,

In
their

proportion as foods thus

true nutritive value, for

they lose

a pure and simple food cannot stimulate, and

a stimulant cannot
as
nourish.

All true foods,

quieting

bread

and

fruits,

exert a

and

cooling influence

upon the body.

that

A farther characteristic of flesh-foods is

they enrich the blood unnaturally with

fibrin,

and as a consequence produce unnatural heat,

or, rather,

inflammation.

This feverish activity

of gall,
to

causes, again,

an

excessive secretion
still

which, as
irritability

is

known, adds

more

the

of the system.

"We

may thus
a
flesh

fairly

attribute

the

nervousness which with

many
diet.

persons

increases

with age

to

The
Kice

assertion

that flesh is
fruit

more

easily digest-

ed than bread and

is

is

quite

erroneous.

digested in one hour, while veal requii'es

DISEASES CAUSED

BY FLESB-EATTS6.
Leguminous

135
plants,

from

five

to

six

hours.

milk and good bread are digested in two hours,

but swine's flesh requires

times

five

hours and some-

much

longer.

Diseases

Caused

hy Flesh-eating.

^The

natural consequence of stimulating and excit-

ing food

is

the great tendency to fevers.

is

The

immediate cause of fever

induced by the
off

nervous excitement,

effort of the

system to throw
in-

injurious substances

which have been

troduced

into the circulation.

The

devoted
night

mother, watching through the

sleepless

over her feverish child, knows not the cause

of
its

sufferings, or

how
is

to relieve

it.

Alas
use
of

when

to

the disease

added

the

medicines, and of heating instead of cooling

remedies.
in a

The

true

remedy would be found

and a
suitable
diet.

fresh-water bath

Rheumatism and Gout have

also

their origin

in a bad condition of the blood, in conis

sequence of which abnormal matter

depos-

ited in various parts of the system, especially

in the joints.

This process

may

continue for

years unobserved, until a sudden cold brings

on

the

most painful inflammation

of these

parts.

136

CONSUilPTIOS.

Consumption.
civilized

^In

the great cities of the

world,
flesh,

among

populations

living

largely

upon

from one-third to one-half

of

all

adults die of consumption.

The

exist-

ence of this

disease cannot be charged to any

one cause.

An

unfavorable climate, impure

air,

overwork, irregular habits, and various

influences,

other
it is

combine

to

produce

it.

But

always closely related to the state of the blood,

and

as this in turn

is

greatly influenced
in regarding

by the

food,

we

are

I'ustified

any vicious

system of diet as one cause of those diseased

conditions

of the body

which are gradually

In
this, as

developed into consumption.

all affections

in

of the

blood, there is

formed a
deposited

pus-like, scrofulous matter,

and

this,

in the lungs, causes tuberculosis.

The more

impure the blood becomes, in consequence of

a
false
diet, the

more rapidly do the lungs

decay.

The medical treatment of consumption

rarely successful, as
it

is

relies

upon stimulation
agencies.
It

rather than

upon proper hygienic

employs what are

called strengthening foods

and
it is

drinks, such as flesh,

wine and beer; but

a fact easily verified that, other conditions

cossuxPTioy.

137
most prevalent

being equal, couBumption

is

where these things are most abundantly consumed.

The
tion

constant use of flesh increases the ac-

of the heart,

and thus prematurely ex-

hausts the vital forces.

increase

With

this

unnatural

of the animal heat there

is

a corre-

sponding

excitement of the animal passions,

falsely

which
ergy.

is

regarded as courage and enflesh-eater is sour,

The urine of the

is

and often deposits a thick sediment, the excre-

ment

highly offensive and. the evacuations

often painful

and

difficult.

The

origin of so

many

diseases,

through the

eating of

flesh, is easily explained.

The im-

purities thus introduced into the blood are de-

posited in various parts of the body, according

to the

temperament and natural tendencies

^in

one case as tubercles in the lungs, in another

as

gouty or rheumatic deposits at the

as

joints,

and in others

ulcers

or

abscesses

in

the

stomach and intestines

For such

affections the

only true remedies are those that restore natural

conditions to the entire

light, air, water, exercise,

system.
rest,

These
a proper

are

temperature, and a suitable

diet.

138

THE SKIN.

The Skin.

The
of

condition of the skin has

an important influence
this connection

upon

health,

and

in

we have
but

to mention the use of

soap as a means
is

cleanliness.

This article
the

not

necessary,

only

injurious to
is

healthy body.
excretions of

Where
the skin

the diet
are
so

proper the
so
all

pure and
is

slight that simple

washing with water

its

that is

necessary for

cleanliness,

softness,

and beauty.
is

The
fat

principal ingredient of soap

sethereal oils,

an animal

combined with

corrosive lyes,

and other injurious substances.

skin and increase

These not only excite the

its

sensitiveness

to
its

atmospheric changes, but

outer
tissues

actually to give

consume
it

and tend

a rough and wrinkled appearance.

are,
also,

These substances

in consequence of

the absorptive power of the skin, taken into

the system, where they

diseased conditions.
"WTiere

give

rise

to

various

anything more than pure water

skin,
fine

is

needed for cleansing the

corn meal
to

sand or

may be

used and will be found This with the vigall

answer every pui-pose.

is

orous use of the towel

that is in

any

ordinary case necessary to the

utmost clean-

QlTANTITr OF FOOD.
liness,

139
fresliuess

and

to
for

that

beauty

and

of

complexion

the

attainment of

which so

many
course

useless

and

even

injurious

means

are

employed.

The

fashionable cosmetics

have of

no place among the natural means of

health or beauty.

They

are

to

be

classed

only -with the

many

other

products

of

the
it is

laboratory and of the kitchen

by which

sought to counterfeit health or to produce by

artifice

the vigor and elevation of spirits which

rightly result from a simple

and natural mode

of

life.

The

disuse of soaps

and cosmetics, and tho

natural

replacing
cleanliness

of

them with

means
great

of

and

beauty, causes

im-

provement in the
condition.

mental as well as

physical

Quantity of Food.

It

has

been
is

falsely

held that in proportion as the labor

severe

the food should be taken in a more concentrated form.

But
are

in

reahty the demands of

for fluid than for solid

the system
substances.

more

During
felt

severe

labor,

thirst

is

more keenly

then hunger.

This shows
rapidly
all

that the fluids of the body are more

exhausted than the

solids,

and hence

that

140
is

QUANTITT OF FOOD.
in case of increased labor
is

requisite

an
but
its

increase

in

the
real

quantity of
occasion

the food;

there

is

no

for

changing

character.

The experience of
travelers in

foot

soldiers

and of

mountains

is that,

with an abun-

dant supply of good water, the longest marches

can be made ;

and, after such fatigue, a meal

of fruit and bread refreshes and reinvigorates

much

sooner than one of a more concentrated

and albuminous character.

ous foods
suffice,

Cooked nitrogena

indeed, for nutrition, but not

refreshing.
It is
false

for enlivening

and

principle of the
trition, that

modern chemical theory of nubody should be nourished with

the

as

little

digestive labor as possible,

by means

of

flesh,

eggs,

and other concentrated albu-

minous foods.
It
is

a significant fact in nature that the

is, as,

more

nutritive a food

for example, wheat,

fruits,

leguminous plants, nuts, seeds, or dried

the harder they are and the
to be masticated

more they require

In
this

and

insalivated.

Na-

ture seems to give us an intimation that

we

should

eat

proportionably less of
natural

them and
more

should satisfy the

instinct for

CASBONACEOtJS ELEMENTS OF FOOD.

jnicy

141

and

vitalized fruits, in preference to the

dry, hard,
ducts.

and concentrated albuminous proalso,

"We have here,

not
require

an indication that

we do
solid

so great

a quantity of
is

nutritive matter in

any form as

gen-

erally supposed,

or as

is

claimed in support

of the current theories of nutrition.

Carbonaceous Elements of Food.

^Within

the past few years the theory concerning nitro-

genous foods has been considerably modified.

It is

now known

that vigorous muscular labor

causes a very great increase in the consumption of carbonaceous elements in the system,

while this has not been shown to be the case

with regard to nitrogenous

elements.

That

carbon

is

largely

consumed in muscular action

we know from
1.

the following facts:

particles

That the worn-out

system
chiefly

of matter

in

the

are

conveyed back into the

blood,
2.

through the muscles.

That

this effete matter contains a large

is

proportion of carbonic acid, as

seen in the

more venous condition of blood taken from

a muscle when in
3.

action,

That during muscular

action a

considis

erably increased

amount of carbonic acid

142
exhaled.

CARBONA CEO US ELEilENTS OF EOOD.

From

these facts

it is

plain that the

body
than

is

sustained during physical labor

more

largely

of

by the consumption of carbonaceous Although the nitrogenous foods.

muscles themselves consist principally of nitrogen-bearing albuminous products, yet in their

action they

consume carbonaceous matter greatIn this they

ly in excess of albuminous.

may
this

be compared to a furnace which though consisting of iron

does not largely consume

is

material, but
coal

which

fed
is

by the carbonaceous
it.

and wood which

supplied to

If the
tis-

exhaustion and rebuilding of the muscular

sues,

through the supply and elimination

is

of

nitrogenous substances, were as great as

erally believed, or as

gen-

might be inferred, from

foods,

the great consumption of nitrogenous

there would result great exhaustion and weak-

ness in these tissues.

that firmness

They could not have

results

and strength that

from

retaining their elements longer

and being more

slowly exhausted and renewed.

In these

facts

we

find

an

explanation of

the difference between

animals.
ing,

plant
are

and

flesh eating

The former

much more

endur-

and capable of

steady and

protracted

CARBOSA CEOUS ELEMENTS OP FOOD.

143

labor, because their food contains a very large

proportion

of carbonaceous

elements.

The
The

Camivora, on the other hand, although having

powerful muscles, are far less
case is similar with man.

enduring.

The

excessive sup-

ply of nitrogenous elements through the eat-

ing of

flesh,

or even of the more nitrogenous

vegetable foods, as beans

and other legumin-

ous plants,
strength.

is

not

calculated to increase the

How

often
his

do

cording to

we see a person, who, own opinion and that of

yet who,

ac-

his

pbysician, lives

well and upon " strengthening

foods"

and

drinks,

with

wan and
shiver-

pale face, and bloated

abdomen, goes
Hfe.

ing

and groaning through

In such

case relief can only be obtained

by the abanand bread

donment of
so-called.

this

"strengthening food," falsely

fruit

Fourteen days of a

would reduce the thick paunch and give more color to the cheeks and less color to the
diet

nose,

thus

showing

that
to

the
health.

sufferer

had
fruit

chosen the true road

That

and grain foods

afford every

element of nu-

trition is apparent,

not only from the instinct

that

demands them, and from the health and

Hi
satisfaction

PERCENTAGE OF ELEMENTS.

which they

give,

but

from

the
fol-

chemical analysis also, as presented in the

lowing chemical elements of food:

Pkecentage of Elements.
"Wheat: starch, 65;
15.20.
fat,

1.42; albuminoids,

Apples

sugar, 8

pectin, 6.5

pectose, 1.2

albumen, 0.39.
Pears: sugar, 11.5; dextrin, 2.07; albumen.
0.21.

Cherries:

sugar, 13.11; pectin

and

dextrin,

2.69; albumen, 0.9.

Strawberries
tose, 0.9;

sugar, 7.57

pectin, 0.11

pec-

albumen, 0.35.
:

Gooseberries

sugar, 6.2

dextrin, 0.7

albu-

men,

0.8.
:

Currants
0.9
;

sugar,

6.4 ; pectin,

0.1

pectose,

albumen, 0.5.
:

Kaspberries
tose,

sugar, 4.7;
0.5.

pectin, 1.7;

pee-

0.5

albumen,
:

Huckleberries
tose,

sugar, 5.7 ; pectin, 0.5

pec-

0.2; albumen, 0.7.

:

Apricots

sugar,

11.6

dextrin, 4.8

albu-

men,

0.9.

Peaches: sugar, 6.6;

0.3.

pectin,

6; Albumen,

PERCEITFAGE OF ELEMENTS.

145
;

Plums
Figs

sugar,

6.7

pectin,

6.4

pectose,

0.4; albumen, 0.3.

:

sugar, 62.5

dextrin,
pectin,

5.2

fat,

0.9.

Dates:
3.4.

sugar,

58;

1.3;

dextrin,

Grapes: sngar, 13.7; pectin, 0.5; albumen'

0.8.

These figures

are,

of course, only

approxi-

mately correct, varying with character of the

soil,

climate,

and mode of and other

culture.

The

right

use of these

fruits,

in

accordance

with the requirements of an unperverted appetite, will

be found to yield nearly

all

the

necessary elements of nutrition, both nitrogenous

and carbonaceous, and to largely replace the

daily waste

of

solid

matter in

the

system,

amounting to about eighteen ounces.

Such

nutrition,

when
is

all

other

conditions

of health are observed,

It gives

perfect

and genuine.

a pure, rich

and fresh blood, which

modand

warms, without exciting by excessive heat; and

since

the

temperature of the body

less

is

erate, it is

sensitive to
liable

outside heat
affected

cold,

and

less

to be

by

conta-

gious disease.

quiet and regular

pulse of

about sixty beats per minute indicates a mod-

146
erate waste

OBSTACLES.

of

tissue,

and promises in con-

sequence
nature

longer

life.

The

foods

that
in-

in its

purity affords give to the

perfection,

ternal organism its highest

and to

the muscles of endurance.

the greatest

strength and power

elastic,

The

step becomes
clear,

the

form

erect,

the

voice

and the whole

too,
is

appearance, beautiful.
livened, inoral

The mind,
into

en-

the emotions purified,

and the whole

nature

brought

harmony

with

Nature and her

is

eternal

truths.

true diet

thus the basis of moral as well as physical

health,

and from

it

as

a starting-point must
realization

the

race

proceed to

the

of

its

ideal perfection.
realization

The

greatest obstacle to this

in

exists not

the

world without.

The
faults

foolish

seek

it

there

and charge

their

upon the order of Nature, of which

they
is

know

so

little.

