UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS PART A 1. Define database management system?

Database management system (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a Set of programs to access those data. 2. List few applications of DBMS. a) Banking b) Airlines c) Universities d) Credit card transactions e) Tele communication f) Finance g) Sales h) Manufacturing i) Human resources 3. What are the disadvantages of file processing system? The disadvantages of file processing systems are a) Data redundancy and inconsistency b) Difficulty in accessing data c) Data isolation d) Integrity problems e) Atomicity problems f) Concurrent access anomalies

4. What are the advantages of using a DBMS? The advantages of using a DBMS are a) Controlling redundancy b) Restricting unauthorized access c) Providing multiple user interfaces d) Enforcing integrity constraints. e) Providing back up and recovery 5. Give the levels of data abstraction? a) Physical level b) logical level c) view level 6. Define instance and schema? Instance: Collection of data stored in the data base at a particular moment is called an Instance of the database. Schema: The overall design of the data base is called the data base schema. 7. Define the terms 1) physical schema 2) logical schema. Physical schema: The physical schema describes the database design at the physical level, which is the lowest level of abstraction describing how the data are actually stored. Logical schema: The logical schema describes the database design at the logical level, which describes what data are stored in the database and what relationship exists among the data.

8. What is conceptual schema? The schemas at the view level are called subschemas that describe different views of the database. 9. Define data model?

A data model is a collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and consistency constraints. 10. What is storage manager? A storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between the low level data stored in a database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system. 11. What are the components of storage manager? The storage manager components include a) Authorization and integrity manager b) Transaction manager c) File manager d) Buffer manager 12. What is the purpose of storage manager? The storage manager is responsible for the following a) Interaction with he file manager b) Translation of DML commands in to low level file system commands c) Storing, retrieving and updating data in the database 13. List the data structures implemented by the storage manager. The storage manager implements the following data structure a) Data files b) Data dictionary c) indices 14. What is a data dictionary? A data dictionary is a data structure which stores meta data about the structure of the database ie. the schema of the database.

15. What is an entity relationship model? The entity relationship model is a collection of basic objects called entities and relationship among those objects. An entity is a thing or object in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects. 16. What are attributes? Give examples. An entity is represented by a set of attributes. Attributes are descriptive properties possessed by each member of an entity set. Example: possible attributes of customer entity are customer name, customer id, customer street, customer city. 17. What is relationship? Give examples A relationship is an association among several entities. Example: A depositor relationship associates a customer with each account that he/she has. 18. Define the terms i) Entity set ii) Relationship set Entity set: The set of all entities of the same type is termed as an entity set. Relationship set: The set of all relationships of the same type is termed as a relationship set. 19. Define single valued and multivalued attributes. Single valued attributes: attributes with a single value for a particular entity are called single valued attributes. Multivalued attributes: Attributes with a set of value for a particular entity are called multivalued attributes. 20. What are stored and derived attributes? Stored attributes: The attributes stored in a data base are called stored attributes. Derived attributes: The attributes that are derived from the stored attributes are called derived attributes. 21. What are composite attributes? Composite attributes can be divided in to sub parts.

22. Define null values. In some cases a particular entity may not have an applicable value for an attribute or if we do not know the value of an attribute for a particular entity. In these cases null value is used. 23. Define the terms i) Entity type ii) Entity set Entity type: An entity type defines a collection of entities that have the same attributes. Entity set: The set of all entities of the same type is termed as an entity set. 24. What is meant by the degree of relationship set? The degree of relationship type is the number of participating entity types. 25. Define the terms i) Key attribute ii) Value set Key attribute: An entity type usually has an attribute whose values are distinct from each individual entity in the collection. Such an attribute is called a key attribute. Value set: Each simple attribute of an entity type is associated with a value set that specifies the set of values that may be assigned to that attribute for each individual entity. 26. Define weak and strong entity sets? Weak entity set: entity set that do not have key attribute of their own are called weak entity sets. Strong entity set: Entity set that has a primary key is termed a strong entity set. 27. What does the cardinality ratio specify? Mapping cardinalities or cardinality ratios express the number of entities to which another entity can be associated. Mapping cardinalities must be one of the following: One to one One to many Many to one Many to many 28. Explain the two types of participation constraint.

Total: The participation of an entity set E in a relationship set R is said to be total if every entity in E participates in at least one relationship in R. Partial: if only some entities in E participate in relationships in R, the participation of entity set E in relationship R is said to be partial. 29. Define the terms i) DDL ii) DML DDL: Data base schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called a data definition language. DML: A data manipulation language is a language that enables users to access or manipulate data as organized by the appropriate data model. 30. Write short notes on relational model The relational model uses a collection of tables to represent both data and the relationships among those data. The relational model is an example of a record based model. 31. Define tuple and attribute Attributes: column headers Tuple: Row 32. Define the term relation. Relation is a subset of a Cartesian product of list domains. 33. Define tuple variable Tuple variable is a variable whose domain is the set of all tuples.

PART B

1. What are various components of Database System? Explain in detail. 2. What do you mean by data models? Explain network, hierarchical and relational model in detail. 3. Explain various levels of Data abstraction in database system? 4. What do you mean by database? What is the purpose of a database system? Explain. 5. What do you mean by DBMS? Explain its functioning. 6. Explain architecture of DBMS and its advantages? state two main disadvantages of DBMS ? 7. What is DBA ? What are major responsibilities of DBA and database designers ? 8. What are problems with traditional file processing system ? How they are removed in database system ? Explain 9. What do you mean by Entity-Relationship Diagram? Explain 10.Explain the various terms of an E-R model and how are they represented in an E-R model 11.Describe the three-level architecture of DBMS ? Also explain its importance in a database environment. 12. Discuss concept of database language and interfaces 13. Explain the architecture of DBMS with a neat block diagram 14. Explain ER model in detail 15. Explain the design issues of ER-model 16. Explain the various relational algebra operations 17. Draw an ER diagram for a banking enterprise