Semester Unit Review First Things First: The Semester Final. The final will be Tuesday Jan. 31.

It will be 60 multiple choice questions and 5 short essays. See the end of this sheet for the possible essay questions. 40% of the points will come from the unit on genetics, 30% from the cells/infectious diseases unit, and 30% from the populations and ecosystems unit. Goals Unit 1

1. Define and use the following terms: observation, inference, ecosystem, element, atom, molecule, pure substance, mixture, compound, model, cycle, growth pattern, stock, flow, birth fraction, abiotic. 2. Describe what elements are essential for life.* 3. List biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem. 4. Describe natural biogeochemical cycles: H2O, Carbon, Nitrogen.* 5. Distinguish between observations and inferences. 6. Know and correctly use the terms: Trophic Level, Consumer, Producer, Food Web, Niche, Invasive Species, Carrying Capacity Equilibrium, Feedback, Tragedy of the Commons 7. Describe how equilibrium is achieved and give examples of equilibrium in natural systems. 8. Use concepts of feedback and carrying capacity to explain population growth patterns.* 9. Describe multiple types of connections within an ecosystem: Food webs, Trophic levels, Predator-prey interactions. 10. Identify major ecological communities. 11. List and describe key features of major ecological communities. 12. Make data tables and graphs with trend lines. Unit 2 13. Identify key characteristics of viruses, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells 14. Name three main groups of protists and examples of each. 15. Describe the structure and function of the major organelles. 16. Use a microscope properly. 17. Name sample diseases that are caused by protists, bacteria and viruses. 18. Describe key ways the human immune system works. 19. Describe pros and cons of ways diseases spread. 20. Describe the structure of bacteria and virus. 21. Describe how viruses reproduce. 22. Correctly use the vocabulary DNA, gene, chromatid, centromere, cell cycle, mitosis, cytokinesis, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, benign, malignant, metastasis 23. Give reasons why cells divide 24. Summarize what happens during the interphase, the 4 stages of mitosis and cytokinesis. 25. Describe the development of cancer and how it can be fought. Unit 3

26. Use the vocabulary: gene, allele, meiosis, zygote, gamete, diploid, haploid, crossing over, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous. 27. Describe what happens during the phases of meiosis. 28. Describe how genetic variation is introduced in meiosis and sexual reproduction. 29. Use Punnet Squares 30. Understand and give examples of exceptions to Mendels rules of dominance and recessiveness: incomplete dominance, polygenic characteristics, codominance, linked traits, sex linked traits, multiple alleles.

Review Strategies y The vocabulary is essential. Make flashcards and drill until you can do them without error. Mr. Doltar has prepared a number of tutorials that he would like for us to trial run before he makes them public. The following link takes you to one that first gives you a pretest, and then gives you little tutorials about anything you missed. It includes some things that we didnt include (succession) and omits some things we did include (microorganisms and the immune system).

http://bio.emindweb.com/ To minimize the amount of material that wont be on our test, you should custom make the pretest by choosing the following units: 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5, 6.1, 6.2, 10.1, 10.2. Skip the rest. Much of it well cover second semester. y Cover the answers on your old quizzes and review sheets, and try them again. I considered those the important points at the time and I still do. Reread the sections of the textbook that weve read. Be an active reader, taking notes and developing questions. Here are the relevant sections and chapters: 3.1, most all of chapters 4 and 5, Chapters 7, 10, 11, 12, and most of Chapters 20, 21 and 37. Make a study group and prepare together. Spread your studying out. Dont try to do it all at once.

Possible Short Essay Questions. Five of these will be on the test. 1. What are four key differences between mitosis and meiosis? Focus on their purpose, process and outcome. To make a difference clear, you should state how both meiosis and mitosis behave in the areas you describe.

2. From a genetic point of view, why are you like your parents, but also different? Give two reasons for each side. 3. Describe Mendel s famous experiments with peas. Why did he first self-pollinate, then cross-pollinate peas and then self-pollinate more? What were the noteworthy results and what conclusions did they lead to? 4. Why is genetic diversity good and what are three ways that meiosis and sexual reproduction lead to genetic diversity? Make sure that you explain your answers. 5. Choose two exceptions to Mendel s standard rules for dominance and recessiveness and explain them. Contrast them with normal outcomes to explain why they are exceptions. 6. What is the Tragedy of the Commons? Provide an example and explain how it shows the tragedy of the commons.
7. What is feedback? Give two examples each of reinforcing and balancing feedback in natural systems. Explain how reinforcing and balancing feedback are different and why your examples demonstrate them. 8. The carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon through many stages. Describe the steps in a loop of the carbon cycle that has at least 4 stops .

9. Some would say that cancer is mitosis gone bad. Describe with specifics how and why mitosis goes bad when it leads to cancer. 10. Modern cell theory informs us that all organisms are made from cells. Explain two reasons that cells are small. 11. Describe three elements of the human immune system and their function in protecting us from pathogens.