But

its

real existence

within us.

It is
it

imcontroUed appetite with

engenders.

the passions that

great

This

is

our

enemy;

this the fiend that holds off the

millennium.
that ever
restore the

To subdue
offers

this

cunning tempter
food

us unnatural

and
state

to

appetite to that
is

normal
is

in

which only the good

desired,

to return

IDEALS.

147
lust

again

to

the

paradise^

from which the

of forbidden fruit has driven the race.

It is true

indeed that this ideal cannot at

once be realized by those

perverted tastes, and

who have

inherited

have indulged them ; but we

ideal beforie ns

who up to mature life may keep a high

it,

and advance toward

our

and

especially

may we keep

children,

from

birth, in the right

way; nay, more, we may so

live that they shall enter

upon

life

under more
than

favorable conditions of organization

did, and, beginning thus,

we

may have
born
are

scarce a

thought but to obey their natural instincts; for

these

with

the

rightly

pure

and
as

simple,
is

demanding only such nourishment

exactly suited to the maintenance of

in their highest condition. to

the
It

body and mind

has been our purpose thus far

this natural diet is

show

that

found only in the various

all

grain and fruit products, which flourish in

regions of the earth in which

man

can exist in

a state admitting of development.

ish
race, driven
subsist

K a dwarfflesh as

to

the polar region, is com-

pelled to
it

upon such animal

is

can secure, there

in this no justification
is cast in.

of such a diet for those whose lot

148

SEAL NATURE OF DISEASE.

lands abounding in nutritious grains

licious fruits.

and de-

The Ileal Nature of Disease.

whatever
foreign
it

It

is

in

the nature of every aninaal to seek to throw off

substance
its

may have

been

imposed upon
ments. of food,

contrary to

natural require-

But
air,

80

long as only those elements

it

and water which

requires are

conveyed to

the body, the generation of disis

eased conditions
as

impossible.

But as

soon

any of the various unnatural foods or means

of excitement which have been

named
exists.

are sup-

plied to the system, not only the possibility,

but the active cause, of disease

Immean un-

diately after taking alcoholic drinks there is a

sense of intoxication, after tea or coffee

natural heat, and so on.

When

the senses are

in

good condition and the nerves sound, the

action of every kind of food or drink

upon

the system

may be

detected

by the

sensations
exciting,

which they cause.

Every enervating,

intoxicating, heating, or other like action of a

food or drink, affords unquestionable evidence

that

some disease-producing element has been

introduced.

The

effort of the

body

to eliminate

such

materials

is

erroneously

called disease.

REAL NATURE OF VISEASE. In

tnitli,

149
all ex-

however, the disease precedes

ternal manifestations,

and the

crisis called dis-

ease

is

simply the phenomena which accompanies

the final effort at elimination, and the conse-

quent restoration of normal conditions.

In

this light it is apparent

how

false

have

been the theories which have sought to suppress

this

ehminating
its

process

by medicines,
prophylactic

instead of removing

cause

means

by

^that

is,

by estabhshing normal and

healthful conditions.

The

introduction of im-

proper elements into the

system

is,

in

the

view here taken, the real cause of disease, and

it is

no exaggeration to

assert that in

hun-

dred cases of disease, over ninety will be found

to

originate in the consumption of

improper

foods.

When

the entire body

is

saturated with

impurities, the slightest cause

may

suffice

to
is

precipitate

an

inflammatory

crisis.

It

fortunate

when such
stomach,

action takes place

upon

the

skin,

thus sparing the more

etc.

vital organs,

the

lungs,

When
is

these

are

attacked the remedial action

for years,

often delayed

and

can only be perfected

upon the

simplest diet.

chronic affection

may

thus

150

REAL NA TUBE

01?

DISEASE.
its

require even ten years for

complete devel-

opment.

One
is

of the most frequent causes of a

crisis

that of taking cold.

This consists essentially

in a suppression of the excretions of the skin,

leading to various rheumatic and gouty affections

of an acute or chronic character.

In a similar manner as by taking cold the

crisis

may be

precipitated

by a sudden ghock
upon any part
an increased

or

by

pressure.

pressure

of the body causes an increased circulation of

blood in that part, and hence

secretion

of impure

matter, resulting,

when
,

pus

is

formed, in an eruption upon the skin,

is

and

this

nothing else than the act of na-

ture in providing a channel for the escape of

the offensive material.

is

This remedial action

apparent after vaccination for emaUpox, and

after,

sometimes also

the

first

eating of flesh

or fat, through eruptions

upon the head and

upon the

hands, through sores or abscesses in the stom-

ach or upon the skin, through

eyes, pimples

sties

upon the

face,

mouth, and other

parts of the body, and in various other ways.

In like manner do other poisonous or

eased materials act upon
the
system.

di^"

The

OREA T VALUE OF APPLES.

151

continuous use of beer and wine tends esp&

cially to

produce hemorrhoids.
affections

Tea and

coffee

often causes

of

the heart, as, for

deterioration
spices cause

instance, a hardening or

of

its

substance.
tinal ulcers

Tobacco

and

intes-

or inflammation

of

the stomach
intestines.

or of the

mucus membrane of the

The

exact

manner in which impurities

are

eliminated from the system depends upon the

habits of
life.

body which

exercises freely

in the open air excretes these foreign elements in a

more natural way

through the
;

skin, the
affec-

kidneys, and the

tions to

intestines

while the

which we have referred appear oftener

with persons of a sedentary habit.

From

the

above

considerations, based

upon experience
derive the
fol-

and

Bcientifie observations,

we

lowing physiological law of dietetics; namely:

Evei-y artificial

change of the natural food,

every unnatural method of nutrition, and every

artificial

drink, leads to

some diseased condi-

tion of the system.

Great Value of Aj)ples.

apple takes the chief rank.
est

Of

all fruits
its

the

One of

great-

advantages

is its

almost universal adaptaIt requires, also,

tion to all climates.

no cspe.

152
cially

OREAT VALUE OF APPLSS.

good

soil,

and

in

unfavorable weather
tlie

yields a proportionably larger return for

attention
fruit.
is

bestowed

upon

it

than any other

Another great advantage of the apple

it

the ease with which

is

preserved
it

in-

deed, in our Northern climate,

is

almost

the only fruit that can

the winter.
nutritious,

be kept throughout
the most
in sugar

Of

all fruits, too, it is

being the richest of

all

and albumen.
Apples should be
well-ventilated room, to
also admitted,

stored

in

a dry and
is

which the sunlight

and should be placed

possible.

in layers, It is
also

as

loosely

together as

well to cover

them with

fine-cut straw.

Where

light is excluded, the air

becomes impure, and

is

the

fruit, in

consequence,

injured.

By

the
ap-

careful observation of

these

suggestions,
until

ples

may be
this
is,

well

preserved

the reap-

pearance of berries and cherries in the spring;

and

indeed, an important consideration

with those
cles

of

who make fruits their leading artidiet. The firmness and consistency
them
to be transported
fruits.

of apples also enables

with less injury than most other

a few apples in the pocket one

With
a

may make

GREAT VALUE OF APPLES.

considerable journey, and no food
able for excursions
is

153

more

suit-

upon

foot.

The

juciest apples are the naost digestible,

ai-e

but the mealy sorts

nevertheless

to

be

preferred, since they are

more
the

nutritious

and

more

fully

answer

all

above-mentioned
is

requirements.

good apple

digested

in

about one hour and a

half, and,

with wheat,

constitutes the best possible food,

and forms
Kightly,
as

the

most excellent

bodily tissue.

then, is the apple regarded

by vegetarians
Its

the noblest of all foods.

is

nutritive value

unquestionable.

It does not, indeed, con-

tain as high

a percentage

of

the

chemical
it

elements
plies
its

of nutrition as wheat, but

lacks,

suplies

what the wheat

and herein
is

greatest value.

As wheat

the chief of
finiits.

grains, so is the apple the chief of

The most important elements found

portion,

in the

apple, and, indeed, also, in greater or less pro-

in all other

fruits,

are as

follows:

Sugar, malic acid, tannic acid, albumen, gluten,

pectin, fibrin, starch, traces of free salts,

and

water, which

latter constitutes three-fourths of

the entire bulk.

fiber

The

skin,

seeds, vegetable

and gluten

constitute

the

soHd parts.

154:

GREAT YALUE OF APPLES.

fibria
is,

The
but

indeed, not completely digestible,

is fully

when

the fruit

ripe it passes into

specific

a soluble condition.
the apple is about
.8

The

weight of

^that is,

considerably less

than water
of solids.

and there
The
is 1.4:7.

are about 15 per cent. the solids

specific gravity 'of

when dry The

than the
core,

part

of

the apple

nearest the

skin

has a finer and more aromatic taste and smell

part

immediately

surrounding
taste,

the

which has often a more watery

and

has also a less specific gravity, than the outer portion.

The more

solid apples, as the russet

and

Borsdorf varieties, are the most palatable and

nutritious.

While

ripening, the fruit gives off

carbon in the form of carbonic acid, and while

it

remains upon the tree

it

increases in solid-

ity, since
it,

there is a constant flow of sap to

fibrin increases,

and the

but the conditions

ripens after
it

are

different

where

fruit

is

plucked.

In this case the proportion of

is

fibrin
is

and of water

less,

while that of sugar

greater, so that such fruit is sweeter, but loses

in freshness and fragrance.

The
ber

apple has not only the greatest nuiHof

all

of varieties

fruits^ over

twelve

GREAT VALUE OF APPLES.

155

hundred
fused

^but

it

is

also

the most widely difIt

over the earth.

accompanies

man

everywhere except to the extreme polar region,

nevertheless
ciated.
its

true worth is seldom

apprefruits

In the country, apples and other

often constitute the almost exclusive food of

children, but the inhabitants of
cities

often

complain that they cannot relish them: that

they
cause flatulence, and that
after

eating

much
dicate

of them they observe a loss of physical

strength.

But

all

these

symptoms only

in-

a weakened or
it

diseased stomach.

In

most cases
drinks

is

warm

food and

stimulating

that have thus

impaired the natm-al

capacity for the digestion of fruits.

families

In those

where much
children,

fruit

is

eaten, especially
all

apples, the
live,

and indeed
by

who

thus

are distinguished

their healthy appear-

ance, red cheeks,

and cheerful temper; while

fruit,

those

who

eat

little

and whose food

is

that of our fashionable tables, are

often quite

the reverse in appearance and disposition.

Al-

though the nutritious quahties of apples differ

somewhat with
alike
ities.

different varieties, they are all

in their refreshing

and enlivening qual-

156

GRZA T VALUE OF APPLES.

According to the well-known experiments

of Dr. Beaumont with Alexis St. Martin, and

from the actual experience of others, a ripe

apple
is

digested

by a healthy stomach in
and a half hours.
from
it

from one to one

not,

It does
after

however, follow

this

that

the lapse of this time

is

necessary to eat

again, but only that within this time the food

passes

into the

form of blood and begins

to

nourish the body.

One
for

experiences after eating apples rather

an increase of muscular strength

and capacity

work, as

well as an

elevation of spirits
diet,
is

which, under
planted

mixed
an

often sup-

by

feverish

symptoms.

Even

after

intentionally

eating

excess of
sensations.

apples

have

felt

no disagreeable
apples
that

Of
tree
is

the

grow upon a

single

the largest are the best.

is

The

color,

as

known,

the

evidence

of

ripeness,

and

the deeper
it
is.

the color

of an apple the riper

Ked

apples should be very dark; the

lighter sorts

should have a

soft,

yellow

tint;

green apples have usually reddish spots when

completely ripe.

a person has not been

accustomed to eating apples, or cannot relish

GREAT VALUE OF APPLES.

them,

157
taking

he

should

begin
first,

moderately,

only a morsel at
ally

and increasing graduuntil

from day to day,

he can, without

inconvenience,

Such a
culture

make an entire meal of them. process may be called a gymnastic

stomach.
It is

of the

essential that
insali-

apples should be well masticated and

vated.
tion

Apples eaten without proper masticafail

not only

to nourish, but cause

etc.

dis-

turbances, belcliing, diarrhea,

The apple
pulp.

should enter the stomach

completely
masticated

in

the form of a

and

insalivated

Digestion then immediately

apples

commences.
as

But

should
differ too

not

be

eaten

dessert.

They

widely in their nature from

other food,

and

when

so

eaten are apt to

cause flatulence or rumbling in the stomach.

It is

best

to

make each meal of not more

and for
this

than two

articles,

purpose apples
being eaten

and wheat are the

in the

best, the latter

form of brown bread.

objection is often

The
that
it

m^de

to

a fruit diet

causes an overfilled and uncomfortable

feeling in - the stomach, without the real satisfaction

of the appetite.

But

this,

as already

mentioned, results from the previous bad con-

168
dition

GREAT VALUE
of the
stoniach,

OF,

APPLES.
quality

not from the

at

of of

the fruit
life

food.

Look
air

the usual

mode

of the factory laborer.

He

spends the

entire day in impure

diet,

and

subsists

upon a

of coffee, bad bread, beer or Schnappsj

It is

potatoes and bad meat.

no wonder, then,

that such, a spoiled stomach cannot endure a fresh apple.

Where

the stomach has long been

accustomed to a

flesh diet, it

may be

necessary

to introduce the fruit diet gradually, for other-

wise the weakened organs are not in a condition

to digest
it

properly.

If fruit causes diarrhea,

nausea, or other unfavorable

symptoms,

it is

an

evidence

of

a previously diseased

condi-

tion of the system, the fruit being, not a cause

of disease, but rather a means of bringing the

disease
out,

and opening the way

to a cure.
is

What
equally

has been said of the apple

applicable
to

nqt

pears,

which require
for their percoarse,

greater care and a

fect

warmer climate
There
are

development.

many
usually

woody

varieties of pears,

which are not

are

to be

recommended, and which

cooked ; but
value
is

eaten

this is

objectionable, since the real

It is also

not thereby increased.

more

STOSB PMUITS AJfD BERRIES.

difficult

159

to preserve pears than apples, and this

gives to the latter a decided advantage.

/Stone Fruits

and

erries.

These
have

are ad-

mirable

articles

of food.

We
and

plums,

prunes, peaches, apricots, gooseberries, currants,

strawberries,
blackberries,
raspberries.

These

are

of themselves

sufficient

to

cure

many
its

diseases

and to restore the

system to

normal condition.

person suffering with

desire for juicy

fever
fruits

often feels an intense

or

berries,

and

with

them
brain.

cools

the
re-

blood

and calms the heated and

life-giving

The

freshing

juice

of

the fruit

enters the blood, and passes as a messenger of

health throughout

the system.

The

severest

cases of chronic disease

may
diet.

often be perma-

nently cured by a fruit

Hemorrhoids,

rheumatism, gout, scorbutus, scrofula, and consumption,

all

of which have their origin chiefly

in a fatty and diseased condition of the blood,

are greatly relieved

by

this

method of

treat-

ment.

The

ancients understood this subject,

forest,

and banished lepers to the

where they
and the

were obliged to remain, until by a continuous

diet of berries the blood

was

purified,

disease thus removed.

160

TBE STRA WBERRY AND GRAPE.

The Strawberry.
tiful

Oh, thou modest yet beauviolet,

strawberry

Like the
lies

thoa bloomest
life,

in secret.

In thee

concealed a joyous

which thou
which he

art able

to

impart but

to

man, and

so

much

needs;

proudly and

indifferently

he passes thee by in thy humble

strength and health rather in

retreat, seeking

the

carcass of

an ox

such

is

the

folly

of

man.

The Orape.
fruits,

If

the apple

is

the king of

the grape, the aristocrat of the garden,

It flourishes

may

well be called the queen.

soil
is

only upon a good

and in a warm or temtherefore attractive

perate climate, and

on

account of
excellence.
is

its rarity,

as well as its beauty

and

Its beneficial influence

upon health
at all

well known, and hence the so-called "grape

cure;"
times,

but not only in sickness, but

it

is

a most excellent food.

The mapills."

jority of people,

we

regret to say, prefer not

to " take their wine in the form of

Father

Noah

is

described as the
after it

first

one who

employed the grape,

decay, as a

had passed into

This
is,

means of

intoxication.
its

indeed, a great perversion of

proper use

CHARACTER AS AFFECTED BY STIMULANTS.

161

and an evidence of the condition of human

society.

Character as Affected

by Stimulants.

The drinking

habits

of

a people are an im-

portant indication of their character and de-

gree of cultm'e.
excitable
in

Wine-drinking people

are

and visionary

^passionate in hate

and

love, but without

enduring energy.

Beerto
act

drinking

people

are lymphatic

slow

and slow to
of all drinks.

think.

Schnapps are the worst

eat into the stomach like
life

They

a corroding ulcer, and destroy the

.

of a

people.

nation given to the free di'inking

is

of Schnapps
ual

incapable of any great intellect-

achievement.
is

The number of popular

and
all,

drinks

legion,

according to

their

character,

exert

a marked influence on the

mental and physical, as also upon the moral

and

political,

condition of

a race.

The

in-

fluence of

narcotics is not less

marked than

that of

drinks.

Tobacco, when chewed, has

a brutalizing tendency; taken in the form of

snuff
it

leads to uucleanliness of habit;

to

and
of

when smoked,
body and mind.
ful in its effect.

a phlegmatic condition

Opium

is

still

more power-

It not only intoxicates tern-

162
porarily,

THE BUCKLEBERBT.
but

permanently lowers
use
find
it.

the

entire

character of those
to

who water-drinkers, we
also.

With regard

excesses

among

them

There are those who pour water,

as others do beer,

by the

quart, into the stom-

ach.

But we may disregard the

excessive water-

drinkers as a class, and only remark that those

who have
rule,

lived to be centenarians have, as

avoided narcotics and spirituous liquors.

easy to
its

It

is

see

how very
disuse

beneficial

and

healthful in

moral and
entire

political

influence
artificial

would be the

of

all

drinks and narcotics.

toxicating drinks

The preparation of

in-

from the grape exercises a

directly impoverishing influence

upon the wineshow

agree-

producing countries, as
with great certainty.

recent statistics
is

This

Nature's revenge

for the violation of her laws.

More

able and refreshing than any intoxicating, drink

are the juices of acid fruits^ to which water

has been added, and their enjoyment leaves no

sting behind.

The Huckleberry.
remains
only the
especially

Of

berries

there

now

worthy

of

commendation

huckleberry.

No

more

dehghtful

breakfast can be imagined than one of buckler

ojum FOODS.
bciries

163

and bread.

The

physiological action

of

all berries is essentially

the same

^purifying,

opening, refreshing and strengthening.

Grain Foods.

There
Even
as

can

be

no

doubt

that the various grains, as well as fruits, were

originally eaten

by man in

their natural
late

and

nncooked
of the

state.

as

the time

Soman
the

republic, the baking or other

cooking of grain was regarded as injurious.

When
with
self

grains

are

first

broken, but not

eaten in this

finely ground, they

fruit,

may be
not be

way
himis

if

one
it

gradually

accustom

to

it.

Let
far,

said

that this

going too

for in

the recognition and aptoo far ; rather

plication of truth

we cannot go

have those gone too far who have deviated from

this

method.
is

Pure cracked wheat

very

nourishing.

The
is

diflference

between

it

and the usual bread

always considerable.

The

latter

is

only
enliv-

nourishing, but not at the same time

ening

that

is

to

say,

it

answers the
the

place
elecits

of nutrition, but does

trical
vitality.

not increase

The bread
power which
not

consumes in
it

digestion the

itself

supplies,

while

the

wheat

only nourishes,

but,

164
like

RWRT CULTURE OF
fresh
all
fniit,

WHEAT.
strength.

increases the vital

As
does

fruits

by

the

cooking
lose

process,

so

wheat by

baking,
since the

portion

of

nutritive value,

changed condition

of the cells

is

united with a chemical change

in the albuminous molecules.

The

correctness

of this assertion

is

best substantiated

by

ex-

periment.

Fresh kernels of grain, eaten raw,

and being only well husked, are exceedingly

palatable

and

healthful.

Nevertheless, the per-

verted mouth, taste, and stomach are not generally capable of

this

taking raw grain foods

and
man-

indeed

is

not

necessary, since the

is

ner of making coarse flour bread

not injurious to the grain.
HiffAt Culture

at least

of Wheat.

If

wheat

is to

maintain
tention
culture.

its

fuU nutritive value, especial

atits

must be given to the manner of

good

fertile soil,

good manure

firom

which crude animal substances are ex-

cluded,

and in general an
are
necessary.

intelligent

mode
a

of

culture,

The
be
dust,

kernels of-

grain,
seive

quite
to
free

dry,

should

shaken in

them from

and

then

the imperfect grains

should be removed, and

the choicest only ground.

The bran

is

an im-


AITALYSIS OF WHEAT.

165

portant part of the grain and should not be

separated
also

from

it.

When removed
of the peculiar

there

ia
it.

loss

of gluten, which
office

adheres to
tissue

The
weak

natural
is

of

the bran

the

promotion of the
action of

otherwise

peristaltic

the stomach
digestion
is

and

intestines,

by which means

and a

normal evacuation of the bowels

promoted.

Over fourteen per

to the bran.*

cent, of the gluten adheres

Analysis of Wheat.
of wheat
cent.;

The
lime,

external layers

contain of

oily

matter,

1.42

per

of

phosphate of

.16 per

cent.;

which

latter is

an

indispensable element of

the bony tissue.

An analysis of the whole grain

:

shows the following constituents

65 per
cent.
is

Starch, over

of

which,

however,

about 5
sugar;

per cent,
gluten,

transformed into
cent.;

gum and
woody

14 per
fat,

phosphate of lime, .16

fiber,

per cent.;

1.42 per cent.;

per cent.; mineral matter, 1 per cent.; a

*

little

A process of removing the outside

New York,

cuticle

from wheat
into use in
flour.

without removing the gluten is

this

now coming
the

country, apparently improving

The

Health Food Company, of

attention to this subject.

has given especial

Tromdator.

166

BREAD.
salt,

common

and from
nutritive

10 to

12 per cent,

of water.

The

elements of wheat
since
its
it

are thus very rich

and abundant, and

eaten in

may,

in case of need, be

nat-

ural state,

unground and uncooked, we may well say that " every kernel is a loaf."
Bread.

^Bread made
nutritious

of the unbolted wheat

flour is

greatly superior to that

made from
re-

the superfine, and

tains
its

when properly baked

properties
for

a longer

time.

Since the bran requires more thorough

it

mastication and insalivation,

ulating influence
intestinal

exerts a stim-

on the

stomach and small

the
secretion of

glands,

increases

the

digestive fluids,

and thus promotes the

digestion of the gluten,

gum,

dextrin,

albu^

men,

etc.

The whole wheat

the

flour is

prepared

.simply

with water, thoroughly kneaded, then

fire,

set to rise near

and

finally

baked

about two hours.

is,

Such bread properly, made

fruit,

in union

with

the most delicious,

It

healthful

and

nutritious of foods.

answers

completely the purposes of nutrition.

One

is

never surfeited with

at all seasons
it

it.

At every meal and

is

always the same.

FBUIT AXJ> BREAD DIET.

167

Simplicity

Bread
as

Diet.

^We thus
is

and Beauty of
have

the Fruit

and
or

fruit

and bread
excite

articles

of food which

do

not

depress,

which

do not weary or
wholly pure

effeminate,

and whose influence

mal.
ral

and nor-

No
and

repast

can be more

simple, natuhealthful

agreeable,

none

more

and

beneficial

after vigorous labor

out

of

doors.

few

cherries,
little

plums,

berries,

grapes an,d
the

apples and a

bread

suffice to replace

used-up
in

tissue.

How

pure

and

artistic,
is

how

the highest degree humanizing,

It brings us into

such a

meal.

harmony with nature

Lightness of
spirit,

and

satisfies

every want.

gentleness of disposition

and

an

impulse to
is

labor are the result;

indeed this
the
to

the only

food immediately after

eating of

which
study

we may apply
without
injury.

ourselves

work

or

Take, for
air

example,

man
combless-

who
ings
juicy

lives in the free

and in

daily

munion with Nature, who enjoys the

of
willing
labor,

who
garden,

eats

of

the

fruits

of

the

and
is

drinks
clear

from the

pure

fountain,
is

whose eye

and whose cheek

sunlight,

crimsoned by the blessed

Jives

and compare him with one who

168

NATURE'S TRTTM BEVERAQE.

in the foul air of

subsists

some great factory and who

upon

flesh

and
two
say

potatoes, beer

and

coffee.

Look only
and of

at

two such men standing as the

distinct

representatives of
life,

systems of diet
is

and

which system

to be

preferred.

Natures True Beverage.

means of quenching
air it is the

^The only perfect

thirst is water.

Next
life.

to
It

most essential element of

constitutes about eighty per cent, of our bodies.

All the organs consume

it

it,

and the skin takes

thirst

up

BO

eagerly that
its

even

may

be

quenched by
carries

absorption.

It dissolves

and

away the humors of the blood,

equalizes

the circulation and causes the heart to beat

uniformly and without excitement.

bathing,
it

Used

in

stimulates the

surface,

and

fortifies

the

system
all

against

colds.

Water-drinkers

have, of

men, the

coolest judgment,

and are

the most alert, joyous, and enduring.

High

above

all

other drinks stands water, for,

" To the days of the aged it addeth length To the might of the strong it addeth strength
;

It freshens the heart, it brightens the sight

'T

is like

quaffing a goblet of

morning

light."

Air

is

Food.

^As

the light

and heat of

AIR IS POOD. the sun was necessary to

tlie

169

development of

organic
is

life

on the globe, so the atmosphere

to
its

indispensable
essential

continuance, for

it is

an

means of nourishing our

bodies.

From aU
tissue

parts of the circulation venous blood

flows to the heart, loaded with worn-out, effete

and carbonic
life.

acid,

and

is

incapable longer
drives this spoil-

of maintaining

The heart

ed blood

to the

open sea of

air in the lungs.

Here, in those delicate membranes surrounding

the air cells,
it

meets the oxygen, which

It is this

it

at

once absorbs.

oxygen which changes

the blood to a bright red color, and imparts

to
sees
it

freshness

and

life. it

From

this

one

how
is

important

is

to have pure air.

Nothing
health

better calculated to undermine the

than

breathing

an

impure,

poisoned

atmosphere, yet this must occur where the supply of fresh air
is

cut

off.

It is deeply to

be

regretted that the science of atmospheric dietetics is so ignored,

even by our physicians and

often

men

of science.

How

do we

see

them

holding their

scientific

meetings in unventilated
fail,

rooms.

How

often do their best remedies

when a simple and

natural diet, with bathing

170

FRESH AIR AT NIOBT.

air,

and fresh

are

alone sufficient to restore

the sick one to health.

Fresh Air at Night.

Every
his

one should
all times,

take special care every day, and at

to

provide
it

fresh

air

in

rooms and

to

breathe
of-doors;

often from that limitless sea, outair

and not only must fresh

be

furis

nished by day, but at night, also.

There

an old and absurd superstition that night

is

air

injurious

but I can

testify,

from

fifteen years'

experience,
is

that sleeping with open

windows
however,

not

injurious.

Those

persons,

who

excite their systems with

hot foods and

drinks,

which weaken the skin and cause undue

will, as

perspiration,

a matter of course, have

colds and rheumatisms if they sleep by open

windows.

Those, however,
will

who
It

live

on

fruit

and bread
agreeable

find

fresh air

at

night most

and

healthful.

may, however,

be necessary to accustom one's self gradually

to
it,

opening the windows a

little

at

first,

and

then more and more, as dent by experience.

may

be found pru-

It is

shocking to see in

what a disgusting atmosphere whole families

remain the entire night, constantly breathing
over and over again
the

gaseous emanations

BOW TO BREATHE.
of their

171
this,

own

bodies.

It is

on account of

especially, that

we meet

so

many

people in our

large cities with pale faces and sunken cheeks.

It
is,

also,

an indisputable

fact that

inflamma-

tion of the throat

may come from

it is

sleeping in

unventilated rooms, and

it is

well

known
light.

that

best cured

by fresh

air

and

The

popular expression that eating and drinking

are the most important of the physiological
functions
is

not

true.

More important than

jjther is breathing. air as a plastic

We

may even

regard fresh
like other

means of nourishment,

food, from the fact that a night of sleep in a well-

ventilated room, after a day of hard work,

truly
refreshing.

is

so

The cause
of

of

this

does

not

lie

in the repose

the organs, but in

the rebuilding of the tissues, and this could

not take place without the oxygen, which

carried to all parts of the body.

is

Six

hours

of sleep in a well-ventilated room

is

worth more

than ten in an unventilated

one.
is

That so
due
to

many become prematurely

fact that they
vitality

old

the

do not derive
air

sufficient electrical
fruit.

from the

How
this

to Breathe.

and from water and

^It

may

be remarked in
differ-

connection that

it

makes a great

172
ence

SmiMARY OF DIETETIC LA WS.

how we breathe. It is hardly to be believed that among many thousands of persons we find so few who use their lungs as they
should.

On

account of the peculiar structure of

the body, natural breathing should take place

through the nose, the

deep, and the chest
upright.

inhalations

should

be

uncramped and held uphowever,

is

Many
the

persons,

breathe

through
lation of

mouth.
true

This

a serious vio-

the
its

law of breathing.
covered
dust

The
mucus,
other

nose

has

walls
to

with

which

helps

separate

and
too,

impurities

from

the

air.

Then,

the

sense of smell warns us of any poisonous substance

is

that

may be
in
its

present.

The

air,

too,

warmed

passage through
the

the nose.

Breathing
cause of
the
teeth,

through

mouth may be the

more
especially of
as

various diseases,
throat

and

lungs,

has

been

shown by Mr.

Catlin, in his remarkable

work

upon

this

subject.

Summary of
now emimerate
to

Dietetic

Laws.

"We

may

the principal
dietetics

laws that relate

physiological
1.

The food
its

acts

by

virtue of its nourishing

its

power and

refreshing qualities,

albumin^

SUMMARY OF DIETETIC LA WS.

ous
acids

173
its
its

products,

its

vital

electricity,

salts,

and

oils, its

water and bulk,

its

physio-

logical purity,

and

stimulating and solvent

power.
2.

Every change from natural foods and

drinks to unnatural ones leads to diseased con^

ditions.

3. air

The uninterrupted enjoyment of pure

es-

and water, both of which are food, are

sential conditions to the maintenance

of health.

PART
We

III.

DIETETIC ARGUMENT.
have now to consider the question of

the practical adoption of the dietetic theories

which have been advocated in the preceding

pages.

Are

these theories

better than those

if

sanctioned

by ages of nsage, and,

so, is it

now
dice,

possible to stem the tide of popular preju-

and

to

make

of our faith a living reality ?

life

That the manner of

truth,

here proposed

is,

in

the

best,
it

we

claim,

simply upon

the
nat-

ground that
ural

has been shown to be

^that

is,

to

be in harmony with physioit

logical
its

law

and

only remains

to

present

practical details,

and

to venture

some sug-

gestions as to
its

the most prudent methods of

introduction.
is

With

regard

to children, in the mat-

there
ter.

no

difficulty

whatever

Their

appetites

demand most

eagerly

PRACTICAL ADAPTATION.
the glorioiis fruits
that,

176
all

above

else,

are

capable of imparting to their cheeks the rosy

blush of health.

If,

directly after weaning,

give them crushed fruit and

shall retain

good bread,

we we
any

their

love for a pure and natwill

ural

diet,

and they

rarely desire

other

food.
is

After the

growth of the teeth

the child

nourished independently of the

the
larger

mother; and

and stronger these

it is

become, the easier and more agreeable

to

use solid food.

desire

to

chew hard

substances

now

takes place, and this hint from

if

nature must not be disregarded,

we would
it

lay a good foundation for the future of the

child.

It is not necessary to feed

all

longer
it

on pap, and
still

kinds of broth, as if

were

only a suckhng.
often

How
and
they
set

we may
our

observe in children,

know &om
aside
desire

own
devour

experience, that
in

cooked
to
root.

food,

order
fruits

to

gratify

raw
this

or

some on
fresh

appetizing

In

way

they

practice the scientific diet instinctively.

Only
of

such
au"

food,

united

with

abundance
exercise,

and

out - of- door

children

can

healthy,

rosy-cheeked

be

raised:

176

THE BEST SEASON FOR CBASGE.

in understand

sound in body and in inind,

ing and in
If,

will.

in the

case of adults, through custom

or want of energy, a relapse from a natural

diet
is

justifiable,

there

is

no

excuse

for

accustoming children to
It

any unnatural food.

it

must be

admitted

that

is

more

diffi-

cult in the case of adults

lives followed unnatural

who have

all their

methods of

living,

and

in

their

cases

it

is

very necessary, for the

first

half year, of the

new method,

to only ex-

clude flesh,

tobacco, and intoxicating drinksw

The Best
only be

Season for Ohange.-^-K coma natural diet can, however,

the

plete change to

made

in

warm
have

season

of

the

year, for then

one

does

not miss the heat

and

excitement

which
diet.

been

derived

from the customary

shine
fills

The
fills

glorious sun-

and more than

diet.

the place of
cherries

a stimulating
ripen
other.
is

Perhaps when
suitable

more

season

than any

Both the morning and evening meal

of cherries and bread, variedj
advances, with

may be simply
as

the

season

other

fruits.

The

various grain foods in the form of pudfruit

ding, with

sauce

and

without

under-

IHX BSST SSASaH FOR

tIBA SQE.

177
abundant
even
if

ground
dinner,

vegetalJes,

will

make an
eaten
cold,

which may be

cooked.
the

The

taste will

soon be adapted to
will

change,

and natural food only

all

be

relished.

Thus supported by
light

the enliven-

ing influences of

and

air,

l^e whole

system
life.

improves

as

if

infused with a

new
is is

The muddy
depart,

eomplexioiii
heal,

improves, the

pimples

sores

and

there

a pure, sweet taste in the mouth; the nose

freed

from

muciis
is

secretions; and,

in short,
this
it

a new
diet are

man

bom.

The advantages of

so comprehensive, and the delight

so great,
all

gives

is

that

we
cold,

willingly bid defiits

ance to

those hindrances that obstruct

enjoyment.

The

first

wet day does not

make ns
rienced

dull

and hea^,
blessing

for

we have
in

expe-

the

of

living

harmony

with nature.
If
shall

we

continue this manner of living,

we

scarcely feel the approach of winter, or

shiver at the cold, as formerly.

ever, the mid-day

Should, howgrains,

meal of

fruits,

and

nuts

fail

at

first

to satisfy,
this

we have
life

only to

be

patient,

for

manner of

should
It

not give pain, but joy and freedom.

may,

178

TBS BEST SEASON F0R CBANQE.

however, in such cases be well to return for

a while
at

dinner

to

our

ordinary

food

simply cooked, though there will be a loss of

freshness, accompanied,
it

may

be,

by a

feelfeel-

ing of satisfaction.
ing which

But

this

comfortable

one experiences after eating such

to

food
ation

is

inferior

the fresh, buoyant sens-

after

a natural

meal.

There

is

no
but

cause of a relapse to
the want of

the

former

diet

an earnest will and energy.

He
it

only deserves freedom

and

life

who

gains

by

the daily conquest of

self.

Without

this

victoiy nothing can

be accomplished.

One never
breakfast,

feels

more
than

vigorous,

or

more

agreeably aroused,

when he makes a
winter morning,
glass

on a

bitter

cold

of bread,

apples,

and a

of

water.
de-

With what
that

ease, indeed

lightful feeling

even with what a

^the

external cold is borne, and

by

virtue of

an inner freshness and power

does not succeed in

of endurance.

When one

adapting himself to a diet of fruit and bread,

the cause
is

not in a deficiency of nourishment,

in

but rather

the
.

fact that

an apple with
the

bread requires a stronger

stomach than

more

easily

assimilated

milk aud

soft bread.

ADVANTAGES OF FRUIT AND BREAD.

179
regain

The
ual
one.

fii'st

reqmsite in such cases

is

to

a good constitution,

and

to this

end a grad-

change
It
is

is

much
the

better
to

than a sudden

also

essential

spend several
-

hours

daily

in

fresh

out
is

of- door

air,

and when

the

transition

not

abruptly, not the least difficulty

made wiU be

too
ex-

those

Even the muscular strength of who do hard work will not diminish. In my own case I work several hours daily
perienced.

in

my

garden, and

am

perfectly satisfied with

bread and apples.

Great pains must be taken to have a perfect

bread.

It

must be

thoroughly baked,

neither too soft nor too hard, and capable of

being

cut

into

thin

slices.

The

drinking-

water must be clear and free from any taste

except
tliat

which naturally belongs to

it.

Advantages of the Fruit and Bread Diet. The fruit and bread diet leads ns to avoid
unhealthful
influences,

such, for

instance, as

sitting for hours in a

room

saturated with the

also,
is

fumes of tobacco.
natural wlien the

The

sleep,
is

more

stomach
is

not overloaded,

and hence the mouth

ing
is

closed

and the breathas it should be.

through the

nostrils,

180

COST OF THIS DIET.

In the morning we nimbly spring out of our

beds at an early hour, and take a real delight
in the invigorating bath with its
friction.

accompanying
the moun-

With what joy we ascend

cast ourselves

tain

and

on the bosom of mother

vision

natm-e.

With what a dehghted

we

be-

hold the valley, the wilderness, the blue heavens

above.

How joyously we
her,

feel ourselves

aroused
are

by the breath of Nature,

in

for

we know we

harmony with

and with her laws.

Emancipated from the shackles of an unnatural

hyperculture,
soul

we

regain a freedom which

the

has

sought for thousands of years, but

systems of philosophy,
neither in

foimd neither in new

nor in new forms of goverment;

dreamed-of
ideals,

nor in momentary pleasures.

Cost of this Diet.

The

cost of the fruit

and bread
ported on
fruit is

diet

is

less

than

any other.

strong man, doing hard work,

it

may

be well sup-

for

one dollar a week, and, when

less.

abundant and cheap, for

What

a difference in price from other ways of living.

still

more

striking advantage lies in the entire

it

independence

gives one of time and place

and of the whims and caprices of others.

especially the case

This

is

when we

journey, and would

BMANClPATTOy OF WOMAK.

181
all

hold ourselves unincumbered by

to meal-time.

relations

Fruit

everywhere, and

bread

may be obtained almost may be carried with

slight inconvenience.

The
for, since

fruit

and bread

general use
it

in
is

diet is in much more Germany than many suppose;

all

the cheapest, there are in

great ities

use

it.

when

at

many workmen who are forced to may be observed in summer, night they may be seen coming home
This
fruit

from wotk, eating

from the market.

As,

however, they eat white instead of brown bread,

they are
less

benefited than

they otherwise

would

be.

Etnancipation of

Woman.

^With the bread

slave

and

fruit diet

comes the emancipation of woman.

longer be a
to the

She

will

then no
it

kitchen, for

will

hardly

exist.

The time

which she formerly devoted to so much codcing

she will then devote to the wise education of

her children, to garden work, and to her

culture.

own

Prints Concerning Eating.

^There

yet re-

main a few words to be said concerning eating

and drinking.

The

appetite is best controlled

satisfied

and most normal when

at regular

182
intervals.

HINTS COSCERSISa EA TISB.

Many

dietetic

reformers

eat but
at four

twice a day

at ten in the

morning and

or

five

in the afternoon

^yet

in

my

opinion

three meals are preferable.

If one arises in the

five

morning between four and

a breakfast will
eight.

o'clock, then

be greatly enjoyed at about

Dinner, however, will be the chief meal,

best

and

is

eaten

between twelve

and one

o'clock.

Under the old system of

distinctly divided into

diet,

the day

is

two halves by the midwhere the food so

its

day meal, a long pause and a time of dullness

and

rest being necessary,

surfeits

the
all

system and taxes

this

vital ener-

gies;

but

has no appKcation

to the
unfits

bread
the

and

fruit diet,

which in no way
exertion,

body

for
is

continued

and

thus

each day

a unit of labor and of health.

l?he best hour for the evening

six

meal

is

between

and seven

o'clock, and, if

one would sleep

sweetly and naturally, this meal should be light.

The English custom of taking the

between
open
to
five

chief

meal

and

six o'clock in the evening is

serious objections

and

is

evidently

unnatural.

This appears from the following

considerations:

The

cause of

all

organic

life

HINTS COXCSJtSHfO EATING.

183
is

on the
heat,

planet, so far as force

we know,
activity

the light,
all

and chemical

of the snn, and

vegetable and
it.

animal

depends

upon

The
its

greatest activity of the

human body
up
to
this
is

in all

functions is in the middle of the day.

Man's power of work increases

hour ; and since the demand for nourishment

greatest

when

the bodily and mental activity

are at the highest point, digestion and assimilation being

most perfect then, the most imporat about this time.

It

tant
is

meal should be

better to

commence a meal with

bits

soft juicy

fruits,

and small

of bread.

The bread

should not be heavy, but firm, light and good,

so that mastication, which
process,
is

a very agreeable
the food is not

may be

complete.

K
is

perfectly

prepared

and thoroughly
it

chewed,

and

insalivated before

swallowed, diges-

tion cannot be perfectly performed,

and thus
vitality of

much, not

only of the electrical

its

the food, but also of

is lost.

nourishing properties,
is

A very

important use of fruit

to

restore to the tissues the fluids

lost

which have been

excretion.
fruit,
it

by evaporation, exhalation and

a
knife
is

When

used for cutting

should be

made of silver,

horn, or crystal.

Steel

184

POSITION IN EATING.
fruit

knives impart to

disagreeable
ia

taste.

Position in Eating.

^Whea one

not too

weary,

it is

much

better to take lie food while

standing or walking.

This

seem unnatural, but in

may at first thought truth man is the only

animal, or certainly the only one of the higher

vertebrates, "vdio habitually sits or reclines while
eating,

and there

is

no good reason why he

should constitute an exception here more than

in various other respects, which occasion to point out.

we have had
food
is natural,

Where tb,e
it,

the method of preparing

posture while eating
tm-al.
it,

and the physical

also well

may
is

be na-

"While eating

fi'uit

one does not experiinduced by

flesli

ence the drowsiness that

foods,

and there

is therefore

much

less cause

to

sit.

The

usual position at table somewhat

obstructs the circulation in the chest

and
it

ab--

domen, and
be most

this hinders digestion

when

should

active.

It also admits of the stomach

being overloaded
perceptibly, the

much more
first

readily

and imThose

sense of fuUness being

often

experienced only

upon

rising.

who

sit

at table should at least sit erect.

The

natural

sensations will

then

more

certainly

indicate the proper quantity of food.

8LMSP.

185
is

Sle^.
of the

In the evening there

many

a relaxation
seek to

system, which

persons

overcome by stimulation with

tea, beer, wine,

or tobacco, but a certain diminution of strength in the evening

is

a perfectly natural result of the

labors of the day and of the absence of light.

To

prevent this relaxation by stimulation

is

un-

natural, for the

most important want of naof night come on

early,
is rest.

ture as the hours

We

should, then, retire

and

rise

again

early in the morning.

By

so doing the re-

quirements of nature are kept, and the reward

is

health.

It is

one of Nature's open secrets

that

we must

live in

harmony with her arrangeto

ments, not only as

other respects,
if

our

food, but

in all
lives.

we would prolong our

That old

couplet,

" Early to bed and early to rise, Makes a man healthy and wealthy and wise,
is

well founded in science.

Adaptation

to the

Fruit and Bread Diet.

^When one
diet,
it

first

begins the fruit and bread

often happens that he loses in flesh,

and
Tliis

is

troubled with

gases

in

the stomach.

does not occur in perfectly healthy persons.

let

In such instances,

no one be mislead by

falsa

186

ADAPTATION TO FRUIT AND BREAD.

This simply shows that the process

conclasions.

of adaptation has not been perfected.

of the
face, especially if it extends
is

Kedness
over the

head and neck,

not always an evidence of

high health ; but, rather, of an enlargement of

the arteries in their ramifications through the
skin, often

rendering
is

them

visible.

At

the

same time the skin

rough.
is

apt to be wrinkled and

tint of the skin

In perfect health the

clear

and
and

beautiful,

and the eheeks have

a natural

rosy glow.

The

pale,

faded

complexion so

common

is

caused by unnatural

nourishment and

insufficient aeration of the blood.

In order to guard against the paleness of face

unjustifiably
it is

charged to a

fruit

a bread

diet,

advised that diligent exercise be

doors;
especially

taken,

out of

in

the

woods, or
this

by
is

mountain
not

climbings;

and

-where

practicable,

by work

in the garden,
transition

or
this

gymnastic
diet
is

exercises.

The

to

more
is

easily

made when abunand the

it

dant

exercise

taken,

depression
is

which

sometimes

comes from
means.
It

largely
that

prevented by this
at fiist there
will

may be
a

be experienced

certain
soft

longing after fatty foods.

In such cases

ADAPTATION TO FRUIT AND BREAD.

bread, nuts and almonds, wil^ give more

187
last-

ing satisfaction than

it

is

possible to

obtain
excite-

from

animal

fat.

That

craving

for
its

ment which animal food gives has

principally in
deficient
exercise,

origin
long-

or
is

continued, one sided activity, which

to

be
as

counteracted

by

such

out-door

exercises
gastric

have

been

mentioned.

The
its

juice
food.

changes
Fats

somewhat with a change of

flesh

and
fibers

impair

natural

qualities.

The

of the

stomach

are

weakened,

and the digestive

fluids so

changed, that an

apple is not easily dissolved.

K one, however,
and continues
digestive fluids

makes the

change

gradually,
tlie

the natural food patiently,

return to their natural strength,

and the walls

of the stomach become once more accustomed

to

the

presence

of raw

fruit,

so

that

it

is

easily digested.
flesh,

The system then takes on

fall

and the cheeks become

and

rosy,

as they ought to be in a normal condition.

At
is

flrst

one misses the stimulus of heat that

fi-om

carried

the stomach to

every part

of the body, but I can testify from

experience that if
is

my own
diet

the change to a cooling

this loss

made

in

summer

of excitement

188
is easily

QUAlfTlTT OF POOD.

and

wiljiiigly bbrne,

and

after a short

time
is

more

agreeable and refreshing feeling

experienced on a fruit and bread than on a

diet.

mixed
is

The

excessive perspiration

which

caused by hot foods, and which

the

so weak,
as

ens

system, disappears, and

to the

as soon

we become accustomed
not
in

change

we do

the

least

miss the stimulus of unna-

tural food.

Quantity of i'bO(f.<Closely related to the

questions

we have been

discussing

is

another

of very great importance in the establishment

of a

scientific diet.

This relates to the quantity

of food necessary to the maintainance of perfect

health,

and here as elsewhere an unperverted

is

appetite

the best 'guide.

Especially

is

this

true with those

who have
for

continued the fruit

and

bread

diet

long

time.

Most by
It

people eat

more than they

this excess

require, and, the

worst of
its

it is,

acts injuriously
its

quantity

more than by

quality.

may however be
bread
its

said in favor of th6 fruit

it

and

diet, that

never acts injuriously

is less injurious

by

quality,

and in excess

than

any other.
first

An

overloaded

stomach causes,

of

all,

discomfort and Ul-humor, while a

CRASOB op DIET.
joyous feeling
as
is

IgQ

maintained in no
eating.

way

bo well

by moderate

An

instinctive feeling

should always teU us

when we have eaten

stuflfing

enough.

If

we

eat more, this voice of nature

becomes

silenced,

and we may go on

at the expense of health.

Change of Diet.
istry

Is it necessary that
diet, as

we

should occasionally change our

claims
to

chem-

teach

us

Evidently, not
indicate,
fruits

further

than

the

seasons

by congrains,
to

stantly presenting to us

new
illy

and

unless

our

food
it

is

so

adapted

our

wants that
our
sis,

does

not thoroughly

nourish

bodies.

In
the

wheat, according to analy-

we

have

most perfect
forget
that
to
it

grain food.
is

But we must not

sided view of
this

one-

subject

take into ac-

count
food

only

the

amount

of

nourishment

a
its

may

contain,

and leave unconsidered

elasticity
is

power
feeling.

to impart

and buoyancy of
abundantly

This latter

obtained

from

fruit,

which, according

to chemistry, is

much poorer in nourishment Those who would live upon

ble variety of food should

than wheat.
the least possi-

choose apples and

all

wheat.

In these are found

the elements

190

CHANGE OF DIET.
I have

necessary to the support of the body.

myself lived for months at a time on fruits

alone,

and these in no great

this diet experienced

variety,
loss

and have

upon

no

of strengthj

while there has been an evident increase of

the electrical vitality of the system.
If I were

compelled to choose a single article of food

upon which to

subsist exclusively,

I should at
is

once select the Heine tte apple, which

liarly rich

pecu-

in

nutritive

elements.

There are

well-authenticated instances of persons subsist-

ing for a long time, either from choice or necessity,

upon a

single article of food.

In one
exclusive

case

apples constituted the

almost

food of a farmer for forty years, the health and

strength
gree.

being preserved in the highest de-

certain variety of

food
at

is,

however, to

be recommended.

But

a single meal va-

riety is neither necessary, nor, to the

appetite, agreeable.

normal

The fewer the number of

is satisfied,

dishes the sooner the appetite

while

too great a variety acts as an improper stimulant.

It is

a flagrant violation of natural law

to indulge in course after course of wholly dif-

ferent foods, in the

manner seen

at our fash-

TTNRIPB

FR VIT.

191

ionable tables.

Snch

excesses lead only to

gluttony and disease.

may mention

in this connection an ex-

isting prejudice against eating fruit

and drink-

ing water at the same meal.

This feeling has

no

justification in fact, and, indeed,

one of the

best tests of a sound condition of the digestive

organs

is

the ability to receive uncooked fruit

and cold water at the same time.

Only a

weak stomach
before

will refuse them.

Unripe Fruit.
it is

^In

regard to eating
it

fruit

perfectly ripe,

may be

said that

an unperverted
fruit is best

instinct is om* best guide.

it

when
fruit

is

most agreeable to a
finiit

healthy palate.

Unripe

contains

more
excess
It

add, and ripe

of acid
is

more

sugar.

An

is

neither healthful nor agreeable.

fruit

very natural that unripe

should cause

congestion in

weak stomachs, yet

instincts

children in the
to eating
far astray,
not,

country
fruits,

who have been accustomed

do not go
fruits,

and whose

sometimes crave unripe

apparently, injured

and are

by them, though

city chil-

dren going to the country have to be very

cautious in this respect.

192
Mastication,

XASTTCATIOlf,

" Food
case

well

chewed,"

says
is

an old proverb, "is half digested."

especially

This

the

with

fruit

and

bread.

When
it

not well chewed and mixed with saliva

stomach, nd
its

distresses the

nourishing

qualities cannot
suffer, there is

be appropriated-

The muscles

a loss of strength and courage,

with paleness of the face and emaciation.

careful investigation

A
fact

wiU always reveal the

that these appearances have their origin, not

in the food, but in the

erty of
chief
fore,

blood,

way of taking it. Povcommon m. this age, has a

rapid
eating.

cause in

Those, theredis-

with

whom

the fruit and bread diet

agrees, should
it,

not at once lay %j& blame tp

for the real cauB

may

lie

in the

manner

of eating aad in imperfect insalivatiop, unless,

as before stated, the stomach has previously

been ruined, in which case

normal by wise measures.

it

must be made
thorough
p;repits

araMoa of the food in the mouth adds to

flavor,

and gives a more immediate supply of

nom-ishmenti
ffftificial

The

general

demand

for

the

stimulation of beer, wiue, tob|,cco, tea

and

coffee, is

caused partly by an overloaded

is

stomach ; but when the food

well masticated

BINTS OS DRINKWa.
this craving is

193

seldom

felt.

Imperfect masticause

cation is also the frequent

of acidity

of the stomach.

Mints on Drinking.
drinking,
little

^With

reference to

can be said that the thoughtful

man
only

does not akeady know.

Let one drink

of the hour or

when

thirsty, regardless

the season of the year.

Let the temperature

is

of the water be such as

agreeable

most natural and

nor
too

neither

too

cold
little

warm.

When
it

overheated, but

cold water should

effects

be taken, on account of the injurious

may

have upon the stomach, heart, lungs

It

and

brain.

may

not so seriously injure a always better to rest

healthy person,

still it is

little

and cool

off the

hands and

face, after

a march or run, before drinking.

On

marches

and long walks the proper quantity of pure

water
is enlivening,

and promotes endurance.

Changes Must he Gradual.

^When

it

is

impossible to continue the fruit and bread diet

throughout the

year,

or

when the
at least

constitu-

tion is such that this is not admissible,

is rarely the case,
it

which

may

be adopted

to advantage during the

summer and autumn

months, in order to give the system an oppor-

194

TBE EXCRMMEHTT.
its

tunity to cast out

old refuse matter, and

accumulate fresh and healthy blood.

eral,

In genare

those with weakened

constitutions

advised to regard the fruit and bread diet as an

ideal,

and to

strive as far as possible to carry it

out.

The

conditions of

modern

society render

it difficult at

times to live in a natural manner,

if

but

we may,

both the theory and the will

are right, gradually approach the true standard.

The Excrement.
sive character
different

The
of

exceedingly

offen-

of

the

human excrement,
the

so

from

that

lower

animals,

may fairly be human food is

logical-

regarded as an indication that

not in accordance with physio,
this

law ; and

primorfacie evidence

is

strikingly confirmed

by the

fact that the ex-

crement of persons living upon a purely vegetable diet, consisting largely of fruits, is far
less offensive

than that of the same persons

with
its

when
ments.
sisting

eating flesh

usual accompaniof
nature,
foods,

Animals in a

state

sub-

upon

their

own

chosen

are

capable of fully

digesting the

nutritive ele-

ments,
while
foods

leaving
the
is

only an

inoffensive

residue,

unsuitable

character

of

human
horrible

sufficiently

indicated

by the

THE EXCREMENT.

195
yield.

and disease-breeding product which they

It is not

strange that

fastidious

writers
sub-

on medicine, who investigate every other

ject,

turn

away from the examination of

a
material

so

repulsive

with

disgust,

or
is

with
not a

only the slightest mention.

But

it

matter of indifference odor

is

whether a disagreeable

given off with the breath, and whether

the exhalations from the skin are full of bad-

smelling substances.
indifference whether
for it
is

Nor
the

is

it

a matter of
is

excrement

foul,

only

an index of what our food

and

its

transformations have been.

The

last

process of digestion takes

place in the duo-

denum, and leaves only a

and
this should

weak
This

acid odor,
off

be the only smell given

is

from human

excrement.
of

the

case

when

the

diet consists

fruit

and bread,
this

but the slightest

change

from
?

may

at

once be observed in the feces

is

If the food

not thoroughly masticated, a bad smell in

is

the excrement

one of the

results,

and

this

should teach us the importance of attending

to

apparently
is

trifling

matters.
if

The

subject

here treated

instructive,

not agreeable,

and cannot be omitted from a

full discussion of

196
dietetic

EVIDENCE FROH PBOTOGRAPOT.

questions.
It certainly

affords

direct

evidence in favor of the fruit and bread diet.

Evidence

from Photography.

^We have in
its

photography an excellent means of determining

the condition of the blood.
quality, the

Acqording to

blood deposits more or less impure

all

material in

the cellular tissues.

Such de-

posits occur also in the sebaceous glands pf the

skin,

which secrete a natural

fat

and deposit it

in the

mucus layer between the true skin and

Although the color of the mucus
through the epidermis,
its

epidermis.
layer

is visible

finer

shades are not seen in this manner, yet they

appear in the photographic negative with such

sharpness that the slightest impurities are here

apparent as dark specks. This phenomena

called the
is

due to what
invisible

may

be
is,

photography of the

that

to that remarkable property of light

by virtue
fall-

of which the chemical action of color rays

ing upon the plate varies with the rapidity, of

their transmission to
it.

It is interesting to ob-

serve the accuracy with which the condition of

the skin

is

thus shown, varying as

does,

the shade

upon the plate

from the utmost delicacy

seive-like

and pm-ity to a peculiar

character

COMPLETE REFOUM.
that able
is,

197

appearing as
holes
;

if

punctured with innumer-

little

these in the -worst cases being

irregularly united, so as to present a

less

more or
After
tobacco

ragged and unsightly appearance.

a person has taken

mUk,

fat, beer, flesh,

and

other like injurious

substances into the

system, even
exhibits
this

for a little time, the negative

punctured appearance

while in
life
is

the case of those

whose manner of

wholly

corrupt, these defects are often

mag-

nified into such blotches as are seen

upon the

face

itself in

skin diseases.

CoTTvplete

Reform.

It

is

true that

those

previously accustomed to a flesh diet, and whose

general habits of
find
cult.

life

have also been bad, will

diffi-

an immediate and complete change

To
as

this

there

is

necessary a moral as

well

a physical element, and the

change

undertaken should therefore by no means be limitied

to the single matter of food.

Let a perof dietetic

son convinced

of the

importance
it

reform undertake with

every other needed

improvement.

Let him

rise early in the

morn-

ing and retire early at night.

Let him devote

the morning hours to mental culture, the mid-

day to

business

or

physical

labor,

and the

198
evening
to

COMPLETE BEFOBHr.
innocent
recreation.

Let

him

breathe, both

day and night, pure

air, for this

alone

is

the real "breath of Ufe."

Let him

bathe in pure water, in the pure sethereal ocean

too,

and in the glorious

the
process of
is

sunlight.

In

change diligent

out-

door labor

especially to

be recommended.

The

heat of the body being thus maintained

in a perfectly natural manner, there is

less of that
is

much

craving for

artificial

stimulants which
life

especially generated

by a

of indolence

or by laboring in the confined and impure air of factories.

There are whole

classes of

work-

men who
thirst

are notorious for their injurious drink-

ing habits, and

to

who

attribute their unnatural

their

the state of the air in

over-

crowded

and

ill-ventilated

workshops.

For

such persons a reformation in diet would be

scarcely possible unless that
their food, the air

other element of

-for air

is really food

could
A
is

also

be

purified.

The much vaunted " dignity

all

of labor "

does not exist where

are

the attend-

ant

conditions

physically

injurious.
itself,

food reformation, however

therefore of
little

good in

significance without a

com-

plete elevation of life

and

character.

COMPLETE REFORM.

199

The
that
it

objection often

made

to a simple diet,

requires the sacrifice of appetite

and of

social pleasures,

has no justification

in fact.

He who

returns to nature returns to the sweet-

est enjoyment.

The

sense of taste

is

rendered
natural
experi-

much more

acute by eating only of

and unseasoned food, and the pleasure

enced in eating
is

thus greatly increased.

is able,

One
it

whose food

is

thus pure

for example, to

determine from the flavor of an apple whether

has been grown upon a
Injurious substances
tected.
fertile

or a poor
are

soil.

in food

quickly de-

Thus while the

taste is keenly alive to

agreeable

sensations, it experiences

no long-

ing for those unnatural stimulants or pleasures

which reason has

fruits

rejected.

To

it

the

simple

of the garden are most delicious as they

nature, while beer and

come from the hand of

and often even

tobacco, flesh and condiments, are disagreeable,

disgusting. It requires, therefore,

no

efibrt

of

self-control to restrain the purified

appetite

from unhealthy

foods,

however temptThose

ing they

may seem
of having

to others.

who

have, happily, learned the better

conscious

way

are un-

made any

real sacrifice,

but rather feel that both the appetite and the

200

COMPLETE REFORM.
its

means of

enjoyment have been greatly im-

proved by the change.

But the improvement does not stop

here.

The

purification of the physical system

most

naturally leads
intellectual

to

the

improvement of the

and moral, and thus a reform com-

mencing with the lowest of the appetites and

passions is carried

up through

all

the faculties,

and made to include the

entire

man.

When
those

thus complete there can be no thought of a

return to a lower plane of Hfe, or to

disease-producing foods that have been so willingly rejected.

Only a diseased stomach

food.

de-

mands unhealthy
a
is

In

the

adoption
of

of

natural
greatest

diet,

the

necessity

caution

in

the

case

of

adults

and of

invalids.

Toimg
it

people in good health

at

may

make the change

though

once

and

eompletely,
it

may be

well to precede

with a

day of
the

The empty stomach will then more readily accept the new food, and no
fasting.
is

precaution
eating.

necessary but that against over-

It does
is

indeed sometimes happen that

attended for a
little

the

change

tune by

irruptions

upon the skin; but

this is not

an

unfavorable symptom.

It is only the necessary

COMPLETE RSFORM.

201

resolt of the increased vital action of the sys-

tem, which removes impurities in this manner.

No

treatment

is

necessary in snch cases farther

than that of a proper regulation of the food

and drink:

steady continuance in a right

course of living will result in a rare purity and

clearness of the
skin.

A similar

excretory process through the skin

takes place often at the beginning of winter;

the bracing atmosphere of the season causing

increased activity of the vital forces, and the

consequent

elimination

of impurities
is

in

this

manner.

This, however,

often

attributed

to a lack of nourishment, though the existence

of these impurities

is

more

often due to the

excessive richness of the food.

StUl another

cause of these cutaneous eruptions

may

exist

in the impurities which those wlio try to live

naturally are compelled to take into the system

when
The

their

chosen food cannot

be

obtained.

delicacy of the sensations causes a rapid

elimination

of

the

injurious

material

thus

introduced into the blood.

in

The
of

best treatment
all

such cases,

and indeed
is

affections

of a similar nature,

by the

local application

202
of
cold-water

COMPLETE REFORM.
compresses, and

by

increased

attention to diet

and out-door

exercise.

No other
The
ob-

treatment
jections

is

necessary in such cases.

urged against natural diet

are very

numerous, and relate especially to the seeming

aversion of the stomach to simple and unstimulating

food ; yet I have

known many, and

it

es-

pecially

young people,

to adopt

with enthuit is

siasm,

and with complete success; and

here worthy of note that those

readily

who have most adapted themselves to it, and who

it,

have derived the most advantage from

have

been persons of previous good habits, and of

moral tendencies.
necessary to
it

There seems, indeed, to be

a certain simplicity and purity

of character.
that persons

In not a few cases I have leai'ned

whose habits of

life

have long

been corrupt, and especially those who have

been sexually diseased, find

it

very

difficult

to

exchange their stimulating diet for

a simple

and natural one.

That such persons might be

permanently cured by the change

may

well be

believed, yet it is at first peculiarly uncongenial

to their acquired tastes, their complaint being

that cool unstimulating food "does not agree
witli the

stomach."

SATURAL

DIET.

203

Tlie true test of a proposed system of diet

is,

however,

its

adaptation to the requirements

of those -who are sound and healthy.

will in

Such

no

case

find the food

which nature

has designed for

man

otherwise than agreeable

and strengthening; and one whose system has

been corrupted, and whose appetite has been
perverted

by

evil habits, will find

such foods
is

agreeable just in proportion as the system

cleansed,

and the whole

life

improved.

Where

an invalid has the will to adopt and adhere

to
it

a pure and natural

will

diet,
if

the adaptation to
gradual.
digestive

be certain, even

Improvement commences with the

system.

The appetite becomes normal and the

The
pulse be-

action of the bowels regular.

comes

less rapid,
all

and the nervous system calm.

forces

Thus

the

vital

are

relieved,

and

whatever impurities
are

may

exist in the

system

eliminated

by

nature's

own

processes.

When
and

the normal functions are thus restored,

obstacles
to their healthful
is

"the

activity

removed, the cure of disease

the resulting condition
this
is

complete, and

is

that of health.

And

all

there is of a true remedial system.

cures.

Nature alone

The

physician has but to

204
see
tliat

CONCLUSION.

no obstacles are thrown in her way,

t-he

and that
quire
BO in

elements which her processes

re-

are furnished;

and these are

so. simple,

harmony with the natural

for

instincts, that

the

wisdom of a
;

child is sufficient to find

and

to use them

what but freedom

it

does a

child require in order that

may

dwell in

the sunlight, and drink at the fountain, and

pluck the ripe

Conclusion.

fruit

as" its

food.

The

study which

we have here

made

of the

human

system, and the facts of

experience

which have been presented, have

led to the conclusion that fruit and grain food

constitute the true scientific diet of

man, and
"

thus
shall

is

answered the great question :

eat
?

What

we

"

Strange indeed

it is

that there

should ever have been so

mucH
food

controversy re-

garding

it

for that man's original organization

is

was best adapted to this

clear,

and

that his remote progenitors were frugivorous in

their habits is generally conceded

by phy-

siologists; and, since

the physical organization

has not changed,

it

follows with certainty that

;

the food properly remains the same

is

for

man
all

not independent of nature.

faculties

He

is,

with

his

and

capabilitieB,

in all that re-

CONCLUSION.
lates

205

to his race

and individual development,

but one member in tbe great unity of animate

nature.

The laws

of organic

life

apply

to

him

as well as to every other living creature,

and by

no arbitrary will or act of his can

they be set aside.

In determining these laws we are greatly

aided

by our
is

natural instincts, the expression

of which
customs.

found in

many

beautiful

and poetic
been

The

ear of wheat

has ever

regarded as the emblem of industry, and the

apple as the

emblem of
fruit

love.

The

artist

em-

bodies his ideal of humanity in a figure holding

a basket of

and
is

flowers.

Ceres, the god-

dess of agriculture,

represented as the tamer

of wild

passions,

and as the loving mother

who would
ity

lead her children back to simpliclife.

and pm-ity of was the

What
of

Ceres was in

Koman

mythology, Iduma was in the Northern

protectress

she
tality.

the apple, the

food by which the gods preserved their immor-

In the religious observances of the German

people this sentiment appears
form.
tree
in

a beautiful

The

apples that adorn the Christmas

are held to symbolize the infinite love

206
of

CONCLUSION.

God

in giving his only son for the redemp-

tion of

man.
is

There

no more

delightful festal

day in

the farmer's

home than

that which celebrates

it

the gathering of the fruit, for

it

brings with

health,

wealth and contentment.

the
tables

On On

this

joyous

occasion,

are spread with

the choicest fruits

of the season.

each

vase

lie in

profusion

swelling grapes, luscious

plums

and peaches, deliciously

apples.

sweet
the

pears,

and rosy-cheeked
flock

How

joyous

of

healthy
the

children look with longing

eyes

on

beautiful sight.
is

Life-renewing,

life-preserving,

the

delicious nectar

which

flows into the blood, and to the hearts of these

pure creatm'es.

Happy

the lot of those

who

thus live in the simlight, and breathe

of the forest and the field,

the air

and gather their

are the true
their

food from the

children

soil.

They alone

of

Nature.
seal,

Upon
their
all

brows

she sets her

is

and in

speaking eyes

revealed a

harmony with
is

her laws.

The
1.

following

a brief synopsis of what

has been said in these pages:

According to

the

results

of

scientific

CONCLUSION.

207

study,
is

man

is

by nature

frugivorous, and this

in

harmony with

his instincts

and

feelings.

Any

departure from this must prove injurious

to the health

and to the mental and moral

nature.
2.

Climate and surroundings cannot change

the nature of
3.

man

with regard to food.

ilesh-food
is

The use of

has a corrupting
distasteful

influence

on the body,

to

the

sensitive nature,

and in causing the death of

the

the animal

is

immoral, for

work of the

butcher
4.

is

inhuman and barbarous.

is

There

no further necessity of

contin-

uing a flesh diet in middle Europe or America,

as

we can from

our

present

supply of

fruits,

nuts and
at least

grains, live

on bread and

fruit for

nine months of the year, and by pro-

per care

may

extend this time to fully twelve

months.
5.

The wise adoption

of the fruit and bread

diet

would ultimately
social benefit to

result in a great physical

and

mankind.
for using
flesh
is

6.

The
of

only excuse
other food.

scarcity

208

COKCLUSIOS.

The
all

scientific diet, therefore,

which answers

the requirements of nature, being in beauti-

ful

harmony with her

laws,

and which I once

is,

more recommend

to the reader

Fbcit and Bbead.

GEEMAN
1.

AOT) ENGLISH WOEKS QUOTED BY THE ATJTHOE.

Lecture upon Foods.

R. Virchow.

From the

Col-

lection of Popular Scientific Lectures, published

by

Virchow
3. 3.
4.

& Holzendorf

Berlin.

Thomas Huxley.
Carl Gegenbauer.

Man's Place in Nature.

Outlines of Comp. Anatomy.
the Origin and Descent of the

Ernst Hseckel.

On

Human Race. Two

5.

Lectures, 1868.

A. E. Brehm.
is

Animal Life

Illustrated.

[Of

all

similar works, this

6.

the most scientific and valuable.]

Ernst Hseckel.

Anthropogeny

or,

History of the

Development of Man.
7.

Popular Scientific Lectures.

Thomas Huxley.
Carl Vogt.

An

Introduction to the Classifi-

cation of Animals.
8.

Lectures upon Man: His Place in the

History of the Earth.

9.

Charles Darwin.

The Descent

of

Man, and Sexual

Selection.
10.

Ernst Hseckel.

General Outlines of Organic MorVol.

I.

phology.

vols.

General

Anatomy

of Organ-

isms, or Science of the

Development of Organic Forms.

Vol. n. General History of the Development of Organ-

210
11.

WOSKS QUOTED BY THS AUTBOS.

August Schleicher.
Korltz Wagner.

The Darwinian Theory, and

Philology.
13.

The Darwinian Theory, and the

Outlines of Physiology.

Migration of Organisms.
13.

Thomas Huxley.
Leonhard
Baltzer.

14.

The Food
Handbook

of

Han in its Chemi-

cal Composition
15.

and Physiological Significance.

of Hygienic Treat-

Theodore Hahn.

ment.
16.

Edward Reich.

Medical Essays.

2 vols.

[This

excellent writer and physician explains the causes of

prevalent physical and social diseases

thropological principles.]

upon purely

an-

APPENDIX.
A LETTER FROM
My
I

DR.

JAMES

C.

JACKSOIT.*

Dear Br. EdOrtook

am now sixty-six

years old.

Until I was thirty-six,

my habits of life were such as were common to the people of my day and station. I knew nothing of the laws of
and health; I ate, drank, dressed, worked, played, and did as was the fashion of my day. Early in life I became ill, owing, as I now think, very much to errors in diet; but I did not then know, nor did my father, who was an old-school physician of high standing, know, that my ill health arose from dietetic errors. He contended against it from the side of administrative medicine, but I grew worse and before I came to puberty it was said by the best physicians of that time that I had organic disease of the heart, and could not
life

rested, slept,

live long.

I do not know how many diseases the two hundred physicians I have had employed for me, or employed for myself, declared I had, each one of which tried his best by medicines to cure me. During the last twenty years of this period of my life, I have no recollection of ever
*

St. Jackson is, and for

many
tlie

"Onr Home" Hygienic

Institntion, located at Dansville,

yeats has been, physician-in-cbief to Livingston

Connty, Kew York, one of United States.

largest institations of its kind in tba

212

A LETTER FROM DR.

J. C.

JACKSOHT.

having passed a day without taking some medicine pre-

me by some physician. The autumn before came to be thirty-six years of age, I was taken sick away from home, and was in the hands of a physician all winter, who had the good sense not to give me any medicine, saying, it was of no use to me, because, in his
scribed for
I

judgment, I could never get well.

suffering until spring,

I lingered in great

when, bolstered up with pillows, I was carried from my friend's house to my own, never expecting to leave it again; when, incidentally, I heard of what was then called The Water Cure Treatment. I knew nothing about it, had no faith in it; but such stories were told of it as to interest me and interest my family and friends to investigate it; the result of which research was, that I went to a Hydropathic establish-

ment for treatment. The physician of the

institution was a graduate of an Allopathic medical college, believed in giving medicine to his patients, knew little or nothing more than any other physician of his day about the laws of life and health, and paid little attention to diet while I was under his care. As all of my other physicians had done before, he pronounced me incurable, and preferred that I

shou1d.not remain, but consented to my earnest appeals, and so I spent the summer with him. While I lay one night upon my bed tossing with pain, an impression came to me that there was one thing which
I had not tried from which I might receive benefit. impression was, that I should change my manner of

The
life,

and it took hold of

to state
it

me with such
doctor,

force that I felt impelled

I did; and while he thought nothing could come of it, he was willing I should make the experiment. So I began a revolution in my habits of living. I made a tabulated statement of my habits as far as I could call them up in order; and when I had gone through the whole list, I examined them

to

my

which

carefully to see if

my experience
me any

valid could

furnish

light

in the past as an inupon the subject

A LETTER FRON DR.

J. C.

JACKSOy.

213

of the effect of such hahits upon my health. I was compelled to recognize the fact that quite a large proportion of them might just as well be dispensed with as not; that in no way could I possibly be any worse, and I

might be much

better;

and so where

I thought I could

make changes without injury, I crossed them out from my list, and cut down the whole one-half at one
sitting.

to

After I had done this I was surprised to see what extent I had invaded those indulgences which

were connected with my food and drink; or if not directly, were sympathetically, related. This led me to a very serious thought, wherein I was forced to argue the question of food and its uses in its relation to healtli and disease from what was to me an original standpoint. The consequence was, that during that season, I came to the conclusion that if I could live, it must be through a very radical change in foods and drinks; t?uti I, at least, needed
food which was nutritious, but non-stimulating ratJier tJuin
opposite.
its.

and what to avoid, I had but to recollect how certain articles had always affected me. If I ate bread and milk, I felt no immediate increase of strength; but if I ate largely of beef steak or roast beef, within ten minutes I felt very much strengthened. If I drank cold water, it did not seem to add to my available nervous vigor; but if I drank
therefore, to use

To know,

what food

strong tea or coffee that there were in

it it

did.

If I ate

food so concocted

no spices nor common salt, it affected me immediately much less in the development of nervous force than if I ate the same kinds of food exactly having plenty of spice or of salt in them. So I ran through the whole list of foods to which I had been accustomed, and in which I had liberally indulged, and drew a line of separation between those

which furnished at length a certain amount of nutrition and so of strength, and those which seem to furnish an immediate increment of strength. The latter I discarded, the former I adopted and used. I knew I was assuming a serious responsibility in doing this, but I felt at liberty

214
to

A LETTER FROM DR.

J. C.

JACKSOK.

do it, because my doctors had all given me up to die; and when a man has sentence passed upoa him and is awaiting execution, he need not consider very seriously
in

what light public opinion regards his actions. Under the changes which I made I suffered physically; I lost flesh, and grew feeble in physical strength nevertheless I had my compensations in a very great mitigation of some of my bodily maladies, and I took on better mental and emotional conditions. I slept better, could look out upon men and things through the loop, hole of my retreat with a more patient, philosophic, and
less despairing eye.

I found that

my affection for my

family and my interest in the general welfare of my fellow-men were increasing, and I said, as Kature does really her best in all her ministrations unto men to render equivalents, how do I know that in depriving myself of the accustomed stimulations in my food and drink, and so suffering loss in weight and strength thereby, I am not to more than make it good in gain of nervous energy ? There came to me an idea then which I have never lost sight of, that many diseases which put on a nervous type originate in abrasion of the nerve tissue and consequent depreciation of nervous power. So I argued that possibly the incapacity of my stomach to digest food, of my bowels properly to defecate their contents, of my heart to beat rythmically and symmetrically, of my brain to furnish my mental faculties with
force to act profitably, might be owing to my having used such food and drinks as had not made my nerve

good as against the waste to which, under my conditions of living, it had been subjected. If this was so, then I needed not to die, but only needed time to
tissue

build,

all flesh

my thought and discarded meats, all stimulating drinks, all stimulo-narcotic beverages, all condiments of every kind (unless sugar be considered a condiment), and lived for twentythree years on grains, fruits and vegetables, simply cooked, without any deviation. I ate no flesh of animals;
and so I followed out

A LETTER FROM DR.

J. C.

JACKSOy,

215

I used no milk, nor butter, nor salt, nor spices; and nearly every disease which had cursed me through life, spoiling my childhood, embittering my young manhood,

and ruining me for anything like earnest endeavor in my maturer years, passed away, and I came to be free from all ailments except two, both of which were organic one a disease of the heart and the other a dis-

ease of the kidneys.

About this ^ime an incident occurred which somewhat changed my habits of diet for a whole year. I was paralyzed by an accident, and my kidneys refused to perform their duty. I had an accident insurance policy which entitled me to a stipend while I was incompetent
to attend to business. The physician of the company, upon report of my incapacity being made to him, visited

He found me in a very dangerous state. There had not been as much secretion of urine in the fortnight between the time of my accident and his visiting me as an ordinarily healthy man would make at one flow. It was understood that unless the kidneys could be made to act I must die. Knowing, as he did, my utter disinclination to take medicine, he said to me " Having been so long without any stimulating food, it might be that were you to eat plentifully of meat for a while, the kidneys would be so affected as to resume their functions." I replied: "I have no scruples against eating meat, except on the ground that its use in my early life, I am satisfied, did me a great deal of harm. If you think it will be well for me to try it, I will." He said he thought it would, and so I tried it. The effect of a meal of mutton was wonderfuL In less than three hours after I had eaten it I passed more than three pints of urine. I then went on eating it for three or four days, when, all at once, my kidneys refused to act under its use. I went back to my old diet for a month, eating very sparingly and very simply of grains and fruits, and then tried meat again. It produced the same effect upon me for a few days,
Ke.
:

216

^ LETTER FROM DR,

J. C.

JACKSON.

with the same relapse. I tried it in this way for nearly a year, and then discontinued its use altogether. Just about this time I had a severe attack of dyspepsia. I attributed it largely to the disturbance caused in my sympathetic nervous system and brain by my very moderate use of meat.

My family was desirous that I should

go to Europe for my health. I was full of business, with large responsibilities on my hands, and I declined to entertain the idea. I went to bed one night, and in the morning I arose, told my wife I had been to Europe and got home again. She laughed and wanted to know what I meant. I said " I have become convinced that I had then been eating, for I eat too frequently."
:

twenty-three years or more, only twice a day. I said : " Now I can do better on one meal a day than I can on

two; I can digest

it better, it

will tax

my nervous system

less, I shall feel better, sleep better,

and be stronger." She and my children seriously objected to it, but I said, " Let me try it." So I had myself accurately weighed, and just four weeks from that day I was weighed again and found I had gained eight pounds. I kept on gaining until I went from 134 to 1431, which was within eight ounces of as much as I ever weighed in my life. I have lived since that time on what may be called an anti-flesh diet, once in a great while using flsh, when I have been so situated that I had to eat it or go without food. I think it will be accorded to me that I have done as much work, of both brain and body, as any man in my region of the country. For all the wealth of India I would not resume the dietetic habits of the first half of my life. Beneficial, however, aS has been my strictly farinaceous, fruit and vegetable food upon my physical and bodily health, and gratifying to me as my improvement in this respect has been, I count it but small compared with the increased intellectual and moral eflBciency which has resulted therefrom. More than this, I declare that my spiritual faculties have been wonderfully energized; that I have grown into a better, truer, and more

A LETTER FROM DR.

J. C.

JACKSOlf.

217

advanced knowledge of Christ and of the wants of humanity. I appreciate principles and forces, motives and plans for the amelioration of my fellow-men vastly better than when I lived under the old regime. I keep my passions, propensities, and appetites within my own handling. Every quality of my nature relates itself to normal expression much more readily and eflfectually and I do most heartily commend abstinence from the flesh of animals as food to every human creature under the sun who wishes to put away from himself the lusts of the flesh and put on the graces of the Spirit. During these years I have been able, under God's good providence, to give back health and strength and hope and heart and home to very many of my fellows, who, like myself, had been living in the gall of bitterness and the bonds of iniquity, by inducing them to
;

forego substantially the use of the flesh of animals as their staple food. I am sure that there is a divine philosophy underlying the question how men shall eat and how they shall drink, and that it is very desirable to all who would rise to a higher plane of consciousness that they should do as I have tried to do to eat and to drink

to the glory of God,

A CURE FOR INTEMPERAKCE. A

Paper read by Mr. Cha/rks 0. Oroom Ncvpter, F. Member of the Anthropologieal Institute, etc., etc.,
sub-Seetion

8.,

before

{Physiology) of the British Association, at

than twenty years ago I read in Liebig's (translated by Gregory, page 97) how the use of cod-liver oil had a tendency to promote the disinclination for the use of wine, and how most people, according to Liebig, find that they can take wine with animal food, but not with farinaceous or amylaceous food. I was at that time a vegetarian, and felt in my own person the truth of this statement of Liebig, as also two members of my own family, one in old age, and another in middle life. They had for two years adopted the vegetarian diet, although brought up in the moderate use of alcoholic liquors, for which, after becoming vegetarians, they felt no inclination. I was induced by this seeming proof of the accuracy of Liebig's theory to endeavor to find whether it might not

More

"Animal Cliemistry"

be valuable for the cure of intemperance.

plied
it

Having

ap-

successfully to twenty-seven cases, I will briefly

give the results military 1.

officer, 61 years old, of an aristocratic had contracted habits of intemperate whisky drinking while on service with his regiment in

Scottish family,

A CURE FOR IKTEMPERASCE.

India, but

219

was well satisfied with himself, although a torment to his wife and children. His habit was to eat scarcely any bread, fat, or vegetables. His breakfast w^as mostly salt flsh and a little bread. His dinner consisted of joint, and very little else. He consumed during the day from a pint to a quart of whisky, and was scarcely sober more than half his time. His face and neck were very red. By my advice his wife induced him to return to the oatmeal porridge breakfast on which he had been brought up, and to adopt a dinner of which boiled haricot beans or peas formed an important ingredient. He did not like this change at first, and complained that he could not enjoy his whisky as much as formerly. About this time there was a great panic among flesh-eaters in consequence of the cattle plague, and his wife became so alarmed that the whole family was put on a vegetarian diet. The hxisband grumbled very much at first. But his taste for whisky entirely disappeared, and in nine months from the time he commenced, and two months from the time he became an
entire vegetarian,

he relinquished alcoholic liquors and

has not returned to either flesh or alcohol since. 2. An analytical chemist of some talent, but of intemperate habits, about 32 years of age, was desirous to be cui'ed of his vice. I called his attention to the statement of Liebig^ He said he feared that a vegetarian diet would not suit his constitution, and that he felt that he had eaten nothing unless he dined largely on flesh.

him that I had suffered from the same delusion myself, but I was now convinced of its fallacy, and begged him to give the vegetarian diet a fair trial. He was a bachelor, and had no one to consult but himself, so, after several more objections had been answered,
I told

he consented to give
vegetarian dinner

a month's trial. He ate his first consisted principally of maccaroni ^with little appetite. Next day I took him a long walk, which detained us three hours beyond his usual dinner hour, so that he returned with such a hearty

^which

it

220

A CURE TOR

lyTEXPERAirCJE.

tient to wait until it could

appetite that he ate his maccaroni cold, being too impabe warmed. From that day-

he persevered, aided by the diet, and befoie the end of six weeks he was a total abstainer. 3. A lady of independent means, about 43 years of age, accustomed to live freely, eat very largely of meat, drink a bottle of wine daily, besides beer and brandy, was accused by her friends of being intemperate. Her sister, who had great influence over her, took her, by my advice, 100 miles away from home, by the seaside, and after long walks they sat down regularly to a vegetarian dinner. In nine weeks her intemperance was so far cured as to be satisfied with about half a glass of brandy on going to bed, drinking nothing alcoholic during the day. 4. A clergyman of habitually intemperate habits was induced to adopt vegetarianism, and was cured in about 13 months. He was about 44 years of age. 5. A country gentleman, after 11 months of vegetari. anism, was entirely cured of intemperance. 6. A girl of 19, who from association with intemperate people had been led into this vice, was cured in about five weeks by vegetarian diet. After two years she went to visit those who had first misled her, and returned to a flesh diet and drunkenness. From this relapse she was cured a second time by vegetarianism. Unfortunately she returned again to a flesh diet and drunkenness, but was again cured a third time. 7. 8, 9. A man, his wife and sister, all above 40, who had been addicted to intemperance for some years, were cured by vegetarianism within one year.
10. bed-ridden gentleman, slightly addicted to intemperance, was entirely cured by a vegetarian diet in 36 days. 11. captain in the merchant service was entirely cured of drunkennes in 44 days by the same means. 12. half-pay officer in the navy was cured of drunkenness by vegetarianism in about 90 days.

A CURE FOR INTSXPERAyCE.

221

clergyman and his wife, both addicted to 13, 14 intemperance, although of a secret and quiet kind, were cured, one in four months the other in six months. 15, 16, 17. Similar cases, all bachelors of intemperate habits, were cured within 13 months by a diet mainly
farinaceous.
18. gentleman of 60, who had been addicted to intemperate habits for 85 years, his outbreak averaging one a week. His constitution was so shattered that he had great difficulty in insuring bis life. After an attack of delirium tremens which nearly ended fatally, two brothers, who had much influence over him, induced him to adopt a farinaceous diet, which cured him entirely in seven months. He was very thin at the beginning of the experiment, but at the end of the seven months had increased in weight 28 lbs., being then about the normal weight for a man of his height. 19, 20. Two sisters, members of a family notorious for their intemperate habits. They were induced to adopt vegetarianism, and were cured in about a year.

of great ability, who had lost several on account of his intemperate habits, adopted vegetarianism as an experiment, and with such perfect sucC'^ss that one of his old employers took him back at a higher salary than he had ever received before. governess, aged about 40, who lost a good 32.
21.

A clerk

good

situations

on account of her drunkenness, was cured by a farinaceous diet in nine weeks. 23, 24. Both military pensioners, aged respectively 56 and 63, who had contracted habits of intemperance in India. They led wretched lives on small pensions, until induced to adopt vegetarianism. They were cured in
situation

about six months.

They were 25, 36, 27. Three old sailors, above 50. cured by vegetarianism in about six months. Prom these 27 cases, in which the vegetarian system has been within my knowledge successful, I conclude that it is a very valuable remedy, and worth a trial. I

222
will

A CURE FOR INTEMPERANCE.

now give

list

of articles of food which are pre-

eminent in their antagonism to alcohol. 1st. Maccaroni, which when boiled and flavored with butter is palatable and very substantial. I believe no person can be a drunkard who eats half a pound a day of maccaroni thus prepared. 2d. Haricot beans and green dried peas and lentils stand next. They should be soaked for 34 hours, well boiled with onions, celery, or other herbs, and plenty of butter or oil. Rice is useful, but less important than maccaroni or peas and beans. The various garden vegetables are helpful, but a diet mainly composed of them would not resist alcoholic drinking so efEectually as one of maccaroni and farinaceous food. 3d. Highly glutinous bread is of great use from this -point of view it should not be sour, for sour bread has Bread the tendency to encourage alcoholic drinking. that is imperfectly fermented and liable to become sour is in very common use, and, in my opinion, greatly contributes to foster intemperance as also the use of meat of the second or third quality. The use of salted food tends to promote intemperance, while regular hearty meals of fresh, wholesome, glutinous food tend to discourage it. I can speak from experience as having benefited in health greatly by adopting a vegetarian diet, and all whom I have induced to adopt it have been benefited likewise. It has the tendency to encourage the develop; ;

ment of the
mental labor
; ;

intellect

to give increased capacity for

and to promote longevity and economy. The price of meat is double what it was twenty-five years ago while the price of wheat, which varies of course with seasons, has not increased. Incomes and wages in general have risen, so that the poor man who is willing to live on wheaten products is better off than ever. He only feels the pressure when he attempts to live greatly on flesh, -which induces a thirst for alcoholic liquors, for in all the cases of intemperance which I have

A CURE FOR ISTEXPERANCE.

223

examined there is a special distaste for a farinaceous diet. Those who object to vegetarianism often complain of a want of appetite for such diet. Let such try seaside or mountain air, a good long walk fasting, or a ride on the top of an omnibus, and they will seldom want an The drunken mechanic, who when sober appetite. works hard, loses more time through drunkenness than he would in taking country walks, if such are advisable
for his health. If we inquire the cause of a vegetarian being disin-

clined to alcoholic liquors, we find that the carbonaceous starch contained in the maccaroni, beans, or oleaginous aliment, appear to render unnecessary, and conse-

quently repulsive, carbon in an alcoholic form. Liebig says " alcohol and fat oil mutually impede the secretion of each other through the skin and lungs." Nations living on a diet composed largely of starch, such as the rice-feeding populations of the tropical East, are less given to drunkenness than meat-eating populations. The meat-eating people of the north of France consume much alcohol per head as much, if I may believe statisThe tics, as the inhabitants of any part of Europe. bread they consume is very generally raised with vineOne class of fermented food appears to attract gar. another. I have observed that a taste for spicy condi-

ments, butcher's meat and alcoholic liquors is associated, and that a taste for plain-favored vegetables, fats and I have known persons in the oils is likewise associated. habit of taking alcoholic liquors daily, when eating butcher's meat, who find they must give them up entirely when living on a farinaceous diet without meat their action under those circumstances being too irritating to be endured without great inconvenience such as sleeplessness, burning in the hands, and headache, and even nausea ; and that in the same individual, who a

few days before, with a meat diet, seemed to require several glasses of wine to prevent physical exhaustion.

224

A CURE TOR ISTEWPERASCE.

Lastly, were the ground now occupied in groiving barley for malting purposes devoted to growing wheat or oats for bread and porridge, our national wealth would

be greatly increased. But little wheat would need to be brought from foreign countries at a great expenditure of gold ; while intemperance itself, which is the chief cause of pauperism and crime, may be greatly discouraged by
the cultivation of vegetarianism.

INDEX.
Actions, critical,

Ml

Agricnlttire, origin of, 103 Air, fresh, at night, 170

Air

is

food, 168
bloodtlurstiiiess

Berries and stone fmits, 1B9 Blood, similaritjr of, between that of man and animals, 89 Bread, 166 Batter, cheese and eggs, 127

American Indian,
of,

84 Animals, placental, dassiflcation of, 46 Animals, placental pecnliarities of, 48 Apes in captivity, death of, by coneomption, Tl Apee, the anthropoid, effects on, of flesh food and intoxicating drinks, 42 Ape, the, blood corposcles of, T4 Appendix, 211 Apples, best variety of, 190 Apples, great valne of, 161 Apples, sweet, their fattening properties, 130

Camlvora, blood corpuscles of, 78 Camivora, the, 22 Ceres,the goddess of agricoltnre, 204
as affected by stimnlants, 161 Cheese, bntter and eggs, 127 Children, hard food for, 176 Children, tlie appetites of, 174 Children, weamng of, 176 Christmas tree, apples on, 205 Comparison between man and the

Character

omp a risons, anatomical, table

of; 68 ConclnsionsSS, 204

ape, 31

Argnment,

the Anthropological. Parti, T Argnmeat,theIHetetic Fartni,lT4 Argnment, the Physiological.

Consumption Bom flesh-eating, 136

Cookery, origin of, 114 Cooking, injurious effects of, 119 Corpulency relieved by fruit, 143

Tart

II, 101

Antbor, the of, lOS

personal

experience

B.

Development,
of,

tr^isitlonal

stages

Beans and

lentils too concen-

89

trated, 113

Beantifol poetic cnstoms, 205

Diet, anatomical theoiT of, 9 Diet, ancient zoological theory of, 10

226

INDEX.
Food, Food,
the, as indicated tion, 16

Diet, change of, 189 Diet, change of, heat seaBoh for, 176 Diet, change of, obstacles to, 146 Diet, changes of, must be gradual, 193 Diet, chemical theory of, 8 Diet, scientific principles of, 94

by organizalove

uncooked, children's

for, 176

Foods, bulk necessary in, IIB Foods, carbonaceous, supply of, 113 Foods, electrical vitality of, 116 Dietetic couclusione Mawnfrom the Foods, essential qualities of, 118 placental pecoliaritieB of ani- Foods, value of, 116 mal?, 5T Forests, destruction of, 67 Dietetic laws, summary of, 172 Forest, the, man's original home, 05
Dietetics, flrst principles of, 16 Digestion most vigorous at mid-

day, 183 Disease, nature of, 14S Diseases from flesh-eating, 13S Drinking^ bints on, 193 Diinks, mtoxicatiug, bad effects of, 132 Dwellers in forests, courage of, 67

Frugivora, the, 19 Fruit and bread diet, adaptation to, 185 Fruit and bread diet, advantages of, 179 Fruit and bread diet, cost of, 179 Fruit and bread diet, simplicity and

beauty of, 167 Fruits, order of maturity of, 112 Fruit, unripe, 191 G.

E. Eating, hints concerning, 181 Eating, position in, 184 Eating, proper hours for, 182 Edentata, the, 22 Eggs, butter and cheese, 127 Einbryology, evidence from, 85 Embryo, the human, 47 Epoch, the glacial, 99 Epoch, the new, 101 Every kernel a loaf, 166 Evolution theory, the, in its application to dietetacs, 13 Excrement, character of, 194 Excretory products, 110 Excretory products in man, 110 Excretory products in the Camlvora, 110 Excretory products in the Herbivora, 110 Experience, personal, 191

Germans,
of,

rellgioas observances

206

Germ.the human, development of, 86

Gorilla, the, ii

Grain foods, 163 Grapes, 160

H.
the structure of animals and their food, 60 Harmony between the stractnre of man and his food, 69 Health, improvement of, 177 Herbivora, the, 18 Honey and sugar injurious, 130

Harmony between

How to breathe,

171

Huckleberry, the, 162 Huxley, Prof., views of, 31

lduma,a protectress of the apple, 205 F. Festal day of German peasants, 206 Industry, wheat emblematic of, 205 Insectivora, the, 24 Flesh-eating by man, origin of, 96 Instinct and its impulses, 64 Flesh-food, its efiiects, 95 Instinct, education of, 70 Flesh-food, its influence, 132 Flesh, more of it eaten in the city Instinct, morals and science harmonize, 69 than in the country, 85 Food, carbonaceous, elements of, 140 Food, its influence on the character of races, 95 Jackson, Dr. James C, letter Food, its relations to social confrom, 209 ditions, 83 Juice, the gastric, in man, 108 Food, man's, change in, following Juice, the gastnc, in tbe Camivclimatic and other changes, 97 ora, 109 Food, necessity of variety in, 112 Food, percentage of dinereut eleL. ments in, 144 Lemuria, the submergence of, 99 Food, quantity of, 139, 188 Life, embryonic, stages of, 61 Food, strengthening, 143 Life, simplicity and purity of, 205

INDET.
M.
Mammalia,
Man,

227

Man a child of nature,

the, IT

64

Mail, blood corpnaclea of, T4 civilized, his instinct nearly lost, 67 Man, conditions of, his adaptation to new circamBtances, 78 Man, fetal life of, 4S Man, fragivorons nature of, 104 Man, higtiest culture of, 72 Man, hiB adaptation to new conditiODB not always favorable, 76 Man, individual life of, 45

Placenta, discoidal decidnate, 62 Placenta, non-deciduate, 48 non-deciduate, of the Herbivora, 50 Placenta, the zonary deciduate, 50 Placental forms, 51

Placenta,

E.

Reform complete, 197

Hesemblance between the new-born ape and the new-born child, 62 . I&eumatism and gout from flesheating, 135

Bocks, the record of the, 77

Kodentla, the, 20 Man, life of, 45 Bcmans cities, enervation of, 67 Man, life of the race of, 45 Buminants, the, 17 Man, Nature's provision for. 111 Man, no change in the nature of, 74 Man, original condition of, 73 a. Saliva of the Camivora, acidity Man, past history of, 46 of, 108 Man, place in Nature of, 37 Saliva, the human, alkalinity of, 107 Man, post-fetal life of, 45 Salt and other condiments, 125 Man, teeth of, 26 Man, the primitive, did not cook, 93 Sea Carnivora, the, 18 Man, the primitive, wild fruits the Sldn, the, as affected by flesh-eat-

diet of, 98 bis nature? 15 Mastication, 193 Men, the carnivorous, roaming,

Man, what is

ing, 138 Slaughter-house, the, horrors of, 70

Sleep, 185

Stone age the,

men

of,

and

their

savage and warhke, 84

Men

the f rugivorous, fight in selfdefense, 84 Milk not the natural food of the adult man, 125

food, 102 Strawberry, the, 160 Structure internal, of man and other animals, peculiarities of, 33 Synopsis, 206

N.
Napier, Chas. O, Groom, on the cure of intemperance, 215 Natural selection, essential principles of, 76 Nature, true beverage of, 168 Nichols, Prof., views of, 30 Nitrogen, excess of, in food, 143 Nuts specially commendable to vegetarians, 130

T.

Tea and

cofEee,

bad

effects of, 131

Teeth of man and other animals compared, 27 Theory, the Barwinian, its relation
to the subject, 11 Translator's Preface, 5 Two or three meals a day, which? 182

W.
Wheat, analysis of, 105 Wheat, right culture of, 164

Woman,
Parisian families, early death of, 85 Pastry unsuitable food, 131 Photography, evidence from, 196 Phytophaga, the, or plant-eaters, IT Placenta, decidnate,two kinds of, 48

emancipation

of, 181

Works, German and English, quoted by the author, 209

Z.

Zoophaga,

the, or flesh-eaters, 17

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